pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SYNAGOGUE, among the Jews, is a place where that people met to worship God. Authors are not agreed about the time when the Jews first began to have synagogues. Some suppose them as old as the ceremonial law, and others fix their beginning to the times after the Babylonish captivity. They erected synagogues not only in towns and cities, but also in the country, especially near rivers, that they might have water for their purifications and ceremonial washings. No synagogue was built in any town unless there were ten persons of leisure in it; but there might be many in one town, or in one quarter of a town, provided it was very populous. Jerusalem is said to have contained 480. The chief things belonging to a synagogue were, 1. the ark or chest, made after the model of the ark of the covenant, containing the Pentateuch; 2. the pulpit and desk in the middle of the synagogue, in which he that was to read or expound the law stood; 3. the seats or pews for the people; 4. the lamps to give light at evening service, and the feast of dedication; 5. rooms or apartments for the utensils and alms-chest. The synagogue was governed by a council or assembly, over whom was a president, called the Ruler of the Synagogue. These are sometimes called Chiefs of the Jews, the Rulers, the Priests or Elders, the Governors, the Overseers, the Fathers of the Synagogue. Their business was to punish the disobedient, by censures, by excommunication, or by penalties, such as fines and scourging; to take care of the alms, which are frequently called by the name of righteousness. The chief ruler, or one of the rulers, gave permission to read and expound the law, and appointed who should do it. In every synagogue there were several ministers, who had different offices assigned to them. Service was performed three times a day, namely, in the morning, in the afternoon, and at night. At the time of morning sacrifice, evening sacrifice, and after the evening sacrifice on Monday, Thursday, and Saturday, there was a more forcible obligation upon the people to attend than upon the other days.
SYNALOEPHA, in Grammar, a contraction of syllables, performed principally by suppressing some vowel or diphthong at the end of a word, on account of another vowel or diphthong at the beginning of the next As, ilΓ ego, for ille ego, &c.

Conticuer' omnes intentiqu’ ora tenebant. Virgil. lt is called by the Latins collisio.
SYNCELLUS, or Sincellus, an ancient officer in the family of the patriarchs and other prelates of the eastern church. The word, in the corrupt Greek, συγχελλος , signifies a person who lies in the chamber with another; a chamber-fellow, or chum. The syncellus was an ecclesiastic, who lived with the patriarch of Constantinople, to be a witness of his conduct; whence it is that the syncellus was also called the patriarch’s eye, because his business was to observe and watch. The other prelates had also their syn-celli, who were clerks living in the house with them, and even lying in the same chamber, to be witnesses of the purity of their manners. The office afterwards degenerated into a mere dignity; and there were made syncelli of churches. At last, it became a title of honour, and was bestowed by the emperor on the prelates themselves; whom they called pontifical syncelli, and syncelli Augustales.
SYNCHRONISM denotes the happening of several things at the same time.
SYNCOPATION, in Music. See Slur.
SYNCOPE, Fainting; a deep and sudden swooning, during which the vital functions are suspended.

Syncope, in Grammar, an elision or retrenchment of a letter or syllable out of the middle of a word, as caldus for calidus.
SYNDIC, an officer, in divers countries, intrusted with the affairs of a city or other community, who calls meetings, makes representations and solicitations to the ministry, magistracy, &c. according to the exigency of the case.
SYNECDOCHE, in Rhetoric, a kind of trope frequent among orators and poets.
SYNECPHONESIS, in Grammar, a coalition, by which two syllables are pronounced as one; being much the same as Synaloepha and Synaeresis.
SYNOD, in Astronomy, a conjunction or concourse of two or more stars or planets, in the same optical place of the heavens.

Synod signifies also a meeting or assembly of ecclesiastical persons to consult on matters of religion.
SYNODALS, or Synodies, were pecuniary rents (commonly of two shillings), paid to the bishop, or archdeacon, at the time of their Easter visitation, by every parish priest. They were thus called, because usually paid in synods. For the same reason, they are sometimes also denominated sy-nodalica; but more usually, procurations.
SYNODICAL, something belonging to a synod. Thus, synodical epistles are circular letters written by the synods to the absent prelates and churches; or even those general ones directed to all the faithful, to inform them of what had passed in the synod.
