pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BONN, a circle in the Prussian government of Cologne, extending over 75 square miles, or 48,000 acres, including, besides the city, three villages on the left bank of the Rhine, with 24,118 inhabitants. It was the estate of the archbishop of Cologne before the sequestration which accompanied the French revolution. The city, which gives name to the circle, is close to the Rhine, in a most beautiful country. Some of the public buildings, especially the palace and the cathedral, are in very good taste. There is a fine market-place and tolerable good streets. It contains 1109 houses and 19,565 inhabitants. It has gained much celebrity since its transfer to Prussia, by the liberal establishment of a university, to the use of which the archiepiscopal palace has been appropriated. A library, apparatus, and botanical garden have been founded, and endowments fixed for professors, among which are to be found some of the most celebrated names in Germany. Long. 9. 38. 40. E. Lat. 50. 24. N.
BONNEE River. This river is formed by the stream of the Soank, which rises in Hindostan, in the district of Chuta Nagpoor and the Burkee river, which it joins in long. 84. 50. E. and lat. 21. 43. N. The united streams pursue a course of about 110 miles, when they take the name of the Bonnce river. Its course afterwards is nearly due east, until it is joined by the Coyle or By-lurnce river, when they flow together into the bay of Bengal, ten miles north from point Palnuras. The whole course from the rise of the Soank may be estimated at 360 miles.
BONNEFONS, or Bonnefonius, Jjdiin, a Latin poet, was born at Clermont in Auvergne in 1554. He studied law under Cujas at Bourges; became an advocate in the parliament of Paris; was appointed lieutenant-general of Bar-sur-Seine; and acquired great reputation by his Pan-charis and other poems. He died in 1612, in the sixtieth year of his age. He must not be confounded with John Bonnefons, his son, another Latin poet, or with Dom Elia Benedict Bonnefons, a benedictine of the congregation of St Maur. The most complete edition of his works is that of Amsterdam, 1767, 12mo, entitled Joannis Bonnefonii, patris, Arverni Opera Omnia.
BONNET, in a general sense, denotes a cover for the head, in common use before the introduction of hats.

Bonnet, in Fortification, a small work consisting of two faces, having only a parapet with two rows of palisades, at about ten or twelve feet distance. It is generally raised before the salient angle of the counterscarp, and has a communication with the covered way, by a trench cut through the glacis, and palisades on each side.

Bonnet a Prctre, or Priest’s Bonnet, in Fortification, is an out-work, having at the head three salient and two rentrant angles. It differs from the double tenaille only in this, that its sides, instead of being parallel, are like the queue d , aronde, or swallow’s tail, that is, narrowing or converging at the gorge, and opening at the head.

Bonnet, in sea-language, denotes an addition to a sail.
BONNEVAL, Claude Alexander, Count de, known in the latter part of his life by the name of Achmet Pasha, descended from an illustrious family ^of Limousin, was born on the 14th July 1675, entered himself at the age of sixteen in the service of the crown, and married the daughter of Marshal de Biron. He distinguished himself at the combats of Dieppe, La Hogue, and Cadiz, where Marshal de Tourville commanded the French fleet; and he made the campaign of Flanders in 1690. But he soon after left the French army, and, entering into the imperial service under Prince Eugene, signalized himself greatly on several occasions, particularly at the battle of Peterwaradin, where the victory was due in a great measure to his intrepidity, and to the resistance which his regiment opposed to a numerous corps of Janissaries. The intrigues of the Marquis de Prie, however, ruined his credit at the court of Vienna, and caused him to be banished the empire. He then offered his services to the republic of Venice and to Russia; and these being declined in both instances, his next tender was to the Grand Signior, who gladly received him. It was stipulated that he should have a body of 30,000 men at his disposal; that a government should be conferred on him, with the rank of pasha of three tails, and a salary of 10,000 aspers a-day; and that, in the event of war, he should be commander-in-chief. The first expedition he engaged in after his arrival at Constantinople, was to quell an insurrection in Arabia Petraea, which he happily effected; and on his return he had large offers made him by Kouli Khan, but he did not choose to accept them. Some time after, he commanded the Turkish army against the emperor, over whose forces he gained a victory on the banks of the Danube. But success does not always protect a commander from disgrace; for Bonneval, notwithstanding his services, was first imprisoned, and then banished to the island of Chio. The sultan, however, continued his friend; and, the evening before his departure, made him pasha of the Archipelago, which, with his former appointment of beglierbey of Arabia, rendered him one of the most powerful persons in the Ottoman empire. In this island he found a retirement quite agreeable to his wishes, but did not long enjoy it, being sent for back, and made topidgee or master of the ordnance, a post of great honour and profit. He died in 1747, at the age of seventy-four. Some doubts have been expressed as to the authenticity of the Mémoires du Comte de Bonneval, which bear to be the production of this singular man, and are unquestionably in many respects highly interesting. The best edition is that of London (Lausanne) 1740-55, in 5 vols. 12mo.
BONONCINI, Giovanni Maria, of Modena, an eminent musical composer, who for some time divided the opinions of the conoscenti in this kingdom, respecting his merits as compared with Handel. An Italian opera, entitled Pharnaces, has the name of Bononcini prefixed to it; but whether the words, or only the music, be his composition, is uncertain. Bononcini is, however, the undisputed author of a work entitled ll MusicoPratico or the Practical Musician, which he published in 1673, and dedicated to the emperor Leopold.
BONONIA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Gallia Belgica, supposed to be the Portus Iccius of Caesar, and [7:4:773]the Gessoriacum of Mela, and to have had three different names. In Peutinger’s map it is called Gessoriacum Bononia. This Bononia corresponds to the modern Bouloqne. Long. 1. 30. E. Lat. 50. 40. N.

