pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
RIVOLI, a city of the kingdom of Sardinia, in Italy, in the province of Piedmont. It is situated at the south foot of the Alps, on the great road over those mountains by way of Mount Cenis. A remarkable castle near it was long the place of residence of King Victor Amadeus, after his abdication of the throne, and he died there in 1732. The prospect from this castle, comprehending a view of the city of Turin, and the beautiful country surrounding it, is peculiarly exciting. The population consists of 6100 inhabitants, who are occupied in the manufactures of silk, linen, and woollen goods, of various kinds.
ROAD, in Navigation, a bay or place of anchorage, at some distance from the shore, whither vessels occasionally repair to receive intelligence, orders, or necessary supplies, or to wait for a fair wind. The excellence of a road consists chiefly in its being protected from the reigning winds and the swell of the sea, in having a good anchoring ground, and being at a competent distance from the shore. Those which are not sufficiently protected are termed open roads.
ROAN, in the manège. A roan horse is one of a bay, sorrel, or black colour, with gray or white spots interspersed very thick. When this party-cbloured coat is accompanied with a black head and black extremities, he is called α roan horse with a blackamoor’s head; and if the same mixture is predominant upon a deep sorrel, he is called claret-roan.
ROANNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Loire, in France, which extends over 697 square miles. It comprehends ten cantons, divided into 108communes, with, in 1836, 124,871 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name on the left bank of the Loire, which is so far navigable. It is a well-built city, with broad streets, good houses, and fine quays on the bank of the stream, and contains 9910 inhabitants, who are employed in making linen, cotton, and woollen goods, buttons, gilt ware, and jewellery. It is a place of great transit commerce, from being the chief depot between Paris and Lyons, where the goods produced in the southern provinces can be transmitted to the capital by means of rivers and canals.
ROANOAK, an island of North America, near the coast of North Carolina. Here the English first attempted to settle in 1585, but were obliged to leave it for want of provisions. Long. 75. 0. E. Lat. 35. 40. N.

Roanoak, a river of North America, which rises in Virginia, runs through Carolina, and at length falls into the sea, where it forms a long narrow bay called Albemarle Sound.
ROBERT’S Isi.es, two large islands in the Pacific Ocean, with several smaller islets in their neighbourhood, discovered by Lieutenant Hergest in 1792. Long. 219. 47. E. Lat. 7. 53. S.
ROBERVALLIAN Lines, a name given to certain lines used for the transformation of figures, so called from Roberval, the inventor of them. These lines are the boundaries of lines infinitely extended in length, yet equal to other spaces which are terminated on all sides. It is observed by the Abbé Gallois, that the method of transforming figures which is explained at the end of Roberval’s treatise of Indivisibles, was the same with that afterwards published by James Gregory in his Geometria Universalis, and also by Dr Barrow in his Lectiones Geometricae; and that it appears from Torricelli’s letter, that Roberval was the inventor of this method of transforming figures, by means of certain lines called by Torricelli, for that reason, Robervallian lines. The same author adds, that J. Gregory probably first learned this method at Padua in the year 1668; for the method was known in Italy in 1646, although the book was not published till 1692. David Gregory endeavoured to refute this account, in vindication of bis uncle James. His answer appeared in the Philosophical Transactions for 1694, and Gallois rejoined in the Memoirs of the French Academy for 1703; so that it remains in a state of uncertainty to which of the two we are to ascribe the invention.
ROBIGUS and ROBIGO, a Roman god and goddess, who joined in the preservation of corn from blight. Their festival was kept on the 25th of April.
