pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CULPEE, a town of Bengal, in the district of Hooghly, situated on the eastern bank of the river Hooghly. The town stands thirty-three miles below Calcutta, at the mouth of a creek which gives shelter to boats from the impetuosity of the tide, which runs there with great violence. Opposite the town is the place of anchorage for large ships which cannot get higher up the river. The shores here are a bed of mud, and the banks of the river are covered with thick jungle; and it is esteemed excessively unhealthy, on account of the swamps and woods by which it is surrounded, insomuch that a European cannot with safety sleep a night on shore. All commanders of vessels ought to prevent their crews from going on shore, and to secure them from the rain and the dew. Long. 88. 25. E. Lat. 22. 6. N.
CULROSS, a royal burgh of Scotland, in the county of Fife, is situated on the northern shore of the Frith of Forth, about twenty-two miles from Edinburgh. This place is of considerable antiquity, and in ancient times possessed a good deal of shipping, and enjoyed a respectable share of maritime commerce, but this traffic has now almost entirely vanished. The antiquities in the vicinity .of Culross are .worthy of notice. At the east end are the ruins of St Mungo’s chapel; near these, on a rising ground, are the remains of a monastery built in 1217 by Malcolm earl of Fife. The chancel and tower of this monastery form a part of the present church; and farther west are the ruins of the old church, which, with the ground around it, is still used as a burying place. In 1821 the population of the town and parish was 1434, and in 1831, 1488.
CULVERIN, a name given to a piece of ordnance or artillery when it was the fashion to apply to cannon fanciful appellations, as, falconet, culverin, and the like. A whole culverin was an eighteen pounder, and a demi-culverin a nine pounder.
CULVERTAILED, among shipwrights, signifies the fastening or letting one timber into another, so as not to slip out, as, for instance, the corlings into the beams of a ship.
CUMAE, in Ancient Geography, a city of Campania, near Puteoli, supposed to have been founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumae of Aeolia before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called Cumaei ; and one of the Sibyls having fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, was called the Curnean Sibyl.
CUMANA, a province of Colombia, bounded on the north and east by the Carribbean Sea, and on the south by the Orinoco. In the western part, towards the coast, the soil is tolerably fertile. The eastern part is dry and sandy, affording nothing but an inexhaustible mine of marine and mineral salt. On the Orinoco the country is fit only for pasturage; other parts are exceedingly fertile. In the interior is a range of mountains, of which Tumeriquisi, the most elevated, is 5900 feet in height.

Cumana, or New Cordova, a town of Colombia, and capital of the above province. It is situated near the mouth [7:7:536] of the Cariaco, about a mile from the sea, on ah arid sandy plain. The climate is hot, earthquakes are frequent, and the houses are low and lightly built. On the 14th of December 1797, more than three fourths of them were destroyed by an earthquake. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in cacao, and other productions of the country. The road is commodious for its depth, and of a semicircular form, which defends it from the violence of the winds. The population amounts to about 20,000. Long. 64. 10. W. Lat. 10. 28. N.
CUMBRAY, Great and Little, two islands in the Frith of Clyde, in Scotland, belonging to Buteshire. See Buteshire.
CUMLY, a small district of Hindustan, in the province of Malabar, South Canara. It is situated on the sea coast, between the twelfth and thirteenth degrees of north latitude. It was formerly governed by a rajah of the Khetni tribe, a military caste from the north of India, who, however, adopted the custom of the Nairs, by perpetuating the succession in the eldest of the female line. The present rajah still resides in the country, but he has neither lands nor authority. By far the greater part of the coast is occupied by a chain of salt-water lakes; but the necks of land interspersed render them of little use for inland navigation.