SYNOECIA, in Grecian antiquity, a feast celebrated at Athens in memory of Theseus’s having united all the petty communities of Attica into one single commonwealth, the seat of which was at Athens, where all the assemblies were to be held. This feast was dedicated to Minerva; and, according to the scholiast on Thucydides, it was held in the month Metagition.
SYNONYMOUS is applied to a word or term that has the same import or signification with another. Several works have been composed for the express purpose of explaining synonymous words. In 1777 a work was published on the Latin synonymes at Paris by M. Gardin Dumesnil. The Abbé Girard published one on the synonymous terms of the French language many years ago. Another was published on the same subject in the year 1785 by the Abbé Roubaud. An account of the English synonymes was published by an anonymous author in 1766. This work is a close imitation, and in some parts a literal translation, of Girard’s “Synonymes François.” A rambling work, abounding with errors, was published by Mrs Piozzi, under the title of “British Synonymy.” Lond. 1794, 2 vols. 8vo. A much better book, more recently published, by Mr Crabb, is entitled “English Synonymes explained.” Lond. 1816, 8vo. Lond. 1826, 4to.
SYNTAX, in Grammar, the proper construction or due disposition of the words of a language into sentences and phrases.
SYNTHESIS, in Logic, denotes a branch of method, opposite to analysis. In the synthesis or synthetic method, we pursue the truth by reasons drawn from principles before established or assumed, and propositions formerly proved;[7:21:55] thus proceeding by a regular chain, till we come to the conclusion. Such is the method in Euclid’s Elements, and most demonstrations of the ancient mathematicians, which proceed from definitions and axioms, to prove propositions, &c. and from those propositions proved to prove others. This method we also call composition, in opposition to analysis or resolution.
SYRA, an island in the Grecian archipelago, classed among the Cyclades, anciently called Syros. The south-west point of the island is north-east from Serpho-Poulo about five leagues, and the summit of its high land, which is towards the east, is in longitude 24° 55' 13" east, and latitude 37° 28' 56" north. It is three leagues long from north to south, and about one league and a half in breadth. It is mountainous and destitute of wood; but being well watered and well cultivated, produces barley, wine, figs, cotton, olives, and a small portion of wheat. There is a good harbour on the eastern side, very secure for vessels of an easy draught, and where two or three frigates might find shelter. The land has a very picturesque appearance from this harbour, near to which is the town, reaching half way down the side of a conical hill. The whole inhabitants are calculated to be about 2000, mostly adhering to the Roman Catholic church.
SYRIAM, a town of the Birman empire, in the province of Pegu, on the banks of the Appoo river, where were formerly situated several factories of the Europeans. The British factory was destroyed during the wars between the Birmans and the Peguers. Long. 96. 17. E. Lat. 16. 49. N.
SYRINGE, a well-known instrument, serving to imbibe or suck in a quantity of fluid, and to squirt or expel the same with violence. The word is formed from the Greek συϑιγξ , a pipe. A syringe is only a single pump, and the water ascends in it on the same principle as in the common sucking-pump.
SYSTEM, in general, denotes an assemblage or chain of principles and conclusions, or the whole of any doctrine, the several parts of which are bound together, and follow or depend on each other; in which sense we say a system of philosophy, a system of divinity, &c. The word is formed from the Greek συστημα, composition. System, in Music, signifies an exposition of all the sounds employed in composition, considered theoretically and practically, melodically and harmonically. The ancient Greek melodic system was divided into tetrachords; the modem melodic and harmonic system is divided into octaves. The Guidonian system was divided into hexachords. The most modem system of harmony, which originated in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, is founded upon a system of tonality different from that employed prior to these periods, as will be shown under the article Tonality . For some account of harmonic systems, see Music .
SYSTYLE, in Architecture, that manner of placing columns where the space between the two shafts consists of two diameters or four modules.
SYZYGY, Syzygia, in Astronomy, a term equally used for the conjunction and opposition of a planet with the sun. The word is formed from the Greek συζυγι α, which properly signifies conjunctio. On the phenomena and circumstances of the syzygies a great part of the lunar theory depends. See Astronomy.
