pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PYRRHO, the founder of a school of philosophy, was the son of Pleistarchus, a native of Elis, and flourished B. c. 336, in the time of Philip the Great. He was originally a painter, but subsequently devoted himself to the study of philosophy, having been the pupil of Anaxarchus, whom he attended to India. There he became acquainted with the magi of Persia and the gymnosophists of India. On his return to Greece he acquired great renown, and was presented by the Athenians with the freedom of their city. He lived to the age of ninety. Pyrrho was the chief advocate of the sceptical school of philosophy; and from him all those who adhered to such doctrines were called Pyrrhonists. He denied that it could be proved that there was any thing in itself just or unjust, honourable or dishonourable. He considered every action and event as indifferent, and carried this idea so far as to assert that he saw [7:18:759]no difference between life and death. It is said that he showed no fear of death when the vessel in which he was sailing was threatened with shipwreck, and pointed to a pig, which was feeding in the utmost unconcern, remarking, that such ought to be the security of the wise man. The principle of his philosophy was, that there existed no motive'for belief to which one cannot oppose a doubt of equal weight. Thus he affirmed nothing, and denied nothing. Amongst his disciples were Timon of Phlius, and Nausi-phanes, who taught Epicurus. The life of Pyrrho has been written by Sextus Empiricus, and by Diogenes Laertius.

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PYRRHUS, the name of two kings of Epirus. See Epirus. ’
PYTHAGOREANS, a sect of ancient philosophers, so called from their being the followers of Pythagoras.
PYTHEAS, an ancient navigator, was a native of Marseilles, and is supposed to have lived some time about the age of Alexander the Great, 330 b. c. We have no information respecting the private circumstances of his life; but we know that he explored the northern seas of Europe, though the ancient geographers appear to have placed little dependence on the statements which he made. Both Polybius and Strabo treat him with great severity, and ridicule his accounts as absurd and incredible. It would appear that he sailed through the English Channel, and, after a voyage of six days to the north, reached an island which he calls Thule, where he says that the sun never descends below the horizon for a certain period at the summer solstice. This statement would apply to Iceland, but then it seems unlikely that he could reach that island within six days. He next sailed to the north-east, and entering the Baltic, reached a rivèr which he calls Tanaïs, and is thought to be the Vistula. Here he found a people who made use of amber instead of wood; and as that substance is still found in large quantities in Prussia, there is little doubt that he must have visited this part of Europe. He gave an account of his voyages in two works which he published. The one was entitled a Description of the Ocean, and contained his voyage from Gades to Thule; the other work was entitled Periplus. It is said that Pytheas was the first who suspected that the tides were influenced by the moon. (Sec Eclaircissements sur la Vie et sur les Voyages de Pytheas, by Bougainville, in the Recueil de l' Académie des Inscriptions, xix. 46.)
PYTHIA, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi, by whom he delivered oracles. She was so called from Pythius, a name of that god, which is said to have been given him on account of his victory over the serpent Python. The Pythia was at first required to be a young girl, but in later times a woman of about fifty years of age usually officiated as priestess; The first and most famous Pythia was Phemonöe, by whom oracles were at first delivered in hexameter verse. All the Pythias were pure virgins, and all of them delivered their oracles with great enthusiasm and violent agitations.
PYTHIAN Games, in Grecian antiquity, sports instituted near Delphos in honour of Apollo, on account of his slaying the serpent Python. These games, at their first institution, were celebrated only once in nine years; but afterwards every fifth year, from the number of the Parnassian nymphs who came to congratulate Apollo, and to make him presents on his victory. The victor was crowned with garlands.
PYTHON, in fabulous history, is the name given to a monstrous serpent, produced by the earth after Deucalion’s deluge. Juno being exasperated at Latona, who was beloved by Jupiter, commanded this serpent to destroy her; but Latona flying from the pursuit of the monster, escaped to Delos, where she was delivered of Diana and Apollo, the latter of whom at length destroyed Python with his arrows, and in memory of this victory the Pythian games were instituted.
Q or q, the sixteenth letter and twelfth consonant of our alphabet, but one not to be found either in the Greek, old Latin, or Saxon alphabets; and indeed some would entirely exclude it, pretending that k ought to be used wherever this occurs. But as it is formed by the voice in a different manner, it is undoubtedly a distinct letter; for, in expressing this sound, the cheeks are contracted, and the lips, particularly the under one, are put into a canular form, for the passage of the breath.

