pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CONGE d’Elire, in ecclesiastical policy, the king’s permission-royal to a dean and chapter in the time of a vacancy, to choose a bishop; or to an abbey or priory, of his own foundation, to choose an abbot or prior.

The king of England, as sovereign patron of all archbishoprics, bishoprics, and other ecclesiastical benefices, had of ancient time free appointment of all ecclesiastical dignities, whenever they chanced to become vacant; investing them first per bacculum et annulum, and afterwards by his letters patent: and in course of time he made over the election to others, under certain forms and limitations, as that they should at every vacation, before they choose, demand the king’s congé d’élire, and after the election crave his royal assent.
CONGELATION. See the article Cold.
CONGERIES, a Latin word, sometimes used in our language for a collection or heap of particles of bodies united in one mass oŗ aggregate.
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CONGLETON, a town in the parish of Astbury, and hundred of Northwick, in Cheshire, 162 miles from London. A great trade in silk is carried on at this place, and there is a market on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3861, in 1811 to 4616, and in 1821 to 6405.
CONGOON, a town of Laristan, in Persia, situated on the northern shore of the Persian Gulf. It contains six or seven thousand inhabitants, and has an excellent roadstead, where a frigate may ride in safety in the most tempestuous weather. Good water and firewood, which are both scarce in the gulf, may be procured at this place. Long. 52. 5. E. Lat. 27. 50. N.
CONGREGATION, an assembly of several ecclesiastics, united so as to constitute a body.

The term is principally used to signify assemblies of cardinals appointed by the pope, and distributed into several chambers, for the discharge of certain functions and jurisdictions, after the manner of our offices and courts. The first is the congregation of the holy office, or the inquisition; the second that of jurisdiction over bishops and regulars; the third that of councils, which has power to interpret the Council of Trent; the fourth that of customs, ceremonies, precedencies, canonizations, called the congregation of rites ; the fifth that of St Peter’s fabric, which takes cognizance of all causes relating to piety and charity, part of which is due to the church of St Peter; the sixth, that of waters, rivers, roads; the seventh that of fountains and streets; the eighth that of the index, which examines the books to be printed or corrected; the ninth that of the council of state, for the management of the territories belonging to the pope and church; the tenth, de bono regimine, the cardinal nephew being the chief of this and the preceding one; the eleventh that of money; the twelfth that of bishops, in which those who are to be promoted to bishoprics in Italy are examined, and which is held before the pope; the thirteenth that of consistorial matters, the chief of which is the cardinal dean; the fourteenth a congregation for propagating the faith; and the fifteenth that of ecclesiastical immunity, for settling suits against churchmen. There is also a congregation of alms, which takes care of .every thing that relates to the subsistence of Rome and the state of the church.

Congregation is also used to signify a company or society of religious persons cantoned out of this or that order, and forming, as it were, an inferior order, or a subdivision of the order itself. Such are the congregations of the oratory, and those of Cluny, and so on, among the Benedictines.

The word is also applied to assemblies of pious persons in the manner of fraternities, frequent among the Jesuits, in honour of the Virgin, &c.

It is likewise applied to the audience in a church, particularly as consisting of the inhabitants of the same parish.
CONGREGATIONALISTS, in Church History, a sect of Protestants who reject all church-government, excepting that of a single congregation under the direction of one pastor.
CONGRESS, in political affairs, an assembly of corn missioners, envoys, or deputies, from several courts, meeting to concert matters for their common good.

Congress, in America, is the assembly of delegates from the United States. See United States.
CONI, a province of the kingdom of Sardinia, on the continent of Italy. It is bounded on the north by Saluzzo, on the north-east and north by Mondovi, on the south by Nice, and on the west by France. Its extent is 726 square miles, or 464,640 English acres. A great part of the southern and western portions of the province consists of the chain of the Appo Mountains, and is consequently unproductive; but the other divisions are watered by the rivers Stura, Grana, Macra, and Gesso, and numerous brooks, and are fruitful in corn, maize, pulse, fruit, hemp, silk, and wine. The mountains are covered with chestnut trees, whose fruit affords some part of the food of the inhabitants. The province contains four cities, fifty-six market-towns and large villages, and forty-one large farming establishments.

