pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HUE and Cry, in Law, the pursuit of a person who has committed felony on the highway. Of this custom, which is of British origin, the following deduction is given by Mr Whitaker. “When it was requisite for the Britons to call out their warriors into the field, they used a method that was particularly marked by its expeditiousness and decisiveness, and remains partially among us to this moment. They raised a cry, which was immediately caught by others, and in an instant transmitted from mouth to mouth through all the region. And, as the notice passed along, the warriors snatched their arms, and hurried away to the rendezvous. We have a remarkable description of the fact in Caesar, and there see the alarm propagated in sixteen or seventeen hours through a hundred and sixty miles in a line. And the same practice has been retained by the Highlanders almost till our own time. When the lord of a clan received intelligence of an enemy’s approach, he immediately killed a goat with his own sword, dipped the end of a half-burnt stick in the blood, and then gave it and the notice of the rendezvous to be carried to the next hamlet. This was called the cross-tarric, or fiery cross. It symbolically threatened fire and sword to all his followers that did not instantly repair to the rendezvous. The notice was despatched from hamlet to hamlet with the utmost expedition, and in three or four hours the whole clan was in arms, and assembled at the place appointed. This was the ordinary mode by which the chieftains assembled their followers for war. The first person who received the notice set out with it at full speed, delivered it to the next he met, who instantly set out with the same speed, and handed it to a third. In the rebellion of 1745 it was sent by an unknown hand through the region of Breadalbane; and flying as expeditiously as the Gallic signal in Caesar, traversed a tract of thirty-two miles in three hours. This quick method of giving a diffusive alarm is even preserved among ourselves to the present day; but is applied, as it seems from Caesar’s account above to have been equally applied among the Celtae, to the better purposes of civil polity. The hutesium and clamour of our laws, and the hue and cry of our own times, is a well-known and powerful process for spreading the notice and continuing the pursuit of any fugitive felons. The cry, like the clamour of the Gauls or the summons of the Highlanders, is taken from town to town and from county to county; and a chain of communication is speedily carried from one end of the kingdom to the other.”
HUESCA, a city of Spain, in the province of Aragon. It is built at the junction of the two rivers Alcanadre and Isuela, which fall into the Ebro. It is the see of a bishop, and has an episcopal palace, with a very sumptuous cathedral. Within this city is a magnificent university, consisting of two colleges, and both amply endowed. The country around it is highly fertile, and there are manufactories both of linen and woollen. It is a city of very ancient origin, and the walls built by the Romans are still visible around it. It contains 6800 inhabitants.
HUESCAR, a small city of Granada, in Spain. It is near the borders of Murcia, on the banks of the Alman-zora. A canal, projected and commenced here formerly, has been suffered to languish, if not to fall into decay. It was designed to irrigate the lands in Lorca, Totana, and other dry parts of Murcia, and to afford water carriage for timber, hemp, flax, and other stores, from the Sierras de Huescar, to the royal arsenal of Carthagena. This city has a castle, and a population of 3000 inhabitants.
HUFINGEN, a city, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, .in the duchy of Baden, and circle of the Lake. The bailiwick comprehends four cities or walled towns, twenty-seven villages and hamlets, with a population of 10,950 persons. The city stands on the river Bregach, and contains 201 houses, with 1370 inhabitants, subsisting by agriculture.
