pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENCE, in Mathematics, is the remainder, when one number or quantity is subtracted from another.

Difference, in Logic, an essential attribute, belonging to some species, and not found in the genus; being the idea that defines the species. Thus body and spirit are the two species of substance, which in their ideas include something more than is included in the idea of substance. In body, for instance, are found impenetrability and extension; and in spirit, a power of thinking and reasoning; so that the difference of body is impenetrable extension, and the difference of spirit is cogitation.

Difference, in Heraldry, a term given to a certain figure added to coats of arms, serving to distinguish one family from another, and to show how distant younger branches are from the elder or principal branch.
DIFFERENTIAL, in the higher geometry, an infinitely small quantity, or a particle of quantity so small as to be less than any assignable one. It is called a differential, or differential quantity, because frequently considered as the difference of two quantities; and, as such, it is the foundation of differential calculus. Sir Isaac Newton and the English call it a moment, from its being considered as the momentary increase of quantity. See Fluxions. Differential Equation is an equation involving or containing differential quantities, as the equation 3 x i dx — 2 axdx + aydx + axdy — 0. Some mathematicians have also applied the term differential equation in another sense, to certain equations defining the nature of facts.
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Differential Calculus, or Method, a method of finding quantities by means of their successive differences. See Fluxions.
DIFFORM, Difformis (from dis, asunder, and forma, shape), is a word used in opposition to uniform, and signifies that there is no regularity in the form or appearance of a thing. The botanists use it as a distinction of the flowers of several species of plants.
DIFFUSE, an epithet applied to such writings as are written in a prolix manner. Among historians, Sallust is reckoned sententious, and Livy diffuse. Thus also, among the orators, Demosthenes is close and concise; but Cicero, on the other hand, is diffuse.
DIFFUSION, the dispersion of the subtile effluvia of bodies into a kind of atmosphere all round them. Thus the light diffused by the rays of the sun issues all round from that amazing body of fire.
DIGBY, Sir Kenelm, an English philosopher, was born atGothurst, in Buckinghamshire, in 1603, and became very illustrious for his virtue and learning. He was descended of an ancient family. His great-grandfather, accompanied by six of his brothers, fought valiantly at Bosworth Field on the side of Henry VII. against the usurper Richard III. His father, Sir Everard Digby, was engaged in the gunpowder plot against King James I., and for that crime was beheaded; but his son was restored to his estate. King Charles I. made him gentleman of the bed-chamber, commissioner of the navy, and governor of the Trinity House; and also granted him letters of reprisal against the Venetians, by virtue of which he took several prizes with a small fleet under his command. He fought the Venetians near the port of Scanderoon, and bravely made his way through their ships with his booty. He was a great lover of learning, and translated several authors into English; and his Treatise of the Nature of Eodies and the Immortality of the Soul discovers great penetration and extensive knowledge. He applied to chemistry, and found out several useful medicines, which he gave freely away to people of all sorts, especially to the poor. His sympathetic powder for the cure of wounds at a distance made a great noise for a time, but, like other absurd fancies, it soon fell into discredit. He had conferences with Descartes about the nature of the soul.

In the beginning of the civil wars he exerted himself vigorously in the king’s cause; but he was afterwards imprisoned by order of the parliament in Winchester House, and had leave to depart thence in 1643. He afterwards compounded for his estate, but was ordered to leave the nation; when he went to France, and was sent on two embassies to Pope Innocent X. from the queen, widow to Charles I., whose chancellor he then was. On the restoration of Charles II. he returned to London, where he died in 1663, at the age of sixty.

This eminent person, on account of his early talents and great proficiency in learning, was compared to the celebrated Picode Mirandola, and accounted a prodigy of erudition. But his knowledge, though various and extensive, appeared to be greater than it really was, as he had all the powers of elocution and address to recommend it. He knew how to shine in a circle of ladies or philosophers; and was as much attended to when he spoke on the most trivial subjects, as when he conversed on the most important.
DIGEST (Digestum), a collection of the Roman laws, arranged and digested under proper titles, by order of the Emperor Justinian. See Civil Law.
DIGESTION, in the animal economy, is the dissolution of the aliments into such minute parts as are fit to enter the lacteal vessels, and to circulate with the mass of blood.

