pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BOURDEAUX, an arrondissement in the department of the Gironde, in France, extending over 1668 square miles, and comprehending eighteen cantons and 153 communes, with a population of 222,268 persons. The capital is the city which gives its name to the arrondissement. It is the see of an archbishop, and situated in a broad plain, in a circular form, on the left bank of the river Garonne, about 45 miles from its mouth, over which is a bridge 3600 feet in length. It is a well-built city, and, since the return of peace, its trade has flourished, while a great im∙
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t provement has taken place both in its extent and its beauty. Some of the streets are peculiarly striking, especially in the quarter called Chapeau Rouge, as well as several of the ' public buildings, particularly the palace, the grand theatre, the exchange, and the cathedral. As a place of commerce it is superior to any other in France, and vessels sail to and arrive from every part of the world. The chief articles exported are wine, brandy, and liqueurs. It is also a manufacturing city, and in it are large refineries of sugar, snuff and tobacco mills, potteries, glass-houses, and other branches of industry. As a sea-port, Bourdeaux possesses between 300 and 400 ships, employed chiefly in the trade with the colonies. The inhabitants are said to have increased so as now to amount to 100,000, besides the soldiery. Long. 0. 40. 4. W. Lat. 44. 50. 14. N.
BOURDELOT, John, a learned French critic, who lived at the close of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. He distinguished himself by annotations on Lucian, Petronius, and Heliodorus; a Universal History; Commentaries on Juvenal; a Treatise on the Etymology of French words; and several other works which were never published. There was also an Abbé Bourdelot, nephew of John, who changed his name from Peter Michon to oblige his uncle. He was a celebrated physician in Paris, and gained great reputation by a Treatise on the Viper, and other works. He died in 1685.
BOURDON, Sebastian, a painter, born at Montpelier in 1616. He studied seven years at Rome, and acquired so great a reputation, that, on his return to France, he was appointed rector of the academy of painting in Paris, being the first who held that office. He succeeded better in landscapes than in history. His pieces are seldom finished, and those which received his last touches arc not always the finest. The most esteemed of all his performances is the martyrdom of St Peter, drawn for the church of Notre Dame, and kept as one of the choicest rarities of that cathedral. Bourdon was a Calvinist, and much valued and respected, even in a Catholic country, because his life and manners were unexceptionable. He died in 1673, aged fifty-four.
BOURG, an arrondissement of the department of Ain, in France, 672 square miles in extent, comprehending ten cantons and 119 communes, with 111,927 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, on the river Rey-souse, has several cotton manufactories and tanneries, and 7417 inhabitants. Long. 5. 8. E. Lat∙ 46. 12. N.
BOURGANEUF, an arrondissement of the department of the Creuse, in France, comprehending four cantons and forty-nine communes, with 33,249 inhabitants. Its extent is 368 square miles. The chief place is a markettown of the same name, containing 2150 inhabitants.
BOURGES, an arrondissement of the department of the Cher, in France, extending over 942 square miles, containing ten cantons and 121 communes, with 89,594 inhabitants. The chief place, a city of the same name, is situated at the confluence of the rivers Aron and Evrc. It still retains the old Roman walls, and eighty lofty towers.’ It is also the see of an archbishop, and, besides the cathedral, has sixteen churches, and several hospitals and other charitable foundations. The inhabitants are 18,200. Long. 17. 11. E. Lat. 47. 4. N.