The q is never sounded alone, but in conjunction with u, as in quality, question, quite, quote, and the like, and never ends any English word. As a numeral, Q stands for 500; and with a dash over it, thus, Q, for 500,000. Used as an abbreviature, q signifies quantity or quantum. Thus, amongst physicians, q. pl. is quantum placet, as much as you please; and q. s. is quantum sufficit, as much as is necessary. Q.E.D. amongst mathematicians, is quod erat demonstrandum, which was to be demonstrated; and Q. E. F. is quod erat faciendum, which was to be done. Q. D. amongst grammarians is quasi dictum, as if it were said, or, as who should say. In the notes of the ancients, Q stands for Quintus or Quintius ; Q. B. V. for quod bene vertat ; Q. S. S∙ S. for quae supra scripta sunt ; Q. Μ. for Quintus Mutius, or quomodo ; Quint, for Quintilius ; and Quaes. for quaestor.
QUADI, a people of Germany, situated to the south-east of the mountains of Bohemia, on the banks of the Danube, and extending as far as the river Marus, running by Moravia, which country they occupied.
QUADRAGESIMA, a denomination given to Lent, from its consisting of forty days.
QUADRANGLE, in Geometry, the same with a quadrilateral figure, or one consisting of four sides and four angles.
QUADRANS, the quarter or fourth part of any thing, particularly the as, or pound.

Quadrans, in English money, the fourth part of a penny. Before the reign of Edward I. the smallest coin was a sterling or penny, marked with a cross, by the guidance of which a penny might be cut into halves for a halfpenny, or into quarters or four parts for farthings. But, to avoid the fraud of unequal cuttings, that king afterwards coined halfpence and farthings in distinct round pieces.
QUADRANT, in Geometry, the arch of a circle, containing ninety degrees, or the fourth part of the entire periphery.

Quadrant also denotes a mathematical instrument, of great use in astronomy and navigation, for taking the altitudes of the sun and stars, as also for taking angles in surveying.

This instrument is variously contrived, and furnished with different apparatus, according to the various uses it is intended for; but they all have this in common, that they consist of a quarter of a circle, the limb of which is divided into ninety degrees. Some have a plummet suspended from the centre, and are furnished with sights to look through.

The principal and most useful quadrants are the common surveying quadrant, astronomical quadrant, Adams’s quadrant, Cole’s quadrant, Gunter’s quadrant, Hadley’s quadrant, horodictical quadrant, Sutton’s or Collins’s quadrant, and the sinical quadrant. See Sextant.
QUADRANTAL, in Antiquity, the name of a vessel in use amongst the Romans for the measuring of liquids. It was at first denominated amphora ; and afterwards quadran tal, from its form, which was square every way like a die. In capacity it contained eighty librae or pounds of water, which made forty-eight sextaries, two urnae, or eight congii.
QUADRAT, a mathematical instrument, called also a Geometrical Square, and Line of Shadows. It is frequently an additional member on the face of the common quadrant, as also on those of Gunter and Sutton.

