pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CARNEADES, a celebrated Greek philosopher, was a native of Cyrene in Africa, and founder of the third academy. He was so fond of study that he not only avoided all entertainments, but forgot even to eat at his own table; his maid servant Mclissa was obliged to put the victuals into his hand. He was an antagonist of the Stoics, and applied himself with great eagerness to refute the works of Chrysippus, one of the most celebrated philosophers of their sect. The power of his eloquence was dreaded even by the Roman senate. The Athenians, being condemned by the Romans to pay a fine of five hundred talents for plundering the city of Oropus, sent ambassadors to Rome, who got the fine mitigated to a hundred talents. Carncades the Academic, Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, were charged with this embassy. Before they had an audience of the senate, they harangued to great multitudes in different parts of the city. Carneades’s eloquence was distinguished from that of the others by its strength and rapidity. Cato the Elder made a motion in the senate that these ambassadors should be immediately sent back, because it was very difficult to discern the truth through the arguments of Carneades. The Athenian ambassadors, said many of the senators, were sent rather to force us to comply with their demands than to solicit them by persuasion; meaning, that it was impossible to resist the power of that eloquence with which Carneades addressed them. According to Plutarch, the youth at Rome were so charmed by the orations of this philosopher, that they forsook their exercises and other diversions, and were carried with a kind of madness to philosophy, the humour of philosophising spreading like enthusiasm. This grieved Cato, who was particularly afraid of the subtilty of wit and strength of argument with which Carneades maintained either side of a question. Carneades harangued in favour of justice one day, and the next day against it, to the admiration of all who heard him, among whom were Galba and Cato, the greatest orators of Rome. This was his element; he delighted in demolishing his own work, because it served in thecnd to [7:6:149]confirm his grand principle, that there are only probabilities or resemblances of truth in the mind of man; so that of two things directly opposite, either may be chosen indifferently. Quintilian remarks, that though Carneades argued in favour of injustice, yet he himself aeted according to the strictest rules of justice. The following was a maxim of Carneades: “If a man privately knew that his enemy, or any other person whose death might be of advantage to him, would come to sit down on grass in which there lurked an asp, he ought to give him notice of it, though it were in the power of no person whatever to blame him for being silent.” Carneades, according to some, lived to be eighty-five years old; while others make him to be ninety. His death is placed in the fourth year of the 162d olympiad.
CARNEDDE, in British antiquity, denotes heaps of stones, supposed to be druidical remains, and thrown together on occasion of confirming and commemorating a covenant, Gen. xxxi. 46. They are very common in the Isle of Anglesey, and were also used as sepulchral monuments, in the manner of tumuli; for Mr Rowland found a curious urn in one of these carnedde, whence it may be inferred, that the Britons had the custom of throwing stones on the deceased. From this custom is derived the Welsh proverb Karn ardyben, I’ll betide thee.
CARNEIA, in Antiquity, a festival in honour of Apollo, surnamed Carneus, and held in most cities of Greece, but especially at Sparta, where it was instituted. The reason of the name, as well as the occasion of the institution, is controverted. It lasted nine days, beginning on the 13th of the month Carneus. The ceremonies were an imitation of the method of living and discipline used in camps.
CARNELIAN, a well-known variety of caleedony, the produce of India.
CARNERO, a name given to that part of the Gulf of Venice which extends from the western coast of Istria to the islands of Grossa and the coast of Morlachia.

Carnero is likewise the name of the cape to the west of the mouth of the Bay of Gibraltar.
CARNIFEX, among the Romans, the common executioner. By reason of the odiousness of his office, the carnifex was expressly prohibited by the laws from having his dwelling-house within the city. In the writers of the middle ages carnifex also denotes a butcher.