BOURGET, Dom John, an ingenious French antiquary, was born at the village of Beaumains, near Falaise, in 1724. He was educated at the grammar school at Cacn, whence he was removed to the university of that place, and there pursued his studies with great diligence and success till 1745, when he became a Benedictine monk of the abbey of St Martin de Seèz. Some time after this he was appointed prior claustral of this abbey, and continued six years in that office. He was then nominated prior of Tiron en Perche; and being translated to the abbey of St Stephen at Caen, in the capacity of sub-prior, he managed the temporalities of that religious house during two years, as he did their spiritualities for one year longer; after which he resigned his office. His superiors, sensible of his merit and learning, removed him to the abbey of Bee, where he resided till 1764. He was elected an honorary member of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1765; and the same year returned to the abbey of St Stephen at Caen, where he continued till the time of his death. These honourable offices, to which he was promoted on account of his great abilities, enabled him not only to pursue his favourite study of the history and antiquities of the principal Benedictine abbeys in Normandy, but likewise gave him access to all their charters, deeds, registerbooks, and other documents. These he examined with great care, and left behind him, in manuscript, large and accurate accounts of the abbeys of St Peter de Jumièges, St Stephen, and the Holy Trinity at Caen, founded by William the Conqueror and his Queen Matilda, with a particular history of the abbey of Bcc, all written in French. The History of the Royal Abbey of Bec, which he presented to Dr Ducarel in 1764, is only an abstract of his larger work. This ancient abbey, which has produced several archbishops of Canterbury, and other prelates of England,, is frequently mentioned by our old historians. The death of Bourget, which happened on new-year’s day 1776, was occasioned by his unfortunate neglect of a hurt he had received in his leg by falling down two or three steps in going from the hall to the cloister of the abbey of St Stephen at Caen.
BOURGUIGNONS, or Burgundians, oneof the northern nations who overran the Roman empire, and at length settled in Gaul. They were of great stature, and warlike in their disposition; for which reason the emperor Valentinian engaged them in his service against the Germans. They lived in tents, close to each other, that they might the more readily unite in arms on any unforeseen attack; and these conjunctions they called burgs, which were to them exactly what towns are to us. Sidonius Apollinaris tells us that they wore long hair, took great pleasure in singing, and were fond of praise for their vocal talents; that they ate enormous quantities, and anointed their hair with butter, deeming that unction extremely ornamental. Their crown was at first elective, and the authority of their kings expired with the occasion that had produced it. They were not only accountable for their own misconduct, but likewise for the accidents of nature and the caprice of fortune; being deposed if they lost a battle, or if they succeeded ill in any enterprise, or if any event did not correspond with the expectations of the public. Nor were they more favourably treated in case of a bad harvest or vintage, or in the event of an epidemical distemper ravaging the state. At first the Burgundians were governed by many kings, and henden was the title of the royal dignity. But in latter times they were subject to one sovereign, and became humane and civilized, especially when Christianity was propagated in their country. Before that epoch their religion was much the same with that of the other northern nations. They had many priests, the chief of whom was distinguished by the name of sinistrus. He was perpetual, and they paid him great respect and veneration.
BOURIGNON, Antoinette, a famous female preacher and pretended prophetess, was born at Lisle in 1616. At her birth she was so deformed that it was debatéâ some days in the family whether it would not be proper to stifle her as a monster; but her deformity diminishing, she was spared, and afterwards attained such a modicum of beauty, or rather so far diminished in ugliness, that she had her admirers. From her childhood to Her old age she had an extraordinary turn of mind. She set up as a reformer, and published a great number of books filled with very singular notions; the most remarkable of w.hic∙b are entitled The Light of the World, and The Testimony of Truth. She was naturally an enemy to reason anti common sense, which she maintained ought to give placeto the illumination of divine faith; and asserted, that whenever any one was born again by embracing hęņdoctrine, she felt the pains and throes of a woman in labour. Of her pretended visions and revelations there have been published many disgusting instances, which we shall not shock the reader by repeating. Besides these and other, extravagancies, she had some very repulsive qualities. Her temper was morose and peevish, her cupidity excessive, her character as a woman questionable, and her habits eccentric and unfeminine. She dressed like a hermit, and travelled through France, Holland, England, and Scotland, where she made a strong party of some thousand secta-rists, known by the name of Boumgnonists. She died at Franeker in October 1680. Her principal works are, 1. Treatise on the Blindness of Men, and the Light born in Darkness; 2. The New Heaven and the Reign of Antichrist; 3. A Treatise on the Solid Virtue; 4. The Renewal of the Evangelical Spirit; and, 5. Innocence recognised and Truth discovered, addressed to the celebrated Arnault!. This strange woman pretended that the true church was extinct, and that God had commissioned her to re-establish it. The object of her works was to guide her followers to an imaginary perfection, and to make them renounce all forms in favour of an interior and mystic worship. Though possessed of a considerable fortune, to which she had succeeded, she never gave any thing to the poor, on the pretence that they might make a bad use of her liberality, and that the benefits we have received from God ought only to be employed for his greatest glory; a strange perversion of the charitable spirit of the gospel. Yet by an absurd though not unfrequent inconsequence of conduct, this woman bequeathed all her property to an hospital. Her mind was lively and acute, her style easy, and her eloquence seductive; endowments which enabled her to make, at different times, a considerable number of proselytes.
