pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
JUNGEYPOOR, a town of Bengal, district of Ran- ⅛shy,∙ situated on the eastern bank of the Bhagerutty River. It is the principal silk station of the East India Company. This establishment was erected in 1773, and in 1803 about 3000 persons were employed. The method employed in spinning the silk is the same as that employed in Italy, which was introduced as early as in 1762, by some natives of Italy sent over for that purpose by the Company. The worms are bred all over the country, under the care of women and children. The soil is favourable to the growth of the mulberry. The inhabitants are obliged to sell the choice cocoons to the Company’s agent. The employment has no deleterious effects, although the smell is excessively disagreeable. It is seventeen miles north by west from Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 13. E. Lat. 24. 28. N.
JUNGLEBARRY, a town in the province of Bengal, district of Myniansingh, sixty miles north-east from Dacca. Long. 90. 42. E. Lat. 24. 27. N.
JUNIUS, Adrian, one of the most learned men of the age in which he lived, was born at Hoorn, in Holland, in the year 1511. He travelled into all parts of Europe, and practised physic with reputation in England, where, amongst other works, he composed a Greek and Latin lexico, to which he added considerably above six thousand words; an Epithalamium on the marriage of Queen Mary with King Philip of Spain and Animadversa et de Como Commentarius, which is the most applauded of all his works. He died in 1575.

Junius, Francis, professor of divinity at Leyden, was born at Bourges in 1545, and studied some time at Lyons. Bartholomew Aneau, who was principal of the college in that city, gave him excellent instructions as to the right method of prosecuting his studies. He was employed in public affairs by Henry IV., and at last invited to Leyden to be professor of divinity; an employment which he discharged with honour, till he was snatched away by the plague in 1602. Du Pin says he was a learned and judicious critic. He wrote, in conjunction with Emmanuel l’remellius, a Latin version of the Hebrew text of the Bible; and he also published Commentaries on the greater part of the Holy Scriptures, besides many other works, all in Latin.

Junius, Francis, or Francis du Jon, the son of the preceding, was born at Heidelberg in 1589. He at first designed to devote himself to a military life; but after the truce concluded in 1609, he applied himself entirely to study. He came to England in 1620, and lived thirty years in the Earl of Arundel’s family. He was greatly esteemed, not only for his profound erudition, but also for the purity of his manners; and he was so passionately fond of the study of the northern languages, that being informed there were some villages in Friesland where the ancient language of the Saxons was preserved, he went and lived two years in that country. He returned to England in 1675; and, after spending a year at Oxford, retired to Windsor, in order to visit Vossius, at whose house he died in the year 1677. The university of Oxford, to which he bequeathed his manuscripts, erected a very handsome monument to his memory. He wrote, 1. JDe Pictura Veterum, which is admired by the learned, the best edition being that of Rotterdam in 1694; 2. An Explication of the old Gothic manuscript called the Silver Manuscript, because the four gospels are there written in silver Gothic letters, published with notes by Thomas Mareschal or Marshal; 3. A large commentary on the Harmony of the four Gospels by Tatian, which is still in manuscript; 4. A Glossary in five languages, in which he explains the origin of the northern languages, published at Oxford in 1745, in folio.
JUNK, in nautical language, a name given to any remnant or piece of old cable, which is usually cut into small portions, for the purpose of making points, mats, gaskets, sennit, and the like.
JUNKSEYLON, a considerable island on the western coast of the Malay peninsula, and situated at the southeast extremity of the Bay of Bengal. It is divided from the continent by a narrow isthmus of sand about a mile in length and half a mile in breadth, which is covered only at high water, the tide rising in the springs about ten feet. The island is about forty miies in length by fifteen in breadth, and has several small islands near it from one to six miles in circumference. There is another island sixteen miles east, named Pulo Pinjang, or Long Island, being twenty-three miles in length by eight in breadth, and divided from the main by a strait having two fathoms of water in the narrowest part. On the north side of the island is an excellent harbour, called Popra, which may be entered over a mud bar, during the springtides, by ships drawing twenty feet water. The anchorage round the island is generally good, with a mud bottom. A considerable trade was formerly carried on here, previously to the establishment of Prince of Wales’ Island, in the Buggess prows, who resorted to Jnnkseylori in great numbers, and brought various mixed cargoes to sell for tin. It is still occasionally visited by country ships from Calcutta in their voyage eastward, which import coarse cutlery, China-ware, iron in bars, looking-glasses, opium, piece-goods, steel in faggots, tobacco, woollens, &c. From Prince of Wales’ Island also are imported opium and piece-goods, and in return tin, edible bird-nests, which are found on the rocky coasts of the island, biche-de-mer, and elephants’ teeth, are received. This island is noted for the production of tin, which is raised by the natives, and smelted by a Chinese, who farms the privilege from government. In 1782, when it was visited by numerous native traders, the mines yielded an average of 500 tons per annum. All kinds of coin are current, but the preference is given to Spanish dollars. Certain pieces of tin also circulate, which are shaped like the under half of a cone, and weigh about three pounds. But as the population, owing to the unsettled.
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state of the country, has since decreased to about G000 inhabitants, and the Siamese have mines closer to their capital, a very small supply is now derived from the island, not exceeding 46,600 pounds a year. The miners dig pits of from twelve to twenty feet deep; but seldom venture on a lateral shaft; and the ore is generally found in round or oblong masses, with well-defined crystals, and in quartz, or embedded in masses of halt-decomposed granite.

