pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LUCERA, a city of the province Capitanata, in the kingdom of Naples. It is situated on a hill on the edge of the plain of Puglia, is surrounded with walls, and is the see of a bishop. The cathedral is supported by fourteen beautiful marble columns. It has twelve other churches, several convents, and 8325 inhabitants.
LUCERES, in Roman antiquity, the third in order of the three tribes into which Romulus divided the people, including all foreigners, and so called from the lucus or grove where Romulus opened an asylum.
LUCERIUS, in Mythology, a name given to Jupiter, as Luceria was given to Juno, these being considered as the deities who gave light to the world.
LUCERNA, one of the valleys of Piedmont, which is inhabited by the Vaudois. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the river Pellice, and contains about 1100 inhabitants. The whole valley has a population of 12,000, who adhere to the faith of their ancestors, who separated from the Roman Catholic church several centuries before the reformation of Luther.
LUCERNE, a canton in the centre of Switzerland, being surrounded by Arau, Schweitz, Unterwalden, Zug, and Berne. It is 792 square miles in extent. The southern part is covered with a portion of the lofty Alps, but the whole is elevated, the lake of the four forest cantons being 1320 feet above the level of the sea. There are, however, some extensive plains, with well-cultivated fields, which produce corn, potatoes, and, from die dairies, a great deal of butter and cheese. It is one of the cantons which produce more food than they consume. It is a highly picturesque country, from the height of its mountains and the rapidity and clearness of its streams. The inhabitants amount to about 100,000, chiefly adhering to the Romish church. A great portion of the land belongs to the church and other [7:13:587]corporate bodies. The taxes to the state are lower than in the other cantons. The constitution is that of an aristocratic republic, with a senate composed of sixty-four members chosen for life, and thirty-six for a shorter period. The canton is divided into three bailiwicks. The capital, of the same name, is built at the efflux of the river Reuss from the lake of the four forest cantons, or of Lucerne. It is surrounded with walls and towers, and contains five churches, two convents for men and two for females, 620 houses, and 5000 inhabitants. It has a lyceum, a gymnasium, and other schools. The inhabitants are active manufacturers of hats and hosiery, of printed calicoes, of leather, beer, vinegar, and some smaller articles, and carry on the chief trade of the canton, by means of which wine, sugar, coffee, and other foreign articles are disposed of. Long. 0. 13. 15. E. Lat. 47. 3. 27. N.
LUCIANISTS, or Lucanists, a religious sect, so called from Lucianus, or Lucanus, a heretic of the second century, and a disciple of Marcion, whose errors he followed, adding to them some new ones of his own. But Epiphanius says he abandoned Marcion, teaching that people ought not to marry, for fear of enriching the Creator; and yet other authors mention that he held this error in common with Marcion and other Gnostics. He denied the immortality of the soul, asserting that it was material, and consequently dissoluble. There was another sect of Lucianists, who appeared some time after the Arians, and who taught that the Father had always been a father, and that he had the name even before he begot the Son, as having in him the power or faculty of generation. In this manner they accounted for, or rather impugned, the eternity of the Son.
LUCIFER, according to the poets, was the son of Jupiter and Aurora. In astronomy, Lucifer is the planet Venus, which either goes before the sun in the morning, jmd is our morning star; or in the evening follows the sun, and then is called Hesperus or the evening star.
LUCIFERA, in Mythology, a surname given to Diana, under which title she was invoked by the Greek ladies in childbed. She was represented as covered with a large veil, interspersed with stars, bearing a crescent on her head, and holding in her hand a lighted flambeau.
LUCIFERIANS, a religious sect, who adhered to the schism of Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in the fourth century, who was banished by the Emperor Constantius for saving defended the Nioene doctrine concerning the three hersons in the Godhead. St Augustin seems to intimate that the Luciferians believed the soul, which they consifered as of a carnal nature, to be transmitted to the children from their fathers. Theodoret says that Lucifer was the author of a new error. The Luciferians increas-d mightily in Gaul, Spain, Egypt, and other countries. The occasion of the schism was, that Lucifer would not allow any acts he had done to be abolished. There were inly two Luciferian bishops, but a great number of priests and deacons. The Luciferians cherished a peculiar aversion to the Arians.
