pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ORAN, Warran, Auran, or Guharan, a famous maritime city of Algiers, and the most westerly in the regency. It is built on the declivity and along the foot of a high mountain, which overlooks it from the north and northwest; and on this ridge are planted two castles, commanding the city on the one side and the port on the other. To the south and south-east there are two other castles, erected upon the same level with the lower part of the city, but separated from it by a deep winding valley, which serves as a natural trench on the south side. A rivulet flows through it, and passing afterwards under the walls of the city, affords a copious supply of water. At every opening of this valley a pleasing and varied prospect presents itself, of rocky precipices, orange plantations, and rills of water winding down the heights. Near the head of the rivulet just mentioned there is a fifth castle, which not only guards the mattamores dug under its walls, but serves as an important defence to the city. Yet strongly fortified as Oran is, both by nature and art, it has been repeatedly taken by the Spaniards, between whom and the Moors it was for centuries a subject of contention. It was taken by the former in the year 1509, but was recovered by the Moors in 1708. In the year 1732 the Spaniards retook it by surprise; the Bey, otherwise a valiant soldier, having been panic-struck on the first landing of the enemy, and, without shutting the gates, abandoned the city to their mercy. Oran was afterwards restored, and, along with other parts of Algiers, has recently fallen under the dominion of France. During the time that the Spaniards retained possession of Oran, they erected several beautiful churches, and other edifices, in the style of the Roman architecture, though of less strength and solidity. They have further imitated the Romans in carving upon the friezes and other parts several inscriptions in large characters, and in their own language. Shaw describes Oran as a fortified city, about a mile in circumference. The port called Mer-el-Quiver, corrupted from Mers-el-Kibeer, and answering to the ancient Portus Magnus, is formed by a neck of land, which runs out almost a furlong into the bay, and thereby secures it against the north and northwest winds. It is defended by a castle more remarkable for spaciousness and extent than for strength or beauty, though a part of it has been skilfully hewn out of the native rock. Oran has much declined of late years, as the occupation of the place by the French has induced the Arab population to leave it, although the former repaired some of the edifices, and converted an old mosque into an hospital. The inhabitants are estimated at about 4000. In the year 1790 this city was destroyed by an earthquake, and six thousand of its inhabitants were buried under the [7:16:518]ruins. Oran is situated in 35. 50. north, and longitude 0. 18. west.
ORANGE, an arrondissement of the department of the Vaucluse, in France, extending over 406 square miles. It comprehends seven cantons, divided into fifty communes, and contains 69,443 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, is the seat of a bishop, and of some courts of law. It stands on a fruitful plain, watered by the river Meyne. It has large lofty houses, with narrow and crooked streets, a cathedral, a Protestant church, two hospitals, 1540 houses, and 8874 inhabitants, who make cotton, woollen, and silk goods, besides oil, wine, brandy, madder, and paper. It is in latitude 49. 4. N., and longitude 8. 8. east. It is remarkable as the district whence the house of Nassau derived its title as prince, which it has retained without the territory. The vicinity of the city exhibits many curious remains of Roman antiquity, especially a triumphal gate of three arches, half a mile from it, on a theatre, the walls of which are 108 feet in height. A part of this building has of late years been converted into a prison.
ORATION, in Rhetoric, a speech or harangue, composed according to the rules of oratory, but spoken in public.
ORATOR, amongst the Romans, differed from a patronus. The latter was allowed only to plead causes on behalf of his clients; whereas the former might quit the forum, and ascend the rostra or tribunal, to harangue the senate or the people. The orators had rarely a profound knowledge of the law; but they were eloquent, and their style was generally correct and concise. They were employed in causes of importance, instead of the common patrons. Orators, in the violence of elocution, used the utmost animation of gesture, and even walked backwardsand forwards with great heat and emotion. This it was which gave occasion to a witticism of Flavius Virginius, who asked one of these walking orators, Quot millia passuwn de-clamâsset ? “How many miles he had declaimed ?” Similar to the Roman orators were the Grecian rhetores.
ORATORIO, in Music,a. kind of sacred drama, in which the poetry is derived from some scriptural, subject, and is set to music in recitatives, airs, duetts, trios, quartetts, &c. and choruses, accompanied by an orchestra, sometimes an organ, and introduced by an instrumental overture. The origin of the oratorio is not clearly established. Amongst the most remarkable oratorios of modern times is Haydn’s “Creation.”
