pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
KIZILOZIEN, or golden stream, a considerable river or Persia, which is the natural boundary between the provinces of Irak and Azerbijan. According to Rennell, it is the Gozan of the Scripture, and has its source eight or nine miles to the north-west of Sennah in Kurdistan. It runs along the north-west frontier of Irak, and passes under the Kafatan Koh, or mountain of tigers, when it is met a few miles to the east of Meanna by the Karanku, •which takes its rise to the westward of that town, in the mountains of Sahund. These two rivers combined force a passage through the great range of the Caucasus, and during their course form a junction with the Shahrood, a river formed by two streams, one of which comes from the vicinity of Cazween, and the other from the mountain of Elburz, behind Teheran. The collective waters, under the designation of Sifeed Rood, or White River, so named from the foam occasioned by the rapidity of its current, flows in a meandering course through Ghilan to the Caspian Sea.
KIZLAR, a fortified town and capital of a district of the government of Caucasus, in Asiatic Russia. It is situated on the Terek, near its entrance into the Caspian Sea. It carries on a considerable trade, being a sort of entrepôt for the commerce of Astrakan with Persia and the interior of the Caucasus. It exports considerable quantities of wine, brandy, and silk; also the oil of sesamus, which answers the same purpose as the oil of olives. It was built in 1736, and is always garrisoned by two battalions, composed of the tribes who wander over the immense steppe between Kizlar and Astrakan. They are chiefly Nogays, Troukhmen, and Kalmucks. Long. 46. 29. E. Lat. 43. 31. N.
KLAGENFURT, a circle of the Austrian government of Illyria, bounded on the north and the east by Steyermark, on the south by Laybach, and on the west by Villach. It extends over 1944 square miles, and comprehends, nine cities with their suburbs, fourteen markettowns, and 1626 villages and hamlets, having 27,337 houses, and 163,759 inhabitants. It is generally a mountainous district, containing very lofty peaks and ridges, but having between them many valleys beautifully picturesque and highly fertile. The chief place is the city which gives its name to the circle. Near to it is a lake whose waters form the river Gian, on whose bank it is built, and whence the northern canal is supplied with its water. It is an open town, well built, containing seven churches, two hospitals, an ursuline convent, and orphan house, besides an established lyceum and gymnasium, with schools for education in law and physic. It contains 778 houses, and 9840 inhabitants, of whom some are employed in manufactures of fine cloth, cotton goods, silks, and white lead. Long. 13. 55. 57. E. Lat. 46. 12. N.
KLAPROTH, Martin Henry, a celebrated Prussian chemist, professor of chemistry, member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin, foreign associate of the Institute of France, and of several other academies and learned societies, was born at Berlin, on the 1st of December 1743. He had received from nature an observing, serious, reflecting mind, and a capacity of patient application which nothing could tire out or exhaust. After having terminated his classical studies, he applied himself wholly to that of mineralogy, for which he had a decided predilection; but he felt that he could not make rapid progress therein without calling in the aid of chemistry, wherefore he devoted himself to these two branches of physical science. The analysis of minerals appeared to him of extreme importance with re[7:12:743]ference to the proper classification of these unorganic substances; and multiplied experiments soon afforded him the means of varying the chemical processes, and of recognizing new elements in the minerals which had already been subjected to analysis. It was thus that he discovered zircon in the jargon of Ceylon; that he demonstrated the presence of potash in volcanic productions; that he made known the sulphate of strontian; that he found potash in the leucite or white garnet; that he discovered in red schorl a new metal, which he named titanium, another in pechblende which he called uranium, and a third in the ore of white gold, to which he gave the name of telhirium. He also made known the molybdate of lead, and proved that the ore of red silver was a sulphuret of silver and antimony. Such are the most important of Μ. Klaproth’s labours, those, in fact, which entitle him to rank amongst the most distinguished chemists of his age; but he published, besides, a considerable number of analyses of fossil substances, which may be found in the Journal de Physique, the Annales de Chimie, the Journal des Mines, and other collections of this sort. He also prepared a mineralogical system, which is mainly founded upon the constituent principles of minerals. His memoirs of chemistry have been collected and translated into French by Tassaert, Paris, 1807, in two vols. 8vo. Lastly, he composed, in conjunction with Wolf, a Dictionary of Chemistry, in four vols. 8vo; a work which was translated into French by Bouillon-Lagrange and Vagel. Klaproth greatly contributed to advance the science of mineralogy, and his researches have thrown much light on the system of Werner, as well as on the classification of Haüy. His discoveries, and, above all, his particular means of analysis, have served to guide several French chemists, who are indebted to him for part, at least, of the fortunate results which have rewarded their researches. This distinguished mineralogist died at Berlin, on the 1st of January 1817. (a.)