LUCILIUS, Caius, a Roman knight, who is generally considered as the inventor of satirical composition, at least of that new form which was adopted by Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. Of his personal history we can collect only a few facts. He was born 148 b. c. at Suessa, now Sessa, a city of the Aurunci, in Latium, and died at Naples at the age of forty-six, b. c. 103 (Juv. i. 20; Euseb.). He attended Scipio Africanus in the war against Numantia, b. c. 134, at an age when he could scarcely be expected to serve in arms. It was then that he acquired the friendship of the younger Scipio, and of Laelius (Vell. Pat. ii. 9). He composed thirty satires, epodes, hymns, a comedy, and a Life of Scipio the elder. His satires are frequently mentioned by ancient writers, and with great praise; but we have only a few fragments remaining. Lucilius first introduced hexameter verse, which became the usual measure of Roman satirical compositions; and made little use of the iambus or trochaeus. He also excelled those who preceded him, in the sharpness of his wit and the polished smoothness of his language. Horace, however, pronounces a severe sentence on the poetry of Lucilius. He finds his verses harsh and unmusical, and compares him to a river whose waters bring down particles of gold and mud mingled together (Sat. i. 10). The fragments of Lucilius have been published by Douza, with learned notes, Leyden, 1597, and Amsterdam, 1661; again by Volpi, Padua, 1735. (See Bähr, Geschichte der Römischen Literatur, Carlsruhe, 1832.)
LUCINA, a goddess amongst the Romans, who presided over women in labour. Some take her to be Diana, and others Juno. She was called Ludna, because she brought children to the light; from the Latin word lux, light.
LUCKENWALDE, a city of the province of Brandenburg, in Prussia, situated on the river Nuthe. It contains 680 houses, and 4150 inhabitants, who are employed chiefly in making cloth, and other woollen goods.
LUCKPUT BUNDER, a town of Hindustan, province of Cutch, situated about thirty miles up the Lory River or Salt Creek, which communicates with the Gulf of Cutch, and is only navigable for small vessels. It is defended by a fort, which is situated on the brow of a hill. It is not estimated to contain more than 2000 inhabitants, 500 of whom are Sepoys; and it is at present a place of little trade. Lat. 23. 47. N.
LUCRETIA, the famous Roman matron, wife of Collatinus, and the cause of the revolution in Rome by which the constitution of the state was changed from a monarchy to a republic. This lady being ravished by Sextus, the eldest son of Tarquin king of Rome, stabbed herself, in the year 509 before Christ. The bloody poniard, with her dead body exposed to the senate, was the signal of Roman liberty; the expulsion of the Tarquins, and the abolition of the regal dignity, were instantly resolved on, and carried into execution.
LUCULLUS, Lucius Licinius, a Roman general celebrated for his eloquence, his victories, and his riches. In his youth he made a figure at the bar; but,being afterwards sent as quaestor into Asia, and praetor into Africa, he governed those provinces with great moderation and justice. Scarcely was he known as a military man, when he twice defeated the fleet of Hamilcar, and gained two great victories over him. His happy genius was greatly improved by study; for he employed his leisure in reading the best authors on military affairs. Being made consul along with Aurelius Cotta, during the third war with Mithridates king of Pontus, he was sent against that prince; and this expedition was attended with a series of victories, which did him less honour than an act of generosity towards his colleague. The latter, willing to take advantage of his absence to signalize himself by some great exploit, hastened to fight Mithridates, but was defeated and shut up in Chalcedonia, where he must have perished, if Lucullus, sacrificing his resentment to the pleasure of saving a Roman citizen, had not flown to his assistance, and disengaged him. All Pontus then submitted to Lucullus, who being continued in his government of Asia, entered the territories of Tigranes, then the most powerful king in Asia. That prince marched with a formidable army against Lucullus, who defeated him with a handful of men, and killed great numbers of his forces; took Tigranocertes, the capital of his kingdom; and was ready to put an end to the war, when the intrigues of a tribune got him deposed, and Pompey nominated in his stead. Lucullus having brought home prodigious riches, now gave himself up to excessive luxury; and his table was served with a profusion and splendour until that time unknown. He brought from the East a great number of books, which he formed into a library, and gave admission to all men of learning, who frequented it in great numbers. Towards the end of his life, he fell into a kind of madness; and Lucullus, his brother, was appointed his guardian. He is said to have been the first who brought cherries into Europe, having imported the grafts from the kingdom of Pontus.
