pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CASALE, one of the provinces into which the Italian kingdom of Sardinia is divided. It is bounded on the north by Vercelli, on the east by Moltara, on the south by Alessandria, and on the west by Asti. It extends over 375 square miles, or 239,360 English acres. Though a part is mountainous, the province yields corn and pulse sufficient for its consumption, and a surplus of wine and fruit for the supply'of its neighbours. The breeding of cattle is considerable. There are no manufactures except the first steps in the process of preparing silk. It contains two cities, eighty-eight towns and villages, some large farming establishments, and 94,370 inhabitants.

Casale, a city, the capital of the province of the same name, in Sardinia, on the river Po. It was once fortified; but the defences are now in ruins. It contains near twenty monasteries. The population is 16,150. It is a place almost without trade, but some wine and silk are produced in the vicinity. Long. 8.14. E. Lat. 45.10. N.
CASALNUOVO, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Calabria Ulteriore, with 5490 inhabitants. It is situated in a rich olive district. By an earthquake in 1783, nearly one half of the then inhabitants were destroyed.

Casalnuovo, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Otranto, containing 4338 inhabitants.
CASALVIERI, a town of Italy, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, and kingdom of Naples, with 3636 inhabitants.
CASAI de Caceres, a Spanish town in the province of Estremadura, with 5000 inhabitants, who enjoy a partial freedom, and have among themselves rather a democratical constitution. There are sixteen tanneries here, which employ fifty-one workmen, who annually tan 10,500 pieces.
CASATI, Pauł, a learned Jesuit, born at Placentia in [7:6:211]1617. He entered early among the Jesuits; and after having taught mathematics and divinity at Rome, was sent into Sweden to Queen Christina, whom he prevailed on to embrace the popish religion. He wrote, 1. Vacuum proscriptum·, 2. Terra machinis mota, Rome, 1668, 4to; 3. Mechanicoum libri octo ; 4. De Igne Dissertationes, Parma, 1686 and 1695, 2 vols. 4to; 5. De Angelis Disputatio Theologica; 6. Hydrostaticae Dissertationes; 7. Opticae Disputationes. It is remarkable that he wrote this treatise on optics at the age of eighty-eight, and after he was blind. He also wrote several books in Italian.
CASBIN, or Casween, a city of Persia, in the province of Irak. It is situated on a great sandy plain, nine miles west of the highest ridges of Mount Taurus. Although the largest portion of it was thrown down by an earthquake, it is still regarded as one of the largest and most populous towns in the kingdom, and carries on a great trade with Ghilan. It is built in the form of a square, each side of which is about a mile long, and surrounded by a wall. There is a palace here built by Nadir Shah, adjoining to an old one erected by Shah Abbas the Great. It became the capital of Persia during the reigns of the immediate predecessors of this latter monarch; and when visited by Chardin in 1674, contained many magnificent buildings, which are now mostly in ruins. It has manufactures of carpets of different colours, which are in high repute, and also of sword blades; and still carries on a considerable trade with Georgia, Azerbijan, Ghilan, and the Caspian Sea. The population is estimated at 60,000. It is 240 miles N.N.W. of Ispahan, and 180 S.E. of Tabreez. Long. 49. 33. E. Lat. 36. 12. N. (Kinneir’s Geographical Memoir of the Persian Ernpire. y )
CASCADE, a steep fall of water from a higher into a lower place. The word is French, being formed from the Italian cascata, which has the same signification, being the participle of cascare, to fall, which again is derived from the Latin cadere.

Cascades are either natural, as that at Tivoli, or artificial, as those of Versailles: they either fall with a gentle descent, as those of Sceaux; or in form of a buffet, as at Trianon; or down steps, in form of a perron, as at St Cloud; or from basin to basin, as those in many places that might be mentioned.
CASCAES, a small town in Portugal. It is a sea-port, but principally inhabited by fishermen. It is in the province of Portuguese Estremadura, not far from the city of Cintra, and near to the forts Nossa Senhora, Da Levy, and S. Martha, and the warm baths of Estoril. The inhabitants trade to the West Indies, and many of them are engaged in smuggling. The town contains 605 houses, and has a population of 2484 souls.
CASCANTE, a city of Spain, in the province or kingdom of Navarre. It is on the borders of the river Queiles, which rises in Aragon, and runs into the Ebro near Tudela, where, though in some seasons the bed of the river is dry, a bridge of seventeen arches is found necessary to span it in the rainy season.
CASE, among grammarians, implies the different inflections or terminations of nouns, serving to express the different relations they bear to each other, and to the things they represent.

