pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CACHAO, Kacho, Kecho, or Backhinc, the capital of the kingdom of Tonquin, in Asia, situated on the west side of the river Songkoi, about eighty miles from the sea. It is of great extent, and has neither walls nor fortifications, being merely surrounded by a bamboo hedge. The principal streets are wide and airy, and for the most part are paved with bricks and small stones; intermediate spaces being, however, left for the passage of elephants and other beasts of burden. The other streets are narrow and ill paved. Many of the houses arc built with brick, though the larger proportion are constructed of mud and timber, and thatched with leaves, straw, or reeds, which exposes them to the danger of fires;-and they are not above one story in height. The magazines and warehouses belonging to foreigners are the only edifices built of brick; and these, though plain, yet, by reason of their height and more elegant structure, make a considerable show among the rows of wooden huts. The public edifices are very spacious, but particularly the royal palace, which is several miles in circuit, and is surrounded by high walls. It contains many buildings within its precincts, which are devoted to different purposes, and embellished with a variety of carvings and gildings after the Indian manner, all finely varnished. In the outer court are sumptuous stables for the king’s horses and elephants. It was extremely difficult to procure access to the inner courts during the residence of the sovereigns of Tonquin, who have for some years past transferred their abode to a city in Cochin China. Besides this palace there are to be seen the ruins of one still more magnificent, which is said to have been six miles in circumference. Cachao is a great commercial resort, and its trade is facilitated by the river, which is always crowded with vessels. The imports are long cloths, chintz, arms, pepper, and other articles, in exchange for which gold is given; and manufactured goods, namely, beautiful silks, and lackered ware, which is generally reckoned superior to any in the East. The English factory, which stood on the banks of the river, north of the city, and that of the Dutch, south of it, have long been withdrawn. On the opposite side of the Songkoi is the Campez, a town of the Chinese. Cachao, built chiefly of wooden and brick houses, is peculiarly liable to fires; and to prevent these, or to extinguish them after they have broken out, the city is governed by a very rigid police, and is divided into wards, each subjected to a certain jurisdiction. Fires for domestic use are only permitted some hours during the day. About the middle of the eighteenth century the city was nearly burnt to the ground by a conflagration, which ’was the work of incendiaries, who discharged fire-arrows during the night against the straw-covered roofs, and the whole was in a moment in a blaze. The accounts of the population vary extremely. By some of the missionaries it is reckoned equal to that of Paris. Later authors compute it at 40,000. Long. 105. 15. E. Lat. 22. 36. N.
CACHAR, a district in Asia, tributary to the Burman empire, and lying about the twenty-fifth degree of north latitude, between that country and Bengal. It is a mountainous and sterile country, bounded on the north by Assam, on the south by the Cassay country, on the east by Cassay, and on the west by the districts of Tipperah and Silhet in the province of Bengal. It is of a large though uncertain extent. The country is naturally fertile, but greatly overgrown with jungle, and thinly inhabited. The natives are Hindoos of the Khutzi tribe, and are said to be very pusillanimous. It was invaded by a Burman army in 1774, but the troops were attacked by the hill fever, and died in such numbers that they were obliged to retreat, and were finally cut off in detail by the natives. A second expedition in 1776 was more successful; and the rajah of Cachar was obliged to do homage to the Burman sovereign. The British formerly maintained an intercourse with this country, but since it has fallen under the Burman yoke this intercourse has been stopt.
CACHUNDE, the name of a medicine, highly celebrated among the Chinese and Indians, and composed of several aromatic ingredients, perfumes, medicinal earth, and precious stones. They make the whole into a stiff paste, and, according to their fancy, form out of it several figures, which are dried for use; these are principally used in the East Indies, but are sometimes brought over to Portugal. In China the principal person’s usually carry a small piece in their mouths, which is a continued cordial, and gives their breath a very sweet smell.
CACOPHONIA, in Grammar and Rhetoric, the meeting of two letters or syllables which yield an uncouth and disagreeable sound. The word is compounded of %α%of, bad, and voice.
