pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HIPPODROME, Hippodromus (composed of ίππος, horse, and bgομος, course), in Antiquity, a list or course where chariot and horse races were performed, and horses exercised. The Olympian hippodrome or course was a space of ground of six hundred paces in length, surrounded with a wall, near the city Elis, on the banks of the river Alpheus. It was uneven, and in some degree irregular, on account of the situation; in one part there was a hill of a moderate height, and the circuit was adorned with temples, altars, and other embellishments. Constantinople had a famous hippodrome, which was begun by Alexander Severus, and finished by Constantine. This circus, called by the Turks Atmeidan, is four hundred paces in length, and above a hundred paces in breadth. At the entrance of the hippodrome there is a pyramidal monólith obelisk of granite, about fifty feet in height, terminating in a point, and charged with hieroglyphics. The Greek and Latin inscriptions on its base show that it was erected by Theodosius; the machines which were employed to raise it are represented on it in basso-relievo.
HIPPOLYTE, St, a city of the arrondissement of St Vigan, in the department of the Gard, in France, situated on the river Bidourle, at the foot of the Cevennes, containing 650 houses and 5479 inhabitants, who carry on many tanneries, and considerable manufactures of silk, woollen, and cotton goods.

Hippolyte, St, a town of the arrondissement of Colmar, in the department of the Upper Rhine, in France, on the river Eckenbachc. It contains 500 houses, and 1994 inhabitants, some of whom dig good coals in the vicinity.
HIPPOLYTUS, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, and celebrated in fabulous history for his virtue and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phaedra fell in love with him, and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him to Theseus of offering violence to her person. Her accusation was readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune to punish the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father; and as he [7:11:468]pursued his way along the sea shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of sea calves, which Neptune had purposely sent there, that they ran amongst the rocks, in consequence of which his chariot was broken and his body torn in pieces. Temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Troezen, where he received divine honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored Hippolytus to life.
HIPPOMANES, a sort of poison, famous amongst the ancients as an ingredient in love-charms. The word is Greek, i<ιrκομavtς, composed of ∕⅛05, a horse, and μαvta, fury or madness. At the end of Bayle’s dictionary there is a very learned dissertation on the hippomanes, and all its virtues, both real and pretended.
HIPPONAX, a Greek poet of Ephesus, son of Pythes and Protis (Suid.), who seems to have flourished in the times of Croesus and Cyrus, B. c. 546 (Marm. Arund.), which agrees sufficiently with the statement of Pliny, that he lived about the sixtieth Olympiad (b. c. 540). He was thus about half a century subsequent to Archilochus, to whose history that of Hipponax bears a strong resemblance. Hated by the tyrants of his country, Athenagoras and Comas, he was obliged to fly, and proceeded to take up his residence at Clazomenae, another city of Ionia, where, according to some, he died of hunger and want. In the history of poetry he is celebrated as the inventor of a species of iambic verse, which is called choliambi, because the line is imperfect. It is said that we are indebted for its invention to the circumstance of his dispute with two sculptors of Ephesus, Bupalus and Anthermus, who had exposed the poet to the ridicule of his countrymen by a hideous and grotesque representation of him. The poet took ample revenge on the sculptors by a lampoon of so cutting a character that they are said to have hanged themselves. (Plin. xxxvi. 5; Aelian. V. H. x. 6; Hor. Epod. vi. 11; Callimach. Fragm. xc.) The quality for which he was most distinguished was bitterness; and, in allusion to this, it is said that his grave was strewed with thorn bushes instead of vine branches and ivy. (Alcaeus Messen. Anthol. Palat, vii. 536.) Besides the choliambi, he wrote also poetry in regular iambic measure. Little of the poetry of Hipponax has been preserved; only a few lines quoted by scholiasts and grammarians have been transmitted to us, but these have been carefully collected by W el cher, Hipponactis et Ananii lambographorum Fragmenta, Göttingen, 1817.
HIPPOPODES, Hippopedes, or Hippopodice (composed of i<κ t κος, horse, and <zovς, foot), in Ancient Geography, an appellation given to a certain people on the shores of the Scythian Sea, who were supposed to have had horses’ feet. The hippopodes are mentioned by Dionysius (Geogr. V. 310.), Mela (lib. iii. cap. 6), Pliny (lib. iv. cap. 13), and St Augustin (De Civit, lib. xvi. cap. 8). But it is conjectured that they received this appellation on account of their swiftness. Pennant supposes them to have been the inhabitants of the Bothnian Gulf, and that they were the same people as the Finni Lignipedes of Olaus. They wore snow-shoes, which, he thinks, might fairly give the idea of their being, like horses, hoofed and shod.