Case also denotes a receptacle for various articles; as a case of knives, of lancets, of pistols, and the like.

Case, in printing, a large flat oblong frame, placed aslope, and divided into several compartments or little square cells, in each of which are lodged a number of types or letters of the same kind, whence the compositor takes them out, each as he needs it, to compose his matter. See Printing. Case- Shot, in the military art, musket-balls, stones, old iron, &c. put into cases, and shot out of great guns.
CASERTA-NOVA, a city of Italy,in the province Terra di Lavoro, of the kingdom of Naples. It is situated on a plain highly cultivated. The rural palace of the king at this place is one of the most splendid and extensive in Europe, and has a magnificent collection of paintings, with a commodious theatre. In the park are the water-works for conveying the stream from the mountains of Tabumo. The city contains 4500 inhabitants.
CASPIAN, or Kashan, a flourishing city of Persia, situated in a stony plain, very ill supplied with water. It is a large town, extending about three miles in length from east to west, and more than a mile and a half in breadth. Cashan had for the most part fallen into ruin; but, by the exertions of the prhne minister of Persia, it has recovered from its ruins, and has now become one of the most flourishing cities of Persia. Its public buildings arc a royal palace, and many fine mosques, bazars, and caravanserais.
CASHEL, a city of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, and province of Munster. It is situated about four miles from the banks of the Suir, in an open and fertile country. Here is the palace of the archdiocese, to which a public library is attached, in which are some valuable manuscripts. The new cathedral is a spacious modern church, but not possessed of any architectural merit. The ancient cathedral stands upon the rock of Cashel; it is the largest, grandest, and most remarkable ecclesiastical edifice in Ireland. Besides this, there are several other magnificent ecclesiastical antiquities, the most singular of which is Cormack’s chapel, probably the oldest stone building in Ireland. The other public buildings of Cashel are the Roman Catholic chapel, the market-house, county court-house, infirmary, barrack, and charter school, Henry II. received the homage of Donald king of Limerick in this city in the year 1172, and held a synod here; and King John confirmed some grants of land to the church founded by Donald O’Brien. The archiepiscopal see was erected in 1152, but the bishopric existed in the tenth century. Emly, an ancient archbishopric, extends over all Tipperary, and into the counties of Kilkenny and Limerick. The want of inland navigation has completely prevented the growth of trade here. The population amounts to about 6000. It is distant 100 miles S.W. of Dublin. Long. 7. 50. W. Lat. 52. 31. N.
CASHIER, the cash-keeper, he who is charged with the receiving and paying the debts of a society. In the generality of foundations the cashier is called treasurer. Cashiers of the Bank are officers who sign the notes that are issued out, and examine and mark them when returned for payment.
CASHY, a town and district in Northern Hindustan, tributary to the rajah of Nepaul, and situated between the 28th and 29th degrees of north latitude, and about the 83d of east longitude. The country is mountainous, and little more is known of it than that it is one of the confederated states called the country of the twenty-four rajahs. The town is situated in long. 82. 49. E. and lat. 28. 42. N.
CASK, or Casque, a piece of defensive armour for covering the head and neck; otherwise called the headpiece and helmet. The word is French, casque, from cas- sicum or cassicus, a diminutive of cassis, a helmet. Le Gendre observes, that anciently in France the gens d’armes [7:6:215]all wore casques. The king wore a casque gilt, the dukes and counts silvered, gentlemen of extraction polished steel, and the rest plain iron. The casque is frequently seen on ancient medals, where great varieties in its form and fashion maybe observed. F. Joubert makes it the most ancient of all the coverings of the head, as well as the most universal. Kings, emperors, and even gods themselves, are seen with it. That which covers the head of Rome has usually two wings like those of Mercury; and that of some kings is furnished with horns like those of Jupiter Ammon, and sometimes with bull’s or ram’s horns, to express uncommon force.