LUCUS, in general, denotes a wood or grove sacred to a deity; so called a lucendo, because a great number of lights were usually kept burning in honour of the god, a practice common with idolaters, as we learn from Scripture.
LUD, a British king mentioned in our old chronicles, and said to have reigned about the year of the world 3878. He is reported to have enlarged and walled round Troy- novant, or New Troy, where he kept his court, and made it his capital. The name of London is derived from Lulls town, and Ludgate from his being buried near it; but this is only one amongst many other derivations of the name of London, which are at least equally probable.
LUDAMAR, a country of Central Africa, situated in latitude 16. 30. north, and longitude 6. 30. west, and bounded on the south by Kaarta and Bambara, on the east by Timbuctoo, and on the north by the Great Desert. The inhabitants are Moors, who live in a state of great barbarity and bigoted Mahommedanism. They entirely neglect agriculture, and depend chiefly for subsistence on the rearing of cattle. Their only knowledge of manufactures consists in converting iron into spearsand knives, and weaving cloth from goats’ hair. Almost every inhabitant capable of bearing arms is liable to be called out in a military capacity, and must furnish his own horse and equipments. The king administers justice, but seldom inflicts capital punishments. He is distinguished from his subjects only by his dress being of a finer cloth, and by a tent of larger dimensions; but in ordinary intercourse his rank is little attended to; and he often eats out of the same dish, and sleeps in the same bed, with his menials. It was in this country that the traveller Major Houghton met his death, and Mr Park suffered such a rigorous captivity. The chief town is Benown, a miserable place, consisting of a number of dirty-looking huts scattered irregularly over an extensive space, and resembling a camp rather than a town.
LUDEHAUNAH, a town of Hindustan, situated on the north-west boundary of the province of Delhi, and on the south bank of the Sutlege river. It is one of the most remote military stations which the British possess in this quarter. The climate is cold for four months of the year, and in the summer season extremely hot, with hot winds. The rains are abundant. It is 180 miles north-north-west from the city of Delhi, and 120 south-east from Lahore. Long. 75. 32. E. Lat. 36. 53. N.
LUDENSCHEID, a city of the Prussian government of Arensburg, in Westphalia, in the circle of Altena. It stands between two lofty hills, and contains a Lutheran and a Calvinist church, 280 houses, and 1820 inhabitants. It is a place celebrated for its hardware, especially for saws, scythes, hoops, and many other articles.
LUDGERSHALL, a market and borough town of the county of Wilts, in the hundred of Amesbury, seventy miles from London and fifteen from Salisbury. It is pleasantly situated on the borders of the forest of Chute. It formerly returned two members to the House of Commons, but has been deprived of that privilege by the reform act. The population amounted in 1801 to 471, in 1811 to 487, in 1821 to 477, and in 1831 to 535.
LUDI, a term used for shows and public representations exhibited by the Romans for the entertainment of the people.
LUDIUS, a celebrated painter, who lived in the reign [7:13:593]∣ Augustus Caesar, and excelled in grand compositions, [e was the first who painted the fronts of houses in the greets of Rome, which he beautified with a great variety ♯ landscapes and many other subjects.
LUDWIGSBURG, a city of the kingdom of Wirtemburg, in the circle of the Neckar, and the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It is situated in a rich and beautiful district, one of the royal residences, and the seat of the financial boards of the kingdom, is well built, and contains 1000 houses, with 5426 inhabitants, a considerable garrison, and a military academy. It has manufactures of cotton, woollen, and china-ware. The promenades around it are pleasant, and near to it is the palace Monrepos, the residence of the late dowager queen, formerly princess royal of England. Long. 9. 1. 32. E. Lat. 48. 53. 15. N.
LUDWIGSLUST, a town of the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in the bailiwick of Grabow. It is the residence of the sovereign, who has a fine palace, with parks and pleasure-gardens around it. The palace is a large and highly-ornamented building, and contains a picture-gallery with some fine paintings. A new road, recently constructed, connecting Berlin with Hamburg, passes through this place, by which means it has become a great thoroughfare. The town contains a Lutheran and a Catholic church, 624 houses, and 3840 inhabitants, mostly depending for subsistence on the court.