KLATTAU, a circle of the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia, extending over 1012 square miles, and comprehending twenty-six cities and towns, 638 villages and hamlets, with 22,058 houses, inhabited by 145,824 persons. The capital, a city of the same name, situated on the river Bradlenka, contains 527 houses, and 4126 inhabitants, who are employed in making woollen cloths and hosiery, and in working in some marble and serpentine quarries near it. Long. 13. 16. 55. E. Lat. 49. 23. 42. N.
KLAUSENBURG, a city, the capital of the Austrian province Siebenbirgen. It stands on the river Szamos, is fortified, and divided into the upper and lower towns. It contains five Catholic, one Unitarian, one reformed, and one Lutheran church, 1800 houses, and 20,600 inhabitants. It is a seat of instruction for the several sects. There is a Catholic seminary, with sixteen professors, for medicine, law, and philosophy; an Unitarian college, with a rector, three curators, eleven professors, and 300 students; a Calvinist and a Lutheran seminary. There is a china 1 and some other manufactories; and it is the residence of many of the pure old Hungarian noble families, who maintain a theatre and other public recreations. It is in Long. 23. 29. 23.*E. Lat. 46. 44. 8. N. In the Hungarian language it is called Kolosvartz.
KLEIST, Edward Chrlstiaden, a German poet, and a soldier of distinguished bravery, was born at Zeblin, in Pomerania,*in 1715. At nine years of age he was sent to pursue his studies at Cron, in Poland; and he afterwards studied at Dantzic and Königsberg. Having finished 1 ∣his studies, he went to visit his relations in Denmark, who invited him to settle there; and having in vain endeavoured to obtain preferment in the law, at twenty-one years of age he accepted of a post in the Danish army. He then applied himself to the study of all the sciences that have a relation to military affairs, with the same assiduity as he had before studied civil law. In 1740, at the beginning of the reign of Frederick king of Prussia, Mr de Kleist went to Berlin, and was presented to his majesty, who made him lieutenant of his brother Prince Henry’s regiment; and he was in all the campaigns which distinguished the first five years of the king of Prussia’s reign. In 1749 he obtained the post of captain; and in that year he published his poem on the Spring. Before the breaking out of the war, the king chose him, with some other officers at Potsdam, as companions to the young prince Frederic William of Prussia, and to eat at his table. In the first campaign, in 1756, he was nominated major of Hausen’s regiment, which being in garrison at Leipsic, he had time to finish several new poems. After the battle of Rosbach, the king gave him, by an order in his own hand-writing, the inspection of the great hospital established at Leipsic. On this occasion his humanity was celebrated by the sick and wounded of both parties, and his disinterestedness was equally admired by all the inhabitants of that city. In 1758, Prince Henry coming to Leipsic, Mr de Kleist desired to serve in his army with the regiment of Hausen, which was readily granted. Opportunities of distinguishing himself could not be wanting under that great officer, and he always communicated his courage to the battalion under his command. He also served that prince∣at the beginning of the campaign of 1759, when he was with him in Franconia, and in all the expeditions of that army, till he was detached with the troops under General de Fink to join the king’s army. On the 12th of August was fought the bloody battle of Kunnersdorf, in which he fell. His poems, which are greatly admired, are printed in the German tongue, in two volumes 8vo.
KLIN, a circle in the Russian government of Moscow, which extends over 1347 square miles, comprehending one town and 606 villages, with 8000 houses, and 62,380 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is a town situated on the river Sestra, with 1250 inhabitants. Long. 36. 40. E. Lat. 56. 20. N.
