pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HOLSTEIN, a province of the kingdom of Denmark, one of those by which the king becomes a member of the Germanic confederacy. It was an ancient duchy, and the termination of the ancient German empire, from the year 811 till its dissolution. It is bounded on the north by Sleswick, from which it is separated by the river Eider and the Sleswick Canal; on the north-east and east by the Baltic Sea; on the south-east by the territory of Lubeck and the duchy of Lauenburg; on the south by the Elbe and the state of Hamburg; and on the west by the German Ocean. The province extends over 3260 square miles, and comprehends fourteen cities, twenty-two market-towns, 141 parishes, with 486 villages, and 374,750 inhabitants. The population are of the Saxon race, and speak the common platt Deutch, but the educated portion of the people speak the German language; their speech, as well as their manners and customs, seem to have borrowed little from the Danes, though they have for many centuries been a part of the same kingdom.

The soil is upon the whole fruitful; for though, in the centre of the province, there is a long strip of poor sand, scarcely worth cultivation, yet on both sides the land is highly productive. The western side, especially near the shore, consists of some of the best meadow-land in Europe, on which are fattened those fine oxen the meat of which is known by the name Hamburg beef, and much of it is exported from that city, as well as from Altona. When, in the course of husbandry, these lands are broken up, they produce abundant crops of oats, and some very tolerable wheat. On the eastern side, upon the Baltic, is much excellent arable land, and tolerably well managed, yielding the best of butter, with some wheat and barley; but the principal corn grown is rye. It may be said of Holstein, that it is the best agricultural district in the north of Germany. The climate is, however, cold, raw, and changeable, which is injurious to its rural husbandry.

The trade of the province is considerable. On every part of the coasts of both seas the fisheries afford much occupation. The number of ships belonging to the several ports of Altona, Kiel, Flensburg, and Gluckstadt, creates and employs many most valuable seamen. The chief trade consists of the export of corn, butter, cheese, bacon, cured fish, rape-seed, honey, and wax. The Greenland fishery is carried on from Altona. The import trade chiefly arises from the Danish colonies in the West Indies, the produce of which is brought to Altona or Flensburg.

The manufactures are of small amount, excepting that of building and equipping ships. There are some small establishments for making paper, cutlery, copper articles, and common ironmongery. The shores of the Baltic present very picturesque scenes, from the deep indentations of the εea (called fiorde) into the land, where they spread out and resemble lakes, and are bordered by woods rising gradually to the tops of the hills. From the eastern side of this country, in the district of Engeland, according to tradition, Hengist and Horsa, two of the princes, sailed on their expedition to our island.
HOLY GHOST, one of the persons of the Holy Trinity. See Trinity.
HOLYHEAD, a sea-port town in the island of Anglesey, in North Wales. It is situated on a peninsula at the western side of the island, and of late some great improvements have been made on the harbour, on one side of which is a light-house, on Salt Island, and another to the north-east, giving additional guidance to vessels in the night time. There is a good market on Saturday, and an ample supply of fish when the weather is favourable for taking them. The trade of the place depends chiefly on this being the greatest point of intercourse between England and Ireland, and it has been greatly advanced by the magnificent roads through North Wales, and the finishing of the suspension bridge over the Menai passage. The mails from the capital and from the northern counties arrive every morning at an early hour, and the letters and passengers are embarked immediately in steam-boats, which reach Dublin, in favourable weather, in eight hours. The inhabitants amounted in ]801 to 2132, in 1811 to 3005, m 1821 t 0 4071, and in 1831 to 4282.
HOLY Island, a small island situated on the coast of England, ten miles south-east of Berwick, in Northumberland. Bede calls it a semi-island, being, as he observes, vice island and twice continent in one day; for at the flowing of the tide it is encompassed by water, and at the ebb there is a passage almost dry both for horses and car- ' riages to and from the mainland, from which, if measured on a straight line, it is distant about two miles eastward, though, on account of some quicksands, passengers are obliged to make so many detours, that the length of the way is nearly doubled. The water over these flats is at spring-tides only seven feet deep. This island was called by the Britons Inis Medicante, and also Landisfarne, from the small rivulet of Lindi or Landia, which here runs into the sea, and the Celtic word fahren, or recess; but. on account of its being the habitation of some of the first monks in this country, it afterwards obtained its present name of Holy Island. It measures from east to west about two miles and a quarter, but its breadth from north to south is scarcely a mile and a half. Holy Island, though really part of Northumberland, belongs to Durham; and all civil disputes must be determined by the justices of that county.

