pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TERRA Australis Incognita, a name for a supposed unknown continent lying towards the south pole. It was an object of search to several navigators, among others to Captain Cook, who made the circuit of the Southern Ocean in a high latitude, and came to the conclusion that there could be no continent in that quarter, unless so far south as to be out of the reach of navigation; but he considered the excessive cold and vast fields of ice which he encountered, as proofs of the existence of land near the pole. This question has, however, been set at rest by the recent discoveries of the French under Captain D’Urville, and the American exploring expedition under Lieutenant Wilkes, which by an extraordinary coincidence were made on the same day (Jan. 19, 1840), at the distance of 720 miles from each other. Lieutenant Wilkes states that his discoveries have led him to the following conclusions: “1st, From our discoveries of the land through forty degrees of longitude, and the observations made during this interesting cruise, with the similarity of formation and position of the ice during our close examination of it, I consider that there can scarcely be a doubt of the existence of the Antarctic Continent, extending the whole distance of seventy degrees from east to west. 2d, That different points of the land are at times free from the ice barrier. 3d, That they are frequented by seals, many of which were seen, and offer to our enterprising countrymen engaged in those pursuits, a field of large extent for their future operations. 4th, That the large number of whales of different species seen, and the quantity of food for them, would designate this coast as a place of great resort for them. The fin-backed whale seemed to predominate.

“We proceeded on our cruise to the northward and eastward, with strong gales, until we reached the latitude of certain islands laid down on the charts as the Royal Company’s Islands, about six degrees to the westward of their supposed locality. I then stood on their parallel, and passed over their supposed site; but we saw nothing of them, nor any indication of land in the vicinity. I feel confident, as far as respects their existence in or near the longitude or parallel assigned them, to assert that they do not exist. The last ice island was seen in lat. 51° south.”
TERRACINA, a city of Italy, in the papal delegation of Frosinone. It stands on the sea-shore, at the foot of a hill, where the Pontine marshes terminate. It is the seat of a bishop, has a cathedral, and is surrounded with walls; and being a frontier place, is furnished with a garrison. It is deemed unhealthy, but contains 4170 inhabitants. Near to it are the façade of a temple of Jupiter, and the remains of the palace of Theodoric. It has wood near it, which yields cork. Long. 13. 13. 2. E. Lat. 41. 18. 14. N.
TERRA-NOVA, a city of the island of Sicily, in the province of Noto, on a hill in a healthy situation, on the sea-shore, near the mouth of the river Graccio. It is well built, and contains 8290 inhabitants, who cultivate cotton, and collect much silk, and trade extensively in wheat, barley, soda, sulphur, and pulse of various kinds.
TERRASSON, John, born at Lyon in 1669, distinguished himself in the dispute concerning Homer, between La Motte and Madame Dacier, by writing a “Dissertation Critique sur l’Iliade d’Homère.” Paris, 1715, 2 tom. 12mo. Among other works, he likewise wrote a political and moral romance called Sethos. It is a publication of considerable learning and ability. He published a French translation of Diodorus Siculus. Paris, 1737-44, 7 tom. 12mo. Terrasson is commonly described as Abbe, but he only appears to have been in sub-deacon’s orders. In 1721 he became professor of Greek and Latin in the College of France. Having out-lived his memory, he died at Paris on the 15th of September 1750.
TERRE Napoleon, a tract of coast on the south shore of New Holland, first explored by the French navigator Captain Baudin in Le Géographe. According to Captain Flinders, it is comprised between Lat. 37.36. and 35.40. S. and between Long. 140. 10. and 138. 58. E. making about fifty leagues of coast, in which, Captain Baudin observes, there is neither river, inlet, nor place of shelter; and it has, besides, an appearance of extreme barrenness.
Terre Verte, in the colour-trade, the name of a green earth much used by painters, both singly for a good standing green, and in mixture with other colours. The name is French, and signifies green earth.