Under the Anglo-Danish kings the carnifex was an officer of great dignity, being ranked with the archbishop of York, Earl Godwin, and the lord steward. Flor. Wigorn. ann. 1040, Rex Hardecanutus, Alfricum Ebar, Archieļ}. Goodwinum comitem, Edricum dispensatorem Thrand suum carnificem, et alios magnae dignitatis victor Londinurn misit.
CARNIOLA, a province of the Austrian empire, with the title of duehy. It is bounded on the north by Carinthia, on the north-east by Styria, on the east and southeast by Croatia, on the south by Dalmatia and the Adriatic, and on the west by Istria, Friuli, and the county of Grotz. Carniola is about 120 miles in length by 100 in breadth, and contains above 4700 square miles. It is divided either into Upper, Middle, Lower, and Inner Carniola, to which some add Austrian Istria, or into the circles of Laybach, Neustadt, and Adelsberg. This province, although mountainous in the north and north-west, has extensive and fertile valleys and plains in the south, and is more populous than Carinthia. In the interior it bears a resemblance to that province in its general features, but it is more susceptible of culture, and produces wheat maize, millet, and the best flax in the dominions of Austria. The ground in the southern parts produces two crops a year. Fruit is very abundant, especially chestnuts and walnuts, of which there are entire forests. The mountains of Carmola are remarkable for their natural curiosities, and for their vast cavities and subterranean passages. The cataracts are numerous, and of a very striking and picturesque character. There arc several rivers, the principal of which is the Saave. Among the lakes, that of Zirknitz or Czirknitz is the most remarkable. It possesses two subterranean outlets, by which the whole of its waters are discharged, and for four months the bottom is dry, and a crop of millet and hay is produced on it.

Carniola, like Carinthia, possesses a number of iron, lead, and quicksilver mines. There are also varieties of the mineral kingdom, and precious stones are occasionally found. Woollens, linens, and lace, are the principal branches of manufacture. There are several iron forges and two glass works. Near the coast a considerable quantity of sea-salt is produced. The population amounts to about half a million.
CARNIVAL, or Carnaval, a time of rejoicing and season of mirth, observed with great solemnity by the Italians, particularly at Venice, and held from the twelfth day till Lent.

The word is formed from the Italian Cαrnavalle, which M. Du Cange derives from Carn-a-val, by reason of the flesh being then put in the pot, to make amends for the season of abstinence ensuing. Accordingly, in the corrupt Latin, he observes, it was called Carnelevamen and Car-nispriviurn ; as the Spaniards still denominate it carnes tollendas.

Feasts, balls, operas, concerts of musie, intrigues, marriages, and the like, are chiefly held in carnival time. The carnival begins at Venice the second holiday in Christmas. Then it is they begin to wear masks, and open their playhouses and gaming houses; while the place of St Mark is filled with mountebanks, jack-puddings, pedlars, prostitutes, and such like mobs, who flock thither from all parts. There have been no less than seven sovereign princes and 30,000 foreigners present to partake of these diversions.
CARNIVOROUS, an epithet applied to those animals which naturally seek and feed on flesh.

It has been a dispute among naturalists whether man is naturally carnivorous. Those who take the negative side of the question insist chiefly on the structure of our teeth, which are mostly incisores or molares; not such as carnivorous animals are furnished with, and which are proper to tear flesh in pieces, and to this it may be added, that, even when we do feed on flesh, it is not without a preparatory alteration by boiling, roasting, or the like, and even then it is the hardest of digestion of all foods. To these arguments Dr Wallis subjoins another, which is, that all quadrupeds which feed on herbs or plants have a long colon, with a caecum at the upper end of it, or somewhat equivalent, which conveys the food by a long and large progress from the stomach downwards, in order to its slower passage and longer stay in the intestines; but that, in carnivorous animals, such caecum is wanting, and instead of it there is a shorter and more slender gut, and a quicker passage through the intestines. Now, in man the caecum is very visible; a strong presumption that nature, which is still consistent with herself, did not intend him for a carnivorous animal. It is true, the caecum is but small in adults, and seems of little or no use; but in a foetus it is much larger in proportion; and it is probable that our customary change of diet, as we grow up, may occasion this shrinking. But to these arguments Dr Tyson replies, that if man had been designed by nature to be not carnivorous, there would doubtless have been found, somewhere on the globe, people who do not feed on flesh; which is not the case. Neither are carnivorous animals always without a [7:6:150]colon and caecum; nor are all animals carnivorous which have these parts. The opossum, for instance, has both a colon and caecum, and yet feeds on poultry and other flesh; whereas the hedgehog, which has neither colon nor caecum, and so ought to be carnivorous, feeds only on vegetables. Add to this, that hogs, which have both, will feed upon flesh when they can get it; and rats and mice, which have large caecums, will feed on bacon as well as bread and cheese. Lastly, the human race are furnished with teeth necessary for the preparation of all kinds of food; from which it would seem that nature intended we should live on all. And as the alimentary duct in the human body is fitted for digesting all kinds of food, ought we not rather to conclude that nature did not intend to deny us any?

