pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
YEOWAH, a town of the Birman empire, on the west bank of the Irrawuddy river. Long. 94.30. E. Lat. 20. 55. N.
YERNAGOODUM, a town of Hindustan, province of the Northern Circars, in the vicinity of which are fine forests of timber, which might be conveyed to the sea down the streams of the Wurda and Godavery. Long. 81. 39. E. Lat. 16. 58. N.
YETHOLM, a parish on the confines of England, in the county of Roxburgh, containing two villages of the same name. One of these, Town Yetholm, is the place where the largest colony of Gipsys in Scotland is to be found. The strolling habits and vagabond life which they lead are too well known to require any description here; but it may be stated, that in consequence of the operation of the new police act for Scotland and England, there is every probability of a change taking place in their erratic mode of life, by their being compelled to settle to steady occupations in a fixed place of abode, or otherwise being liable to be imprisoned as vagrants. Their number is at present about 100. The village is situate in a valley about one mile in length and [7:21:961] a quarter of a mile in breadth, through which the Bowmont flows. The parish church is situated in Kirk Yetholm, whilst in Town Yetholm there are two dissenting places of worship. The population of the parish in 1831 was 1289.
YEZD, a city of Persia, in the province of Khorassan, on the frontier of Seistan. It is situated in a sandy desert, contiguous to a range of lofty mountains. Being a great commercial emporium between Hindustan, Bokhara, and Persia, it is a place of considerable trade, is large and flourishing, and the bazaar is supposed to contain 20,000 houses, besides those of the Guebres or worshippers of fire, which are estimated at 4000. These Guebres are a persecuted remnant, who, after the extinction of the greater part of their race, are still suffered to exist in a state of oppression, being subjected to a poll-tax of twenty piastres, besides the various exactions of the Persian government. There were formerly many opulent Hindus in this place; but, in order to escape the exactions of the governor, who intended to plunder them, they all fled in one night to Candahar, where they have established themselves, and since that period there have not been more than nine Hindus in Yezd. The city imports corn from Ispahan. Cattle are scarce, and sell high. The town is famous for the manufacture of silk stuffs, which are superior to any in Persia. The fort has but a mean appearance, and the town is destitute of a wall. It is about 300 miles east of Ispahan. Long. 55.30. E. Lat. 32. 30. N.
YEZDIKHAST, a town of Persia, in the southern part of the province of Irak. It is the first which occurs in the high road to Ispahan, after passing the frontier of Laristan.
YGUISAN, a small island among the Philippines, near the north coast of Panay. Long. 122.32. E. Lat. 11.35. N.
YNCA. See Inca.
YN-YUEI, a city of China, of the second rank, in Yunan. Long. 98. 24. E. Lat. 25. 58. N.
YOKE, in Agriculture, a frame of wood fitted over the necks of the oxen, by which they are coupled together, and harnessed to the plough.

Yore of Land is the space which a yoke of oxen, that is, two oxen, may plough in one day.
YONG-NING, a city of China, of the first rank, in Yunan, on the borders of Tibet, situated near a fine lake. The neighbouring country abounds in cows having those long tails with which the great men of China are accustomed to adorn themselves. 1095 miles south-west of Peking. Long. 100.24. E. Lat. 27. 50. N. Of the same name, there are several other cities, of the second and third rank.
YONG-NGAO, a small island near the coast of China, in Quangtong, twenty miles south-south-east of Macao.
YONG-PE, a city of China, of the first rank, in Yunan, in a mountainous district, yet fertile, and watered by a fine lake. Long. 100. 34. E. Lat. 26. 42. N.
YONG-PING, a city of China, of the first rank, in Pe-tche-lee, on a river which runs into the Gulf of Leao-tong. It is environed by the sea, by rivers, and by mountains covered for the most part with fine trees. From the sea it is supplied with great plenty of all the necessaries of life. Not far from the city stands a fort named Chun-hai. which is the key of the Tartar province of Leao-tong. This fort is near the eastern extremity of the great wall. 115 miles east of Peking. Long. 118. 34. E. Lat. 39. 55. N.