CACUS, in fabulous history, an Italian shepherd upon Mount Aventine. As Hercules was driving home the herd of King Geryon, whom he had slain, Cacus robbed him of some of his oxen, which he drew backward into his den lest they should be discovered. Hercules at last finding them out by their lowing, or the robbery being otherwise discovered to him, killed Cacus with his club. He was Vulcan’s son, of prodigious bulk, and half man half satyr.
CADALEN, a market-town of the department of the Tarn, in France, on the river Candou, with 1404 inhabitants.
CADARI, or Kadari, a sect of Mahommedans, who assert free will, attribute the actions of men to men alone, not to any secret power determining the will, and deny all absolute decrees, and predestination. The author of this sect was Mabeb ben Kaled al Gihoni, who suffered martyrdom for his doctrine. The word comes from the Arabic, cadara, power. Ben Aun calls the Cadarians the Magi or Manichees of the Moslemins.
CADENCE, or Repose, in Music (from the Latin cadere, to fall or descend), the termination of an harmonical phrase on a repose, or on a perfect chord.

Cadence, in Reading, is a falling of the voice below the key-note at the close of every period. In reading, whether prose or verse, a certain tone is assumed, which is called the hey-note ; and in this tone the bulk of the words are sounded; but this note is generally lowered towards the close of every sentence.
CADENET, a city of the department of the Vaucluse, in France, on the right bank of the Durance, with distilleries for brandy, and 2447 inhabitants.
CADEROUSE, a city of the department of Vaucluse, in France, where are several silk mills. It contains 800 houses and 3876 inhabitants.
CADET, the younger son of ä family, is a term naturalized in our language from the French. In Spain it ιs usual for one of the cadets in great families to take the mother’s name.
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Cadet is also a military term denoting a young gentleman who chooses to carry arms in a marching regiment as a private man. His views are, to acquire some knowledge in the art of war, and to obtain a commission in the army. Cadet differs from volunteer, as the former takes pay, whereas the latter serves without pay.
CADI, or Cadhi, a judge of civil affairs in the Turkish empire. It is generally taken for the judge of a town, judges of provinces being distinguished by the appellation of mollahs.
CADILESCHER, a capital officer of justice among the Turks, answering to a chief justice among us. There arc but three cadileschers in all the grand seignior’s territories; the first is that of Europe, the second that of Natolia, and the third resides at Grand Cairo. This last used to be the most considerable. The cadileschers have seats in the divan next to the grand vizir.
CADILAC, a city of the department of the Gironde, in France, where there are some considerable iron-works, and cutlery and other goods made. The inhabitants are 1326.
CADIZADELITES, a sect of Mahommedans very like the ancient Stoics. They shun feasts and diversions, and affect an extraordinary gravity in all their actions; they [7:5:770]are continually talking of God, and some of them make a jumble of Christianity and Mahommedanism. They drink wine, even in the fast of the Ramazan; they love and protect the Christians; they believe that Mahommed is the Holy Ghost; they practise circumcision, and justify it by the example of Jesus Christ.
CADMEAN Letters, the sixteen ancient Greek or Ionic characters, such as they were first brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia, whence Herodotus calls them also Phoenician Letters. According to some writers, Cadmus was not the inventor, nor even the importer, but only the modeller and reformer, of the Greek letters; and it was from this circumstance they acquired the appellation Cadmean or Phoenician Letters; whereas, before that time, they had been called Pelasgian Letters.
CADMIUM. This metal has not yet been met with in its native state, but is contained in certain ores of zinc, and especially in the black fibrous blende of Bohemia, which contains about five per cent, of it. It was discovered by Μ. Stromeyer in 1817, who used the following process for separating it from its ore. He dissolved it in dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid, and, after adding a portion of free acid, transmitted a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through the liquid, by which means the cadmium was precipitated as sulphuret, while the zinc remained in solution. The sulphuret of cadmium was then decomposed by nitric acid, and the solution evaporated to dryness; then the dry nitrate of cadmium was dissolved in water, and an excess of carbonate of ammonia added. The white carbonate of cadmium subsides, which, when heated to redness, yielded a pure oxide, and by mixing this oxide with charcoal, and exposing it to a further heat, metallic cadmium was obtained in the form of sublimation. Dr Wollaston’s process is somewhat more simple; he placed the solution of the mixed metals in a platinum capsule along with a piece of metallic zinc. If cadmium be present it is reduced, and adheres to the capsule, after which it may be dissolved, either by nitric or dilute muriatic acid.