BOURNE, a market-town of the hundred of Aveland, in the county of Lincoln, 97 miles from London. It is situated in a pleasant country, very .productive in corn and cattle; and is at the head of a fine stream, which runs to Spalding. The market is held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1474, in 1811 to 1591, and in 1821 to 2029.
BOURO, an island in the East Indian Ocean, between the Moluccas and Celebes. It is well cultivated, and is now subject to the Dutch, who have built a fortress there. Some mountains in it are exceedingly high, and the sea on one side is uncommonly deep. It produces nutmegs and cloves, as well as cocoa and banana trees, besides many vegetables introduced by the Dutch. It is about 50 miles in circumference. Long. 129. E. .Lat. 4. 30. S.
BOUSSAC, an arrondissement of the department of the Creuse, in France, extending over 370 square miles, and comprehending four cantons and fifty-seven communes, with 32,439 inhabitants. The capital is a markettown of the same name, at the junction of the rivers Be-ron and Creuse. ,
BOUTS-RIMES, a popular term in the French poetry, signifying certain rhymes, disposed in order, and given to a poet, together with a subject, to be filled up with verses ending in the same words, and in the same order. The invention of the bouts-rimés is ascribed to one Ducot, a poet, in the year 1649. In fixing the bouts, it is usual to choose such as seem the remotest, and have the least connection. Some good authors fancy that these rhymes are of all others the easiest; that they assist the invention, and furnish new thoughts. Sarrasin has a poem on the defeat of the bouts-rimés. But the academy of Lanternists al Toulouse contributed towards keeping in countenance the bouts-rimés, by proposing annually a set of fourteen, to be filled up oń the glories of the Grand Monarque, and by offering a medal as the reward of the victorious sonneteer.
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The following, filled up by Commire, is a specimen of these conceits:
[table]

^BOUTON. See Booton.
BOUZIERS, ∙ an'arrondissement of the department of the Ardefine, in France,-extending over 519 square miles, and comprehending eight cantons and 144 communes, with 56,157 inhabitants. The chief place is the markettown of the sa⅛e name, on the banks of the river Aisne, which here forms two islands. The inhabitants are only about 1800.
BOVEY-TRACY, a market-town in the hundred of Teignbι k idge and county of Devon, 188 miles from London. It is remarkable for the production of a pipe-clay of great value in the potteries, and for a peculiar kind of coal. A court for the duchy of Lancaster is held here. The market is held on a Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1431, in 1811 to 1485, and in 1821 to 1685.
BOW ISLAND, in the South Pacific Ocean, is situaítíd towards the eastern extremity of the Society Isles. ‰It'is a low-lying island, about ten or twelve leagues in compass, and has the extraordinary figure of a bow. Long. 1 141. 12.'W. Lat’. 18.23. S: < . ..ι,√i> f [7:5:156]
BOWER, in Gardening, a place under covert of trees, differing only from an arbour as being round or square, and made with a kind of dome or ceiling at top, whereas the arbour is always built long and arched.
BOWL denotes either a ball of wood for the use of bowling, or a vessel of capacity to contain liquors.
BOWLDER Stones, small stones of a roundish figure, and no determinate size, found on the sea-shore, and on banks, or rather channels, of rivers.
BOWLING, the art of playing at bowls. This game is practised either in open places, as bares and bowling-greens, or in close bowling-alleys.

The skill of bowling depends much on a knowledge of the ground, and the right choice of a suitable bowl; as for close alleys the flat bowl, while for green swards, plain and level, the bowl as round as a ball is preferred.