Digestion, in Chemistry, is an operation which consists in exposing bodies to a gentle heat in proper vessels, and during a certain time. This operation is very useful in favouring the action of certain substances upon each other; as, for example, of well calcined, dry, fixed alkali upon rectified spirit of wine. When these two substances are digested together in a matrass, with a gentle sand-bath heat, the spirit of wine acquires a reddish-yellow colour and an alkaline quality. The spirit would not so well acquire these qualities by a stronger and shorter heat.
DIGESTIVE, in Medicine, such remedies as strengthen and increase the tone of the stomach, and assist in the digestion of foods.
DIGGES, Leonard, an eminent mathematician in the sixteenth century, was descended from an ancient family, and born at Digges Court, in the parish of Barham in Kent, but in what year is not known. He was educated at Oxford, where he laid a good foundation of learning; and having retired from thence, he prosecuted his studies, and became an excellent mathematician, a skilful architect, and an expert surveyor of land. He composed several works, as, 1. Tectonicum, briefly showing the exact Measuring and speedy Reckoning of all manner of Lands, Squares, Timber, Stones, Steeples, &c. 1556, 4to; 2. A Geometrical Practical Treatise, named Pantometria, in three books, which he left in manuscript,but which after his death was published by his son in 1591, folio; 3. Prognostication Everlasting of right good effect, or Choice Rules to judge the weather by the Sun, Moon, and Stars, &c. in 4to, 1555, 1556, and 1564; corrected and augmented by his son, with divers general tables, and many compendious rules, in 4to, 1592. He died about the year 1574.

Digges, Thomas, only son of Leonard Digges, having received a liberal education from his tenderest years, went and studied for a time at Oxford; and by the improvement which he made there, and the subsequent instructions of his learned father, he became one of the best mathematicians of his age. When Queen Elizabeth sent some forces in order to assist the oppressed inhabitants of the Netherlands, Mr Digges was appointed their muster-master-general; by which he became well skilled in military affairs, as his writings afterwards showed. He died in 1595.

Mr Digges, besides revising, correcting, and enlarging some pieces of his father’s already mentioned, wrote and published the following learned works, viz. 1. Alee sive Scales Mathematicae, or Mathematical Wings or Ladders, 1573, 4to; 2. An Arithmetical Military Treatise, containing so much of Arithmetic as is necessary towards military discipline, 1579, 4to; 3. A Geometrical Treatise, named Stratiotico, requisite for the perfection of Soldiers, 1579, 4to, which was begun by his father, but finished by himself; 4. A perfect Description of the Celestial Orbs, according to the most ancient doctrine of the Pythagoreans, &c. placed at the end of his father’s “Prognostication Everlasting,” printed in 1592, 4to; 5. A humble motive for association to maintain the religion established, 1601, 8vo, to which is added, his Letter to the same purpose to the archbishops and bishops of England; 6. England’s Defence, or, a Treatise concerning Invasion, a tract of the same nature with that printed at the end of his Stratiotico, and called a briefe Discourse, &c. but not published till 1686; 7. A Letter printed before Dr John Dee’s Parallaticae Commentationis praxeosque nucleus quidam, 1573, 4to. Besides these and his Nova Corpora, he left several mathematical treatises ready for the press, which, by reason of law-suits and other avocations, he was prevented from publishing.
DIGGING, among miners, is appropriated to the operation of freeing any kind of ore from the bed or stratum [7:8:28]in which it lies, where every stroke of their tools turns to account; in contradistinction to the openings made in search of ore, which are called hatches, or essay-hatches, and the operation itself, named tracing of mines, or hatching. When a bed of ore is discovered, the beele-men, so called from the instrument they use, which is a kind of pickaxe, free the ore from the fossils around it; and the shovelmen throw it up from one shamble to another, till it reaches the mouth of the hatch. In some mines, to save the expense as well as fatigue of the shovel-men, they raise the ore by means of a winder and two buckets, one of which ascends as the other descends.
DIGIT, in Astronomy, the twelfth part of the diameter of the sun and moon, used to express the quantity of an eclipse. Thus an eclipse is said to be of six digits when six of these parts are hid.