LUFF, the order from the pilot to the steersman to put helm towards the lee-side of the ship, in order to make the ship sail nearer the direction of the wind. Hence, luff round, or luff a-lee, is the excess of this movement, by which it is intended to throw the ship’s head up in the wind in order to tack her. A ship is also said to spring her luff when she yields to the effort of the helm, by sailing nearer to the line of the wind than she had done before.

Luff Tackle, a name given by sailors to any large tackle that is not destined for a particular place, but may be variously employed as occasion requires. It is generally somewhat larger than the jigger tackle, although smaller than those which serve to hoist the heavier materials into and out of the vessel, which latter are the main and fore tackles, the stay and quarter tackles, and so forth.
LUG-SAIL, a square sail, hoisted occasionally on the mast of a boat or small vessel, upon a yard which hangs nearly at right angles with the mast. These sails are more particularly used in the barca-longas navigated by the Spaniards in the Mediterranean.
LUGANO, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the canton of Ticino, in Switzerland. It stands in a romantic situation on the lake of its own name, famous for the quantity and excellence of the fish caught in it, which in some degree supply Milan with that species of food. It is well built, and contains sixteen churches, seven religious houses, an ecclesiastical seminary, and 398 houses, with 4350 inhabitants, who are actively employed in the manufactures of silk, paper, and ironware, and grow abundance of moderately good wine. Long. 8.57.35. E. Lat. 45. 59.
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56. N. It is the capital of the canton alternately with Belling and Locarno.
LUGDUNUM, in Ancient Geography, the capital of the Segusiani, in Gallia Celtica, situated on an eminence at the conflux of the Arar and Rhodanus, as the Celtic term dun indicates. It was built by Manutius Plancus, ujider Augustus, while commanding in that part of Gaul, and thither he led a colony. Lugdunum is now Lyons, capital of the Lyonnois.

Lugdunum Batavorum, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Batavi, in Gallia Belgica; now Leyden, in Holland.
LUGO, a city of Spain, in the province of Galicia, on the river Tuy, which runs to the Mino. In this place there are some manufactories of linen and stockings, and some tanneries. Near it is the mountain village of Cerbrero, whose fields are covered with snow four months in the year, but whose pasture in summer is excellent, and produces cheese, which is highly esteemed throughout Spain. At this place the army under Sir John Moore, in his celebrated retreat, having suffered the greatest hardships from the severity of the climate, the haste of their march, and the want of the requisite refreshments, offered battle to the enemy, which, however, was declined.
LUGOS, a town of the circle of Temesvar, in the province of Farther Theiss, in Hungary. It stands on the river Ternes. It is the place of assembly of the provincial states, has a Minorite monastery and a Greek church, and contains 900 houses, with 4587 inhabitants, who grow some excellent wine. Long. 21. 52. 30. E. Lat. 45. 37. 50. N.
LUKE, St, the evangelist, and disciple of the apostles, was originally of Antioch, in Syria, and by profession a physician. He particularly attached himself to St Paul, and was his faithful companion in his travels and labours. He went with the apostle to Troas, in Macedonia, about the year 51; he wrote his gospel in Achaia about the year 53; and, ten years after, he compiled the Acts of the Apostles, which contains a history of thirty years. Of all the inspired writers of the New Testament, his works are written in the most elegant Greek. It is believed that St Luke died at Rome, or in Achaia.

Gospel of St Luke, a canonical book of the New Testament. Some think that it was properly St Paul’s Gospel; and that, when the apostle speaks of his gospel, he means what is called St Luke’s. Irenaeus says that St Luke digested into writing what St Paul preached to the Gentiles; and Gregory Nazianzen tells us that St Luke wrote with the assistance of St Paul.

St Luke the Evangelists Day, a festival in the Christian Church, observed on the 18th of October.
LUKIANOW, a circle of the province of Nishegorod, in Russia, extending from latitude 54. 31. to 54. 14. and from longitude 43.43. to 45.28. east. It is well supplied with the means of conveyance, by several rivers running into the Wolga, for its chief products, which consist of rye, hemp, and flax. It contains 185,000 inhabitants, of whom 50,000 are slaves. The capita], a city of the same name, is 840 miles from St Petersburg, at the junction of the rivers Tescha and Kochschtschwaki, and contains 267 houses, with 1560 inhabitants. Long. 44. 20. E. Lat. 55. 54. N.