Cumly, the capital of the above district, twenty-five miles south by east from Mangalore. It is situated on a high peninsula, in a salt-water lake, which is separated from the sea by a spit of sand. Two rivers fall into this lake, and nearly inclose the ground on which the town stands. It consists of a hundred and fifty houses, and is inhabited both by Hindus and Mahommedans. Long. 75. 2. E. Lat. 12. 25. N.
CUNDINAMARCA, the northern part of New Grenada. It forms a department of the republic of Colombia, comprehends the provinces of Bogota, Antioquia, Mariquita, and Neiva, and contains 371,000 inhabitants. The chief place is Santa Fc de Bogota.
CUNDAPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, belonging to the Nizam, thirty-five miles west-south-west from the city of Aurungabad. Long. 75. 32. E. Lat. 19. 37. N.
CUNDWAH, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Khandesh, fifty miles north from Boorhanpoor. Long. 76. 18. E. Lat. 22. 2. N.
CUNEIFORM, in general, an appellation given to any body having the shape of a wedge.
CUNEUS, in Antiquity, a company of infantry drawn up in form of a wedge, in order to penetrate or break through the enemy’s ranks.
CUNINA, in Mythology, a goddess who had the care of little children.
CUNITZ, or Cunitia, Maria, the eldest daughter of Hendric Cunitz, doctor of medicine in Silesia, was born about the beginning of the seventeenth century. She learned languages with amazing facility, and understood Polish, German, French, Italian, Latin, Greek,and Hebrew. She attained a knowledge of the sciences with equal ease, and was skilled in history, physic, poetry, painting, and music: and yet these were only her amusements; for she applied herself to the mathematics, and to astronomy, which she made her principal study,and wasranked amongst the ablest astronomers of her time. Her astronomical tables, which acquired her a prodigious reputation, were printed in Latin and German, and dedicated to the Emperor Ferdinand III. She married Elias de Lewin, M.D. and died at Pistehen in the year 1664.
CUNOCEPHALI, or Cynocephali, in Mythology,from xυωv, dog, and %e<pαλ>1, head, a kind of baboons, or animals with heads like those of dogs, which were wonderfully endowed, and preserved with great veneration by the Egyptians in many of their temples. It is related, that by their assistance the Egyptians found out the particular periods of the sun and moon; that one half of the animal was often buried, whilst the other half survived; and that they could both read and write. This strange story, or fable, Mr Bryant imagines, relates to the priests of Egypt, to the novices in their temples, and to the examinations which they were obliged to undergo before they could be admitted to the priesthood. The death of one part, whilst the other survived, is understood to have denoted the regular succession of the Egyptian priesthood. The cynocephali are also found in India and other parts of the world.
CUNODONTES, or Cynodontes, a people mentioned by Solinus and Isidorus, and by them supposed to have had teeth like dogs. They were probably so denominated from the object of their worship, the deity Khan-Adon, which the Greeks wrote Kuvβδωv, and thence called his votaries Cynοdοntes.
CUPEL, in Metallurgy. See Metallurgy.
CUPELLATION. See Metallurgy.
CUPID, in Pagan mythology, the god of love. There seems to have been two Cupids; one the son of Jupiter and Venus, whose delight it was to raise sentiments of love and virtue; and the other the son of Mars and the same goddess, who inspired wanton and impure desires. The first of these, called Eros, or true love, carried golden arrows, which caused real joy, and a virtuous affection; the other, called Anteros, had leaden arrows, which raised a passion founded only on desire, and which ended in satiety and disgust. Cupid was always drawn with wings, to represent his inconstancy, and in a state of nudity, to show that he had nothing of his own. He was painted blind, to denote that love sees no fault in the object beloved; and with a bow and quiver of arrows, to denote his power over the mind. Sometimes he was placed between Hercules and Mercury, to show the prevalence of eloquence and valour in love; sometimes he was placed near Fortune, to signify that the success of lovers depends on that inconstant goddess. He was also represented with a helmet on his head and with a spear on his shoulder, to indicate that love disarms the fiercest men; and as riding upon the backs of panthers and lions, and using their manes for a bridle, to denote that love tames the most savage beasts. He was likewise pictured riding upon a dolphin, to signify that his empire extends over the sea as well as the land.
CUPOLA, in Architecture, a spherical vault, or the round top of the dome of a church, in the form of a cup inverted.
CUPPERTOOL, a populous town of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, situated on a sandy plain. Long. 74. 2. Ľ. Lat. 30. 32. N.
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CUPPING, in Surgery, the operation of applying cupping-glasses for the discharge of blood and other humours by the skin. See Surgery.
