pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FOURMONT, Stephen, professor of the Arabic and Chinese languages, and one of the most learned men of his time, was born at Herbelai, near Saint Denis, about four leagues from Paris, in 1683. He studied in Mazarin College, and afterwards in the Seminary of Thirty-three. He was at length appointed professor of Arabic in the Royal College, and admitted a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. In 1738 he was chosen a member of the Royal Society of London, and in 1741 a member of that of Berlin. He was often consulted by the Duke of Orleans, first prince of the blood, who had a particular esteem for him, and made him one of his secretaries. He was the author of many learned works, the most important of which are, 1. Racines de la Langue Latine mises en vers François, Paris, 1706, in 12mo; 2. Réflexions Critiques sur les Histoires des Anciens Peuples, Paris, 1735, in 2 vols. 4to; 3. Meditationes Sinicae, 1737, in folio; 4. Grammatica Sinica (Chinese Grammar), 1742; and, 5. Several Dissertations printed in the Mémoires de l’Acad. des Inscriptions. Fourmont died at Paris on the 18th December

1745, at the age of sixty-two. He must not be confounded with Michel Fourmont, his youngest brother, who was professor of the Syriac language in the Royal College, and a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and who died in

1746.
FOURNESS, in Loynsdale, Lancashire, is a tract between the Kent, the Leven, and the Dudden sands, which runs north parallel with the west sides of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and on the south runs out into the sea as a promontory. Here, as Mr Camden expresses it, “the sea, as if enraged at it, lashes it more furiously, and in high tides has even devoured the shore, and made three large bays; viz. Kentsand, into which the river Ken empties itself; Levensand and Duddensand, between which the land projects in such a manner that it has its name hence; Foreness and Foreland, signifying the same with us as promontorium anterius in Latin.” Bishop Gibson, however, derives the name of Foumess, or Furness, from the numerous furnaces that were there anciently, the rents and services of which, called Bloomsmithy rents, are still paid. This whole tract, except on the coast, rises in high hills and vast piles of rocks called Foumess-Fells, amongst which the Britons found a secure retreat, trusting to these natural fortresses, though nothing was inaccessible to the victorious Saxons; for we find the Britons settled here 228 years after the arrival of the Saxons; because at that time Egfrid king of Northumberland gave St Cuthbert the land called Carth-mell, and all the Britons in it, as is related in his life. In these mountainous parts are found quarries of a fine durable blue slate, which is made use of to cover buildings in this and many other parts of the kingdom.
FOU-TCHANG, a city of China, in the province of Pe-tchc-li, situated on the banks of the grand canal. It is an ancient city, but the gates at the extremities are in a state of decay. It has a bridge of great antiquity, consisting of four large arches and three smaller ones, secured by parapets; the whole of which is crumbling down.
FOU-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, which is celebrated for a magnificent bridge built of stone, with 100 arches, and a double balustrade along the. whole length. The city is governed by a viceroy, and has nine others under its jurisdiction. It is the residence of many literati, and has a good harbour. Fou-tcheou is 870 miles south of Pekin. Long. 119. 4. E. Lat. 20. 4. N. This is also the name of a city of the third rank, which was almost ruined by an invasion of the Tartars. It is 735 miles south of Pekin.
FOWEY, a market-town and seaport of the county of Cornwall, in the hundred of Powder, 239 miles firom Lon don. The harbour, deemed the best on that part of the coast, is formed by the river Fowey, which there empties itself into the channel. There is space and depth of water for 1000 vessels. It has, however, but little trade, except that which in the few months of summer consists in the catching of pilchards, which, though a casual, is sometimes a source of great profit. The mouth of the river is defended by several forts of various dates. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, and eight aidermen, and returns two members to the House of Commons, chosen by the inhabitant householders. The population amounted in 1801 to 1155, in 1811 to 1457, in 1821 to 1455, and in 1831 to 1767.
FOWL, among zoologists, denotes the larger sorts of birds, whether domestic or wild; such as geese, pheasants, partridges, turkeys, ducks, and the like.
FOWLING, the art of catching birds by means of birdlime, decoys, and other devices, or the killing of them by the gun.

