pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
RETIREMENT, means a private way of life, or a secret habitation. “Few,” says an elegant writer, “are able to bear solitude; and though retirement is the ostensible object of the greater part, yet, when they are enabled by success to retire, they feel themselves unhappy. Peculiar powers and elegance of mind are necessary to enable us to draw all our resources from ourselves. In a remote and solitary village the mind must be internally active in a great degree, or it will be miserable for want of employment. But in great and populous cities, even while it is passive, it will be constantly amused. It is impossible to walk the streets without finding the attention powerfully solicited on every side. No exertion is necessary. Objects pour themselves into the senses, and it would be difficult to prevent their admittance. But, in retirement, there must be a spirit of philosophy and a store of learning, or else the fancied scenes of bliss will vanish like the colours of the rainbow. Poor Cowley might be said to be melancholy mad. He languished for solitude, and wished to hide himself in the wilds of America. But he was not able to support the solitude of a country village within a few miles of the metropolis. With a virtuous and cheerful family, with a few faithful and good-humoured friends, with a well-selected collection of elegant books, and with a competency, one may enjoy comforts even in the deserted village, which the city, with all its diversions, cannot supply.”
RETORT, in Chemistry, an oblong or globular vessel of glass or pbrcelain, with its neck bent, proper for distillation.
RETPOORAH, a town of Hindustan, in the nizam’s territories, province of Berar. It is seventeen miles south-east from Ellichpoor. Long. 78. 21. E. Lat. 21. 19. N.
RETRACTS, amongst horsemen, pricks in a horse’s feet, arising from the fault of the farrier in driving nails that are weak, or in driving them ill pointed or otherwise amiss.
RETROMINGENTS, in Natural History, a class or division of animals, whose characteristic is, that they stale or make water backwards, both male and female.
RETZ, Cardinal de. See Gondi.
REUS-PLAUEN, two sovereign principalities in Germany, one belonging to the elder and one to the younger branch of that family. The dominions of the elder branch are divided into two portions, of which the northernmost, called the Lordship of Gera, is surrounded by the Prussian province of Saxony, by the duchies of Saxe-Gotha and of Weimar; and the southernmost by Prussia, Weimar, the kingdom of Saxony, Bavaria, and Saxe-Cobourg. It extends over 612 square miles, and contains the capital, Gera, and ten other cities and towns, with 79,370 inhabitants, all of [7:19:194]whom are Protestants, except about 200 Jews. It is an agricultural district, and the character of its soil and productions resembles that of the other parts of Saxony. The dominions of the younger branch consist of several detached lordships, extending over 472 square miles, and contain 52,205 inhabitants, all adhering to the Lutheran profession. The income of these states amounts together to L.54,000. The soil and productions of both are similar. The military contingent required by the German confederation for both the states is 742 men.
REUTLINGEN, a city of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, in the province of the Black Forest, the capital of the bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the river Echaz, and is surrounded with walls and ditches. It contains four Lutheran churches, one of which, that of Maria, is remarkable for its tower, 340 feet in height. It contains 1250 houses, mostly built in the style of the middle ages, and the inhabitants amount to 9200. It is celebrated for its leather manufactories; and paper, cutlery, hardware, and many smaller articles, are produced. In the vicinity good wine is made. Long. 9. 3. 15. E. Lat. 48. 29. 15. N.
REVE, Reeve, or Grève, the bailiff of a franchise or manor, and so called, especially in the west of England. Hence shire-reeve, sheriff, port-greve, and the like.
REVEILLE, a beat of drum about break of day, to give notice that it is time for the soldiers to rise, and that the sentries are to forbear challenging.
REVELATION, the act of revealing, or making a thing public that was before unknown; it is also used to signify the discoveries made by God to his prophets, and by them to the world; and more particularly includes the books of the Old and New Testament. See Theology.
REVELS, entertainments of dancing, masking, acting comedies, farces, and the like, anciently very frequent in the inns of court and in noblemen’s houses, but now much disused. The officer who had the direction of the revels at court was called the Master of the Revels,
REVENGE, means the return of injury for injury, and differs materially from that sudden resentment which rises in the mind immediately on being injured; which, so far from being culpable when restrained within due bounds, is absolutely necessary for self-preservation. Revenge, on the contrary, is a cool and deliberate wickedness, and is often executed years after the offence had been given; and the desire of it is generally the effect of littleness, weakness, and vice, whilst to do right, and to suffer wrong, is a mark of a great soul, that scorns to stoop to suggested revenge.
REVENUE,. See the articles England, Funding System, Political Economy, and Taxation.
REVERBERATION, in Physics, the act of a body repelling or reflecting another after its impinging thereon.