The cadmium thus obtained has in colour and lustre a strong resemblance to tin, but is somewhat harder and more tenacious. It is very ductile and malleable; melts at about the same temperature as tin, but is nearly as volatile as mercury; condensing like it into globules which have a metallic lustre. When heated in the open air it absorbs oxygen, and is converted into an orange-coloured oxide. It is readily dissolved by nitric acid, but is less easily acted upon by sulphuric and muriatic acids. Its specific gravity is 8∙62.
CADMUS, in fabulous history, king of Thebes, the son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, and the brother of Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. According to tradition, he carried into Greece the sixteen simple letters of the Greek alphabet; and there built Thebes, in Boeotia. The poets say that he left his native country in search of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away in the form of a bull; and that, inquiring of the Delphic oracle for a settlement, he was answered, that he should follow the direction of a cow, and build a city where she lay down. Having arrived among the Phocians, he was met by a cow, which conducted him through Boeotia to the place where Thebes was afterwards built. But when he was about to sacrifice his guide to Pallas, he sent two of his company to the fountain Dirce for water, where they were devoured by a serpent or dragon; upon which Cadmus slew the monster, and afterwards, by the advice of Pallas, sowed his teeth, when there sprung up a number of armed soldiers, who prepared to revenge the death of the serpent; but on his casting a stone among these upstart warriors, they turned their weapons against each other with such animosity, that only five survived the combat, and this remnant assisted Cadmus in founding his new city. Afterwards, to recompense his labours, the gods gave him Harmonia, or Harmione, the daughter of Mars and Venus; and honoured his nuptials with presents, and peculiar marks of favour. But at length resigning Thebes to Pentheus, Cadmus and Harmione went to govern the Ecclellenses; and when they grew old they were transformed into serpents, or, as others say, sent to the Elysian fields in a chariot drawn by serpents.

Cadmus of Miletus, a celebrated Greek historian, was, according to Pliny, the first of the Greeks who wrote history in prose. He flourished about 550 before Christ.
CADRITES, a sort of Mahommedan friars, who once a week spend a great part of the night in turning round, holding each other’s hands, and repeating incessantly the word liai, which signifies living, and is one of the attributes of God; during which one of them plays on a flute. They never cut their hair, nor cover their heads, and always go barefooted; they have also liberty to quit their convent when they please, and to marry.
CADSAND, an island on the coast of Dutch Flanders, situated at the mouth of the Scheldt, whereby the Dutch command the navigation of that river.
CADUCEUS, in antiquity, Mercury’s rod or sceptre, being a wand entwisted by two serpents, borne by that deity as the ensign of his quality and office, and, according to the fable, given him by Apollo for his seven-stringed harp. Wonderful properties are ascribed to this rod by the poets; as laying men asleep, raising the dead, and such like marvels. It was also used by the ancients as a symbol of peace and concord. The Romans sent to the Carthaginians a javelin and a caduceus, offering them their choice either of war or peace. Among that people, those who denounced war were called feciales ; and those who went to demand peace, caduceatores, because they bore a caduceus in their hand. The caduceus found on medals is a common symbol, signifying good conduct, peace, and prosperity. The rod expresses power, the two serpents prudence, and the two wings diligence.
CADUS, in antiquity, a wine vessel of a certain capacity, containing eighty amphorae or firkins; each of which, according to the best accounts, held nine gallons.
CADUSII, in Ancient Geography, a people of Media Atropatene, situated to the west, in the mountains, and reaching to the Caspian Sea; between whom and the Medes perpetual war and enmity continued down to the time of Cyrus.