Bononia, a town of Italy, in Gallia Cispadana, and probably so called by the Gauls, as there was a Bononia in Gallia Belgica. Its ancient name, when in the hands of the Tuscans, whom the Gauls expelled, was Falsina. In the 563d year of the city the Romans led thither a colony, which, about the beginning of the Actian war, was increased by Augustus. It is the Colonia Bononiensis of Tacitus, and now Bologna. Bononia was also the name of a town in Pannonia Inferior, between Meursa to the north-west and Taurinum to the cast; and there was another Bononia in Moesia Superior, on the Danube, now Bodon in Bulgaria.
BONVINCINO, Alessandro, called Le Moretto, an historical and portrait painter, was born at Rovate in 1514. He was originally a disciple of Titian, under whose direction he studied diligently for some years; but having accidentally seen the designs of Raphael, he gave himself up entirely to the study of those masterpieces of art and genius, and soon became an excellent painter. His works were eagerly bought up, being admired for the tenderness of the penciling, the correctness and expression of the figures, the neatness of the finishing, and the rich variety of his draperies. He was also excellent in portrait, and by many was placed in competition even with Titian himself. He died in 1564.
BONY, a kingdom in the island of Celebes, extending from the river Chinrana to the river Salenico a length of about twenty leagues, along the western shore of the bay or gulf of Bony, which indents the northern shore of the island of Celebes to the depth of nearly 200 miles. This kingdom is of very ancient origin, and was formerly powerful and independent. On the banks of the Chinrana are numerous towns. The country produces gold, rice, sago, cassia, tortoise-shell, pearls, &c. in which a considerable trade is carried on. In advancing farther into the gulf there are several other well-inhabited towns. Near the river Loo the inhabitants are skilful in boat-building; and farther on they have gold, abundance of sago, and also cassia and seed pearl. At the bottom of the bay the sago tree abounds; and there are here spots of foul ground on which they fish for the sea-slug or biche de mer, which they carry to Macassar, and sell to the Chinese who come thither in their junks to trade.

This, according to the accounts of travellers, is the original country of the Buggis, or Buggesses, who were formerly a very powerful people, and arc still remarkably ingenious, excelling in all kinds of curious filagree work in gold and silver; in weaving the striped and checked cotton cloths which are worn in all the Malay islands; in making matchlocks, firelocks, and all kinds of arms and accoutrements; and in building large prows and other vessels. This nation is placed at the head of all the eastern nations for courage, fidelity, and fair dealing in commerce. Their language is reckoned the root of all the various dialects and tongues which have overspread the Asiatic Archipelago. They became known to Europeans only when their empire began to decline.