It is not less disputed whether mankind were carnivorous before the flood. St Jerome, Chrysostom, Theodore, and other ancients, maintain that all animal food was then forbidden; which opinion is also strenuously supported among the moderns by Curcellaeus, and refuted by Heidegger, Danzius, Bochart, and others.
CARO, Annibal, a celebrated Italian poet, was born at Civita Nuovo in 1507. He became secretary to the Duke of Parma, and afterwards to Cardinal Farnese. He was also made a knight of Malta. He translated Virgil’s Aeneid into his own language, and with such propriety and elegance of expression, that he was allowed by the best judges to have almost equalled the original. He also translated Aristotle’s rhetoric, two oratories of Gregory Nazianzen, and a discourse of Cyprian. He wrote a comedy; and a miscellany of his poems was printed at Venice in 1584. He died at Rome in 1566.
CAROLINE Islands, or New Philippines, a chain of islands, amounting to thirty, in the Pacific Ocean, which are but little known to Europeans.

Caroline Boohs, the name of four books composed by order of Charlemagne, to refute the second council of Nice. These books are couched in very harsh and severe terms, containing 120 heads of accusation against the council of Nice, and condemning the worship of images.
CAROLOSTADIANS, or Carlostadians, an ancient sect or branch of Lutherans, who denied the real presence of Christ in the eucharist.

They were thus denominated from their leader Andrew Carolostadius, who having originally been archdeacon of Wittemberg, was converted by Luther, and was the first of all the reformed clergy who took a wife; but disagreeing afterwards with Luther, chiefly in the point of the sacrament, he founded a sect apart. The Carolostadians are the same with what are otherwise denominated Sacramentarians, and agree in most things with the Zuinglians.
CAROLUS, an ancient English broad piece of gold struck under Charles I. Its value at the time it was coined is said to have been twenty shillings.

Carolus, a small copper coin, with a little silver mixed in it, struck under Charles VIII. of France. The Carolus was worth twelve deniers when it ceased to be current.
CAROOR, a town of Hindustan, in the district of South Coimbetoor. It is situated on the north bank of the Amarawati, or Caroor river, and contains above 1000 houses. The Caroor was the ancient boundary between the dominions of Mysore and Trichinopoly; and owing to this favourable situation, and being also guarded by a strong fort, it became a place of great mercantile resort and opulence. It was taken in 1760, during the wars of the Carnatic, by the British. It is forty-two miles west from Trichinopoly. Long. 78. 12. E. Lat. 10. 55. N.
CARORA, a city of South America, in the province of Venezuela. It is situated on the river Morera, is well built, and possesses some large and handsome streets. The inhabitants, who amount to about 700, are chiefly engaged in the rearing of productive animals, such as oxen, mules, horses, sheep, and the like. Lat. 9. 50. N.
CAROTIDS, in anatomy, two arteries of the neck, which convey the blood from the aorta to the brain; one called the right, and the other the left carotid.
CAROUGE, a city in the canton of Geneva, in Switzerland. It stands on the Arve, and is connected with the city of Geneva by a bridge over that river. It contains about 3500 inhabitants, employed in various manufactures.
CARP, the English name of a species of cyprinus. See Ichthyology.