TERRIANI or Terrai, a district in Northern Hindustan, situated about the twenty-seventh degree of north latitude, partly comprehended in the British dominions, and partly in those of Nepaul. The word properly signifies marshy land, and is sometimes applied to the flats lying below the hills in the interior of Nepaul, as well as to the low tract bordering on the company’s northern frontier. To the south it is bounded by Gorackpoor, Bettiah, and Tyrhoot. The Terriani of Nepaul is confined between the Gunduck and the Teesta, and is divided into five soubahs or governments, from which however the rajah of Nepaul does not draw any considerable revenue, owing partly to mismanagement, and partly to the low state of the population from the unhealthiness of the country. The western Terriani contains inexhaustible forests of the most excellent timber. The pines of Bechiacori, and the saul trees both of that and of the Jhurjoory Forest, are not surpassed anywhere for straightness or durability, and might be floated south on the Boora Gunduck. Pure turpentine of the Sulla pine might also be procured.

So extremely unhealthy is this dreary tract, that Heber (vol. ii. p. 157) mentions, on the authority of those who had resided in the vicinity, that not only the inhabitants, but every thing which has the breath of life, instinctively deserts it from the beginning of April to October. The tigers go up the hills, and the antelopes and wild hogs make excursions into the cultivated plain; and those who are obliged to traverse the forests during the intervening months, such as military officers or Dak bearers, agree that not so much as a bird can be heard or seen in the frightful solitude. In the time of the heaviest rains, and while the water falls in torrents, the country may be passed in comparative safety. It is during the extreme heat, and while the exhalations are ascending from the damp ground after the rains have ceased, namely, in May, the latter end of August, and the early part of September, that the climate is most fatal. The season is more healthy in October, when the animals return, and the woodcutters and cowmen venture, though cautiously. From the middle of November to March, troops pass and repass without any danger. The forest extends at the foot of the lowest hills in a long black level line, so black and level that Heber remarks it might seem to have been drawn with ink and a ruler. Fever and ague are the diseases to which this district is liable. The inhabitants are few, and unhealthy in their appearance, and are rather decreasing, owing to the fatality of the climate. The principal rivers are the Bhagmutty, the Bukkia, and the Jumne, besides many nullahs and inferior streams.
TERROWEH, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the [7:21:187]province of Allahabad, district of Bundelcund. Latitude not ascertained.
TERTULLIAN, or Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, one of the Latin fathers, was born at Carthage about the middle of the second century. Dr Allix, in his “Dissertatio de Tertulliani Vita et Scriptis,” has remarked that those who suppose him to have flourished about the year 160, have referred his birth to too early a period. His father was a centurion in the legion of the proconsul. The son was well instructed in elegant as well as useful learning, and in particular acquired much skill in the civil law. Having renounced the errors of paganism, he distinguished himself by his able apology for the Christians. It appears from his works that he was married. He became a presbyter of the church of Carthage, and afterwards paid a visit to Rome, where he was a spectator of the games celebrated by the emperor Severus in the year 204. On his return, he embraced the errors of Montanus. He then thought proper to assume the pallium, or robe of the ancient philosophers, and to defend his conduct in a learned and singular tract “De Pallio.” He at length relinquished his connexion with the Montanists, but still retained some peculiar opinions. Tertullian reached an advanced age, and we may perhaps place his death about the year 240. He was a man of much fervour and ingenuity, conjoined with various learning; but his works contain many erroneous, and some pernicious opinions, among which we may class his notion as to the benefit of prayers for the dead. He writes in an African style of eloquence, and his meaning is not unfrequently obscure. Lactantius, no mean judge, has censured him as deficient in ease and perspicuity. The earliest edition of his works was published by Beatus Rhenanus, Basil. 1521, fol. Many editions followed, but we shall only refer the reader to that of Rigault, or Rigaltius, Paris. 1634, fol.^[1. See Du Pin, Bibliothèque des Auteurs Ecclesiastiques, tom. i. p. 106. Dr Kaye, bishop of Lincoln, has published a work of considerable value, under the title of “The Ecclesiastical History of the second and third Centuries illustrated from the Writings of Tertullian.” Cambridge, 1826, 8vo. ] A separate volume, containing the commentaries of former editors, was added in 1635. Some of his treatises have received much learned illustration in a separate form; particularly the Apologeticus from Heraldus, Lutet. Paris. 1613, 4to, and from Havercamp, Lugd. Bat. 1718, 8vo, and the tract “De Pallio” from Salmasius, Lugd. Bat. 1656, 8vo. This tract, very brief in itself, is suffused with an immense stream of erudition.