Reverberation, in Chemistry, denotes a kind of circulation of the flame by means of a reverberatory furnace.
REVEREND, a title of respect given to ecclesiastics. The religious abroad are called reverend fathers, and abbesses, prioresses, and others reverend mothers. In England, bishops are right reverend, and archbishops most reverend. In France, before the Revolution, the bishops, archbishops, and abbots, were all alike most reverend. In Scotland, the clergy individually are reverend, a synod is very reverend, and the general assembly is venerable.
REVERIE, the same with delirium, raving, or distraction. It is used also for any ridiculous, extravagant imagination, action, or proposition; a chimera, or vision. But the most ordinary use of the word amongst English writers is for a deep disorderly musing or meditation.
REVERSION, in the law of England, has two significations; the one of which is, an estate left, which continues during a particular state in being; and the other is the returning of the land, after the particular estate is ended; and it is further said to be an interest in lands, when the possession of it fails, or where the estate, which was for a time parted with, returns to the granters or their heirs. But, according to the usual definition of a reversion, it is the residue of an estate left in the granter, after a particular estate granted away ceases, continuing in the granter of such an estate.

The difference between a remainder and a reversion consists in this, that the remainder may belong to any man except the granter; whereas the reversion returns to him who conveyed the lands.

Reversion, in annuities. See Annuities.
REVIVIFICATION, in Chemistry, a term generally applied to the distillation of quicksilver from cinnabar.

Revivification, in Physiology, the recalling to life of animals apparently dead. There are many kinds of insects which may be revivified, after all the powers of animation have been suspended for a considerable time. Common flies, small beetles, spiders, moths, bugs, &c. after being drowned in spirit of wine, and continuing apparently dead for upwards of fifteen minutes, have been restored to life merely by being thrown amongst wood-ashes slightly warm.

Whilst Dr Franklin was in France, he received a quantity of Madeira wine from America, which had been bottled in Virginia. He found a few dead flies in some of the bottles, which he exposed to the sun in the month of July; and in less than three hours these seemingly dead animals recovered life which had been so long suspended. At first they appeared as if convulsed; they then raised themselves on their legs, washed their eyes with their fore feet, dressed their wings with those behind, and in a short time began to fly about.

But the most remarkable instance of revivification we have heard of is the following. In the warmer parts of France there is an insect very pernicious to the rye, apparently beginning its operations at the foot of the plant, and gradually proceeding towards the ear. If the plant be thoroughly dried whilst the insect is in the root or stem, the animal is irrecoverably killed; but after it has reached the grain, the case is very different. There have been instances of these insects being brought to life in fifteen minutes, by a little warm water, after the grains in which they were lodged had been kept dry for thirty years.

