pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HACKNEY, a large parish of the hundred of Osulton, in the county of Middlesex. It is one of those villages which, from a collection of scattered hamlets and a few houses round the parish church, have, in the course of a century, so increased as to be more than equal to many continental cities, and even to several capitals. Being within three miles of London, the more wealthy of the middle class of traders have fixed their residences in it. It comprehends several hamlets, as they are still called, though they have also become towns. These are Upper and Lower Clapton, Dalston, Shackelwill, and Homerton. A new parish church of appropriate size has been built; and there are several chapels belonging to the established church, and places of worship for almost every description of the sectaries of the kingdom. By the increase of buildings in both directions, Hackney nearly joins the parish of Shoreditch and of Spitalfields, so as to be in appearance part of the capital. The schools of various kinds, from the classical to those for elementary instruction of the lowest grade, are very numerous. The most remarkable object is a nursery ground botanically arranged upon a large scale, which contains a stupendous building covered with glass and filled with all the forest trees of the tropical climates, in full growth. The population of this parish amounted in 1801 to 12,730, in 1811 to 16,771, in 1821 to 22,494, and in 1831 to 31,047.

Hackney Coaches, those exposed in the streets of London, and some other great cities, to be hired at rates fixed by authority. Sec Coach.
HADELN, a district of the kingdom of Hanover, extending over 232 square miles of rich marsh land, near the mouth of the Elbe. It contains two market-towns and twelve parishes, with 15,670 prosperous inhabitants. It is chiefly remarkable for the privileges it enjoys of a very slight fixed taxation, and a freedom from the quartering of troops, which have been granted on account of the great expenditure incurred by erecting and keeping up dikes, to prevent the irruption of the sea. It produces abundant crops of corn, beans, rapeseed, flax, and garden fruits, and fattens many oxen. The chief town is Altenbruck, which contains 2450 inhabitants.
HADERSLEBEN, a city of Denmark, the capital of the bailiwick of the same name, in the province of Sleswick. The harbour has within a few years been nearly choked up, and cargoes are discharged by boats. It contains 400 houses, with about 3600 inhabitants. Long. 9. 25. E. Lat. 55. 15. N.
HADES, in the Scriptures, is used in a variety of senses. Sometimes it signifies the invisible regions of the dead, sometimes the place of the damned, and sometimes the grave. In the Greek authors it is in general used to signify the regions of the dead.
HADIDA, a town of Syria, on the Euphrates, consisting of 300 houses, surrounded with fruit gardens. It is about thirty miles south-east of Anna.
HADIE, a town of Yemen, in Arabia, situated on an eminence, sixteen miles east of Beit El Fakich.
HADLEIGH, a market-town of the county of Suffolk, in the hundred of Cosford, sixty-five miles from London. It was formerly a borough and a trading place, but it has lost its charter; and the trade, which was chiefly in spinning, has given way to machinery. It has a market, which is held on Monday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2332, in 1811 to 2592, in 1821 to 2929, and in 1831 to 3425.
HAERLEBEKE, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of West Flanders, and circle of Courtray. It stands on the right bank of the Lys, and on the chaussée from Cambray to Ghent. It contains 3280 inhabitants.
HAEMORRHAGY (compounded of αιμα, blood, and lr l γνω, fιγνυμι, or ģłjtfffw, to break, rend, or force asunder), in medicine, a flux of blood at any part of the body, arising either from a rupture of the vessels, as when they are too full or too much pressed, or from an erosion of the same, as when the blood is too sharp and corrosive. The haemorrhagy, properly speaking, as understood by the Greeks, was only a flux of blood at the nose; but the moderns extend the name to any kind of bloody flux, whether from the nose, mouth, lungs, stomach, intestines, fundament, matrix, or any other part.
HAEMORRHOIDAL, an appellation given by anatomists to the arteries and veins running to the intestinum rectum.
HAEMORRHOIDS, or Piles, an haemorrhage or issue of blood from the haemorrhoidal vessels.
