pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ESTEPONA, a small town on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, in the province of Granada, in Spain. It contained nearly 5000 inhabitants before the ravages of the epidemic fever in 1804, which almost desolated the coast on which it stands. On this occasion it lost one third of its inhabitants. The principal occupation of the people consists either in fishing, or in cultivating fruits of various kinds, and conveying them to the British garrison of Gibraltar; in making earthenware and bricks; and in the manufacture of linen, which employs twenty looms.
ESTHER, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing the history of a Jewish virgin, dwelling with her uncle Mordecai at Shushan, during the reign of Ahasuerus, one of the kings of Persia. The great beauty of this Jewish maiden raised her to the throne of Persia, by which means she had an opportunity of saving her countrymen, whose destruction had been plotted by FIaman, a favourite of Ahasuerus.

The learned are not agreed as to who this Ahasuerus was. Archbishop Usher supposes him to have been Darius Hystaspes, and Artystona Esther. Scaliger makes him the same with Xerxes, and supposes his queen Hanestris to be Esther; but Josephus, on the contrary, positively asserts that the Ahasuerus of the Scriptures is the Artaxerxes Longimanus of profane history; and the Septuagint, throughout the whole book of Esther, translate Ahasuerus by Artaxerxes. Most people subscribe to this last opinion; and indeed the kindness which Artaxerxes showed to the Jews can scarcely be accounted for otherwise than by supposing that that people had so powerful an advocate as Esther to plead in their behalf. It may be observed, however, that the ancient Persians, who were singularly intolerant of idolatry, and the fierce destroyers of idols, wherever such were to be found, might, for this reason, be supposed favourable to a people whose religion admitted not graven images, and who, like themselves, were pure theists.
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ESTHONIA, or Esthland, a province of the Russian empire, on the Baltic Sea, extending over 7106 square miles. It is divided into four circles, viz. Revel, Hapsal, Weisenstein (formerly Jenven), and Wesenburg (formerly Wierland). It contains five cities, one market-town, forty-seven parishes, and 630 estates of nobles, with 30,000 peasants’ dwellings. The whole population amounts to 412,000 persons. It is a level and generally a sandy district, but mixed with portions of clay and stones. It is full of brooks and morasses. As agriculture is the chief employment, the land produces rather more corn, chiefly rye, than is required for the consumption. The fishery occupies a number of hands. The manufactures are of a domestic kind; and, during the long winters, coarse linen and woollen cloths are spun and woven for their own clothing in each family. The capital, Revel, is the chief place of foreign trade, from which is exported corn, spirits, butter, salted fish and flesh, and tallow, with a small quantity of flax and flax seed.
ESTOILEE, or Cross Estoillee, in Heraldry, a star with only four long rays in the form of a cross, and, accordingly, broad in the centre, but terminating in sharp points.
ESTOPPEL (from the French estouper, oppilare, obstipare, to stop or block up), in Law, an impediment or bar of action, arising from a man’s own act or deed.
ESTREMADURA, a province of Spain. It is bounded on the north and east by New Castille, on the south by Andalusia, and on the west by Portugal; the southern part being divided from that kingdom by the river Guadiana. It is the most thinly peopled of any part of the kingdom except Cuença, and the density of its population very little exceeds that province. Its extent is 1199 square leagues, and its population amounts to 428,493 souls. The soil in general is fruitful, and produces vines, oil, hemp, silk, corn, and fruits. Its mountains abound in chestnuts, in oaks, and the other timber trees. Its pastures feed large flocks of sheep, both of the migratory and fixed breeds. The breeds of horses are excellent; and the pigs are celebrated throughout Spain, the hams and sausages made from them being preferred to all others. In spite however of the capacity to yield these valuable productions,· much of the land is uncultivated, and many parts of it are without inhabitants. The backward state of the agriculture is generally attributed to vast tracts of land, susceptible of the best cultivation, being destined solely to the pasturage of the Merino flocks. As the pastoral life requires but few labourers, and extensive open fields, where sheep flocks are managed so very injudiciously as they are in Spain, it has a tendency to check the increase of population and cultivation. The northern part of this province extends to the banks of the Tagus, into which, after their junction, run the two rivers of that district. These are the Xerte and the Alagon. The middle of the province, between the upper part of the Guadiana and the Tagus, is a very dry country, with no great and few small streams. The southern part has the river Guadiana, a muddy and often stagnant stream, and some tributary rivers. It is the best cultivated part, but between it and Seville are ranges of mountains, which hold out little inducement to any other system of farming than that of feeding sheep for the sake of their valuable fleeces. There are some mines of silver and of platina in this southern division of the province. The yearly produce of this province is 6000 cwt. of pepper, 5925 of flax, and 875 of hemp; of wine 4376, of brandy 53,125, of vinegar 1000 ohms ;. of oil 50,259, of sumach 9800, of madder 45, of woad 100, and of silk 204⅜ cwt. The annual produce of honey is 3375, and of wax 600 cwts. In manufactories of cloth there are employed 726, and of linen 2168 looms. There are also 155 tanneries, twenty-five hat manufactories, and seventy-three soap-boiling houses.
