pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MULLENBACH, a city of Hungary, in the province of the Siebenbergen, in the part distinguished as the land of the Saxons. It is the capital of a circle extending over 116 square miles, with a population of about 22,000 persons. It stands on a river of the same name, is surrounded with walls, and has two extensive suburbs. It contains a Catholic, a Greek, a Calvinist, and a Unitarian church, with 600 houses, and 4115 inhabitants, employed in agriculture and in the cultivation of vineyards. Long. 22. 30. 15. E. Lat. 45. 57. 48. N.
MULLER, or Regiomontanus, John, a celebrated astronomer of the fifteenth century, was born at Konings-hoven, in Franconia, in 1,436, and acquired great reputation by publishing an abridgment of Ptolemy’s Almagest, which had been commenced by Purbach. He went to Rome to perfect himself in the Greek tongue, and to visit Cardinal Bassarion; but finding some faults in the Latin translation of George de Trebizond, the translator’s son assassinated him in a second journey which he made to Rome in 1476, where Pope Sixtus IV. had provided for him the archbishopric of Ratisbon, and had sent for him to reform the calendar. But others state that he died of the plague.

Muller, or Mullar, denotes a stone flat and even at the bottom, but round at the top, being used for grinding substances on.a marble. The apothecaries use mullers to pre pare many of their testaceous powders; and painters for their colours, either dry or in oil.

Muller is also an instrument used by the glass-grinders, being a piece of wood, to one end of which is cemented the glass to be ground, whether convex in a bason, or concave in a sphere or bowl. The muller is commonly about six inches long, and rounded by turning; the cement used is composed of ashes and pitch.
MULLINGAR, the county town of Westmeath, in the province of Leinster, in Ireland, is forty-eight miles from Dublin. Long. 7, 19. W. Lat. 53. 32. N. It is situated on the river Hoyle, and the Royal Canal passes by the town. It holds fairs four times a year, in which a considerable trade is carried on in cattle. The living is a vicarage in the diocese of Meath, with a church and parsonage upon a glebe of two acres, built in 1812. In the year 1227 the priory of St Mary, formerly known by the name of The House of God of Mullingar, was founded by Ralph de Petyt, bishop of Meath, for regular canons of the order of St Augustin. A Dominican friary was also founded here in 1237, by the family of Nugent; and some ruins of it still remain. In 1622 the friars of Multifarnham began to erect a house for friars of the order of St Francis, but it was never completed. The population of the parish in 1831 was 8869.
MULTAPPY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, sixty miles N. N. E. from Ellichpoor. Long. 78. 28. E. Lat. 22. 19. N.
MULTIPLEMULITPLE, in Arithmetic, a number which comprehends some other several times. Thus 6 is a multiple of 2, and 12 is a multiple of 6, 4, and 3, comprehending the first twice, the second thrice, and the third four times.
MULTIPLICAND, the number to be multiplied by another.
MULTIPLICATION, in general, the act of increasing the number of any thing.

Multiplication is a rule by which any given number may be increased, according to any number of times proposed. See Arithmetic.
MULTIPLICATOR, or Multiplier, in Arithmetic, the number by which any other is multiplied, or the number of times it is supposed to be taken.
MUM, a kind of malt liquor much drunk in Germany.
MUMMIUS, Lucius, a Roman consul sent against the Achaeans, whom he conquered in the year 147 before Christ. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Chalcis, by order of the senate, and obtained the surname of Achaieus, from his victories. He did not enrich himself with the spoils of the enemy, but returned home without any increase of fortune. He was so little acquainted with the value of the paintings and works of the most celebrated artists of Greece which were found in the plunder of Corinth, that he said to those who conveyed them to Rome, that if they lost or injured them they should make others in their stead.
MUMMY, a body embalmed, or dried and preserved in the manner used by the ancient Egyptians. There are two kinds of bodies denominated mummies. The first are only carcasses dried by the heat of the sun, and by that means preserved from putrefaction. Some imagine that these are the bodies of deceased people buried in the desert on purpose to keep them entire without embalming; but others think they are the carcasses of travellers who have been overwhelmed by the clouds of sand raised by the hurricanes frequent in those deserts. The second kind of mummies are bodies taken out of the catacombs near Cairo, in which the Egyptians deposited their dead after embalming. See Embalming.