HAEMUS, Eminch Dag, or Balcan, a lofty chain of mountains separating Thrace from Moesia, and running from the sources of the Hebrus towards the east of the Black Sea. From its summit, it was said, the Euxine, the Adriatic, the Danube, and the Alps, could be seen at one view; and it was with the intention of beholding this magnificent prospect that Philip king of Macedon ascended the mountain. (Liv. xl. 21; Polyb. xxxiv. 10, 15; Strab. vii. 313.)
HAERETICO Comburendo, a writ which anciently lay against an heretic, who, having once been convicted of heresy by his bishop, and having abjured it, but afterwards falling into it again, or into some other, is thereupon committed to the secular power.
HAFAR, a considerable river-canal in the province of Irak Arabi. It proceeds from the river Karoön, which, after its confluence with the Abzal at Bandikeel, and before its separation, contains a greater body of waters than either the Tigris or the Euphrates. On its arrival at [7:11:106]Sabla, a ruined village, thirty miles east of Bassora, it disunites, and the largest division, taking the name of Hafar, after a course of fourteen or fifteen miles, again separates. The greater proportion of the waters continue their course in an oblique direction to the east; but the name of Hafar is still given to a canal which flows westward, and joins the Euphrates by an artificial cut three miles in length. This canal is of sufficient depth to admit vessels of any size to pass at high water
HAGARENS, the descendants of Ishmael. They were also called Ishmaelites and Saracens, and lastly by the general name of Arabians. As to the Hagarens, they dwelt in Arabia Felix, according to Pliny. Strabo joins them with the Nabathaeans, and Chavlotaeans, whose habitation was rather in Arabia Deserta. But others think that their capital was Petra, otherwise Agra, and consequently that they should be placed in Arabia Petraea. The author of the eighty-third psalm joins them with the Moabites; and in the Chronicles (1 Chron. v. 10), it is said that the sons of Reuben, in the time of Saul, made war against the Hagarens, and became masters of their country eastward of the mountains of Gilead. This therefore was the true and ancient country of the Hagarens. When Trajan entered Arabia, he besieged the capital of the Hagarens, but did not succeed in taking it. The sons of Hagar valued themselves of old upon their wisdom, as appears by Baruch
HAGEN, a town of Prussia, the capital of a circle of the same name in the Arensberg division of the province of Westphalia. It contains 329 houses, and 2540 inhabitants, who are employed in making hats, hosiery, linen goods, and small wares.
HAGENAU, a city of the department of the Lower Rhine, in the arrondissement of Strasbourg, in France. It is situated on the navigable river Motter, which near it joins the Rhine. It is fortified, but not strongly, and is well built. It contains 900 houses and 7694 inhabitants. There are many small manufactures carried on, and it is a great corn market. Long. 7. 42. E. Lat. 48. 48. N.
HAGGAI, the tenth of the small prophets, was supposed to have been born at Babylon in the year of the world 3457, and to have returned thence with Zerubbabel. It was this prophet who by the command of God (Ezra, v. 1, 2, &c.) exhorted the Jews, after their return from the captivity, to finish the rebuilding of the temple, which they had intermitted for fourteen years. His remonstrances had the desired effect; and to encourage them to proceed in the work, he assured them from God, that the glory of this latter house should be greater than the glory of the former; which was accordingly fulfilled when Christ honoured it with his presence. We know nothing certain of Haggai’s death. The Jews pretend that he died in the last year of the reign of Darius, at the same time with the prophets Zechariah and Malachi, and that thereupon the spirit of prophecy ceased amongst the children of Israel. Epiphanias affirms that he was buried at Jerusalem amongst the priests. The Greeks keep his festival on the 16th of December, and the Latins on the 4th of July.
