pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SANCTIFICATION, the act of sanctifying, or rendering a thing holy. The reformed divines define sanctification to be an act of God’s grace, by which a person’s desires and affections are alienated from the world; and by which he is made to die to sin, and to live to righteousness, or, in other words, to feel an abhorrence of all vice, and a love of religion and virtue.
SANCTION, the authority given to a judicial act, by which it becomes legal and authentic.
SANCTORIUS, or Sanctorio, an ingenious and learned physician, was professor in the university of Padua in the beginning of the seventeenth century. He contrived a kind of statical chair, by means of which, after estimating the aliments received, and the sensible discharges, he was enabled to determine with great exactness the quantity of insensible perspiration, as well as what kind of victuals and drink increased or diminished it. On these experiments he erected a curious system, which he published under the title of De Medicina Statica, and which has been translated into English by Dr Quincy. Sanctorius published several other treatises, which showed great abilities and learning.
SANCTUARY, among the Jews, called also Sanctum Sanctorum, or Holy of Holies, was the holiest and most retired part of the temple of Jerusalem, in which the ark of the covenant was preserved, and into which none but the high priest was allowed to enter, and that only once a year, to intercede for the people.

Some distinguish the sanctuary from the Sanctum Sanctorum, and maintain that the whole temple was called the sanctuary.

To try and examine any thing by the weight of the sanctuary, is to examine it by a just and equal scale; because among the Jews it was the custom of the priests to keep stone weights, to serve as standards for regulating all weights by, though these were not at all different from the royal or profane weights.

Sanctuary, in the Roman Catholic church, is also used for that part of the church in which the altar is placed, being encompassed with a rail or balustrade.

Sanctuary, according to our ancient customs, is the same with asylum.
SAND, in Natural History, properly denotes small particles of siliceous stones. Sands are subject to be variously blended with different substances, as that of talcs, &c. Hence, as well as from their various colours, they are subdivided into, 1. white sands, whether pure, or mixed with other arenaceous or heterogeneous particles, of all which there are several kinds; 2. the red and reddish sands, both pure and impure; 3. the yellow sands, whether pure or mixed, which are also very numerous; 4. the brown sands, distinguished in the same manner; 5. the black sands, of which there are only two varieties, a fine shining grayish-black sand, and another of a fine shining reddish-black colour; and, 6. the green kind, of which there is only one known species, namely, a coarse variegated dusky green, sand, common in Virginia.

Sand is of great use in the glass manufacture; a white kind of sand being employed for making the white glass, and a coarse greenish-looking sand for the green glass. In agriculture it seems to be the office of sand to render unctuous or clayey earths fertile, and fit to support vegetables, by making them more open and loose.

SAND-Stone, a compound stone, of which there are numerous varieties, arising not only from a difference of external appearance, but also from the nature and proportions of the constituent parts. See Geology and Mineralogy.
SANDA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Sinde, situated on the south bank of the Goonee river, which is there a hundred yards broad, on the route from Hyderabad, the capital of Sinde, to Luckput Bunder, and afterwards to Mandavee, on the Gulf of Cutch. Lat. 25. 6. N.
SANDAL, in Antiquity, a rich kind of slipper worn on the feet by the Greek and Roman ladies. It was made of gold, silk, or other precious stuff, and consisted of a sole, with an hollow at one extreme to embrace the ancle, but leaving the upper part of the foot bare.