Cask, or Casque, in Heraldry, the same with helmet. See Heraldry. Cask, a vessel of capacity for containing liquors of divers kinds; and sometimes also dry goods, as sugar, almonds, &c.
CASORIA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom and province of Naples, with 5760 inhabitants.
CASPE, a rich and populous city of Spain, in the province of Aragon, containing 8200 inhabitants. It is situated on the banks of the river Martin, which runs into the Ebro. Its prosperity has arisen from the mines of iron and of coal which abound in its vicinity, and which have given birth to many manufactories, but by no means so many' as the mineral riches of the district would create, or as the wants of the accessible provinces of Spain could consume.
CASSANA, Nicoo, called Nicoetto, an eminent Italian painter, was born at Venice in 1659, and became a disciple of his father Giovanni Francesco Cassana, a Genoese, who had been taught the art of painting by Bernardino Strozzi. Some of the English nobility on their travels sat to him for their portraits, which being sent to London, and highly admired, Nicoetto was invited to England. He had the honour of being introduced to Queen Anne, and to paint her portrait, in which he succeeded so happily, that the queen distinguished him by many marks of favour and honour; but he had not the happiness to enjoy his good fortune for any length of time, as he died in London, universally regretted, in the year 1713.
CASSANDER, king of Macedon after Alexander the Great, was the son of Antipater. He made several conquests in Greece, abolished democracy at Athens, and intrusted the government of that state to the orator Demetrius. Olympias, the mother of Alexander, having caused Aridaeus and his wife Eurydice, with others, to be put to death, Cassander besieged Pydne, whither the queen had retired, took it by a stratagem, and caused her to be put to death. He married Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander the Great, and killed Roxana and Alexander, the wife and son of that conqueror. Ultimately he formed an alliance with Seleucus and Lysimachus against Antigonus and Demetrius, overwhom he obtained a great victory near Ipsus, in Phrygia, 301 years before the Christian era; and he died three years after, in the nineteenth year of his reign.
CASSANDRA, in fabulous history, the daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was beloved of Apollo, who promised to bestow on her the spirit of prophecy, provided she would consent to his love. Cassandra seemed to accept the proposal, but had no sooner obtained that gift than she laughed at the tempter, and broke her word. Apollo, being enraged, revenged himself by causing her predictions to be discredited; and hence she prophesied in vain the ruin of Troy. Ajax, the son of Oileus, having ravished her in the temple of Minerva, was struck with thunder. Cassandra fell into the hands of Agamemnon, who loved her to distraction; but in vain did she predict that he would be assassinated in his own country. Both were killed by the intrigues of Clytemnestra; but their death was avenged by Orestes.
CASSANO, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Calabria Citeriore, and situated on the sea-shore, with 6000 inhabitants, who produce much oil.
CASSEL, a city, the capital of the dominions of the Prince of Hesse-Cassel, and of the province of Lower Hesse. It is one of the most beautiful cities of Germany. It rises gently from the banks of the river Fulda, which is navigable for boats to the Weser. The river Drosset, which passes the upper part of the city, has its water so directed that it may be made use of to keep the whole place in a cleanly state. The square and streets are broad, well paved, and the edifices elegantly constructed. Under Bonaparte it was the capital of his short-lived kingdom of Westphalia, and was hastening to decay; but since the restoration its improvements have been great. The royal palace, with its picture gallery and museums, is magnificent and elegant, as are also the other public buildings. The walks, on what were once the ramparts, [7:6:218] form an agreeable promenade. Cassel is the capital of a kingdom in miniature. It contains 1431 dwelling-houses, and 19,500 inhabitants. There are some manufactures carried on in the city, but on a small scale, and almost exclusively confined to the demands of the principality, of which it is the head. The theatre, the buildings for balls and masquerades, and other places of amusement, are quite upon a par with the extent and poverty of the country. The institutions for benevolent purposes are respectable. About two miles from the city the ducal palace of Wilhelmshoe is a great object of attraction, and especially on the days when the well-contrived waterworks of a cascade and fountain are played off. Cassel is in longitude 9. 22. E. and latitude 51. 29. 20. N.
CASSIMIRE, or Casiimire. See Cashmere.
CASSINE, a town of Italy, in the province Alessandria, and kingdom of Sardinia. It is situated on the river Bormida, and contains 3550 inhabitants.
CASSIODORUS, Marcus Aurelius, secretary of state to Theodoric, king of the Goths, was born at Squillace, in the kingdom of Naples, about the year 470. He became consul in 514, and was in great credit under the reigns of Athalaric and Vitiges; but at the age of seventy[7:6:220] he retired into a monastery in Calabria, where he amused himself in making sun-dials, water hour-glasses, and perpetual lamps. He also formed a library, and composed several works, the best edition of which is that of Father Garet, printed at Roucn in 1679. Of these the most esteemed are his Divine Institutions, and his Treatise on the Soul. He died about the year 562.
CASSIOPEIA, in fabulous history, wife to Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, and mother of Andromeda. She thought herself more beautiful than the Nereides, who desired Neptune to revenge the affront; so that he sent a sea monster into the country, which did much mischief. To appease the god, her daughter Andromeda was exposed to the monster, but was rescued by Perseus, who obtained leave of Jupiter that Cassiopeia might be placed after her death among the stars; and hence the constellation of that name.