CADUTINADA, a small district of Hindustan, in the province of Malabar. It is well cultivated, and is naturally a rich country, containing a large proportion of rice ground. But the grain which it produces is scarcely adequate to the support of its inhabitants; and a regular importation takes place from the southern parts of Malalaya, and from Mangalore. The plantations are numerous. The higher parts of the hills are overgrown with wood, which the Nairs formerly encouraged, as it afforded them protection against invaders. The female Nairs in this country, when children, go through the ceremony of marriage, which is, however, merely nominal, as the man and the wife never cohabit. When the girl attains to maturity, she is taken to live in the house of some other Nair. In 1761 a treaty was concluded by the Bombay government with the chief of this country, for the purchase of pepper. . .
CAELIUS, Aureli anus,. an ancient physician, and the only one of the sect of the Methodists of whom we have any remains. He was a native of Sicca, a town of Numidia; but in what age he flourished cannot be. determined. It is probable, however, that he lived before Galen; since, though he carefully mentions all the physicians before him, [7:5:771]he takes no notice of Galen. He had read over very diligently the ancient physicians of all sects; and we are indebted to him for the knowledge of many dogmas which are not to be found but in his books De celcribus et tardis Passionibus. He wrote, as he himself tells us, several other works; but they have all perished.
CAEN, an arrondissement of the department Calvados, in France. Its extent is 450 square miles. It is divided into nine cantons, which are subdivided into 205. communes, containing 129,863 inhabitants.

Caen, a city, the capital of the department of Calvados, and of the arrondissement of its own name, in France. It stands on a fine plain at the influx of the Odon into the navigable river Orne. The fortifications are in a dilapidated state. The ground plan of the city has the form of a horse shoe. It has some good places, and streets of moderate width, and the houses are of stone. The dwellings are 8000, and the inhabitants amount to 36,361. It is a manufacturing town, which produces silk and thread lace, a large quantity of hosiery, woollen, linen, and cotton goods, besides snuff, leather, porcelain, wax-candles, paper, parchment, and other articles. It has extensive fisheries on the sea, and some foreign ships repair to its harbour. There is also some internal trade up the river Orne. The city has some good institutions for education and for promoting a knowledge of the fine arts. It is situated in latitude 49.11. 12. N. and longitude 0. 26.58. W.
CAERE, in Ancient Geography, a town of Etruria, the royal residence of Mezentius. Its ancient name was Ar-gyllce. In Strabo’s time not the least vestige of it remained, except the baths called coeretana. From this town the Roman censor’s tables were called ccerites tabuloe.
CAERLEON, a market-town of the hundred of Usk, in Monmouthshire, 157 miles from London. Near it are some ruins designated by the people Arthur’s Round Table. The market day is Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 667, in 1811 to 821, in 1821 to 1062, and in 1831 to 1071.
CAERMARTHEN, the capital town of the county of that name, in South Wales. It is situated in a beautiful valley on the river Towy, which is navigable to it. It is an ancient place, was once fortified, and is the best built town in the principality. In the reign of James I. it was incorporated as a town and county of itself. Near to it are some iron and tin works; but the commerce is inconsiderable for the population, who, in some measure, derive their occupation from its being a kind of capital for Wales, as relates to the Stannery courts and the great sessions. There are markets on Wednesday and Saturday. It confers the title of Marquis on the Huke of Leeds. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 7275, in 1821 to 8906, and in 1831 to 9995.
CAERNARVON, the capital of the county of that name in South Wales. It is a very ancient town; and the castle, in which the first prince of Wales was born, is in better preservation than any other of the ancient edifices of that kind and age in the kingdom. The town, which is on the entrance of the Menai Strait, is finely situated, commanding a view of Anglesey and the mountain Snowdon. The principal trade to its port is for slate, which is found in abundance near it. A market is held on Saturday, and is well attended. The population amounted in 1811 to 4595, in 1821 to 5788, and in 1831 to 7642.