What is the metaphysician to think of these phenomena, or what conclusion is he to draw from them respecting the mind? If he be a sober man he will draw no conclusion, and for this reason, that he knows nothing of the sentient principle of insects, or of any animal but man. He is conscious that it is the same individual being that, in himself, thinks, and wills, and feels; he knows that part of his thought is not in one place, and part of it in another; and therefore he concludes that this thinking being is not matter, , whilst experience teaches him that it quits the material system when that becomes unfit to discharge its functions, and cannot be recalled. Experience teaches him, on the other hand, that the sentient principle of these insects does not quit the system when unfit for its functions; and hence he ought to infer, that the minds of men and of insects are very different, and that the bond which unites the material and immaterial parts of an insect is certainly different from that which unites the mind and body of man. This is the only inference which can be fairly drawn from these phenomena.
REVIEW, a term applied to literary journals, which give a periodical view of the state of literature.
REVOLUTION, in politics, signifies a change in the constitution of a state, and is a word of different import from revolt, with which it is sometimes confounded. When a people withdraw their obedience from their governors for any particular reason, without overturning the government, or waging an offensive war against it, they are in &
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state of revolt; when they overturn the government, and form a new one for themselves, they effect a revolution. That which is termed the revolution in Britain is the change which, in 1688, took place in consequence of the forced abdication of James H. when the Protestant succession was established, and the constitution restored to its primitive purity.

Revolution, in Geometry, the motion of rotation of a line about a fixed point or centre, or of any figure about a fixed axis, or upon any line or surface. Thus, the revolution of a given line about a fixed centre generates a circle; and that of a right-angled triangle about one side, as an axis, generates a cone; and that of a semicircle about its diameter generates a sphere or globe.

Revolution, in Astronomy, is the period of a star, planet, or comet, or its course from any point of its orbit, till it return to the same again.
REWAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, district of Boghela. The suburbs are large. Under the fort runs the Bichanaddy, which has its source twenty miles to the east. It contains a good citadel, built of stone, and the country in the vicinity is well cultivated. Long. 81. 25. E. Lat 24. 27. N.
REWARY, a town of Hindustan, province of Delhi, forty miles south-west from the city of Delhi. It is possessed by a native chief, one of the numerous British tributaries. Long. 76. 42. E. Lat. 28. 13. N.
REYNEAU, Charles Rene, commonly known by the name of Father Reyneau, a celebrated mathematician of France, was born in the year 1656, at Brissac, in the province of Anjou. When twenty years of age, he connected himself with the Oratorians, a sort of religious order, the members of which lived in community without binding themselves to the observance of any vows, and turned their chief attention to the instruction of youth. He afterwards taught philosophy at Pezenos, and next at Toulon, which requiring some degree of geometrical knowledge, he became extremely fond of that science, and cultivated and improved it to a great extent. He was, in consequence of his knowledge, invited to fill the mathematical chair at Angers in 1683, and he was also elected a member of the academy in 1694.

He undertook to reduce into a body, for the benefit of his pupils, the chief theories which were scattered throughout the works of Newton, Descartes, Leibnitz, Bernoulli, the Leipsic Acts, the Memoirs of the Academy of Paris, and several other works, to which he gave the name of Analyse Démontrée, or Analysis Demonstrated, and which was published in 1708, in two vols. quarto.

He gave to this work the name of Analysis Demonstrated, because he therein demonstrates various methods which had not been demonstrated by their authors, or, at least, not with sufficient accuracy and perspicuity. This work of Reyneau was very much applauded, and it became a general maxim in France, that to follow him was the best, if not the only way, to make any extraordinary progress in the study of mathematics.

Such was his ambition to be useful, that in 1714 he published his Science du Calcul des Grandeurs, intended for the benefit of such as were wholly unacquainted with the science of geometry. Of this work a very able judge was pleased to observe, that “though several books had already appeared upon the same subject, such a treatise as that before him was still wanting, as in it everything was handled in a manner sufficiently extensive, and at the same time with all possible exactness and perspicuity.” Although many branches of the mathematics had been well discussed prior to his time, no good elements were to be met with, even of practical geometry.

