pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MARMANDE, an arrondissement of the department of the Lot and Garonne, in France, 752 square miles in extent. It contains nine cantons, divided into 116 communes, with a population of 97,500 persons. The capital, a city of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Garonne, and is a well-built place, with 940 houses and 6650 inhabitants, who make some woollen and cotton goods, and carry on several tanneries. Long. 0. 5. E. Lat. 44. 35. N.
MARMIGNAC, a town of France, in the department of the Lot and arrondissement of Cahors. It contains 200 houses and 1240 inhabitants.
MARMOUTIER, a town of the department of the Lower Rhine and arrondissement of Sauerne, in France, situated on the river Huselbach, containing 1900 inhabitants.
MARONDA, a small town of Hindustan, in the Rajpoot territories, in the province of Ajmeer, and twenty miles north-east from the town of Aimeer. Long. 75. 7. E. Lat. 26. 43. N.
MAROT, Clement, the best French poet of his time, was born at Cahors in 1495, being the son of John Marot, valet-de-chambre to Francis I. and poet to Queen Anne of Bretagne. He enjoyed his father’s place as valet-de-chambre [7:14:257]to Francis I., and was page to Margaret of France, wife of the Duke of Alençon. In 1521 he followed that prince into Italy, and was wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia; but on his return to Paris he was accused of heresy, and thrown into prison, whence he was delivered by the protection of King Francis I. He at length retired to the court of the queen of Navarre, then to that of the duchess of Ferrara, and in 1536 returned to Paris; but having declared openly for the Calvinists, he was obliged to fly to Geneva, which he at length quitted, and retiring to Piedmont, died at Turin in 1544, aged fifty. His verses are filled with natural beauties. La Fontaine acknowledged himself his disciple, and contributed greatly to restore to credit the works of this ancient poet. Marot, besides his other works, translated part of the Psalms into verse, and this version was continued by Beza. Michael Marot, his son, was also the author of some verses; but they are not comparable to those of John, and much inferior to those of Clement Marot. The works of the three Marots were collected and printed together at the Hague in 1731, in three vols. 4to, and in six vols. 12mo.
MARQUE, or Letters of Marque, in war, are letters of reprisal, granting the subjects of one prince or state liberty to make reprisals on those of another. They are so called from the German marche, limit, frontier, as being jus concessum in alterius principis marchas seu limites transeundi, sibique jus faciendi, or a right of passing the limits or frontiers of another prince, and doing one’s self justice.
MARQUESAS, or Mendoca Islands. This group of islands, which extends from 138 to 140 degrees of west longitude, and from 8∣ to 10∣ south latitude, is situated in the South Pacific Ocean. They were discovered by Mendana, a Spanish navigator, in 1595, and were named by him Marquesas de Mendoca, in honour of Mendoca, then viceroy of Peru, by whom he was despatched on the voyage. They were also visited by Captain Cook in 1774, and have since been visited by several navigators. They are five in number, viz. San Pedro, or O-Niteo in the native language, Santa Christina or Wahitaho, and La Dominica or O-hivahoa, forming a group; La Madalena, eight leagues distant, and Hood’s Island, five and a half leagues, from the north-eastern point of Dominica. The aspect of these islands from the sea is bold and rugged, the land is high, and the shores present the appearance of volcanic eruptions. In most of these islands there are bays and coves along the shore, which afford shelter for shipping. Voyagers differ in their accounts of these islands, some describing them as fertile and beautiful, with verdant plains and hills crowned with luxuriant woods, whilst later visitors represent them as barren and mountainous. Probably they have landed at different parts of these islands. The ships which touch at these islands may procure supplies of hogs, fowls, plantains, yams, and other roots, also breadfruit and cocoa nuts. According to the concurring accounts of navigators, the inhabitants are a strong, tall, active race, distinguished by symmetry of person, as well as by regularity of features. But they are of the most barbarous habits, debased by an entire profligacy of manners, and addicted to the most cruel and degrading superstitions.
MARQUIS, a title of honour, next in dignity to that of duke. The office of marquis is to guard the frontiers and limits of the kingdom, which were called the marches, from the Teutonic word marche, a limit, as, in particular, were the marches of Wales and Scotland whilst they continued hostile to England. The persons who had command there were called lords marchers or marquesses, whose authority was abolished by statute (27 Hen. VIII. c. 27), though the title had long before been made a mere design of honour. A marquis is created by patent; his mantle is double ermine, three doublings and a half; his title is most noble ; and his coronet has pearls and strawberry leaves intermixed round, of equal height.
MARRACCI, Ludovico, a learned Italian, who was born at Lucca, in Tuscany, in 1612. After having finished his juvenile studies, he entered into the Congregation of regular clerks of the Mother of God, and early distinguished himself by his learning and merit. He taught rhetoric for seven years, and passed through several offices of his order. He applied himself principally to the study of languages, and attained, by his own exertions, a knowledge of the Greek, the Hebrew, the Syriac, the Chaldaic, and the Arabic, which last he taught for some time at Rome, by the order of Pope Alexander VII. Pope Innocent XI. chose him as his confessor, placed great confidence in him, and would have advanced him to ecclesiastical dignities if Marracci had notopposed it. Marracci died at Rome in 1700, aged eighty-seven. He was the author of several pieces in Italian; but the great work upon which his reputation chiefly rests, is his edition of the Koran, in the original Arabic, with a Latin version, under the title of Alcorani Textus universus ex correctioribus Arabum exemplaribus summa fide atque pulcherrimis characteribus descriptus, Padua, 1698, in two vols. folio; the first of which contains the Prodromus, and the second the Koran, with critical and grammatical notes, which are highly esteemed. This edition is still the best we have of the sacred book of the Moslemins. The version of the Koran by Marracci, with notes and observations by himself and others, and a synopsis of the Mahommedan religion, by way of introduction, was published by Hcineccius, at Leipzig, 1721, in 8vo. Marracci had also a hand in the Biblia Sacra Arabica sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Eide jussu edita, ad usum Ecclesiarum Orientalium. Rome, 1671, in 3 vols. folio.
MARS, in Astronomy, one of the eleven planets, situated without the earth’s orbit, and remarkable for the extent of its atmosphere and the redness of its light. See Astronomy. Mars, in the Pagan mythology, was the god of war. According to some, he was the son of Jupiter and Juno; whilst others say that he was the son of Juno alone, who, being displeased at Jupiter’s having produced Minerva from his brain, without female aid, conceived without the assistance of the other sex, by touching a flower shown to her by Flora in the plains of Olenus, and became the mother of this formidable deity. The amours of Mars and Venus, and the manner in which Vulcan caught and exposed them to the laughter of the other gods, have been described by several of the ancient poets. He is represented as having several wives and mistresses, and a considerable number of children. He was held in the highest veneration by the Romans, both from his being the supposed father of Romulus their founder, and from their inclination to conquest; and magnificent temples were erected to him at Rome. Mars is usually represented in a chariot drawn by furious horses. He is completely armed, and extends his spear with the one hand, whilst he grasps a sword, imbrued in blood, with the other. He has a fierce and savage aspect. Discord is represented as preceding his car; Clamour, Fear, and Terror, appear in his train. The victims sacrificed to him were the wolf, the horse, the woodpecker, the vulture, and the cock.

