pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CONSTANCE, a city of the grand duchy of Baden, on the north-west end of the lake of that name or the Bodensee, near to where the Rhine issues forth. It is a walled town, the chief place of the district, but with very little commerce of any kind. It contains 778 houses and 4503 inhabitants. This place is celebrated on account of the ecclesiastical council held here in 1417, at which John Huss and Jerome of Prague were condemned to death. The lake from which this city takes its name, and which divides the Wirtemburg and Baden dominions from the Swiss cantons, is thirty-six miles in length and twelve in breadth. The depth varies from 100 to 350 fathoms. » It was formerly more abundantly stocked with fish than it is at present; but the trouts caught in it are prized above all others. The city is in long. 9.2. 55. E. and lat. 47.36.10. N.
CONSTANCY, in a general sense, denotes immutability, invariableness, or uniformity. In ethics, or when applied to the human mind, the term implies resolution or steadiness, particularly under the sufferings and trials of adversity.
CONSTANTIA, a district at the Cape of Good Hope, consisting of two farms, which produce the wine known by the name of Cape or Constantia wine. This place is situated at the distance of a mile and a half from Alphen, in a bending or incurvation, formed by and nearly under the ridge of hills which runs from Meuisen-mountain, and just where it strikes off towards ∏outbay. One of these farms is called Little Constantia. Here the white Constantia wine is made. The other produces the red.
CONSTANTINA, a province of Algiers, in the eastern or Levantine government. It is bounded on the cast by Tunis, on the west by Tittery or Algiers Proper, on the south by the desert, and on the north by the Mediterranean. It is upwards of 230 miles in length and 100 in breadth. It is the most fertile, and every way the most improved, portion of Algiers. Its coast is the portion of Barbary with which Europeans have chiefly maintained a commercial intercourse.

Constantina, a large city of Algiers, the capital of the above province. It occupies the site of Cirta, celebrated as the ancient bulwark of Numidia. It is built upon an elevated rock, formed into a species of peninsula by the Rummel, which surrounds it on all sides, except a narrow neck of land to the south-west. The ancient city extended to a considerable distance along a valley beyond the rocky promontory, and many beautiful specimens of its former grandeur and strength remain, among which are aqueducts, gates, arches, pillars, and other architectural fragments of antiquity. The modern city is of less extent, and exhibits nothing remarkable. It is defended by strong [7:7:270] walls, which add to the natural strength of its situation. The surrounding country is very beautiful and fertile. Constantina contains about 30,000 inhabitants. Long. 6. 24. E. Lat. 36. 25. N.

Constantina, a town of Andalusia, in Spain, in the province of Seville, on the borders of Cordova. It is situated in the southern part of the Sierra Morena, in the mining district, where silver mines are now worked, though to little profit. The vicinity is well covered with cork trees and large oaks.
CONSTELLATION, in Astronomy, a system of stars seen in the heavens near to one another. Astronomers not only mark out the stars, but distinguish them by their situation and position in respect to each other; and therefore they distribute them into asterisms or constellations, allowing several stars to make up one constellation; and, for the better distinguishing them, they reduce the constellations to the forms of animals, or give them the names of those whose memories, in consideration of notable exploits, they desired to transmit to future ages.

The division of the stars by images and figures is of great antiquity, and seems to be as old as astronomy itself; for in the book of Job, which is undoubtedly as old as the time of Moses, Orion, Arcturus, Mazaroth, and the Pleiades, are mentioned; and we meet with the names of many of the constellations in the writings of the first poets, Homerand Hesiod. See Astronomy.
CONSTITUTION, in matters of policy, signifies the form of government established in any country or kingdom.

Constitution also denotes an ordinance, decision, regulation, or law, made by authority of any superior, ecclesiastical or civil.

Apostolical Constitutions, a collection of regulations attributed to the apostles, and supposed to have been collected by St Clement, whose name they likewise bear.