When the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris gave admission to other learned and eminent men, Father Rey-neau was received into the number. The works already mentioned are all he ever published, or perhaps ever composed, with the exception of a little piece upon logic; and materials for a second volume of his Science du Calcul were left behind him in manuscript. Towards the close of life he was too much afflicted with sickness to give much application to study; and he died in 1728, at seventy-two years of age. His many virtues and extensive erudition made this event much regretted by all who had the pleasure of being acquainted with him. It was regarded as an honour and a happiness by the first men in France to number him amongst their friends, such as the chancellor of the kingdom, and Malebranche, of the latter of whom Reyneau was a faithful and zealous disciple.
REZAT, a circle of the kingdom of Bavaria, formed out of the ancient Southern Franconia, in the principality of Ans-pach, out of Bavarian Unterland, and the territories of the former free states of Nuremberg, Rottenburg, Windsheim, and Weissenbourg. It extends over 3052 square miles, and is bounded on the north-west by the circle of the Lower Maine, and on the north-east by that of the Upper Maine, on the east by that of the Regen, on the south by that of the Upper Maine, and on the west by the territory of the kingdom of Wirtemberg. The circle is divided into forty-one bailiwicks, which comprehend forty-two cities or towns once walled, fifty-five market-towns, and 2004 villages, with 530,726 inhabitants, of whom the far greater part are Lutherans, and most of the rest still adhere to the Catholic church. It is generally a level or undulating district, whose waters are partly conveyed by the smaller rivers to the Danube, but the greater portion by the Maine to the Rhine. It is the best cultivated, the most populous, and the most productive division of the kingdom. It yields abundance of corn and cattle, some wine, and all the various kinds of common fruits. Its manufactures also are extensive, especially near Nuremberg, but having little water communication, the chief commodities are conveyed by land-carriage.
RHABDOLOGY or Rabdology, in arithmetic, a name given by Napier of Merchiston, the inventor of logarithms, to a method of performing some of the more difficult operations of numbers by means of square little rods. Upon these are inscribed the simple numbers; then, by shifting them according to certain rules, those operations are performed by simply adding or subtracting the numbers as they stand upon the rods.
RHADAMANTHUS, a severe judge, and king of Lydia. The poets make him one of the three judges of hell.
RHADEN, a town of the Prussian province of Westphalia, in the government of Minden, and the capital of the circle of the same name, which extends over 180 square miles, inhabited by 30,000 persons. The town is on the new canal, and contains 390 houses, with 2680 inhabitants, who make large quantities of linen and of woollen yam.
RHAPSODI, Rhapsodists, in Antiquity, persons who made a business of singing pieces of Homer’s poems. It has been said that the rhapsodi were clothed in red when they sung the Iliad, and in blue when they sung the Odyssey. They performed on the theatres, and sometimes strove for prizes in contests of poetry and singing. After the two antagonists had finished their parts, the two pieces or papers they were written in were soon joined together again, and hence the name, from gαπrω, suo, and ωin, canticum. But there seem to have been other rhapsodi of more antiquity than these people, who composed heroic poems or songs in praise of heroes and great men, and sung their own compositions from town to town for a livelihood; of which profession Homer himself is said to have been a member. See Homer.
RHAPSODOMANCY, an ancient kind of divination performed by pitching on a passage of a poet at hazard, and reckoning on it as a prediction of what was to come to pass. There were various ways of practising this rhapsodomancy. Sometimes they wrote several papers or sentences of a poet on so many pieces of wood, paper, or the like, shook them together in an urn, and drew out one, which was accounted the lot. Sometimes they cast dice on a table whereon verses were written, and that upon which the die lodged contained the prediction. A third manner was by opening a book, and pitching on some verse at first sight. This method they particularly called the sortes Proenestinoe; and afterwards, according to the poet, made use of sortes Homerica, sortes Virgilianoe, &c.
