pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BOLTON, or Boulton, Edmund, an ingenious English antiquarian, who lived in the beginning of the seventeenth century. His most considerable work is that entitled Nero Caesar, or Monarchie Depraved, dedicated to the Duke of Buckingham, lord high admiral, printed at London 1624, folio, and adorned with several curious and valuable medals. It is divided into fifty-five chapters, in some of which are introduced curious remarks and observations. In the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth chapters the author gives an account of the revolt in Britain against the Romans, under the conduct of Boadicea, which he introduces with a recapitulation of the affairs in Britain, from the entrance of the Romans into this island under Julius Caesar, until the revolt in the reign of Nero. In chapter thirty-six he treats of the East India trade in Nero’s time, which was then carried on by the river Nile, and from thence by caravans over land to the Red Sea, and by it to the Indian Ocean; the ready coin carried yearly from Rome upon this account amounting, according to Pliny’s computation, to above L.300,000 sterling, and the usual returns in December and January yielding in clear gain a hundred for one. Besides, this he wrote, 1. An English translation of Lucius Florus s Roman History; 2. Hypercritica, or a rule of judgment for reading or writing our histories; 3. The Elements of Armories; and some other works. The time of his death is unknown.
BOLTON le Moor, a town of the hundred of Salford, in the county of Lancaster, 197 miles from London. It is divided by a small stream into Great and Little Bolton. It is one of the many towns which, within the last forty years, have risen to wealth and beauty from the great increase of the cotton trade in the coal district, since the introduction of steam engines and spinning machinery, It manufactures vast quantities of calicoes, muslins, and almost every description of cotton goods. There is a good market on Mondays. The number of inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 17,416, in 1811 to 24,149, and in 1821 to 50,197,
BOMB, in military affairs, a large shell of cast-iron, having a considerable vent to receive the fuse, which is made of wood. The shell being filled with gunpowder, the fuse is driven into the vent or aperture within an inch of the head, and fastened with a cement made of quicklime, ashes, brick-dust, and steel filings, worked together in a glutinous water; or of four parts of pitch, two of colophony, one of turpentine, and one of wax. This tube is filled with a combustible matter, made of two ounces of nitre, one of sulphur, and three of gunpowder-dust, well rammed. To preserve the fuse, they pitch it over, but uncase it when the bomb is put into the mortar, and cover it with gunpowder-dust, which taking fire by the flash of the powder in the chamber of the mortar, burns all the time the bomb is in the air; and when the composition in the fuse is spent, it fires the powder in the bomb, which bursts with great force, blowing up whatever is about it.

Bombs may be used without mortars, as was done by the Venetians at Candia, when the Turks had possessed themselves of the ditch, rolling down bombs upon them along a plank set sloping towards their works, with ledges on the sides to keep the bomb right forward. Bombs came not into common use before the year 1634, and then only in the Dutch and Spanish armies. One Malthus, an English engineer, is said to have first carried them into France, where they were used at the siege of Colliouse. The art of throwing bombs makes a branch of gunnery, founded on the theory of projectiles, and the laws and qualities of gunpowder. See Gunnery. Bomb- Vessels, or small ships formed for throwing bombs into a fortress, are said to have been the invention of Μ. Reyneau, and were first used at the bombardment of Algiers. Till then it had been judged impracticable to bombard a place from the sea.
BOMBARDIER, a person employed about a mortar. His business is to drive the fuse, fix the shell, and load and fire the mortar.
BOMBARDO, a musical instrument of the wind kind, similar to the bassoon, and used as a bass to the hautboy.
BOMBASINE, a name given to two sorts of stuffs, the one of silk, and the other crossed of cotton.
BOMBAST, in composition, is a serious endeavour, by strained description, to elevate a low or familiar subject; which, instead of being sublime, never fails to be ridiculous. The mind, in some animating passions, is indeed apt to magnify its objects beyond natural bounds; but such hyperbolical description has its limits, and when carried beyond these it degenerates into burlesque. A writer who has not natural elevation of genius is extremely apt to glide into bombast. He strains above his pitch, and the violent effort he makes carries him generally beyond the bounds of propriety.
BOMBUS, in Music, an artificial motion with the hands, imitating in cadence and harmony the buzzing of bees. The word is originally Greek, and signifies the buzz, boom, or noise of bees, gnats, and the like. In this sense the word is applied to describe a species of applause murmured or buzzed by ancient auditories.