YONG-TCHANG, a city of China, of the first rank, in Yunan. It is large and populous, and is built in the midst of high mountains, in the neighbourhood of a savage people. The country produces gold, honey, wax, amber, and a vast quantity of fine silk. 270 miles south-west of Peking. Long. 99. 0. E. Lat. 25. 6. N.
YONG-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hoo-quang, forming the most southerly city of the province. It is situated on a fine river, amid verdant and well-cultivated mountains, particularly abounding in bamboos. 882 miles south-west of Peking. Long. 111.15. E. Lat. 26. 10. N.
YONNE, a department in the north-east of France, formed out of Auxerois in the ancient Burgundy, and Sennois, a part of ancient Champagne. It extends in north latitude from 47° 22' to 48° 37', and in east longitude from 2° 47' to 4° 19'. It is bounded on the north by the departments of Seine-Marne and Aube, on the east by Aube and Côte d’Or, on the south by Nievre, and on the west by Loiret. It is 2846 square miles in extent, is divided into five arrondissements, thirty-seven cantons, and 481 communes, containing 355,237 inhabitants in 1836, all of whom adhere to the Roman Catholic church. The face of the country is undulating, with valleys extending between hills of moderate height. In the western division, the soil chiefly consists of clay, which is much covered with wood, and overrun with wet marshy pools and ditches. In the south and east it is calcareous and stony, and in the north a productive loam. It is on the whole tolerably fertile, yielding more corn than is required for the consumption of the inhabitants. The climate is mild and peculiarly healthy. The chief river, from which the department takes the name, is navigable. It enters from Nievre, flowing from south to north; and after receiving the waters of the Vannes, the Armoncon, the Seray, the Eure, the Voisin, and the Tholon, it passes into the department of the Seine and Marne. The canal of Burgundy terminates near to St Florentin, and the canal of Briare touches a small part of this division of the kingdom.

The chief occupation is agriculture, and the corn grown here is of a good quality, especially in the northern part; but in the east and the south the cultivation of the vine is found a more beneficial pursuit. A large quantity of excellent wine is made, especially in the district adjoining to Côte d’Or. There is nothing remarkable in either their cows or sheep; and the cultivation of green crops is very rarely attended to, the only good pasture being the natural meadows on the banks of the Yonne. Fruit trees are very abundant, and yield large annual crops, especially of plums; and the nuts and chestnuts are objects for export. The other articles exported are wood, charcoal, wine, hay, and live cattle. There are manufactures of cotton, linen, and woollen; paper-mills, tanneries, glass-houses, and potteries; but barely sufficient for the home demand, and all upon a contracted scale. There are some small mines of iron, not yielding more than 300 tons of raw iron, which does not suffice for the supply. This department elects three deputies to the representative chamber.
YON-NIM-KIEN Hotun, a town of Chinese Tartary, on the eastern coast of the Yellow Sea, 263 miles east of Peking.
YOOL or Yowl Islands, a cluster of small islands in the Pacific Ocean, so called by Captain Forest in 1774. They were called, in 1788, Tattee Islands by Mr Meers. They are situated off the north coast of Wagiou, about the 31st degree of E. long., and are surrounded by coral reefs.
YO-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hooquang, situated on the great river Yang-tse-kiang, where it connects with the large lake of Tong-ting. It is one of the most populous and trading cities in the empire. The neighbourhood is fertile, and abounds in fruit. Long. 112. 35. E. Lat. 29. 23. N.
YOUGANE, a river of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk. It rises in the district of Narym, and after passing through a lake of the same name, falls into the Obi.
