pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DODDRIDGE, Philip, D.D. an eminent Presbyterian minister, was the son of Daniel Doddridge, an oilman in London, where he was born on the 26th of June 1702. Having completed the study of the classics in several schools, he was in 1719 placed under the tuition of the Reverend John Jennings, who kept an academy at Kilworth, in Leicestershire. He was first settled as a minister at Kilworth, where he preached to a small congregation in an obscure village; but, on the death of Mr Jennings, he succeeded to the charge of his academy; and soon afterwards he was chosen minister of a large congregation of Dissenters at Northampton, to which he removed his academy, and where the number of his pupils increased.: He instructed his pupils with the freedom and tenderness of a father; and never expected nor desired that they should blindly follow his sentiments, but encouraged them to judge for themselves. He checked any appearance of bigotry and uncharitableness, and endeavoured to cure them by showing what might be said in defence of those principles which they disliked. He died at Lisbon, whither he had gone for the recovery of his health; and his remains were interred in the burying-ground belonging to the British factory there. A handsome monument was erected to his memory in the meeting-house at Northampton, at the expense of the congregation, on which there is an epitaph written by Gilbert West, Esq. He wrote, 1. Free Thoughts on the most probable means of reviving the Dissenting Interest; 2. The Life of Colonel James Gardiner ; 3. Sermons on the Education of Children ; 4. The Pise and Progress of Religion in the Soul ; 5. The Family Expositor, in 6 vols. 4to; and other works. Since the author’s death, a volume of his hymns has been published, and his Theological Lectures. Several of his works have been translated into Dutch, German, and French.
DODECAGON, in Geometry, a regular polygon, consisting of twelve equal sides and angles.
DODECAHEDRON, in Geometry, one of the platonic bodies, or regular solids, contained under twelve equal and regular pentagons.
DODONA, a town of Thesprotia, in Epirus, or, according to others, in Thessaly, in the neighbourhood of which there was a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple of the god were first built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge. It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece; and, according to the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as lie relates, took their flight from the city of Thebes in Egypt; one of which flew to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where, with a human voice, it acquainted the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, and in future would give oracles. The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter’s temple was endowed with the gift of prophecy; and oracles were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves is explained by Herodotus, who observes that some Phoenicians carried away two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her residence at Dodona, where the oracle was established. It may further be observed, that the fable might have been founded upon the double meaning of the word rsas∕α∕, which signifies doves in most parts of Greece, whilst in the dialect of the Epirots it means old women. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the murmuring of a neighbouring stream or fountain; but the custom was afterwards changed. Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen statue which held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue was agitated and struck against one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering and discordant din, ∖vhich continued for a while, and from which the artifice of the priests derived the predictions. Some suppose that the noise was occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak, which the superstition of the people frequently consulted, and from which they pretended to receive oracles. It may be supposed, with more probability, that the oraclcs were delivered by the priests, who by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks, caused the superstitious multitude to believe that the trees were endowed with the power of prophecy. As [7:8:90]the ship Argo was built with oaks of the forest of Dodona, there were some beams which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them against the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona there was a stream and a fountain of cool water which had the power of lighting a torch as soon as the latter touched it. This fountain was totally dry at noon day, and was restored to its full course at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona were generally delivered by women.
DODONIAN (JDodonaeus), in Antiquity, an epithet given to Jupiter, because he was worshipped in a temple built in the forest of Dodona, where there was the most famous, and, it is said, the most ancient, oracle of all Greece. See Dodona.
DODONIDES, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. According to some traditions, the temple was originally inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus, and whose names were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis, and Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were always delivered by three old women. The Boeotians were the only people of Greece who received their oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons which Strabo in his ninth book fully explains.
DODRANS, in Antiquity, three fourths of the as. See the article As.
DODSLEY, Robert, an eminent bookseller and ingenious writer, born at Mansfield, in Nottinghamshire, in the year 1703. He was not much indebted to education for his literary reputation, being originally a livery servant; but his natural genius and early passion for reading soon elevated him to a superior station. He wrote an elegant little satirical farce called The Toyshop, which was acted with applause in 1735, and which recommended him to the patronage of Mr Pope. The following year he produced the King and Miller of Mansfield. The profits of these two farces enabled him to commence bookseller, and his own merit procured him eminence in that profession. He wrote some other dramatic pieces, and published a collection of his works in one volume 8vo, under the modest title of Trifles, which was followed by Public Virtue, a poem in 4to. Mr D∩dsley was the author of the Economy of Human Life, a work which acquired considerable celebrity; but for this it is supposed to have been indebted to the mistaken opinion which long prevailed of its being the production of Lord Chesterfield. The name of Dodsley is connected or associated with much of the literature of his time. Among other things he projected the Annual Register, in concert with Edmund Burke, who is known to have mainly contributed to its success. It would be tedious and uninteresting to enumerate the various literary enterprises in which he engaged. His personal character was excellent; he observed the strictest integrity in all his dealings; and he lived on easy terms with authors of high rank as well as genius. Dodsley may be considered as one of the founders of a great London bookselling establishment.
DODWELL, Henry, a very learned controversial writer, of English extraction, born at Dublin in 1641. He wrote an incredible number of tracts, but his services were so little acknowledged, that Bishop Burnet and others accuse him of doing more harm than good to the cause of Christianity, by his indiscreet love of paradoxes and novelties, and thus exposing himself to the scoffs of unbelievers. His pamphlet on the immortality of the soul gave rise to the well-known controversy between Mr Collins and Dr Clarke on that subject. He died in 1711.
DOFAR, or Dafar, a seaport of Arabia, in the province of Hadratnaut, on the west coast of a bay of the same name in the Arabian Sea. The chief export of this town consists of olibanum. It is governed by a scheik, who is a sovereign prince. The inhabitants behave with civility to Europeans. It is 120 miles north from Cape Far tach.
DOFARY, a town of Arabia, which is now of small size, but was formerly of greater importance, and was destroyed by the Portuguese in 1526. Long. 54. 33. E. Lat. 17. N.
DOG. For an account of the natural history, acquired habits, and general uses, of the various races of this sagacious animal, see Canis, in the index to the article Mammalia of this work.