Fowling is also used for the pursuing and taking birds with hawks, more properly called falconry or hawking.
FRACASTOR, Jerome, one of the most learned men of his time, was born at Verona in the year 1483. Two singular circumstances are related of him in his infancy; one that his lips adhered so closely when he came into the world, that a surgeon was obliged to divide them with his incision knife; and the other, that his mother was killed with lightning, whilst he, though in her arms at the moment, escaped unhurt. Fracastor was a man of such admirable parts, and made so great progress in every thing he undertook, that in time he became eminently skilled not only in the belles lettres, but in most arts and sciences.
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He was a poet, a philosopher, a physician, an astronomer, and a mathematician; and he was also a man of consequence in his time, as appears from the fact of Paul III. having made use of his authority to remove the council of Trent to Bologna, under the pretext of a contagious distemper, which, as Fracastor declared, made it no longer safe to continue at Trent. He was intimately acquainted with Cardinal Bembo, Julius Scaliger, and most of the great men of his time. Fracastor died of apoplexy at Casi, near Verona, on the 8th of August 1553; and in 1559 the town of Verona erected a statue in honour of him. Fracastor was the author of many works, both as a poet and a physician; but never man was more disinterested in both capacities, for as a physician he practised without fees, and as a poet he was indifferent to fame, after which the tuneful tribe in general so ardently aspire. It is owing to this that we have so little of his poetry in comparison of what he wrote; and that, not to mention other compositions, his odes and epigrams, which were read in manuscript with infinite admiration, have now been lost. His medical productions are as follow: 1. Syphilidis, sive Morbi Gallici libri tres, Verona, 1530, in 4to, afterwards frequently reprinted; 2. De Vini Temperatura, Venice, 1534, in 4to; 3. Homocentricoum, sive de Stellis liber unus, and De Causis Criticoum Dierum libellus, Venice, 1535, in 4to; 4. De Sympathia et Antipathia Rerum liber unus; De Contagionibus et contagiosis Morbis, et eorum curatione, libri tres, Venice, 1546, in 4to. All the poetical productions of Fracastor were collected and printed at Padua, 1728, 8vo. His complete works appeared for the first time under the title of Hieronymi Frascatorii Veronensis Opera Omnia, in unum proxime post illius mortem collecta ; accesserunt Andrea Naugerii patricii Veneti Orationes duce, Carminaque nonnulla. Venetiis apud Juntas, 1555, in 4to. Besides the works already mentioned, there are included in this collection the three following, which appeared for the first time, viz.: 1. Naugerius, sive de Poetica dialogus; Turrius, sive de Intellectione dialogus, libri ii.; 2. Alcon, sive de cura Canum Venaticoum; 3. Frascatorius, sive de Anima dialogus.
FRACHES, in the glass trade, are the flat iron pans into which the glass vessels already formed are put when in the tower over the working furnace, and by means of which they are drawn out through the leers, that they may be taken gradually from the fire, and cool by degrees.
FRACTION, in Arithmetic and Algebra, a part or division of an unit or integer; or a number which stands to an unit in the relation of a part to its whole. The word literally imports a broken number.

Fractions are usually divided into decimal, sexagesimal, and vulgar. See Algebra and Arithmetic.
FRACTURE, in Surgery, a rupture of a bone, or a solution of continuity in a bone, when it is crushed or broken by some external cause. See Surgery.
FRAME, in Joinery, a kind of case, in which a thing is set or enclosed, or even supported; as a window frame, a picture frame, and the like.

Frame, among printers, is the stand which supports the cases.

F rame, among founders, is a kind of ledge enclosing a board, which, being filled with wetted sand, serves as a mould to cast their works in.

Frame is more particularly used for a sort of loom, on which artificers stretch their linens, silks, or stuffs, to be embroidered, quilted, or the like.