YOUGHAL, a town in the county of Cork, is situated about 140 statute miles from Dublin, and lies on the shore of a harbour of the same name, into which, at spring-tides, vessels of 400 or 500 tons burthen can enter. It is of great antiquity, and was formerly a place of strength. The old walls in great part remain, and still form, on the summit of the hill to the westward, the boundary of the town. Owing to the very abrupt rise of this hill, the town is confined between it and the water, and can only extend itself in the direction of its length from north to south; but in both these directions it has outgrown its ancient limits, which are there only to be traced by partial remains of the walls. Youghal, notwithstanding its vicinity to Cork, which will probably prevent its ever rising into any great commercial importance, has yet a considerable trade with England, particularly in the export of agricultural produce. It contained, according to the census of 1831, about 9600 inhabitants, and 1200 houses, being, on an average, exactly eight to a house. The increase of population in ten years is supposed to have been about 1000, but is not very accurately known. When the census was taken, there were only six houses building. The greater part of the town belongs to the duke of Devonshire.
YOUNG NICK’S HEAD, a cape on the east coast of New Zealand, so called from the boy Nicholas Young, on board the Endeavour, who discovered it in 1769. It forms the south-west point of Poverty Bay.
YOWRY, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the north coast of New Guinea. Long. 130. 45. E. Lat. 0. 15. S.
YPRES, a circle of the province of West Flanders, in the Netherlands, extending over 330 square miles, divided into seven cantons, and those into forty-six communes, with 96,800 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name. It stands on the liver Yperle, by which it has a communication with the sea at Nieuport. It is in a fruitful district, is fortified and well built, with a fine market-f>lace and most magnificent town-house. There is a col-ege, a cathedral, four other churches, and several convents. There was formerly much more trade than at present, consisting chiefly in linens. It now contains 16,500 inhabitants. Long. 2. 47. E. Lat. 50. 51. 10. N.
YU, two rivers of China; one rises in Honan, twelve miles north of Pi-yang, and joins the Hoai, twenty miles east-south-east of Sin-tsal. The other rises about twenty-six miles west from Ngan-fou, in Kiang-see, and runs into the Kan-kiang, seven miles north-north-east of Lin-kiang. It is also the name of several cities of the second rank.
YUCATAN. See Mexico Since that article was written, the state of Yucatan has separated itself from the Mexican confederation, and having declared itself independent, has established a constitution on the most liberal principles, religious, political, and commercial.
YUEN, a city of China, of the second rank, in Hoo-quang. Long. 109. E. Lat. 27. 23. N.
YUEN-KIANG, a city of China, of the first rank, in Yunan, on the Hoti river, in a mountainous but fertile country, abounding with silk. Long. 101. 44. E. Lat. 23. 37. N.
YUEN-TCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-see, on the borders of an agreeable little lake. Alum and vitriol are produced in the neighbourhood. Long. 114. E. Lat. 27.50. N.
YUEN-YANG, a city of China, of the first rank, in Hoo-quang, on the river Han, and on a plain encompassed by mountains, where tin is found. It is 517 miles south-southwest of Peking. Long. 110. 29. E. Lat. 32. 50. N.
YUNAN, a province of China, situated on its south-western frontier, bounded on the north by Sechuen and Tibet, on the east by Quang-see and Koei-tchoo, on the south by Laos, and on the west by Ava and Pegu. It is about 300 miles in length by 250 in breadth, and though mountainous, it is one of the most fertile and opulent in China, being well watered both by rivers and lakes. Its produce is gold, copper, and tin, amber, rubies, sapphires, agates, pearls, precious stones, marble, musk, silk, elephants, horses, gums, medicinal plants, and linen. It has a vast commerce, contains twenty-one cities of the first class, and fifty-five of the second and third. The population is estimated by Sir George Staunton at eight millions.
YUN-HING, a city of China, of the first rank, in Honan, watered by a river called Yuho. The country within its district is large, and is watered by several rivers, which render the soil very fruitful. Long. 113. 52. E. Lat. 33. N.