The terms used in bowling are, to bowl wide, which is when the bias does not hold, or is not strong enough; narrow, when it is too strong or holds too much; finely bowled, is when the ground is well chosen, and the bowl passes near the block, even though it goes much beyond it; bowling through, or a yard over, is done in order to move the block; an over-bold, is that which goes beyond it; a bowl laid at hand, is that put down within the gamester’s reach to be in the way of the next bowler, and hinder his having the advantage of the best ground; bowling at length, is neither bowling through nor short; a dead length, is a just or exact one; throwing or fiinging, is discharging a bowl with a strength purposely too great for a length, in Order to carry off either the block or some near bowl; bowl-room, or missing wood, is when a bowl has free passage without striking on any other; get ofi', is when a bowl, being narrow, is wanted to be wider; bowl best at block, is that nearest the block; and drawing a cast or bowl, is to win it by bowling nearer without stirring either the bowl or block. A bowl is said to rub when it meets with some obstacle in the ground which retards its motion and weakens its force; and it is gone when far beyond the block. Block signifies a littlebowl laid for a mark, and is also called ∙<njack. Mark is a proper bowling distance, not under so many yards, and being at least a yard and a half from the edge of the green; ground, is a bag or handkerchief laid down to mark where a bowl is to go; lead is the advantage of throwing the block and bowling first; cast, is one best bowl at an end; and end, is a hit, or when all the bowls are out. The game, or up, is five casts or best bowls.

JBowlisg- Green, in Gardening, a kind of parterre in a grove, laid with fine turf, requiring to be frequently mowed, and laid out in compartments of divers figures, with dwarf-trees and other decorations. Bowling-greens are of English origin, but have been adopted by the French and Italians, who have them only for ornament, being unacquainted with or not fancying the exercise, on account of which they were first made in England.
BOWSPRIT, or Boltsprit, a kind of mast, resting slopewise on the head of the main stern, and having its lower end fastened to the partners of the fore-mast, and further supported by the fore-stay. It carries the spritsail, sprit-top-sail, and jack-staff; and its length is usually the same with that of the fore-mast.
BOWYERS, artificers whose business is to make bows; in which sense bowyers are distinguished from fletchers, who made arrows. The bowyers ’ company in London was incorporated in 1620. į
BOX, in its most common acceptation, denotes a small chest or coffer for containing articles.

Dice-Box·, a narrow deep cornet, channelled within, by which the dice are shaken and thrown. This answers to what the Romans called fritillus. Besides the fritillus, the Romans, for greater security, had another kind of dicebox called pyrgus, πvξγog, and sometimes turricula. It was placed immovably in the middle of the table, being perforated or open at both ends, and likewise channelled within; and over the top was fixed a kind of funnel, into which the dice were cast out upon the fritillus, and, descending, fell through the bottom on the table; by which all practising on them with the fingers was effectually pre- .yented.
BOXERS, a kind of athlerae, who combat or contend for victory with their fists. Boxers are the same as the pugiles among the Romans. The ancient boxers battled with great force and fury, so as to dash out each other’s teeth, break bones, and sometimes to kill each other. The disfigurements which the boxers underwent were such that they frequently could not be known, and were thus rendered the subject of many railleries. In the Greek Anthology there are four epigrams of the poet Lucilius, and one of Lucian, in which their disfigurements are pleasantly enough exposed.
BOXHORNIUS, Marc Zuerius, a learned critic, born at Bergen-op-Zoom in 1612, was professor of eloquence at Leyden, and at length of politics and history in the room of Heinsius. He published, 1. Theatrum urbium Hollan-dice, Amsterdam, 1632; 2. Scriptores historice Augustee, cum notis, Leyden, 1632; 3. Poetee satyrici minores, cum commentis, 1632; 4. Notes on Justin, Tacitus; and a great number of other works. He died in 1653, aged forty-one.