Frame, among painters, is a kind of square, consisting of four long slips of wood joined together, whilst the intermediate space is divided by threads into several little squares like a net, and hence sometimes called reticula. It serves to reduce figures from great to small, or to augment their size from small to great.
FRAMLINGHAM, a market-town of the county of Suffolk, of the hundred of Loes, eighty-eight miles from London. It is an ancient but well-built town, situated on an elevated spot, near to which is the source of the river Ore. There are ruins of an ancient castle, supposed to have been built by the Saxons, the walls of which are forty-four feet in height, and eight in thickness. This castle was the residence of Queen Mary in 1553. The church is a handsome building, constructed of black flints. The market-place is large, and on Saturday well supplied. The population amounted in 1801 to 1854, in 1811 to 1854, in 1821 to 2327, and in 1831 to 2445.
FRAMMERSBACH, a bailiwick of the circle of the Lower Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over seventy square miles. It contains one city, thirty villages, and 764 scattered single houses, with 4650 inhabitants. The city of the same name is situated on the Lahn, and contains 452 houses, and 2460 inhabitants.
FRAMPTON ON SEVERN, a town of Gloucestershire, in the hundred of Whitstone, 108 miles from London. There is here a considerable manufactory of iron and of wire. At high tides the river Severn occasionally floods a large part of the parish. The population amounted in 1801 to 860, in 1811 to 864, in 1821 to 996, and in 1831 to 1055.
FRANCAVILLA, a city of the province of Otranto, in the kingdom of Naples. It is situated in the centre of the province, and surrounded with several small lakes. It contains 11,108 inhabitants, who grow much cotton, and make it into various kinds of goods. It also produces good wine, and has considerable internal trade.
FRANCHISE, in Law, is used as synonymous with liberty, and is defined “a royal privilege, or branch of the king’s prerogative, subsisting in the hands of a subject.” Being thus derived from the crown, a franchise must arise from the king’s grant; or in some cases it may be held by prescription, which presupposes a grant. The kinds of franchise are almost infinite.

Franchise is also used to denote an asylum or sanctuary, where the persons of those who take refuge in them are secure. One of the most remarkable capitulars made by Charlemagne in his palace of Heristal, in 779, was that relating to the franchises of churches. The right of franchise was held so sacred that even the less rigidly righteous kings scrupulously observed it; but in course of time it was carried to such excess, that Charlemagne reduced it, by forbidding the conveying of provisions to criminals who had fled for protection to these sanctuaries.
FRANCIS, Philip, an English poet and dramatic writer, but more distinguished for his translations of classical authors than for his original compositions. His father was dean of Lismore, and rector of St Mary’s, Dublin, whence he is said to have been ejected on account of his principles at the Revolution. His son received his education for the church at Dublin; but, after entering into holy orders, he came over to England, and settled at Esher, in Surrey, where he opened a school. He obtained the degree of doctor of laws, and was afterwards presented to the rectory of Barrow, in Suffolk, and made chaplain of Chelsea hospital. He wrote two tragedies, Eugenia, 1752, and Constantia, 1754, neither of which, however, met with a favourable reception at the time of its appearance, and both have now fallen into oblivion. But his translation of Horace with notes was completely successful, and has been often reprinted. In 1757 he published a translation of the orations of Demosthenes and Aeschines, in two vols. 4to. Dr Francis was also a considerable political writer, and was said to. have been employed by government. He died at Bath in the year 1773, leaving a son, who having distinguished himself as a politician, rose to considerable eminence, held several official situations under government, and in 1773 went out to the East Indies, where he became

Before the correctional tribunals there were tried, without the aid of juries, the same year, 209,493 persons, of a member of the council of Bengal. After his return to England he came into office under the whig administration,! and was honoured with the order of the bath. He published several political pamphlets, and died in 1818. Since i his death the authorship of the Letters of Junius has been ascribed to him, on evidence which certainly creates a strong presumption in his favour.

Francis, Cape, a town on the north coast of St Domingo. See St Domingo.
FRANCISCO, St, the name of a small island on the coast of Brazil. Its situation is low, and it is watered by various small rivers. On its eastern side there is a narrow lake, ten miles long from north to south, denominated the river Acarhy; and contiguous to it there is another small lake. The town of St Francisco, which gives name to the island, consists of houses mostly built of earth, and a stone church. Only two of the streets are paved. The inhabitants are almost all white, and of a pale complexion. They are chiefly occupied in the cultivation of mundioc; and as the town is said to be well supplied with fish, some have accounted for their cadaverous appearance by supposing it to arise from their meagre diet. The adjacent country, though rich, is swampy, and of course unhealthy. The port of St Francisco appears to want depth of water for large vessels, a circumstance which considerably detracts from its value. Lat 26. 15. S.
FRANKED Letters. See Post Office.
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FRANKEN, Franciscus, usually designated OldFrank, a famous Flemish painter, supposed to have been born about the year 1544. Although his works are well known, very few of the circumstances of his life have been ascertained. This master painted historical subjects from the Old and New Testaments, and was remarkable for introducing a great number of well-grouped figures into his compositions. Vandyck commended his works, and thought them worthy of a place in any collection.