Digits, or Monades, in Arithmetic, signify any integer under ten; as, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and by means of which all numbers are expressed.

Digit is also a measure taken from the breadth of the finger. It is properly three fourths of an inch, and contains the measure of four barleycorns laid breadthwise.
DIGLIGGY NEUR, a town in the island of Ceylon, situated among thick woods and mountains ten or twelve miles to the eastward of Candy, in the direction of Batta-colo. When the king was driven out of Candy in 1803 he retreated to this place, to which the European army could not penetrate.
DIGLYPH, in Architecture, a kind of imperfect triglyph, console, or the like, with two channels or engravings, either circular or angular.
DIGNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, in France, 1146 square miles in extent. It is divided into nine cantons and two hundred and sixty communes, containing 49,141 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is situated on the river Bleone, in a neighbourhood covered with fruit gardens, vineyards, and olive woods, the exportation of the products of which forms the chief occupation of the 3487 inhabitants. Long. 5. 58. 59. E. Lat. 44. 5. 18. N.
DIGNITARY, in the canon law, a person who holds a dignity, that is, a benefice which gives him some pre-eminence over mere priests and canons; as a bishop, dean, archdeacon, prebendary, &c.
DIGNY, a market-town of the department of the Eure and Loire, in France, containing 378 houses and 2160 inhabitants, in the neighbourhood of which are some mines of iron extensively worked.
DIGON, a market-town of the department of the Upper Soane and Loire, in France, with 2508 inhabitants. It is situated near the Loire, at the point where the central canal commences.
DIJAMBUS, in Poetry, the foot of a Latin verse of four syllables. It is compounded of two iambics, as severitãs.
DIJON, an arrondissement of the department of Côte d’Or, in France, which extends over 1190 square miles. It is divided into fourteen cantons and 270 communes, and contains 124,034 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name, the seat of a bishop, and of the several boards which conduct the internal, legal, political, and military affairs of the department. It is situated in a fine plain, watered by the river Ouche, and surrounded on all sides by picturesque hills, inclosing fertile meadows and corn fields. It is a well-built city, with straight and wide streets, and many magnificent buildings, but especially the palace of the ancient sovereigns of Burgundy. There is an academy and public library, and several learned establishments. The houses are 2900, and the inhabitants amounted in 1810 to 21,612; but they have since increased. There are manufactories for cloths, flannels, blankets, cotton goods, hosiery, hats, earthen-ware, vinegar, mustard, and other commodities. Long. 4. 56.45. E. Lat. 47. 19. 25. N.
DIKE, a ditch or drain, made for the passage of waters. The word seems to have been formed from the verb to dig ; though others choose to derive it from the Dutch diih, a dam, sea-bank, or wall.

Dike, or Dyhe, also denotes a work of stone, timber, or fascines, raised to oppose the entrance or passage of the waters of the sea, a river, lake, or the like. The word comes from the Flemish dyk, or diik, a heap of earth to bound or stem the water. Junius and Menage conceive the Flemish to have borrowed their word from the Greek rε∕χog, wall; but Guichard derives it from the Hebrew daghah. These dikes are usually elevations of earth, with hurdles of stakes, stones, and other matters.
DILAPIDATION, in Law, a wasteful destroying, or letting buildings run to decay, for want of necessary reparation. If the clergy neglect to repair the houses belonging to their benefices, the bishop may sequester the profits thereof for that purpose; and in such cases a prosecution may be brought, either in the spiritual court or a’t common law, against the incumbent himself, or against his executor or administrator.
DILATATION, in Physics, a motion of the parts of any body, by which it is so expanded as to occupy a greater space. This expansive motion depends upon the elastic power of the body; whence it appears that dilatation is different from rarefaction, which is produced by means of heat.
DILEMMA, in Logic, an argument equally conclusive by contrary suppositions.
DILLENBURG, a bailiwick in the duchy of Nassau, in Germany, extending over 42,500 English acres, and containing a population of 13,627 persons, in two cities and eighty-two villages. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the Dille, which is surrounded with walls, and contains 2302 inhabitants.
DILLINGEN, a bailiwick in the circle of Upper Danube, of the kingdom of Bavaria. It extends over seventy square miles, or 44,800 acres, and contains one city, one town, and twenty-two villages, with 10,804 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, situated on the Danube, contains 550 houses, and 3118 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in iron-works, but some in making paper.
DILUTE. To dilute a body is to render it liquid, or if liquid before, to render it more so by the addition of a thinner fluid. The fluids thus added are called diluents.
DIMACHE (from δις, double, and μαγω, I fight), in Antiquity, a kind of horsemen first instituted by Alexander. Their armour was lighter than that of the infantry, and at the same time heavier than that used by cavalry, so that they could act as horse or foot as occasion required.
DIMENSION, in Geometry, is either length, breadth, or thickness. Hence a line has one dimension, or length; a superficies two, or length and breadth; and a body or solid has three, or length, breadth, and thickness.
DIMINUTION, in Architecture, a contraction of the upper part of a column, by which its diameter is made less than that of the lower part.