BOXING, the exercise of fighting with the fists, either naked or with a stone or leaden ball grasped in them. In this sense boxing coincides with the pugillatus of the Romans. When the champions had o ’ pα∕gα∕, or balls, whether of lead or stone, it was properly denominated 6φαiξομaχιa. The ancient boxing differed from the pugna ccestuum, in which the combatants bad leathern thongs on their hands, and balls to offend their antagonists withal; though this distinction is frequently overlooked, and fighting with the ccestus ranked as part of the business of pugiles. Three species of boxing may be distinguished, namely, where both the head and hands were naked; where the hands were armed and the head naked; and where the head was covered with a kind of cap, called amphotides, and the hands also furnished with the ccestus.

Boxing is an ancient exercise, having been in use in the heroic ages. Those who prepared themselves for it used all the means that could be contrived to render themselves fat and fleshy, that they might be the better able to endure blows. Hence corpulent men or women were usually called pugiles, according to Terence. Siqua est habilior paulo, pugilem esse aiunt. Boxing, among sailors, is used to denote the rehearsing the several points of the compass in their proper order.

Boxing is also used for the tapping of a tree, to make it yield its juice. The boxing of maple·is,performed by making a hole with an axe or chisel in the side of the tree, about a foot from the ground, that the i liquorof which sugar is made may flow out through it.
BOYAR, a term used for a grandee of Transylvania, Wallachia, or Moldavia.
BOYAU, in Fortification, a ditch covered with a parapet, which serves as a communication between two principal trenches.
BOYER, Abel, a well-known glossographer and historiographer, born at Castres in France in 1664. Upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he went first to Geneva, then to Franeker, where he finished his studies, and finally came to England, where he applied himself so as-slduously[7:5:162] to the study of the English language, and made so great a proficiency therein, that he became an author of considerable note, and was employed in writing several periodical and political works. He was for many years concerned in a newspaper called the Post-boy, of which he had the principal management. He likewise published a monthly work entitled the Political State of Great Britain. He wrote a life of Queen Anne in folio, which is esteemed a very good chronicle of that period of the English history. But he is best known by a Dictionary and Grammar of the French language, which he compiled, and which are still reckoned good in their kind. He also wrote, or rather translated from the French of M. de Racine, the tragedy of Iphigenia, which he published under the title of The Victim. It was performed with success at Drury-Lane, and is very far from being a bad play. He died at Chelsea in 1729.

Boyer, in Navigation, a kind of Flemish sloop, or small vessel of burden, having a boltsprit, a castle at each end, and a tall mast, chiefly fitted for the navigation of rivers, and in many of its parts resembling a smack.
BOYNE, a river of Ireland, which rises in Queen’s County in the province of Leinster, and running northeast by Trim and Cavan, falls at last into the Irish Channel a little below Drogheda. It is memorable for a battle fought on its banks between James II. and King William III. in which the former was defeated.
B QUADRO, Quadrato, or Duralx, in Music, called by the French b quarré, from its figure ♯. This is what we call B natural or sharp, in distinction to B mol or flat. If the flat ♭ be placed before a note in the thorough bass, it intimates that its third is to be minor; and if placed with any cipher over a note in the bass, as ♭ 6, or ♭ 5, it denotes that the fifth or sixth thereto are to be flat. But if the quadro ♯ be placed over any note, or with a cipher, in the thorough bass, it has the contrary effect; for thereby the note or interval thereto is raised to its natural order.
BRA, a city of the province of Alba, in the kingdom of Sardinia. It stands on the river Stura, and contains 11,200 inhabitants, who find employment in the cultivation of silk, and the extensive manufacture of silk goods, and in making linen and coarse cloth.
BRABANCIONES, in the writers of the middle age, a kind of Netherlands soldiery, infamous for rapine; a sort of commissioned banditti, who hired themselves to fight for any one who could pay them. The word is variously written by the historians of those days; but every variety is derived from the country of Brabant, which was the chief nursery of these troops. They are also frequently confounded with the Routiers, Roturiers, Ruptarii, Ru-terarii, Corteraux, and others.
BRABANT. See Netherlands.
BRABEUTES, or Brabcuta, in Antiquity, an officer among the Greeks, who presided at the public games, and decided such disputes as occurred among the antagonists in the ġymnastical exercises. The number of brabcutae was not fixed; sometimes there was only one, but more commonly they amounted to nine or ten.