Franken, Franciscos, distinguished by the name of Young Frank, was the son of the former, and born in the year 1580. He was instructed by his father, whose style he adopted so closely that their works are frequently mistaken. He travelled into Italy to improve his colouring; and upon his return his works were much sought after. The best works of this painter are, a scriptural performance in the church of Notre Dame at Antwerp; and an excellent picture, in a small size, of Solomon’s idolatry. Young Frank died in 1642.
FRANKENHAUSEN, a city of the duchy of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, in Germany, die capital of the principality and of a bailiwick of die same name. It stands on the river Wipper, is surrounded with walls, and contains the ducal palace, 630 other houses, and 3100 inhabitants. It possesses a salt spring, from which is made culinary salt, the revenue derived from which is divided between the two branches of the sovereign family of Schwartzburg.
FRANKENSTEIN, a city, the capital of the circle, in the Prussian province of Silesia. It stands on the river Pausebach, 877 feet above the sea, and in 1831 contained 5509 inhabitants. It is a place of brisk trade in cloth, hosiery, tannery, and other articles. It is situated in long. 16. 44. 10. E. and lat. 50. 52. 30. N.
FRANKENTHAL, a city of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rhine, and the capital of a small canton. It is situated on a canal which joins the Rhine, is an industrious city, containing 448 houses and 4109 inhabitants, who make silk, linen, and woollen cloths, and other goods, especially excellent porcelain.

FRANKFORT-on-the-Maine, an independent republic in Germany, consisting of the city and a small district around it, containing two market-towns, six villages, 900 houses, and about 8000 inhabitants. The system of government is somewhat complicated, being partly of the aristocratical and partly of the democraticaí kind. The city is surrounded by promenades formed out of the ancient walls. The fine river Maine passes close to it, and on its banks are some of the best dwellings of the city. There are within it 4000 houses, and about 47,000 inhabitants. The antiquities of the city attract much attention, especially the Römer, and the electors’ hall, where the emperors were chosen, and the cathedral. The situation of Frankfort, between France and Germany, makes it a place favourable for the exchange of the commodities of England, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Germany; and at two large fairs, in the spring and autumn, a vast portion of business is transacted. Much trade is carried on by the Maine and the Rhine with Holland, especially for the German wines, and the woods of its vast forests. The greatest business in amount is that of exchanges, as the bills of all countries can be negotiated with facility at Frankfort, by the rich bankers, owing to their extensive transactions with the several states of Europe.