TERUEL, a department of the southern division of the province of Aragon, in Spain, a rich district, watered by the streams of the rivers Guadalaviar and Alhambra. The borders of the department are mountainous and sterile, but the valleys are very productive. The capital is a city of the same name, upon the river Turia, at the point where it falls into the Alhambra. It is situated on a hill, is surrounded with walls, and is the seat of a bishop. It has a cathedral, seven other churches, five convents tor males and females, and 1200 houses, with 5600 inhabitants, who deal largely in fine wool, and make some woollen cloths. Near the city are the remains of a noble aqueduct constructed by the Romans. There are also mines of quicksilver at some distance from the city, which were formerly worked, but are now abandoned. Lat. 40. 38. 2. N.
TERUNCIUS, a very small brass coin, in use among the Romans.
TERVENGARY, a small Mahommedan town of Hindustan, in the province of Malabar, situated on the banks of a river which is navigable in the rainy season thirty-two miles for canoes. Near this town Tippoo’s forces were decisively defeated by Colonel Hartley’s army. It is twenty-three miles south by east from Calicut. Long. 76. E. Lat. 11. 2. N.
TERZETTO (Ital. ), a musical composition for three obbligati parts, vocal or instrumental. An instrumental terzetto is also called a trio.
TESCHEN, a circle of the Austrian principality of Moravia, usually called a duchy. It is bounded on the north by Prussian Silesia, on the east by Gallicia, on the south by Hungary, and on the west by Perau. It extends over 756 square miles, and contains nine cities or towns, 279 villages, and 161,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, on the beautiful river Elsa. It is well built, is surrounded with walls, and contains one Lutheran and four Catholic churches, and a collegiate institution belonging to each religion. It is a place of considerable trade, and has manufactures of linen and woollen. The situation is fine, and the country around fertile. It is celebrated for the treaty of peace between Austria and Prussia, concluded in 1779. The inhabitants amount to 5860. Long. 12. 27. E. Lat. 49. 41. N.
TESHOO Loomboo is, properly speaking, a large monastery, consisting of three or four hundred houses, the habitations of the gylongs or priests, besides temples, mausoleums, and the palace of the lama or sovereign pontiff of this idolatrous religion of the east This is the seat of his authority, and the capital of all that part of Tibet immediately subject to him. The buildings are all of stone, two stories high, flat roofed. The fortress of Shiggatzee Jeung stands on a prominent ridge of the rock, and commands the pass. From this point roads diverge to Bootan and Bengal, to Lahdack and Cashmere; to the mines of lead, copper, cinnabar, and gold; to Nepaul, to Lassa, and China. Catmandoo, the capital of Nepaul, is estimated to be 400 miles distant. The plain extends fifteen miles on a direct level, and is encompassed on all sides by rocky hills. It is intersected by the river Painomehieu, which at a small distance joins the Brahmaputra. This great river flows here, in a widely extended bed, through many channels, forming a multitude of islands, and its principal channel is narrow, deep, and never fordable. The monastery of Teshoo Loomboo contains no less than 3700 priests for the performance of daily prayer in the temple, and four lamas chosen to superintend the ceremonies. Under the direction of the monastery, there is an extensive establishment for the manufacture of images, in which they excel the Chinese.
TESSELATED Pavements, those of rich mosaic work, made of curious square marbles, bricks, or tiles, called tesselae from their resembling dice.
TESSERA, in Roman antiquity, denoted in its primary sense a cube or die; so called from the Greek word τέσσαgα, or τέσσεgα , four; respect being had to its number of sides, distinct from the two horizontal planes above and below. And it was thus distinguished from the talus, which being round at each end, contained only four planes or faces on which it could stand; and therefore when thrown it had no more than two side faces in view. Hence ludere talis er ludere tesseris are spoken of by Roman writers as two different games. The word tessera was applied to many other things, not so much from a similitude in the figure, as from the relation they bore to some other things of which they were the sign or token; as the points on the upper plane of the die denoted the good or ill success of the cast.