HIPPOPOTAMUS, the River-Horse. See Mammalia.
HIRCUS, in Astronomy, a fixed star of the first magnitude, the same with Capella.
HIRE, Philip de la, one of the most laborious and most useful of the French geometricians, was born at Paris in the year 1640. His lather, who was painter to the king, designed to bring up his son to the saïnc profession, and with this view taught him drawing and such parts of the mathematics as are intimately connected with’ it. At the age of twenty he visited Italy to enlarge his knowledge of his favourite art, and resided in that country about four years.

But the study of the mathematics, which he continued to prosecute on his return to his native city, afterwards engaged his whole attention; and the publication of some works having procured him a high reputation, he was chosen a member of the Academy of Sciences in the year 1678. When the minister Colbert conceived the design of constructing a better map of France than any at that time to be met with, Lahire was nominated, in conjunction with Picard, to make the necessary observations; and this engaged his attention for some years in the different provinces. In the year 1683 he was employed in continuing the meridian line which had been commenced by Picard in 1669. He continued it from Paris towards the north, whilst Cassini carried it on towards the south; but on the death of Colbert, which happened the same year, the work was discontinued. He was afterwards employed, in conjunction with other eminent philosophers, in taking the necessary levels for the grand aqueducts about to be constructed by Louis XIV. The works published by Lahire are very numerous; and as he was professor of the Royal College and Academy of Architecture, he must have been* constantly employed. He had the circumspection and prudence of an Italian, which made him appear reserved in the estimation of his versatile countrymen, yet he was regarded by all as an honest and disinterested man. Lahire died in the year 1718, at the advanced age of seventy-eight. His principal works are, 1. Nouvelle Methode de Geometrie pour les Sections des Superficies Coniques et Cylindriques, Paris, 1673, in 4to; 2. De Cycloide Opusculum, ibid. 1676, in 4to; 3. Nouveaux Eléments des Sections Coniques, les Lieux Géométriques, la construction ou affection des Equations, ibid. 1679, in 12mo; 4. La Gnomonique, ou l’art de tracer des cadrans, ibid. 1682, in 12mo; 5. Sectiones Conicae, in ix. libros distributae, ibid. 1685, in folio; 6. Tabulae Astronomie®, Ludovici Magni jussu et munificentia exaratae, ibid. 1702, in 4to; 7. L’Ecole des Arpenteurs, avec un Abrégé du Nivellement, Paris, 1689, in 8vo, reprinted in 1692 and in 1728; 8. Traité de Mécanique, où l’on explique tout ce qui est nécessaire dans la pratique des Arts, ibid. 1675, in 12mo; 9. A great number of He-moires, in different journals, and in the Collection of the Academy. Lahire was besides the editor of the Traite du Nivellement by Picard; of the Traite du Mouvement des Eaux by Mariotte, and joint editor with Boivin and Thévenot of the Veteres Mathematici Grcec. et Latin. 1693, in folio.
HIRSCHBERG, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the Prussian province of Silesia. It stands at the influx of the Zachen into the river Baber. It is well built and fortified, and contains four Catholic churches and one Lutheran, 944 houses, and 6458 inhabitants. It is the great market-place for the sale of the linen cloth of Silesia. The city has declined much in prosperity from the falling off of that branch of industry, which has been encroached on by cotton goods. Long. 15. 36. 35. E. Lat. 50. 54. 39. N.
HIRTIUS, Aulus, a noble Roman who attended on Caesar in his wars against the Gauls, and, when he returned to Rome, became the devoted friend of Cicero. He accompanied him to Tusculum, where he studied the art of declamation under that accomplished orator (Cic. Fam. v ü· 33); and when Caesar returned from his successful expedition against his enemies in Africa, he was employed by Cicero to make his peace with the conqueror. Hirtius continued a firm friend to Caesar, and on his death became^ an equally determined opponent of the ambitious views of Antony. He was elected consul b. c. 43, with Pansa, and, after his recovery from a severe illness, proceeded with his colleague to relieve Brutus, who was besieged in Mutina by Antony. They gained the battle, and put Antony to flight; but Hirtius fell in his attack on the camp (Phil.