.The carp is the most valuable of all kinds of fish for stocking ponds. It is very quick in its growth, and brings forth the spawn three times a year, so that the increase is very great. The female does not begin to breed till eight or nine years old, so that in breeding ponds a supply must be kept of carp of that age. The best judges allow, that in stocking a breed-pond, four males should be allowed to twelve females. The usual growth of a carp is two or three inches in length in a year; but in ponds which receive the fattening of common sewers they have been known to grow from five inches to eighteen in one year. A feeding pond of one acre in extent will very well feed three hundred carp of three years old, three hundred of two years, and four hundred of one year old. Carp delight greatly in ponds that have marly sides; they love also clay-ponds well sheltered from the winds and overgrown with weeds and long grass at the edges, which they feed on in the hot months. Carp and tench thrive very fast in ponds and rivers near the sea, where the water is a little brackish; but they are not so well tasted as those which live in fresh water.
CARPATES, or Alpes Bastarnicae, in Ancient Geography, a range of mountains running out between Poland, Hungary, and Transylvania; now called the Carpathian Mountains.
CARPATHIUM Mare, the sea that washes the island of Carpathus. (See Horace and Ovid.)
CARPAEA, a kind of dance anciently in use among the [7:6:152] Athenians and Magnesians, performed by two persons, the one acting a labourer, the other a robber. The labourer, laying by his arms, goes to ploughing and sowing, still looking warily about him, as if afraid of being surprised. The robber at length appears, and the labourer, quitting his plough, betakes himself to his arms, and fights in defence of his oxen. The whole was performed to the sound of flutes, and in cadence. Sometimes the robber was overcome, and sometimes the labourer, the victor’s reward being the oxen and plough. The design of the exercise was to teach and accustom the peasants to defend themselves against the attacks of ruffians.
CARPENEDOLO, a market-town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Brescia. It is situated on the river Seriola, and contains two churches, an orphan-house and hospital, and 4370 inhabitants.
CARPENTARIA, Gulf of, a vast bay on the northern coast of New Holland, containing many islands. This gulf, which was accurately surveyed by Captain Flinders, has a shore of about 1200 miles in length. It stretches in breadth to 5.30. of east longitude from Endeavour Strait to Cape Wilberforce, and it runs into the land to the extent of about 350 miles.
CARPENTER, a person who practises carpentry. The word is formed from the French charpentiers formed from charpentes which denotes timber; or rather from the Latin carpentarius, a maker of carpenta, or carriages.
CARPENTRAS, an arrondissement in the department of Vaucluse, in France, 356 square miles in extent. It is divided into five cantons and twenty-nine communes, containing 43,282 inhabitants. The city which gives name to the arrondissement is situated on a fruitful plain on the banks of the Auzon. It contains 2500 houses and 9674 inhabitants. It is a place of considerable trade, both in the productions of its vicinity, and in cotton and silk goods. It contains an ancient cathedral and an episcopal palace, which are remarkable edifices. Long. 4. 58. 48. Ľ. Lat. 44. 3. 33. N.
CARPENTUM, in Antiquity, a name common to different sorts of vehicles, answering to coaches as well as waggons, or even carts, among us. The carpentum was originally a kind of car or vehicle in which the Roman ladies were carried, though in after-times it was also used in war. Some derive the word from carro ; others from Carmenta, the mother of Evander, by a slight literal conversion.
CARPI, a principality of Modena, in Italy, situated about four leagues from that city.

Carpi, Ugo da, an Italian painter, of no very considerable talents in the art, but remarkable for being the inventor of that species of engraving on wood, distinguished by the name of chiaro-scuro, in imitation of drawing. This is performed by using more blocks than one. Ugo da Carpi usually had three; the first for the outline and dark shadows, the second for the lighter shadows, and the third for the half tint. In this manner he struck off prints after several designs, and cartoons of Raphael, particularly one of the Sibyl, a Descent from the Cross, and the History of Simon the Sorcerer. He died in 1500. The art was brought to a still higher degree of perfection by Balthazar Peruzzi of Siena, and Parmigiano, who published several excellent designs in this manner.