SZARVAS, a large town of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, of the circle of the Farther Theiss, and the district of Bekesch. It stands on the river Koros. It is chiefly inhabited by the Saxon race, who have there a Lutheran church, and several institutions for education, chiefly on subjects relating to the knowledge and promotion of arts, manufactures, and agriculture. It contains 820 houses, with 8600 inhabitants. Long. 20. 26. 19. E. Lat. 46. 52. 30. N.
SZEGEDIN, a large city of the kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Farther Theiss, and circle of Song-rab, of which it is the capital. It stands on the river Theiss, where that stream is joined by the Maros. It is well built and strongly fortified, is the scat of a Greek propope, of a Piarist college, and of a Catholic gymnasium.[7:21:66] From its situation on a great river, it carries on extensive trade both upwards and downwards, but chiefly in the products of its soil. Here they build numerous boats and barges, which are loaded with tobacco, corn, wood, and some manufactured goods both of wool and cotton. The tobacco raised near the city is highly valued in all the Austrian dominions, and the quantity annually exported is said to exceed 60,000 quintals. The public buildings have nothing remarkable, but the city contains 4600 dwellings, and the inhabitants now amount to 32 500 having increased to that number from 25,690 since the year 1817. Long. 20. 4. 57. E. Lat. 46. 15. 15. N.
SZIGETH, a town of the kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Farther Theiss, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands at the influx of the river Itza to the Theiss. It contains a Catholic college, and churches for that sect, one for the Lutherans and one for the Unitarians, with 6850 inhabitants. The greater part of the kingdom is supplied with salt from this place. Long. 24. 16. 25. E. Lat. 47. 56. 8. N.
T, or t, the nineteenth letter and sixteenth consonant of our alphabet; the sound of which is formed by a strong expulsion of the breath through the mouth, upon a sudden drawing back of the tongue from the fore-part of the palate, with the lips at the same time open. The proper sound of t is expressed in most words beginning or ending with that letter; as in take, tell, hot, put. Ti before a vowel has the sound of si, or rather of shi, as in creation, except when s precedes, as in question ; and derivatives from words ending in ty, as mighty, mightier. Th has two sounds; the one soft, as thou, father; the other hard, as thing, think. The sound is soft in these words, then, thence, and there, with their derivatives and compounds; and in the words that, this, thus, thy, they, though; and in all words in which th comes between two vowels, as, whether, rather; and between r and a vowel, as burthen.

In abbreviations, among the Roman writers, T. stands for Titus, Titius, &c.; Tab. for Tabularius; Tab. P. H. C. Tabularius Provincia Hispania citerioris; Tar. Tarquinius; Ti. Tiberius; Ti. F. Tiberii filius; Ti. L. Tiberii libertus; Ti. N. Tiberii Nepos; T. J. A. V. P. V. D. tempore judicem arbitrumve postulat ut der; T. Μ. P. terminum posuit; T. M. D. D. terminum dedicavit; Tr. trans, tribunus; Tr. M. or Mil. tribunus militum; TR. PL. DES. tribunus plebis designatus; TR. AER. tribunis ararii; TRV. CAP. triumviri capitales; T. P. or TRIB. POT. tribunicia potestate; Tul. H. Tullus Hostilius. Among the ancients, T, as a numeral, stood for one hundred and sixty; and with a dash at top, thus T̅ , it signified one hundred and sixty thousand. In music, T stands for tutti, “all, or altogether.”
TA, a city and fortress of China, of the second rank, in Sechuen. Long. 107. 15. E. Lat. 36. 55. N. Also the name of a river which falls into the Eastern Seas. Long. 121. 34. E. Lat 36. 55. N.
TAAWIRY. There are two islands of this name, situated within the reef of the island of Otaheite.
TAB, a river of Persia, the ancient Arosis, which, rising in the mountains of Fars, divides that province from Khusistan, and falls into the Persian Gulf near Endian.
ΤΑΒΑ Islands, four small islands in the Eastern Seas, near the east coast of Borneo. Long. 118. 12. E. Lat. 2. 6. N.
TABABELLA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah, thirty-two miles west from Oojain. Long. 75. 20. E. Lat. 23. 16. N.
