pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GILOLO, one of the Molucca islands, in the Eastern Seas, which is of a large size and very irregular form, consisting of a long mainland, extending in length north and south 220 miles, and composed of four large peninsulas, separated from one another by deep bays. It extends from the latitude of 3.10. south, to 0.50. north. The island is generally very fertile, and abounds with bullocks, buffaloes, goats, deer, and wild hogs; but there are few sheep. The sago and fruit-trees flourish here in great abundance; the former yielding to the inhabitants their chief subsistence. This island also produces nutmegs and cloves; but, by the narrow and malignant policy of the Dutch, the trees which produced these spices were rooted up in all places near the sea-coast, or to which there was a ready access by sea. All foreign trade was also discouraged, in order to [7:10:524]prevent the smuggling of spices; and the natives were even prohibited, under severe penalties, from manufacturing cloth. These violent edicts, however, the inhabitants contrived to evade, by secretly sending to the other islands for supplies of material. Ossa bay, on the east coast of the island, is an extremely narrow and deep inlet, penetrating about half way through the island. The town of Ossa, situated on the south side of the bay, in longitude 128. 22. east, and latitude 0. 45. north, affords every convenience for ships touching at the island, either for water, provisions, timber, spars, or other articles. There are several other towns in the island, viz. Maba, Patany, and Weda; but being seldom visited by Europeans, they are little known. This island was formerly under the control of the Dutch; but is at present independent of that or any other European nation, and under the government of several independent rajahs or chiefs. A considerable trade is carried on in their own vessels with Amboyna and the neighbouring islands, whence they import cutlery, cloth, China-ware, gold-lace, iron in bars, opium, piece-goods, and steel. The articles imported are nutmegs, cloves, mace, biche-de-mer, bird-nests, tortoise shells, &c.
GINGEE, a district in the Carnatic, situated between the twelfth and thirteenth degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the east by the sea, along which is the travelling road from Madras to Pondicherry. The English had factories here in the middle of the seventeenth century. It is now comprehended in the southern division of the Arcot collectorship.

Gingek, a town of the Carnatic, and capital of the above district, and a celebrated fortress, which stands on a stupendous rock, and is impregnable by all the ordinary modes of attack. It is said to have been built or improved on an old foundation of the Chola kings, by the son of Vijeya Runga Naik, the governor of Tanjore, in 1442. It was successively strengthened by the Mahommedan kings of Bejapore, who possessed it from 1669 to 1677, and by the Mahrattas, who held it in the year 1698. At this period it was besieged and taken by Zulficar Khan, the imperial general, who appointed Rajpoot governors. They affected independence, and assumed the rank of raiahs. In 1750 it was taken by surprise during a night attack by the French under Μ. de Bussy; but it surrendered to the British after the capture of Pondicherry in 1761. Like all the other hill forts in India, it is reckoned very unhealthy; and the French are said to have lost about twelve hundred of their number during the ten years they held possession of it; on which account it is garrisoned during the peace by a small number of native troops. Long. 79. 34. E. Lat. İ2. 15. N.
GINGERAH, a fortified island on the western coast of India, at the mouth of a river, on the bank of which is situated the town of Dimda Rajepore. This place is celebrated in history, first as being one of the stations of the fleet commanded by the Siddees or Abyβsinians, who were first in the service of the kings of Bijapoor, and deserted with their ships in the year 1661 to Aurungzebe; and, second, it was exposed to a long siege by the Mahratta chief Sevagee.
GIORGIONE, or Giorgio Barbarelm, an eminent painter, was born at Castelfranco, near Trevigi, in 1478. He learned the rudiments of his profession from Giovanni Bellini at Venice, and is said to have derived his first notions of the force of well-adapted lights and shadows, by carefully studying the works of Leonardo da Vinci. Giorgione was one of the first of the Venetian school who broke through the timid and constrained style to which the art was confined at the time of Bellini, and introduced a freedom of outline, a boldness of handling, and a new and animated manner of colouring, unknown before him. De Piles remarks, “that it is a matter of wonder to consider how, all of a sudden, he soared from the low and dry manner of Bellini’s colouring, to the supreme height to which he raised that lovely part of painting, by joining extreme force with extreme sweetness.” Yet, as Pilkington observes, when we reflect that nature and Da Vinci were his models, and that he'had a genius happily qualified to study them judiciously, we may more easily account for that excellence by which he was distinguished. His pictures were much admired by Titian, who copied his style, ’ and improved upon his effects of chiaro-oscuro. His untimely death prevented his acquiring so extensive a celebrity as Titian did; but, as Phillips observes, “in the race of rivalship between these extraordinary artists, it seems probable, had Giorgione’s life been prolonged, he might have surpassed Titian in splendour and vivacity, both of colour and of execution.” Several of Giorgione’s grand compositions in fresco have perished, and those which remain are so materially injured that little of their original beauty is discernible. His easel pictures were few, and now, on account of their scarcity as well as merit, are exceedingly valuable.