BOMONICI, in Grecian Antiquity, young men of Lacedaemon, who contended at the sacrifices of Diana which of them was able to endure most lashes, being scourged before the altar of this goddess.
BOMST, a circle in the Prussian government of Posen, and formerly a part of Poland. It extends over 408 square miles, or 261,120 acres, and contains seven towns and 158 villages, with 33,530 inhabitants. The soil is sandy, bearing little corn, except rye and oats. The chief place, a city of the same name, stands on the Obra, and contains 1867 inhabitants, of whom about one fourth are Jews.
BONA, a considerable sea-port of the territory of Algiers, in the province of Constantina, called by the Arabs Bleid-el-Anet. It appears to be about a mile distant from the ancient Hippo, the ruins of which, consisting of broken walls and cisterns, cover a considerable extent of ground. It has two good harbours, though from neglect they are becoming less commodious. The French African Company once carried on a considerable trade here, exporting in one year wool, wax, hides, and grain, to the value of L.28,500. Britain, during the last war, by her naval superiority, compelled that company to give up their settlement, and obtained to herself the cession of Bona, with some other towns; but she never formed any establishment here, and the claim seems now to have become obsolete. In the vicinity of Bona are extensive coral banks, the seat of an important fishery, chiefly carried on by vessels from Naples, Genoa, and other parts of Italy, who have generally been allowed to prosecute it without molestation. In 1816, however, the Algerines, irritated by the interposition of the English against the capture of slaves, suddenly attacked a number of crews employed in this fishery, and committed a most barbarous massacre of them. This outrage, however, immediately called forth the expedition under Lord Exmouth, the triumphant issue of which prevented for a time the repetition of any similar violence. Bona is sixty-six miles north-north-east of Constantina, in long. 7. 45. E. lat. 36. 52. N.

Bona Dea, in Pagan Mythology, one of the names of Cybele. According to some, she was a Roman lady, the wife of one Faunus, and so famous for her chastity that after her death she was deified. Her sacrifices were performed only by matrons, and in so secret a manner that it was death for any man to intrude himself into the assembly. Cicero reproaches Clodius with having entered this temple disguised as a singing woman, and by his presence polluted the mysteries of the Bona Dea. What kind of mysteries these were, we learn incidentally from Juvenal, sat. vi. 313, where the horrid abominations practised in them are very significantly pointed at.

Dona Eides, in Law. When a person performs any action which he believes at the time to be just and lawful, he is said to have acted in bona fide. Bona Mobilia, the same with movable effects or goods.

EONA Notabilia are such goods as a person dying has in another diocese than that in which he dies, amounting [7:4:767]to the value of five pounds at least; in which case the will of the deceased must be proved, or administration granted, in the court of the archbishop of the province, unless, by composition or custom, any dioceses are authorized to do it, when rated at a greater sum.

Bona Vacantia, goods, such as royal-fish, shipwrecks, treasure-trove, waifs, and estrays, in which no one can claim a property.
BONAA, an island in the Eastern Seas, about twenty-five miles in circuit, lying off the north-western extremity of Ceram. Long. 128. 5. E. Lat. 33. S.
BONAPARTE, or Buonaparte. See Napoleon.
BONARELLI, della Rovere, Count Guid’ Ubaldo, an Italian poet, born at Urbino on the 25th December 1563, was the son of Count Pietro Bonarelli, minister of the duke of Urbino. He was intrusted with several important negociations, and was esteemed an able politician and learned philosopher. He was the author of a favola pastorale, entitled Eilli di Sciro, printed for the first Jfime at Ferrara in 1607, with cuts, 4to; and of an amatory production entitled Discorsi in difesa del doppio Amor della sua Celia, first printed at Ancona in 1612, 4to. He died at Fano in 1608, aged forty-five.
BONASSUS. See Mammalia, Index.
BONATI, a city, the capital of a district of the same name, in thePrincipato-Citeriore,of the kingdom of Naples, containing 3480 inhabitants.