HUGUENOTS, an appellation given by way of contempt to the Reformed or Protestant Calvinists of France. The name originated in the year 1560, though authors are not agreed as to the occasion thereof; but the following derivations have been suggested. One of the gates of the city of Tours is called the gate Fourgon, by corruption from Jew Hugon, the late Hugon. This Hugon was once Count of Tours, according to Eginhard in his life of Charles the Great, and to some other historians. He was it seems a very wicked man, who by his fierce and cruel temper made himself dreaded; so that after his death he was supposed to walk about in the night-time, beating all those he met with. This tradition the learned Thuanus has not scrupled to mention in his history. Davila and other historians pretend that the nickname of Huguenots was first given to the French Protestants, because they used to meet in the night-time in subterraneous vaults near this gate of Hugon; and what seems to countenance this opinion is, that they were first called by the name of [7:11:719]Huguenots at this city of Tours. Others assign a more illustrious origin to the name; and say that the Leaguers gave it to the Reformed, because the latter were for keeping the crown upon the head of the line descended from Hugh Capet; whereas the former were for giving it to the house of Guise, as descended from Charles the Great. Others again derive it from a French and faulty pronunciation of the German word edignossen, signifying confederates, and originally applied to that valiant part of the city of Geneva which entered into an alliance with the Swiss cantons, in order to maintain their liberties against the tyrannical attempts of Charles III. duke of Savoy. These confederates were called Hignots, whence Huguenots.

The persecution which the Huguenots underwent has scarcely any parallel in the history of religion. Though they obtained a peace from Henry III. in 1576, it was only of short continuance; and their sufferings, mitigated by the famous edict of Nantes, granted to them in 1598 by Henry IV. were again renewed, after the revocation of that edict by Louis XIV. in 1685.
HULK, an old ship of war, fitted with an apparatus to fix or take out the masts of ships of the royal navy, as occasion requires.

Hulk is also a name bestowed on any old vessel laid up as unfit for further service. It is probably derived from the cλxα3sg, or vessels of burthen, of the ancient Grecians.
HULST, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of Friesland and circle of Goes. It is strongly fortified, and, by means of a canal, is connected with Helle-Gat, which is joined to the West Scheldt at Ghent. It contains 400 houses, and (in 1830) 2124 inhabitants. Long. 4. 36. 25. E. Lat. 51. 16. 54. N.
HUMAN, in general, is an appellation given to whatever relates to mankind. Thus we say, the human soul, human body, human laws, and the like.
HUMANITY, the peculiar nature of man, by which he is distinguished from all other beings.

Humanities, in the plural, signify grammar, rhetoric, and poetry, known by the name of literae humaniores.
HUMECTATION, formed of humour, moisture, moistening, in pharmacy, the preparing of a medicine by steeping it for a time in water, in order to soften and moisten it; or to cleanse it, or prevent its subtile parts from being dissipated in grinding, or the like.

Humectation is also used for the application of moistening remedies. In this sense we say, embrocations, em-plasters, unctions, humectations, fomentations, and so on.
HUMIDITY, that quality in bodies by which they are capable of wetting other bodies. This differs very much from fluidity, and seems to be merely a relative thing, depending on the congruity of the component particles of the liquor to the pores of such particular bodies as it is capable of adhering to, penetrating a little, or wetting. Thus, for instance, quicksilver is not moist with regard to our hands or clothes, but may be called so in reference to gold, tin, or lead, to whose surfaces it will perfectly adhere, and render them soft and moist.
HUMILIATI, a congregation of religious persons in the church of Rome, established by some Milanese gentlemen upon their release from prison, where they had been confined under the Emperor Conrad, or, as others say, under[7:11:723] Frederick I. in the year 1162. This order, which acquired great wealth, and had no less than ninety monasteries, was abolished by Pope Pius V. in 1570, for their luxury and cruelty, and their houses given to the Dominicans and Cordeliers.
HUMILIATION, the act of humbling or of abating a person’s pride, and bringing him lower in his opinion. In this sense humiliation is distinguished from mortification; for humiliation brings down the mind, but mortification subdues the flesh.
HUMILITY is a virtue consisting in the moderate value which a person puts upon himself, and every thing relating to him. Or, more particularly, it consists in not attributing to ourselves any excellence or good which we have not; in not overrating any thing which we have or do; in not taking an immoderate delight in one’s self; in not assuming more of the praise of a quality or action than belongs to us; and in a lowly sense and acknowledgment of our imperfections, errors, and sins. This virtue expresses itself in the modesty of our appearance, of our pursuits, and of our behaviour towards other men. It is distinguished from affectation, bashfulness, and meanness.