ORATORY, the art of speaking well upon any subject, so as to persuade or convince. See Rhetoric. Oratory, amongst the Roman Catholics, means a closet or small apartment near a bed-chamber, furnished with an altar and crucifix, for private devotions.
ORBE, a small city of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud, on the river of the same name, across which there is a stone bridge. It contains 280 houses, with 1400 inhabitari ts. Anciently it was one of the largest of the cities in the country, and in the time of the Romans was, under the name of Urbigenum, the capital of Helvetia. In the middle ages the kings of the Franconian race had their palace here, and gave their splendid festivals; but in the Burgundian wars it suffered greatly, and declined so much as to become subject to the cantons of Berne and Friburg. It now contains some large houses. The inhabitants chiefly depend on agriculture, but have some trade with Geneva and Yverdun.
ORCHARD, a department in gardening, allotted entirely to the growth of standard fruit-trees, for furnishing a large supply of the most useful kinds of fruit. See Horticulture.
ORCHESTRA, in Music. See the article Music.
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Orchestra, in the Grecian theatres, was that part of proscenium or stage where the chorus used to dance. In the middle of it was placed the Aoys∕ov or pulpit. The orchestra was semicircular, and surrounded with seats. In the Roman theatres it formed no part of the scene, but answered pretty nearly to the pit in our playhouses, being occupied with seats for senators, magistrates, vestals, and other persons of distinction. The actors never went down into the orchestra.
ORCHESTRINO, a modern musical instrument, so ∣called by its inventor Poulleau. It was shaped like a piano-forte, had similar finger-keys, and its sounds were produced by the friction of a circular bow upon the strings. It imitated the tones of the violin, the viola, the violoncello, the viol d’amour, the double-bass, &c. The construction of the bow (of hair, &c.) is said to have been very curious and ingenious.
ORCHESTRION, a musical instrument invented by the Abbé Vogler about 1789. It was a kind of portable organ, about nine feet in height, breadth, and depth. Its power was that of an organ of sixteen feet pipe, and it had a mechanism to swell or to diminish all the sounds within its compass. Another instrument of the same name, invented in 1796, by Kunz, a Bohemian, consisted of a pianoforte, combined with some organ-stops.
ORCHIA Lex, Instituted by Orehius the tribune, in the year of Rome 566. Its intention was to limit the number of guests who were to be admitted at an entertainment; and it is also provided that, during supper, which was the principal meal amongst the Romans, the doors of every house should be left open.
ORCHILLA, or Horchilla, a small cluster of islands in the West Indies, situated not far from the coast of South America, in latitude 12. north, and longitude 65. 20. west. The largest island, which bears the form of a crescent, is very hilly on the east and west capes, and here trees and . ’ erdure abound; but the other parts are low, and the soil, iom its flatness, is barren, and productive of very few plants. There is little fresh water, no animals except goats and lizards, nor does it appear to contain any permanent popu-ation. On the south-west side the shore is nearly as ιerpendicular as a wall, and the water being very deep, vessels can approach close to it without danger. Navigation is extremely difficult amongst the Orehillas; for not only are the islands separated from each other by very narrow channels, but there are a number of currents, variable, violent, and dangerous.
ORCHON, a river of Chinese Tartary, which has its ise on the confines on the great desert of Shamo, and falls nto the Selingha. Long. 106. 14. E. Lat. 50. N.
ORCUS, the god of the infernal regions, was the same with Pluto, and so called from the Greek word οζχος, signifying a tomb or sepulchre; or from δpuις, an oath sworn by he river Styx. The ancients gave this name to all the dimities of the infernal regions, even to Cerberus. There was river of the same name in Thessaly, which took its rise in the marshes of the Styx, and the waters of which were so hick that they floated like oil upon the surface of the river Peneus, into which they discharged themselves. This probably suggested to the poets the idea of the infernal abodes, which they denominated Oreus. Oreus has been confounded with Charon. He had a temple at Rome.
ORDINAL Numbers, those which express order, as 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and so on.
ORDINANCE, or Ordonnance, means a law, statute, or command of a sovereign or superior. Thus the acts of parliament are sometimes termed “ordinances of parliament,” as in the parliament rolls; although in some cases we find a difference made between the two, ordinances being only temporary things, by way of prohibition, and capable of being altered by the commons alone, whereas an act is a perpetual law, and cannot be altered except by king, lords, and commons.