KLOPPENBURG, a circle of the duchy of Oldenburg, in Germany. It extends over 612 square miles, and contains one town and fifteen parishes, with 5023 houses, and 26,964 inhabitants. The chief town, of the same name, is situated on the river Soste, containing 151 houses, and 860 inhabitants; but the whole parish has a population of 4790.
KLOSTERNEUBURG, a city of Austria, in the province of the Lower Ens. It is situated on the river Danube, and walled; but the fortifications are dilapidated. It is chiefly remarkable from an establishment for education of an ancient date, which is still maintained, consisting of seventeen professors, with a library of 25,000 volumes, and a museum. The houses are 479, with 3400 inhabitants.
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KNAPSACK, in a military sense, a rough leathern bag which a soldier carries on his back, and which contains al∣ his necessaries. Square knapsacks are most convenient, and should be made with a division to hold the shoes and other articles separate from the linen.
KNARESBOROUGH, a town of the west riding of the county of York, in the wapentake of Claro, 215 miles from London by Nottingham, and 202 by York. It is situated on the side of a hill, almost surrounded by the river Nidd. It was formerly fortified, and had a castle built in the reign of William the Conqueror. It was a burgage tenure borough, and sent two members to parliament, who are now chosen by the ten-pound house-keepers. The chief trade is the linen manufacture, which is extensive. Near the town are some mineral springs of medicinal virtue, but they are not much resorted to. A dropping well, with great petrifying power, is a curiosity, about a mile from the town. There is a market on Wednesday, which is well attended; and there are eight fairs, at which much business is transacted. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3388, in 1811 to 4234, in 1821 to 5283, and in 1831 to 5296.
KNAVE, an old Saxon word, which had at first a sense of simplicity and innocence, for it signified a boy; Sax. enapa, whence a knave child, or a boy, distinguished from a girl, in several old writers; afterwards it was taken for a servant boy, and at length for any servant man. It was also applied to a minister or officer who bore the shield or weapon of his superior; as field knapa, whom the Latins call armiger, and the French escuyer (14 Edw. III. c. 3). And it was sometimes of old made use of as a titular addition, as Joannes C. filius Willielmi C. de Derby, knave (22 Hen. VII. c. 37). The word is now perverted to the hardest meaning, viz. a false, deceitful fellow.
KNEE, in a ship, a crooked piece of timber, having two branches or arms, and generally used to connect the beams of a ship with her sides or timbers. The branches of the knees form an angle of greater or smaller extent, according to the mutual situation of the pieces which they are designed to unite.

Knee of the Head, a large, flat piece of timber, fixed edgewise upon the fore part of a ship’s stem, and supporting the ornamental figure or image placed under the bowsprit.

The knee of the head is a phrase peculiar to shipwrights, as this piece is always called the cut-water by seamen, if we except a few, who, affecting to be wiser than their brethren, have adopted this expression, probably on the presumption that the other is a cant phrase or vulgarism.

Carling Knees, in a ship, those timbers which extend from the ship to the hatchway, and bear up the deck on both sides.
KNELLER, Sir Godfrey, a painter whose fame is well established in these kingdoms. He was born at Lubeck in 1648, and received his first instructions in the school of Rembrandt, but became afterwards a disciple of Ferdinand Bol. When he had gained as much knowledge as that school afforded him, he travelled to Rome, where he fixed his particular attention on Titian and the Caracci. He afterwards visited Venice, and distinguished himself so effectually in that city by his historical pictures and his portraits of the noble families there, that his reputation became considerable in Italy. By the advice of some friends he came at last to England, where it was his good fortune to gain the favour of the Duke of Monmouth, by whose recommendation he more than once painted the portrait of King Charles II. who was so pleased with his skill in doing it, that he used to come and sit to him at his house in Covent Garden piazza. The death of Sir Peter Lely left him without a competitor in England, and from that time his fortune and fame were thoroughly established. INo painter could have more incessant employment, and no painter could be more distinguished by public honour. He was state painter to Charles II. James II. William III. Queen Anne, and George I., and equally esteemed and respected by them all. The Emperor Leopold made him a knight of the Roman empire, and King George I. created him a baronet. Most of the nobilitv and gentry had their likenesses taken by him; and no painter excelled him in a sure outline, or in the graceful disposition of his figures. His works were celebrated by the best poets in his time. He built an elegant house at Whitton, near Hampton Court, where he spent the latter part of his life, and died in 1726.