DθG-Zazys. See Canicula. Dog-Island, or Desventurada, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, about twelve miles in circumference. This island is low and wooded. It was discovered by Le Maire and Schouten. Long. 141. 30. W. Lat. 15. 15. S.
DOGGER, a Dutch fishing vessel navigated in the German Ocean. It is generally employed in the herring fishery, being equipped with two masts, namely, a mainmast and mizen-mast, and somewhat resembling a ketch.
DOGGERS, in the English alum works, a name given by the workmen to a sort of stone found in the same mines with the true alum rock, and containing some alum, though not nearly so much as the right kind. The county of York, which abounds greatly with the true alum rock, affords also a considerable quantity of these doggers; and in some places they approach so much to the nature of the true rock, that they are wrought to advantage.
DOGMA, a principal maxim, tenet, or settled opinion, particularly with regard to matters of faith and philosophy.
DOGMATICAL, something belonging to a doctrine or opinion. A dogmatical philosopher is one who asserts things positively, in opposition to a sceptic, who doubts of every thing.
DOGMATISTS, a sect of ancient physicians, of which Hippocrates was the first author. They are also called logici, or logicians, from their using the rules of logic in subjects of their profession. They laid down definitions and divisions; reduced diseases to certain genera, and these genera to species, furnishing remedies for them all; supposed principles, drew conclusions, and applied these to the particular diseases under consideration. In this sense the dogmatists were contradistinguished from empirics and methodists. They rejected all medicinal virtues which they thought not reducible to manifest qualities; but Galen long ago observed of them, that they must either deny plain matter of fact, or assign but poor causes and reasons for many effects which they pretended to explain.
DOGMELL, St, a town in the county of Pembroke, in South Wales, 238 miles from London, on a promontory on the northern shore of the county. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1379, in 1811 to 1620, in 1821 to 2107, and in 1831 to 2109.
DOHO, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, tributary to the Mahrattas, and twenty-one miles south-west from Gwalior. Long. 79. 50. E. Lat. 26. 9. N.
DOLAH, a town and district of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, ceded to the British in 1803. Long. 72. 25. E. Lat. 22. 47. N.
DOLCI, Carlo, or Carlino, a painter of considerable celebrity, was born at Florence in 1616. He was a disciple of Jacopo Vignali, and when only eleven years of age he attempted a whole figure of St John, which received extraordinary approbation. He afterwards painted a portrait of his mother, and displayed a new and delicate style, which brought him into notice, and procured him extensive employment at Florence and other parts of Italy. Dolci appears to have used his pencil chiefly in sacred subjects, and bestowed much labour on his pictures. In his manner of working he was remarkably slow; and it is said of him that his brain was affected by seeing Luca Giordano dispatch more business in four or five hours [7:8:94]than he could have executed in as many months. His works are consequently not numerous. He generally painted in a small size, although there are a few pictures by him as large as life. He died at Florence in 1686, leaving a daughter, Agnese, who also painted historical pieces, and arrived at some degree of excellence in copying the works of her father.

