pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
EURE, a department of the north-east of. France, formed out of the ancient Norman Bexin, the district o Saint André, Neuburg, a part of Perche, and of Ouche, Auge, Lienvin, and Roumois, all parts of the former country of Normandy. It is bounded on the north by the department of the Lower Seine, on the east by those o Oise and Seine-Oise, on the south by Eure-Loire an Orne, and on the west by Calvados. The extent is 24» square miles, or, according to the Almanach Roy α k^'~^ hectares, of which 371,136 are arable land, 108,0 [7:9:403]woods, 11,931 vineyards, 18,537 meadows, 2726 gardens, 47 581 uncultivated land, and the remaindcr roads, rivers, and the sites of towns. It is divided into five arrondissements, thirty-six cantons, and 843 communes, inhabited by 421,480 persons. It is generally a level country, but a few hills are to be seen on the borders of the Seine, the Rille, and the Eure, though none of them are more than three hundred feet above the level of the sea. The soil generally consists of vegetable matter, mingled with clay and sometimes marl, resting on a bed of chalk or stone. The cultivation is tolerably conducted; so that, with the natural fertility of the soil, the department, though rather densely peopled, produces more corn than the population requires. The chief kind of corn is wheat, the growth of which occupies a larger space than rye, oats, and barley together. Flax is largely cultivated, and, from its length, fineness, and colour, is highly esteemed. The seed of this plant is drawn either from Flanders or from Riga. Some hemp is also produced. The horses of the department, of the pure Norman breed, have always been celebrated, and, though they had nearly lost their high character, have .of late been more carefully bred and much improved. The breed of cows is remarkably good; and the calves are much in request in the neighbouring departments. Sheep have been neglected, but have recently increased; and those on the coast, known as Moutons clu Pré Sale, are highly valued for their excellent meat. Of late years attempts have been made to improve the wool by a mixture of merinos. Fruit is very abundant, especially apples, from which much cider is made. The wine is but of moderate quality, and will rarely bear to be kept longer than three years. There are no mines but of iron, which yield annually 400 tons.

This department is a manufacturing part of France; and cotton, linen, and woollen cloths of every kind, are fabricated. There are large establishments for making copper ware of all kinds, the various descriptions of paper, nails, pins, and needles, glass for windows, and glass bottles, and ∣ jewellery and trinkets. These employments occupy the larger portion of the inhabitants. Such goods form the trade; in addition to which, fire-wood, timber, cattle, honey, wax, and corn, are furnished to the districts surrounding the department.
EURE AND LOIRE, a department of the north-west of France, formed out of parts of the ancient Orlcannois, and a portion of the duchy of Maine. It is bounded on the north by the department of the Eure, on the cast by that of Seine-Oise, on the south by those of Loiret and Loirc-Cher, and on the west by those of Sarthe and Orne. Its extent is 2420 square miles, or, according to the Almanach Royal, 602,752 hectares. The civil divisions are four arrondissements, twenty-four cantons, and 460 communes, containing 265,943 inhabitants. The face of the country is level in general, with a few hills, none rising to a greater height than 500 feet. The soil in the middle and west of the department is the best. It consists, for the most part, of thick layers of gr,ey, yellow, or black clay, intermixed with sand, or of calcareous earth, and is on the whole fertile, but in the south-west, especially in the arrondissement of Nogent, it is sandy and dry, and many tracts of land are so poor as to be uncultivated. None or the rivers of this department, even those from which it is named, are navigable till they have left it. The agriculture is better conducted than in most of the departments of France; and the production of the various kinds o corn so far exceeds the consumption, that nearly 200,000 quarters are annually exported to the other parts of the ιn gdom. The wheat is remarkably fine, and is prized 0n ar - c °unt of its being easily preserved for a long time, ιn ŋ est adapted for sea voyages. The cows are small, but yield good butter for the supply of Paris, and fat oxen and calves for the markets of Poissy and Sceaux. The sheep are numerous, but not remarkable, except some flocks whose wool has been improved by crosses with the merino races. Wine is not extensively produced, nor of the best quality; but in some parts there is an abundant supply of apples, from which cedar is made as the common drink of the inhabitants. There are no mines but of iron, and these yield about 1200 tons annually, which is not more than one third of the demand. The manufactures are not extensive; but leather, paper, cotton goods of various kinds, serges, flannels, and other coarse woollens, hosiery, hats, caps, household linen, such as sheetings and table linen, and some earthenware, are furnished. The department draws its supply of fuel from its own woods, which cover about one twelfth part of the whole surface.