SaNDal is also used for a shoe or a slipper worn by the pope and other Catholic prelates when they officiate. It is likewise the name of a sort of slipper worn by several congregations of reformed monks. This last consists of no more than a mere leathern sole, fastened with latches or buckles, all the rest of the foot being left bare. The Capuchins wear sandals, and the Recollects clogs; the former being of leather, and the latter of wood.
SANDANAH Cape, the point of the high land that forms the north-eastern end of the island of Java, and the northern entrance of Baly Straits, on the west and northwest side. Long. 114. 35. E. Lat. 7. 46. S.
SANDARLIE, a small place on the western coast of Asia Minor, near the head of a bay called the Gulf of San-darlie, fifty miles north-north-west of Smyrna.
SANDBACH, a market-town of the county of Chester, in the hundred of Northwich, 162 miles from London. It is situated on a small brook, which runs into the river Dane and into the navigable canal. It has a fine large church with a lofty tower, a good market which is held on Thursday, and is in a district of considerable fertility, celebrated for the excellence of its malt liquor. The population amounted in 1801 to 1844, in 1811 to 2311, in 1821 to 2905, and in 1831 to 3710.
SANDEC, a circle in the Austrian kingdom of Gallicia, extending over 1147 square miles. It contains eight cities, five market-towns, and 386 villages, with 198,750 inhabitants. The capital is the city of New Sandec, situated on the river Dunajec, and contains 490 houses, with 3840 inhabitants.
SANDEL, or Sundana, Island, in the Eastern Seas, about eighty miles in length, and from fifteen to thirty-six in breadth. Long. 119. 33. to 120. E. Lat. 9. 35. to 10. 15. S.
SANDELWOOD Isle, an island in the Eastern Seas, a hundred miles in length by thirty in average breadth. It is situated to the south of the island of Flores, about the tenth degree of north latitude.
SANDING Isles, Pulo Sanding, or Sandiang, two small islands, which are both inhabited, and are situated off the south-west coast of Sumatra, near the south-eastern extremity of the Nassau or Poggy Isles, in which group they are sometimes included. They produce the wild nutmeg and some good timber.
SANDOMIR, one of the provinces into which the kingdom of Poland is divided. It extends in north latitude from 50° 25' to 51° 52', and in east longitude from 19° 43' to 21° 52', consisting of 5590 square miles; and it contains 378,000 inhabitants, mostly adhering to the Catholic church, except the Jews, who form the majority in the towns. It is a level district, situated on the left bank of the Vistula, and bears the best white wheat, which brings the highest price in the markets of Dantzig or of Odessa, to both of which it is sent, as the prices are most favourable. This province provides iron from its mines to the rest of the kingdom. It is divided into four circles, and the capital is Radom.
SANDPU, or Sanpoo, the vulgar name of a river in the East Indies, which is one of the largest in the world. It is better known by that of Brahmaputra, or Burrampooter, to which the reader is referred.
SANDY, a town of Hindustan, in the district of Khyra-bad, belonging to the nabob of Oude, situated in a bleak and desolate country, without a tree or a shrub to shade the arid soil. In the vicinity is an extensive lake. Sandy is twenty-five miles south-east from Furruckabad. Long. 70. 58. E. Lat. 27. 18. N.

Sandy Desert, an extensive tract in Hindustan, so named in the maps, bounded on the south by the province of Cutch, on the east by that of Gujerat, on the west by Sinde, and on the north by Ajmecr. This region is but little known to Europeans; but, from the accounts of those by whom it has been traversed, it does not appear to be such a uniform and barren wilderness as it has been represented, being interspersed with many fertile spots, the seats of petty chiefships or stationary tribes. The most powerful of these chiefs are the Beloochee Kosahs, who settled in the country a good many years ago, and are a race of sanguinary thieves, who infest the district of Parkur, and extend their ravages to the Joudpour territories. They amount to about 12,000. They disown all allegiance to any superior, subsisting by their horses and their swords, and hiring out their services to the different predatory chieftains. The only produce of this tract is a coarse species of grain, which only grows where the sandy soil is a little mixed with clay. Wa termelons grow abundantly and in great perfection throughout the whole of this parched region, and furnish a most grateful refreshment. The river Loonee, which comes from Marwar, runs through the Gurrah district, and is said to fall into the Run, which bounds Cutch to the north. The route across this tract of country from Rahdunpore is fifty coss, and is said to be good the whole way. Thirty coss west from Pareenuggur is situated Islamnaggur. The intervening country consists of sand-hills, in traversing which the traveller is exposed to great hardship from the heat, the glare, and the want of water. All over this sandy tract are to be found scattered jungle, and coarse vegetation of different sorts, which supply the cattle with food. Islamnaggur is described as a strong fort, situated in the desert, and destitute of water without the walls. The country north from Parkur, towards Amercote, is called Dhat, and the distance is eighty coss. The country is of the same character as that already described, being composed of sand-hills and jungle, with occasional wells. In many parts there is no cultivation, and the inhabitants subsist on the produce of their numerous flocks of cattle, and camels. The natives are described as pacifically inclined, possessing few horses, and armed with swords only. It was in this tract that the array of the celebrated Mahmoud of Ghizni was nearly lost.