The sovereigns of Bony are descended from an ancient lineage of kings, whose origin is unknown, and is believed by the Buggis to have been from heaven. In the beginning of the seventeenth century they were compelled to adopt the Mahommedan religion by the Macassars, whose enemies they were also bound to adopt. The country continued to be*ruled by its native sovereigns, and was frequently the scene of bloodshed and civil war, until it was subdued by the Dutch early in the eighteenth century. On the decline of the Dutch power in the East, the state of Bony again attained its independence, which it still retains.
BONZES, Indian priests. See Hindostan.
BOODROOM, or Baudrun, a small town of Asia Minor, in Caramania, situated at the bottom of a deep bay. It is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Halicarnassus, and the vicinity abounds with many relics of antiquity. The houses are irregularly built along the shore, and are interspersed, as is usual in Asiatic cities, with gardens, burying grounds, and cultivated fields; and throughout the streets, and in different parts of the bazar, are scattered fragments of columns and mutilated sculptures. The castle stands on a broad square rock, which projects into the bay, and has a small harbour on the western side, which, though it has fallen into decay, is still convenient and safe, and is frequented by Turkish cruisers. This castle is adorned with the most exquisite sculptures in different parts of the walls, and is said to have been built by the knights of Rhodes in 1402. All access to the interior is forbidden to Europeans; but, according to the information obtained, the decorations within are fully equal to those on the outside. There arc still some traces of the ancient walls, and above the town are the remains of a theatre, about 280 feet in diameter, which appears to have had thirty-six rows of marble seats. Near the harbour is the palace, with some small mosques. The inhabitants consist chiefly of Greeks and Turks, who display the most violent antipathy to each other. Long. 27. 20. E. Lat. 37. N.
BOOGEBOOGE, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Cutch, situated about ten miles inland from the Gulf of Cutch, and possessed by independent chiefs. The port of this district, which is named Muddi, stands at the mouth of a small river, about twenty miles below Boogebooge, and is a place of considerable trade. Long. 69. 45. E. Lat. 23. 15. N.
BOOKSELLER, one who trades in books. Booksellers, amongst us, are the same with the bibliopolae of the ancients, whose office was distinct from that of the libra-rib Petty dealers, or venders of small wares, were distinguished by the diminutive appellation of libelliones. In Rome, the Argiletum was the mart for books, as Paul’s Churchyard, Fleet Street, and Paternoster Row, have been in London.

Booksellers are in many places ranked among the members of universities, and entitled to the privileges of students; as at Tubingen, Saltzburg, and Paris, where they have always been distinguished from the vulgar and mechanical traders, and exempted from various taxes and impositions laid on other companies. An acquaintance with booksellers’ marks or signs, as expressed on the titlepages of their books, is of some use, because many books, especially in the last century, have no other designation. The anchor is the mark of Raphelengius at Leyden; and the anchor, with a dolphin twisted round it, is that of the Manutii at Venice and Rome. The Arion denotes a book printed by Oporinus at Basel; the Caduceus or Pegasus, one printed by the Wecheliuses at Paris and Frankfort; the cranes, by Cramoisy; the compass, by Plantin at Antwerp; the fountain, by Vascosan at Paris; the sphere in a balance, by Janson or Blaew at Amsterdam; the lily, by the juntas at Venice, Florence, Lyons, and Rome; the mulberry tree, by Morel at Paris; the olive-tree, by the Stephens at Paris and Geneva, and the Elzevirs at Amsterdam and Leyden; the bird between two serpents, by the Frobeniuses at Basel; the Truth, by the Commelins [7:4:792]at Heidelberg and Paris; the Saturn, by Colinaeus; the printing-press, by Badius Ascenius; and so of the rest. See Bibliography.

The traffic in books was anciently very inconsiderable, insomuch that the book merchants of England, France, Spain, and other countries, were distinguished by the appellation of stationers, as having no shops, but only stalls or “stands” in the streets. During this state the civil magistrates took little notice of the booksellers, leaving the’ control of them to the universities, of which they were supposed to be the more immediate retainers, and which accordingly gave them laws and regulations, fixed the prices of their books, examined the correctness of these, and punished them at discretion. But when, by the invention of printing, books and booksellers began to multiply, it became a matter of more consequence to regulate their proceedings; and hence sovereigns took the direction of the bibliopoles into their own hands.
BOOM, in naval language, a long piece of timber with which the clew of the studding-sail is spread out; but sometimes the boom is used to spread or boom out the clew of the main-sail.