LULLI, Jean Baptiste, one of the most celebrated musicians that has appeared in France since the revival of learning, was born at Florence. He was taken to France when very young, by a person of quality; and he carried the art of playing on the violin to the highest perfection. Louis XIV. appointed him superintendent of music. Some time afterwards, Perinna having introduced operas into France, and quarrelled with his company, he resigned his privilege to Lulli. Operas were then carried to the utmost perfection by this celebrated musician, and were at tended with continual applause. From this time, Lulli every year produced a piece of his own composition, until his death, which happened in the year 1687.
LULLY, Raymond, a writer on alchemy, surnamed the Enlightened Doctor, was born in the island of Majorca in 1225. He applied himself with indefatigable labour to the study of the Arabian philosophy, chemistry, physic, and divinity, and acquired great reputation by his works. He at length went to preach the gospel in Africa, and was stoned to death in Mauritania, at the age of eighty. He is honoured as a martyr at Majorca, whither his body was carried. He wrote many treatises on the sciences, in which he shows much study and subtilty, but little judgment or solidity. A complete edition of his works was printed at Mentz. This person must not be confounded with Raymond Lully of Terraca, surnamed Neophyta, who, from being a Jew, turned Dominican friar, and maintained several opinions which were condemned by Gregory XI.
LUMGHANAT, an Afghan district in the province of Cabu], and situated principally on the banks of the Kamch River, but which formerly extended from the Indus to the Hindoo Koosh Mountains. The chief towns are, Jellalabad and Irjah. It was formerly a Hindu territory, and the natives had a peculiar dialect; but it is now possessed by different tribes of Afghans, particularly the Hazarehs.
LUMINOUS, an epithet applied to anything that shines or emits light.

Luminous Emanations have been observed from human bodies, as also from those of brutes. The light arising from currying a horse, or from rubbing a cat’s back, are well known. Instances of a similar kind have been observed on combing a woman’s head. Bartholin gives us an account, which he entitles Mulier Splendens, of a lady in Italy whose body shone whenever slightly touched with a piece of linen. These effluvia of animal bodies have many properties in common with those produced from glass; such as being lucid, snapping, and not being excited without some degree of friction; and they are undoubtedly electrical, as a cat’s back when stroaked has been found strongly electrical.
LUMEZZANO, two towns of Italy, in the delegation of Brescia, part of the Austrian government of Milan. One of them, with the addition of St Apollonia, is situated on a hill, and contains 1386 inhabitants; the other, called De Pieve, is situated in the valley of Trompia, and contains 1310 inhabitants. Both are celebrated for their manufactures of bayonets, gun-stocks, muskets, swords, pistols, daggers, and other weapons.
LUNA, in the jargon of the alchemists, signifies silver, which was so called from the supposed influence of the moon upon that metal.

Luna Cornea, in Chemistry, is a compound of muriatic acid with silver.
LUNAR, something relating to the moon.

Lunar Month. See Month. Lunar Year consists of 354 days, or twelve synodical months. See Calendar and Year.
LUNAWARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, and district of Gudara, where, in 1803, a treaty was concluded with the rajah by the British government, which freed him from the tribute he had before paid to Scindia. Long. 73. 46. E. Lat. 23. 5. N. It is sixty-five miles east-north-east∕fom Ahmedabad.
LUND, a city of Sweden, in the province of Malmoe, near the river Hoje-An. It is without walls, and is the seat of a bishop, of a theological seminary, and of a university. There is a respectable cathedral, besides three other churches; and it contains about 400 houses, with 3640 inhabitants. The university has great reputation, and appropriate institutions to assist study. The library consists of 40,000 volumes, and there are good collections of natu∙
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11 history, of mechanical models, an observatory with god astronomical instruments, and a well-arranged bota-κal garden. The students at the full session are about ,¶0. There are some manufactures, but the chief trade ii that which arises from the university. Long. 13. 7. 22. I Lat. 55. 42. 26. N.