pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HOSSOBETTA, a town in the south of Hindustan, and province of North Canara. The principal inhabitants consist of Concanies, or the descendants of the natives of the Concan, who, according to the account of Dr Buchanan, fled thither from the Portuguese settlement of Goa, in order to avoid the persecutions of the Portuguese Catholics, who were desirous to convert them to the Christian faith. Long. 75. E. Lat. 12. 42. N.

HOSSO-DURGA j a stnall town of Hindustan, in the province of South Cahara. It possesses a fort and a temple, which is served by a few Puttar Brahmins, the chief inhabitants of the place. The fort is large and well built, with round bastions, which render it more defensible than the forts in India with square bastions generally are. The surrounding country is overgrown with wood, and but thinly inhabited, consisting, like the rest of Malabar, of low hills and narrow valleys alternately.
HOST, Hospes, a term of mutual relation, applied both to a person who lodges and entertains another, and to the person thus lodged. It is formed from the Latin hospes, which according to some, was thus called quasi hostium or ostium petens, ostium having anciently been written with an aspirate. Thus the innkeeper says, he has a good host, in speaking of the traveller who lodges with him; and the traveller, again, says he has a kind host, in speaking of his landlord.

It must be observed, however, that it was the custom amongst the ancients, when any stranger asked lodging, for the master of the house, and the stranger, each of them to set a foot on their own side of the threshhold, and swear they would neither of them do any harm to the other. It was this ceremony which raised so much horror against those who violated the law or right of hospitality on either side, inasmuch as they were looked upon as perjured.

Instead of hospes, the ancient Latins called it hostis, as Cicero himself informs us; though, in course of time, hostis came to signify an enemy, so much had the notion of hospitality degenerated.

Host is also used by way of abbreviation for hostia, a victim or sacrifice offered to the Deity. In this sense, host is more immediately understood of the person of the Word Incarnate, who was offered up an host or hostia to the Father on the cross for the sins of mankind.

Host, in the church of Rome, a name given to the elements used in the eucharist, or rather to the consecrated wafer, which they pretend to offer up every day as a new host or sacrifice for the sins of mankind.
HOSTAGE, a person given up to an enemy as a security for the performance of the articles of a treaty.
HOSTIA, Host, in Antiquity, a victim offered in sacrifice to a deity.

The word is formed from hostis, enemy, it being the custom to offer up a sacrifice before they joined battle, to render the gods propitious, or, after the battle was over, to return them thanks. Some choose to derive the word from hostio, the same as ferio, I strike. Isidore remarks on this word, that the name hostiae was given to those sacrifices which they offered before they marched to attack an enemy (antiquam ad hostem pergerent) ; in contradistinction to victimae, which were properly those offered after the victory·

Hostia also signified the lesser sorts of sacrifice, and victima the larger. Aulus Gellius says, that every priest, indifferently, might sacrifice the hostia, but that the victima could be offered by none but the conqueror himself. After all, however, we find these two words promiscuously used, one for the other, by ancient writers. We read of many kinds of hostice, as hostiae puree, which were pigs or lambs ten days old; hostiae praecidaneae, sacrifices offered the day before a solemn feast; hostiae bidentes, sacrifices of sheep or other animals of two years old; hostiae eximiae, a sacrifice of the flower of the flock; hostiae succedaneae, sacrifices offered after others which had exhibited some ill omen; hostiae ambarvales, victims sacrificed after having been solemnly led round the fields at the ambarvalia ; hostiae amburbiales, victims slain after the amburbium ; hostiae cancares or caviares, victims sacrificed every fifth year by the college of pontiffs, in which they offered the part of the tail called caviar ; hostiae prodigiae, sacrifices in which the fire consumed all, and left nothing for the priests; hostiae piaculares, expiatory sacrifices; hostiae ambegnae or ambiegnae, sacrifices of cows or sheep that had brought forth twins; hostiae harugae, victims offered to predict future events from; hostiae mediales, black victims offered at noon.
HOSTILITY, the action of an enemy, or a state of warfare. The word is low Latin, hostilitas, formed from the primitive word hostis, which signifies enemy, and which anciently signified stranger, hospes. HOT-Beds, in Gardening, beds made with fresh horsedung or tanners’ bark, and covered with glasses to defend them from cold winds. See Horticulture. HOT-House. See Horticulture.
HOTEL, a French term, anciently signifying a house or dwelling-place. It was afterwards used to signify the palaces or houses of the king, princes, and great lords.