[7:11:469]

vii. V.; Fam. X. 33; Liv. Ep. 119). He is supposed by some to have been the author of the eighth book of Caesar’s Commentaries, and also of the Alexandrine, African, and Spanish wars; though the truth of this statement was doubted even in the age of Suetonius.
HISPANIA, called Hesperia Ultima, as being the westernmost part of Europe, and also Iberia, from the river Iberus. The name Hispania is of Phoenician origin, the Phoenicians, who settled several colonies on the coast, calling it Spanjah, from the great number of rabbits in the country. It has the sea on every side, except on that next to Gaul, from which it is separated by the Pyrenees. The Romans at first divided it into the Farther and Hither Spain, which were governed by two praetors. In that state it continued till the time of Augustus, who divided Farther Spain into Baetica, which he left to be governed by a proconsul, and into Lusitania, which he added to his own provinces; calling Hither Spain Tarraconensis. Hispania was anciently celebrated for its fertility. The people were of a warlike turn; and their bodies being formed for hardships and labour, they preferred war to p>ace, and were remarkably prodigal of life.
HISPANIOLA, called also St Domingo. See St Domingo.
HISSAR Ferozch, a large district of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, situated between the 28th and 30th degrees of north latitude, on the western side of the river Jumna. The country is fertile, but labours under a scarcity of water, which detracts from its fertility. It is only watered by one small stream, namely, the Sursutty. In order to supply the means of irrigation, one of the Afghan emperors, who lived in the fourteenth century, caused two canals to be cut, one from the Sutledge and the other from the Jumna, both of which joined at the city of Hissar, whence they are supposed to have been divided into a number of branches, so that the water was nearly all distributed over the lands, and the remainder fell into a lake called Bhedar. Under the influence of this extensive irrigation the country became fertile, and yielded two abundant crops in the year; and, from this circumstance, a part of it received the name of Hurriana, or the verdant mead. All these great works are now ruined; but the country still produces horses, camels, and cattle. The inhabitants are chiefly Jauts, with the exception of a few Rajpoots; there are also villages of Rajpoots who have embraced the Mahommedan religion. This district imports matchlocks, swords, coarse white cloth, salt, sugar, and a small quantity of rice and spices. The exports are horses, camels, bullocks, and ghee. The chief towns are Hissar, Hansy, and Ferozch. During the prosperity of the Mogul government, this district was considered the personal estate of the heir apparent to the throne. It is now parcelled out amongst a number of native chiefs. The town of Hissar is the capital of the district. It was built by Sultan Feroz, who gave previous directions for the digging of the two canals above mentioned; after which he laid the foundations of the town and fortress, which he built of stone brought from the neighbouring hills of Nosa, and was completed in less than three years. Long. 75. 53. E. Lat. 28. 41. N.
HISTRIO, in the ancient drama, signified an actor or comedian; but more especially a pantomime, who exhibited his part by gestures and dancing. Livy informs us that the histriones were brought to Rome from Etruria, in the year of the city 391.
HIT, a village of Irak Arabia, situated on a river of the same name, which is a tributary of the Euphrates. There are abundant pits of bitumen in the neighbourhood, from which it is supposed that supplies were derived for the construction of ancient Babylon.
HITCHEN, a town in the county of Hertford, which gives its name to the hundred, thirty-four miles from London. It was once of some note for its manufactures, but none is left except that of making malt. It is a well-built town, with a good market held on Tuesday, at which much corn is sold. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3161, in 1811 to 3608, in 1821 to 4486, and in 1831 to 5211.
HITTITES, the descendants of Heth. See Heth.
HIVE, a convenient receptacle for bees. See Bee.
HIVITES, a people descended from Canaan, who dwelt at first in the country afterwards possessed by the Caph-torims or Philistines.
HOA1N-Gan-Foo, a large city of China, in the province of Kiangnan, situated on the bank of the great canal, which is above the level of the city, and occasions perpetual danger of inundation. It occupies a large area, including gardens and cultivated grounds; and, from the crowds of spectators seen by the British embassy, it seemed as if there was a numerous population. Long. 118. 47. E. Lat. 53. 30. N.