CURACAO, an island in the Carribbean Sea, about seventy-five miles from the continent of South America. This island is about thirty miles long and ten broad. It is not generally fertile, but sugar and tobacco are produced, and large and small cattle are reared. It has several good ports, particularly one on the southern coast, called St Barbara, where a great trade was formerly carried on by the Dutch in African slaves. The principal towns are Curaçao and Williamstadt. The former is well situated, and elegantly built. It is full of storehouses, and provided with every species of merchandise. Williamstadt is considered as the capital.
CURATE, the lowest grade in the church of England; he who represents the incumbent of a church, whether parson or vicar, and performs divine service in his stead. In case of pluralities of livings, or where a clergyman is old and infirm, it is requisite there should be a curate to perform the cure of the church. He is to be licensed, and admitted by the bishop of the diocesc, or by an ordinary having episcopal jurisdiction; and when a c∙urate has the approbation of the bishop, the latter usually appoints the salary too. In such case, if he be not paid, the curate has a proper remedy in the ecclesiastical court, by a sequestration of the profits of the benefice; but if the curate be not licensed by the bishop, he is put to his remedy at common law, where of course he must prove the agreement. A curate having no fixed estate in his curacy, from not being instituted and inducted, may be removed at pleasure by the bishop or incumbent. But there are perpetual curates as well as temporary, who are appointed where the tithes are impropriated, and no vicarage endowed. These are not removeable, and the impropriators are obliged to find them. Some of them have certain portions of the tithes settled on them. Every clergyman who officiates in a church, whether as incumbent or substitute, is called a curate in the liturgy. Curates must subscribe the declaration according to the act of uniformity, or they are liable to imprisonment and other penalties.
CURATOR, among the Romans, an officer under the emperors, who regulated the price of all kinds of merchandise and vendible commodities in the cities of the empire. They had likewise the superintendence of the customs and tributes; and hence they were also called logistae. Curator of an University, in the United Provinces, the holder of an elective office, to which belongs the direction of the affairs of the university; as, the administration of the revenues, the inspection of the professors, and the like. The curators are chosen by the states of each province.
CURB, in the manege, a chain of iron made fast to the upper part of the branches of the bridle, in a hole called the eye, and running under the horse’s beard. It consists of three parts; the hook fixed to the eye of the branch, the chain of links, and the two rings or mailes∙ A large curb, provided it be round, is always most gentle; but care must be taken that it rest in its proper place, otherwise the bit-mouth will not have the effect that may be expected from it.
CURCAS, a name given in Egypt to an esculent root, approaching in taste and virtues to the colocasia. This is also a name given in Malabar to a small fruit of the shape and size of a hazel nut. It is very probable that the curcas of the East Indies may be the fruit called bell by Avicenna, and said to possess the same virtues. Gracias has been led into an error by this similarity of names and virtues, and supposes the curcas of Egypt the same with that of the East Indies.
CURDLING, the coagulating or fixing any fluid body, particularly milk. See Dairy.
CURETES, in Antiquity, a sort of priests or people of the isle of Crete, called also Corybantes. The Curetes are said to have been originally inhabitants of Mount Ida in Phrygia, for which reason they were also called IdoeiDactyli. Lucian and Diodorus Siculus represent them as very expert in the throwing of darts, though other authors provide them with no weapons except bucklers and pikes; but all agree in furnishing them with tabors and castanettas, and relate that they used to dance much to the noise and clashing of these instruments. By this noise, it is said, they prevented Saturn from hearing the cries of young Jupiter, whereby he was saved from destruction. Some authors, however, give a different account of the Curetes. According to Pezron and others, the Curetes were, in the times of Saturn, and in the countries of Crete and Phrygia, what the druids were afterwards among the Gauls and Britons; namely, priests who had the care of all that related to religion and the worship of the gods. Hence, as in those days it was supposed that there was no communication with the gods but by means of divinations, auguries, and the operations of magic, the Curetes passed for magicians and enchanters; and as to these accomplishments they added the study of the stars, of nature, and of poetry, so they were philosophers, astronomers, and poets. Vossius (De Idolat.) distinguishes three kinds of Curetes; those of Aetolia, those of Phrygia, and those of Crete, who were originally derived from the Phrygians. The first, he says, took their name from κouoa, tonsure, because, from the time of a combat in which the enemy seized their long hair, they always kept it cut. But those of Phrygia and Crete, he supposes,'were so called from κουgος, young man, because they were young, or because they nursed Jupiter when he was.young.
CURFEU, Curfew, Courfew, or Couvre-feu, a signal given in cities taken in war, for the inhabitants to go to bed. Pasquin says it was so called from being intended to advertise the people to secure themselves against the robberies and debaucheries of the night.