HAGIOGRAPHA, a name given to part of the books of Scripture, called by the Jews Ketuvim. The word is compounded of άγιος, holy, and ygap«, I write. The name is very ancient. St Jerome makes frequent mention of it, and, before him, St Epiphanius called these books simply Έξαφνα. The Jews divide the sacred writings into three classes: the Law, which comprehends the five books of Moses; the Prophets, which they call Neviirn ; and the Ketuvim, o s □ιn□, called by the Greeks Hagiographa, comprehending the books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, together with the books of Nehemiah, Chronicles, Canticles, Ruth, the Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther. The Jews sometimes call the books the Writings, by way of eminence, as being written by immediate inspi ration of the Holy Spirit. This is stated by Kimchi in his preface to the Psalms, Maimonides in More Nevoch, and Elias Levita in his Thisbi, under the word □n□. They distinguish the hagiographers, however, from the prophets, in this, that the authors of the former did not receive the matters contained in them by the way called prophecy, which consists in dreams, visions, whispers, ecstacies, and the like, but by the immediate inspiration and direction of the Spirit.
HAGUE, a large city, formerly denominated a village, in the province of Holland, in the Netherlands, about ten miles from Leyden, and thirty from Amsterdam, and three miles from the sea-shore. It is the chief seat of government, the residence of the king, and the place of assembly for the states-general and the several boards of the executive administration. It is situated amongst rich meadows, intersected by canals, used both as roads and for the conveyance of heavy goods. The streets are straight, broad, and clean, the public buildings magnificent, and the private houses commodious and handsome. It has a few squares, and a beautiful park joined to the city, with groves of trees and excellent promenades. Within the town the canals have lime trees on their banks. The royal palace is a handsome old building, and in the stadthouse there is a very fine collection of paintings. It contains fourteen churches, two synagogues, a poor-house and orphan-house, and other institutions of beneficence, with about (in 1831) 56,105 inhabitants. It is not a place of trade beyond the preparation of gold and silver articles and jewellery, and of such other articles as the luxury of a capital requires. Long. 4. 11. 20. E. Lat. 52. 3. 5. N.
HAIL, in Meteorology, a meteor generally defined frozen rain, but differing from it in this, that the hailstones are not formed of single pieces of ice, but of many little spherules agglutinated together. Neither are these spherules all of the same consistence; some of them being hard and solid like perfect ice, others soft, and mostly like snow hardened by a severe frost. Sometimes the hailstone has a kind of core of this soft matter; but more frequently the core is solid and hard, whilst the outside is formed of a softer matter. Hailstones assume various figures, being sometimes round, sometimes pyramidal, crenated, angular, thin, and flat, and sometimes stellated, with six radii like the small crystals of snow. See Meteorology.
HAILSHAM, a market-town of the county of Sussex, in the rape of Pevensey, and hundred of Dill, fifty-seven miles from London, with a small market, which is held on Wednesday. The population amounted in 1801 to 897, in 1811 to 1029, in 1821 to 1278, and in 1831 to 1445.
HAINAN, or Hainam, a large island in the China Sea, situated at the southern extremity of that empire, and subject to its authority. It lies between the eighteenth and twentieth degrees of north latitude, and is about 196 miles in length by seventy in average breadth. Although placed so near the tract of ships bound to Canton, very few particulars respecting this island are known. On the south coast are several fine bays, affording good anchorage and shelter from the north-east monsoon; these have been occasionally visited by ships which have met with disasters in the China Seas. Captain Krusenstern mentions that the Ladrone pirates who infest the China Seas have obtained possession of this island.
HAINBURG, a city of Austria, on the river Danube. It was burnt down in 1827, but has been since rebuilt. It is the seat of the greatest imperial tobacco and snuff manufactory in the empire. The town-house is remarkable for a Roman altar and a Roman tower, wlych commands a vast and fine prospect over the surrounding country. The city now contains 2700 inhabitants.
[7:11:107]
HAJYGUNGE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, pleasantly situated on the south bank of the Ganges, which is here a mile broad, and in the rainy season runs with great rapidity. It is twenty-nine miles southwest of Dacca. Long. 89. 53. E. Lat. 23. 31. N. The name Hajji is the Arabic for pilgrim, and is prefixed to s number of towns in Mahommedan countries.
HAJYKAN, a large district within the Afghan territories, situated along the western bank of the Indus, between the 29th and 31st degrees of north latitude. It is chiefly a stripe of land, bounded by the Indus on the east, and a ridge of mountains on the west. Under a regular government it might be rendered fertile and productive; but it is chiefly inhabited by predatory tribes of Afghans and Bal-yoches, who neglect agriculture. The country has been imperfectly explored, and its limits have never been very distinctly defined. The great majority of the inhabitants are of the Soonce sect of Mahommedans.