HOANGHO, or Yellow River, a great river of China, which has its rise in the unknown and mountainous regions of Thibet, probably the loftiest portion of the Asiatic continent. The Hoangho, after entering China, turns to the north, and flows even beyond the limits of the empire. But after winding for a short time, it re-crosses the frontier, and spreads fertility over some of the finest provinces of China. It falls into the Yellow Sea about the thirty-fourth degree of north latitude, at no very great distance from the Yang-tse-Kiang or Blue River, another of the vast streams by which China is watered. The course of the Hoangho is estimated, though with some uncertainty, to be in length about 1800 British miles. Though broad and rapid, it is in many places so shallow as to be unfavourable for navigation. It is also liable to overflow its banks; and it has been found necessary, in consequence, to protect the surrounding country against its inroads, by means of dikes and mounds.
HOARSENESS, in Medicine, a diminution of the voice, commonly attended with a great asperity and roughness of intonation. The parts usually affected are the arteria aspera and the larynx.
HOBAL, in Mythology, an idol of the ancient Arabs, the worship of which at Mecca was destroyed by Mahommed.
HOBGOBLIN is a name vulgarly applied to spectres or apparitions. Skinner calls the word robgoblins, and derives it from Robin Goodfellow, Hob being the nickname of Robin; but Wallis and Junius, with greater probability, derive it from hopgoblins, because they are supposed to hop without moving both their feet.
HOBLERS, or Hobilers, Hobelarii, in our ancient customs, were men who, by their tenure, were obliged to maintain a light horse or hobby, for announcing any invasion from the seaward. The name was also employed to signify certain Irish knights, who used to serve as light horsemen upon hobbies.
HOB-NAIL, a nail with a thick strong head, used in shoeing a hobby or little horse.
HOB-NOB, or Hab-nab, a cant word formed from hap ne hap, and denoting an event which happens at random, or by mère chance.
HOBSON’S Choice, a vulgar proverbial expression, applied to that kind of choice in which there is no alternative. It is said to be derived from the name of a carrier at Cambridge, who let out hackney horses, and obliged each customer to take in his turn that horse which stood next the stable door.
HOCHHEIM, a market-town of the duchy of Nassau, in Germany, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It stands on an elevated spot, at the junction of the Nidda with the Maine. It contains a church, and 440 houses, with 1β50 inhabitants. The neighbourhood is celebrated for producing the best wines of the Rhine, which have generally been known in England by the name of Hock. That of peculiar excellence is, however, the growth of a particular vineyard, which is not more than ten acres in extent, and sells, even when new, at a very high price.
HOCHOU, a walled city of China, in the province of [7:11:502]Kiangnan, about three miles from the banks of the Yang-tse-Kiang. It appears to be about three or four miles in circuit, and to have been at one time more populous than at present. The country around is highly cultivated. It is thirty miles south-west of Nanking. Long. 118. 14. E. Lat. 29. 57. N.
HOCHSTEDT, a town of Bavaria, the capital of the bailiwick of the same name in the circle of the Upper Danube. It stands on the Danube, and contains two churches, 396 houses, and 2240 inhabitants. It is celebrated as the scene of one of Marlborough’s most splendid victories gained in 1704, and as the field of defeat of the Austrians by the French in 1800. Long. 10. 28. 25. E. Lat. 48. 36. 30. N.
HOCUS POCUS, a cant expression, with which the exhibitors of legerdemain tricks generally prefaced their feats. This term is supposed to be a corruption of the words hoc est corpus.
HOD, a sort of tray for carrying mortar, in use among bricklayers.
HODDESDON, a town of the county of Hertford, in the parishes of Amwell and Brockborn, seventeen miles from London. It stands on the river Lea, and on the great road to the eastern counties. It consists of one long street, in the middle of which is a fountain that supplies the town with water. There is a market which is held on Wednesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1221, in 1811 to 1249, in 1821 to 1354, and in 1831 to 1615.
HODMAN, a cant term formerly used for a young scholar admitted from Westminster school to be student in Christ Church in Oxford.
HODNET, a town, or rather a parish, in the hundred of North Bradford, in the county of Salop, on the river Terne, 135 miles from London. It is only remarkable as the birth-place and residence of the late Bishop of Calcutta, Hcbcr. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1S86, in 1811 to 1499, in 1821 to 1795, and in 1831 to 1769.