Quadrat, in printing, is a piece of metal used to fill up the void spaces between words. There are quadrats of different sizes, as m-quadrats, n-quadrats, and the like, which are respectively of the dimensions of these letters, only lower, that they may not receive the ink.
QUADRATIC Equations, in Algebra, those in which the unknown quantity is of two dimensions, or raised to the second power.
QUADRATRIX, in Geometry, a mechanical line, by means of which we can find right lines equal to the circumference of circles, or of other curves, and their several parts.
QUADRATURE, in Geometry, denotes the squaring, or reducing a figure to a square. Thus, the finding of a square which shall contain just as much surface or area as a circle, an ellipsis, or a triangle, is the quadrature of a circle, an ellipsis, or a triangle. The quadrature, especially amongst the ancient mathematicians, was a great postulatum. The quadrature of rectilinear figures is easily found, for it is merely the finding their areas or surfaces, that is, their squares; for the squares of equal areas are easily found by extracting the roots of the areas thus found. The quadrature of curvilinear spaces is of more difficult investigation; and in this respect extremely little was done by the ancients, except the finding the quadrature of the parabola by Archimedes. In the year 1657, Sir Paul Neil, Lord Brouncker, and Sir Christopher Wren, geometrically demonstrated the equality of some curvilinear figures to rectilinear spaces; and soon afterwards the same thing was proved both at home and abroad of other curves, and which were brought under an analytical calculus. The first specimen of this was given to the public in 1688, by Mercator, in a demonstration of Lord Brouncker’s quadrature of the hyperbola, by Dr Wallis’s reduction of a fraction into an infinite series by division. Sir Isaac Newton, however, had before discovered a method of attaining the quantity of all quadruple curves analytically by his fluxionary calculus. It was disputed between Sir Christopher Wren and Mr Huygens which of them had first discovered the quadrature of any determinate cycloidal space. Leibnitz afterwards found that of another space; and in 1669 Bernoulli discovered the quadrature of an infinity of cycloidal spaces, both segments and sectors.

Quadrature, in Astronomy, that aspect of the moon when she is ninety degrees distant from the sun; or when she is in a middle point of her orbit, between the points of conjunction and opposition, namely, in the first and third quarters.
QUADREL, in building, a kind of artificial stone, so called from its being perfectly square. The quadrels are made of a chalky earth. &c. and dried in the shade for two years. These were formerly in great request amongst the Italian architects.
QUADRIGA, in Antiquity, a ear or chariot drawn by four horses. On the reverses of medals we frequently see the Emperor or Victory in a quadriga, holding the reins of [7:18:763]the horses; and hence these coins are amongst the curious called nummi quadrigati and victoriati.
QUADRILATERAL, in Geometry., a figure, the perimeter of which consists of four sides and four angles, and which is also called a quadrangular figure.
QUADRIPARTITION, the dividing by four, or into four equal parts. Hence comes the term quadripartite, the fourth part, or something divided into four.
QUADRUPEDS, in Zoology, those animals which have four limbs or legs proceeding from the trunk of their body.
QUADRUPLE, fourfold, or something taken four times, or multiplied by four, on which account it is the converse of quadripartition.
QUAIL. See Ornithology.
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QUALLA MOORBA, a river and port situated on the western coast of Malacca. The river is a large one; but the entrance into it is interrupted by a heavy surge, which breaks during the south-west monsoon, and has raised a dangerous sand-bank at the mouth, which extends three miles out to sea. This river is, however, frequented by vessels, which come here on account of the tin-mines in its vicinity. It is 18 miles south of Queda.
QUANG-PING, a city of China, of the first rank, in the southern part of Petchelee, agreeably situated in a fertile and well-watered territory. Long. 114.29. E. Lat. 36.47. N.
QUANGSEE, a province of China, situated on the southwestern frontier, and bordering on Tonquin. The country is flat in the eastern districts, which are fertile, and yield rice not only for internal consumption, but also for export to the neighbouring provinces. The remaining part of the province consists of lofty mountains covered with extensive forests. These mountains are rich in mineral wealth, containing mines of gold, silver, copper, and tin,* the working of which, according to the narrow maxims of Chinese policy, was for a long time prohibited, but at last permitted under the burden of paying forty per cent, to the emperor. This, however, was with the exception of the gold-mines, which the emperor retained in his own hands. The population is estimated by Sir George Staunton at 10,000,000. The capital is Queyling or Koueiling.
QUANGTONG, a large and populous province in the south of China, bounded on the east and south by the China Sea. Along the sea-coast the country is flat and extremely fertile, producing every species of grain, of which it yields two crops in the year. The northern frontier, by which it is separated from the province of Quangsee, consists of a range of high mountains, which produce gold, copper, and iron; and also a remarkable species of timber called ironwood, from its resemblance in its properties, namely, its colour, weight, and hardness, to that metal. A beautiful species of rosewood is also found here; and in many parts an osier, the shoots of which spread along the ground, resembling twisted cords, and are so tough and pliable that they may be [7:18:775]formed into baskets, chairs, and other pieces of furniture, and even serve for cables and ropes. Quangtong is considered as one of the most important provinces of the empire; it is well situated for trade, and, amongst numerous other ports, contains Canton, by which all the commerce between China and Europe is now carried on. The mountains on the northern frontier form the Only interruption to the navigable communication between Pekin andUanton. The goods being transported across the mountains by land-carriage, are embarked upon the river of Canton, and thus conveyed by water to this great emporium. The population of this province is estimated by Sir George Staunton at 21,000,000. The governor maintains a respectable naval and military force for the suppression of piracy, as well as for overawing the rude tribes of the adjacent mountains.