EUROCLYDON, (from Eugoç, the east wind, and κλoδωv, a wave), is a species of wind, of which we have an account only in the Acts of the Apostles (xxvii. 14), and concerning the nature of which critics have been much divided. Bochart, Grotius, Bentley, and others, substitute another reading, supported by the Alexandrian Manuscript, and the Vulgate, namely, Eugaκuλωv or Euro-aquilo ; but Mr Bryant defends the common reading, and considers the Euroclydon as an east wind which causes a deep sea or vast inundation. He maintains, in opposition to the reasoning of Bentley, who supposes that the mariners in the ship, the voyage of which is recited in this passage, were Romans, that they were Greeks of Alexandria, and that the ship was an Alexandrian ship employed in carrying corn to Italy; and, therefore, that the mariners had a name in their own language for the particular typhonico stormy wind here mentioned. He also shows from the passage itself, that the tempestuous wind called Εuroclp don beat upon the island of Crete; and hence, as this is a relative expression, referring to the situation of the person using it, who was at that time to the windward or south of it, the wind blew upon shore, and must have come from the south or south-east, which, he adds, is fully warranted by the point where the ship was, and the direction it ran in afterwards, which was towards the north and north-west.
EUROPA, in fabulous history, a daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia and Telephassa. She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her; and, in order to seduce her, he assumed the shape of a bull, and mingled with the herds of Agenor, whilst Europa, with her female attendants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired towards the shore, crossed the sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in the island of Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this amour with the king of the gods, Europa married Asterius, king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her loves with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus, as his own children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the Christian era.
EURYALE, in Mythology, one of the Gorgons, daughters of Phorcys, and a sister of Medusa, who was subject neither to old age nor to death.
EURYDICE, in fabulous hi⅛ory, the wife of Orpheus, who flying from the attempted ravishment of Aristaeus, was slain by a serpent. Her husband went down to the shades, and by the force of his music persuaded Pluto and Proserpine to allow him to carry back his wife to earth, a favour which they granted, provided he did not look on her till he reached the light; but in a moment of affection and forgetfulness he broke the condition, and Eurydice vanished from his sight.
EURYMEDON, in Ancient Geography, a noblc river running through the middle of Pamphylia, and celebrated for a sea and land fight which took place on the same day, and in which the Athenians, under Cimon the son of Miltiades, defeated the Persians.
EURYSTHEUS, a king of Argos and Mycenae, son of Sthenclus, and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alemena, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules; and who, in order to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well known by the name of the labours of Hercules. The success of Hercules in achieving these perilous labours having greatly alarmed Eurystheus, he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, in which he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against the children of the hero, and made war against Ceyx, king of Trachinia, because he had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. But he was killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus, the son of Hercules, and his head was sent to Alemena, the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it, and tore out the eyes with inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. The death of Eurystheus happened about thirty years before the Trojan war.
EUSEBIANS, a denomination given to the sect of Arians, on account of the favour and countenance which Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, showed for them at their first rise.
EUSTATHIANS, a name given to the Catholics of Antioch in the fourth century, on occasion of their refusal to acknowledge any other bishop except Eustathius, who had been deposed by the Arians. This denomination was given them during the episcopate of Paulinus, whom the Arians substituted instead of Eustathius, about the year 330, when they began to hold their assemblies apart. About the year 350, Leontius of Phrygia, surnamed the Eunuch, who was an Arian, and was put in the see of Antioch, desired the Eustathians to perform their service in his church; which offer they accepted, and the church of Antioch served indifferently both Arians and Catholics. This, we are told, gave occasion to two institutions, which have ever since subsisted in the church; the first, psalmody in two choirs; and the second, the doxology.

This conduct, which seemed to imply a kind of communion with the Arians, gave great offence to many of the Catholics, who began to hold separate meetings; and hence arose the schism of Antioch. Upon this, the rest, who continued to meet in the church, ceased to be called Eustathians, and that appellation was restricted to the dissenting party. Flavianus, bishop of Antioch, in 381, and one of his successors, Alexander, in 481, brought about a coalition or reunion between the Eustathians and the body of the church of Antioch, which is described with much solemnity by Theodoret (Eccl. lib. iii. c. 2.)

Eustathians were also a sect of heretics in the fourth century, who derived their name from their founder Eustathius, a monk, who was so foolishly fond of his own profession, that he condemned all other conditions of life. But whether this Eustathius was the same with the bishop of Sebastia and the chief of the Semi-Arians, is not easy to determine.

Eustathius excluded married people from salvation, prohibited his followers from praying in their houses, and obliged them to quit all they had, as incompatible with the hopes of heaven. He drew them out of the other assemblies of Christians, to hold secret meetings with him, and made them wear a particular habit; he ordained them to fast on Sundays; and he taught them, that the ordinary fasts of the church were needless, after they had attained to a certain degree of purity which he pretended to. He evinced great horror of chapels built in honour of martyrs, and of the assemblies held therein. Several women, seduced by his reasoning, forsook their husbands, and abundance of slaves deserted their masters’ houses. He was condemned at the council of Gaugra in Paphlagonia, which was held between the years 326 and 341.