It is the general opinion, however, that these Constitutions are spurious, and that St Clement had no hand in framing them. They appeared first in the fourth century; but they have been much changed and corrupted since that time. They are divided into eight books, consisting of a great number of rules and precepts, relating to the duties of Christians, and particularly to the ceremonies and discipline of the church. Whiston, in opposition to the general opinion, asserts that they are a part of the sacred writings, dictated by the apostles at their meetings, and written down from their own mouths by St Clement, and intended as a supplement to the New Testament, or rather as a system of Christian faith and polity. The reason why the Constitutions are suspected by the orthodox, and perhaps the reason also why their genuineness is defended by Winston, is, that they seem to savour of Arianism.

Constitution, in a physical sense, signifies the particular temperament or condition of the body.
CONSTRICTOR, an appellation given to several muscles, on account of their drawing together or closing some of the orifices of the body.
CONSTRUCTION, in Grammar, the arranging and connecting the words of a sentence according to the rules of the language. See Grammar and Language.

The construction is generally more simple, easy, and direct in the modern than in the ancient tongues. We have very few of those inversions which occasion so much embarrassment and obscurity in the Latin, and our thoughts are usually delivered in the same order in which the imagination conceives them. The nominative case, for instance, generally precedes the verb, and the verb goes before the oblique cases which it governs. Yet English admits of considerable inversion, as may be seen by the first sentence of Paradise Lost.
CONSUALIA, in Antiquity, feasts which were held among the ancients in honour of the god Consus or Neptune, but different from those other feasts of the same deity called Neptunalia. They were introduced with a magnificent cavalcade or procession on horseback, because Neptune was reputed to have first taught men the use of horses.

Evander is said to have first instituted this feast, and it was re-established by Romulus under the name of Consus, because it was some god under the denomination of Consus who suggested to him the rape of the Sabines; and it was probably with a view to the achievement in question that he established the festival. To this feast all his neighbours were invited; and, taking advantage of the solemnities and sacrifices, he seized the women.

The consualia were of the number of feasts called sacred, as being consecrated to a divinity. Originally they were not distinguished from those of the circus; and hence it is that Valerius Maximus says the rape of the Sabines was effected at the games of the circus.

Plutarch observes that, during the days of this solemnity, horses and asses were left at rest, and were dressed up with crowns and other ornaments, on account of its being the feast of Neptunus Equestris. According to Festus, the cavalcade was performed with mules, it being an opinion that this was the animal originally used in drawing the car.

Servius gives us to understand that the consualia happened on the 13th of August; but Plutarch, in the life of Romulus, places them on the 18th, and the old Roman calendar on the 21st, of that month.
CONSUBSTANTIAL, in Theology, a term of the same import with co-essential, denoting something of the same substance with another. The orthodox believe the Son of God to be consubstantial with the Father.

The term 0∕λo∕odu<∏of, consubstantial, was first adopted by the fathers of the councils of Antioch and Nice to express the orthodox doctrine more precisely, and to serve as a barrier and precaution against the errors and subtilties of the Arians, who owned every thing except the consubstantiality. The Arians allowed that the Word was God, as having been made God, but they denied that he was the same God, and of the same substance with the Father; and accordingly they exerted themselves to the utmost to abolish the use of the word. The emperor Constantine used all his authority with the bishops to have it expunged out of the symbols; but it still maintained itself, and is at this day, as it was then, the distinguishing criterion between an Athanasian and an Arian.