In the department of portrait painting Giorgione may be ranked with the greatest masters. His figures are justly esteemed for their grace, dignity, expression, and truth of character. His carnations have more the appearance of real flesh than of being a fine imitation of it. The landscapes of this artist are also admirable. Of his oil pictures the principal are, Christ bearing his Cross, in the church of St Roch at Venice; at Trevigi, St Mark appeasing the Tempest; in the Monte di Pieta, a Dead Christ; and at Milan, the Finding of Moses. Giorgione died of the plague, in the prime of life, in 1511. (z. z.)
GIRALD, Barry, or Giraldus Cambrensis. See Barry.
GIRALDI, Lilio Gregorio, an ingenious critic, and one of the most learned men modem Italy has produced» was born at Ferrara in the year 1479. He was at Rome when it was plundered by the Emperor Charles V.; and having thus lost all he had, and being at the same time tormented by the gout, he struggled through life with ill fortune and ill health. He nevertheless wrote a number of works, which were collected and published at Basil, 1580, in two vols. folio, and at Leyden in 1696. Authors of the first rank have bestowed the highest eulogies on Giraldus, particularly Cassaubon and Thuanus.
GIRAR, a fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah, belonging to the Mahrattas. Long. 79.18. E. Lat. 24. 23. N.
GIRDERS, in Architecture, the largest pieces of timber in a floor. Their ends are usually fastened into the summers or brest-summera; and the joists are framed at one end to the girders.
GIRDLE, a belt or band of leather or other matter, tied about the reins, to keep that part more firm and tight.

It was anciently the custom for bankrupts and other insolvent debtors to put off and surrender their girdle in open court. The reason of this was, that our ancestors used to carry all their necessary utensils, as purse, keys, and the like, fastened to the girdle; and hence the girdle became a symbol of the state, or condition of the individual. History relates that the widow of Philip I. duke of Burgundy, renounced her right of succession, by putting off her girdle upon the duke’s tomb.

The Romans always wore a girdle to tuck up the tunica when they had occasion to do any thing; and this custom was so general, that such as went without girdles, and allowed their vestments to hang loose, were reputed idle and dissolute persons.

Maidens or Virgin's Girdle. It was a custom amongst the Greeks and Romans for the husband to untie his bride’s girdle. Festus relates, that it was made of sheep’s wool, and that the husband untied it in bed; he adds, that it was tied in the Herculanean knot, and that the husband unloosed it, as a happy presage of his having as many children as Hercules, who at his death left no less than seventy behind him.