EUSTATIA, St, one of the Leeward Islands, in the West Indies. It is a high rock, rising from the waves in the form of a pyramid, gradually tapering to the top. It 13 twenty-nine miles in circumference at the base, and, notwithstanding the singular conformation of the island, the climate is healthy, and the soil, which is cultivated to the very summit, most prolific. It is, however, like other islands in this region of the globe, subject to the desolating visitation of thunder-storms and hurricanes. The latter are most to be dreaded during the months of August and September, and they have been frequently so severe as to lay waste the island and scatter the shipping. There is only one landing-place, and that, though difficult of access, is strongly fortifie , [7:9:423]indeed the whole island has been rendered nearly impregnable when properly garrisoned. Sugar, cotton, and maize ar¢ here produced; but the vegetable production most cultivatec is tobacco. Small as this island is, it is said to support nearly twenty thousand inhabitants, who, besides their agricultura avocations, rear hogs, kids, rabbits, and all kinds of poultry, with which they arc enabled to serve their neighbours after having supplied themselves. This island was settled by the Dutch as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century; but in 1665 it was taken by the British, who ir their turn were ejected by the French. In 1781 it yielded to Admiral Rodney; from the English it was again wrested by the French, and after repeatedly changing masters according to the varying fortunes of war, it was finally transferred to the Dutch government at the peace of 1814. St Eustatia lies fifteen miles south of Saba, and eight miles north-west of St Christophers. Long. 63. 5. W. Lat. 17. 31. N.
EUSTYLE, in Architecture, a sort of building in which the pillars are placed at the most convenient distance from one another, the intercolumniations being two diameters and a quarter of the column, excepting those in the middle of the face, before and behind, which are three diameters apart.
EUTERPE, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over music, and was also regarded as the inventress of the flute. She is represented as crowned with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists attribute to her the invention of tragedy, which is more commonly supposed to be the production of Melpomene.
EUTHYMIA, among the Greeks, signified such a disposition or state of the mind as could not be ruffled either by good or bad fortune, by health or sickness, pleasure or pain, good or evil.
EUTIN, a city in that part of the duchy of Oldenburg which lies on the Baltic Sea, called the duchy of Lubec. It is situated on a beautiful lake, and is surrounded by the Danish province of Holstein. It contains, besides the ducal palace, 260 houses and 2540 inhabitants. Long. 10. 51. E. Lat. 54. 8. N.
EUTROPIUS, Flavius, a Latin historian, of whose life we know but little. Even the praenomen Flavius is uncertain, as well as the race from which he sprung. Some consider him as a native of Italy, others of Gaul, and others again of Constantinople, without our possessing any certain grounds to enable us to decide on the one more than file other. We know that he lived under Constantine Epistolaris, afterwards accompanied Julian against the Persians, and also lived under Valens. But it is uncertain whether the Eutropius named as proconsul of Asia, and another who was praefectus praetoris 381 a. d. be the same person as the historian. His death took place probably in the wars of Valens, and before the death of Sapor, 370 a. d. Eutropius left an epitome of Roman history (Breviarium Historiae Romanae) in ten books, from the building of Rome to the reign of Valens. At the conclusion he promises a work on the same subject in a more extended form, in consequence of a wish expressed by the emperor, to whom it is dedicated; but we are unable to state whether he put his intentions into execution. The epitome has been generally extracted from sources worthy of credit, from some indeed to which we have no longer access. It carefully omits, however, all that may appear prejudicial to Rome: it follows generally a chronological order. The style is unadorned and simple; and we need not be surprised if he exhibits traces of the corruption of the age in which he lived, and that some of his expressions are less refined than what are found in classical writers. There were two translations of it into Greek, of which the one by Capito Lycius, in the time of Justinian, has perished; but the other, by a certain Poeericus, is still preserved. See Voss. De Hist. Lat. ii. 8; Fabric. Biblioth. Lat. iii. 9;

Moller, Dissert. de Eutrop. Altorf, 1685; Tzschucke, Diss, de Vita, &c. in his edition of the work, Lips. 1796; Bähr, Geschichte der Römischen Literatur, Carlsruhe, 1832.
EUTYCHIUS, patriarch of Alexandria, lived about the ninth century; and wrote annals in the Arabic language, printed at Oxford in 1658, with a Latin version by Pococke. Selden had printed something of his before.