Sandius and others maintain that the word consubstantial was unknown till the time of the council of Nice; but it is certain that it had been before proposed to the council of Antioch, in which Paul of Samosata had been condemned, though it had there the fortune to be rejected. Curcellaeus, on the other hand, maintains that it was an innovation in doctrine in the council of Nice to admit an expression the use of which had been abolished by the council of Antioch.

r ,. According to Athanasius, the word consubstantial was only condemned in the council of Antioch* inasmuch as it implied the idea of a pre-existent matter. Now, in this sense, it is certain the Father and the Son are not consubstantial, there having been no pre-existent matter.
CONSUBSTANTIATION, a tenet of the Lutheran church regarding the manner of the change made in the bread and wine in the eucharist. The divines of that profession maintain that, after consecration, the body and blood of our Saviour are substantially present, together with the substance of the bread and wine, which is called consubstantiation, or impanation.
CONSUEGRA, a town of Spain, on the Amarguilla, in the province of Toledo, with 5432 inhabitants, who carry on a manufacture of cowls for the monks.
CONTAGION, in Medicine. See Disease.
CONTANAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, district of Dinagepoor, 112 miles north by east from Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 34. E. Lat. 25. 26. N.
CONTE, a fortified city in the department of the North, in France, at the confluence of the two navigable rivers Hesne and Scheldt, by whose waters it may be easily surrounded, by means of sluices under the power of the city. It contains 600 houses, and 6080 inhabitants. The chief trade consists in building river craft. Long. 3. 30. E. Lat. 50. 56. N.
CONTEMPLATION, an act of the mind, by which it applies itself to consider and reflect upon the works of God, nature, or any other subject.
CONTEMPORARY, or Cotemporary, a person or thing that existed or exists at the same time with another. Thus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristophanes, were contemporaries.
CONTEXT, among divines and critics, that part of Scripture or other writing which lies about the ∫ext, before or after it, or both. To ascertain the full and genuine sense of the text, the context must be taken into view.
CONTEXTURE, a word frequently used in speaking of the works both of nature and of art, and denoting the disposition and union of the constituent parts with respect to one another.
CONTIGUITY, in Geometry, is when the surface of one body touches that of another.
CONTIGUOUS, a relative term understood of things disposed so near each other that their surfaces join or touch. The houses in ancient Rome were not contiguous as ours are, but insulated.
CONTINENCE, in Ethics, a moral virtue, by which we resist concupiscence. The term is most usually applied to men, as chastity is to women.
CONTINENT, in Geography, a great extent of land not interrupted by seas, in contradistinction to island, peninsula, and the like. See Geography.
CONTINGENT, something casual or eventual. Hence a contingent denotes a conditional event, which may or may not happen, according as circumstances fall out.

Contingent is also a term of relation,for the quota that falls to any person upon a general division. Thus each prince of the Germanic confederation is in time of war to furnish so many men, and so much money and munitions, as his contingent.
CONTINUED, or Continual, in a general sense, means incessant, or proceeding without interruption.

Continued Bass, in Music, so called, says Rousseau, because it is continued throughout the whole piece. Its principal use, besides that of regulating the harmony, is to support the voice and preserve the tone. It is believed by some that it was one LudovicoViana, author of a treatise still extant, who, towards the end of the last century, first put the continued bass in practice.