CAERWYS, a market-town in the hundred of Rhyddlan, in Flintshire, North W r ales, five miles from St Asaph and 212 from London. The market is held on Tuesday, and is much frequented. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 773, in 1811 to 822, and in 1821 to 952.
CAESAREA, an ancient city of Palestine, of great celebrity, but now in ruins, and entirely deserted. It is situated on the sea-coast, and had an extraordinary harbour, which, according to Josephus, was constructed by Herod. Louis IX. of France is said to have rebuilt its walls during the holy wars. The adjacent ground is covered to a great extent with numerous and magnificent remains of antiquity. When this country was visited by Pococke, Caesarea was inhabited by a few families; but at the time it was visited by Dr Clarke it was quite deserted. It is 36 miles from Acre, and 62 from Jerusalem.
CAESAREAN Operation. See Midwifery.
CAESARIANS, Coesarienses, in Roman Antiquity,^ ere officers or ministers of the Roman emperors. They kept the account of the revenues of the emperors, and took possession in their name of such things as devolved or were confiscated to them.
CAESONES, a denomination given to those cut out of their mothers’ wombs. Pliny ranks this as an auspicious kind of birth; the elder Scipio Africanus, and the first of the family of the Caesars, were brought into the world in this way.
CAESTUS, in Antiquity, a large gauntlet made of raw hide, which the wrestlers made use of when they fought at the public games. This was a kind of leathern strap, strengthened with lead or plates of iron, which encompassed the hand, the wrist, and a part of the arm, as well to defend these parts as to enforce their blows.

Caestus, or Coestum, was also a kind of girdle, made of wool, which the husband untied for his soouse the first day of marriage.
CAESURA, in the ancient poetry, is when, in the scanning of a verse, a word is divided, so that one part seems cut off, and goes to a different foot from the rest.

Caesura, in the modern poetry, denotes a rest or pause towards the middle of an Alexandrine verse, by which the voice and pronunciation are aided, and the verse as it were divided into two hemistichs.
CAETERIS Paribus, a Latin term in frequent use among mathematical and physical writers. The words literally signify the rest, or other things, being alike or equal. Thus we say, the heavier the bullet, coeteris paribus, the greater the range; that is, by how much the bullet is heavier, if the length and diameter of the piece and strength of the powder be the same, by so much will the utmost range or distance of a piece of ordnance be the greater. Thus also, in a physical way, we say, the velocity and quantity circulating in a given time through any section of an artery, will, coeteris paribus, be according to its diameter, and nearness to or distance from the heart.
CAFFA, in commerce, painted cotton cloths manufac- ' tured in the East Indies, and sold at Bengal.

Caffa, Kaffa, or Kjeffe, a town of European Russia, in the Crimea, and at one time the largest and most important place in that peninsula. It is pleasantly situated at the end of a large bay on the northern shore of the Black Sea, and is defended by two forts. The harbour, although capacious, is shallow, and little sheltered from the south-east winds. This town has repeatedly changed masters, but it was finally incorporated with the Russian empire in 1783. Its trade consists principally in stuffs of Turkish manufacture, and in wine, rice, and coffee. Long. 35. 12. 45. E. Lat. 45. 6. 30. N.
CAFFILA, a company of merchants or travellers, who join together in order to go with more security through various countries on the continent of the East Indies, and also Africa.

The caffila differs from a caravan, at least in Persia; for the caffila properly belongs to some sovereign, or to some powerful company in Europe; whereas a earavan is a company of particular merchants, each trading upon his own account. There arc also such caffilas which cross some parts of the deserts of Africa, particularly that called the Sahara.
CAGANUS, or Cacanus, an appellation anciently given by the Huns to their kings. The word appears also to have been formerly applied to the princes of Muscovy, now called czar. From the same also, probably, the Tartar title cham or khan had its origin.
CAGAYAN Sooloo, an island in the Eastern Seas, about twenty miles in circumference, of a rich soil, and of luxuriant aspect. It has a good harbour on the north side, with a bar which admits vessels of fifteen feet water. The island is governed by a rajah dependent on Sooloo. Long. 118. 36. E. Lat. 7. N.