Mars, amongst the older chemists, denotes iron, that metal being supposed to be under the influence of the planet Mars.
MARSAC, a town of France, in the department of the Puy-de-Dôme and arrondissement of Ambert. It stands on the left bank of the river Dore, and contains 620 houses, and 3100 inhabitants. There are carried on here manufactures of thread and silk lace, of ribbons and linen.
MARSALA, a parliamentary city of the island of Sicily, in the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Mazzara, and seventy miles from Palermo. It was the Lilybaeum of the ancients, the capital and chief fortress of the Carthaginians. It is now an old wall, with four bastions, but no glacis, and has neither ordnance, quarters, nor bomb-proof stores. It is situated on the sea-shore, but the harbour is nearly choked up with mud. The situation is healthy, and it contains 2450 houses, and 20,550 inhabitants, who depend for subsistence on the productions of the soil, which yields large quantities of fruit, wine, and barilla. Near to it are the salt lagunes, which yield large supplies of culinary salt. Long. 12. 25. 10. E. Lat. 37. 48. 10. N.
MARSH, Narcissus, a learned Irish prelate, was born at Hannington, in Wiltshire, in 1638. He was made principal of St Alban’s Hall, Oxford, in the year 1673, but removed to the provostship of Dublin College in 1678; was promoted to the bishopric of Leighlin and Ferns in 1682, translated to the archbishopric of Cashel in 1690, to that of Dublin in 1694, and raised to the primacy in 1703. Whilst he held the see of Dublin, he built a noble library for the use of the public, stocked it with choice books, and settled a provision for two librarians. He repaired, at his own expense, several decayed churches, besides buying up and restoring many impropriations, and presenting a great number of oriental manuscripts to the Bodleian Library. He was a learned and accomplished man, well versed in sacred and profane literature, in mathematics, natural philosophy, the learned languages, especially the oriental, and in both the theory and practice of music. He published, 1. Institutiones Logicae; 2. Manuductio ad Logicam, written by Philip de Trieu, to which he added the Greek text of Aristotle, and some tables and schemes; 3. An Introductory Essay on the Doctrine of Sounds. He died in 1713.
MARSHAL, or Mareschal (marescallus), primarily denotes an officer who had the charge or the command of horses. Nico derives the word from polemarchus, master of the camp; and Matthew Paris from Martis senes-callus. In the Old Gaulish language, march meant horse; and hence mareschal might signify him who commanded the cavalry. Other derivations have been given by different authors; and the name itself has been applied to officers whose employments were very different.