Coni, a city of Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. It stands on a tongue of land, formed by the junction of the rivers Gesso and Stura. It is strongly fortified, has several religious and other handsome public buildings, and contains 16,500 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in various manufactures, particularly in woollen cloths. Long. 7. 22. 8. E. Lat. 44. 23.17. N.
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CONICHTHYODONTES, or Plectronitae, in Natural History, a name by which the fossil teeth of fishes are sometimes distinguished.
CONISSALAE, a term formerly used in natural history to signify a class of fossils, which were said to be naturally and essentially compound, uninflammable, insoluble in water, found in detached masses, and formed of crystalline matter debased by earth. It included sand and gritty substances.
CONJEE, a district of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, intersected by the Palar river. It is comprehended in the collectorship of Arcot, and is generally flat and sandy, and, towards the Ghauts, thinly inhabited.
CONJEVERAM, a considerable town of Southern India, in the Carnatic, which has all the appearance of a flourishing place. The streets are wide, and cross each other at right angles, and have a row of cocoa-nut trees on each side. The houses are generally built of mud; and have mud walls with tiled roofs. It contains several tanks for water, which are lined with stone and in good repair. This town is chiefly supported by a famous Hindu temple, dedicated to Mahadera. The principal entrance is very grand and lofty, and the sides of the steps leading to the temple are formed by two elephants drawing a chariot carved in stone. The sanctuary is surrounded by a double wall, the outer inclosure of which contains an extensive chantrai or caravanserai for pilgrims and devotees.
CONJUGATE Diameter, or Axis of an Ellipsis, the shortest of the two diameters, or that which bisects the axis.
CONJUGATION, in Grammar, a regular distribution of the several inflections of verbs into their different voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons, so as to distinguish them from one another.
CONJUNCTION, in Astronomy, the meeting of two or more stars or planets in the same degree of the zodiac.

Conjunction, in Grammar, an indeclinable word or particle, which serves to join words and sentences, and shows their relation or dependence upon one another.
CONJURATION, magical words, characters, or ceremonies, by which evil spirits, tempests, and the like, are supposed to be raised or driven away. The priests of the Roman Catholic church pretend to expel devils, by preparing holy water in a particular manner, and sprinkling it over the possessed, accompanied with a number of conjurations and exorcisms.