KNIEPHAUSEN, a district, formerly an independent sovereign state, but now a part of the grand duchy of Oldenburg, in Germany. During the late war the greater number of Dutch vessels were rendered neutral by the count of this district, and under the colours of Kniephausen were received in the English ports. It contains two parishes, with three churches, a strong castle, and 590 houses, with 3800 inhabitants. Though ceded to Oldenburg when mediatised, Count Bentick, the sovereign, has protested against the cession, and still maintains his claim to the dominion.
KNIFE, a well-known instrument, made for cutting, and adapted in form to the uses for which it is designed. Knives are said to have been first made in England in 1563, by one Matthews, on Fleet Bridge, London. The importation of all sorts of knives is prohibited.
KNIGHTHOOD, a military order or honour, or a mark or degree of ancient nobility, or reward of personal virtue and merit. There are four kinds of knighthood; military, regular, honorary, and social.

Military Knighthood is that of the ancient knights, who acquired it by high feats of arms. They are called milites in ancient charters and titles, by which they were distinguished from mere bachelors, and others. These knights were girt with a sword, and wore a pair of gilt spurs; whence they were called equites aurati. Knighthood is not hereditary, but acquired. It does not come into the world with a man, like nobility, nor can it be revoked.

Regular Knighthood is applied to all military orders which profess to wear some particular habit. Such were the knights templars, and such also the knights of Malta.

Honorary Knighthood is that which princes confer on other princes, and even on their own great ministers and favourites; such are knights of the Garter, Bath, St Patrick, Nova Scotia, Thistle, and the like.

Social Knighthood is that which is not fixed or confirmed by any formal institution, nor regulated by any lasting statutes; of which kind many orders have been erected on occasion of factions, of tilts and tournaments, masquerades, and the like.
KNIGHTON, a market-town of the county of Radnor, and hundred of its own name, in South Wales. It is a well-built town, on the side of a hill, overlooked by a lofty mountain. An old intrenchment, called Ossa Dyke, which extends from the Dee to the Wye, runs at the bottom of the town, and is said to have formed the boundary between England and Wales. There is a market, which is held on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 785, in 1811 to 952, in 1821 to 1000, and in 1831 to 1076.
KNITTLINGEN, a market-town of the bailiwick of Maulbronn, and circle of the Neckar, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg. It contains 304 houses and 2380 inhabitants.
KNOLLES, Richard, was born in Northamptonshire about the middle of the sixteenth century, and educated at Oxford, after which he was appointed master of the free school at Sandwich in Kent. He composed Gram-maticae Latinae, Groecae, et Hebraicae, compendium, cum radicibus, London, 1606, and sent many excellent scholars to the universities. He also spent twelve years in compiling a history of the Turks, which was first printed in 1610. It is called the General History of the Turks, from the first beginning of that nation to the rising of the Ottoman family. He died in 1610, and this history has been since continued by several hands; but the best continuation is that by Paul Ricaut, consul at Smyrna, folio, London, 1680. Knolles wrote also the Lives and Conquests of the Ottoman Kings and Emperors to the year 1610, which was not printed till after his death in 1621, to which time it was continued by another hand; and, lastly, a Brief Discourse of the greatness of the Turkish empire, and wherein the greatness of the strength thereof consisted!.
KNOUT, the name of a punishment inflicted in Russia, with a kind of whip called knout, and made of a long strap of leather prepared for this purpose. With this whip the executioners dexterously carry off a slip of skin from the neck to the bottom of the back, laid bare to the waist, and, repeating their blows, in a little while rend away all the skin of the back in parallel stripes. In the common knout the criminal receives the lashes suspended on the back of one of the executioners; but in the great knout the criminal is raised into the air by means of a pulley fixed to the gallows, and a cord fastened to the two wrists tied together; a piece of wood is placed between his two legs also tied together; and another of a crucial form under his breast. Sometimes his hands are tied behind his back; and when he is pulled up in this position his shoulders are dislocated. The executioners can make this punishment more or less severe; and, it is said, are so dexterous, that when a criminal is condemned to die, they can make him expire at pleasure, either by one or several lashes.