RHAPSODY, in Antiquity, a discourse in verse, sung or rehearsed by a rhapsodist. Others conceive rhapsody to signify a collection of verses, especially those of Homer, which having been a long time dispersed in pieces and fragments, were at length by Pisistratus’s order digested into books called rhapsodies, from gατrω, suo, and ωoij, canticum. Hence, amongst modems, rhapsody is also used for an assemblage of passages, thoughts, and authorities, raked together from divers authors, to compose some new piece.
RHEIMS, an arrondissement of the department of the Marne, in France, 692 square miles in extent. It comprehends ten cantons, divided into 181 communes, and in 1836 contained 123,919 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name. It stands in a pleasing district on the river Bisle. It is surrounded with walls, not for defence, but converted into agreeable promenades. It is a city of well-built and large houses, some open places, but in general of narrow streets, well paved. The chief object of attention is the fine Gothic cathedral, in which the kings of France during many generations were crowned. It is 450 feet in length, ninety-five in breadth, and 110 in height. The porticois beautiful, and the interior presents a magnificence in its architecture, which is so combined with simplicity as to produce a wonderful impression on the spectator. It suffered injury during the revolution, but the damages have in some degree been repaired. The palace of the archbishop and some other ecclesiastical buildings are very fine. This city has a lyceum, three hospitals, and 38,359 inhabitants, who carry on considerable manufactures of woollen goods of various kinds, and in shawls of mixed substances. It is also a place of commerce, and is the principal mart for champagne wine. Long. 3.56.3. E. Lat. 49. 15. 16. N.
RHEINBACH, a town of the Prussian government of Cologne, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over seventy square miles, and contains 23,500 inhabitants. The town is situated on the river Erft, is ill built, with 250 houses, and 1500 inhabitants.
RHEINBERG, a town of the Prussian government of Cleves, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 210 square miles, comprehending nine cities and towns, and thirty-six villages, with 38,200 inhabitants. The town is situated on a brook about one mile from the Rhine, was once fortified, but its defences have been neglected. It contains 430 houses, with 2250 inhabitants, partly employed in making cloths, and partly in the fishery on the Rhine. Long. 6. 29. 26. E. Lat. 51. 33. 17. N.
RHETORES, amongst the Athenians, were ten in number, elected by lot to plead public causes in the senate-house or assembly. For every cause in which they were retained they received a drachm out of the public money. They were sometimes called Suwjyofw, and their fee to 2uwixojlxev. No man was admitted to this office until he was forty years of age, though others say thirty. Valour in war, filial piety to parents, prudence in their affairs, frugality and temperance, were necessary qualifications for this office, and every candidate underwent an examination concerning these virtues previous to the election. The orators at Rome were not unlike the Athenian rhetores.
RHETORIANS, a sect of heretics in Egypt, so denominated from Rhetorius, their leader. The distinguishing tenet of this heresiarch, as represented by Philastrius, was, that he approved of all the heresies before him, and taught that they were all in the right.
RHINOCEROS, a genus of quadrupeds belonging to the order of belluae. See MAMMALtA.
RHOMBOIDES, in Geometry, a quadrilateral figure whose opposite sides and angles are equal, but which is neither equilateral nor equiangular.
RHOMBUS, in Geometry, an oblique-angled parallelogram, or quadrilateral figure, whose sides are equal and parallel, but the angles unequal, two of the opposite ones being obtuse and two acute.
RHOMB, Solid consists of two equal and right cones joined together at their bases.
RHUMB, in Navigation, a vertical circle of any given place, or intersection of such a circle with the horizon; in which last sense it is the same with a point of the compass.

RHUMB-Linc is also used for the line which a ship describes when sailing in the same collateral point of the compass, or oblique to the meridians.
RHYME, Rhimk, Ryrne, or Rime, in Poetry, the similar sound or cadence and termination of two words which end two verses, &c. Or rhyme is a similitude of sound between the last syllable or syllables of a verse, succeeding either immediately or at a distance of two or three lines.
RHYMER, Thomas the. See Thomas of Ekceldoun.
RHYTHM, Musical. See Music.