TABAS, a city of Persia, in the province of Khorassan. It is situated on the road from Herat to Yezd, 337 miles from the former, and 150 from the latter. It stands within a range of mountains, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. Tabas is also the name of a village in Anatolia.
TABBY, in commerce, a kind of rich silk which has undergone the operation of tabbying.
TABBYING, the passing a silk or stuff under a calender, the rolls of which are made of iron or copper variously engraven, which bearing unequally on the stuff, renders the surface of it unequal, so as to reflect the rays of light differently, and to exhibit a representation of waves.
TABELLIO, in the Roman law, an officer or scrivener, much the same with our notaries public, who are often called tabelliones.
TABERNA, a city of Spain, in the province of Valencia, about six miles north-east from the capital, on the great road leading to Catalonia. It is on the sea-shore, in a district of great richness and fertility, and contains about 4500 inhabitants.
TABERNACLE, among the Hebrews, a kind of building, in the form of a tent, set up, by express command of God, for the performance of religious worship, sacrifices, &c. during the journeying of the Israelites in the wilderness; and, after their settlement in the land of Canaan, used for the same purpose till the building of the temple of Jerusalem. It was divided into two parts; the one covered, and properly called the tabernacle; and the other open, called the court. The curtains which covered the tabernacle were made of embroidered linen, of several colours. There were ten curtains, twenty-eight cubits long and four in breadth. Five curtains fastened together composed two coverings, which covered up all the tabernacle. Over these there were other two coverings; the one of goats’ hair, the other of sheeps’ skins. The holy of holies was parted from the rest of the tabernacle by a curtain fastened to four pillars, standing ten cubits from the end. The length of the whole tabernacle was thirty-two cubits, that is, about fifty feet; and the breadth twelve cubits or nineteen feet. The court was a spot of ground 100 cubits long, and fifty in breadth, enclosed by twenty columns, each twenty cubits high and ten in breadth, covered with silver, and standing on copper bases five cubits distant from one another; between which there were curtains drawn, and fastened with hooks. At the east end was an entrance, twenty cubits wide, covered with a curtain hanging loose.

Tabernacles, Feast of, a solemn festival of the Hebrews, observed after harvest, on the fifteenth day of the month Tisri, instituted to commemorate the goodness of [7:21:67]God, who protected the Israelites in the wilderness, and made them dwell in booths, when they came out of Egypt. On the first day of the feast they began to erect booths of the boughs of trees, and in these they were obliged to continue seven days. The boughs were placed in the open air, and were not to be covered with cloths, nor made too close by the thickness of the boughs, but so loose that the sun and the stars might be seen, and the rains descend through them.
Tabernacles, Feast of, a solemn festival of the Hebrews, observed after harvest, on the fifteenth day of the month Tisri, instituted to commemorate the goodness of [7:21:67]God, who protected the Israelites in the wilderness, and made them dwell in booths, when they came out of Egypt. On the first day of the feast they began to erect booths of the boughs of trees, and in these they were obliged to continue seven days. The boughs were placed in the open air, and were not to be covered with cloths, nor made too close by the thickness of the boughs, but so loose that the sun and the stars might be seen, and the rains descend through them.
TABLAS Isle, one of the Philippines, situated due north of Luzon, thirty miles in length by three in average breadth.
TABLATURE (Ital. Talndatura, or Intavolatura), an old species of musical notation by means of letters of the alphabet applied to a staff of four or more lines and their spaces, and most usually employed in music written for the guitar, or for instruments of the lute kind. It has long been disused, and is now generally unintelligible. For some explanations of Tablature, see Graham’s Essay upon Music.
TABLE, a moveable piece of furniture, usually made of wood or stone, and supported on pillars or the like, for the commodious reception of things placed upon it
TABLE Island, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, so called by Captain Wilson. Long. 181. 54. W. Lat. 18. 54. S. This is also the name of several small islands in the Eastern Seas. Table Point is the southern extremity of Bali Island, in the Eastern Seas. Long. 115. 11. E. Lat. 8. 45. S.; also the eastern boundary of the south entrance into Bali Straits.