HAJYPOOR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, situated principally between the 25th and 26th degrees of north latitude. It is fertile and well cultivated, and produces a quantity of opium and saltpetre; the greater part of the company’s investment being manufactured[7:11:109] in this country, and in the adjacent territory of Sarun. The farmers breed a number of horses; and at Hajypoor, or Hurryhurchitter, an annual fair is held for the sale of these animals, the breed of which has been much improved by the English. The principal towns are, Hajypoor, Singhea, and Mowah. Hajypoor is the -principal town, situated on the north-east side of the Ganges, at its confluence with the Gunduek, nearly opposite to Patna. It was founded by Hias Hajy, the second independent Mahommedan king of Bengal. In 1574 it was taken by the troops of the Emperor Akbar, after a gallant resistance. Long. 85. 21. E. Lat. 25. 4L N. Hajypoor is also the name of a small town in the Sikk territories, in the province of Lahore, situated on the north side of the Beyah river, which is here a hundred yards broad. Sixty-five miles south-east from Lahore. Long. 74. 51. E. Lat. 26. 20. N.
HAKE, the English name of a fish, common in the English and some other seas, and called by authors the mer-lucius, or lucius marinus. This fish was used of old dried and salted. Hence the proverb in Kent, As dry as a hake.
HAKLUYT, Richard, a celebrated naval historian, descended from an ancient family at Eton or Yetton, in Herefordshire, is supposed to have been born in London about the year 1553. He was educated at Westminster School; and thence, in 1570, he removed to Christ Church College, Oxford, where he applied himself particularly to the study of cosmography, and read public lectures in that science. When Sir Edward Stafford was sent ambassador to France in 1583, Mr Hakluyt attended him, probably in the capacity of chaplain. He was at this time master of arts and professor of divinity. In 1585 he obtained the royal mandate for the next vacant prebend of Bristol, to which preferment he succeeded during his residence at Paris. Constantly attentive to his favourite cosmographical inquiries, Hakluyt, in searching the French libraries, found a valuable manuscript history of Florida, which had been discovered about twenty years before by Captain Lou-donière and others; and this he caused to be published in the French language, at his own expense. Soon afterwards he revised and republished Peter Martyr’s book De Orbe Novo, with marginal notes, a commodious index, and a map of New England and America. After five years residence in France, Hakluyt returned to England in 1588; and in 1605 he was appointed prebendary of Westminster, which, with the rectory of Wetheringset in the county of Suffolk, seems to have been the summit of his preferment. He died in 1616, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Hakluyt was an indefatigable and faithful historian, and his various collections are equally curious, instructive, and interesting. His works are, 1. A collection of Voyages and Discoveries, in one small volume; 2. History of Florida; 3. The principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, made by Sea or over Land to the farthest distant Quarters of the Earth, at any time within the compass of these 1500 years, in three vols. folio; 4. The Discoveries of the World, from the first Original to the year 1555, written in the Portugal tongue by Antonio Galvano, corrected, much amended, and translated into English, by Richard Hakluyt; 5. Virginia richly valued, by the Description of the Main Land of Florida, her next neighbour, written by a Portugal gentleman of Elvas, and translated by Richard Hakluyt. Besides these, he left several manuscripts, which were printed in Purchas’s collection.
HAL, or Halle, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of South Brabant. It is situated on the river Senne, ten miles from Brussels; and has extensive breweries, distilleries, salt-refineries, paper-mills, and tanneries, with 700 houses, and 4612 inhabitants.
HALBERSTADT, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, of the province of Saxony, in Prussia, and situated on the river Holzemmte. It is walled, and contains nine churches, six hospitals, 1861 houses, and 14,670 inhabitants, with some establishments for education. It was formerly a manufacturing place, but has for some years been gradually on the decline. Long. 10. 58.11. E. Lat. 51. 53. 55. N.