Hotel likewise means a large inn, or a large lodginghouse ready furnished.
HOTTENTOTS, the original inhabitants of Cape Colony, and other places in the southern angle of Africa. They are divided into several tribes, but their mental and physical characteristics are the same in all. They have been already fully described in the articles Africa and Good Hope, Cape of, which see.
HOUBRAKEN, Jacob, an eminent engraver, was the son of Arnold Houbraken, a native of Holland, and born on the 25th of December 1698. By whom he was instructed in engraving we are not informed, but he is supposed to have been initiated in the principles of the art by his father, and to have studied the portraits of Edelink, especially that of Lebrun, which is usually prefixed to the engravings of Gerard Audran from the battles of Alexander. For some time he worked in obscurity without obtaining either profit or fame, and he had attained the meridian of life before he engaged in the undertaking by which he is best known; a work founded on a plan of George Vertue, who proposed to give sets or classes of eminent men, though the design was afterwards adopted by others, and thus taken out of the hands of the projector. The persons who undertook and brought to a conclusion this great national work were the Knaptons, booksellers, who, encouraged by the success of Rapin’s History of England, employed both Vertue and Houbraken, but chiefly the latter. Some of Houbraken''s heads were carelessly executed, especially those of the moderns; but others display a wonderful union of softness and freedom, with good drawing and a masterly determination of the features, such as we observe in the works of Nanteuil, Edelink, and Drevet. From his solicitude to avoid the appearance of an outline, he frequently neglected the little sharpnesses of light and shadow which appear in nature, and, like the accidental semitones in music, excite a pleasing sensation in the mind, in proportion as the variation is judiciously managed. For want of attention to this essential beauty, many of his productions have a hazy appearance, and do not strike the eye with the force which might be expected from the excellence of the engraving. Houbraken lived to a good old age, and died at Amsterdam in 1780. (a.)
HOUGHTON le Spring, a town of the ward of Easington, in the county of Durham, 266 miles from London, and seven from Durham. There is a well-endowed classical school, founded by a former rector; and the livery is a very valuable one, in the gift of the bishop. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 996, in 1811 to 1356, in 1821 to 2905, and in 1831 to 3917.
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HOUNSLOW, a town, part of the parish of Heston, in the hundred of Ossulton and county of Middlesex, ten miles from London. It is on the great western road, and more post-horses are kept there than at any other town in England. Near to it are some considerable powder-mills, and also mills for rolling copper. On what was formerly Hounslow Heath, but now enclosed, there are extensive barracks for cavalry.
HOUR, in Chronology, an aliquot part of a natural day, usually a twenty-fourth, but sometimes a twelfth. Originally the word hora, or ŵ¢a, comes, according to some authors, from a surname of the sun, the father of hours, whom the Egyptians called Horus. But others derive it from the Greek ogzζe∕y, to terminate, or distinguish ; and others again from the word ùğov, urine, conceiving that Trismegistus was the first who settled the division of hours, from observing an animal consecrated to Serapis, named cynocephalus, which made water twelve times a day, and as often in the night, at equal intervals.

An hour with us is a measure or quantity of time, equal to a twenty-fourth part of the natural day, or nycthemeron; or the duration of the twenty-fourth part of the earth’s diurnal rotation. Fifteen degrees of the equator answer to an hour, though not precisely, but near enough for common use. The hour is divided into sixty minutes, the minute into sixty seconds, and so on. The most ancient hour is that of the twelfth part of the day. Herodotus, (lib. ii.) observes that the Greeks learned from the Egyptians, amongst other things, the method of dividing the day into twelve parts. The division of the day into twenty-four hours was not known to the Romans before the first Punic war. Until that time they only regulated their days by the rising and setting of the sun. They divided the twelve hours of their day into four, namely, prime, which commenced at six o’clock; third, at nine; sixth, at twelve; and none, at three. They also divided the night into four watches, each containing three hours.
HOURS, Horae, in the ancient mythology, were certain goddesses, the daughters of Jupiter and Themis. At first they were only three in number, Eunomia, Dice, and Irene; but to these were afterwards added two more, Carpo and Thallote. Homer makes them the doorkeepers of heaven, and Ovid allots them the employment of harnessing the horses of the sun.