Carpγ, Girolamo da, historical and portrait painter, was born at Ferrara in 1501, and became a disciple of Garo-fala. When he quitted that master, he devoted his whole time, thoughts, and attention to study the works of Correggio, and to copy them with the most critical care and observation; in which labour he spent several years at Parma, Modena, and other cities of Italy, where the best works of that exquisite painter were preserved. He acquired such excellence in the imitation of Correggio’s style, and in copying his pictures, that many paintings finished by him were taken for originals, and not only admired, but eagerly purchased by the connoisseurs of that time. Nor is it improbable that several of the paintings of Girolamo da Carpi pass at this day for genuine works of Correggio himself. He died in 1556.
CARPINO, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province Capitanata. It is situated on the river Gargano, and contains 4860 inhabitants.
CARPOCRATIANS, a branch of the ancient Gnostics, so called from Carpocrates, who in the second century revived and improved upon the errors of Simon Magus, Menander, Saturinus, and other Gnostics. He owned with them one sole principle and author of all things, whose name as well as nature was unknown. The word, he taught, was created by angels, beings vastly inferior to the first principle. He opposed the divinity of Jesus Christ; representing him as a mere man, begotten carnally on the body of Mary by Joseph, though possessed of uncommon gifts, which set him above other creatures. He inculcated a community of women; and taught that the soul could not be purified till it had committed all kinds of abominations, which he considered as a necessary condition of perfection.
CARR, a kind of rolling throne, used in triumphs, and at the splendid entries of princes. The word is derived from the ancient Gaulish or Celtic carr, mentioned by Caesar in his Commentaries under the name of cams. Plutarch relates that Camillus having entered Rome in triumph, mounted on a carr drawn by four white horses, it was looked on as too haughty an innovation.

Carr, or Car, is also used for a kind of light open chariot. The carr, on medals, drawn by horses, lions, or elephants, usually signifies either a triumph or an apotheosis; sometimes it indicates a procession of the images of the gods at solemn supplication, and sometimes of those of some illustrious family at a funeral. The carr covered and drawn by mules signifies a consecration, and the honour done any one of having his image carried at the gates of the circus.
CARRAC, or Carraca, a name given by the Portuguese to the vessels which they formerly sent to Brazil and the East Indies, these being very large, round built, and fitted for war as well as burden. Their capacity lay in their depth, which was very extraordinary.
CARRARA, a city of Italy, in the province Massa Carrara, under the Duke of Modena. It is situated high up on a mountain, contains a cathedral and several other churches, a ducal palace, and 6550 inhabitants, who find employment chiefly in the celebrated marble quarries, and in some measure in spinning silk.
[7:6:175]

Carrara Marble, among our artificers, the name of a species of white marble, which was called marmor lunense, and ligustrium by the ancients. It is distinguished from the Parian, now called the statuary marble, by being harder and less bright.
CARRIAGE, a vehicle serving to convey persons, goods, merchandise, and other things, from one place to another. For the construction and mechanical principles of wheel-carriages, see Mechanics.
CARRICK, the southern district of Ayrshire, having the central district of Kyle on the north, Kirkcudbright on the east, Wigton on the south, and the Irish Sea on the west. It is thirty-two miles in length and twenty in breadth. It is a wild and mountainous tract of country. The Doon, the Girvan, and the Stinchar are its principal rivers, and each has a number of tributaries. The eldest son of the king, as prince of Scotland, enjoys the title of Earl of Carrick.

Carrick-on-Suir, a market-town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, intersected by the river Suir. It had formerly walls and a castle, which are now demolished. The town is irregularly built. An extensive manufacture of different varieties of woollen stuffs is carried on; and it has also a considerable trade, owing to the convenience of navigation on the river. The population amounts to about 12,000. It is distant seventy miles north-west of Dublin. Long. 7. 8. W. Lat. 52. 23. N.
CARRION de los Condes, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon. It is situated near the confluence of the rivers Carrion and Ciesa. The country around it is fruitful in wine and in corn; but being wholly destitute of trees, it has a very barren appearance. This town contains 2800 inhabitants.
CARRONADE, a short kind of ordnance, capable of discharging a large ball as well as throwing a shell, and useful in close engagements at sea. It takes its name from Carron, the place where this sort of ordnance was first made, or the principle applied to an improved construction.