HODY, Humphry, an eminent English divine, was born at Odcombe, in Somersetshire, on the 1st of January 1659. Whilst yet a boy he discovered a strong propensity to learning, and in 1676 was admitted into Wadham College, Oxford, of which he was chosen fellow in 1684. At the age of twenty-one he published his Dissertation against the History of the Seventy-two Interpreters by Aristeas. In this production Hody shows that the story told by Aristeas as to the occasion of the Septuagint translation is the invention of some Hellenist Jew; that it is full of blunders and anachronisms; and that it was originally circulated on purpose to recommend the Greek version of the Old Testament. This dissertation was received with much approbation by the learned, excepting Isaac Vossius, who having espoused the contrary, could not endure to see a mere youth enter the lists against one of his age and reputation in letters. He therefore published an appendix to his Observations on Pomponius Mela, containing an answer to Hody’s Dissertation, in which, neglecting arguments, he contents himself with indulging in the utmost petulance and scurrility towards his opponent. In 1704, Hody published his four books De Bibliorum textis originalibus, versionibus Greeds, et Latina Vulgata; the first containing his dissertation on Aristeas’s history, the second treating of the true authors of the Greek version called the Septuagint; the third comprising a history of the Hebrew text, the Septuagint version, and the Latin Vulgate; and the fourth giving an account of the other Greek versions, namely, those of Symmachus, Aquila, and Theodotion, with the Hexapla of Origen, and other ancient editions. In 1689, Hody wrote the Prolegomena to the Chronicle of John Malela, printed at Oxford; and in 1690 he was made chaplain to Stillingfleet, bishop of Worcester. The deprivation of the nonjuring bishops involved him in a controversy with Mr Dodwell, and gave occa sion to a number of polemical pieces, which have long ceased to possess any interest. The part which he took in this controversy, however, recommended him to Archbishop Tillotson, who appointed him his domestic chaplain, an office which he continued to hold under Dr Tennyson, Tillotson’s successor. In 1698 he was appointed regius professor of Greek in the university of Oxford, and in 1704 he was instituted to the archdeaconry of the same place. But he did not long survive these preferments, having died on the 20th of January 1705. Hody left behind him in manuscript a valuable work, comprising the substance of his lectures as professor, and containing an account of those learned Greeks who retired to Italy before and after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, and there revived the study of the language and literature of Greece, which had long been entirely neglected. This work was published in 1742 by Dr Jebb, and entitled De Greeds Illustribus linguce Greecae literarumque humaniorum instauratoribus, eorum vitis, scriptis, et elogiis libri, duo ; prefixed to which is an account in Latin of the author’s life, extracted from a manuscript in English left by himself. (a.)
HOE, or How, a husbandman’s tool, made like a cooper’s adze, to cut up weeds in gardens, fields, &c.
HOF, a city of Bavaria, in the circle of Upper Maine. It is situated on the river Saale, is surrounded with walls, and is the seat of the revenue officer of the circle. It contains four churches, an orphan-house, an hospital richly endowed, and 650 houses, with 5730 inhabitants, who find occupation in manufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton goods, and in breweries, distilleries, and paper-making.
HOFFMANNISTS, in Ecclesiastical History, are those sectaries who espoused the sentiments of Daniel Hoffmann, professor in the university of Helmstadt, who maintained that philosophy was a mortal enemy to religion, and that what was true in philosophy was false in theology. These absurd and pernicious tenets occasioned a warm controversy; but Hoffmann was at length compelled by Julius duke of Brunswick to retract his invectives against philosophy, and to acknowledge, in the most open manner, the harmony and union of sound philosophy with true and genuine theology.
HOFGEISMAR, a city of the principality of Hesse Cassel, in the province of the Lower Hesse. It is on the river Esse, is walled, and has two churches, an hospital, and stadthouse, with 420 dwellings, and 2586 inhabitants.
HOG. See Mammalia.
HOG Isle. There are two small islands of this name in the Eastern Seas, one about twenty miles in circumference, lying off the north-eastern extremity of Java. Long. 114. 55. E. Lat. 7. 5. S. This is also the name of another island, sixty miles off the west coast of Sumatra, about forty miles in length, and three in average breadth.
HOGGRY, a river of Hindustan, which has its rise in the Mysore territory, near the fortress of Seva, whence it flows in a northerly direction, and joins the Krishna or Kistnah.
HOGSHEAD, in Commerce, a measure of capacity containing sixty-three gallons, equal to sixteen gallons in Scotland.