Continued Proportion, in Arithmetic, is that where the consequent of the first ratio is the same with the antect-dent[7:7:293] of the second; as 4: 8 :: 8: 1G; in contradistinction to discrete proportion.
CONTINUO, in Music, signifies the thorough bass, as basso continuo is the continual or thorough bass, which is sometimes marked in music-books by the letters B. C.
CONTOBABDITES, a sect which appeared in the sixth century. Their first leader was Severus of Antioch, who was succeeded by John the grammarian, surnamed Philoponus, and one Theodosius, whose followers were also called Theodosians. Part of them, who were willing to receive a book composed by Theodosius on the Trinity, formed a separate body, and were called Contobabdites, from some place, which Nicepborus does not mention, but which apparently must have been that where they held their assemblies. The Contobabdites allowed no bishops.
CONTOR, Condor, or Cundur, the American name of a species of vulture. See Ornithology.
CONTORSION, in general, signifies the action of twisting or wresting a member of the body out of its natural situation. Rope-dancers accustom themselves to contorsions of the limbs from their youth, in order to render the fibres of their articulations lax and supple, for all kinds of postures.
CONTOUR, in Painting, the outline, or that which defines a figure. See Painting.
CONTOURNE, in Heraldry, is used wdιen a beast is represented standing or running with its face to the sinister side of the escutcheon, animals being always supposed to look to the right, if not otherwise expressed.
CONTOURNIATED, a term among antiquaries applied to medals, the edges of which appear as if turned in a lathe. This sort of work seems to have had its origin in Greece, and to have been designed to perpetuate the memories of great men, particularly those who had borne away the prize at the solemn games. Such are those of Homer, Solon, Euclid, Pythagoras, Socrates, and of several atliletae.
CONTRA, a circle in the grand duchy of Hesse-Cassel, which comprehends one city and twenty-seven villages, with 1710 houses, and 9830 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, on the river Contrasi, contains 1455 inhabitants.
CONTRA-HARMONIC Proportion, is that relation of three terms, in which the difference of the first and second is to the difference of the second and third as the third is to the first. Thus, for instance, 3, 5, and G, are numbers contra-harmonically proportional; for 2: 1 :: G: 3.
CONTRABAND, in Commerce, a prohibited commodity, or merchandise, bought or sold, imported or exported, in prejudice of the laws and ordinances of a state, or the fiscal prohibitions of the sovereign.
CONTRACT, in a general sense, a mutual consent of two or more parties who voluntarily promise and oblige themselves to do or perform something. All donations, exchanges, leases, and the like, are so many different contracts.
CONTRACTILE Force, that property or power inherent in certain bodies, by which, when extended, they are enabled to draw themselves up again to their former dimensions.
CONTRACTION, in Physics, the diminishing the extent or dimensions of a body, or the causing its parts to approach nearer to each other; in which sense it is opposed to dilation or expansion.

Contraction, in Grammar, is the reducing of two syllables into one, as>cant for cannot, should’st for shouldest, and the like.
CONTRADICTION, a species of direct opposition, where one thing is found diametrically opposite to another. 1
CONTRADICTORY Propositions, are opposites, one of which imports a mere and naked denial of the other.
CONTRARIETY, an opposition between two things, which imports their being contrary to one another, and consists in this, that one of the terms implies a negation of the other, either mediately or immediately; so that contrariety may be said to be the contrast or opposition of two things, one of which imports the absence of the other, as love and hatred.
CONTRAST, opposition or dissimilitude of figures, by which one contributes to the visibility or effect of the others.
CONTRE, in Heraldry, an appellation given to several bearings, on account of their cutting the shield contrary and opposite ways. Thus we meet with contre-bend, con-trc-chevron contre-paic, and the like, when there are two ordinaries of the same nature opposite to each other, so that colour may be opposed to metal, and metal to colour.
CONTRITION, in Theology, a sorrow for our sins, resulting from the reflection of having offended God, and arising from the sole consideration of his goodness, without any regard to the punishment due to the trespass, and attended with a sincere resolution of forsaking them. The word is derived from the Latin conterere, to break or bruise.
CONTROL is properly a double register kept of acts, issues, and the like, of the officers or commissioners in the revenue, army, or other departments, in order to perceive the true state, and to certify the truth thereof, and the due keeping of the acts subject to the enregistcrment.
CONTROLLER, an officer appointed to control or oversee the accounts of other officers, and, on occasion, to certify whether or not things have been controlled.
CONTUSION, in Medicine and Surgery, any hurt of the body that is inflicted by a blunt instrument.
CONVALESCENCE, in Medicine, the insensible recovery of health, or that state in which, after the. cure of a disorder, the body that has been reduced has not yet regained its vigour, but begins to resume its powers.
CONVENTICLE, a diminutive of convent, denoting, properly, a cabal, or secret assembly, of a part of the monks of a convent, to form a brigue or party in the election of an abbot. From the bad use of these assemblies, the word has come into disrepute; and now stands for any mischievous, seditious, or irregular assembly. The term conventicle is said by some to have been first applied in England to the schools of Wickliffe; and it has since been used to signify the religious assemblies of all in that country who do not conform to the established doctrines and worship of the church of England.
CONVENTION, a treaty, contract, or agreement between two or more parties.