HALBERT, or Halbard, in war, a well-known weapon, formerly carried by the serjeants of foot and dragoons. It was a sort of spear, the shaft of which was about five feet long, and made of ash or other wood. Its head was armed with a steel point, not unlike the point of a two-edged sword. Besides this sharp point, which was in a line with the shaft, there was a cross piece of steel, flat, and pointed at both ends, but generally with a cutting edge at one extremity, and a bent sharp point at the other; so that it served equally to cut down or to push withal. It was also useful in determining the ground between the ranks, and adjusting the files of a battalion. The word is formed from the German 7zαZ, hall, and bard, an hatchet. Vossius derives it from the German hallebaert, a compound of hel, clarus, splendens, and baert, axe. The halbert was anciently a common weapon in the army, where there were companies of halberdiers. It is said to have been used by the Amazons, and afterwards by the Rhaetians and Vinde-licians about the year 570. It was called the Danish axe, because the Danes carried a halbert on the left shoulder. From the Danes it passed to the Scotch, from the Scotch to the English Saxons, and from them to the French.
HALCYON, the ancient name of the alcedo or king’s fisher.

Halcyon Days, in Antiquity, a name given to seven days before and as many after the winter solstice; because, at this season, the halcyon, invited by the calmness of the weather, laid its eggs in nests built in the rocks, close by the brink of the sea; and hence halcyon days is a phrase expressive of times of peace and tranquillity.
HALDE, John Baptist du, was born at Paris bn the 1st of February 1674, and having entered into the society of Jesus, he was at length appointed to succeed Father Legobien, who had been intrusted with the duty of collecting and arranging the letters which they received from different quarters of the globe. He was also for some time secretary to the famous Father Letellier, confessor to the king of France. Towards the close of his life he was attacked with acute spasms, which he endured with exemplary resignation, and died on the 18th of August 1743. Duhalde is represented as a man,of mild and amiable character, and as remarkable alike for his unaffected piety and unwearied industry. He was the author of some Latin poems, which do not evince any superior degree of excellence; but the productions for which he is principally distinguished arc, 1. Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses écrites des Missions Etrangères, which he edited with great ability from the ninth to the twenty-sixth volume inclusively, and whichhave been translated into English and German; 2. Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique, et Physique, de l’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise, Paris, 1735, in four volumes large folio, with figures and an atlas by D’Anville. This work, the first in which China is described with so much exactness and detail, is at the same time a beautiful monument of French typography. The description contained in this work and in the Lettres Edifiantes has furnished materials to almost all the modern writers who have treated of that vast empire, and has contributed materially to advance the science of geography. (a.)
HALDUBARRY, a town of Hindustan, in the district of Purneah, Bengal, situated on the east bank of the Mahanuddy river, fifty-five miles north-east from Purncah. Long. 87. 59. E. Lat. 26. 20. N.
HALESOWEN, a market-town of the county of Salop, . in the hundred of Brimstrey, but partly in the county of Worcester, 127 miles from London. The market is held on Monday, but it is thinly attended. There are in the town some inferior branches of the iron manufacture. It is chiefly remarkable for the grounds of the house of the Leasowes, once the residence of the poet Shenstone, to whom a monument has been erected in the parish church, which was'formerly an ancient monastery. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 6888, in 1821 to 8187, and in 1831 to 9765.
HALESWORTH, a town of the county of Suffolk, in the hundred of Blything. It is situated on the river Blyth, 101 miles from London, and has a good market for corn on Tuesday, and a navigable canal to the sea at Southwold, about nine miles distant. Near to it is a mineral spring frequented by patients afflicted with diseases of the eyes. Halesworth had some trade in spinning wool, which has nearly disappeared. It is a place of considerable antiquity, but of unknown date. The population amounted in 1801 to 1676, in 1811 to 1810, in 1821 to 2166, and in 1831 to 2473.
HALF-WAY-ISLAND, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, in Torres Strait, about a mile in circumference, and surrounded with coral reefs. It suffers from a ward of fresh water. Long. 143. 18. E. Lat. 10. 8. S.
HALFPENNY, a copper coin, the value of which is expressed by its name, in reference to the penny.