ROBINSON, Sir Richard, Lord Rokeby and archbishop of Armagh, was immediately descended from the Robinsons of Rokeby in the north riding of the county of York, and was born in 1709. He was educated at Westminster school, from whence he was elected to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1726. In 1783 he took the degree of A. M., and in 1748 that of D. D. Dr Blackburne, archbishop of York, appointed him his chaplain, and collated him first to the rectory of Elton in the east riding of Yorkshire, and next to the prebend of Grindall in the cathedral of York. In 1751, he attended the duke of Dorset, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, to that kingdom, as his first chaplain, and the same year was promoted to the bishopric of Killala. A family connection with the earl of Holdernesse, secretary of state, with the earl of Sandwich and other noblemen related to him, opened the fairest prospects of attaining to the first dignity in the Irish church. Accordingly, in 1759 he was translated to the united sees of Leighlin and Ferns, and in 1761 to Kildare. The duke of Northumberland being appointed to the lieutenancy of Ireland in 1765, he was advanced to the primacy of Armagh, made lord-almoner, and vice-chancellor of the university of Dublin. When Lord Harcourt was lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1777, the king was pleased, by privy seal at St James’s, February 6th, and by patent at Dublin,the 26th of the same month, to create him Baron Rokeby of Armagh, with remainder to Matthew Robinson of West Layton, Esq.; and in 1783 he was appointed prelate of the most illustrious order of St Patrick. On the death of the duke of Rutland, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, in 1787, he was nominated one of the lords-justices of that kingdom. Sir William Robinson, his brother, dying in 1785, the primate succeeded to the title of baronet. He was the survivor in the direct male line of the Robinsons of Rokeby, being the eighth in descent from William of Kendal. His grace died at Clifton near Bristol in the end of October 1794.
ROBORANTS, in Pharmacy, medicines which strengthen the parts, and give new vigour to the constitution.
ROCAB, a small seaport of Hadramaut, in Arabia, on the Indian Ocean, thirty miles south-south-west of Sahar.
ROCHDALE, a market-town of the county of Lancaster, in the hundred of Salford, 197 miles from London and twelve from Manchester. It is situated in a fine valley on the river Roche, and is overlooked by the church, which stands on an eminence ascended by 118 steps. The hills around it abound in excellent coal. The chief occupation is the manufacture of flannels and other woollen goods. The parish is large, and contains twelve townships, two of which are in the west riding of Yorkshire. The population of the ten in Lancashire amounted in 1801 to 29,954, in 1811 to 45,227, in 1821 to 48,112, and in 1831 to 58,441; that of the Yorkshire part amounted in 1831 to 15,997. By the parliamentary reform bill this town has received the privilege of electing one member to the House of Commons, but it has no municipal corporation.
ROCHE-BERNARD, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, and arrondissement of Vannes. It is situated on the river Vilaine, and contains 1380 inhabitants; but within the parish are 6670 persons, who are chiefly employed in making flaxen thread and linen goods.
ROCHECHOUART, an arrondissement of the department of the Upper Vienne, in France. It extends over 237 square miles, comprehends five cantons, divided into twenty-nine communes, and in 1836 contained 48,818 inhabitants. The capital is the town of the same name, on the banks of the river Grenne. It contains 4123 inhabitants. Long. 0. 45. E. Lat. 45. 43. N. t
ROCHEFORT, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Charente, in France, which extends over 295 square miles. It comprises four cantons, divided into forty-two communes, and in 1836 contained 51,727 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, about six miles from the mouth of the river Charente. The harbour is convenient and secure, and constantly contains many men of war. The wharfs are very well contrived, and vessels can take in or discharge the guns and other stores with great facility. It was first made a naval arsenal by Louis XIV. The city is surrounded with walls, and the harbour defended by strong forts. It is a regular, well-built city, with broad streets, containing five churches, a naval hospital, a school of navigation, and fine docks. There were, in 1836, 15,441 inhabitants, besides a garrison in the handsome barracks. There are establishments for making china, for refining sugar, and manufactories of ropes, cables, and sailcloth. Long. 0.2.54. W. Lat 45. 16. 10. N.
ROCHEFOUCAULT, Francis Duke de la, prince of Marsillac, governor of Poitou, was born in 1603. He was the son of Francis, the first duke of Rochefoucault, and was distinguished equally by his courage and his wit. These shining qualities endeared him to all the nobility at court, who were ambitious of decorating themselves at once with the laurels of Mars and of Apollo. He wrote two excellent works; the one a book of Maxims, which, Voltaire says, has contributed more than any thing else to form the taste of the French nation; and the other, Memoirs of the Regency of Queen Anne of Austria. It was partly at the instigation of the beautiful duchess de Longueville, to whom he had long been attached, that the duke de Rochefoucault engaged in the civil wars, in which he signalized himself, particularly at the battle of St Antoine. After the civil wars were ended, he thought of nothing but enjoying the calm pleasures of friendship and literature. His house became the rendezvous of every person of genius in Paris and Versailles. Racine, Boileau, and Savigné, found in his conversation charms which they sought for in vain elsewhere. He was not, however, with all his elegance and genius, a member of the French Academy. The necessity of making a public speech on the day of his reception was the only cause that he did not claim admittance. This nobleman, with all the courage he had displayed upon various critical occasions, and with his superiority of birth and understanding over the common run of men, did not think himself capable of facing an audience to utter only four lines in public, without being out of countenance. He died at Paris in 1680, aged sixty-eight, leaving behind him a character which has been variously drawn by those who during his life were proud of his friendship.