MUNDEN, a city of the province of Göttingen, in the kingdom of Hanover. It is situated at the junction of the rivers Fulda and Werra, which together form the Weser. It is in a most picturesque spot, and has an ancient castle and three churches, but no walls. The inhabitants are about 5000, and have considerable trade by the rivers which unite near them.
MUNDATTAFAL, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Khandesh, being situated on a small island formed by the Nerbuddah, sixty-five [7:15:592]miles south-south-east from Oojain. Long. 76. 17. E. Lat. 22. 25. N.
MUNDINGOES, or Mandingoes. See Mandingo.
MUNDIUM, a village of Hindustan, in the territory of Mysore, fortified with a mud wall. Long. 77. 4. E. Lat. 12. 31. N.
MUNGULHAUT, a large manufacturing town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, and district of Rungpoor, twenty miles north of Rungpoor. Long. 89. 20. E. Lat. 25. 59. N.
MUNGULORE, a town of Afghanistan, in the province of Cabul, and formerly the capital of a district now decayed. Long. 71. 15. E. Lat. 34. 13. N.
MUNGULWARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapore. It is fortified with a stone wall, has a good market, and is sixteen miles south-east from Panderpoor.
MUNDUS Patens, the open world, in Roman antiquity, a solemnity performed in a small temple, of a round form like the world, dedicated to Dis or Pluto and the rest of the infernal gods. This temple was opened but three times in the year, viz. on the 24th of August, the 4th of October, and the 7th of November. During these days the Romans believed that hell was open, and on these days therefore they never offered battle, enlisted soldiers, put to sea, nor married.
MUNICH, a city, the capital of the kingdom of Bavaria, as well as of the circle of the Iser, in which, on the banks of the river of that name, it is situated. It is in longitude 12. 28. 25. east, and in latitude 48. 8. 20. north. It is situated on a plain nearly surrounded by the river, and is enclosed with walls, although they afford but a slight military defence. The streets are wide, and the houses well built, whilst the public edifices are some of them of a degree of magnificence rather surpassing the extent and wealth of the kingdom. The private dwellings are for the most part large, there being (in 1825) in the city and suburbs 57,623 inhabitants, occupying 3664 houses. In this the military, amounting with their families to 4667, are not included. The royal palace is a magnificent pile, extending to 550 feet in length, with beautiful Doric gates and pillars. The interior, besides elegant suites of apartments, contains a beautiful chapel, in which is an altar said to have belonged to Mary Queen of Scotland during her imprisonment, the antiquarium, and the Schatzkammer or treasury of the crown jewels. The picture-gallery is a noble building, well calculated for exhibiting to advantage the finest collection of works of art in Germany. It has been formed out of the galleries of Manheim, of Dusseldorf, and of Deux Ponts, with additions purchased by the late king in Italy, Vienna, and Paris. The royal library is a valuable assemblage of books, but particularly rich in numerous curious manuscripts. The antique gallery, erected by the present king when crown prince, is a most elegant edifice. It is in front 225 feet, and has a peristyle of twenty-two Ionic pillars; it is built of marble, and contains an excellent collection of ancient and modern statuary. The elegance of the exterior of this building, called the glypthothek, is very imposing. There are several other objects of curiosity which render Munich a city worth visiting. The English garden, with a rapid stream conducted through it, is well arranged, and forms a delightful promenade. The patronage of the fine arts is extensively exercised, and the societies for the encouragement of them, as well as of the useful arts, are extensive and liberal. The observatory is furnished with the best optical instruments, all fabricated by native workmen. The telescopes, whose lenses were ground by Fraunhofer, are of great celebrity, and have rarely been equalled. The manufactures, though numerous, are upon a small scale; the most remarkable being those of philosophical instruments, jewellery, gold and silver articles, musical instru ments, watches, and some smaller articles. The lithographic art is carried on with more skill and success at Munich than in any other place. The churches are numerous, handsome, and well attended by a population apparently more devout than is commonly the case in Germany. The Protestants are not more than one tenth of the inhabitants. Though the city is 1900 feet above the level of the sea, and consequently cold in winter, it is generally considered as healthy.