ESTREMADURA, a province of Portugal, the only one in that kingdom which does not in some of its borders join to Spain. Though Lisbon and its great population forms part of this province, it is not so thickly peopled as either Entre-Douro-e-Minho or La Beyra. Its extent is ' 823 square leagues, and its inhabitants amount to 826,680 souls. The province of La Beyra surrounds Estremadura, excepting where the sea or the river Tagus are its limits. The soil produces some wheat, maize, and millet, much wine and oil, and abundance of fruits and culinary vegetables. Its shores abound with fish, as well as the fresh-water rivers. On the coast great quantities of salt are made by the evaporating power of the sun alone, and consequently much cheaper and better than in our more northern climate. The only river besides the Tagus that runs into the sea is the Lis, which empties itself near Leyria. The Tagus, which crosses Estremadura, has its course so interrupted by rocks and cascades, as to be incapable of navigation above Abrantes; but from that city to Lisbon, a distance of thirty leagues, shallops regularly navigate. The right bank, after the Tagus enters Portugal, is mountainous; but the left bank is marshy, sterile land. From Santareiti there is a constant gradual declivity to the city of Lisbon^ and, though fourteen leagues asunder, the capital may be seen from the former city. The rivers which from the north increase the waters of the Tagus, are the Pouzut, the Lysa or Laca, and the Cecere. These descending from the mountains of La Beyra, have an unequal and sometimes dangerous degree of rapidity, being at one time mere rivulets, almost dry, and at others rapid torrents, which inundate the country; but when they do so, they afford means of defence against an invading enemy. Some ranges of high mountains run northward from the Tagus towards Busaco. One spot in these will be long celebrated. The lines of Torres Vedras will not be forgotten as the place where Lord Wellington made his successful stand, and caused to roll back on the invaders the desolation they had spread in their advancing course.
ESZEK, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Farther Theiss, and the capital of a circle of its own name. It is situated on the river Drave, is strongly fortified, and defended by a citadel. It is a place of considerable trade in corn, cattle, and hides, and contains three Catholic and one Greek church, with 10,850 inhabitants. Long. 18. 36. 45. E. Lat. 45. 34. 13. N.
ETAMPES, an arrondissement of the department of the Seine and Oise, in France, extending over 380 square leagues, divided into four cantons and’101 communes, and containing 37,922 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the river Juine, in a most delightfully fruitful neighbourhood. It contains 982 houses, and 7198 inhabitants, who make hats, caps, and hosiery, and dress much leather. Long. 2. 1. E. Lat. 48. 25. N.
ETELENT, a town of the Arabian Irak, on the river Tigris, 66 miles north-north-west of Bassora.
ETEOCLES, in fabulous history, a son of Oedipus and Jocasta. After his father’s death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices that they should both share the royalty, and reign a year each alternately. Eteocles by right of seniority first ascended the throne; but after the first year of his reign had expired, he refused to give up the crown to his brother, according to their mutual agreement. Resolved to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, Polynices went to implore the assistance of Adrastus, king of Argos, received that king’s daughter in marriage, and was soon afterwards assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. Whilst these hostile preparations were making, Eteocles on his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city; he placed himself against his brother Polynices, and opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphonies to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteocles, Hyperbius to Parthenopaeus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood having been shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided by single combat. An encounter accordingly ensued, and was conducted with such inveterate fury that-both combatants fell; nay it is even pretended that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical to each other while living, separated on the burning pile, as if sensible of resentment, and hostile to reconciliation. t .
ETERNITY, an attribute of God, expressing his innnite or endless duration.

Eternity, in Mythology, a divinity among the Romans, who had neither temples nor altars, but who was reptε-sented under the figure of a woman holding the sun in one hand ancļ the moon in the other. The symbols of this i 1 ' vinity were a phoenix, a globe, and an elephant.
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ETESIAE, or Etesian Winds, are such as blow at stated times of the year, from what point soever of the compass •theycome. They are so called from the Greek word tτoς, year, being yearly or anniversary winds, such as are now called monsoons and trade-winds, which in some parts of the world continue constantly blowing in the same direction during stated seasons of the year. Thus the north winds, which during the dog-days constantly blow upon the coasts of Egypt, and prevent all ships sailing out of Alexandria for that season, arc called etesiae in Caesar’s Commentaries; and in other authors, the west and east winds are called etesiae when these continue blowing for certain seasons of the year.

