pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BAUDRAND, Michael Anthony, a geographer, born at Paris on the 18th July 1633. He travelled into several countries, and then applied himself to the revisal of Ferrarius’s Geographical Dictionary, which he enlarged to the extent of one half. He wrote, 1. Notes to Papirius Masso’s Description of the Rivers of France; 2. A Geographical and Historical Dictionary; 3. Christian Geography, or an Account of the Archbishoprics and Bishoprics of the whole world; and constructed several maps. He died at Paris on the 29th of May 1700.
BAUGE, an arrondissement of the department of the Mayenne and the Loire, in France, extending over 668 square miles, and comprehending six cantons and sixty-one communes, with 75,793 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is on the river Souanon, and contains 3350 inhabitants, employed principally in making serges and other woollen goods.
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Bauge, a drugget manufactured in Burgundy with thick spun thread and coarse wool.
BAUMAN Islands, a cluster of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1722 by Bauman, who accompanied the Dutch navigator Roggeweji round the world. The inhabitants are said to be friendly to strangers. Long 173. W. Lat. 12. S.
BAUMEN, or Bauman, a cave of Lower Saxony, in Germany, about a mile from Wernigerode, and eighteen miles from Goslar. The entrance is through a rock, and so narrow, that not above one person can pass at a time. There are several paths in it, which the peasants have turned up in searching for the bones of animals, which they sell for unicons’ horns. Some think this cave reaches as far as Goslar; but be this as it may, there have been found in it the skeletons of men, who are supposed to have been lost in the turnings and windings.
BAUR, John William, an eminent Flemish painter, born at Strasburg, was a disciple of Brendel. He spent some time at Rome, where his studies were wholly devoted to architecture and landscapes, which prevented his studying the antique. He painted small figures in distemper on vellum, and etched with great spirit. His largest works are in the historical line. He died at Vienna in 1640.
BAUTZEN, the capital of the circle of Lausatia, in the kingdom of Saxony. It is situated on the banks of the Spree, on an elevation 5S0 feet above the level of the sea, and celebrated as the scene of the last battle which Buonaparte gained in his campaign in Germany in 1813. Bautzen is a great manufacturing town for hosiery, gloves, linen, woollen, and cotton goods, as well as for paper, leather, and other commodities. The number of inhabitants is about 13,500. Long. 14. 19. 17. E. Lat. 51. 10. 34. N
BAWTRY, a market-town in the parish of Blythe, in the wapentake of Strafforth and Tickhill, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It stands on the river Idle, which empties itself into the Trent, by which it carries on some trade. It is 155 miles from London, on the great road to Scotland, and has a good market on Saturday, and a smaller one on Wednesday. The inhabitants, in 1801, were 798; in 1811, 918; and in 1821, 1027.
BAY, an arm of the sea, shooting up into the land, and terminating in a nook. It is a kind of lesser gulf, larger than a creek, and wider within than at its entrance.

Bλυ Colour denotes a sort of red inclining to chesnut. The term is chiefly used in speaking of horses.