Earl Marshal of Scotland. This officer had the command of the cavalry, whereas the constable commanded the whole army. They seem, however, to have had a sort of joint command, as of old all orders were addressed to the constable and marischal. The office of earl marischal has never been out of the family of Keith.

Earl Marshal of England, is the eighth great officer of state. His office, until it was made hereditary, always passed by grant from the king, and was never held by tenure or sergeantry, as the offices of Lord High Steward and Lord High Constable were sometimes held. The title is personal, the office honorary and officiary.

Field- Marshal, an officer of high rank in the European armies.
MARSHALLING a Coat, in Heraldry, is the disposal of several coats of arms belonging to distinct families in one and the same escutcheon or shield, together with their ornaments, parts, and appurtenances.
MARSHFIELD, a town of the county of Gloucester and the hundred of Thornbury, 102 miles from London. It is situated on the frontier of the county, touching both on Wilts and on Somerset. It has a corporation, governed by a bailiff, with a market on Thursday. The parish is extensive, though thinly peopled. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1246, in 1811 to 1415, in 1821 to 1569, and in 1831 to 1651.
MARSI, a nation of Germany, who afterwards settled in Italy, where they occupied the territory in the environs of the Fucine Lake. They at first proved inimical to Rome, but in process of time they became its firmest supporters. They were allowed by the Romans to be the most intrepid soldiers of their legions when friendly, and the most formidable of their enemies when at variance; and it was a common saying, that Rome could neither triumph over the Marsi nor without them. They are particularly celebrated for the civil war in which they were engaged, and which from them received the denomination of the Marsian War. The large contributions which they made to support the interest of Rome, and the number of men whom they continually supplied to the republic, rendered them bold and aspiring; and they claimed, along with the rest of the Italian states, a share of the honours and privileges which were enjoyed by the citizens of Rome. This petition, though supported by the interest, the eloquence, and the integrity of the tribune Drusus, was received with contempt by the Roman senate; upon which, in the 662d year of Rome, the Marsi put themselves at the head of the Social War, one of the most obstinate and dangerous struggles ever maintained against the progress of the Roman power. They obtained several victories, but were at last defeated, though the war was only terminated by a grant of those privileges for which they had contended.
MARSICONUOVO, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in the province Principato Citeriore. It stands at the source of the river Acri, is the seat of a bishop, and has a cathedral and five other churches, with 6790 inhabitants.
MARSIGLI, Louis Ferdinand Count de, an Italian geographer and naturalist, was descended of an ancient and noble family, and born at Bologna on the 10th of July 1658. He acquired a great knowledge in the art of war and of fortification; and he served under the Emperor Leopold II. against the Turks, by whom he was taken prisoner in 1683, but ransomed after a year’s captivity. In the war of the Spanish succession, Marsigli, then advanced to the rank of marshal, being in the fortress of Brisack, which surrendered to the Duke of Burgundy in 1703, when the place was deemed capable of holding out much longer, was stripped of all his commissions, and had his sword broken over him; and the Count d’Arco, who had the chief command, was beheaded. Marsigli now sought for consolation in the sciences, having, amidst all the hurry and fatigue of war, made as great progress in philosophy as if he had travelled purely in quest of knowledge. He had a rich collection of every thing proper for the advancement of natural knowledge; instruments astronomical and chemical, plans of fortifications, models of machines, and the like; all which he presented to the senate of Bologna by an authentic act in 1712, forming at the same time out of them what he called the Institute of the Arts and Sciences of Bologna. He also founded a printing-house, furnished it with the best types for Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, and in 1728 presented it to the Dominicans at Bologna, upon condition of their printing all the writings of the Institute at prime cost. This was called the printing-house of St Thomas Aquinas. His writings on philosophical subjects are numerous and valuable. The most remarkable are, 1. Osservazioni intornò al Bosforo Tracio overo Canale di Constantinopoli, Rome, 1681, in folio; 2. Dissertatio de Generatione Fungorum, ibid. 1714, in folio, rare and curious; 3. Brieve Ristretto del Saggio Fisicointorno alla Storia del Mare, Venice, 1711, in folio, translated into French by Leclerc under the title of Histoire Physique de la Mer, Amsterdam, 1725, in folio; 4. Danubius Pan-nonico-Mysicus Observationibus Geographicis, Astronomicis, Hydrographicis, Historicis, Physicis, perillustra-tus, [7:14:264]Hague, 1726, in six vols. large folio; 5. Etat Militaire de l’Empire Ottoman, de son Progrès, et de sa Décadence, in French and Italian, Amsterdam and Hague, 1732, in folio, with forty-four plates, and a map of the Ottoman empire by Abubekir Effendi, with the names in the Turkish language. Marsigli died at Bologna, on the 1st of November 1730, regretted by all his fellow-citizens.
MARSYAS, in fabulous history, a celebrated musician of Celaenae, in Phrygia, and reputed the son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, cr Oeagrus. He was so skilful in playing on the flute, that he is generally deemed the inventor of that instrument. According to the opinion of some, he found it after Minerva had thrown it aside on account of the distorsion of her features occasioned by playing upon it.
MART, a great fair held every year, for buying and selling goods. Public marts, or places of buying and selling, such as markets and fairs, with the tolls there levied, can only be set up by virtue of the king’s grant, or by immemorial usage and prescription, which presupposes such a grant. The limitation of these public resorts to such time and place as may be most convenient for the neighbourhood, forms a part of economics, or domestic polity, which, considering the kingdom as a large family, and the king as the master of it, he has clearly a right to dispose and order as he pleases.
MARTIALIS, Marcus Valerius, a famous Latin poet, born at Bilbilis, now called Bubiera, in the kingdom o Aragon, in Spain, was of the equestrian order. He went to Rome about the age of twenty-one, and staid there thirty-five years, under the reign of Galba and the succeeding emperors, till that of Trajan; and having acquired the esteem of Titus and Domitian, he was created tribune. At length, finding that he was neglected by Trajan, he returned to his own country, Bilbilis, where he married a wife, and had the happiness to live with her several years. He admires and commends her much, telliner us that she [7:14:265] alone was sufficient to supply the want of everything which he had enjoyed at Rome. Pomam tu mihi s ola facis, says he, in the twenty-first epigram of the twelfth book. She appears likewise to have been a lady of a very large fortune; for, in the thirty-first epigram of the same book, he extols the magnificence of the house and gardens which he had received from her, and says that she had made him a kind of little monarch.