Sandy Island, a small island near the west coast of Sumatra. Long. 100. 18. E. Lat. 1. 50. S. It is another in the Eastern Seas. Long. 112. 48. E. Lat. 10. 40. N. Also a small island in the Chinese Sea, near the coast of Cochin China. Long. 109. 12. E. Lat. 12. 28. N.
SANDYS, Sir Ediwn, second son of Dr Edwin Sandys, archbishop of York, was born about 1561, and educated at Oxford under Mr Richard Hooker, author of the Ecclesiastical Polity. In 1581 he was collated to a prebend in the cathedral of York. He travelled into foreign countries; and, upon his return, became famous for learning, prudence, and virtue. While he was at Paris, he drew up a tract, published under the title of Europa Speculum. In 1602, he resigned his prebend; and the year following he was knighted by King James I., who employed him in several important affairs. He was dexterous in any great employment, and a good friend and patriot. Opposing the court, however, with vigour in the parliament in 1621, he, with Mr Selden, was committed to custody for a month. He died in 1629, having bequeathed L.1500 to the university of Oxford, for the endowment of a metaphysical lecture.

Sandys, George, brother of Sir Edwin, and youngest son of Archbishop Sandys, was born in 1577. He was a very accomplished man, travelled over several parts of Europe and the East, and published a relation of his journey in folio in 1615. He made an elegant translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses; and composed some poetical pieces of his own, which were greatly admired at the time in which they were written. He also paraphrased the Psalms; and has left behind him a translation, with notes, of one Sacred Drama, written originally by Grotius, under the title of Christus Patiens, on which, with Adamus Exul, and Masenius, is founded Lauder’s impudent charge of plagiarism against Milton. Our author became one of the privy chamber to Charles I., and died in 1643.
SANGA, a regularly-built seaport of Japan, in the island of Ximo, with wide streets, and defended by a citadel. It is forty miles north-east of Nangasaki.
SANGAMSERE, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapore, and district of the Concan, situated on the banks of the Jaigur river. Long. 73. 15. E. Lat. 17. 11. N.
SANGANEER, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, and district of Kotah, fortified by a strong stonewall and ditch, and garrisoned by the troops of the rajah of Kotah. It is situated on the Upper Chumbul river.
SANGAR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of[7:19:641] Malwah, situated on a plain surrounded by a range of low hills. Long. 78. 50. E. Lat. 23. 50. N.
SANGARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Nandere, belonging to the nizam. It is situated at the junction of the Manzora with the river Godavery, forty-three miles from the town of Nandere. Long. 78. 12. E. Lat. 18.49. N.
SANGBARAH, a town of Hindustan, tributary to the Mahrattas, in the province of Gujerat, 112 miles north-west from Ahmedabad. Long. 74.13. E. Lat. 23. 37. N.
SANGIR, an island in the Eastern Seas, thirty miles in length by ten in average breadth. It is high land, well wooded, and the coast has better harbours, and is less dangerous from hidden rocks and shoals, than most of the eastern islands. The country is populous, and affords refreshments of various kinds to ships, such as bullocks, hogs, goats, and poultry. Cocoa-nut oil is exported, and spices are also procured. About the middle of the west coast of the island is the town, bay, and harbour of Taroona. This island was formerly under the dominion of the Dutch, who had a small garrison here. It is situated between the 3d and 4th degrees of north latitude, and the l25th and l26th degrees of east longitude. The population is estimated at 12,000.
SANGUR, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and district of Bundelcund. It is tributary to the Mahrattas. It is a hundred miles south-west from Chatterpoor. Long. 78. 50. E. Lat. 23. 50. N.
SANJORE, a Rajpoot town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer and district of Saroway, situated on the east side of the river Bah, 115 miles west-south-west from Odeypoor. It is surrounded with the Beloochee plunderers, so that the road to it is impassable without a large escort. It is subject to the rajah of Joudpoor, who keeps a garrison stationed in it. It is 115 miles west-south-west from Odeypoor. Long. 72. 16. E. Lat. 25. 3. N.
SANKAN, a town of Arabia, in the province of Yemen, near the coast of the Red Sea, thirty-five miles north-northwest of Abu-Arisch.