HθLY-Rood Day, a festival observed by the Roman Catholics in memory of the exaltation of our Saviour’s cross. See Cross and Exaltation.
HOLYWELL, a considerable town in the hundred of Mold, of the county of Flint, in North Wales, 207 miles from London. It derives its name from a spring to which numerous pilgrimages were formerly made, and which is still visited by some devout Catholics, who pay their devotions at the place once filled by the image of the patroness, St Winifred. The spring yields a regular and prodigious supply of water; according to one experiment, a hundred tons in a minute. Doubts are entertained of the accuracy of this experiment; but it certainly turns a mill close to the well. In the vicinity of this town are valuable mines of lead, calamine, and copper; and within it are appropriate establishments for rendering these minerals available to the purposes of subsequent manufactures. There are also cotton spinning-mills established upon the stream which issues from the well, between its source and its falling into the Dee. The cotton twist spun at Holywell has a great reputation from its singular evenness. The town is finely situated, the air pure, and the market on Friday well supplied. There is a modern-built parish-church, and four places of worship for Catholic and Protestant dissenters. The population amounted in 1801 to 5567, in 1811 to 6394, in 1821 to 8309, and in 1831 to 8969. Long. 3. 13. W. Lat. 53. 16. N.
HOLZMINDEN, a city of the duchy of Brunswick, in Germany, the capital of the circle of the same name. It stands on the river Weser, and has on its banks excellent quays for landing and shipping goods. It is a well-built town, with a spacious market-place, two churches, a public school moderately endowed, and a good library. It contains 420 houses, and 3600 inhabitants, who are employed in trading on the river, and in various manufactures, especially in iron and steel works, in distilleries, breweries, and tanneries. Long. 9. 9. 55. E. Lat. 51. 50. 6. N.
HOMBURG, a market-town of France, in the department of the Moselle, and arrondissement of Sarguemi-nes. It contains 380 houses, and 1620 inhabitants.
HOMICIDE signifies in general the taking away of the life of a human being. It is of three kinds; justifiable, excusable, and felonious. The first has no share of guilt at all; the second very little; but the third is the highest crime against the law of nature that man is capable of committing. See Penal Jurisprudence.
HOMILY, in ecclesiastical writers, a sermon or discourse upon some point of religion, delivered in a plain manner, so as to be easily understood by the common people. The word is Greek, i>μιλιa, formed from o∕z,∕λog, coetus, assembly or council.

The Greek homily signified a familiar discourse, like the Latin sermo ; and discourses delivered in the church took these denominations, to intimate that they ivere not harangues or matters of ostentation and flourish, like those of profane orators, but familiar and useful discourses, such as those of a master to his disciples, or of a father to his children.

All the homilies of the Greek and Latin fathers were composed by bishops. We have none of Tertullian, Clemens Alexandrinus, and many other learned persons, because, in the first ages, bishops alone were admitted to preach. The privilege was not ordinarily allowed to priests till towards the fifth century. St Chrysostom was the first presbyter who preached regularly. Origen and St Augustin also preached, but it was by a peculiar license or privilege.

Photius distinguishes a homily from a sermon by this, that the homily was performed in a more familiar manner, the prelate interrogating and talking to the people, and they in their turn answering and interrogating him, so that it was properly a conversation; whilst the sermon was delivered with more form, and in the pulpit, after the manner of the orators.

The practice of compiling homilies, which were to be committed to memory, and recited by ignorant or indolent priests, commenced towards the close of the eighth century, when Charlemagne ordered Paulus Diaconus and Alcuin to form homilies or discourses upon the Gospels and Epistles, from the ancient doctors of the church. This gave rise to the famous collection entitled the Homilarùim of Charlemagne, which being followed as a model in many productions of the same kind, composed by private persons, from a principle of pious zeal, contributed much, according to Mosheim, to nourish the indolence and to perpetuate the ignorance of a worthless clergy.