Munera sunt domino: post septima lustra reverso, Has Marcella domos, parvaque regna dedit.

There are still extant fourteen books of his epigrams, filled with points, and plays upon words, and obscene allusions. The style is in general affected. A few of his epigrams are no doubt excellent, but some of them are not above mediocrity, and the greater part are bad; so that Martial never spoke a greater truth than when he said of his own works,

Sunt bona, sunt quaedam mediocria, sunt mala plura.

There has also been attributed to him a book on the spectacles of the amphitheatre; but the most learned critics think that this last work was not written by Martial. The best editions of Martial are that in Usum Delphini, 4to, Paris, 1617, and that cum Notis Variorum.
MARTIN, St, an island in the West Indies, situated between Anguilla and St Bartholomew, in latitude 18.4.0. north, and longitude 63. 14. 0. west. It is about fifteen miles in length by twelve at its greatest breadth. The coast is indented with numerous bays, which makes it appear larger than it really is. The interior is mountainous, but the nature of the soil is of secondary importance, as the wealth of the island consists in its salt-pits and saltwater lakes. Salt indeed has been found the most profitable article of export, the annual value of one marsh exceeding L.12,000. It first belonged to Spain, from which it was wrested by the French; but the Dutch prevented their entire occupation of the island, and the two powers agreed to divide it between them. The French entered into possession of that part of it which looks towards Anguilla, being the most beautiful and pleasantly situated, whilst the Dutch occupied the most profitable, that which contained the salt-pits and ponds. The result was such as might have been anticipated. The Dutch throve prosperously, whilst the French remained poor and ill provided with the necessaries of life; and they were, besides, repeatedly plundered by the English. In 1801 the island was taken by the British, but it was afterwards restored to the two powers, who have since continued in the possession of their respective portions of it.
MARTINGALE, in the manege, a thong of leather, fastened to one end of the girths under a horse’s belly, and at the other end to the muss-roll, to prevent him from rearing.
MARTINSBERG, a market-town of the circle of Wieselburg, in the province beyond the Danube, in Hungary. It contains 1500 inhabitants, who chiefly subsist by the cultivation of vineyards. It stands at the foot of the Mons Sacer Pannomae, on the top of which is a Benedictine convent, which is immediately under the patronage of the pope. Long. 17. 39. 1. E. Lat. 47. 32. 32. N.
MARTLETS, in Heraldry, little birds represented without feet, and used as a difference or mark of distinction for younger brothers, to put them in mind that they are to trust to the wings of virtue and merit, in order to raise themselves, and not to their feet, inasmuch as they have little land to take their stand upon.
MARTOCK, a town of Somersetshire, in the hundred of the same name, 130 miles from London. It is in a rich level district, through which runs the river Ivel. The church is a large and elegant structure. In the market-place is a fluted column after the model of the celebrated pillar of Trajan. The population amounted in 1801 to 2102, in 1811 to 2356, in 1821 to 2560, and in İ831 to 2841.