According to some authors, the difference between conjuration and witchcraft consists in this, that the former effects its object by prayers and invocation of God’s name, to compel the devil to do what is desired, so that the conjuror is supposed to be at war with the devil, and that evil spirit to act merely out of constraint; whereas the latter attains its end by an immediate application to the devil himself, and the complaisance of his Satanic majesty is supposed to be the consequence of some compact between him and the witch or wizard, so that all the parties have a good understanding together. But conjuration and witchcraft both differ from enchantment and sorcery, which operate secretly and slowly by spells, charms, and the like, without calling on the devil, or having any conference with that personage.
CONKAIR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, on the south bank of the Muhanuddy river, 105 miles south by west from Ruttunpoor. It is entirely surrounded by hills covered by thick woods, and inhabited by a barbarous race of mountaineers. Long. 83. 15. E. Lat. 20. 48. N.
CONNAUGHT, one of the four provinces into which Ireland was ecclesiastically divided by Pope Eugenius III. in 1152. It is bounded on the south by the province of 1 Munster, on the west by the Atlantic Oeean, on the east by the river Shannon, and on the north by the Atlantic and part of Ulster. It contains five counties, Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo; forty-two baronies, and 276 parishes, subject to the control of the Archbishop of Tuam, and his suffragans, the Bishops of Clonfert, Elphin, and Kilhila. The surface is mountainous, and the climate moist but healthy. The Duke of Gloucester, of the blood-royal, takes the title of earl from this, province. As the division of Ireland into provinces is not recognised in any public act, a particular account of Connaught is unnecessary here. That will be found in the articles on the various counties which compose it, as they occur alphabetically.
CONNECTIVES, in Grammar, one of the four species under which, according to Mr Harris, all words may be included. They are of two kinds, and, according as they connect sentences or words, are called by the respective names of conjunctions and prepositions.
CONNOISSEUR, a French term, much used in English. It literally denotes a person well versed in any thing, being formed from the verb connoitre, to know or understand. Hence it has come to be used in our language for a critic, or person who is a thorough judge or master in any way, particularly in matters of painting, sculpture, or virtù.
CONNOR, Bernard, a learned physician, was born in the county of Kerry, in Ireland, about the year 1666. Having determined to apply himself to the study of physic, he proceeded to France, and resided for some time in the university of Montpellier. He afterwards went to Paris, where he acquired great skill in medicine, anatomy, and chemistry, and thence travelled to Venice, with the two sons of the high-chancellor of Poland; after which, taking a tour through the greater part of Germany, he went to Warsaw, where he was appointed physician to King John Sobieski. In 1695 he visited England, and read a course of lectures in London and Oxford; he then became member of the Royal Society and College of Physicians; and afterwards, being invited to Cambridge, he read public lectures at that place, and made various experiments in chemistry. He was the author of a philosophical and medical treatise in Latin, entitled Evangelium Medici, or the Physician’s Gospel, the object of which is to explain the miracles performed by Christ as physical events, upon the principles of natural philosophy. He also wrote a history of Poland, and died in 1698 at the age of thirty-two.
CONOID, in Geometry, a solid body generated by the revolution of a conic section around its axis.
CONON, a renowned Athenian general and admiral, flourished 394 years before Christ. (See the article Attica.) After his defeat by Lysander, he fled to Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and then put himself under the protection of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, with whose army [7:7:265]he delivered Athens from the oppression of strangers, and rebuilt it walls. In the 360th year of Rome, he defeated the Lacedaemonians in a naval encounter near Cnidus, upon the coast of Asia; deprived theni of the empire which they had exercised over sea, ever since the taking of Athens; and gained other considerable advantages over them; but having fallen into the hands of Teribazus, a Persian, who envied his glory and dreaded his prowess, he was cruelly put to death.
CONOPS, in Zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order diptera. See Entomology, Index.
CONOVIUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Ordovices, in Britain. From its ruins arose, at the distance of four miles, Aberconway, at the mouth of the Conway, in Caernarvonshire; and on the spot where Conovium stood is an hamlet, called Caerhaen, or the old town. See Cambden.
CONRAD, the second of that name, was elected Emperor of Germany in 1004. He was obliged to take the field against the German dukes who had revolted against him; and he put Ernest, duke of Suabia, under the ban of the empire. As this is one of the earliest instances of such a proscription, the formula is inserted here on account of its singularity. “We declare thy wife a widow, thy children orphans; and we send thee, in the name of the devil, to the four corners of the world.” It was during the reign of this prince that the German fiefs became hereditary. He died in 1039.

Conrad, the third of the name, was Emperor of Germany in 1138. The Duke of Bavaria having opposed his election, was put under the ban of the empire, and deprived of his duchy, a disgrace which he could not survive. The Margrave of Austria was ordered by the emperor to take possession of Bavaria; but Weist, uncle of the deceased duke, attacked him, and was defeated near the castle of Winsburg. The battle fought upon this occasion is famous in history, as having given rise to the party names of Gueifs and Ghibbelines, afterwards assumed in Italy. The parole of the day with the Bavarians was Wdsti, from the name of their general; that of the Imperialists Werblingen, from a small village where Frederick, duke of Suabia, their commander, had been nursed: and by degrees these names served to distinguish the two parties; the Italians, who could not accustom themselves to such rough words, having formed from them their Guelfs and Ghibbelines. Conrad died in 1152.