The tessera hospitalis was either public or private. As to the former, we find among the inscriptions published by Gruter instances of two municipal towns which put themselves under the patronage of the Roman governor; and the reciprocal engagement between them, engraved on two copperplates, of an oblong form, with a pediment at the top, is called in both tessera hospitalis. The design of it [7:21:188]was to cultivate or maintain a lasting friendship between private persons and their families, and gave a mutual claim to the contracting parties and their descendants, of a reception and kind treatment at each other’s houses, as occasion offered; for which end those tesserae were so contrived as best to preserve the memory of that transaction to posterity. And one method of doing this was by dividing one of them lengthwise into two equal parts, upon each of which one of the parties wrote his name, and interchanged it with the other. From this custom came the prevailing expression “tesseram hospitalem confringere,” applied to persons who had violated their engagements.

The tesserae frumentariae were small tallies given by the emperors to the populace at Rome, entitling them to the reception of a quantity of corn from the public at stated seasons. The person who had the inspection of these was called tesserarius. They were made of wood and of stone. There was another kind of tessera, which entitled persons to a sight of the public games and other diversions, usually made in an oblong form.

The tessera militaris was a signal given by the general or chief commander of an army, as a direction to the soldiers for executing any duty or service required of them. This, upon urgent occasions, was only vocal; but in ordinary cases it was written on a tablet, commonly made of wood. Besides these civil and military tesserae, there are others which relate to religious affairs, and may be called sacred.
TESSIN or Τιcινο, a canton of Switzerland, in the most southern part of the confederation, extending in longitude from 8° 5' to 8° 58' east, and in latitude from 45° 46' to 46° 33' north. It is bounded on the north by Uri, on the north-east by the Greybunden, on the south-east and south by Venetian Lombardy, and on the south-west and west by the Sardinian dominions. It is 781 geographical square miles in extent, contains twelve market-towns and 212 villages, thirteen monasteries, and seven nunneries, with 113,923 inhabitants in 1838, who all adhere to the Romish church. They are all of the Italian race, and speak that language, except about a thousand, who use a corrupted German, and live in one of the valleys, unconnected with their fellow-citizens. The contingent to the force of the confederation is fixed at 1804, and the pecuniary contribution at L.1127. 10s. It has lately received a new constitution of the representative kind, with a president changed monthly, and an assembly of 114, with another of eleven members. It is a most delightful and picturesque district, where, especially on the southern side, nature is exhibited in the wildest and most fantastic forms, intermingled with the valleys, which present less rugged beauty, and many of them a high degree of fertility. From St Gothard, 9000 feet high, the southern side displays the lakes scattered on the declivities. Although on the mountains there is little or no cultivation, with scarcely any productions except timber, and in a few summer months some butter, yet, on the declivities towards Italy, agriculture is carried on with great success. In some of the valleys prodigious crops of maize are gathered, in others the mulberry trees abound, and much silk is collected; and in most of them wine is extensively produced, though it is not well managed. Hemp, flax, tobacco, and all kinds of fruit, are likewise abundant. By the construction of roads, this canton has recently become more easily accessible, and the inns are much improved.
TESSOUWA, a considerable town in Africa, situated east of Mourzouk, the capital of the kingdom of Fezzan. Near this town a deep and rapid stream is said to have existed, but was overwhelmed by the moving sands so frequent in Africa.
TEST Act is the statute 25 Car. II. cap. 2, which directs all officers, civil and military, to take the oaths, and make the declaration against transubstantiation, in the court of King’s Bench, or Chancery, the next term, or at the next quarter-sessions, or (by subsequent statutes) within six months after their admission; and also within the same time to receive the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper according to the usage of the church of England, in some public church, immediately after divine service or sermon, and to deliver into court a certificate thereof signed by the minister and churchwarden, and also to prove the same by two credible witnesses, upon forfeiture of L.500, and disability to hold the said office. This act, so incompatible with the principles of toleration, and injurious to the rights of dissenters, has happily been repealed by 9 Geo. IV. cap. 17.