Diminution, in Music, is the abating something of the full value or quantity of any note.
DIMINUTIVE, in Grammar, a word formed from some other, to soften or diminish the force of it, or to signify that a thing is little in its kind. Thus, cellule is a diminutive of cell, globule of globe, hillock of hill.
DIMISSORY Letters (Literoe Dimissoriae), in the canon law, a letter given by a bishop to a candidate for holy orders, having a title in his diocese, directed to some other bishop, and giving permission for the ordination of the bearer thereof.

When a person produces letters of ordination or tonsure conferred by any other than his own diocesan, he must at the same time, on pain of nullity, produce the letters dimissory given by his own bishop. Letters dimissory cannot be given by the chapter, sede vacante; this being deemed an act of voluntary jurisdiction, which ought to be reserved to the successor.
DIMOERITAE, a name given to the Apollinarists, who at first held that the Word only assumed a human body, without taking a reasonable soul; but being at length convinced by formal texts of Scripture, they allowed that he did assume a soul, though without understanding, the Word supplying the want of that faculty. From this way of separating the understanding from the soul, they came to be denominated dimcerites, that is, dividers, separators, from δ∕α, and μοι^αω, I divide.
DIMOTIKA, a city in the Turkish province of Gallipoli, where the rivers Moritza and Kisilnehr join. It contains about 8000 inhabitants, partly Greeks. The chief employment consists in making silk and cotton goods. The citadel served as a residence for the grand signior before the conquest of Constantinople.
DINAGEPORE, a district of Bengal, situated chiefly between the 25th and 26th degrees of N. lat. On the north it is bounded by Rungpoor and Purneah; on the south by Raujeshy; and on the east by Rungpoor, Purneah, and Rajemal. This district possesses a soil much diversified; and the face of the country has a waving appearance, being divided into small valleys, each about two or three miles broad. These valleys are watered by small rivers, which in the rainy season overflow the low lands, and swell into large lakes fifty or sixty miles in length, which, while the Ganges is in flood, have no outlet. They are thus not only prevented from running off, but are so much increased as to be navigable for vessels of considerable burden. After the inundation runs off, these low lands are covered with a luxuriant pasture, on which are fed numerous buffaloes, and large herds of other cattle, or with rich crops of rice, which is the great staple of agriculture; besides tobacco, indigo, and hemp. The land does not answer for wheat or barley. The soil of the elevated portions of the country is in general a stiff clay, in some places black and porous, in others stiff and tenacious. Many sorts of fibrous plants for cordage and sackloth are sown in April, May, and June; several sorts of pulse are also sown at the commencement of the cold season; and, where the soil is good, the sugar cane is planted in February and March. The inhabitants are in general extremely poor, and their farming utensils are therefore proportionally rude. They are in the proportion of four Hindus to one Mahommedan. The population, according to the best statistical information that could be procured in answer to queries circulated in 1801 by the Marquis Wellesley, then governor-general, amounted to 600,000. The capital, Dinagepore, is situated on an island formed by the Pernabubah river. It is the residence of a rajah, and a place of considerable trade. It is 162 miles north-north-east of Moorshedabad. Long. 89. 40. E. Lat. 25. 37. N.
DINAN, an arrondissement in the department of the Coté du Nord, in France. It extends over 576 square miles, is divided into eight cantons and ninety-two communes, and contains 100,690 inhabitants. The chief place, a city of the same name, strongly fortified, is situated on a hill, at the foot of which the river Rance flows. It is built in an antiquated style, containing 6820 inhabitants, who are employed in making linen from the excellent flax which grows in its vicinity. Long. 2. 8. 25. W. Lat. 48.27. 16. N.