HUMMOCK Island. There are two small islands of this name, in the Eastern Seas, one fifteen miles south of Mindanao, in long. 126. 37. E. and lat. 5. 24. N. The other, which is inaccessible except at one point, lies in long. 123. 40. E. and lat. 24. 15. N.
HUMOUR, from the Latin humor, in its original signification, stands for moisture in general; and hence it has been restricted to signify the moisture of animal bodies, or those fluids which circulate through them. As the temper of the mind has been supposed to depend upon the state of the fluids in the body, humour came to be synonymous with temper and disposition.

Humour is often made use of to express a particular species or modification of wit. See Wit.
HUMPHREY, Laurence, a learned English divine, was born at Newport-Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, about the year 1527. He received his school education at Cam bridge, and afterwards became a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, where he took his degree as master of arts in 1552. In 1555 he retired, with other Protestant refugees, to Zurich, in Switzerland, where he resided for some time; but after the death of Queen Mary he returned to England, where he was restored to his fellowship in Magdalen College, from which he had been expelled, and, in 1560, appointed queen’s professor of divinity at Oxford. In 1570 he was made dean of Gloucester; in 1580 he was removed to the deanery of Winchester; and, if he had not been disaffected towards the church of England, in other words, a moderate and conscientious nonconformist, he would probably have been raised to the episcopal bench. Humphrey was considered as a great and general scholar, an able linguist, a profound theologian, and, for his time, an excellent writer. He died early in 1590, leaving a wife who had brought him twelve children. His works are, I. Epistola de Graecis literis, et Homeri lectione et imitatione, Basil, 1558; 2. De Religionis conservatione et reformatione, deque primatu Regum, Basil, 1559; 3. De Ratione interpretandi auctores, Basii, 1559; 4. Optimates, sive de Nobilitate, ejusque antiqua origine, Basii, 1560; 5. Joannis Juelli Angli, Episcopi Sarisburiensis, Vita et Mors, London, 1573; 6. Two Latin Orations spoken before Queen Elizabeth, one in 1572, and the other in 1575; 7. Sermons; 8. Some Latin pieces against the Papists, particularly Campian. (a.)
HUNDRED, Hundredum, or Centuria, a part or division of a county, and anciently so called from its containing an hundred families, or from its furnishing an hundred able men for the king’s wars. After Alfred’s dividing England into counties, and giving the government of each county to a sheriff, these counties were divided into hundreds, of which the constable was the chief officer.
HUNFELD, a town of the province of Fulda, in Hesse-Cassel, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, which contains one town and thirty-two villages, with 7633 inhabitants. The town is situated on the river Haun, and has some considerable bleacheries, with 1730 inhabitants.
HUNGERFORD, a market-town of the county of Wilts, in the hundred of Kentbury, but a part of it is within the county of Berks. It is sixty-eight miles from London, on the road to Bath, and is watered by the river Kennet. It has some trade by the Kennet and Avon Canal, both with London and with Bristol. There is a market, which is held on Wednesday. The church is a very ancient building.
HUNINGEN, a town of the arrondissement of Altkirch, in the department of the Upper Rhine, in France. It is on the Rhine, and was strongly fortified till 1815; and being within two miles of the Swiss frontier, was deemed of military importance, as commanding the river. It contains about 1000 inhabitants. Long. 7. 30. E. Lat. 47. 42. N.
HUNTER’S Isles, a cluster of small islands lying oft the north-west extremity of Van Diemen’s Land, and frequented by numerous sea-fowls and seals. Long. 145. E. Lat. 40. 30. S.
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HUNTINGDON, a market-town, the capital of the county of that name, sixty-four miles from London by Buckden, and fifty-nine by Royston. It stands on a level plain on the river Ouse, which is navigable for barges to Bedford, and by which a supply of coals and other heavy articles is conveyed. It contains two parish churches, and a good county-hall, where the assizes are held; and it has a good market, especially for corn, on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor, twelve aidermen, and a common council, and returns two members to parliament by about 380 voters. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2035, in 1811 to 2397, in 1821 to 2806, and in 1831 to 3267.