The poets attribute to Venus a particular kind of girdle called cestus, to which they annexed the faculty of inspiring the passion of love.
GIRGENTI, a province or intendancy in the island of Sicily, comprehending, besides the Vale of Mazzara oh the continent, the islands of Pantalaria and of Lampedoβa in the Mediterranean Sea. It is divided into the three districts of Girgenti, Bivona, and Sciacca, and contains 288,877 inhabitants. The capital, which bears the same name, is a city near the sea, on an elevated spot, but watered by the river whose name it has taken. It contains a cathedral and several other churches, 2844 houses, and 14,882 inhabitants. The haven, which is about four miles from the city, is neither deep nor capacious; but being the only one on the southern coast of Sicily, it is a considerable resort for vessels, who repair to it to procure cargoes of wheat, barley, almonds, pistachio nuts, soda, and sulphur, which commodities are abundantly produced in the vicinity. There are in the neighbourhood many remains of remote antiquity, illustrative of the ancient state of this city, which is said to have once contained 300,000 souls. Long. 13. 43. E. Lat. 37. 23. N.
GIRONS, St, an arrondissement in the department of Arriège, in France, having an extent of 466 square miles. It is divided into six cantons and eighty-one communes, and contains 91,094 inhabitants. The chief place is a town of the same name, in a valley watered by the Salat. There [7:10:529]are some manufactories of woollen goods, and also some tanneries. The population amounted in 1836 to 4282. Long. 1. 1. E. Lat. 42. 58. N.
GIROUT, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and district Etawah. Long. 78. 44. E. Lat. 27.
GISBOROUGH, a market-town of the north riding of the county of York, in the wapentake of East Langborough. It is situated at the mouth of the river Tees, where a bay is formed, having good anchorage for ships. This place worked some mines of alum; but the discovery of others of greater nchness has caused them to be given up. A priory once stood here, richly endowed, but there are no other remains of it except the superb arch of the east window. The narrow vale in which the town stands is highly fertile. The market is held on Saturday, and is well supplied. It is 248 miles from London. The population amounted in 1801 to 1719, in 1811 to 1834, in 1821 to 2180, and in 1831 to 2210.
GITTITH, a Hebrew word occurring frequently in the Psalms, and generally translated wine-presses. The conjectures of interpreters are various concerning this word. Some think it signifies a sort of musical instrument; others, that the psalms with this title were sung after the vintage; and others, again, that the hymns of this kind were invented in the city of Gath. Calmet is rather of opinion that it was applied to the class of young women or songstresses of Gath by whom they were sung. Dr Hammond thinks that the psalms with this title were all set to the same tune, and made on Goliath the Gittite.
GIURGEWO, a city of the Turkish province of Nicooli. It stands on the northern bank of the Danube, and in the principality of Wallachia, but the garrison is Turkish. It has a strong fortress, and the city itself is fortified. The inhabitants amount to 7000, Greeks, Armenians, and Wal-lacħians, with very few Turks, excepting the military, who chiefly reside within the fortress of Turn, which commands the city. Lat. 43. 52. 45. N.
GLACIS, in building, an easy gradual slope or declivity.

Glacis, in Fortification, that mass of earth which serves as a parapet to the covered way, sloping easily towards the champaign or field.
GLADBACH, a town of Prussia, in the government of Cleves, and the capital of a circle of the same name. It is a place which has grown up in a few years to great manufacturing prosperity. It makes large quantities of linen and cotton goods, and many silks; and though within the town the inhabitants do not exceed 2000, yet the villages in contact with it, and forming the suburbs, contain more than 5500 persons.
GLAMOUR, or Glamer, an old term of popular superstition in Scotland, denoting a kind of magical mist, believed to be raised by sorcerers, and which deluded the spectators with visions of things that had no real existence, altered the appearance of those which really did exist, and produced other effects equally wonderful. The eastern nations have a similar superstition, as we learn from the Arabian Nights Entertainments, and other works of oriental fiction.
GLARUS, one of the Swiss cantons, is bounded on the north and on the east by St Gall, on the south by the canton of Gray Bunden, and on the west by those of Uri and Schwytz. It extends over 467 square miles, and contains 26,570 inhabitants. The canton consists of two valleys between the snow-covered mountains Todi, 11,037, and Kistenberg, 10,690, feet in height, towards the south; and towards the north the mountains of less elevation, viz. the Garn, the Hausstoch, the Martinsloch, the Plattenburg, and the Schilt, which vary from 6300 to 8800feet in height. Although the valleys are narrow, they are moderately fertile; but the chief supply for subsistence is derived from the pasture on the mountains, on which, during the summer season, more than 10,000 cows and 5000 sheep are fed. Though the small portion of arable land is well cultivated, it does not produce sufficient corn for the consumption of the inhabitants; but the deficiency is made up partly by potatoes and fruit, and partly by the exchange of Schabzuger cheese and wood, for what is wanted. A part of the inhabitants find employment in manufactures of woollen and cotton, of hosiery and caps, and in what was formerly of greater consumption than at present, namely, making slates for writing, which are sent by the Rhine to Holland. The government is a pure democracy, in which all the inhabitants who possess property have an equal share of political power, and equally assist in defending their country. The executive magistrate is the landamman. The religion is partly Protestant reformed, and partly Catholic. Those of the former sect are the majority, and choose all the magistracy for five years, and the latter for three years. When the Catholics are chosen to offices, they are selected by the Protestants; and when the Protestants’ turn comes, the individuals are nominated by the Catholics. The two sects have their separate tribunals in civil and criminal matters. This canton contributes to the general confederacy 1615 francs yearly, and provides a contingent of 482 men for the common defence of the states.