MUNICIPAL, in the Roman civil law, an epithet which signifies being invested with the rights and privileges of Roman citizens.
MUNICIPES, an appellation given by the Romans to the inhabitants of the municipia or enfranchised cities.
MUNICIPIUM, in Roman antiquity, a corporation borough, or enfranchised city or town, where the inhabitants enjoyed their own laws and customs, and at the same time were honoured with the privileges of Roman citizens. But this privilege generally extended no farther than the bare title. Some indeed, by particular merit, obtained the liberty of votes, which occasioned the distinction of municipium sine suffragio, and municipium cum suffragio. The inhabitants of the municipium sine suffragio were called barely Romani, but those of the municipium cum suffraqio were called Cives Romam.

The difference between proper citizens of Rome and the inhabitants of the municipium or free town may be thus expressed. The proper citizens of Rome were registered in the census, had the right of suffrage and of bearing honours, were assessed in the poll-tax, served in the legions, used the Roman laws and religion, and were called Quirites and Populus Romanus; whereas the municipes enjoyed the first three of these privileges, but were denied the last three.
MUNITION, the provisions with which a place is furnished for defence, or that which follows a camp for its subsistence.

Munition Ships are those which have stores on board in order to supply a fleet of men-of-war at sea. In an engagement, all the munition ships and victuallers attending the fleet take their station in the rear of the others; they do not engage in the fight, but attend to such directions only as are sent to them by the admiral.
MUNKACS, a market-town of the circle of Unghvar, in the province of Hither Theiss, in Hungary. It stands on the river Latorcza, and contains a Catholic, a Calvinist, and a Unitarian church, with 730 houses, and 5008 inhabitants, who refine much common salt and saltpetre. Near to it is a celebrated fortress. Long. 22. 16. 58. E. Lat. 48. 25. 48. N.
MUNNIPORE, a town of the Burman empire, and capital of the province of Cassay. It was formerly a Hindu state, but was conquered by the Burmans in 1774, and has since that period continued tributary to them. Long. 94. 30. E. Lat. 24. 20. N.
MUNYCHIO, an anniversary solemnity observed at Athens, in honour of Diana, on the 16th of the month Munychion. Cakes were offered on the occasion, called αμ<p ∣ φωντες.
MUNYCHION, the tenth month of the Athenian year, containing twenty-nine days, and answering to the latter part of our March and the beginning of April. It was so called from the festival Munychia, which was observed in this month.
MURAL, something belonging to a wall, which the Latins call murus. Mural Arch, is a wall, or walled arch, placed exactly in the plane of the meridian, that is, upon the meridian line, for the fixing of a large quadrant, sextant, or other instrument, to observe the meridian altitudes, &c. of the heavenly bodies. Tycho Brahe was the first who used a mural arch in his observations; after him Hevelius, Mr Flamsteed, De la Hire, and others, employed the same means.
MURANO, a town of the province Calabria Citeriore, in the kingdom of Naples, on the river Coscile. It is an ill-built place, containing 4200 inhabitants, who make silk goods, and grow some excellent wine.

Murano, a city of Italy, in the delegation and government of Venice. It is situated on a lagoon to the north of that city. It contains fifteen churches, but only 3690 inhabitants. It was formerly very celebrated for its various fabrics of glass, but these have greatly declined, and the population has also diminished. Some looking glasses are still made. It is in latitude 45. 27. 1. N.
MURDER, or Murtiier, the act of killing another with violence and injustice. The word comes from the Saxon morth, death, or, according to some persons, a violent death; and hence the barbarous Latin murdrum and modrum. Murderers, or Murdering Pieces, in a ship, are certain small pieces of ordnance, either of brass or iron, which have chambers put in at their breeches. They are used at the bulk-heads of the forecastle, half-deck, or steerage, in order to clear the deck upon the ship’s being boarded by an enemy.
MURENGERS, two officers of great antiquity in the city of Chester, annually chosen from the aldermen, to see the walls kept in repair, and to receive a certain toll for the purpose.