Carlo Dolci holds the same rank in the Florentine that Sassoferrato does in the Roman school. Without the possession of much genius or invention, both these artists produced pleasing and highly-finished pictures. The works of Dolci are easily distinguishable by the delicacy of the composition, and by an agreeable tint of colour, improved by; udicious managemen t of the chiaro-oscuro, which give his figures a surprising relief. “His pencil,” says Pilkington, “was tender, his touch inexpressibly neat, and his colouring transparent; though he has often been censured for the excessive labour bestowed on his pictures, and also for giving his carnations more of the appearance of ivory than the look of flesh.” All his best productions are of a devout description, and most frequently represent the patient suffering of Christ, or the sorrows of the Mater Dolorosa. In these the heads are marked with calm, intellectual beauty, and pathetic emotion, and are peculiarly expressive of pure and tranquil devotion. They are full of sensibility, and yet all unstained by earthly passion. There is, we allow, a want of character and deep shadowing in his pictures, but the colouring and general tone accord with the idea of the passion pourtrayed; nothing is turgid or bold, harsh or obtrusive; all is modesty, repose, and placid harmony. The best works of this master are the “St Sebastian ;” the “Four Evangelists,” at Florence; “Christ breaking the Bread,” in the Marquis of Exeter’s collection at Burleigh; and several smaller pictures, which are highly valued, and occupy honourable places in the richest galleries. (z. z.)
DOLE, in the Saxon and British tongue, signified a part or portion most commonly of a meadow where several persons had shares. It also still signifies a distribution or dealing of alms, or a liberal gift made by a great man to the people.

Dole, an arrondissement in the department of Jura, in France, extending over 470 square miles. It is divided into nine cantons, and these into 155 communes, containing 65,380 inhabitants. The chief place, a city of the same name, is in a fine situation on the river Doubs, which winds its way through beautiful meadows. In the neighbourhood are many Roman antiquities, especially of roads and aqueducts. The canal for uniting the Doubs with the Rhone, projected by Bonaparte, commences at this city. It contains 1350 houses, and 8235 inhabitants. It is in long. 5. 25. 1. E. and lat. 47. 2. 45. N.

Dole, in Scotch Law, from the Latin dolus, signifies a malevolent intention. It is essential in every crime, that it be committed intentionally, or by an act of the will; and hence the rule, Crimen dolo contrahitur.
DOLIAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, thirty-three miles north-east from Cambay, possessed by independent chiefs. Long. 72. 26. E. Lat. 22. 47. N.
DOLLAR, or Thaller, a silver coin nearly of the value of the Spanish piece of eight, or French crown. Dollars are coined in different parts of Germany and Holland, and have their diminutions, as semi-dollars, quarter-dollars, and the like. See Money.
DOLORSKOI, a fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the province of Kolhyvane, situated on the river Irkutsk, sixteen miles west from Semipolatnoi.
DOLPHIN Islands, three small islands in the Mergui Archipelago, near the north-east coast of Sullivan’s Island. Lat. 11.14. N.
DOLPHIN of the Mast, a peculiar kind of wreath, formed of plaited cordage, to be fastened occasionally round the masts, and the use of which is to sustain the weight of the fore and main yards, in case the rigging or chains by which these yards are suspended should be shot away in the time of battle, a circumstance which might render the'sails useless at a season when their assistance is most necessary.
DOLSCHY, a circle in West or Little Wallachia. It is watered by the river Schui, which is divided into two branches, and forms a large island. It contains one city, Krajowa, one market-town, and sixty-four villages.
DOM, or Don, a title of honour, invented and chiefly used, the former by the Portuguese, the latter by the Spaniards. It is an abbreviation of dominus, and signifies sir or lord.

This title, it seems, was first given to Pelayo, in the beginning of the eighth century. In Portugal no person can assume the title of Dom without the permission of the king, since it is looked upon as a mark of honour and nobility. In France it is sometimes used among the religious.

Dom and Som, in old charters, signifies full property and jurisdiction.
DOMAT, or Daumat, John, a celebrated French jurisconsult, born in 1625. Having observed the confused state of the laws, he digested them in four volumes 4to, under the title of Lois Civiles dans leur Ordre Naturel; an undertaking for which Louis XIV. settled on him a pension of two thousand livres. Domat was intimate with the famous Pascal, who left him his private papers at his death. He himself died in 1696. Besides the Lois Civiles, Domat made in Latin a selection of the most common laws in the collections of Justinian; but this work did not appear until after his death, when it was published separately, under the title of Legum Delectus. Subsequently, however, it was united with the Lois Civiles. Domat may be regarded as the restorer of reason in jurisprudence.
DOME, in Architecture, a spherical roof, or a roof of a spherical form, raised over the middle of a building, as a church, hall, pavilion, vestibule, staircase, or the like. See the article Arch. Dome, or Doom, signifies judgment, sentence, or decree. The homagers’ oath in the black book of Hereford ends thus: “So help me God at his holy dome, and by my trowthe.”
DOMEA, a town in the kingdom of Tungquin, situated inland on the Tungquin river. It had a considerable trade in the seventeenth century, and was frequented by a number of Dutch vessels. Long. 106. E. Lat. 20.40. N.
DOMFRONT, an arrondissement in the department of the Orne, in France. It is 510 square miles in extent, and i is divided into seven cantons, which are subdivided into a hundred communes, containing a population of 117,093 persons. The chief place, a city of the same name, is situated on the river Varenne, and contains 358 houses and 2244 inhabitants. Long. 0. 57. W. Lat. 48. 54. N.
DOMICILE, in Scotch Law, is the dwelling-place where a person lives with an intention to remain.
DOMIFYING, in Astrology, the dividing or distributing the heavens into twelve houses, in order to erect a theme, or horoscope, by means of six great circles, called circles of position.