TESTAMENT, or Last Will. Testaments, both Justinian and Coke agree, are so called, because they are testatio mentis; an etymon which seems to savour too much of conceit, it being plainly a substantive derived from the verb testari, in like manner as juramentum, incrementum, and others, from other verbs. The definition of the old Roman lawyers is much better than their etymology: ‘voluntatis nostra: justa sententia de eo, quod quis post mortem suam fieri velit which may be thus rendered into English: “the legal declaration of a man’s intentions, which he wills to be performed after his death.” It is called sententia, to denote the circumspection and prudence with which it is supposed to be made; it is “voluntatis nostrae sententia,” because its efficacy depends on its declaring the testator’s intention, whence in English it is emphatically styled his will; it is justa sententia, that is, drawn, attested, and published, with all due solemnities and forms of law; it is “de eo, quod quis post mortem suam fieri velit,” because a testament is of no force till after the death of the testator. Testaments are divided into two kinds; written, and verbal or nuncupative; of which the former is committed to writing; the latter depends merely upon oral evidence, being declared by the testator in extremis, before a sufficient number of witnesses, and afterwards reduced to writing.
TESTUDO, in the military art of the ancients, was a kind of cover or screen which the soldiers formed with their bucklers, by holding them up over their heads, and standing close to each other. This expedient served to shelter them from darts and other missiles, especially those thrown from above, when they went to the assault. The same name was also applied to a large wooden tower which moved on several wheels, and was covered with bullock-hides, serving to shelter the soldiers when they approached the walls to mine them, or to batter them with rams. It was called testudo, from the strength of its roof, which covered the workmen as the shell does the tortoise.
TETBURY, a town of the hundred of Longtrees and county of Gloucester, ninety-nine miles from London. It is on an elevated spot on the borders of Wiltshire. There arc manufactures of woollen cloths. It is moderately well built, and has a good market-house well attended. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 2734, and in 1831 to 2939.
TETHUROA, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, subject to Otaheite, twenty-four miles north-west of Point Venus. Long. 149. 30. W. Lat. 17. 4. S.
TETRACHORD (τετgάχοgδον ), a group of four sounds in melodic succession, and belonging to the ancient Greek system of music.
TETRARCH, a prince who holds and governs a fourth part of a kingdom. Such originally was the import of the title tetrarch; but it was afterwards applied to any petty king or sovereign, and became synonymous with ethnarch, as appears from the following considerations. Pliny makes mention of six tetrarchies within the city of Decapolis; Herod’s kingdom was only divided into three parts, which yet were called tetrarchies, and the sovereigns, Luke iii. 1, tetrarchs; Josephus tells us, that, after the battle of Philippi, Antony, going into Syria, constituted Herod tetrarch; and on medals the same Herod is called ethnarch.
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TETRASTYLE, in ancient architecture, a building, and particularly a temple, with four columns in its front.
TETTUA Moru, a cape on the east coast of New . Zealand, on the north-east point of Poverty Bay. Long. 181. 30. W. Lat. 38. 36. N.
TEUTONES, or Teutoni, a people always by historians joined with the Cimbri; both seated, according to Mela, beyond the Elbe, on the Sinus Codanus, or Baltic; and there, it is supposed, lay the country of the Teutones, now Ditmarsh; diversity of dialects producing the different terms Teu, Tut, Bit, Tid, and Thod, which in the ancient German language signified people. Of these Teutones, Virgil is to be understood in the epithet Teutonicus; an appellation which more lately came to be applied to the Germans in general, and later still the appellation Alemanni. The Teutones, in conjunction with the Cimbri and Ambrones, made war on the Romans, and marched towards Italy in the year 101 b. c. We are told, that the Teutones alone were so numerous, that they were six whole days without intermission in passing the Roman camp. In transalpine Gaul they engaged the consul Marius, but were defeated with incredible slaughter; 100,000 of them, according to the lowest calculations, being killed on the spot. According to others, the number of those killed and taken prisoners amounted to 290,000.
TEUTONIC, something belonging to the Teutones. The Teutonic language is supposed to have been the language of the ancient Germans, and hence is reckoned among the mother-tongues.