BONAVENTURE, a celebrated cardinal, called, from his works, the Seraphic Doctor. He was born at Bagnarea, a small town of Tuscany, in 1221. His original name was Giovanni Fidenza; but from a particular circumstance he got that of Bonaventure, by which alone he is now generally known. He took the habit of a monk of the order of St Francis in 1243, was received doctor at Paris in 1255, and the year following became general of his order. After the death of Clement IV. the cardinals disagreeing about the election of a new pope, engaged themselves by a solemn promise to elect the person who should be named by Bonaventure, even although it should be himself; but he nominated Theobald, archdeacon of Liège, who was then in the Holy Land, and who, on his election, assumed the name of Gregory X. This pope, in return, made Bonaventure a cardinal and bishop of Alba in 1273, and ordered him to assist at the second general council of Lyons, where he died in 1274. His works were printed at Rome in 7 vols. folio. Bonaventure was canonized by Sixtus IV.; proclaimed doctor of the church, with the surname of Seraphic Doctor, by Sixtus V.; eulogised by Luther as an excellent man {Bonaventura, praestantissimus vir); and characterized by Bellarmin as a doctor alike beloved by God and man.
BONAVISTA, an island near the western coast of Africa, forming part of the group called Cape de Verd from their vicinity to that remarkable promontory. It was the first of the number discovered by the Portuguese in 1450. Captain Porter describes the island as consisting of a level plain, rising in the centre into rugged and rocky eminences. A great part is capable of cultivation, and might yield in abundance cotton and indigo, were these properly attended to by the indolent natives. There are two good roads for shipping. The northern side, according to Captain Cook, is in long. 22. 59. E. and lat. 16.
BONAWASI, a small and decayed town of Hindostan, in the province of North Canara, district of Soonda, on the confines of the Bednore district. It contained in Hyder’s time 500 houses, but is now in a ruinous condition. Long. 75. 12. E. Lat. 14. 27. N.
BOND, John, a commentator on Horace and Persius, was born in Somersetshire in the year 1550, and educated at Winchester school. In 1569 he was entered a student of the university of Oxford, probably in the New College, of which he became either one of the clerks or chaplains. He took his degree as bachelor of arts in 1573, and that of master in 1579; soon after which he was appointed by his college, master of the free school at Taunton in Somersetshire. In this situation he continued many years with considerable reputation; but being at length weary of the laborious occupation of teacher, he commenced physician, and, it is said, became eminent in that capacity. He died in the year 1612, possessed of several lands and tenements in his neighbourhood; but whether acquired by the practice of physic or otherwise, does not appear. He wrote, 1. Commentarii in Poemata Q. Horatii, London, 1606, 8vo; and, 2. Commentarii in sex Satyras Persii, London, 1614, 8vo. Hisshort marginal annotations upon Horace and Persius are generally feeble, and without erudition; notwithstanding which his edition of the former poet has often been reprinted. Saxius describes him as minorum gentium philologus.
BONDAGE properly signifies the same with slavery, but in old law books is used for villenage. Tenants in bondage paid kenots, did fealty, and were prohibited from felling trees in their own garden, without license of the lord. The widow of a tenant in bondage held her husband’s estate quam diu vixerit sine marito, as long as she lived single.

Bondage by the Forelock, or Bondagiurn per anteriores crines capitis, was when a freeman renounced his liberty, and became a slave to some great man, which was done by the ceremony of cutting off a lock of hair from the forehead, and delivering it to his lord; denoting that he was to be maintained by him for the future. Such a bondman, if he reclaimed his liberty, or became fugitive from his master, might be drawn again to his servitude by the nose, whence the origin of the popular menace to pull a man by the nose.
BONDMAN, in the English law, is a term used for a villain, or tenant in villenage. The Romans had two kinds of bondmen; one, called servi, who were those either bought for money, taken in war, left by succession, or acquired by some other lawful title; the other, born of their bondwomen, and called vernoe. We may add a third kind of bondmen mentioned by Justinian, called adscriptitii gleboe, or agricensiti, who were a species of serfs or boors, not bound to the person, but to the ground or place, and who followed him who had the land. These in our law are called vilains regardants, as belonging to the manor or place.