There are still extant several fine homilies, composed by the ancient fathers, particularly by St Chrysostom and St Gregory.

Clementine Homilies, in Ecclesiastical History, are nineteen homilies in Greek, published by Cotelerius, with two letters prefixed; one of them written in the name of Peter, the other in the name of Clement, to James bishop of Jerusalem, in which last they are entitled Clement’s Epitome of the Preaching and Travels of Peter. According to Leclerc, these homilies were composed by an Ebionite in the second century; but Montfoucon supposes that they were forged long after the age of Athanasius. Dr Lardner apprehends that the Clementine homilies were the original or first edition of the Recognitions; and that they are the same with the work censured by Eusebius under the title of Dialogues of Peter and Appian.
HOMOGENEOUS, or Homogeneal (composed of the Greek words ô/jło¢, like, and /ív¢g, kind), is a term applied to various subjects, to denote that they consist of similar parts, or of parts of the same nature and kind; in contradistinction to heterogeneous, where the parts are of different natures or kinds.
HOMOLOGATION, in the civil law, the act of confirming or rendering a thing more valid and solemn, bÿ publication, repetition, or recognition thereof. The word comes from the Greek 6 1 uoaoy∕α, consent or assent, formed from 0 i <Aoς, similis, like, and aoyoς, from λsγeiv, dicere, to say; that is, to say the same thing, to consent or agree.
HOMOLOGOUS, in Geometry, an appellation given to the corresponding sides and angles of similar figures.
HONDEKOOTER, Melchior, a Dutch painter, born at Utrecht, who excelled in painting animals, and especially birds. His father and grandfather were of the same profession, and their subjects the same. He was trained to the art by his father; but surpassed him, and even the best of his contemporaries. Till he was seventeen years of age he continued under the direction of his father, and accustomed himself to paint different sorts of birds; but he took particular pleasure in representing cocks, hens, ducks, chickens, and peacocks, which he described in an elegant variety of actions and attitudes. After his father’s death, which happened in 1653, he received some instructions from his uncle John Baptist Weeninx; but his principal and best instructor was nature, which þe studied with intense application. His pencil was neat and delicate; his touch light; his colouring natural, lively, and transparent; and the feathers of his fowls were expressed with a swelling softness, which might have readily and agreeably deceived the eye of any spectator. It is reported that he had trained up a cock to stand in any attitude he wanted to describe, and that it was his custom to place that creature near his easel, so that at the motion of his hand the bird would fix itself in the proper posture, and would continue in that particular position without the smallest perceptible alteration for several hours at a time. The landscapes which he introduces as the backgrounds of his ’pictures are adapted with peculiar judgment and skill, and admirably finished; they harmonize with his subject, and always increase the force and the beauty of his principal objects. He was very happy in imitating the natural plumage of the fowls he painted; which not only produced a charming effect, but may also assist an intelligent observer in determining which are the genuine works of this master, and which the impositions. He died at Utrecht in 1695, aged fifty-nine.
HONE, a fine kind of stone, used for setting razors, pen-knives, and other cutting instruments.
HONEY, a sweet vegetable juice, collected by the bees from the flowers of various plants, and deposited in the cells of the honey-comb. See Bee.
HONFLEUR, a maritime city of France, in the arrondissement of Pont l ’ Eveque and department of Calvados. It is an ill-built town, situated on the Seine, opposite to Harfleur. There are four churches, 1027 houses, and 9780 inhabitants, who subsist partly by the fishery, and carry on some manufactures of vitriol, of alum, and of lace. The herring fishery is the most extensive. Before the Revolution it was the principal place for the Newfoundland fishery and for the colonial commerce. Long. 0. 3. E. Lat. 49. 17. N.
HONDSCHOOTE, a town of France, in the arrondissement of Dunkirk, in the department of the North. It stands on the canal leading from Bergucs to Fumes, contains 539 houses, and 3168 inhabitants. It is remarkable on account of the battle fought there in 1793, when the Duke of York, with the combined armies, advanced to take possession of Dunkirk, and was defeated by the French under the command of General Houchard.
HONITON, a market-town of the hundred of Axminster, in the county of Devon, 159 miles from London. It consists of one long street, on the great road from the metropolis to Exeter. It has suffered by frequent fires, and good houses have been constructed instead of those which were burned. The parish church is half a mile from the town, but there is a chapel of ease within it. It is an ancient burgh, and still returns two members to parliament, who are chosen by about five hundred voters. It had formerly considerable trade in making serges, but that has of late years greatly declined. Some employment for females is provided, by making thread lace; and none is more highly esteemed than that which bears the name of this place. There is here a well-attended market on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2377, in 1811 to 2735, in 1821 to 3296, and in 1831 to 3509.
HONORIACI, in Antiquity, an order of soldiery under the eastern empire, who introduced the Goths, Vandals, Alani, Suevi, and other tribes, into Spain. Didymus and Verinianus, two brothers, had, with great vigilance and valour, defended the passages of the Pyrenees against the barbarians; but being at length killed, the emperor Constantius appointed to defend those passages the liono-riaci, who, not contented with laying them open to all the nations of the north then ravaging the Gauls, actually joined the spoilers.
HONOURABLE, a title conferred on the younger sons of earls and the sons of viscounts and barons; as also on such persons as have the king’s commission, and upon those who enjoy places of trust and honour.
HOOD, Robin, a famous outlaw and deer-stealer, who chiefly harboured in Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamshire. He was a man of family, and played his pranks about the end of the twelfth century. He was famous for archery, and for his hospitable treatment of all travellers who came in the way; levying contributions on the rich, and relieving the poor. At last, having fallen sick, and requiring to have blood taken, he is said to have been betrayed and bled to death. He died in 1247, and was buried at Kirklees in Yorkshire, then a Benedictine monastery.