HUNTSPILL, a town of the county of Somerset, in the hundred of North Petherton, 155 miles from London. It stands on an estuary at the mouth of the river Parret, which there falls into the Bristol Channel. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1012, in 1811 to 1119, in 1821 to 1337, and in 1831 to 1503.
HURDA, a town and small fort of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Khandesh, situated in a country generally open and well cultivated. Long. 77. 18. E. Lat. 22. 24. N.
HURDLE is the name of a sledge used to draw traitors to the place of execution. The Romans had a kind of military execution for mutineers, called putting to death under the hurdle. The manner of it was this: The criminal was laid at his length in shallow water, under an hurdle, upon which were heaped stones, and so pressed down until he was drowned.
HURDLES, in Fortification, are made of twigs of willows or osiers interwoven together, and sustained by long stakes. They are made in the figure of an oblong square, the length being five or six feet, and the breadth three and a half. The closer they are wattled together the better. They serve either to render the batteries firm, or to consolidate the passage over muddy ditches, or to cover traverses and lodgments for the defence of the workmen against fireworks or stones thrown against them.

Hurdles, in Husbandry, certain frames made either of split timber, or of hazel-rods wattled together, to serve as gates in enclosures, or to make sheep-folds, &c.
HURDWAR, or Haredwara, a town of Hindustan, province of Delhi, a great mart of commerce, and a celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage, situated on the west side of the Ganges, where it issues from the northern hills. The town is not large, having only one street about fifteen feet in breadth, and one furlong and a half in length. Pilgrims of both sexes resort annually thither from all parts of India to perform their ablutions in the sacred Ganges. The month of April is the time appointed for this concourse of pilgrims; and great numbers of merchants also attending, one of 'the largest fairs known in Hindustan is held here. It is calculated that in general about 300,000 persons are collected on this occasion; but once in twelve years, when particular ceremonies are observed, the number is increased to a million. In April 1809, it was computed that two millions of strangers were assembled. The chief articles brought thitherfor sale are horses, mules, camels, tobacco, antimony, assafoetida; dried fruits from Cabul, Candahar, Moul tan, and the Punjab; shawls, cloaks, &c. from Cashmere and Amritsir; spotted turbans, looking glasses, toys, with various manufactures in brass and ivory, from Jeypoor; shields from Rohilcund, Lucknow, and Silhet; bows and arrows from Moultan and the Doab; rock-salt from Lahore; baftas and piece-goods from Rahn, a large city in the Punjab; many camels, and a species of flannel, from the Marwar country; and from the Company’s provinces Kharwa muslins, sarsnet, cocoa nuts, and woollen cloths of a coarse quality. The merchants who frequent this fair travel in large caravans, and are frequently infested on the roads by freebooters, who watch their opportunity and cut off stragglers. During the Mahratta dominion, a poll tax and heavy duties were imposed on all the cattle. But these have all been repealed by the British, and every encouragement is now held out to merchants. In such a vast concourse of people from all quarters, disputes were formerly very frequent. But, owing to the strict police maintained by the British, these fairs have lately ended without bloodshed, to the surprise and satisfaction of the vast multitude, who were accustomed to see bloody quarrels at the Hurd war fair. The stream divides itself into three channels at Hurdwar, the principal of which is on the western side, running along a bank named Chand-nee Ghaut. At the foot of the pass into the mountains is a Goorkah fort, belonging to Nepaul, to which many hundreds of slaves are annually brought down from the hills and exposed to sale. The travelling distance from Calcutta by Moorshedabad is 1080 miles, by Birbhoom 975 miles, from Delhi 117 miles, and from Lucknow 311 miles. Long. 78. 2. E. Lat. 29. 57. N.