BONDOU, a kingdom of Western Africa, between the upper courses of the Senegal and Gambia, bordering on Bambouk, Foota Torra, Tenda, Dentila, and other small kingdoms. The country is elevated, and the mountains are generally unproductive, and covered with stunted wood. The intervening valleys, however, are fertile, and finely clothed with the baobab, the tamarind, and other valuable fruit trees. They are traversed by beds of torrents, which flow rapidly during the rains, but are empty in the dry season. Cultivation, though it extends over only a comparatively small proportion of the whole surface, is carried on with considerable activity. The products consist of four species of grain, rice, cotton, indigo, and fruits. The workmen in the different parts display considerable dexterity, though they employ very rude and defective tools. The people consist chiefly of Foulahs, though the country is much frequented by Mandingoes and Serawoollies for purposes of trade. The exports consist of provisions and cotton cloth manufactured in the country, in exchange for salt and slaves. The caravans, bringing this last commodity from the interior to the coast, pass usually through Bondou.
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The religion and laws of this country are Mahommedan, though the precepts of that faith are not observed with the same rigour as in more northern countries. There are schools, however, in every town, where the Koran and the reading and writing of Arabic are taught; but the scholar stands in a very humble situation, being considered the servant of the teacher, for whom he is obliged to perform the most menial offices. The king is nearly absolute, and commands a disposable force of from 500 to 600 horse, and 2000 to 3000 infantry. These are much employed in predatory expeditions into the neighbouring countries, chiefly for the purpose of collecting slaves. His revenues are derived from a tenth part of the produce of the land, and of the salt imported, as also from duties on goods passing through his territories, with numerous presents expected or extorted. Mr Park experienced to his cost the rapacity of the reigning prince, being obliged to give up even the coat which he wore. He was introduced to the king s twelve wives, who had never before seen a European, and thought that the white skin had been produced by his having been bathed in milk by his mother, who had also artificially pinched up his nose into its unnatural elevation. The royal residence was then at Fatteconda; but when Major Gray visited Bondou, it had been removed to Boolibani, a small town of 1500 or 1800 inhabitants. It is surrounded with a strong clay wall; but the streets are narrow and irregular, and the habitations cannot rank above huts. The palaces of the king and his sons consist merely of inclosures about an acre in extent, containing a number of cottages, somewhat larger, but not more commodious, than those of his subjects. Near Boolibani are the ruins of another town nearly as large, which was entirely destroyed in a late war with Kaarta; and Major Gray saw the bones of the slain lying unburied and spread over its site.
BONES. See Anatomy. Bones in Fτιneral Solemnities. Different usages and ceremonies relating to the bones of the dead have obtained in different ages; as gathering them from the funeral pile, washing, anointing, and depositing them in urns, and then into tombs; and translating them, which was not to be done without the authority of the pontiffs. Among the ancients, the bones of travellers and soldiers dying in foreign countries were brought home to be buried; till, by an express senatus-cousult, made during the Italic war, it was prohibited, and the bodies of soldiers ordered to be buried where they died.

The Romans had a peculiar deity, under the denomination of Ossilago, to whom the care of the induration and knitting of the human bones was committed, and who on that account was an object of worship by all women in a certain situation.

Fossil or Petrified Bones. See Geology.
BONET, or Bonnet, Theophilus, an eminent physician, born at Geneva on the 5th of March 1620. He took his degree in physic in 1643, after having studied with distinction in the schools of his own country, and in the most celebrated foreign universities; and then applied himself to the practice of his profession, in which he acquired great reputation. But being seized with deafness, he found it necessary to retire from business; which gave him leisure to collect all the observations he had made during a practice of forty years. But his principal title to distinction is rather as a medical writer than a practitioner, and as haying in some measure created pathological anatomy, which Morgagni afterwards illustrated. His works are, 1. Mercurius Compitaliliu s , Geneva, 1682, folio; 2. Zodiacus MedicoGallicus, without date; 3. Medicina Septentrionalis Collatitia, Geneva, 1684 and 1686, 2 vols. folio; 4. Poly antlies, sive Thesaurus MedicoPracticus, Geneva, 1690, 1691, 1693, 3 vols. folio; 5. Theodori T llr . queti de Mayerne Tractatus de Arthritide, Geneva, 1671 1674, 12mo, translated from the French; 6. Jacobi Rο-haultii Tractatus Physicus, Geneva, 1674, 8vo, also a translation; and, 7. Bibliothèque de Médecine etdc Chiur. gie, Geneva, 1670, 4 vols., printed separately, and being a compilation of surgical observations.