Bay Window, a window which projects, either in.the form of a semicircle or otherwise, forming a space similar in shape to a bay: hence its name.
BAYARD, Peter du Terrail de, esteemed by his contemporaries the model of soldiers and men of honour, and denominated “the knight without fear and without reproach,’ was descended from an ancient and noble family in Dauphine. He accompanied Charles VIII. in bis expedition to Italy, and gave remarkable proofs of his valour, especially at the battle of Fornone. He was dangerously wounded at the taking of the city of Brescia; and there restored to the daughters of his host two thousand pistoles, which their mother had directed them to g we [7:4:465]him in order to prevent the house from being plundered; an action which has been celebrated by many historians. On his return to France he was made lieutenant-general of Dauphine. He fought by the side of Francis I. at the battle of Marignan; and that prince afterwards insisted on being knighted by his hand, after the manner of the ancient knights. The Chevalier Bayard defended Mezieres during six weeks, against Charles the Fifth’s army. In 1524, at the retreat of Rebeque, when General Bonivet had been wounded and obliged to quit the field, the conduct of the rear was committed to the Chevalier Bayard; who, though so much a stranger to the arts of a court that he never rose to the chief command, was always called, in times of real danger, to the posts of greatest difficulty and importance. He put himself at the head of the men-at-arms; and animating them by his presence and example to sustain the shock of the enemy’s whole troops, he gained time sufficient for the rest of his countrymen to make good their retreat. But in this service he received a wound which he immediately perceived to be mortal; and being unable to continue longer on horseback, he ordered one of his attendants to place him under a tree, with his face towards the enemy; then fixing his eyes on the guard of his sword, which he held up instead of a cross, he addressed his prayers to God, and, in this posture, which became his character both as a soldier and as a Christian, he calmly awaited the approach of death. Bourbon, who led the foremost of the enemy’s troops, found him in this situation, and expressed pity and regret at the sight. “Pity not me,” cried the high-spirited chevalier; “I die, as a man of honour ought, in the discharge of my duty. They indeed are objects of pity who fight against their king, their country, and their oath.” The marquis de Pescara, passing soon after, manifested his admiration of Bayard’s virtue, as well as his sorrow for his fate, with the generosity of a gallant enemy; and finding that he could not be removed with safety from that spot, he ordered a tent to be pitched there, and appointed proper persons to attend him. But notwithstanding all this care, Bayard died, as his ancestors for several generations had done, in the field of battle. Pescara ordered his body to be embalmed, and sent to his relations; and such was the respect paid to military merit in that age, that the duke of Savoy commanded it to be received with royal honours in all the cities of his dominions. In Dauphine, Bayard’s nativeprovince, the people of all ranks came out in a solemn procession to meet it.
BAYAZID, or Bajazid, a city of Turkish Armenia, m the pashalic of Erzeroum, situated on a mountain, the summit of which is strongly fortified. It is surrounded by a wall and ramparts: it has two churches and three mosques; and the monastery of Karu Killeesea is famous for the beauty of its architecture, as well as for its antiquity and grandeur. The inhabitants are esteemed throughout Armenia for their learning and their martial habits. They consist chiefly of Turks, with a proportion of Armenians, who speak the Turkish language, and enjoy the same privileges as their masters. The climate is mild; and the city, with the extensive territory annexed to it, is under the government of a pasha of two tails. The population ls estimated at 30,000. It is 50 miles south-south-west θ Erivan, and 140 east of Erzeroum. Long. 43. 45. E. Lat. 39. 24. N.
BAYEUX, an arrondissement of the department of Calvados, in France, extending over 390 square miles, containing six cantons, 159 communes, and 82,519 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, is on the river Eure, in a fruitful valley, about seven miles from the sea. It contains 10,419 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in making linen and cotton goods, and lace. Long. 0. 48. W. Lat. 49. 16. N.
BAYLA, or Bela, a town of Persia, in the province of Mckran, and capital of the district of Lus. It is built on the north-eastern bank of the river Pooralee. About one third of the town in the western quarter is encompassed by a tolerably good mud wall; the remainder is totally unprotected against any attack either of horse or foot. The streets are narrow; but from the elevated situation of the town, and its rocky site, they must be always dry, even in the wettest weather. The bazar is very neat and clean. Bayla is the residence of the chief of Lus, whose government is mild and equitable, and insures complete protection to mercantile dealers. His durbar or hall of audience is a large open apartment of very ordinary structure, and he maintains no state nor order. The town contains 1500 houses and 6000 inhabitants. It is 293 miles N. of Kelat. Long. 66. 40. E. Lat. 26. 10. N.