Coke asserts, that an ordinance of parliament differs from an act, as the latter can only be made by the threefold consent of the estates; whereas the former may be made by one or two of the estates.

In the French jurisprudence, ordonnances are such laws as are established by the king’s authority alone.
ORDINARY, in general, signifies common, usual. Thus, an ambassador, or envoy, in ordinary, is one sent to reside statedly, and for a number of years, at the court of some foreign prince or state, in order to keep up a good understanding, and watch over the interest of his own nation.

Ordinary, in nautical language, denotes the establishment of the persons employed by government to take charge of the ships of war which are laid up in the several u ⅛ar- bours adjacent to the royal dock-yards. These are pri∏-, cipally composed of the warrant officers of the said jsħips, as the gunner, boatswain, carpenter, deputy-purser, and cook, with three servants. There is, besides, enrolled in [7:16:523] the list of the ordinary, a crew of labourers, who pass from ship to ship occasionally, to pump, moor, remove, or clean them, whenever it is necessary.

The term ordinary is also applied sometimes to the ships themselves; and it is likewise used to distinguish the inferior sailors from the most expert and diligent. The latter are rated able on the navy books, and have higher pay than those who are rated as ordinary. Ordinary of Assizes and Sessions, was a deputy of the bishop of the diocese, anciently appointed to give malefactors their neck-verses, and judge whether they read or not; to perform divine service for them, and assist in preparing them for death.

Ordinary of Newgate, is one who attends in ordinary upon the condemned malefactors in that prison, to prepare them for death, and who records the conduct and behaviour of such persons.
ORDINATES, in Geometry and Conics, are lines drawn from any point of the circumference of an ellipsis, or other conic section, perpendicularly across the axis, to the other side.
ORDINATION, the act of conferring holy orders, or of initiating a person into the priesthood, by prayer and the imposition of hands.

Ordination has always been esteemed a principal prerogative of bishops, and they still retain the function as a mark of spiritual sovereignty in their diocese. The ordination of bishops is properly called consecration. Ordination is one of the sacraments of the church of Rome. In the established church of Scotland, where there are no bishops, the power of ordination is lodged in the presbytery; and by the Independents, in the suffrage of the people.
ORDNANCE, a general name for all sorts of great guns used in war.

Master-General of the Ordnance is deemed the principal officer in the civil branch of the ordnance; yet he is always chosen from amongst the first generals in his majesty’s service.

Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance receives all orders and warrants signed by the master-general, and from the other principal officers, and sees them duly executed; issues orders as the occasions of the state require; and gives directions for discharging the artillery when required at coronations, birth-davs, signal victories, and other solemn occasions.

Surveyor-General of the Ordnance inspects the stores and provisions of war in the custody of the storekeeper, and sees that they are ranged and placed in such order as is most proper for their preservation.

Clerk of the Ordnance, an officer whose function is to record all orders and instructions given for the government of the office; all patents and grants; and the names of all officers, clerks, artificers, gunners, labourers, and the like.

Storekeeper of the Ordnance takes into his custody all his majesty’s ordnance, munitions, and stores belonging thereto, and indents and puts them in legal security, after they have been surveyed by the surveyor-general, any part of which he must not deliver without a warrant signed by the proper officers.

Clerk of the Deliveries of the Ordnance draws all orders for delivery of any stores, and sees them duly executed.

Treasurer and Paymaster of the Ordnance receives and pays all moneys, both salaries and debentures, in and belonging to this office.
ORDONNANCE, in architecture, is the composition of ⅛ ι ⅛yihiing, a ∏d the disposition of its parts, both with re-! gard j t0 jf the whole and to one another; or, as Mr Evelyn expresses it, determining the measure of what is assigned to Ae*⅛veral apartments. Thus ordonnance is the judicious contrivance of the plan or mould; as when the court, hall, or other building or apartment, is neither too large nor too small, and that the court affords convenient light to the apartments around it, the hall is of a fit capacity to receive company, and the bed-chambers of a proper size. When these divisions are either too great or too small with respect to the whole, as where there is a large court to a little house, or a small hall to a magnificent palace, the fault is in the ordonnance.