Junkscylon enjoys a good climate. The heats are never violent. The rains begin in July, and continue, to November, with frequent intermissions; after which fine weather succeeds, accompanied by cold north-easterly winds at night. There are no horses on the island, bullocks and buffaloes being here used for labour. Persons of consequence travel on elephants, which are brought from Mergui. The island breeds wild hogs and deer, a few tame goats, and poultry; but no sheep, domestic dogs, nor cats.
JUNNERE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, forty miles north-north-east from Poonab. Long. 73. 51. E. Lat. 19. 3. N.
JUNOA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, and district of Chuta Nagpoor, 183 miles north-west from Calcutta. Long. 85. 43. E. I.at. 23. 23. N.
JUNO, in Pagan worship, was the sister and wife of Jupiter, the goddess of kingdoms and riches, and was styled the Queen of Heaven. She presided over marriage and child-birth, and was represented as the daughter of Saturn and Rhea. She married Jupiter, but was not the most complaisant of wives; for, according to Homer, that god was sometimes obliged to make use of all his authority to keep her in due subjection; and the same author observes, that on her entering into a conspiracy against him, he punished her by suspending her in the air with two anvils fastened to her feet, and golden manacles on her hands, whilst all the other deities looked on without a possibility of helping her. However, her jealousy made her frequently find opportunities of interrupting her husband in the course of his amours, and prompted her to punish with unrelenting fury Europa, Semele, Io, Latona, and the rest of his mistresses. Juno, as the queen of heaven, preserved great state. Her usual attendants were Terror and Boldness, Castor, Pollux, and fourteen nymphs; but her most faithful follower was the beautiful iris, or the rainbow. Homer describes her as riding in a chariot adorned with precious stones, the wheels of which were of ebony, and which was drawn by horses with reins of gold. But she is more commonly painted as drawn by peacocks. She was represented in her temple at Corinth seated upon a throne, with a crown on her head, a pomegranate in one hand, and in the other a sceptre with a cuckoo on its top. This statue was of gold and ivory. Some mythologists suppose that Juno signifies the air; and others, that she was the Egyptian Isis, who, being represented under various figures, was by the Greeks and Romans represented as so many distinct deities.
JUNONALIA, a festival observed by the Romans in honour of Juno. It was instituted on account of certain prodigies which happened in Italy, and was celebrated by matrons. In the solemnity two white cows were led from the temple of Apollo into the city through the gate called Carmentalis, and two images of Juno, made of cypress, were borne in procession. Then marched twenty-seven girls, habited in long robes, singing a hymn to the goddess; next came the decemviri, crowned with laurel, in vestments edged with purple. This pompous company, proceeding through the Vicus Jugarius, performed a dance in the great field of Rome; and thence they proceeded through the Forum Boarium to the temple of Juno, where the victims were sacrificed by the decemviri, and the cypress images were left standing. This festival is not mentioned in the Fasti of Ovid, but is fully described by Livy (lib. vii. dec. 3). The hymn used upon the occasion was composed by Livius the poet.
JUNTO, or Junta, in matters of government, denotes a select council for taking cognizance of affairs of great consequence, and requiring secrecy. In Spain and Portugal it signifies the same as convention, assembly, or board, amongst us. Thus, we meet with the junta of the three estates, of commerce, of tobacco, and the like.
JURA, one of the Hebrides, or Western Islands of Scotland, lying opposite to Knapdale in Argyleshire, is supposed to be about thirty-four miles in length and ten in breadth. It is the most rugged of all the Hebrides, and is composed chiefly of vast mountains, naked, and without a possibility of cultivation. See Scotland. Jura, one of the departments of the north-east of France. It is formed out of what was formerly called Higher Burgundy, is bounded on a part of its eastern frontier by Switzerland, and on all other sides by French departments. It is about sixty-six miles in length from north to south, and about thirty· eight in breadth from east to west, comprehending 1388 square miles. The department may be classed under three heads; first, the plains on the western side, which are fertile; second, the first steps of the mountains, which suddenly rise like a wall, extending from ten to twelve miles, above which is an extensive plateau mixed with hills, between which are some valleys, which, though stony, are of moderate fertility; the third division, which comprises nearly two thirds of the whole, is a mountainous district, but none of its summits exceed 5500 feet in height. These mountains are on the eastern side of the department; the most remarkable are the Reculet, 5200 feet; the Dole, 4950 feet; and the Poupet, somewhat lower. The woods, according to the Description Topographique et Statistique, cover one quarter of the whole surface. This department is the source of the small rivers Tansche, Dorrain, Dcffoy, and some others; but a great part is watered by the Doubs and the Ain, and there are within it several lakes. The climate varies with the elevation, and the snow in the eastern parts is often so deep as to prevent all communication. The different parts produce wheat, barley, maize, and buck-wheat; a little excellent and much middling wine, abundance of fuel, and some very [7:12:634]good cattle, especially horses. There are some mines of iron, and manufactures of various articles from it. The department is divided into four arrondissements, and subdivided into thirty-two cantons and 728 communes, inhabited by 292,880 persons, all of whom adhere to the catholic religion.