Boom denotes also a cable stretched across the mouth of a river or harbour, with yards, top-masts, battling, or spars of wood, lashed to it, to prevent an enemy’s coming in.
BOOMING, among sailors, denotes the application of a boom to the sails. A ship is said to come booming forwards when she comes with all the sail she can make.
BOONDEE, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Ajmeer, situated on the southern declivity of a long range of hills, which run nearly from east to west. It is the residence of a rajah, and is tributary to the Mahrattas. The palace of the rajah is fortified, and is a massive building of stone, situated on the brow of a hill Long. 75. 35. E. Lat. 25. 26. N.
BOORHANPOOR, a city of Hindostan, ana the ancient capital of the Khandesh province in the Mahratta territories, situated on the north-west bank of the Tuptee. This was formerly a large city, and when it was in a flourishing condition it extended about ten miles, as is evident from the heaps of ruins that are now scattered about in every direction. Boorhanpoor is the head-quarters of a singular sect of Mahommedans, and the residence of their high-priest. This city was at an early period conquered by the Mahrattas, and has ever since been in a gradual state of decay. During the war with Scindia in 1803 it was taken possession of by Colonel Stevenson’s army without opposition, but restored at the conclusion of the peace in the December following. The travelling distance from Oojein is 154 miles, from Nagpoor 256, from Poonah 288, from Bombay 340, from Agra 508, and from Calcutta by Nagpoor 978. Long. 76. 18. E. Lat. 21. 19. N.
BOORO, an island in the Eastern Seas, situated between the third and fourth degrees of south latitude, and the 126th and 127th of east longitude. It may be estimated at seventy-five miles in length by thirty-eight in average breadth. The island is of an oval shape. The Dutch had a small fortress in the bay of Cajelli, which was destroyed in 1689, since which period they have only had an inclosure of palisadoes, the island not being very profitable to them, as it yielded no spiceries. The island is fruitful, producing large quantities of rice, sago, oranges, lemons, citrons, cocoa-nuts, bananas, and pine-apples; also the cajeput tree, from the leaves of which the cajeput oil is procured. Fine timber grows on this island, and many kinds of beautiful wood, fit for inlaying; besides black and white ebony, and the palm and the teak trees. Ships may be supplied here with rice, cattle, and other refreshments; and the woods abound with wild boars, goats, and deer, and, among the latter, the babirusa, or true hog-deer, as its name implies. The inhabitants of Booro consist of two races besides the Dutch settlers; first, the aborigines or Alfoncse, who live in the interior of the island among inaccessible mountains, and of whom little is known; and secondly, of the Moors or Mahommedans, who inhabit the northern coast, and acknowledge the authority of the Dutch. The southern coast is now deserted, having been much infested by the Papuas from New Guinea. The Chinese trade here for cabinet woods and different species of dye-woods.
BOOROOJIRD, a flourishing city of Persia, in the province of Irak, situated at the foot of a mountain. It is the chief town of a district peopled by a tribe called Lack, who seldom wander far from the spots to which they are partial, but settle in villages, and employ themselves in the im> provement of their estates. The population is 12,000.
BOOSHATTER, formerly the city of Utica, famous for the retreat and death of Cato, lies about seven miles inland from Porto Farina, in the bay of Tunis.
BOOT, a leathern cover or defence for the leg, used to keep that part of the body more firm, and to defend it from the injuries of the weather. Boots seem to have taken their name from the resemblance they bear to a sort of jacks or leathern bottles formerly in use, called bottae in Latin, and in the old French bouts. The Chinese have a kind of boots made of silk or fine stuff, lined with cotton, about an inch thick, which they commonly wear at home. This people, in fact, never stir out of doors without their boots; and their scrupulousness in this respect is the more remarkable, since they are always carried in chairs The boot was much used by the ancient soldiery, foot as well as horse. By the ancient Romans it was called ocrea; by the writers of the middle ages greva, gamberia, bainberga, bembarga or benbarga. It was at first made of leather, and afterwards of brass or iron, and was proof against both cuts and thrusts. Hence the Greeks are denominated brazen-booted and well-booted by Homer.