ROCHELLE, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Charente, in France, extending over 310 square miles. It comprehends seven cantons, divided into fifty-five communes, and in 1836 contained 78,797 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, the seat of the departmental government and of the courts of law. It is on the sea-shore, is strongly fortified, and has a convenient and secure harbour defended by two forts. It is the seat of a bishop, has a cathedral, one Protestant and five Catholic churches, and in the year 1836 had 14,857 inhabitants, who are traders in wine, brandy, salt, and other domestic products, and in all kinds of colonial articles. It is celebrated for its long siege when held by the Protestants in 1628, which was continued for thirteen months, and was attended with dreadful sufferings. Long. 1.14.17. W. Lat. 46.9. 33. N.
ROCHFORD, a market-town of the county of Essex, in the hundred of the same name, thirty-nine miles from London. It is situated on a small river that empties itself into the Crouch. It has a good market on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1228, in 1811 to 1214, in 1821 to 1382, and in 1831 to 1256.
ROCKET, an artificial fire-work, consisting of a cylindrical case of paper, filled with a composition of certain combustible ingredients; which, being tied to a stick, mounts into the air, and then bursts. See Pyrotechny.
ROCROY, an arrondissement of France, in the department of the Ardennes, which extends over 482 square miles. It comprehends five cantons and sixty-eight communes, and the population in 1836 amounted to 46,156. The capital is a fortified city of the same name, situated in the midst of a wood. It contains 600 houses, and in 1836 had 3682 inhabitants. It is celebrated for its siege in 1643, when taken from the Spaniards by the great Condé. Long. 4. 26. 32. E. Lat. 49. 55. 36. N.
RODEZ, an arrondissement of the department of the Aveyron, in France, which extends over 883 square miles. It comprehends eleven cantons, divided into sixty-nine communes, and in 1836 contained 99,704 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, and the seat of the departmental government and courts of law. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral, with a tower 250 feet high, which is a prominent object at more than forty miles distance. Rodez contains four churches, a lyceum, a hospital, and an exchange, with 9685 inhabitants, extensively employed as coppersmiths, and having manufactures of thin woollens, cutlery, and leather. Long. 2. 29. 5. E. Lat. 44. 21. N.
RODOSTO, a city of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Galipoli. It is situated on a small gulf of the same name, on the Sea of Marmora. It is strongly fortified, and well built, having, for a Turkish town, broad streets. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop, has five Greek and two Armenian churches, many mosques, baths, and caravanserais, 4000 houses, and 16,000 inhabitants. It is a place of considerable trade, chiefly in the products of the surrounding district. Long. 27. 20. 5. E. Lat. 40. 58. 34. N.
ROE, the seed or spawn of fish. See Ichthyology.
ROEMER, Olaus, a celebrated Danish mathematician and astronomer, was born at Arhusen in Jutland, in the year 1644, and was sent to the university of Copenhagen at the age of eighteen. By his assiduous application to the study of astronomy and mathematics, he became so eminent in those sciences, that Picard was astonished and delighted with him, when making observations in the north, by the order of Louis XIV. He was prevailed on to accompany Picard to France, and being presented to the king, he was chosen the dauphin’s tutor in the study of mathematics. He was afterwards united with Picard and Cassini in making astronomical observations, and became a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1672. His discoveries acquired him great reputation during his ten years’ residence at Paris; and he did not scruple to assert, that Picard and Cassini took the merit of many things which belonged exclusively to himself. Roemer was the first person who discovered the velocity with which light moves, by means of the eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites, determining it to be about seven or eight minutes in coming from the sun to the earth. This opinion was opposed by many, but it was afterwards demonstrated in a most ingenious manner by Dr Bradley.