BAYLY, Lewis, author of a well-known book entitled The Practice of Piety. He was born at Caermarthen in Wales, educated at Oxford, appointed minister of Evesham in Worcestershire about 1611, made chaplain to King James, and promoted to the see of Bangor in 1616. His book is dedicated to the high and mighty prince, Charles prince of Wales; and the author tells his highness, “that he had endeavoured to extract out of the chaos of endless controversies the old practice of true piety, which flourished before these controversies were hatched.” The design was good; and the reception this book has met with may be known from the number of editions it has gone through, that in 8vo, 1734, being the fifty-ninth. This prelate died in 1632.
BAYONET, from the French Baïonnette, and so called from the place where it is said to have been first made, a kind of triangular dagger, made with a hollow handle and a shoulder, to fix on the muzzle of a firelock or musket, so that neither the charging nor firing is prevented by its being attached to the piece. At first the bayonet was screwed into the muzzle of the barrel, and consequently could not be used so long as a fusillade continued. The original invention as well as the subsequent improvement of this weapon is due to the French, who were also the first to employ it, and, according to Folard, gained important advantages in consequence, before the use of it became general. Its great advantage consists in rendering the musket a pike, and thus providing the soldier with a weapon which he can at all times employ, either to resist an attack of cavalry, or to charge the enemy’s infantry. Guibert, in his Essai Général de Tactique, has proposed a method of exercising soldiers in a species of fencing or tilting with the bayonet; and the French infantry, who are still disciplined very much according to the system of this tactician, receive some instruction of the kind he has recommended. But we are inclined to agree in opinion with Mauvillon (Essai sur l’ Influence de la Poudre a Canon dans l’ Art de la Guerre Moderne), that a soldier can never tilt or fence to any purpose with an instrument so cumbrous and so difficult to be handled as a firelock, since the utmost he can do is to make one thrust, and even that cannot be effected with any degree of ease or certainty. Steadiness and determination constitute all that is necessary to render the bayonet effectual. This weapon was formerly called dagger; and in some old English authors it is written bagonet, by which name it is still known among the common soldiers.
BAYONNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Pyrenees in France, extending over 491 square miles, and comprehending eight cantons and fifty-four communes, with 69,498 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name. It is situated at the junction of the river Nive with the Adour, about three miles from the sea, and is defended by a citadel and two castles. It is tolerably well built, and is a manufacturing town, with extensive trade in the export of cork, corn, wax, hams, and other goods. It contains, besides the garrison, 14,000 inhabitants, of whom about 4000 are Jews. It has been the theatre of several diplomatic negociations, and underwent a siege which was terminated by the peace of 1814. Long. 1. 35. 8. W. Lat. 43. 29. 24. N.
BAZAR, or Bazaar, a denomination among the Turks and Persians, given to a kind of exchange, or place where stuffs and other wares are sold. The word bazar is of Arabic origin, and literally denotes sale or exchange of goods. Some of the eastern bazars are open, like the market-places in Europe, and serve the same purposes, more particularly for the sale of the bulky and less valuable commodities. Others, again, are covered with lofty ceilings, or even domes, pierced to give light; and it is in these that the jewellers, goldsmiths, and other dealers in the richer wares, have their shops. The bazar or maidan of Ispahan is one of the finest places in Persia, and greatly surpasses all the exchanges in Europe; yet notwithstanding its magnificence, it is excelled by the bazar of Tauris, which is the largest known, having several times contained 30,000 men ranged in order of battle. At Constantinople there are the old and the new bazar, which are large square buildings, covered with domes, and sustained by arches and pilasters. The name of bazar has lately been given to various establishments, in London and other cities, where all sorts of goods and wares are exhibited for sale.
BAZAS, an arrondissement in the department of the Gironde in France, extending over 697 square miles, and comprehending seven cantons and 68 communes, with a population of 47,579 persons. The chief place is a markettown of the same name, which contains 4215 inhabitants, employed in various kinds of manufactures. Long. 0.40. W. Lat. 42. 20. N.
BAZAT, or Baza, in Commerce, a long, fine-spun cotton, which comes from Jerusalem, whence it is also called Jerusalem cottoìl.
BAZGENDGES, in Natural History, the name of a substance used by the Turks and other eastern nations in scarlet-dyeing.
BAZZANO, a city of Italy, in the papal delegation of Bologna, on the canal of St Giovanni. It contains about 3450 inhabitants.