Hood, in Falconry, is a piece of leather, with which the head of a hawk, falcon, or the like, is covered. See Falconry. Hood’s Island, the most northerly of the Mendoza’s islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1774 by Captain Cook. Long. 138. 52. W. Lat. 9. 26. S.
HOOK, in Angling. See Angling. Hooks of a Ship, are all those forked timbers which are placed directly upon the keel, as well in her run as in her rake.

Can-Hooκs, those which being made fast to the end of a rope with a noose, like that which brewers use to sling or carry their barrels on, are made use of for slings.

Foot-Hooκs, in a ship, the same with futtocks.

Loof-Hooκs, a tackle with two hooks, one to hitch into a cringle of the main or foresail, in the bolt-rope at the leech of the sail by the clew, and the other is to hitch into a strap, which is spliced to the chess-tree. Their use is to pull down the sail, and succour the tackles in a large sail and stiff gale, that all the stress may not bear upon the tack. It is also used when the tack is to be seized more secure, and to take off or put on a bonnet or drabler.

Hook Pins, in Architecture, are taper iron pins, only with a hook-head, to pin together the frame of a roof or floor.
HOOKAH, amongst the Arabs and other nations of the East, is a pipe of a singularly-complicated construction, through which tobacco is smoked. Out of a small vessel of a globular form, and nearly full of water, issue two tubes, one perpendicularly, on which is placed the tobacco, the other obliquely from the side of the vessel, and to that the person who smokes applies his mouth; and the smoke by this means being drawn through water, is cooled in its passage, and rendered more grateful. One takes a whiff draws up a large quantity of smoke, puffs it out of his nose and mouth in a dense cloud, and passes the hookah to his neighbour; and thus it goes round the whole circle. The hookah is known and used throughout the East; but in those parts where the refinements of life prevail, every one has his hookah sacred to himself; and it is frequently an implement of a costly nature, being of silver, and set with precious stones. In the better kind, that tube which is applied to the mouth is very long and pliant; and for this reason it is termed the snake. People who use it in a luxurious manner fill the vessel through which the smoke is drawn with rose-water, and the fume thereby receives some of the fragrant quality of that liquid.
HOOKERY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor. It is now greatly reduced, being a poor town, but still exhibits the remains of the magnificence which it formerly possessed when it was under the Mahommedan government. The last of the Mogul sovereigns died in 1643. It is fifty-five miles south-south-west from Merritch. Long. 74. 47. E. Lat. 16. 13. N.
HOOLAIVA, or Holaiva, one of the Hapace islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, which was found in a state of nature when visited by Captain Cook in 1777. It is joined to Lefooga by a reef that is dry at low water; and is thirty miles north-north-east of Annamooka. Long. 185. 36. E. Lat. 19. 52. N.
HOOLY Onore, a town of Hindustan, in the Mysore rajah’s territories. The fort is of a square form, with towers at the angles, and two on each face. In 1792 this fort was taken by the British, and completely sacked and destroyed by the Mahrattas. Prior to this invasion the country was flourishing and well cultivated; but so dreadful was the havoc occasioned by the Mahrattas, that, according to the statement of one officer, every evening when the army encamped they could count ten villages in flames. It is a hundred and twenty-two miles northwest from Seringapatam. Long. 75. 41. E. Lat. 13. 44. N.