Christian V. king of Denmark, recalled Roemer to his native country in the year 1681, when he was appointed professor of astronomy at Copenhagen. He was also employed in the reformation of the coin and architecture of the country, in regulating the weights and measures, and in laying out the high roads throughout the kingdom; and his conduct was truly creditable to himself, and gave the greatest satisfaction to his royal employer. The consequence was that the king bestowed many dignities upon him, and among· others appointed him chancellor of the exchequer. In fine, he was made councillor of state and burgomaster of Copenhagen under Frederic IV. who succeeded the king already mentioned. While Roemer was engaged in preparing to publish the result of his observations, he was cut off on the 19th of September 1710, when about sixty-six years of age. Horrebow, his disciple, made up this loss, by publishing in 4to, in 1753, when professor of astronomy at Copenhagen, various observations of Roemer, with his method of observing, under the title of Basis Astronomia. He had printed various astronomical observations and pieces in several volumes of the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris.
ROERMOND or Ruremonde, one of the circles into which the province of Limburg is divided. It contains six cantons. The capital is the city of the same name, which stands on the left bank of the Maas, where the river Roer falls into it. It is fortified, but not strongly, and contains 4480 inhabitants, who make woollen cloths and carry on trade by the river. Long. 5. 53.54. E. Lat. 51. 11. 48. N.
ROGA, in Antiquity, a present which the emperors made to the senators, magistrates, and even to the people; and the popes and patriarchs to their clergy. These rogae were distributed by the emperors on the first day of the year, on their birthday, or on the natalis dies of the cities; and by the popes and patriarchs in passion-week. Roga is also used for the common pay of the soldiers.
ROGATION, Rogatio, in Roman jurisprudence, a demand made by the consuls or tribunes of the Roman people, when a law was proposed to be passed. Rogatio is also used for the decree itself made in consequence of the people’s giving their assent to this demand; to distinguish it from a senatus consultum, or decree of the senate.

the week immediately succeeding Whitsunday; so called from the three feasts therein, viz. on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday.
ROGER, de Hoveden, a learned man of the thirteenth century, was born in Yorkshire, most probably at the town of that name, now called Howden, some time in the reign of Henry I. After he had received the first parts of education in his native country, he studied the civil and canon laws, which were then become the most fashionable and lucrative branches of education. He was appointed domestic chaplain to Henry II. who employed him to transact several ecclesiastical affairs, in which he acquitted himself with honour. But his most meritorious work was, his Annals of England from a. d. 731, when Bede’s Ecclesiastical History [7:19:312]ends, to a. d. 1202. This work, which is one of the most voluminous of our ancient histories, is more valuable for the sincerity with which it is written, and the great variety of facts which it contains, than for the beauty of its style or the regularity of its arrangement.
ROGONATGUNGE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, district of Pachete, 136 miles west-northwest from Calcutta. Long. 86. 20. E. Lat. 23. 15. N.
ROGONATPOOR, a town of Hindustan, province of Bengal, district of Pachete, 130 miles north-west from Calcutta. Long. 86. 44. E. Lat. 23. 32. N.
ROHAULT, James, a celebrated Cartesian philosopher, was the son of a merchant of Amiens, where be was born in 1620. He became well skilled in the mathematics, and taught them at Paris. He died at Paris in 1675. He wrote in French, 1. A Treatise on Natural Philosophy; 2. The Elements of Mathematics; 3. A Treatise on Mechanics, which is very curious; 4. Philosophical Conversations, and other works. His Physics have been translated into Latin by Dr Samuel Clarke, with notes, in which the Cartesian errors are corrected upon the Newtonian system.