JURATS, Jurati, magistrates resembling aldermen, appointed for thegovernment of several corporations. Thus we meet with the mayor and jurats of Maidstone, Rye, Winchelsea. Jersey has also a bailiff, and twelve jurats, or sworn assistants, to govern the island.
JURIEU, Peter, an eminent French protestant divine, called ironically by the Catholics the Goliath of the Protestants, was born in the year 1637. He was educated in England under his maternal uncle Peter du Moulin, and took orders in the English church; but returning to succeed his father as pastor of a reformed congregation at Mer, in the diocese of Blois, he was made professor of divinity and Hebrew at Sedan, where he acquired great reputation. This university being taken from the Protestants, a professorship of divinity was founded for him at Rotterdam; and he was also appointed minister of the Walloon church in the same town. Being now in a place of liberty, he gave full scope to an imagination naturally warm, and applied himself to study the book of Revelation, of which he fancied that he had by a kind of inspiration discovered the true meaning; a notion which led him to form many enthusiastic conjectures. He was, moreover, so unfortunate as to quarrel with his best friends for opposing his visionary opinions, which produced violent disputes with Bayle and De Beauval. He died in 1713; and left a great number of esteemed works, the principal of which are, 1. A Treatise of Devotion; 2. Preservative against Popery, 1673; 3. A Vindication of the Morality of the Protestants against the Accusations of Μ. Arnauld, 1675, 1685; 4. The last Efforts of Afflicted Innocence; 5. i Histoire des Dogmes et des Cultes; 6. Histoire du Galvanisme et du Papisme mise en parallèle, 1683, in three vols.; 7. Lettres Pastorales; 8. Traité de l’Unité de l’Eglise, 1688; 9. Abrégé de l’Histoire du Concile de Trente, 1683; 10. Traite de la Nature et de la Grace; and various Other works. Jurieu was unquestionably a man of considerable learning, but he entertained peculiar notions of his own, and showed little toleration for the opinions of others.
JURIN, James, born in 1684, a distinguished person, who cultivated medicine and the mathematics with equal success. He was secretary to the Royal Society of London, as well as president of the College of Physicians there. He had serious disputes with Micbelotti upon-the momentum of running waters, with Robins upon distinct vision, and with the partisans of Leibnitz upon moving bodies or living forces. A treatise of his upon Vision is printed in Smith’s Optics. He died in 1750. Jurin was a warm partisan and an active defender of the practice of inoculation, and, in several publications, established its utility by a comparison of the respective degrees of mortality occasioned by the casual and the inoculated smallpox. He was also editor of Varenius’s Geography, published at the request of Newton and Bentley; and in the Works of the Learned for 1737, he carried on a controversy with Dr Pemberton in defence of Newton.
JURISCONSULTUS (contracted ICtus) amongst the Romans, was a person learned in the law, a master of the Roman jurisprudence, who was consulted on the interpretation of the laws and customs, and on the difficult points in law-suits. The fifty books of the Digest were compiled wholly from the answers or reports of the ancient jurisconsults; and Tribonian, in destroying the two thousand volumes from which the Code and Digest were compiled, has deprived the public of a world of things which would have thrown light upon the ancient office of the jurisconsults. We should scarcely have known any thing beyond their bare names, had not Pomponius, who lived in the second century, taken care to preserve some circumstances illustrative of their office. The Roman jurisconsults seem to have been nearly the same with our chamber counsellors, who arrived at the honour of being consulted through age and experience, but never pleaded at the bar. The pleading advocates or lawyers never became jurisconsults. In the times of the commonwealth, the advocates had by much the more honourable employment, as being in the ready way to attain the highest preferments. They then despised the jurisconsults, calling them in derision formularii and legulei i as having invented certain forms and monosyllables, in order to give their answers the greater appearance of gravity and mystery. But in process of time the latter became so much esteemed that they were called prudentes and sapientes ; the judges were appointed to follow their advice; and Augustus advanced them to be public officers of the empire. Rutilius has written the lives of the most famous jurisconsults.
JUS Deliberandi, in Scotch Law, that right which an heir has, by law, of deliberating for a certain time whether he will represent his predecessor.