Hours, Horae, in the Roman Catholic church, are certain prayers performed at stated times of the day, as matins, vespers, lauds, and the like. The lesser hours are, prime, tierce, sixth, and none, and they are called canonical hours, as being prescribed by the canons of the church in commemoration of the mysteries accomplished at those hours. These hours were anciently called course, cursus ; and Mabillon has written a dissertation on them, entitled De Cursu Gallicano. The first constitution enjoining the observation of the canonical hours is dated in the ninth century; being found in a capitular of Heito, bishop of Basil, directed to his curates, importing that the priests shall never be absent at the canonical hours either by day or by night.

Hour- Glass, a popular kind of chronometer or clepsydra, serving to measure the flux of time by the descent or running of sand out of one glass vessel into another.
HOURIS, in modern history, is a name given by the Mahommedans to those females who are designed for the faithful in Paradise. These are not the same as those with whom they had lived on earth, but are formed for this purpose with singular beauty and undecaying charms. Islamism is not more distinguished from Christianity by its inherent character than by the rewards which it holds out to its faithful votaries. The latter is the religion of a civilised people, and is entirely spiritual: the reward which Jesus promises to the elect is that they shall see God face to face. In the Christian religion, therefore, every thing tends to mortify the senses, nothing to excite them. Islamism, on the contrary, is the religion of a people in the infancy of civilisation; it arose in a poor country, destitute of the necessaries of life, amongst a people fierce and warlike, who were incapable of being addressed through the medium of their understandings. Mahommed therefore appealed to the senses. He promised his followers odoriferous baths, rivers of milk,· fair black-eyed houris, and groves of perpetual shade. The Arab, thirsting for water, and parched by a burning sun, sighed for shade and coolness, and was ready to do any thing for such a recompense. The religion of Mahommed may consequently be said to be a religion of promise; it appeals to the senses, it addresses the passions, it holds out the prospect of revelling in those pleasures which are most desired arid pursued by men in whom the merely sensual predominates over the intellectual part of their nature. But Christianity, which sprung from a purer source, considered the rewards of a future life as insufficient to repress the vices, disorders, and crimes, which spring from the passions, and, superadding to its precepts a penal sanction, may justly be said to be a religion of menace. From these general principles may be deduced the opposite characters of the two religions; the one appealing only to the senses and the passions; the other addressing itself to the minds and consciences of mankind, and having for its grand object to reform,* not to debase society.
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HOUSEHOLD, the whole of a family considered collectively, including the mistress, children, and servants. But the household of a sovereign prince includes only the officers and domestics belonging to his palace.

The principal officers of the household of the king of Great Britain are, the lord steward, the lord chamberlain of the household, the groom of the stole, the master of the great wardrobe, and the master of the horse.

The civil government of the king’s house is under the care of the lord steward of the king’s household, who, being the chief officer, is entitled to have all his commands observed and obeyed. His authority extends over all the other officers and servants, excepting those of his majesty’s chapel, chamber, and stable; and he is the judge of all crimes committed either within the court or the verge.

Under him are the treasurer of the household, the comptroller, cofferer, the master of the household, the clerks of the green-cloth, and the officers and servants belonging to the accounting-house, the marshalsea, the verge, the king’s kitchen, the household kitchen, the acatery, bakehouse, pantry, buttery, cellar, pastry, &c. Next to the lord steward is the lord chamberlain of the household, who has under him the vice-chamberlain, the treasurer, the comptroller of the chamber; forty-eight gentlemen of the privy chamber, twelve of whom wait quarterly, and two of them lie every night in the privy chamber; the pages of the presence-chamber; the mace-bearers, cup-bearers, carvers, musicians, and others.