Quangtong, a town of the Birman empire, in the province of Ava, being situated on the Irrawaddy River, twenty-five miles from the frontiers of China. The meaning of the word Quangtong, or Canton, being a port or mart, numerous towns of this name are found in the vicinity of the Chinese empire; and it is likely that the town in question was either named or built by them. It is frequented by Chinese merchants, who bring thither tea, porcelain, silks, rubies, iron, and cotton. One of the staple commodities is the brown cotton of which nankeens are made. Under a liberal commercial policy it might become a mart for European goods. Long. 96. 55. E. Lat. 24. 2. N.
QUARANTINE is a trial which ships must undergo when suspected of pestilential infection. It may be ordered by the king, with advice of the privy-council, at such times, and under such regulations, as he judges proper. Ships ordered on quarantine must repair to the place appointed, and continue there during the time prescribed; and they must have no intercourse with the shore, except for necessary provisions, which are conveyed with every possible precaution. When the time is expired, and the goods have been opened and exposed to the air as directed, if there be no appearance of infection, they arc admitted to pork See Plague.
QUARLES, Francis, the son of James Quarles, clerk to the board of green cloth, and purveyor to Queen Elizabeth, was born in 1592. He was educated at Cambridge, became a member of Lincoln’s Inn, and was for some time cup-bearer to the queen of Bohemia, and chronologer to the city of London. It was probably on the ruin of the queen’s affairs that he went to Ireland as secretary to Archbishop Usher; but the troubles in that kingdom forced him to return; and not finding affairs more settled in England, some disquiets he met with were thought to have hastened his death, which happened in 1644. His works, both in prose and in verse, arc numerous, and were formerly in great esteem, particularly his Divine Emblems; but the obsolete quaintness of his style has caused them to fall into neglect, excepting amongst particular classes of readers. “The memory of Quarles,” says Headley, “has been branded with [7:18:781]more than commori abuse, and he seems to have been censured merely from the want of being read. If his poetry failed to gain him friends and readers, his piety should at least have secured him peace and good will. He too often, no doubt, mistook the enthusiasm of devotion for the inspiration of fancy. To mix the waters of Jordan and Helicon in the same cup, was reserved for the hand of Milton; and for him, and him only, to find the bays of Mount Olivet equally verdant with those of Parnassus. Yet, as the effusions of a real poetical mind, however thwarted by untowardness of subject, will seldom be rendered totally abortive, we find in Quarles original imagery, striking sentiment, fertility of expression, and happy combinations; together with a compression of style that merits the observation of the writers of verse. Gross deficiencies of judgment, -and the infelicity of his subjects, concurred in ruining him.”
QUARNARO, the collective name of some islands situated on the coast of Austrian Dalmatia, in a gulf near to Istria, which is secure as a harbour. The whole of these •islands are fertile and well cultivated. The largest of them, Arbe, contains 3000 inhabitants; the next in size, Pago, has 4000. One important product, salt, is made in many lagunes by the power of the sun. The inhabitants of these islands are a mixed race, consisting of Italians and Sclavonians, and not too much civilized.
QUARRY, a place under ground, from which are extracted marble, freestone, slate, limestone, or other matters proper for building.

Quarry, or Quarrel, amongst glaziers, means a pane of glass cut in the form of a diamond.

Quarries are of two kinds, square and long, each of which is of a different size, and expressed by the number of the pieces that make a foot of glass, viz. eighths, tenths, eighteenths, and twentieths; but all the sizes are cut to the same angles, the acute angle in the square quarrels being 77° 19', and in the long ones 67° 21′.