MURET, an arrondissement in the department of the Upper Garonne, in France, and 618 square miles in extent. It comprises nine cantons, divided into 130 communes, and peopled by 77,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name on the left bank of the Garonne. It contains 3200 inhabitants, who carry on the trades of woollen weavers, potters, and tanners. Long. 1. 20. E. Lat. 43. 30. N.
MURGHAUB, a village of Persia, in the province of Irak, on the road from Shiraz to Yezdikhast. Near it is a remarkable pillar called Tuckt Soliman, apparently of as great antiquity as the city of Persepolis. Fraser mentions, that the fort of Murghaub, a place of little strength, and surrounded by hills, is the chief village of this district. There is also a considerable river of the same name on the frontier of Khorassan, forming the boundary between it and Independent Tartary. It rises in the mountains of Goor, and is generally thought to join the Oxus.
MURICHOM, a village of Northern Hindustan, consisting of only twenty-four houses, which are of a superior structure to any in the country, and several stories in height. Long. 89. 28. E. Lat. 27. 6. N.
MURKUTCHOE, a town~of Hindustan, in the province[7:15:598] of Bahar, ninety miles south by east from Patna. Long. 85. 45. E. Lat. 24. 23. N.
MURO, a city, the seat of a bishop, in the province of Basilicata, in the kingdom of Naples. It contains a castle, a cathedral, four parochial and three conventual churches, and 5100 inhabitants.
MUROM, a circle of the Russian province of Wladimir, extending from 41. 25. to 42. 33. east longitude, and from 55. 15. to 56. 10. north latitude. The chief place is the city of the same name, 640 miles from St Petersburg, on the river Muromka. It is an ancient city, formerly the residence of the Russian princes, and at present contains eighteen churches, three monasteries, and about 1000 houses. It is chiefly built of wood, and contains 6500 inhabitants, who carry on much trade in leather and tallow on the Wolga. Long. 38. 45. E. Lat. 53. 33. N.
MURRAY. See Morayshire.
MURRAY’S Islands, three small islands in the Eastern Seas, in Torres Straits, between the coast of New Guinea and New Holland. Long, of the largest 144. 2. E. Lat. 9. 54. S.
MURRHINE, Murrhinus, Moppwos, in Antiquity, an appellation given to a delicate sort of ware brought from the East, of which were made cups and vases, that added not a little to the splendour of the Roman banquets. Critics are , divided concerning the matter of the pocula or rather rasa murrhina, murrina, or murrea. Certain persons conceive them to have been the same with our porcelain or china ware. But the commonly received opinion is, that they were made of some precious kind of stone, which, according to Pliny, was found chiefly in Parthia, but more especially in Caramania. Arrian tells us, that there was a great quantity of [7:15:602]them made at Diospolis, in Egypt. This he considers as another sort of murrhine work; and it is evident, from all accounts, that the murrhine of Diospolis was a sort of glass ware, made in imitation of the porcelain or murrha of In? dia. There is some difference in the accounts given by Pliny and Martial of the murrhina vasa. The former says, that they would not bear hot liquors, and that only cold ones were drank out of them. The latter, on the other hand, tells us that they bore hot liquors very well. If we credit Pliny’s account, their porcelain was much inferior to ours in this particular. Some conjecture them to have been of agate, others of onyx, and others of coral. Baronins, doubtless, was farthest out of the way, when he took them to be of myrrh congealed and hardened. Some suppose these vessels to have been made of crystal, but this is contrary to the account of all the ancients. Pompey was the first who brought from the East murrhine vessels, which he exhibited in his triumph, and dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus. But private persons were not long without them; and so fond did the Roman gentry become of these vessels, that a cup which held three sextaries was sold for seventy talents.
MURTEN, usually by the French called Morat, is a city of Switzerland, in the canton of Friburg, situated on a lake of the same name, in a very fertile district. It contains 1500 inhabitants, who, from their position on the great road between Basil and Berne, have a little trade. It is celebrated for the defeat of the army of Charles the Bold, duke of Brunswick, by the Swiss, in the year 1476, after the long and unavailing siege of the place by that prince. The bones of the slain in that combat were long preserved in a house built for the purpose, but it was destroyed by some French invaders in 1798. A new memorial of the event has been constructed, consisting of a fine obelisk, with the simple inscription, “Victoriam xxn Jun. mcccclxxvi. patrum concordia partam novo signat lapide respublica Friburgensis mdcccxxii.”