The groom of the stole has under him the eleven other lords of the bed-chamber, who wait weekly in the bedchamber, and also the grooms of the bed-chamber, the pages of the bed-chamber, and back stairs, &c.

The master or keeper of the great wardrobe, has under him a deputy, comptroller, clerk of the robes, brusher, &c. and a number of tradesmen and artificers, who are all sworn servants to the king.

The master of the horse has under his command the equerries, pages, footmen, grooms, coachmen, farriers, saddlers, and all the other officers and tradesmen employed in his majesty’s stables.

Housing, or House-Line, in nautical language, a small line formed of three fine strands or twists of hemp, smaller than rope-yarn. It is chiefly used to seize blocks into their strops, to bind the corners of the sails, or to fasten the bottom of a sail to its bolt-rope, and the like.

Housing, or Housee, a cover laid over the saddle of a horse, in order to save it from the weather, dirt, and the like. The word is formed from the French houssie, which signifies the same thing, though it anciently denoted a kind of hood worn by country people.
HOVEDEN, Roger de, descended of an illustrious family, was born in Yorkshire, most probably at the town of that name, some time in the reign of Henry I. After he had received the rudiments of education in his native country, he studied the civil and canon law, Avhich were fashionable and lucrative branches of learning. He became domestic chaplain to Henry II. who employed him to transact several ecclesiastical affairs, in the conduct of which he acquitted himself with honour. He was by profession a laAvyer, but, like other lawyers of the time, belonged to the church, and also officiated as professor of theology at Oxford. After the death of Henry, he applied himself to history, and composed annals, which commence at the year 731, where Bede’s ecclesiastical history terminates, and extend to the third year of King John, or 1202. These annals Avere first published by Saville, amongst the Historici Anglici, 1595, and were reprinted at Frankfort, 1601, in tAvo books, folio. The style of Hoveden is barbarous, like the age to which it belongs; but in diligence, knowledge of antiquity, and that fidelity which is the first quality of an historian, he not only surpassed the rude historians of the precediug ages, but left an example Avhich many of his successors, in more enlightened times, failed to imitate. According to Vossius, Ĥoveden also Avrote a history of the Northumbrian kings, and a life of Thomas à Becket. Edward III. when endeavouring to ascertain his title to the crown of Scotland, caused a diligent search to be made for the works of Hoveden; a circumstance Avhich shows the estimation in which they Avere held, not only by the monarch himself, but by the age in which he flourished. (a.)
HOWDEN, a market-town of the east riding of the county of York, 184 miles from London. It stands in a level and somewhat marshy district, about one mile from the river Ouse, over which there is a ferry. It is very ancient, and was formerly the seat of the Bishop of Durham. There is a market on Saturday, to which much corn is brought; and one of the largest fairs for horses is held in July. The population amounted in 1801 to 1552, in 1811 to 1812, in 1821 to 2080, and in 1831 to 2130.
HOWITZ, a kind of mortar, mounted upon a field carriage, like a gun. See Gunnery.
HOWTH, a promontory which forms the northern entrance of the Bay of Dublin, having a small village about seven miles north-east from that city, in the province of Leinster. It gives the title of earl to the family of St Lawrence, who were so called from a victory obtained by them over the Irish on St Lawrence’s day 1177, their former name being Tristram; and this place has continued in possession of the family above six centuries. Long. 6. 22. W. Lat. 53. 21. N.
HOY, a small vessel chiefly used in coasting, or carrying goods to or from a ship, in a road or bay, where the ordinary lighters cannot be managed with safety or convenience.

Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, off the north coast of Scotland, is situated between the island of Pomona and the north coast of Caithness, and is separated from the small island of Graemsay by a sound about a mile in breadth. See Orkney Islands.
HOXTER, a city of Prussia, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the Minden division of the province of Westphalia. It is situated on the river Weser, and contains 460 houses, with 3411 inhabitants. The manufactures are linen, leather, and table-cloths. Long. 9. 16. II. E. Lat. 51. 46. 42. N.
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HOYA, with Diepholz, a province of the kingdom of Hanover. It has been formed at different periods, a part ’ having belonged to the house of Brunswick since the year 1583, another part which came to that house two years after, and a part consisting of three bailiwicks, which was ceded by the prince of Hesse-Cassel in 1815. It is bounded on the north-west by Oldenburg, on the north by Bremen and Brunswick, on the north-east by Bremen and Verden, on the east by Calenburg and Luneburg, on the south by Prussian Westphalia, on the south-west by Oldenburg, and on the west by Osnabrück. It extends over 1352 square miles, contains one city (Hoya), twenty-four market-towns, fifty-six parishes, and 497 villages and hamlets, and 14,666 dwellings. The number of inhabitants amounted in 1812 to 104,970, but they are estimated to have increased one fifth since that period. The Platt-Deutsche is the common language. The religion is exclusively Lutheran, or at least the Catholics and reformed are in no place so numerous as to hold any public exercise of their forms of worship. It is generally a sandy heath, but towards the river Weser there are some tolerably fertile pasture lands. It yields buck-wheat, rye, barley, and a very small portion of wheat, and produces flax, feathers, wax, and honey. The only manufactures are coarse linens and woollens, made in each peasant’s house for his own family. The capital, Hoya, is situated on the Weser, and contains 220 houses and 1867 inhabitants, who carry on some trade by the river with Bremen. Long. 9. 5. 40. E. Lat. 52. 48. 47. N.
HUAHEINE, or Aheine, signifying, in the native language of the South Sea Islands, woman, the easternmost of the group called the Society Islands by Captain Cook. It is twenty-four miles in circumference, and is divided into two peninsulas by an isthmus overflowed at high water. It has a very narrow stripe of fertile low land next the shore, and the hills are in some places highly cultivated. The productions are similar to those of Otaheite, but they are about a month earlier. The inhabitants are larger made and stouter, and the women are in general more handsome. This island has been visited by many navigators since the time of Captain Cook, but their information throws no new light on the productions of the island or the manners of the people. Long. 150. 58. W. Lat. 16. 43. S.
HUBELY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor. It is large and populous, defended by a mud rampart and ditch, and has for many years carried on an extensive trade, particularly with Goa, to which are sent sandal wood and elephants’ teeth, and in return raw silk, cottons, woollens, and rice are received. There are also manufactures of raw silk and cotton, great quantities of which are sold for the dresses of the country people. It is a wealthy place, the residence of many rich bankers, who, by means of their agents, extend their commercial intercourse to Surat, Hyderabad, Seringapatam, and even to more distant places on which bills of exchange can be negotiated, and who regulate the standard of the currency in all the adorning countries. The English East India Company for-nerly had a factory here, which was plundered by the Üahrattas in 1673, when the Company sustained a great loss. In 1685 it was taken by the Mogul troops of Aurungzebe, and soon after the death of that monarch in 1707 it was again taken by the Mahrattas, and still continues in their possession. Long. 75. 10. E. Lat. 15.
HUBNER, John, a learned geographer of Germany, who taught geography at Leipsic and Hamburg with extraordinary reputation; and died at Hamburg in 1732, aged sixty-three. His principal work is a Geographical Treatise, printed at Basil in 1746, in six vols. 12mo.
HUCKNALL-TORKARD, a town in the hundred of Broxtow, in the county of Nottingham, 130 miles from London, where there are manufactures of hosiery. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1497, in 1811 to 1793, in 1821 to 1940, and in 1831 to 2200.
HUDDERSFIELD, an extensive town and parish in the wapentake of Aybrig, of the west riding of Yorkshire, 187 miles from London. It stands on the river Colne, and is connected by canal navigation with the Calder at Wakefield, a distance of fourteen miles. It is a place of great industry, chiefly occupied in the manufacture of woollen goods of various kinds. A cloth market is held on Tuesday, which is very numerously attended by woolstaplers and merchants from Leeds, Halifax, and Wakefield, as well as by some from Manchester, with which it has also a canal communication. A new cloth hall was built in 1765, by Sir John Ramsden, the proprietor of the site of the town, and it is a very fine building. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 7268, in 1811 to 9671, in 1821 to 13,284, and in 1831 to 19,035. It has been created a borough by the law of 1832, returns one member to parliament, and has about 600 voters.