HOONGA-Hapace, and Hongatonga, two small islands in the South Pacific Ocean, consisting of large uninhabitable rocks, seen at the distance of fifteen leagues. They are thirty and twenty-six miles north from Tongataboo.
HOORN, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland, and the capital of a circle of its own name. It is situated on the Zuyder Zee, is surrounded with ancient walls, and has a good harbour, with docks, and accommodations for ship-building. It contains ten churches, 2640 houses, and (in 1834) 10,200 inhabitants. The district around it is celebrated for the quantity of cheese it produces, more than four million pounds having been exported in some years. It was the place where that mode of curing herrings which has contributed much to the wealth of the country, was first practised. It was the birthplace of the navigator Schonten, who discovered the southernmost cape of America, which still universally bears the name of his native city. It was taken by the English and Russians in September 1799, but was speedily abandoned, from being too far in advance of the line of operations. Long. 4. 54. E. Lat. 52. 38. N.

Hoorn Islands, two islands in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered in the year 1616 by Le Maire and Schouten∙ They were afterwards seen by the navigator Maurelle in 1781. The natives are treacherous, and had well nigh [7:11:559]succeeded in cutting off a trading vessel by which they were visited in 1801. They are encircled by a reef of rocks. Long. 171. 30. E. Lat. 15. S.
HOP, a plant of great importance in brewing. This plant was originally brought into England from the Netherlands in the year 1524. Hops are first mentioned in the English statute book in the year 1552, viz. in the 5th and 6th of Edward VI. c. 5. And by an act of parliament of the first year of James I. c. 18, it appears that hops were then produced in abundance in England.
HOPLITES, Hoplitae (formed from ⅛λo∣∕, armour}, in Antiquity, were such of the candidates at the Olympic and other sacred games as ran races in armour. One of the finest pieces of Parrhasius was a painting representing two hoplites; the one running, and seeming to sweat large drops, and the other laying down his arms, exhausted and out of breath.
HOPLITODROMOS (formed from 0∙τλor, armour, and ¾5∕4⅛ι, I run}, in the ancient gymnastic sports, a term applied to such persons as went through toilsome and robust exercises in complete armour.
HOPLOMACHI, 'θσ ’ λoμ,αχo∕ (composed of ⅛λov, armour, and μa∙χpjjMi, I fight}, in Antiquity, were a species of gladiators who fought in armour; being either completely armed from head to foot, or provided only with a casque and cuirass.
HOPPER, a vessel in which seed-corn is carried during the time of sowing. The word is also used for the wooden trough in a mill, into which the corn is put to be ground.
HOR, a mountain or mountainous tract of Arabia Petraea, situated in that circuit which the Israelites took to the south and south-east of Edom in their way to the borders of Moab. On this mountain Aaron died. The inhabitants were called Horites. This tract was also denominated Seir.
HORATH, three Roman brothers, who, under the reign of Tullus Hostilius, fought against the three Curiatii, belonging to the Alban army. Two of the Horatii were killed; but the third, by his address, successively slew the three wounded Curiatii, and by this victory rendered the city of Alba subject to the Romans.