Quarry, amongst hunters, is sometimes used for a part of the entrails of the beast taken, which is given by way of reward to the hounds.

Quarry, in falconry, is the game which the hawk is in pursuit of, or has killed.
QUART, a measure of capacity, being the fourth part •of some other measure. The English quart is the fourth part of the gallon, and contains two pints.
QUARTAN, a measure containing the fourth part of some other measure.

Quartan, a species of intermitting fever.
QUARTATION is an operation by which the quantity of one thing is made equal to a fourth part of the quantity of another thing. Thus when gold alloyed with silver is to be parted, we are obliged to facilitate the action of the aquafortis, by reducing the quantity of the former of these metals to one fourth part of the whole mass; which is done by sufficiently increasing the quantity of the silver, if it be necessary. This operation is called quartation, and is preparatory to the parting; and many authors even extend this name to the operation of parting.
QUARTERS, a name given at sea to the several stations where the officers anderew of a ship of war are posted in action.

Quarters, at a siege, the encampment upon one of the principal passages round a place besieged, to prevent relief and convoys.

Head- Quarters of an Army, the place where the commander-in-chief has his quarters.

Intrenched Quarters, a place fortified with a ditch and parapet, to secure a body of troops.

Winter Quarters sometimes means the space of time included between leaving the camp and taking the field; but more properly the places where the troops are quartered during the winter.
QUARTETTO, Quartet, in music, a composition for four voices, or for four instruments, in which the parts are all obbligati ; that is, in which no one of the parts can he omitted without injuring the proper effect of the composition. To understand the structure of instrumental quartettos of this kind, those of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Spohr, Onslow, and a very few others, must be examined. Vocal quartettos are generally accompanied by instruments, to [7:18:782]sustain the voices. A mere interchange of melody between one part and another, where the parts alternately become principal and subordinate, without any interweaving of them by means of imitations, double counterpoint, &c. does not constitute a regular quartetto. Neither is a regular quartette found in a composition that consists of one principal part, accompanied from beginning to end by three other parts, which are merely harmonic supports to the principal part. See Music and Principal.
QUARTILE, an aspect of the planets when they are at the distance of ninety degrees from each other, and which is denoted by the character □ .
QUARTERING, in Heraldry, is dividing a coat into four or more quarters or quarterings, by parting, couping, and otherwise, that is, by perpendicular and horizontal lines.

QUARTO-Decimans, an ancient sect in the Christian church, who taught that Easter should always be celebrated according to the custom of the Jews, on the fourteenth day of the moon in the month of March, whensoever that day might fall out; and hence they derived their name, quarto-decimani, or fourteenth-men. The Asiatics were mightily attached to this opinion, pretending that it was built on the authority of St John, their apostle; and Pope Victor could never bring them to obedience in this article, though he was upon the point of excommunicating them.
QUARTU, a city of the island of Sardinia, in the diocese of Cagliani. It stands on a bay of the same name. Though many of the houses are respectable, they are all built of bricks dried by the sun. The walls of the church-yard arc strangely decorated with skulls and thigh-bones. The situation is tolerably healthy. The inhabitants amount to 5129.
QUATRE-BRAS, a village of the Netherlands, in the circle of Nivelles, receiving its name from two great roads crossing each other at this point, where there is a directionpost with four arms. It is worthy of remark as the spot where the first meeting took place between the British and French troops two days before the decisive battle of Waterloo. This contest was obstinate and bloody, and the loss on both sides heavy, whilst the success was doubtful. The British received there the intelligence of the defeat of the Prussians at Ligny; and their artillery not being come up, they retreated the next day to the field of Waterloo, where they completed the work of the campaign. The reigning duke, Frederick William of Brunswick, fell in the attack of the French on his troops.
QUATUORVIR, in Antiquity, formerly written IIII. ViR, a Roman magistrate, who had three colleagues joined with him in the same administration, and had the care of conducting and settling the colonies sent into the provinces. There were also quatuorviri appointed to inspect and take care of repairs.
QUAVER, in Music, a measure of time equal to half a crotchet, or an eighth part of a semibreve.