MURVIEDRO, a celebrated town of Spain, in the province of Valencia. It is at the foot of a mountain of black marble, on the ruins of the famous city of Saguntum, whose ancient theatre still exists and attests its former grandeur. It is an exact semicircle, about two hundred and fifty feet in diameter; the inner diameter, or orchestra, is twenty-four feet; the seats for the auditors, the staircases, the passages, arched portico, and entrances, may still be accurately traced. This theatre was calculated to contain 10,000 spectators, and is the most imposing of all the monuments of very high antiquity that are left in Spain. The view from the hill behind the theatre is represented by all travellers as most delightful. The country it overlooks is fertile and verdant, being covered with trees, and studded with houses, whilst the streams of the river Palancia are diverted into numerous channels to irrigate and fructify the whole plain. The castle of Saguntum is by recent observation in east longitude from London 0.12. 45., and in north latitude 39. 40. 36. The city now contains 6810 inhabitants, a church, a castle, and three monasteries.
MUSA, or Moosa, a village of Arabia, in the province of Yemen, about twenty miles to the east of Mocha. It is surrounded with walls, and is still populous, though the trade is now transferred to Mocha.
MUSAEUS, an ancient Greek poet, was, according to Plato and Diodorus Siculus, an Athenian, the son of Orpheus, and chief of the Eleusinian mysteries instituted at Athens in honour of Ceres. According to others, he was only the disciple of Orpheus, though, from the great resemblance between his character and talents and those of his master, he was called his son, as those were styled the children of Apollo who cultivated the arts of which he was the tutelar god. Musaeus is allowed to have been one of the first poets who versified the oracles. He is placed in the Arundelian marbles, in epoch fifteen, 1426 b. c. at which time his hymns are there said to have been received in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. Laertius tells us, that Musaeus not only composed a theogony, but formed a sphere for the use of his companions; yet as this honour is generally given to Chiron, it is more natural to suppose, with Sir Isaac Newton, that, after the conquest of the golden fleece, he enlarged it with the addition of several constellations. The sphere itself shows that it was delineated after the Argonautic expedition, which is described in the asterisms, together with several other more ancient histories of the Greeks. Musaeus is celebrated by Virgil in the character of hierophant, or priest of Ceres, at the head of those illustrious mortals who had merited a place in Elysium.

A hill near the citadel of Athens was called Musaeum, according to Pausanias, from Musaeus, who used to retire thither to meditate and compose his religious hymns, and in which place, also, the poet was afterwards buried. The works which went under his name, like those of Orpheus, were by many attributed to Onomacritus. Nothing now remains of this poet, nor were any of his writings extant in the time of Pausanias, except a hymn to Ceres, which he made for the Lycomides; and as these hymns were likewise set to music, and sung in the mysteries by Musaeus himself in the character of priest, he thence perhaps acquired the title of musician, as well as of poet, the performance of sacred music being probably at first confined to the priesthood in these celebrations, as it had before been in Egypt, where they originated. He, however, is not enumerated by Plutarch amongst the ancient musicians; nor does it appear that he merited the title of son and successor to Orpheus so much on account of musical abilities, as of his poetry, piety, and profound knowledge in religious mysteries.
MUSCULUS, a military machine, made use of by the Romans to cover and protect the soldiers whilst they approached and undermined the walls of besieged places, or filled the ditches. It seems to have resembled the testudo in form, but to have been smaller in size.
MUSEIA were Grecian festivals in honour of the Muses, celebrated with games every fifth year, particularly by the Thespians. The Macedonians also observed a festival of the same name in honour of Jupiter and the Muses.
MUSEUM, a name that originally signified a part of the palace of Alexandria, which occupied at least one fourth of the city. This quarter was called the Museum, on account of its being set apart for the worship of the Muses and the study of the sciences. Here were lodged and entertained the men of learning, who were divided into many companies or colleges,' according to the sciences of which they were the professors; and to each of these houses or colleges was allotted a handsome revenue. The foundation of this establishment is attributed to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who here placed his library. Hence the word museum is now applied to any place set apart as a repository for things which have an immediate relation to the arts.