Boot was likewise a kind of torture for criminals, to extort a confession, by means of a boot, made to squeeze the leg violently, and occasion intolerable pain. (See Wodrow’s History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland.}
BOOTES, a constellation of the northern hemisphere. Arcturus, a star of the first magnitude, is in this constellation.
BOOTON, an island in the Eastern Seas, situated off the south-eastern extremity of Celebes, about the 5th degree of south latitude. It is estimated at eighty-five miles in length by twenty miles in average breadth. It is separated from the island of Pangansane by a narrow strait; and is productive, yielding rice, maize, yams, and a variety of tropical fruits. The inhabitants are of a short stature, and tawny complexion. They speak the Malay language, and are Mahommedans. The Dutch had formerly a settlement here, in the bay of Booton.
BOOTY, whatever is taken from an enemy in time of war. Amongst the Greeks, the booty was the common property of the army, of which the general only claimed a larger share. According to the military discipline of the Romans, spoils taken from the enemy belonged to the republic, particular persons having no right to them. The generals who piqued themselves on their probity carried it wholly to the public treasury. Amongst the Jews the booty was divided equally between the army and the people, although under the kings a different kind of distribution obtained. Amongst the Mahommedans two thirds of the spoils are allowed to the army, and the remaining third to God, to Mahommed and his relations, and to the orphans, the poor, and the pilgrims.
BOPAL, an extensive town of Hindostan, in the province of Malwah, surrounded with a stone wall, on the outside of which is a large gunge or mart, with wide and straight streets. On a rising ground to the south-west of the town is a fort called Futtehgur, built on a solid rock, and surrounded with square towers. Under the walls of the fort is a tank or pond, six miles in length. The town and territory of Bopal are occupied by a colony of Patans. Long. 71. 21. E. Lat. 23. 10. N.
BOQUINIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of heretics, so called from Boquinus their founder, who taught that Christ did not die for all mankind, but only for the faithful, and consequently was only a particular Saviour.
BORACIC ACID (Sassoline or native boracic acid; boraxsaure), in Mineralogy, the only known compound of boron and oxygen, occurs in white pearly scales, which are soft and greasy to the touch, and have an acidulous taste. It fuses easily in the flame of a candle, and yields a glossy globule, which on cooling becomes opake if any gypsum be in combination. When dissolved in alcohol it communicates to the flame a fine green tinge; a test which affords the best possible indication of the presence of boracic acid. Its specific gravity is equal to 1*48; and, according to Berzelius, it consists of boron 25∙83, and oxygen 74∙17. The most celebrated deposit of this substance is the Solfatara, within the ancient crater of Volcano, one of the Lipari isles, where it is sublimated in the form of a thin filament or cake on the surface of the sulphur, and around the fumaroles, whence it arises. These incrustations are composed of small flaky particles, of a delicate silky white colour, very soft, and so greasy to the touch, that a portion invariably sticks to the finger. They are usually not more than an inch in thickness, have sometimes a fibrous structure, and are always more or less tinged with sulphur. It occurs both massive and pulverulent; in which last case the particles form merely a filament or loose covering on the surface of the sulphur, without any attachment or adhesion to each other. Boracic acid is likewise deposited by several of the lagune in Tuscany, and at the hot springs of Sasso, a locality which has procured it the trivial name of Sassoline. The mineral from these deposits, however, differs materially in appearance from that of Volcano. It is grayer in the [7:4:797]colour, considerably harder, and shows traces of indistinct crystalization. Moreover, according to an analysis by Klaproth, the Tuscan variety contains eleven per cent, sulphate of magnesia, an ingredient totally foreign to that from Volcano.
BORACITE, or Borate of Magnesia, in Mineralogy, occurs only in tesselłar crystals, remarkably well defined. These are sometimes translucent, but generally opake, and of a gray or a yellowish-white colour. Their specific gravity is equal to 2∙974, and their contents, according to Pfaff, are, boracic acid 54∙55, magnesia 30∙68, oxide of iron 0∙57, and silica 2∙27. Boracite, before the blow-pipe upon charcoal, intumesces and melts into a glassy globule, which on cooling becomes white and opake. It has hitherto been found only at Luneburg in Brunswick, and at Segeberg in Holstein, imbedded in compound varieties of gypsum and anhydrite.