Frankfort-on -the-Oder, a city, the capital of the circle of that name, in the kingdom of Prussia. It is the seat of the provincial government, is regularly built, and has broad streets and good public buildings. It contains four Lutheran, two Reformed, and one Catholic church, with 2450 houses, and 22,000 inhabitants. It is a very considerable manufacturing place for silk and linen goods, gloves, hosiery, and other articles. The largest fairs of any on the Continent, except those of Frankfort-on-the-Maine and of Leipsic, are held here. Long. 14. 28. E. Lat. 52. 22. N.
FRANKFORT, the political metropolis of Kentucky, one of the United States of North America. It is situated on the northern bank of the river Kentucky, at about sixty miles above its junction with the Ohio. The environs of the plain upon which the town is built are beautiful, and remarkable for their romantic scenery. The town is divided by the river into Frankfort and South Frankfort, each of which contains about 2000 inhabitants. The two divisions are connected by a bridge across the Kentucky, which here flows between banks of from four to five hundred feet in height. The state-house of the town is entirely built of marble, with a front presenting a porticoof Ionic columns, and the whole has an aspect of imposing magnificence. It contains the halls of the legislature, and apartments for the court of appeals and the federal courts. The other public edifices of Frankfort are three churches, an academy, and county court-house. The houses are singularly neat, many of them being built of a beautiful species of marble, which is found on the banks of the river. It possesses a number of manufacturing establishments, and is a place of considerable commercial enterprise, being the head port of steam-boat navigation. Vessels have been built at Frankfort, and floated to New Orleans, from which it is distant 806 miles. Long. 84. 40. W. Lat. 38. 14. N.
FRANKLAND’S Islands, a cluster of small islands on the north-cast coast of New Holland, about six miles from the land. Long. 146. E. Lat. 17. 12. S.
FRANKINCENSE. See Incense.
FRANKS, Francs, Frankis, or Franquis, a name which the Turks, Arabs, Greeks, &c. give to all the people of the western parts of Europe. The appellation is commonly supposed to have had its rise in Asia at the time of the crusades, when the French made the most considerable figure among the crusaders; from which time the Turks, Saracens, Greeks, Abyssinians, &c. used it as a common term for all the Christians of Europe: and called Europe itself Franhistan. The Arabs and Mahometans, says Μ. d’Herbelot, apply the term Franks not only to the French (to whom the name originally belonged), but to the Europeans in general.
FRASCATI, or Frescati, a town of Italy, in the papal dominions, about ten miles from Rome. It is near the ancient Tusculum, but not quite so elevated, though sufficiently so to command a fine prospect over the Campagna di Roma. The town has an ecclesiastical seminary, founded by the late Cardinal York. It contains about 4500 inhabitants. Long. 12.41.33. E. Lat. 41. 48. 21. N.
FRASERBURGH, a small sea-port town in the county of Aberdeen, situated on the point of land called Kinnaird’s Head, which is the southern extremity of the Murray Frith. During the last war a large harbour was [7:10:226]constructed here, to serve as a place of shelter for British ships of war which might suffer from stress of weather in the north seas; this being the first point of land which can be reached. In consequence of this, Fraserburgh has risen from comparative obscurity to a port of some importance. Opposite the harbour there is a spacious road for vessels, formed by the bay of Fraserburgh. The town is neat and regularly built, the streets being generally broad and commodious. The herring fishing is here carried on to a great extent, and also the manufacture of linen yarn, considerable quantities of which are exported. Fraserburgh is situated 42 miles north of Aberdeen, and 151 from Edinburgh. The population of the town and parish amounted in 1821 to 283], and in 1831 to 2954.
FRATERNITY, Brotherhood, the relation or union of brothers, friends, partners, associates, and the like.

Fraternity, in a civil sense, denotes a guild, association, or society ofindividuals, united into a body for one common interest or advantage.

Fraternity, in Roman Catholic countries, signifies a society for the improvement of devotion. Of these there are several. 1. The fraternity of the rosary, founded by St Dominic. It is divided into two branches, called the common rosary, and the perpetual rosary ; the former are obliged to confess and communicate every first Sunday in the month, and the latter to repeat the rosary continually. 2. The fraternity of the scapulary, whom the blessed Virgin, according to the sabbatine bull of Pope John XXII. has promised to deliver out of hell the first Sunday after their death. 3. The fraternity of St Francis’s girdle; these are clothed with a sack of a gray colour, which they tie with a cord, and in processions walk barefooted, carrying in their hands a wooden cross. 4. That of St Austin’s leathern girdle comprehends a great many devotees. Italy, Spain, and Portugal, are the countries where we see the greatest number of these fraternities, some of which assume the name of arch-fraternities. Pope Clement VII. instituted the arch-fraternity of charity, which distributes bread every Sunday among the poor, and gives portions to forty poor girls on the feast of St Jerome, their patron. The fraternity of death buries such dead as are abandoned by their relations, and causes masses to be celebrated for them.
FRATRIAGE, the partition among brothers, or coheirs, coming to the same inheritance or succession.
FRATRICIDE, the crime of murdering a brother.
FRATTA-MAGGIORE, a city of the province of Naples, in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, containing 8464 inhabitants.
FRAUENBURĠ, a city of the province of East Prussia, in the government of Königsberg, on the Frische Haff, at the foot of a hill on which stands the cathedral of which Copernicus was a canon, and where he was buried in 1545. It contains 195 houses, and 1720 inhabitants. Long. 19. 49. 20. E. Lat. 54. 21. 54. N.