Cellarius endeavours to prove that those winds are properly etesian which blow from that part of the horizon which is between the north and west about the timc of the solstice. In ancient writers they are represented as of a very mild and gentle kind; and are called somniculosi and delicati, from their sleeping or ceasing to blow in the night.
ETFU, or Edfou, a town of Upper Egypt, cclcbrated on account of the sublime temple of Apollonopolis, which, Denon observes (Trnv. ii. 277), is “the most beautiful of all Egypt, and, next to those of Thebes, the largest. Being built,” he adds, “at a period when the arts and sciences had acquired all their splendour, the workmanship of every part is equally beautiful, the hieroglyphics are admirably executed, the figures more varied, and the architecture of a higher order, than in the Theban edifices, the building of which must be referred to an earlier age. Sec article Egypt.
ETHER, an extremely volatile fluid, produced by the distillation of alcohol with an acid. See Chemistry.
ETHERIDGE, or Etherege, Sir George, a wit and comic genius in the reigns of Charles II. and James II. was descended from an ancient family in Oxfordshire, and born in 1636. He travelled in his youth; and, not being able to confine himself to the study of the law, devoted himself to the acquisition of lighter and gayer accomplishments. His first dramatic performance, entitled Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub, appeared in 1664, and introduced him to the leading wits of the time; in 1668 he produced a comedy called She would if she could ; and in 1676 he published his last comedy, called the Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter, which is certainly an elegant comedy, and contains much of the real manners of high life. This piece he dedicated to the Duchess of York, in whose service he then was, and who entertained so great a regard for him, that when, on the accession of James II. she became queen, she procured his being sent as ambassador first to Hamburg and afterwards to Ratisbon, where he continued until his majesty had quitted the kingdom. Our author being addicted to certain gay extravagances, had greatly impaired his fortune, in order to repair which, he paid his addresses to a rich widow; but the lady being ambitious, had determined not to condescend to a marriage with any man who could not bestow upon her a title; and on this account he was obliged to purchase a knighthood. None of our writers has exactly fixed the period of Sir George’s death, though all seem to place it not long after the Revolution. Some say that on this event he followed his master King James into France, and died there; but the authors of the Biographia Britannica mention a report that he came to an untimely death by an unlucky accident at Řatisbon. 1. ving entertained some company at his house, where he ad taken his glass rather too freely, and being, through ns great complaisance, forward in waiting on his guests at their departure, he is said to have tumbled down stairs, broken his neck, and thus fallen a martyr to mirth and jollity. As to the literary character of Etheridge, he seems to have possessed a genius the vivacity of which required little cultivation; for we have no proofs of his having made any attainments in scholarship. His works, however, have not escaped censure on account of that licentiousness which pervades and renders them dangerous to young unsophisticated minds; and the more so on account of the lively wit with which it is as it were gilded or lackered. The only prose production of Etheridge is a short piece entitled An Account of the Rejoycing a t the Diet of Ratisbonne, performed by Sir George Etherege, Knight, residing there from his Majesty of Great Britain ; upon occasion of the birth of the Prince of Wales. In a Letter from himself Printed at the Savoy, 1688.
ETHICS, the doctrine of manners, or the science of moral philosophy. The word is formed from Tjdo¢, nios, ĩjÛĩi, mores, manners; because it is the object of ethics to investigate the manners or conduct of man. See Moral Philosophy.
ETHIOPIA, a name which, as vaguely applied by the ancients, comprehended all Africa south of Egypt, and of the mountain range of Atlas, including Nubia and Abyssinia, but which is, in its more restricted and proper signification, applied to the country which was bounded on the north by Egypt, on the west by Libya Interior, on the east by the Red Sea, and on the south by a part of Africa unknown to the ancients. (See articles Abyssinia and Africa.) Although this vast tract of country must at different timeshave varied in extent, particularly on the side of Libya Interior, where it had no definite or ascertained boundary, yet it seems for many ages to have comprehended the kingdoms of Dongola, Sennaar, and Abyssinia, with part of Adel or Zeila, to have extended seventeen degrees in longitude, and to have reached from the tropic of Cancer to within six degrees of the equator.^[1. Universal History, vol. vii. part 2d, p. 180. London, 1744, fol. ] In a still more limited sense, the term Ethiopia was applied to the island of Meroë, included between the main branch of the Nile and the Astaboras or Tacazze, the capital of which was also called Meroë; and it seems to have formed no part of the country which is now denominated Abyssinia. This region, which conquered Egypt, and which Cambyses, after having subdued that country, vainly sought to conquer, was long involved in mystery; and there is no record of its having ever been reached by any land expedition. Neither Petronius when sent by Augustus against Queen Candace, nor Probus in his expeditions against the Blemmyes, penetrated as far as Meroë; and, in fact, it is only in recent times that the dark cloud under which it was so long hid has been dispelled by the hardy enterprises of Burckhardt and Caillaud, particularly the latter. (See article Abyssinia, and Hceren’s Historical Researches.') To Ethiopia proper the ancients gave various other names, an enumeration of which will be found in the seventh volume of the Universal History, part second, London, 1744, folio.