BEACHY-Head, a promontory on the coast of Sussex between Hastings and Shoreham, where the French defeated the English and Dutch fleet in 1690.
BEACON, a signal for the better securing the kingdom against foreign invasions. On certain eminent places of the country were placed long poles, whereon were fastened pitch-barrels to be fired by night, and to produce smoke by day, to give notice in a few hours to the whole kingdom of an approaching invasion. These were beacons.

Beacons are also marks and signs erected on the coasts for guiding and preserving vessels at sea by night as well as by day. The erection of beacons, light-houses, and sea-marks, is a branch of the royal prerogative. The king has the exclusive power, by comnfission under his great seal, to cause them to be erected in fit and convenient places, as well upon the lands of the subject as upon the demesnes of the crown, which power is usually vested by letters-patent in the office of lord high admiral. And by statute 8 Elizabeth, c. 13, the corporation of the Trinityhouse is empowered to set up any beacons or sea-marks wherever they shall think such necessary; and the owner of the land or any other person destroying these, or taking down any steeple, tree, or other known sea-mark, is declared liable to severe penalties.
BEACONAGE is money paid towards the maintenance of a beacon.
BEACONSFIELD, a market-town of the hundred of Burnham, in the county of Buckingham, twenty-four miles from London, on the road to Oxford. The streets are four in number, crossing each other at right angles. This place is celebrated as the residence of the poet Waller and of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. The market is held on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1149, in 1811 to 1461, and in 1821 to 1736.
BEAD, a small globule or ball used in necklaces, and made of different materials, as pearl, steel, garnet, coral, diamond, amber, crystal, pastes, glass. The Romanists make great use of beads in rehearsing their Ave-Mαrias and Pater-nosters; and a similar custom obtains among the religious orders throughout the East, as well Mahommedan as heathen.

Glass beads were used by the Spaniards to barter with the natives of South America for gold; and to this day they are a favourite article of traffic with all savage nations. Sir William Beechy made considerable use of them during his visit to Behring’s Straits in 1828.

ΒΕΑΏ-Proof, a term used by our distillers to express that sort of proof of the standard strength of spirituous liquors which consists in their exhibiting, when shaken in a phial or poured into a glass, a crown of bubbles on the surface for some time thereafter. This, however, is a fallacious rule as to the degree of strength, because any thing that increases the tenacity of the spirit will give it this proof, although it be under the due strength.

Bead- Roll, among Catholics, a list of those persons for the rest of whose souls they are obliged to repeat a certain number of prayers, which they count by means of their beads.
BEADLE (from the Saxon łrydel, a messenger), a crier or messenger of a court, who cites persons to appear and answer. He is also called a summoner or apparitor' B ea ' die is likewise an officer of a university, whose chief¼' siness it is to walk before the masters with a mace at al public processions. There are, besides, church beadle whose office is well known.
BEAGLES, a small sort of hounds or hunting dogs. Beagles are of different kinds, as the southern beagle, [7:4:471]something less and shorter, but thicker, than the deep-mouthed hound; the fleet northern or cat beagle, smaller and of a finer shape than the southern, and a harder runner. From the two, by crossing the strains, is bred a third sort, considered preferable to either. And to these may be added a still smaller sort of beagles, scarcely bigger than lap-dogs, which make pretty diversion in hunting the coney or even the small hare in dry weather, but are otherwise unserviceable by reason of their size.

Beak or Beak-head of a ship, that part without the ship before the forecastle which is fastened to the stem, and is supported by the main-knee. The beak, called by the Greeks iμZο∖oς, by the Latins rostrum, was an important part in the ancient ships of war, which were hence denominated naves rostratae. The beak was made of wood, but fortified with brass, and fastened to the prow, serving to annoy the enemy’s vessels. Its invention is attributed to Pisaeus, an Italian. The first beaks were made long and high; but afterwards a Corinthian, named Aristo, caused them to be made short and strong, and placed so low as to pierce the enemy’s vessels under water. By means of these great havock was made by the Syracusans in the Athenian fleet.
BEAKED, in Heraldry, a term used to express the beak or bill of a bird. When the beak and legs of a fowl are of a different tincture from the body, the technical expression is, beaked and membered of such a tincture.
BEALE, Mary, distinguished for her skill in painting, was the daughter of Mr Cradock, minister of Walton-upon-Thames, and learned the rudiments of her art from Sir Peter Lely. She painted in oil, in water-colours, and in crayons,and had much business. Her portraits were executed in the Italian style, which she acquired by copying pictures and drawings from Sir Peter Lely’s an∣ the royal collections. Her master, says Mr Walpole, was supposed to have had a tender attachment to her, but as he was reserved in communicating to her all the resources of his pencil, it was probably a gallant rather than a successful one. Mrs Beale died in Pall Mall on the 28th of December 1697, aged sixty-five. Her paintings have a good deal of nature, but the colouring is stiff and heavy.
BEAM, among weavers, a long thick wooden cylinder, placed lengthwise on the back part of the loom of those who work with a shuttle. That cylinder on which the stuff is rolled as it is weaved is also called the beam or roller, and is placed on the fore-part of the loom.