Glarus, a town, the capital of the Swiss canton of that name, is situated under the mountain Garnish, which is nearly 9000 feet in height. It contains about 3000 inhabitants, who are employed in various manufactures. The general assembly of the cantons is held in a meadow near the town. Long. 8. 57. 50. E. Lat. 47. 2. 43. N.
GLASTONBURY, a town of Somersetshire, in the hundred of Glaston Twelve Hides, 130 miles from London. It is situated in a district of peculiar fertility, and much of the pasture land within the two parishes of which the town consists is of higher value for fattening cattle than any other in the rich county in which it stands. This place was once an island, called in Latin Avalonia. It was surrounded by water forced up by the strength of the tide, but embankments having been made and drains constructed in very remote ages, the land has been con-

, verted into rich pasture. This was effected by the abbot ι and his monks, who, notwithstanding the vast expenditure ï lavished upon their abbey, were the great leaders of the agricultural improvements of their age.

l’ The abbey, founded at a very early period, was, for ex- • tent and wealth, the next to that of Westminster. The ab-

bot was a lord of parliament; and the ruins which remain are sufficient proofs of the magnificence of the whole estaI blishment. Although, as might be expected from its age,: the abbey is in a dilapidated state, yet the architectural beauty of what remains, and especially that of the chapel, causes the whole to be visited with eager curiosity. The abbot’s kitchen is tolerably perfect, and the eastern window of the chapel is worthy of admiration. The legend of the visit of Joseph of Arimathea, and his budding staff converted into a thorn, blooming at Christmas, is well known; as well as that of St Dunstan having taken the devil by his nose with a pair of red hot tongs. Both are related of this place, though the first is doubted and the second ridiculed.

Near the town, upon an insulated and lofty mount, Glastonbury tower is visible from all parts of the surrounding country. It was formerly an oratory, dedicated to St Michael, and afterwards enlarged so as to form a magnificent church and monastery, both of which were destroyed by an earthquake in 1271. Many of the private buildings in the town still display curious decorations of carved work of very ancient date. The present town contains two parish churches, dedicated to St John and to St Benedict. It was an ancient corporation, and returned members to parliament till the year 1539, when the abbot was put to death, and that charter taken away. A new charter was granted in the reign of Queen Anne, under the powers of which the town was governed by a mayor, eight aidermen, and sixteen burgesses. It is now governed, under the municipal corporation act, by four aidermen and twelve councillors. The population amounted in 1821 to 2630, and in 1831 to 2984. There is now but little trade in the town, and the making of stockings, which once afforded employment, is nearly lost. Being on the great road leading from Bristol and Bath to Exeter and Plymouth, there is much travelling, especially of late years, since the roads have been improved.
GLATZ, a strongly fortified city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in Prussian Silesia. It stands on a sand hill above the river Neisse, and is defended by two powerful forts, which command the passes from Austria. It contains five Catholic and two Lutheran churches, several barracks, and 900 houses, with 8600 inhabitants, exclusively of the garrison. It is a place where many manufactories are carried on, especially that of damask table linen, and other goods, both of linen and woollen; also soap-boiling, tannery, and distilling. Long. 16. 34. E. Lat. 50. 23. N.
GLAUCHA, a city of the circle of Erzgeberg, in the kingdom of Saxony. It is in the form of a half moon, situated on the river Mulda, is walled, and contains 742 houses, with 4340 inhabitants, who are employed in the manufactures of various cotton goods.
GLAUCOMA, in Medicine and Surgery, the name of a disease in the eye, in which the crystalline humour is converted into a bluish or greenish colour, and its transparency thereby diminished. The word comes from yλαuxoς, sea-green, sky-coloured, or greyish.
GLAUCUS, a marine god, or deity of the sea. There are a great many fabulous accounts of this divinity; but his poetical history is, that, before his deification, he was a fisherman of the town of Anthedon, and having one day taken a considerable number of fishes, which he laid upon the bank, he on a sudden perceived that these fishes, having touched a kind of herb which grew on the shore, re ceived new strength, and leaped again into the sea; upon which he was tempted to taste of the herb himself, and presently leaped into the sea after them, where he was metamorphosed into a Triton, and became one of the sea-gods.
GLAZIER, an artificer who works in glass. The principal part of a glazier’s business consists in fitting panes of glass to the sashes and window-frames of houses, pictures, and the like, and in cleaning the same.
GLEBE, amongst miners, signifies a piece of earth in which is contained some mineral ore.