YUN-LEAN-HO, a canal of China, formed of the river Pey-ho, or rather the river itself made navigable from Hiam-ho to Tien-tsin, in the province of Pe-tche-lee, for the purpose of conveying corn towards Tong-tcheou and Peking.
YUNSHAN, the territory lying between the eastern limits of the Birman empire and China, of which very little is known, even to the Birmans.
YUNTAI, an island near the coast of China, in the Eastern Seas, thirty miles in circumference, about two miles and a half from the continent Long. 119. 19. E. Lat. 34. 35. N.
Z, the twenty-fifth and last letter, and the nineteenth consonant, of our alphabet; the sound of which is formed by a motion of the tongue from the palate down-wards and upwards to it again, with a shutting and opening of the teeth at the same time. This letter has been reputed a double consonant, having the sound ds; but, some think, with very little reason; and, as if we thought otherwise, we often double it, as in puzzle, muzzle, &c. Among the ancients, Z was a numeral letter, signifying 2000; and with a dash over it thus, Z̄, signified 2000 times 2000, or 4,000,000.

In abbreviations this letter formerly stood as a mark for several sorts of weights: sometimes it signified an ounce and a half, and very frequently it stood for half an ounce; sometimes for the eighth part of an ounce, or a dram troy weight; and it has in earlier times been used to express the third part of an ounce, or eight scruples. ZZ were used by some of the ancient physicians to express myrrh, and at present they are often used to signify zinziber or ginger.
ZAARA, Zahara, or the Desert. See Sahara.
ZAB, a river of Kurdistan, which rises in the mountainous country to the east of the Tigris. It falls into the Al-tun Su, or Golden Water, about 150 miles north of Bagdad, on the road to Mosul, and the united streams afterwards reach the Tigris.
ZABULON, one of the twelve tribes of Israel; bounded on the north by the tribes of Asher and Naphthali; on the east by the Sea of Galilee; on the south by the tribe of Issachar or the brook Cison, which ran between both; on the west by the Mediterranean; so that it touched two seas, or was bimarous.
ZAFRA, a small town of Asiatic Turkey, in the government of Marasch, fifteen miles west of Tarsus. There is another town of the same name in the government of Trebisond, fifty miles north-west of Trebisond.
ZAIRE, a river of Southern Africa, likewise called Congo. See Congo.
ZALEUCUS, a famous legislator of the Locrians, and the disciple of Pythagoras, flourished 500 years b. c. He made a law, by which he punished adulterers with the loss of both their eyes; and his son offending, was not absolved from this punishment; yet, to shew the father as well as the just lawgiver, he put out his own right, and his son’s left eye. This example of justice and severity made so strong an impression on the minds of his subjects, that no instance was found of the commission of that crime during the reign of the legislator. It is added, that Zaleucus forbade any wine being given to the sick, on pain of death, unless it was prescribed by the physicians; and that he was so jealous of his laws, that he ordered, that whoever was desirous of changing them, should be obliged, when he made the proposal, to have a cord about his neck, in order that he might be immediately strangled if those alterations were esteemed no better than the laws already established. Diodorus Siculus attributes the same thing to Charondas, legislator of the Sybarites.
ZAMA, an ancient town of Chamane, a district of Cappadocia, of unknown situation. Another Zama, of Mesopotamia, on the Saocoras, to the south of Nisibis. A third, of Numidia, distant five days’ journey to the west of Carthage. It was the other royal residence of the kings of Numidia, hence called Zama Regia. It stood in a plain, was stronger by art than nature, richly supplied with every necessary, and abounding in men, and every weapon both of defence and annoyance. This town is remarkable for the decisive battle fought between the two greatest commanders in the ancient world, Hannibal the Carthaginian, and Scipio Africanus.