Beams of a Ship are the great main cross-timbers which hold the sides of the ship from falling together, and also support the deck and the orlops. The main beam is next the main-mast, and from it they are successively reckoned as first, second, third, and so on. The greatest beam of all is called the midship beam. BEAM-Compass, an instrument consisting of a square wooden or brass beam, having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points. Beam-compasses are used for describing large circles, where the common compasses are useless.
BEAMINSTER, or Beminster, a market-town in the hundred of Netherbury and county of Dorset. It is situated in a fruitful district surrounded with orchards, and is 137 miles from London. It has some manufactures of sailcloth and other flaxen goods, and of coarse woollens. The market is held on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted m 1801 to 2140, in 1811 to 2290, and in 1821 to 2806.
BEAN. The ancients made use of beans in gathering the votes of the people, and for the election of magistrates. A white bean signified “absolution,” and a black one “condemnation.” Beans had a mysterious use in the lemuralia ραrentalia, where the master of the family, after wash- ιn g> was to throw black beans over his head, still repeating the words, “I redeem myself and family by these beans.” Ovid gives a lively description in verse of the whole ceremony. Abstinence from beans was enjoined by Pythagoras, one of whose symbols is κυάμων aπiγι<Aaι, abstincre a fabis. The Egyptian priests held it a crime to look at beans, judging the very sight unclean; and among the Romans the flamen dialis was not permitted even to mention the name. The precept of Pythagoras has been variously interpreted. Some understand it of forbearing to meddle in trials and verdicts; others, resting on the equivoque of the word κύαμος, which signifies equally a bean and a human testicle, explain it by abstinence from venery. Clemens Alexandrinus grounds the prohibition against beans on their alleged quality of rendering women barren; and this is confirmed by Theophrastus, who asserts that some other plants have the same property. Cicero suggests another reason for this abstinence, namely, that beans are great enemies to tranquillity of mind. Hence Amphiaraus is said to have abstained from beans, even before Pythagoras, that he might enjoy a clearer divination by dreams.

EEAN-Cod, a small fishing vessel, or pilot-boat, common on the sea-coasts and in the rivers of Portugal. It is extremely sharp forward, having its stem bent inward above into a great curve, and plated on the fore-side with iron, into which a number of bolts are driven, to fortify it, and resist the stroke of another vessel, which may fall athwart-hause. It is commonly navigated with a large lateen sail, which extends over the whole length of the deck; and it is accordingly well fitted to ply to windward.

EEAM-Elour, called by the Romans lomentum, was in some repute amongst ladies in ancient times as a cosmetic.

EEAN-Ely, in Natural History, the name given by authors to a very beautiful fly, of a pale purple colour, frequently found on bean-flowers.
BEAR. See Mammalia, Index. Bear, in Astronomy. See Astronomy. Order of the Hear was a military order in Switzerland, instituted by the emperor Frederick II. in 1213, by way of acknowledgement for the service the Swiss had done him, and in favour of the abbey of St Gal. To the collar of the order hung a medal, on which was represented a bear raised on an eminence of earth.

Bear's Skin makes a fur in great esteem, and forms a considerable article of commerce, being used on housings, on coach-boxes, &c. In some countries, clothes are made of it, more especially bags, wherein to keep the feet warm in severe colds. Of the skins of bears’ cubs are made gloves, muffs, and the like.

Bear Island, an island on the south-west coast of Ireland, in Bantry Bay, about six miles in length and one and a half broad. It is of a hilly and rugged aspect. Batteries have been erected here for the defence of the bay. It is twelve miles from Bantry. Long. 9. 45. W. Lat. 51. 35. N.