DINANT, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of Namur, in the Netherlands. The circle is divided into six cantons, and contains 92,756 inhabitants. The city is situated on the right bank of the Maas, enclosed by steep hills. It contains 3631 inhabitants, who are occupied with coppersmiths’ and ironmongery wares.
DINAPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, on the southern bank of the Ganges, two miles west from Patna. Here is a military cantonment belonging to the British, consisting of two handsome squares, built of brick, and capable of containing 1200 European soldiers, and the European officers of the native corps. Long. 85. 3. E. Lat 25. 38. N.
DINAZZANO, a town of Italy, in the province of Reggio, in the duchy of Modena, situated on the Tessone. It contains 1800 inhabitants.
DINDIGUL, a district in the south of India, situated between the 10th and 11th degrees of N. lat. To the north it has Coimbetoor and Kistnagherry; to the south Travancore and Madura; on the east the Polygar territory and Madura; and on the west Travancore, Cochin, and Malabar. The principal rivers are the Noil and the Am-ravati; and the chief towns Dindigul, Balny, and Pala-petty. This district was conquered by the Mysore government in 1757. It was taken possession of by the British in 1783, and subsequently restored to Tippoo Sultan. In 1792 it was again ceded to the British, and is now included in the collectorship of Madura. The capital is of the same name; it is a place of considerable consequence, and possesses a strong fortress, situated on a rock. Long. 78. 5. E. Lat. 10. 22. N.
DINDING, a small island in the Straits of Malacca, at the entrance of the river Pera, about twenty miles in circumference. Long. 100. 36. E. Lat. 4. 15. N.
DINGWALL, a royal burgh of Scotland, and capital of the county of Ross. It lies in a low situation at the mouth of a glen opening into the north side of the Cromarty Frith, near the western extremity of that estuary. The town is rather neatly built, and consists of one main street, from which several smaller ones branch off. The townhouse is a curious old building, and stands in the centre of the place. The church is a plain edifice, on the north side of the town, with an obelisk in its neighbourhood, fifty-seven feet in height, erected to the memory of the first Earl of Cromarty, who was buried here. This place possesses a small harbour, near which formerly stood the mansion of the powerful family of Ross; but of this princely structure only a few fragments remain. Dingwall was created a royal burgh by Alexander II.; and its charter was renewed by James IV. Its civic governors are a [7:8:33]provost, two bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, and ten counsellors. There is a weekly market held on Friday, and two yearly fairs. It is distant 178 miles north-west from Edinburgh. The population of the town and parish amounted in 1821 to 2031, and in 1831 to 2124.
DINKELSBUHL, a city of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the circle of Rezat, the chief place of a bailiwick. It is situated on the river Wernitz, is fortified, and contains 900 houses, and 6450 inhabitants, who carry on manufactures of woollen cloth, hats, stockings, and leather. The bailiwick, of the same name, extends over 902 square miles, or 577,280 English acres, and contains 10,350 inhabitants.
DINNER, the principal meal of the day. The word is derived from the Frcnch disner, which Du Cange derives from the barbarous Latin disnare; but Henry Stephens derives it from the Greek os∕ffvε∕v, and contends that it should be written dipner. Menage deduces it from the Italian desinare, to dine; and that from the Latin desincre, to leave off work.
DINOCRATES, a celebrated architect of Macedonia, who rebuilt the temple of Ephesus, when burnt by Ero-stratus, with much more magnificence than before. Vitruvius informs us that Dinocrates proposed to Alexander the Great to convert Mount Athos into the figure of a man, whose left hand should contain a walled city, whilst all the rivers of the mount should flow into his right, and thence into the sea. He also conceived a scheme for building the dome of the temple of Arsinoë at Alexandria of loadstone, that by its attraction it should hold her iron image in the centre, suspended in the air; projects which at least showed great boldness and conception.