BONFADIO, James, a celebrated Italian writer, was born about the commencement of the sixteenth century, at Gazano near Salo, in the diocese of Brescia. He was secretary to cardinal Merinos, archbishop of Bari, and after his death to cardinal Ghinucci. He afterwards read public lectures on Aristotle’s politics, and on rhetoric, and was appointed professor of philosophy and historiographer to the republic of Genpa. He applied himself to compose the annals of that state, and soon completed five books, which were to have been followed by several others. But having spoken too freely of some noble families, this created him enemies, who, havingresolvedto ruin the historian, accused him of an unnatural crime; and, as witnesses were found to convict him, he was condemned to the flames; but the sentence appears to have been commuted, as an act of special grace, into beheading. This was in the year 1550. Authors have varied in their opinions as to Bonfadio’s alleged guilt of the crime for which he suffered; some affirming that he was arrested and condemned on a false pretext, and that he died innocent; while others, including Tiraboschi, maintain that the accusation was but too well founded, and that his addiction to the infamous crime charged against him was the real cause which led to his destruction. His works are, 1. Annaliiιm Genuensium αb anno 1528, Recuperatoe Libertatis usque ad annum 1550, libri quinque, Pavia, 1586, 4to; and, 2. Lettere Famigliari di Jacopo Bonfadio, con altri suoi Componimenti inprosa cd in verso, with a life of the author by Mazzuchelli, Brescia, 1746, 8vo.
BONFINI, Anthony, a Latin historian of the fifteenth century, was born at Ascoli, in Marches of Ancona, in December 1427, and attached himself to the study of history and the belles lettres. Matthias Corvin, king of Hungary, having heard of his learning, sent for him, retained him, and settled upon him a pension. He died in 1202, at the age of seventy-five. His works are, 1. Berum Ungarica-rum decadestres, Basil. 1545, folio; 2. Flavii Philostrati Lemnii Libri II. de Vitiis Sopistarum, 1516, 4to; 3. Hermogenis Libri de Arte Rhetorica et Apthonii Sophistoe Ρrο-ggmnastica, Lyons, 1538; 4. In Horatium Flaccum Commentarii, Rome, without date, 4to; and, 5. Symposion Beatricis, Basil. 1572 and 1621, 8vo.
BONFRERE, James, in Latin Bonfrerius, a learned Jesuit, born at Dinand-sur-Meuse in 1573. He wrote a commentary on the Pentateuch, and learned notes on the Onomastico, or description of the places and towns mentioned in the Scripture. He died at Tournay in 1643, aged seventy.
BONGARS, James, in Latin Bongarsius, counsellor and maitre d’hotel to Henri IV., and one of the ablest critics of his time, was born at Orleans in 1546. He studied the belles lettres at Strasburg under an anabaptist professor, and law at Bourges under Cujas. He was for near thirty years employed in the most important negociations of Henri IV. at the courts of the princes of Germany, in the capacity, first of resident, and afterwards of ambassador. Bongars was of the Protestant religion; and, happening to be at Rome when Sixtus V. fulminated his famous bull of excommunication against Henri IV. he wrote a spirited answer, which he had the boldness to post up in a conspicuous place, and which was afterwards published with his name in the Mémoires de la Ligue- He died at Paris on the 29th July 1612, at the age of fifty*
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eight. His printed works are, 1. A Collection of the Historians of the Crusades, under the title of Gesta Dei per Francos, sive Orientalium Expeditionum et Regni Francorum Hierosolymitani Scriptores varii cooetanei, in unum editi, Hanau, 1611, folio; 2. Jacobi Bongarsii Epistolae, Leyden, 1641; 3. Collectio Hungaricarum Rerum Scriptorum, Francfort, 1600, folio; 4. An edition of Justin, with learned notes; besides notes on Petronius, and various readings of Paulus Diaconus.
BONIFACI, a town in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, and in the delegation of Verona. It is the chief place of a district of the same name, on the Alpon, containing 3640 inhabitants.
BONIFACIO, a town in the island of Corsica, beyond the mountains, near the strait called Bocca di Bonifacio. It is well fortified, and contains about 3000 inhabitants. Long. 9. 9. 16. E. Lat. 41. 23. 10. N.