ETHNARCHA, Ethnarch (formed of dsος, nation, and aξχr l , command), a governor or ruler of a nation.

There are some medals of Herod surnamed the Great on one side of which is found 'Hşŭŵu, and on the other or Herod the Ethnarch. After the battle of Philippi, Antony passed into Syria, constituted Herod and Phasael his brother tetrarchs, in which quality he committed to them the administration of the affairs of Judaea. Herod therefore had the government of the province before the Parthians entered Syria, or before the invasion of Antigonus, which did not happen till six or seven years after Herod commanded in Galilee. Herod was, therefore, truly ethnar'ch, for he cannot be otherwise denominated; so that it must have been during that period the medals were struck which gave him this title; and these medals are a confirmation of what we read in history of the government which that prince was intrusted with before he was raised to royal state. Josephus gives Herod the appellation of tetrarch instead of that of ethnarch ; but the two terms come so near to each other, that it is easy to confound them together. Though Herod the Great left by will to Archelaus all Judaea, Samaria, and Idumea, yet Josephus tells us he was then only called ethnarch.
ETHNOPHRONES, in Antiquity, a sect of heretics in the seventh century, who made a profession of Christianity, but joined thereto all the ceremonies and follies of Paganism, such as judicial astrology, sortileges, auguries, and other divinations.
ETIENNE, St, an arrondissement of the department of the Loire, in France, extending over 450 square miles, lt is divided into nine cantons and seventy-six communes, and contains 107,506 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Furand. It is a large manufacturing place for silk ribbons and other silk goods, and also for ironmongery, as well as for muskets, pistols, swords, and other weapons. It contains 16,295 inhabitants, 1* the neighbourhood is abundance of fossil coal. Long· 4, 15. E. Lat. 45. 22. N.
ETIQUETTE, a French term, primarily denoting a ticket or title affixed to a bag or bundle of papers, and expressing its contents. It is also used, when applied to the Spanish and some other courts, to signify a particular account of what takes place daily in the king’s househol, and of the chief ceremonies which are there observed, t likewise denotes those forms which regulate the decorum of conduct towards persons of various ranks and sta tions.
ETOILE, a town of the department of the Drome, ι∏
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France, where good wine is produced. It contains 2314 inhabitants.
ETNA, or Aetna, a volcano in Sicily. See Aetna.
ETON, or Eaton, a town situated on the left bank of the Thames, and connected with Windsor by a bridge. It is situated in the hundred of Stoke, in the county of Buckingham. The chief object of attraction is the well-endowed college, the most celebrated for the classical scholars it has produced of any institution in the kingdom. It was founded by Henry VI. in 1440, and the foundation scholars, chosen for their proficiency, are transferred to King’s College, Cambridge, of which they are admitted to fellowships as vacancies arise. The buildings are in the Gothic style, well adapted for the accommodation of the provost, masters, and scholars; but those of the latter not on the foundation are boarded and lodged at houses in the town. The number of scholars is about 300. The town depends on the college, has no market, but is supplied from that of Windsor adjoining. The population amounted in 1801 to 2026, in 1811 to 2279, in 1821 to 2475, and 1831 to 3232.
ETRURIA, an ancient province or country of Italy, bounded on the north by Liguria, from which it was separated by the river Macra, now Magra; on the side of Cisalpine Gaul, by the lofty ridges of the Apennines; on the east by Umbria, from which it was separated by the river Tiber; and on the west by the Tuscan Sea. The country thus situated appears to have been one of the earliest seats of European civilization, and the principal source whence Rome derived her laws, customs, and superstitions.
ETSCH, a circle in the Austrian province of Tyrol, which extends over 1400 square miles, comprehending three cities, three market-towns, 310 villages, 12,094 houses, and 99,782 inhabitants. The chief place is Botzen.
ETTLINGEN, a city, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the duchy of Baden, in Germany. It contains 398 houses, and 3429 inhabitants, employed in cotton manufactures, and in making paper, oil, and gunpowder.