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KNUTSFORD, a town of the county of Chester, in the hundred of Bucklow, 173 miles from London. It stands on the river Birken, is the place where the sessions for the county are held, and has a well-attended market on Saturday. The principal employment is in the cotton manufacture. It is an ancient town, said to have been in existence in the time of the Danish king Canute, who gained a victory, and gave its name, Canute’s Ford, to the place where his army passed. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2052, in 1811 to 2114, in 1821 to 2753, and in 1831 to 2823.
KODIAK, an island on the west coast of North America, about fifty miles from the entrance into Cook’s Inlet. It is about sixty miles in length, and, along with the smaller island of Atognak, is separated from the continent by the Straits of Cheligoff. The natives are robust, active, and well skilled in all the arts connected with fishery. They have an ingenious manner of constructing their boats, which are almost entirely covered with leather. The port of St Paul’s on this island was long the chief seat of the trade of the Russians with north-western America. The natives having been found extremely serviceable, were removed in great numbers to the other Russian settlements along the coast.
KOEI-TCHOO, a province of China, situated near the south-western extremity of the empire, bordering on Yunan. It is of a much more unequal surface than the rest of the empire, and full of precipitous mountains, inhabited by barbarous and independent races, from whom the Chinese emperor is scarcely able to collect the moderate tribute which he exacts, even by the aid of all the forts and garrisons which he is obliged to maintain. The mountains yield gold, silver, copper, and mercury. Sir George Staunton estimates the population at 9,000,000.
KOEI-TCHOO-FOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Setchuen. It is situated on the great river Yang-tse-kiang, and has a very extensive trade. The neighbouring country is mountainous, but is highly cultivated, and abounds in fruit. Long. 109. 50. E. Lat. 31. 9. N.
KOEMPFER, Engelbert, was born in 1651 at Lemgow, in Westphalia. After studying in several towns, he went to Dantzig, where he gave the first public specimen of his proficiency, in a dissertation De Majestatis Divisione. He then w ʹ ent to Thorn, and thence proceeded to the university of Cracow, where he took his degree of doctor in philosophy; after which he went to Königsberg in Prussia, and staid there four years. He next travelled into Sweden, where he soon began to make a figure, and was appointed secretary of the embassy to the sophi of Persia. He set out from Stockholm with the presents for that emperor, and went through Aaland, Finland, and Ingermanland, to Narva, where he met Mr Fabricius the ambassador, who had been ordered to take Moscow in his way. The ambassador having ended his negotiations at the Russian court, set out for Persia. During their stay two years at Ispahan, Dr Koempfer, whose curious and inquisitive disposition suffered nothing to escape him unobserved, took all the advantage possible of remaining so long in the capital of the Persian empire. When, towards the close of 1685, the ambassador prepared to return into Europe, Dr Koempfer chose rather to enter into the service of the Dutch East India Company, in quality of chief surgeon to the fleet, then cruising in the Persian Gulf. He w ent on board the fleet, which, after touching at many Dutch settlements, reached Batavia in September 1689. Dr Koempfer here applied himself chiefly to natural history. From Batavia he set out for Japan, in quality of physician to the embassy which the Dutch East India Company send once a year to the Japanese court. He quitted Japan to return to Europe in 1692. In 1694 he took his degree of doctor of physic at Leyden; on which occasion he communicated, in what are called Inaugural Theses, ten very singular and curious observations made by him in foreign countries. He intended to digest his memoirs into proper order, but was prevented by being made physician to the Count la Lippe. He died in 1716. His principal works are, 1. Åmaenitates Exoticae, in 4to, a work including many curious and useful particulars in relation to the civil and natural history of the countries through which he passed; 2. Herbarium Ultra- Gangeticum ; 3. The History of Japan, in German, for which the public is indebted to Sir Hans Sloane, who purchased for a considerable sum of money all our author’s curiosities, both natural and artificial, as likewise all his drawingsand manuscript memoirs, and prevailed on Dr Scheuchzer to translate the Japanese history into English.