EUXINUS PONTUS, Black Sea, lying between Europe and Asia, into which several of the largest rivers in the world flow; on the west the Danube, Dniester, and Dnieper, on the east the Phasis, and on the south the Helys and Thermodon. A large peninsula stretches into the centre, and divides it into two great gulfs; the cape in the Crimea was called Criu-metopon (Karadje-Bourmin,'), and that in Asia, Carambis (^Kerempi-Bouroun) i being distant from each other 170 miles. According to Strabo, its circumference was 25,000 stadia, equal to 715 leagues, which is very nearly correct. The ancients believed that at one time it had no communication with the Mediterranean, but that the rivers which flow into this sea having opened for themselves a passage, the waters rushed into the Mediterranean by the Hellespont, and caused that sea to burst a passage through the Straits of Gibraltar. (Strab. i. 49.) In the time of Diodorus the inhabitants of the island Samothrace preserved the recollection of an inundation which had elevated the waters of the Mediterranean to such a height that their ancestors were obliged to take refuge on the summits of their highest mountains; and so late as the first century of the Christian era they had the custom of sacrificing on altars placed on the spot to which they believed the waters to have risen. There seems every reason to believe that the Black Sea, Caspian, and Aral, were once united, and perhaps found a vent to the North Sea by the valley through which the river Oby flows from Tobolsk. This immense lake was bounded to the north by the lofty mountains of Asia Minor and Armenia; and when by their weight the waters burst the barrier opposed to them on the side of the Bosphorus, it may easily be conceived with what a fearful shock they must have poured into the Mediterranean. See Storia Pilosofica della Navigazione, del Commercio e delle Colonie degli antichι del Mare Nero, by Formaleoni, Vc-net. 1788; also Notes on French Strabo, Paris, 1805.
EVAGRIUS Scholasticus, an historian, bornât Epiphania about the year 536. He practised the profession of advocate, from which he was called Scholasticus, a name which was then given to the pleaders at the bar; and he was also tribune and keeper of the prefect’s dispatches. He wrote an ecclesiastical history, which begins where those of Socrates and Theodoret ended; besides other works, for which he was rewarded by the emperors Tiberius and Mauricius. M. de Valois published at Paris a good edition of Evagrius’s ecclesiastical history in fólio; and it was republished at Cambridge in 1620, in folio, by William Reading, with additional notes of various authors.
EVANDER, a king of Arcadia, said to be son, sometimes of Mercury and sometimes of Echemus, king of Arcadia, had as his mother the nymph Nicotrate or Carmenta, according to the Latins. Various reasons are given to account for his emigration to Italy. According to Servius (Virg. Aem. viii. 51, 130), he had killed his father by accident; but Ovid says that he was compelled by civil broils to abandon his kingdom to his brother Ladocos. This event is supposed to have taken place about fifty years before the taking of Troy. Faunus, who then reigned in Italy, received Evander and his companions with great kindness, granting to him as much land as was necessary to build a city. Its foundations were laid on the Palatine hill; and it was called Pallatium or Pallanteum, either in honour of his son Pallas, or in remembrance of a village of the same name in Arcadia. Evander was greatly annoyed by the thefts of a giant named Cacus, who dwelt on the Aventine hill; but Hercules, whom he received with much hospitality, freed him from this formidable enemy. At a later period Virgil introduces him to us, as forming an alliance with Aeneas, and furnishing him with a body of troops commanded by his son Pallas. (Aen. viii. 154). He gave laws to his people, taught the aborigines of Italy agriculture, invented music, and introduced into his new country the knowledge of letters. After his death he was by the gratitude of his subjects, ranked among the gods.
EVANGELISTS, the inspired authors of the Gospels. The word is derived from the Greek ίυαγγιλιον, formed of i εu, bene, well, and ayytaoς, angel or messenger.

The denomination of evangelists was likewise given in the ancient church to those who preached the gospel in different parts, without being attached to any particular church, being either commissioned by the apostles to instruct the nations, or having of their own accord abandoned every worldly attachment, and consecrated themselves to the sacred office of preaching the gospel. In this sense it is, according to some interpreters, that St Philip, who was one of the seven deacons, is called the evangelist in the twenty-first chapter of the Acts of the Apostles. Again, St Paul, writing to Timothy (Ep. ii. chap. iv. ver. 5), bids him do the work of an evangelist; whilst the same apostle (Eph. iv. 11) ranks the evangelists after the apostles and prophets.
EVANTES, in Antiquity, the priestesses of Bacchus, who were so called because in celebrating the orgia they ran about as if distracted, crying, Evan, evan, ohe evan.
EVATES, a branch or division of the Druids, or ancient Celtic philosophers. Strabo divides the British and Gaelic philosophers into three sects; Bards, Evates, and Druids. He adds that the Bards were the poets and musicians, the Evates the priests and naturalists, and the Druids were moralists as well as naturalists. But Marcellus and Hornius mention only two sects, the Bards and Druids.
EVERGETES, or Euergetes, a surname signifying benefactor, given to Philip of Macedonia, to Antigonus Doson, and to Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also commonly applied to the kings of Syria and Pontus; and we often find among the former an Alexander Evergetes, among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed the title of Benevolent. 1