SANNAZARIUS, James, a celebrated Latin and Italian poet, born at Naples in 1458. He by his wit ingratiated himself into the favour of King Frederick; and when that prince was dethroned, he attended him into France, where he staid with him until his death, which happened in 1504. Sannazarius then returned into Italy, where he applied himself to polite literature, particularly to Latin and Italian poetry. His gay and facetious humour made him be sought for by all companies; but he was so afflicted at the news that Phillibert prince of Orange, general of the emperor’s army, had demolished his country-house, that it threw him into an illness, of which he died in the year 1530. It is said that, being informed a few days before his death, that the Prince of Orange was killed in battle, he called out, “I shall die contented, since Mars has punished this barbarous enemy of the Muses.” He wrote a great number of Italian and Latin poems. Among those in Latin, his De Partu Virginis and Eclogues are chiefly esteemed; and the most celebrated of his Italian pieces is his Arcadia.
SANOK, a circle of the Austrian kingdom of Gallicia, extending over 2151 square miles, containing ten cities, ten market-towns, and 431 villages, with 230,600 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river San. It is a poor place, with but little trade, containing a castle, and 220 houses, with 1640 inhabitants. Long. 22. 7. E. Lat. 49.31.5. N.
SANQUHAR, a royal burgh in Scotland, on the left bank of the Nith, between the counties of Dumfries and Ayr. The town most probably owes its origin to a castle of some note, the ruins of which are still extant, on a high bank overlooking the river Nith. This castle was the chief residence of the Queensberry family, before William, the first duke, built the noble mansion of Drumlanrig. It is a place of little trade. The population in 1831 was 1527. It is one of the district of burghs which jointly with Dumfries sends a member to parliament.
SANTANDER, a city of Spain, in the province of Old Castille. It is situated on the northern coast, on the Bay of Biscay, and is one of the best ports on that shore. It carries on considerable commerce in fine wools, and imports large quantities of the salted fish of Newfoundland. The commerce with the interior has induced the construction of a good road to Reynosa, in spite of the rocks and quagmires which intervene. It is the see of a bishop, and has an ancient cathedral and several richly adorned churches. It is in north latitude 43. 28. 20. and west longitude 3. 5. 6. from London. It contains 10,000 inhabitants, one sugar refinery, some breweries, founderies, a royal one for anchors, and several tanneries.
SANTAREM, a city of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura. It is situated on a hill, which is washed by the river Tagus, and from it, such is the gradual declivity of the country, that the towers of Lisbon, though at fifty miles distance, are visible through the translucent atmosphere. The prospects from the heights above the city, either up or down the river, are enchanting. The place contains about eight thousand inhabitants, who, with the exception of a numerous body of ecclesiastics, are by no means rich. The number of churches and other religious houses is out of all proportion to the number of the inhabitants, there being thirteen churches and fourteen convents, besides places for divine worship in several of the hospitals. Great part of the town is in ruins; and though no place may be kept clean at less expense, it is excessively filthy, both in its streets and its houses. Some parts of the country about the city are highly fertile, and yield abundant crops of grapes, olives, maize, and some wheat. It was long the station of a part of the British army during the late contest, and it was several times occupied by the French.
SANTEUIL, or Santeul, Jean Baptiste de, an excellent Latin poet, was born at Paris in the year 1630. Having finished his studies, he applied himself entirely to poetry, and celebrated in his verse the praises of several great men, by which he acquired universal applause. He enriched Paris with a great number of inscriptions, which are to be seen on the public fountains and the monuments consecrated to posterity. At length, some new hymns being to be composed for the Breviary of Paris, Claud Santeuil his brother, and M. Bossuet, persuaded him to undertake that work; and he succeeded in it with the greatest applause. On this the order of Clugny having desired him to compose some for their Breviary, he complied with their request; and that order, out of gratitude, granted him letters of filiation, with an annual pension. Santeuil was caressed by all the learned men of his time, and had as his admirers the two princes of Condé, father and son, from whom he frequently received favours. Louis XIV. also gave him a proof of his esteem, by bestowing upon him a pension. He attended the Duke of Bourbon to Dijon, when that prince went thither in order to hold the states of Burgundy, and died there in 1697, as he was preparing to return to Paris. Besides his Latin hymns, he wrote a great number of Latin poems, which have all the marks of genius discoverable in the works of true poets.