ZANGUEBAR, a region of Africa, lying on the eastern coast, between three degrees of north latitude, and eighteen south. It includes several petty kingdoms, in which the Portuguese have various settlements. The inhabitants, except those converted by the Portuguese, are all Mahommedans or idolaters; and the latter much the more numerous. The names of the principal territories are, Mombaza, Lamon, Melinda, Quiola, and Mozambique. The Portuguese built several forts in Mombaza and Mozambique, and there settled several colonies.
ZANTE. See Ιονιαν Islands.
ZAPATA, a kind of feast or ceremony held in Italy in the courts of certain princes, on St Nicholas’s day. People hide presents in the shoes or slippers of those to whom they would do honour, in such a manner as may surprise them on the morrow when they come to dress. This is done in imitation of the practice of St Nicholas, who used in the night-time to throw purses of money in at the windows to furnish marriage-portions to poor maidens.
ZEALOTS, an ancient sect of the Jews, so called from their pretended zeal for God’s law and the honour of religion.
ZEBID, a city of Arabia, once the capital of Yemen; but its port having fallen into a state of decay, the principal city of the province is now Mocha. The old mosques and minarets still give to the place a magnificent appearance from a distance, and it is still distinguished by an academy, much resorted to by the youth of Yemen. But it is gradually falling into ruins, so that it has become an employment for the people to carry off the stones, which are sold to be elsewhere applied to the purposes of building. Zebid is 52 miles north of Mocha.
ZEBU, one of the Philippine Islands, situated about the 123d and 124th degrees of east longitude. It is 108 miles in length by 24 in breadth. It is remarkable as the place where Magellan fell in a skirmish with the natives in 1521.
ZEITZ, a city of Prussia, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of Saxony and government of Merseburg. It stands on a height above the river Alster, over which is a stone bridge. It is surrounded with walls, has three good market-places, a palace in which is a library of 12,000 volumes, four churches, a free grammar-school, two hospitals, and 8929 inhabitants in 1834. Zeitz is a place of considerable industry, applied to fabrics of woollen goods, calico-printing, brewing, and distilling. It is celebrated for the productions of its gardens and nurseries.
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ZELEH, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the government of Sivas, twenty-one miles west-south-west of Tocat.
ZELENIN, a small island in the Frozen Ocean, near the south-west coast of Nova Zembla. Long. 5G. 24. E. Lat. 70. 50. N.
ZELENOIKOLOK, as fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the government of the Caucasus, on the Oural.
ZELEZENSKAIA, a fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Kolivan, on the eastern side of the Irtysch.
ZELLE, a city of the kingdom of Hanover, in the province of Lüneburg, in Germany. It stands on the river Aller, at the point where the Fuse falls into that stream. It is surrounded with walls and ditches, is the seat of the supreme courts of law, and of the Lutheran superintendent general. It has a gymnasium, and several other establishments for education, and contains three Lutheran, one reformed, and one catholic church, 1460 houses, and 10,300 inhabitants, including those of the suburb. There are various manufactures, but mostly on a small scale; but a considerable trade arises from the city being the great thoroughfare for the goods conveyed by waggons between Hamburg, Bremen, and the middle and south of Germany. Adjoining to the city is the ancient palace of the dukes of Zelle. It is not in very good condition, none of the royal family having lived in it since the death of the unfortunate queen of Denmark, Caroline Matilda, who held her court in it till her death. Long. 9. 57. 4. E. Lat. 52. 37. 3. N.
ZEMANIAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad and district of Benares, situated a short distance from Ghazipore, on the Ganges.
ZEMBLA, Nova, a large island in the Arctic Ocean, belonging to Russia, lying between 55° and 77° E. long, and 70° and 78° N. lat. It is about 700 miles in length, with an average breadth of seventy-five miles. No part of this dreary region has any permanent inhabitants, but some districts on the west and south coasts are occasionally visited by fishermen and hunters. The island is intersected in two places by narrow straits, and a prolongation of the Uralian Mountains runs along it from south to north. It chiefly consists of a marshy moss-clad plain, the undisturbed possession of bears, white foxes, and other wild beasts.