Cassiopeia, in Astronomy, one of the constellations of the northern hemisphere, situated next to Cepheus. In 1572 there appeared a new star in this constellation, which at first surpassed in magnitude and brightness Jupiter himself; but it diminished by degrees, and at last disappeared at the end of eighteen months. It alarmed all the astronomers of that age, many of whom, as Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Maurolycus, Lycetus, and Gramineus, wrote dissertations on it. Beza the landgrave of Hesse, Rosa, and others, wrote to prove it a comet, affirming that it was the same which had appeared to the Magi at the birth of Jesus Christ, and that it came to declare his second coming: they were answered on this subject by Tycho.
CASSIS, in Antiquity, a plated or metallic helmet, different from the galea, which was of leather.
CASSIUS, Spurius, a renowned Roman general and consul. His enemies having accused him of aspiring to royalty, he was precipitated from the Tarpeian rock 485 years before Christ, after having thrice enjoyed the consular dignity, been once general of the horse under the first dictator created at Rome, and twice received the honour of a triumph.

Cassius Longinus, a celebrated Roman lawyer, who flourished 113 years before Christ. He was so inflexible a judge, that his tribunal was called the “Rock of the Impeached.” From the judicial severity of this Cassius, very severe judges have been called Cassiam. Cassius, Caius, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar. After his defeat by Mark Antony at the battle of Philippi, he ordered one of his freedmen to put him to death with his own sword, 41 years before Christ.
CASSOCK, or Cassula, a kind of robe or gown, worn over the rest of the habit, particularly by the clergy. The word cassock comes from the French Cassaque, a horseman’s coat.
CASSUMBAZAR, a town of India, situated on the river Ganges, in the province of Bengal. Long. 37. 0. Ľ. Lat. 24. 0. N.
CAST is peculiarly used to denote a figure or small statue of bronze or other material.
CASTALIAN Spring. See Castalius.
CASTALIO, Sebastian, was born at Chatillon, on the Rhone, in the year 1515. Calvin conceived such an esteem and friendship for him, during the stay he made at Strasburg in 1540 and 1541, that he lodged him some days at his house, and procured him a regent’s place in the college of Geneva. Castalio, after continuing in this office for nearly three years, was forced to quit it in the year 1544, on account of some particular opinions which he held concerning Solomon’s Song, and Christ’s descent into hell. He retired to Basel, where he was made Greek professor, and died in 1564, at the age of forty-eight. He incurred the high displeasure of Calvin and Theodore Beza, for differing with them concerning predestination and the punishment of heretics. His works are very considerable, both on account of their quality and number. In 1545 he printed at Basel four books of dialogues, containing the principal histories of the Bible, in elegant Latin, so that youth might thereby make proficiency in piety and in the Latin tongue at the same time. But his principal work is a Latin and French translation of the Scripture. He began the Latin translation at Geneva in 1542, and finished it at Basci in 1550. It was printed at Basel in 1551, and dedicated by the author to Edward VI., king of England. The French version was dedicated to Henry II. of France, and printed at Basel in 1555. The fault which has been most generally condemned in this Latin translation is the affectation of using only classical terms.
CASTALIUS Fons, or Castalia, a fountain at the foot of Mount Parnassus, in Phocis, near the temple of Apollo at Delphi, sacred to the Muses, thence called Castalides. Its murmurs were thought prophetic. ∙
CASTANETS, Castagnettes, or Castanettas, a kind of musical instrument, with which the Moors, Spaniards, and Bohemians accompany their dances, sarabands, and guitars. It consists of two little round pieces of wood dried, and hollowed in the manner of a spoon, the concavities of which are placed on one another, fastened to the thumb, and beat from time to time with the middle finger, to direct the motions and cadences. The castanets may be beat eight or nine times in the space of one measure, or second of a minute.
CASTEL, Lewis Bertrand, a learned Jesuit, was born at Montpellier in 1688, and entered among the Jesuits in 1703. He studied polite literature in his youth, and at length applied himself entirely to the study of mathematics and natural philosophy. He distinguished himself by writing on gravity, mathematics, and the music of colours, a very whimsical idea, which he took great pains to reduce to practice. His piece on gravity, entitled Traité de la Pesanteur Universelle, was printed at Paris in 1724. He afterwards published his Mathématique Universelle, which occasioned his being unanimously chosen a fellow of the Royal Society of London, without the least solicitation. He was also member of the academies of Bordeaux and Rouen; but his Clavecin Oculaire mia ∖ c the greatest noise; and he spent much time and expense in constructing a harpsichord for the eye, butwithout success. He also wrote for and against Sir Isaac Newton; and published several other works, the principal of which are Le Plan du Mathématique abregee, and a treatise entitled Optique des Couleurs. He led a very exemplary life, and died in 1757.