Jus Devolutum, in Scotch Law, the right of the church to present a minister to a vacant parish, in the event of the patron neglecting to exercise that right within the time limited by law.

Jus Mariti, in Scotch Law, the right which the husband acquires to his wife’s moveable estate, in virtue of the marriage.

Jus Relictoe, in Scotch Law, the right which the wife has in the goods in communion, in case of the previous decease of the husband.

Jus Preventionis, in Scotch Law, the preferable right of jurisdiction acquired by a court, in any cause to which other courts are equally competent, by having exercised the first act of jurisdiction.

Jus Civile, amongst the Romans, signified no more than the interpretation given by the learned, of the laws of the Twelve Tables, though the phrase is now extended to the whole system of the Roman laws.

Jus Civitatis signifies the freedom of the city of Rome, which entitled those persons who had obtained it to most of the privileges of Roman citizens; yet it differed from the Jus Quiritium, which extended to all the advantages which a free native of Rome was entitled to. The difference, in fact, was much the same as that between denization and naturalization with us.

Jus Honorarium was a name given to those Roman laws which were made up of edicts of the supreme magistrates, particularly the praetors.

Jus Imaginis was the right of using pictures and statues amongst the Romans, and had some resemblance to the right of bearing a coat of arms amongst us. This honour was allowed to none but those whose ancestors or [7:12:653]themselves had borne some curule office, that is, had been Curule Aedilc, Censor, Prector, or Consul.