HURLY-Burly, in vulgar language, denotes confusion or tumult, and is said to owe its origin to two neighbouring families, Hurleigh and Burleigh, which filled their part of the kingdom with contest and violence.
HURON, a vast lake of North America, situated between the 80th and 84th degrees of west longitude, and between the 43d and 46th degrees of north latitude; from which the country contiguous to it is called the country of the Hurons, a people whose language is spoken over a great extent of America.
HURREEPORE, in Hindustan, the capital of a district of the same name belonging to the Sikhs, which is situated between the 32d and 33d degrees of north latitude, and is intersected by the Beyah river. The town is situated in the province of Lahore, 100 miles eastnorth-east from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 31. E. Lat. 24. 19. N.
HURRIAL, a town of Bengal, district of Rajesky, where the East India Company have a commercial residency for the purchase of cloths. The adjoining country is under water during the rainy season, and the town can only at that time be approached in boats. Long. 89. 17. E. Lat. 24. 19. N.
HURRICANE, a general name for any violent storm of wind, but commonly applied to those storms which happen in the warmer climates, and greatly exceed the most violent storms known in Europe.
HURST, Hyrst, or Herst, are derived from the Saxon hyrst, meaning a wood, or grove of trees. There are many places in Kent, Sussex, and Hampshire, which begin and end with this syllable; and the reason may be, because the great wood called Andreswald extended through these counties.
HUSBANDRY, as defined by some, includes not only agriculture, but several other branches connected with it, such as the rearing of cattle, the management of the dairy, making butter and cheese, raising flax, timber, and so forth. See Agriculture.
HUSSARS, a term which originally signified the national cavalry of Hungary and Croatia, a species of light horse, which acted as irregular troops, and in that capacity were found highly serviceable. Hussars were first introduced into the French service in 1692, when they were formed on the model of the Hungarian cavalry, which had been subsidised by France before the reign of Louis XIII. In all the European armies of the present day, hussars are light horse, and differ from light dragoons only in some peculiarities of dress and equipment.
HUSSEINPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi and district of Bareily, sixty-five miles east from Delhi. Long. 78. 13. E. Lat. 28. 44. N.
HUSSENABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Khandesh, and belonging to the Mahrattas. It is situated on the south side of the Nerbuddah, sixty miles south from Bilsah. Long. 77. 53. E. Lat. 23. 40. N.
HUSTINGS (from the Saxon word hustinge, meaning concilium or curia), a court held in Guildhall before the lord mayor and aidermen of London. This court is very ancient, as appears by the laws of Edward the Confessor. Some other cities have likewise had a court bearing the same name, as Winchester and York. But this term is now applied to those temporary structures where the business of elections is conducted.
HUSTNAPORE, or Hustinagara, formerly one of the most ancient and famous cities of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, and for ages the capital of a powerful Hindu dynasty, of which the remote history is involved in obscurity. It was founded by Rajah Hasti, and is much celebrated in the Hindu mythological poems. This city has long been in ruins, and is now covered with large ant-hills. It is about twenty miles south-west from Daranagur, on a branch of the Ganges, formerly the bed of that river. Long. 77. 56. E. Lat. 29. 7. N.
HUSUM, a city of Denmark, in the province of Sleswick, the capital of a bailiwick of its own name, at the mouth of the river Hever. It contains several public buildings, 800 houses, and 3700 inhabitants, and was, during one period of the revolutionary war, from being neutral, converted into a place of great trade in colonial produce, which was conveyed from the stores in Heligoland, and distributed over the continent by smugglers. Long. 9. 6. E. Lat. 54. 32. N.
HUSZK, a market-town of the circle of Marmaros, in the province of Hither Theiss, in Hungary, composed of two parts, Koszeg and Boryana, containing a Catholic, a Unitarian, and a Reformed church, and 4200 inhabitants. Long. 23. 42. 42. E. Lat. 43. 9. II. N.