Conrad of Lichtenau, or Abbas Uspergensis, was author of a chronology from the creation till 1229, continued by an anonymous writer till the reign of Charles V. He collected a fine library, and died about the year 1240.
CONRADIN, or Conrad, junior, son of Conrad the fourth of that name, was acknowledged as emperor by the Ghibbelincs, who received him in triumph at Rome; but Pope Alexander IV. had published a crusade against this orphan; and Urban VII. his successor, gave the empire to Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. king of France. The unfortunate youth, though powerfully supported even by the Turks, lost a battle, in which he was taken prisoner, and in 1229 he was publicly beheaded at Naples, by order of his base opponent, in the eighteenth year of his age. In him ended the race of the dukes of Suabia, which had produced several kings and emperors.
CONSANGUINITY, or Kindred, is defined by the writers on this subject to be vinculum personarum ab eodem stipite descendentium, that is, the connection or relation of persons descended from the same stock or common ancestor. This consanguinity is either lineal or collateral.

Lineal consanguinity is that which subsists between persons of whom one is descended in a direct line from the other. It falls strictly within the definition of vinculum personarum ab eodem stipite descendentium; since lineal relations are such as descend one from the other, and both of course from the same Common ancestors.

Collateral kindred answers to the same description; collateral relations agreeing with the lineal in this, that they descend from the same stock or ancestor, but differing in this, that they do not descend the one from the other. Collateral kinsmen, then, are such as lineally spring from one and the same ancestor, who is the stirps, or root, as well as the stipes, trunk, or common stock whence these relations branch out.
CONSCIENCE, or the Moral Faculty. See Moral Philosophy.
CONSCIOUSNESS, or the Mind’s Perception of its own Thoughts. See Metaphysics.
CONSCRIPT, in Homan Antiquity, an appellation given to the senators of Rome, who were called conscript fathers, on account of their names being all entered in one register, called the censors’ roll.
CONSECRATION, the act of devoting any thing to the service and worship of God. The Mosaic law ordained, that all the first-born, both of man and beast, should be sanctified or consecrated to God. We find also that Joshua consecrated the Gibconites, as Solomon and David did the Nethinims, to the service of the temple; and that the Hebrews sometimes consecrated their fields and cattle to the Lord, after which they were no longer in their own power.

Among the ancient Christians, the consecration of churches was performed with much pious solemnity. But in what manner it was performed for the first three ages, is uncertain, as the authentic accounts reach no higher than the fourth century, when, in the peaceable reign otConstan-tine, churches were everywhere built, and dedicated with great solemnity. Some think that the consecration consisted in setting up the sign of the cross, or in placing a communion table in the church; whilst others, again, are of opinion that no more was done than preaching a panegyrical sermon in commemoration of the founder, and that then they proceeded to prayers, one of which was composed on purpose for the church to be consecrated.

In England churches have always been consecrated with particular ceremonies, the form of which is left in a great measure to the discretion of the bishop.

Consecration is particularly used for the benediction of the elements in the eucharist∙

Consecration, among medalists, is the ceremony of the apotheosis of an emperor, or his translation into heaven and reception among the gods. Upon medals the consecration is thus represented: On one side is the emperor’s head, crowned with laurel, sometimes veiled, while the inscription gives him the title of divus; on the reverse is a temple, a bustum, an altar, or an eagle taking its flight towards heaven, either from off the altar, or from a cippus; whilst, at other times, the emperor is seen in the air, borne up by the eagle, the inscription being always consecratio. These are the usual symbols; yet on the reverse of that of Antoninus is the Antonine column. In the apotheosis of empresses, instead of an eagle there is a peacock. The honours rendered to these princes after death were explained by the words consecratio, pater, divus, and deus. Sometimes around the temple or altar are put the words memoria felix, or memorice aeternoe, and for princesses, aeternitas and sideribus recepta ; whilst on the one side of the head is dea, or 3≡α.
CONSENTES, the name which the Romans gave to the twelve superior gods, the Dii majorum gentium. The word has the same signification as consentientes, and indicates the gods who consented to the deliberations of Jupiter’s council. These were twelve in number, and their [7:7:266]names have been briefly expressed by Ennius in these well-known lines :—

Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, ’ Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.
CONSEQUENCE, in Logic, the conclusion, or that which results from the premises. The consequence is the proposition by which the extremes or premises of a syllogism are joined or separated, and is deduced from what was asserted in the premises. This word, in a more restricted sense, is used for the relation or connection between two propositions, one of which is inferred from the other.
CONSERVATOR, an officer appointed for the security and preservation of the privileges of some cities and communities, and having a commission to judge of and determine the differences among them.

Conservator of Scotch Privileges, at Campvere, was an officer belonging to the royal burghs of Scotland, who took care of the mercantile affairs of Scotland, agreeably to the staple contract between them and the states-general.
CONSERVATORĨOS, areltalian musical schools, established for the instruction of children in the profession of music.
CONSERVATORY, a term sometimes used to signify a green-house or ice-house.
CONSISTENTES, in church history, a kind of penitents who were allowed to assist at prayers, but who were not admitted to receive the sacrament.
CONSISTORY, a term commonly used to denote a council-house of ecclesiastical persons, or place of justice in the spiritual court, and also a session or assembly of prelates.

Consistory, at Rome, denotes the college of cardinals, or the pope’s senate and council, before which causes are pleaded., Du Cange derives the word from consistorium, that is, locus ubi consistitur ; a vestibule, gallery, or antichamber, where the courtiers wait for admission, and so called a consistente multitudine.

The consistory is the first court, or tribunal of Rome, and never meets, except when the pope chuses to convoke it. The pope presides in it in person, mounted on a magnificent throne, and habited in his pontifical robes; whilst on the right are the cardinal-bishops and priests, and on the left the cardinal-deacons. The place where it is held is a large hall in the apostolical palace, where princes and ambassadors of kings are received. The rest of the prelates, the prothonotaries, auditors of the rota, and other officers, are seated on the steps of the throne; whilst the courtiers sit on the ground, ambassadors on the right, and consistorial and fiscal advocates behind the cardinals.

Besides the public, there is also a private consistory, held in a retired chamber, and called the chamber of popegay, where the pope’s throne is only raised two steps high. Nobody is admitted except the cardinals, whose opinions are collected, and called sentences. Here are first proposed and passed all bulls for bishoprics, abbeys, and the like; and hence bishoprics and abbeys are said to be consistorial benefices, because they must be proposed in the consistory, the annates paid to the pope, and his bulls taken. Anciently they were elective; but by the concordat, which abolishes elections, they are appointed to be collated by the pope alone, on the nomination of the prince.

Consistory is also used in the reformed church to signify a council or assembly of ministers and elders, convened in order to regulate matters of discipline, and other church affairs.

Consistory, or Court Christian, in the English law, is a council of ecclesiastical persons, or the place of justice in an ecclesiastical or spiritual court. Every archbishop and bishop has a consistorial court, which is held before his chancellor or commissary, either in his cathedral, or in some chapel, aisle, or portico belonging thereto, or in some other convenient place of his diocese, for the trial of ecclesiastical causes.
CONSONANT, a letter which cannot be sounded without the help of a vowel placed before or after it; as b, c, d, f m, &c.
CONSPIRACY, in Law, signifies an agreement between two or more persons falsely to indict, or procure to be indicted, an innocent person, of felony.
CONSPIRATORS are by statute defined to be such as bind themselves by oath, covenant, or other alliance, to assist one another falsely and maliciously to indict persons, or falsely to maintain pleas.

Conspirators in treason, are those who plot against the king and the government.