The use of statues or pictures, which the Jus Imaginis conferred, was that of exhibiting them in funeral processions.

Jus Papirianum included the laws of Romulus, Numa, and other kings of Rome, collected into a body by Scxtus Papirius, who lived in the time of Tarquin the Proud.

Jus Trium Liberorum was a privilege granted to such persons in the city of Rome as had three children, by which they were exempted from all troublesome offices. The same exemption was granted to any person who lived in other parts of Italy having four children; and those who lived in the provinces, provided they had five, or, as some say, seven children, were entitled to the same immunity.
JUST, or Joust, a sportive kind of combat on horseback, man against man, armed with lances. The word is by some derived from the French jouste, formed from the Latin juxta, because the combatants fought near one another. Sahnasius derives it from the modern Greek zous-tra, or rather ζουΰτοα, which is used in this sense by Nicephorus Gregorius. Others derive it from justa, which in the corrupt age of the Latin tongue was used for this exercise, because it was supposed to be a juster and more equal combat than that of the tournament.

The difference between jousts and tournaments consists in this, that the latter is the genus, of which the former is only a species. Tournaments included all kinds of military sports and engagements made for gallantry and diversions. Jousts were those particular combats where the parties were near each other, and engaged with lance and sword. It may be added, that the tournament was frequently performed by a number of cavaliers, who fought in a body; whereas the joust was a single combat of one man against another. Though the jousts were usually made in tournaments after a general rencontre of all the cavaliers, yet they were sometimes singly, and independent of any tournament. (See Chivalry and Tournament.) Just, St, a parish of Cornwall, in the hundred of Powder, 269 miles from London, in which is comprehended the borough-town of St Mawes. It is opposite to the port of Falmouth. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1416, in 1811 to 1639, in 1821 to 1648, and in 1831 to 1558.

Just, St, a large parish of the county of Cornwall, in the hundred of Penwith, 295 miles from London. It is in one of the mining districts, which affords employment to the inhabitants, who amounted in 1801 to 2779, in 1811 to 3057, in 1821 to 3666, and in 1831 to 4667.
JUSTICIARY, or Court of Justiciary, in Scotland.

See Scotland.
JUSTIFICATION, in Law, signifies a maintaining or showing a sufficient reason in court why the defendant did what he is called to answer.

Justification, in Theology, that act of grace which renders a man just in the sight of God, and worthy of eternal happiness.
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Different sects of Christians hold very different opinions concerning the doctrine of justification; some contending for justification by faith alone, and others for justification by good works.
JUSTIN, commonly called Justin Martyr, one of the earliest and most learned writers of the eastern church, was born at Neapoli, the ancient Sechem of Palestine. His father, Priseus, a Gentile Greek, brought him up in his own religion, and had him educated in all the learning of Greece. To complete his studies, he travelled to Egypt, and followed the sect of Plato. But one day walking by the sea side wrapt in contemplation, he was met by a grave person, of a venerable aspect, who, falling into discourse with him, turned the conversation by degrees from the excellence of Platonism to the superior perfection of Christianity, and reasoned so well, as to raise in him an ardent curiosity to inquire into the merits of that religion. The consequence of this inquiry was, that he was converted about the year 132. On his embracing the Christian religion, he quitted neither the profession nor the habit of a philosopher; but a persecution having broken out under Antoninus, he composed an Apology for the Christians; and afterwards presented another to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, in which he vindicated the innocence and holiness of the Christian religion, against Crescens a Cynic philosopher, and other calumniators. He did honour to Christianity by his learning and the purity of his manners; and suffered martyrdom in the year 167. Besides his two Apologies, there are still extant his Dialogue with Trypho·, a Jew; two treatises addressed to the Gentiles, and one on the unity of God. Other works are also ascribed to him. The best editions of St Justin are those of Robert Stephens, in 1551 and 1571, in Greek and Latin; that of Morell, in Greek and Latin, in 1656; and that of Prudentius Marandus, a learned Benedictine, in 1742, in folio. His works have also been published separately.