Castel Branco, or Castello Branco, a strong city of Portugal, in the province of Beyra, on the upper branch of one of the streams that form the Tagus. This place is the seat of a bishop, and contains 1114 houses, and about 4000 inhabitants.

Castel de Vide, a town of Portugal, situated on a hill in the province of Estremadura, two leagues north of Por-talegre, between that place and the river Tagus. It possesses a castle, and contains 1811 houses and 5721 inhabitants.

Castel, Sarrasin, an arrondissement of the department of the Tarn and the Garonne, in France, 560 square miles in extent. It is divided into seven cantons, and these into 101 communes, containing 60,617 inhabitants. The capital, which gives name to the arrondissement, is situated on the river Sanguire, in a fruitful district. It contains 918 houses and 6895 inhabitants, employed in woollen, linen, and hat manufactures.
CASTELBUONO, a city of Italy, in the intendancy of Palermo, in the island of Sicily, on the river Pollina. It contains 7080 inhabitants.
CASTELETON, a town in the hundred of High Peake, in the county of Derby, 198 miles from London. It is [7:6:227]situated at the foot of a lofty range of mountains, and is celebrated for the extraordinary natural excavations in them, the most remarkable of which is Peake Hole, a curiosity elsewhere described in this work. Near to it is the Speedwell mine, in which is a wonderful subterranean cataract. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 931, in 1821 to 1428, and in 1831 to 1329.
CASTELL, Dr Edmund, a learned English divine of the seventeenth century, distinguished by his skill in the eastern languages. He was educated at Cambridge, where he became master of Catharine Hall and Arabic professor; and he was at length appointed canon of Canterbury. He had the greatest share in the Polyglott Bible of London, and wrote the Heptaglotton pro septem Orientalibus. On this work, which occupied a great part of his life, he bestowed incredible pains and expense, even to the injury of his constitution and his fortune, having expended upon it no less than L.12,000. At length, when it was printed, the copies remained unsold upon his hands. He died in 1685, and lies buried in the churchyard of Higham Gobyon, in Bedfordshire, of which he was rector. It appears from the inscription on his monument, which he erected in his lifetime, that he was chaplain to Charles II. He bequeathed all his oriental manuscripts to the university of Cambridge, on condition that his name should be written on every copy in the collection.
CASTELLAMONTĽ, a city of Italy, in the province of Ivrea, on the banks of the Malesino, in the kingdom of Sardinia. It contains 5000 inhabitants, who are employed in potteries, and in cultivating vineyards.
CASTELLAN, the name of a dignity or function in Poland. The castellans were senators of the kingdom, but senators only of the lower class, who, in diets, sat on low seats, behind the palatines or great senators. They were a kind of lieutenants of provinces, and commanded a part of the palatinate under the palatine.
CASTELLANA, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Bari, containing 6270 inhabitants.