Ordonnance, in Painting, is used for the disposition of the parts of a picture, either with regard to the whole piece or to the several parts, as the groups, masses, contrasts, and so forth.
ORE, a mineral body, partly or entirely composed of some metallic substance, in the natural state in which it exists in the earth. Metallic substances are found either native, that is, pure, and uncombined with other substances, or alloyed with other metals, or combined with oxygen or sulphur, or with acids. Thus it appears that metals exist in ores in four different states; in the metallic state, when they are either pure, or combined with each other, as in the state of alloy; in the state of an oxide; combined with sulphur in the state of sulphuret; and, with acids, forming salts.
OREEHOUA, one of the smaller Sandwich Islands, which is a single high hummock, and is only separated from Onehow by a channel about a mile in width. The population is 4000.
OREL, or Orlow, a government of Russia in Europe. It is situated in north latitude between 51. 49. and 54. 59. and in east longitude between 32. 49. and 38. 57., and extends over 16,610 square miles. It is divided into twelve circles, and contains 1,270,000 inhabitants. It is rather a level district, having no mountains, and only some ranges of chalk hills, between which are valleys and some woods, that render the face of the country more pleasing to view than most other parts of Russia. The rivers and rivulets are numerous, and empty themselves, some into the Wolga, and others into the Dnieper. The chief of the streams is the Desna, which arises in the province of Smolensko; and the next is the Oka, which originates in Kursk, and runs through the whole province. The soil is the most fruitful of any of the ancient divisions of Russia, and, though not well cultivated, yields crops of all the common grains, more than is required for domestic consumption. The surplus of corn, as well as spirits distilled from it, forms a branch of the export trade; but it is exceeded by the manufactured goods, which consist of linen, iron, and steel articles, raw hides and leather, tallow and soap, glass wares, hemp, flax, linseed oil, mats, butter, hams, and wool. The only mines are those of iron; but there are quarries of alabaster, and some yielding excellent millstones. Orel, the capital of the government, as well as of the circle in which it stands, is a city situated on the banks of the river Oka, at the spot where the Orlik joins that stream, and becomes navigable for barges. It is the seat of a bishop, and is surrounded by palisades, and protected by a citadel. It is a gloomy city, built chiefly of wood, and contains 2871 houses, with about 20,000 inhabitants, depending on the trade, which, from the whole province, centres in it. It is 732 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 35. 52. 2. E. Lat. 52. 56. 40. N.
ORELLANA, Francisco, the first European, as is commonly thought, who discovered the river Amazons. In 1539, he embarked, near Quito, upon the river Coca, which farther down takes the name of Napo. From this he fell in with another large river; and, leaving himself entirely to the direction of the current, he arrived at Cape North, on the coast of Guiana, after sailing nearly eighteen hundred leagues. Orellana perished ten years afterwards, with three vessels which had been intrusted to him in Spain, without being able to discover the mouth of this river. In sailing down the river, he met with some armed women, against whom an Indian cacique had told him to be on his guard; and he thence named it “the river of the Amazons.”
ORENBURG, a government of Asiatic Russia, the most westerly of the whole, having on one side Russia in Europe, and on the other the government of Tobolsk. It is bounded on the south by Independent Tartary, and is traversed by the rude tribes of the Kirghisses and Kalmucks. The aspect of the country is mountainous, as it is intersected by the most elevated part of the great Uralian chain. Many parts are fertile, as the valleys and river banks, and yield grain, not merely for the subsistence of 'the natives, but for exportation. Numerous flocks and ∣ herds are fed on the abundant pastures; and even the caI aιel is bred upon the plains. The breeding of bees is pursued with activity, and is found an extremely profitable Ranch of industry. A great quantity of large fish and cadar taken in the Ural are exported. This province is rich n mineral wealth. Its mountains afford inexhaustible nines of copper and iron; besides which, it contains same lakes, which are very valuable. It is divided into welve districts, of which the principal are Orenburg proper and Oufa, the last of which contains the capital. On he Tartar frontier this province is exposed to the incur-ions of the Kirghisses and the Kalmuck hordes, against vhich a chain of forts has been erected. The popula-ion is stated at 629,426.

Orenburg, the capital of the province above described until 1702, when the government was transferred to Oufa. It is a considerable town, of an oval form, situated in one of the extended plains of Russia, and regularly fortified. It was originally built higher up the Ural range, but in 1739 was transferred 120 miles lower, and in 1742 fifty miles more. It contains nine churches and 2000 houses. It carries on an extensive trade with Tartary, Bukharia, and all the countries in the interior of Asia. One great drawback on this trade is the insecurity of travelling across the vast intervening steppes, which are inhabited by nomadic tribes, who subsist by plunder. Were this obstacle removed (and the influence of the Russian government has gone far to remove it), the trade must greatly increase. The exports consist of cloths of different qualities, particularly of a red or scarlet colour, velvets, Russia leather, linens blue and white, copper and iron utensils, sugar and other colonial produce, toys, and glass, and various species of ornaments. From Tartary these caravans bring cotton wool, India muslins and cottons, Persian silks, a little gold dust, lapis lazuli, and a few precious stones. Sheep to the number of 40,000 or 60,000, and horses to the amount of 10,000, are brought annually to the market of Orenburg. The horses are sent to Russia, and also the sheep, the tallow of which is exported from St Petersburg. A considerable trade is carried on in the sale of golden eagles, which are highly valued by the Kirghisses. Long. 52. 31. 10. E. Lat. 51. 46. N.
ORENSE, a city of Spain, in the province of Galicia. It is situated in the higher part of the country, through which the Minho flows, over which there is a magnificent bridge. It was known to the Romans by the name of Aqua Calida, on account of three fountains of warm water which rise near it. It is situated in a very fertile district, which produces great quantities of wine; but, from the bad state of the roads, the expense of conveying it to a market is more than it would sell for when it arrived there. Orense is the see of a bishop, whose spiritual jurisdiction extends over a part of the contiguous province in Portugal. It possesses four churches, two monasteries, an hospital, and a population of 30,000 souls.