Convention is also a name given to an extraordinary assembly of parliament, or the estates of the realm, held without the king’s writ, as the convention parliament which restored Charles II. This parliament met about a month before his return, sat fully seven months after his restoration, and enacted several laws still in force, which were confirmed by stat. 13 Car. II. c. 7 and c. 14. Such also was the convention of estates in 1688, which, upon the retreat of King James II. came to a conclusion that he had abdicated the throne, and that the right of succession had devolved to King William and Queen Mary; upon which the assembly expired as a convention, and.was converted into a parliament.

Convention of Estates, in Scotland, was partly of the nature of a parliament, but differed in this, that the former could only lay on taxes, while parliament could both impose taxes and make laws.
CONVENTUAL, something belonging to a convent or monastery.
[7:7:294]

Conventual is particularly used for a religious person, who actually resides in a convent; in contradistinction to those who are only guests, or in possession of benefices depending on the house. See Monk.
CONVENTUS Juridici were courts of justice established in the Roman provinces, with an extent of jurisdiction circumscribed within certain limits of district, and to which all who were included had to repair for justice. The unseasonable affectation of changing forms of war into forms of civil courts proved the ruin of Varus and of three legions in Germany. Conventum, agere is to hold a court of justice.
CONVERGING, or Convergent Lines, in Geometry, are such as continually approach nearer to one another, or whose distances become still less and less. These are opposed to divergent lines, the distances of which become continually greater. The lines which converge one way diverge the other.

Converging Rays, in Optics, those rays which, issuing from different points of an object, incline towards one another, till at last they meet, cross, and then become diverging rays.

Converging Series, a series of terms or quantities which always decrease the farther they proceed, or which tend to a certain magnitude or limit, in opposition to diverging series, or those which become continually larger and larger.
CONVERSATION, or Discourse, signifies an interlocution between two or more persons; with this distinction, that conversation is used for any general intercourse of sentiments whatever, whereas a discourse means a conversation limited to some particular subject.
CONVERSE, in Mathematics. One proposition is called the converse of another, when, after a conclusion is drawn from something assumed in the converse proposition, that conclusion is supposed, and then the one which in the other was supposed, is now drawn as a conclusion from it. Thus when two sides of a triangle are equal, the angles under these sides are equal; and, conversely, if these angles are equal, the two sides are equal.
CONVERSION, in a moral sense, implies a repentance for conduct unworthy of our nature, and unbecoming our obligations to its Author, and a resolution to act a wiser and a better part for the future.
CONVERT, a person who has undergone conversion. '

Convert is chiefly used in respect of changes from one religion, or religious sect, to another. Converts with relation to the religion espoused are denominated apostates with regard to that which they have relinquished.

The Jews formerly converted to Christianity in England were called conversos. Henry III. built them a house in London, and allowed them a competent subsistence for their lives. This house was called domus conversorum ; but the number afterwards increasing, they became a burden to the crown, upon which they were distributed among the monasteries; and after the expulsion of the Jews under Edward III. the domus conversorum was given for the custody of the rolls.

Converts, in a monastic sense, are lay-friars, or brothers, admitted for the service of the house, but without orders, and not allowed to sing in the choir. Till the eleventh century the word was used to signify persons who had embraced the monkish life at the age of discretion; by which they were distinguished from those devoted in their childhood by their parents, and called oblati. But in the eleventh century, when illiterate persons, incapable of being clerks, and only destined for bodily labour, began to be received into monasteries, the signification of the word was necessarily changed. According to Mabillon, it was John, first abbot of Vallombrosa, who primarily introduced these brother converts, distinguished from their state by the monks of the choir, who were then either clerks or capable of becoming so.
CONVEX, an appellation given to the exterior surface of gibhous or globular bodies, in opposition to the hollow inner surface of such bodies, which is called concave. Thus we say a convex frieze, lens, mirror, superficies, and the like.