Glebe, in Law, the land belonging to a parish church, besides the tithes.
GLENDALAGH, otherwise called the Seven Churches, anciently a celebrated town of Ireland, situated five miles north-west of Rathdrum, in the county of Wicklow, and province of Leinster. The name signifies the valley of the two lakes.
GLISSON, Francis, an English physician, born in 1597, at Rampisham, in the county of Dorset, was educated at Cambridge, and, during forty years, occupied the chair of medicine in that university. In 1634, he was admitted into the college of physicians in London, of which he afterwards became president; and, in 1639, this body appointed him professor of anatomy. He filled this situation with much credit at the commencement of the civil war, when he took refuge in Colchester; but after the surrender[7:10:584] of that city to the parliamentary forces, he went to London, and became a member of that association of learned men which was afterwards transformed into the Royal Society. In 1650, he published his treatise De Rachitide, seu morbo puerili, a malady then new in England, where it had only appeared about thirty years before. Glisson was assisted in the composition of this treatise by Doctors Bate and Regemortes. In 1654, appeared his Anatomia Hepatis, in 8vo, with an appendix concerning the lymphatic ducts, then recently discovered; in 1672, the Tractatus de natura substantia energetica, seu de vita Natura ejusque tribus primis facultatibus; and in 1677, the year of his death, the book De Ventriculo et Intestinis, in 4to, the first work containing conjectures as to the nature of the simple fibre, and an exposition of the innate principle of irritability, as it is denominated by our author. Glisson was also the first who attributed the contraction of the heart, and of the other muscles, to the action of a stimulus on their irritable principle. He likewise treats largely and judiciously of the peristaltic and antiperistaltic motion. The greater part of his works have often been reprinted in different countries. They contain new methods and discoveries, amongst others that of the capsule of the vena porta, at least he had the merit of being the first to examine and describe it with accuracy. He was also the author of a treatise De Lymphaductis nuper repertis, Amsterdam, 1659, which, and his book entitled Anatomica prolegomena et Anatomia Hepatis, are considered as the best of his works. Boerhaave regarded him as the most exact of all the anatomists; and Haller, speaking of one of his works, describee it as an excellent book, “like all those written by the same author.” Glisson’s views on physiology are now held in little estimation. (a.)
GLOBE, in Geometry, a round or spherical body, commonly called a Sphere. Globe is more particularly used for an artificial sphere of metal, plaster, paper, or other matter, on the convex surface of which is delineated a map, or representation either of the earth or heavens, with the several circles of the sphere.

Globes are of two kinds, terrestrial and celestial; both of considerable use, the one in astronomy, and the other in geography, for performing many of the operations in these sciences, in an easy and obvious manner, so as to be conceived without any knowledge of their mathematical principles.

The fundamental parts, common to both globes, are an axis, representing that of the world; and a spherical shell, or cover, forming the body of the globe, on the external surface of which the representation is drawn.