TABOO, a word used by the South Sea islanders, and nearly of the same import as prohibited or interdicted. It applies equally to persons and things, and is also expressive of any thing sacred, devoted, or eminent
TABOR, a celebrated mountain of Palestine, situated to the south-west of Lake Tiberias, over which, and all the surrounding country, it commands an extensive prospect about two leagues south-east from Nazareth, and nearly the same distance from Jordan. In shape it resembles a truncated cone. It is entirely calcareous, and is covered to the top with a forest of oak, and wild pistachio, and other trees, and a variety of plants. It is completely insulated from any of the neighbouring mountains, none of which is of equal height. It is estimated by Buckingham to be about 1000 feet above the adjacent country. It is covered in the morning, and during a great part of the day, with thick clouds, which disperse towards midday. A strong wind blows on it during the day; and Burckhardt mentions that more copious dews fall in the night than he had seen in any other part of Syria. Here this traveller found a single family of Greek Christians, who had resided on the top for several years. They rented the oval plain into which the summit is extended for about a quarter of a mile, at fifty piastres, and had retired to this remote spot to avoid paying taxes. Here are found the remains of a large fortress, the thick wall of which may be traced quite round the summit. The area of the plain is overspread with ruins of private dwellings, built of stone, of great solidity, and with the vestiges of churches, grottoes, and other ancient relics. There are no springs; but numerous reservoirs have been cut in the rock, two of which are still of service in supplying water. Mount Tabor is celebrated as the Mount of Transfiguration.
Tabor, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia, the capital of the circle of the same name, which extends over 1137 square miles, and contains 171,270 inhabitants. The city is situated on a hill near the river Luschnitz. It contains a very curious collegiate church, a monastery of Augustins, and 430 houses, with 3430 inhabitants. It is remarkable from having been founded in 1420, by the first Protestants, then called Hussites, and sometimes Taborites. At Tabor there are some manufactures of linens and woollens. Long. 13. 48. E. Lat. 49. 24. 23. N.
TACHYGRAPHY, from ταχυs , swift, and γϑαφω , I write, or the art of writing short-hand. See Stenography.
TACK, a rope used to confine the foremost lower corners of the courses and stay-sails in a fixed position, when the wind crosses the ship’s course obliquely. The same name is also given to the rope employed to pull out the lower corner of a studding-sail or driver to the extremity of its boom. The main-sail and fore-sail of a ship are furnished with a tack on each side, which is formed of a thick rope tapering to the end, and having a knot wrought upon the largest end, by which it is firmly retained in the clue of the sail. By this means one tack is always fastened to windward, at the same time that the sheet extends the sail to the leeward.

To Tack, to change the course from one board to another, or turn the ship about from the starboard to the larboard tack, in a contrary wind. Thus a ship being close-hauled on the larboard tack, and turning her prow suddenly to windward, receives the impression of the wind on her head sails, by which she falls off upon the line of the starboard tack. Tacking is also used in a more enlarged sense, to imply that manoeuvre in navigation by which a ship makes an oblique progression to the windward, in a zigzag direction. This, however, is more usually called beating, or tuning to windward.
TACOULUM, a town of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, forty miles west from Madras. Long. 79. 50. E. Lat. 13. 4. N.
TACTICS, in the art of war, is the method of disposing forces to the best advantage in order of battle, and of performing the several military motions and evolutions. See War.
TADCASTER, a town in the wapentake of Barkston-Ash, in the west riding of the county of York, 185 miles from London. It stands on the river Wharfe, over which is a fine bridge, built from the ruins of its ancient castle, called by the Romans Calcaria, from the abundance of limestone found near it. It is a well-built town, with a well-attended market on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 1651, and in 1831 to 1666.
TADMOR. See Palmyra.
TAFFETY, or Taffeta, a fine smooth silken stuff, remarkably glossy. There are taffeties of all colours, some plain, and others striped with gold, silver, &c., others chequered, others flowered, according to the fancy of the workmen.
TAGAL, a Dutch settlement on the north coast of Java, where there is a resident to receive the contributions of the chief. It is prettily situated on a broad river, and has a church and a small fort. Long. 108. 55. E. Lat. 6. 44. S.
TAGALAZ, one of the Fox Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean. Long. 185. 26. E. Lat. 53. 30. N.