There are various ways of domifying. That of Regiomontanus, which is the most common, makes the circles of position pass through the intersections of the meridian and the horizon; but others make them pass through the poles of the zodiac.
DOMINANT (from the Latin word dominari, to rule or govern), among musicians, is used either as an adjective or substantive; but these different acceptations are far from being indiscriminate. In both senses it is explained by Rousseau. The dominant or sensible chord is that which is practised upon the dominant of the tone, and which introduces a perfect cadence. Every perfect major chord becomes a dominant chord as soon as the seventh minor is added to it.

Dominant (substantive). Of the three notes essential to the tone, it is that which is a fifth from the tonic. The tonic and the dominant fix the tone, in which they are each of them the fundamental sound of a particular chord; whereas the mediant, which constitutes the mode, has no chord peculiar to itself, and only makes a part of the chord of the tonic.

Rameau gives the general name of dominant to every note which carries a chord of the seventh, and distinguishes that which carries the sensible chord by the name of a tonic dominant ; but on account of the length of the word, this addition to the name has not been adopted by musicians, who continue simply to call that note a dominant which is a fifth from the tonic; and they do not call the other notes which carry a fifth of the seventh dominants, but fundamentals, which is sufficient to render their meaning plain, and to prevent confusion.

A dominant, in that species of church music which is called plain-chant, is that note which is most frequently repeated or beaten, in whatever degree it may be from the tonic. In this species of music there are dominants and tonics, but no mediant.
DOMINATION, or Dominion, in Theology, the fourth order of angels or blessed spirits in the celestial hierarchy, reckoning from the seraphim.
DOMINIC de Guzman, founder of the Dominican order of monks, was born at Calahorra, anciently called Ca-lagora, in Old Castille, in 1170. He preached with great fury against the Albigenses when Pope Innocent III. published a crusade against that unhappy people; and he was appointed inquisitor in Languedoc, where he founded his order, and had influence enough to get it confirmed by the Lateran council in 1215. He died at Bologna in 1221, in the fifty-first year of his age, and was afterwards canonized. The Dominican order has produced many illustrious men.
DOMINICA, one of the Caribbee Islands, in the West Indies, about twenty-nine miles long and sixteen broad, situated between 61 and 62 degrees of west longitude, and between 15 and 16 of north latitude. It was so called by Columbus, from its being discovered on a Sunday. The value of this island must not be judged of merely by its productions; for its situation enabled the British, in time of war, to intercept the communication between France and her colonies. The soil is light, and adapted for the growth of coffee; the hills, from which several rivers descend, are covered with the finest wood in the West Indies; and several valuable sulphur mines have been discovered in it. Dominica, on account of its importance, has been raised to the rank of a distinct government. The staple commodities are maize, cotton, cocoa, and tobacco. In this island the black and coloured population is to the white nearly as twenty to one.
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Dominica, one of the Marquesas Islands called Hi-waoa, Heevaroa, O-heeva-oa, or Ohiwana, by the natives. It is about eighteen miles in length and forty-five in circumference, being full of rugged hills rising in ridges directly from the sea, and separated by deep valleys, which, as well as the sides of the hills, are clothed with wood. It is separated by a channel two miles wide from Tuchu-ata or St Christina Island.
DOMINICAL Letter, popularly called Sunday Letter, one of the seven letters A B C D E F G, used in almanacks, ephemerides, and the like, to denote the Sundays throughout the year. Sec Chronology. The word is formed from Dominica or Dominicus dies, the Lord’s day, or Sunday. The dominical letters were introduced into the calendar by the primitive Christians instead of the nundinal letters in the Roman calendar.

Dominical, in Ecclesiastical History. The council of Auxerre, held in 578, decreed that women should communicate with their dominical. Some authors contend that this dominical was a linen cloth, in which they received the species, not being allowed to receive them in the bare hand; whilst others think it a kind of veil wherewith they covered the head. The most probable account is, that it was a sort of linen cloth or handkerchief in which they received and preserved the eucharist in times of persecution, to be taken upon occasion at home. That this was the case appears by the practice of the first Christians, and by Tertullian’s book Ad Uxorem.