Curfew-J9cZZ, in French couvre-feu, and in the law Latin of the middle ages, ignitegium, or pyritegium, wasa signal for all persons to extinguish their fires. The most remarkable curfew in England was that established by William the Conqueror, who ordained, under severe penalties, that, at the ringing of the bell at eight o’clock in the evening, all lights and fires should be put out, and every one should go to bed; and hence to this day a bell rung about the time in question is called a curfew-bell. This law was abolished by Henry I. in 1100.

The practice in question was highly necessary to prevent accidents in those ages when the fires were placedin a hole in the middle of the floor, under an opening in the roof to allow the escape of the smoke. This hole was covered up when the family went to bed. The same practice still exists in some countries, particularly in certain parts of Scotland. But besides securing houses against accidents by firc, the law, so generally established in England for extinguishing or covering fires, was probably meant also to check the turbulence which frequently prevailed in the middle ages, by forcing the people to retire to rest, or to keep within doors. From this ancient practice has arisen a custom in Lower Saxony, of people, when they wish to go home sooner than the company choose to separate, saying that they hear the buryerylocke, the burgher’s bell.

The ringing of the prayer bell, as it is called, which is still practised in some Protestant countries, originated in that of the curfew-bell. Pope John XXXIII. dreading that misfortunes were about to befal him, ordered every person [7:7:551] on hearing the ignitegium to repeat the Ave Maria three times, with a view to avert them. When the appearance of a comet, and a dread of the Turks, alarmed all Christendom, Pope Calixtus VIII. increased these periodical times of prayer, by ordering the prayer-bell to be also rung at the hour of noon.
CURIA, in Roman antiquity, was used for the senatehouse. There were several curiae in Rome, as the Curia Cαlαbra, said to be built by Romulus; the Curia Hostilia, by Tullus Hostilius; and the Curia Pompeia, by Pompey the Great.

Curia also denoted the places where the curia, or parish, used to assemble. Each of the thirty curiae of ancient Rome had a temple or chapel assigned to it for the common performance of sacrifices, and other offices of religion, so that the curiae were not unlike our parishes. Some remains of these little temples seem to have subsisted for many ages on the Palatine hill, where Romulus first built the city, and afterwards resided.

Curia, among the Romans, also denoted a portion or division of a tribe. In the time of Romulus, a tribe consisted of ten curiae, or a thousand men; each curia being one hundred. The first division of his people made by that legislator was into thirty curiae. But afterwards curia, or domus curialis, came to be used for the place where each curia held its assemblies. Hence curia passed to the senate-house; and hence also the moderns came to use the word curia for a place of justice, and the judges therein assembled.
CURIATII, three brothers of Alba, who maintained the interest of their country against the Romans, when the latter had declared war against those of Alba. The two armies being equal, three brothers on each side were chosen to decide the contest, the Curiatii by the people of Alba, and the Horatii by the Romans. The first three were wounded, and two of the latter killed; but the third joining policy to valour, feigned to run away; and having thus separated the Curiatii, he took them one after another, and killed all three.
CURIO, the chief and priest of a curia. Romulus, upon dividing the people into curiae, gave each division a chief, who was to act priest of that curia, under the title of curio and flamen curialis. His business was to provide and officiate at the sacrifices of the curia, which were called cu-rionia; and the curia furnished him with a sum of money on this account, which pension or appointment was called curioniurn. Each division had the election of its curio; but all the particular curiones were under the direction of a superior or general, called curio maximus, who was the head of the body, and elected by all the curiones assembled in the comitia curialis.

According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, all the institutions were introduced by Romulus, and confirmed by Numa.
CURIOSUS, an officer of the Roman empire during the lower age, appointed to take care that no frauds or irregularities were committed, particularly in what related to the posts, the roads, &c. and to give intelligence to the court of what passed in the provinces. This rendered the Curiosi people of importance, and putthem in a condition to do more harm than they prevented; for which reason Honorius cashiered them, in the year 415.

The Curiosi nearly resembled what we call controllers. They had their name from cura, care, quod curis agendis et evectionibus cursus publici inspiciendis operam darent.
CURLEW. See Ornithology.
CURMI, a name given by the ancients to a sort of malt liquor or ale. It was made of barley, and, according to the account of Dioscorides, was drunk by the people of many nations instead of wine. He accuses it of causing pains in the head, generating bad juices, and disordering the nervous system; and he also says, that in the western part of Iberia, and in Britain, such a sort of liquor was in his time prepared from wheat instead of barley.
CURNOCK, a measure of corn, containing four bushels, or half a quarter.
CURRAH, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad. It has a fertile soil, which, when well watered, yields all sorts of grain, also sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, and a species of earth impregnated with alkali, which is used as soap. Its capital is of the same name; it is situated on the south-western bank of the Ganges, and extends above a mile on the bank of the river, and about half a mile inland. On the banks of the Ganges, and in the middle of the town, stands an old fort, in the vicinity of which are several Hindu temples. ’The governor of the province formerly resided at Currah; but being removed by the Emperor Acbar, the town has since decayed. It is forty-five miles north-west from Allahabad. Long. 81. 24. E. Lat. 25. 4L N.