ROHILCUND, in Sanscrit Kuttair or Kuttaher, an extensive and valuable district of Hindustan, situated between the rivers Ganges and Goggra, and between the twenty-eighth and thirtieth degrees of north latitude, and from seventy-eight to eighty east longitude. It is extremely well watered by the rivers Ganges and Ramgunga. The latter traverses the country throughout its whole extent, and joins the Ganges at Kanoge. Many smaller streams intersect the country, and contribute to its fertility, being distributed by means of canals and reservoirs. Water is also found by digging a foot under ground. With all these advantages, this country is remarkably fertile, and was extremely productive and well cultivated under its native sovereigns, though, when it was ceded to the British in 1801 by the nabob of Oude, it was in a state of desolation, owing to his tyranny and extortion. It abundantly produces grain of all sorts, sugar-cane, indigo, cotton, and tobacco. It also contains large forests of valuable timber, the wood of which is floated down the Dewall or Goggra, which issues from the Kemaon Mountains, and runs past the town of Pillibeet, and is thence embarked for Patna, Calcutta, and other large towns in the south. Its chief towns are Bareilly, Bis-sowly, Budavon, Moradabad, Owlah, Pillibeet, Rampore, Sumbul, with several others. In the early history of the Mogul empire, Rohilcund is celebrated as a very flourishing country, and of great political importance; and in many parts are still to be seen the remains of magnificent edifices, palaces, gardens, mosques, colleges, and mausoleums. In more recent times this district was occupied by a number of Afghans of the tribe of Roh or Rohillas. The founders of the dynasty were two brothers, named Shah Aalum, and Hussein Khan, who quitted Afghanistan about the year 1673, and settled in this country, where they pursued some inconsiderable employments under the z Emperor Aurungzebe. Their descendants acquired possession of a considerable territory, which they ruled with prudence and moderation; and their territories were cultivated like a garden. A quarrel ensued between them and the nabob of Oude, to whose vengeance they were consigned by the British, who sent troops to aid in their extermination, under the understood condition that they were to share in the spoil. They were defeated by the British troops; and their country, given up to fire and [7:19:313]sword, was most cruelly wasted. Under Fyzoola Khan, one of the cons of Aly Mohammed, the country was in a most flourishing condition; and several of the Rohilla chiefs resided in each of the large towns, where they lived in a princely and hospitable manner, and gave every protection and encouragement to the farmers, so that the revenue amounted to a million sterling; but under the waste and ruin of this cruel invasion the revenue decreased in the course of twenty years to L.400,000, and the country went gradually to ruin. The country was transferred to the British in 1801, and is now governed by a civil establishment of officers stationed at Bareilly.
ROLL or Roller, is a piece of wood, iron, brass, &c. of a cylindrical form, used in the construction of several machines, and in several works and manufactures.
ROLLAND, an island in the Southern Ocean, discovered by Kerguelen in 1773, about nine miles in circumference. Long. 68. 43. E. Lat. 48. 37. N.
ROLLI, Paul, an Italian poet, was born at Rome in 1687. He was the son of an architect, and a pupil of the celebrated Gravina, who inspired him with a taste for learning and poetry. An intelligent and learned English peer, having brought him to London, introduced him to the royal family as a master of the Tuscan language. Rolli remained in England till the death of Queen Caroline his protectress, and the patroness of literature in general. He returned to Italy in 1747, where he died in 1767, in the eightieth year of his age, leaving behind him a very curious collection in natural history, with a valuable and well-chosen library. His principal works first appeared in London in 1735 in 8vo. They consist of odes in blank verse, elegies, songs, and other poems, after the manner of Catullus. A collection of his epigrams was printed at Florence in 1776, in 8vo, to which is prefixed an account of his life by Fondini. What Martial said of his own collection may be said of this, “that there are few good, but many indifferent or bad pieces in it.” Rolli, however, bore the character of one of the best Italian poets of his age. During his stay in London he procured editions of several authors of his own country. The principal of these were the Satires of Ariosto, the burlesque works of Berni, Varchi, &c. two vols. in 8vo; the Decameron of Boccace, 1727, in 4to and folio, in which he has faithfully copied the celebrated and valuable edition published by the Juntas in 1527; and, lastly, of the elegant Lucretia of Marchetti, which was printed at London in 1717, in 8vo, through the influence and attention of Rolli. This edition is beautiful; but the work is thought to be of a pernicious tendency. He likewise translated into Italian verse the Paradise Lost of Milton, printed at London in folio in 1735; and the Odes of Anacreon, London, 1739, in 8 vo.