SANTIPONTE, or Santiponce, a town of Spain, in the division of Andalusia and government of Seville, about five miles from that city, situated on the right bank of the river Guadiana. It is celebrated for its antiquity, having been the seat of the old Roman Italica, the city of which the Emperor Trajan was a native. The remains of Roman magnificence still visible prove it to have been a place of considerable importance. The most remarkable object is the amphitheatre, which, though in ruins, still shows its dimensions and the plan of its original construction. It is formed of Roman bricks for the foundation, and stone benches of ten rows rising one above the other, so as to seat conveniently ten thousand spectators. The ruins of the ancient city are scattered over the fields near the amphitheatre, and abundance of coins and inscriptions are to be found. A beautiful tessellated pavement, lately discovered, has upon it figures which represent the Muses and the signs of the zodiac, the outlines of which are correct, and the colours fresh and brilliant. ' There is, or was till lately, a rich convent of St Jerome, with many hospitable monks. A very large fair is annually held at this place, and the church of the monastery has several exquisite paintings.
SANTIPORE, a town of Bengal, in the district of Kishenagur, situated on a sandy soil, two miles east of the Bhagurutty river. Long. 28. 34. E. Lat. 23. 13. N.
SANTORIN, one of the Greek islands in the AEgean Sea, and among the richest and best peopled of their number. It is about seventy-eight square miles in extent. Its appearance is that of a mountain perpendicularly cut downwards from the sea, composed of various volcanic matters, such as basalt, puzzolana, and pumice. The surface is much covered with the latter substance in almost every part, but mixed with good vegetable mould. This soil is peculiarly adapted to the growth of wine, of which a vast quantity is made, and forms the chief drink, as there is little and in many parts no good water, but rain that is preserved. Some barley is grown, but far short of what is consumed. There are some figs, almonds, and pulse, and a little cotton wool, raised. The inhabitants amount to twelve thousand, all Greeks, some adhering to the Greek religion, but some are Catholics, and each sect has its own bishop. There are five small towns and several villages. The capital is on the east side, and called Emporia. Long. 26. 15. E. Lat. 36. 21. N.
SANTUR, a Turkish stringed instrument, resembling that kind of German psaltery which is especially used in Hungary in the dances of the common people.
SAP, the juice found in vegetables. See Vegetable Physiology. Sap, in sieges, is a trench, or an approach made under cover, of ten or twelve feet in breadth, when the besiegers come near the place, and the fire from the garrison grows so dangerous that they are not able to approach uncovered. There are several sorts of saps; the single, which has only a single parapet; the double, having one on each side; and the flying, made with gabions. In all saps traverses are left to cover the men.
SAPAROUA, one of the Amboyna Isles, about twenty miles in circumference. It formerly yielded to the Dutch East India Company one half of the cloves exported from the Amboyna government.
SAPATA, a small island in the Eastern Seas, elevated and barren, and white like the cliffs of Dover, with innumerable flocks of sea-fowl screaming over it. Long 109. 10. E. Lat. 10. 4. N.
SAPPAN, a river in the peninsula of Malacca, which falls into the straits, in long. 101. 47. E. and lat. 2. 37. N.
SAPPERS are soldiers belonging to the royal artillery, whose business is to work at the saps. A brigade of sappers generally consists of eight men, divided equally into parties; and whilst one of these is advancing the sap, the other is furnishing the gabions, fascines, and other necessary implements. They relieve each other alternately.