pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SUIT, in Law, the same with action. The Romans, at an early period, introduced set forms for actions into their law, after the example of the Greeks; and made it a rule, that each injury should be redressed by its proper remedy only. “Actiones (say the Pandects) composite sunt, quibus inter se homines disceptarent, quas actiones ne populus prout vellet institueret, certas solemnesque esse voluerunt.” The forms of these actions were originally preserved in the books of the pontifical college, as choice and inestimable secrets, till one Cneius Flavius, the secretary of Appius Claudius, stole a copy and published them to the people. The concealment was ridiculous: but the establishment of some standard was undoubtedly necessary to fix the true state of a question of right, lest, in a long and arbitrary proceeding, it might be shifted continually, and be at length no longer discernible; or, as Cicero expresses it, “sunt jura, sunt formulae, de omnibus rebus constitute, ne quis aut in genere injuriae, aut in ratione actionis, errare possit. Expressae enim sunt ex uniuscujusque damno, dolore, incommodo, calamitate, injuria, publicae a pretore formulas, ad quas privata lis accommodatur.” And in the same manner Bracton, speaking of the original writs upon which English actions arc founded, declares them to be fixed and immutable, unless by authority of parliament. And all the modern legislators of Europe have found it expedient, from the same reasons, to fall into the same or a similar method.
SUKANA, or Sukna, a village of the Syrian desert, near which is a warm sulphureous spring, 140 miles south-southeast of Aleppo.
SUK el Harf, a town of Yemen, in Arabia, twenty-eight miles south-south-east of Saade.
SUKI, a town of Anatolia, in Asiatic Turkey, governed by an aga. It is twelve miles north-north-east of Milets.
SULIAGO, or Suriago, a chain of small islands in the Pacific Ocean, extending about ninety miles in length by[7:20:800] twelve in breadth. Long. 125. 27. to 128. 30. E. Lat. 9. 24. to 10. 32. N. The largest, from which the others derive their name, is twenty miles in circumference, and is twenty miles north-north-east from the coast of Mindanao. Long. 126. 27. E. Lat. 9. 27. N. There is a town of the same name on the north coast of the island of Mindanao. Long. 125. 31. E. Lat. 9. 45. N.
SULLY, Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of, was born at Rosny on the 13th of December 1560, and died at Villebon on the 22d of December 1640. His name is so conspicuous in the public annals of France, that a mere outline of his personal history would require an ample allotment of space. He participated in the fortunes of Henry IV. and rendered him the most important services in the cabinet as well as the field. He was grand master of the artillery, and superintendent of the finances. Rigidly attentive to the interest of the king, he had no disposition to neglect his own; and in the course of a long life he accumulated an immense fortune, of which he laid the foundation by his marriage with Anne de Courtenay, a rich heiress. He was remarkable for his decision of character and bluntness of manners; and in spite of all the allurements presented to him, he steadily adhered to the protestant faith. The Memoirs of Sully furnish some of the most curious and valuable materials for the history of that eventful era.
SULPHUR Island, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Gore in 1779, about five miles long. Long. 141. 12. E. Lat. 24. 48. N.
SULPICIA, a Roman poetess, who lived under the reign of Domitian, and has been so much admired as to be termed the Roman Sappho. We have nothing, however, left of her writings but a satire, or rather the fragment of one, against Domitian, who published a decree for the banishment of philosophers from Rome. This satire is to be found in Scaliger’s Appendix Virgiliana, and in other collections. It was separately published, with elaborate annotations by C. G. Schwartz. Altorf. 1721, 8vo. Harab. 1819, 4to. She is mentioned by Martial and Sidonius Apollinaris; and is said to have addressed a poem on conjugal love to her husband Calenus, a Roman knight.
SULPITIUS Severus, an ecclesiastical writer, was born in Aquitania about the year 363. His father was a man of superior rank. Having received a suitable education, the son applied himself to the practice of the law, and distinguished himself by his learning and eloquence. He married a rich wife, and was thus placed in a state of greater independence. He chiefly resided at Toulouse, and at Eluso or Elusio, near Carcassonne. The death of his beloved wife weaned his affections from the world, and he is supposed to have devoted himself to an ecclesiastical, if not a monastic life. He had recourse to the instructions of Martin bishop of Tours, whose life he has written; and he likewise contracted a friendship with Paulinus bishop of Nola. The invasion of the Vandals impelled him to seek a place of refuge at Marseille, where he entered a monastery, and is supposed to have died about the year 410. His principal work is his Historia Sacra, deduced from the creation of the world to his own time, and written in a style superior to the standard of that declining age of Latinity. The first edition was published by Flacius Illyricus. Basil. [1556] 8vo. Various editions of his works subsequently appeared; some of which were illustrated by the notes of Sigonius, Vorstius, Horn, and Le Clerc. A more elaborate edition was undertaken by De Prato, Veronae, 1741—54, 2 tom. 4to. He promised a third volume, which however did not make its appearance.
SULTAN, or Soldan, a title or appellation given to the emperor of the Turks.
SULTANHISSAR, a village of Anatolia, in Asiatic Turkey, situated near the remains of the ancient Greek city of Tralles, and twenty-three miles east of Scalanova. On the top of an adjacent hill are found traces of some ancient buildings, particularly a temple and a theatre, with fifty rows of seats. Some remains of a magnificent porticoare also seen, with two rows of pillars.
SULTANPORE, a town of Hindustan, province of Lahore, belonging to the Sikhs. Long. 74. 45. E. Lat. 31. 18. N. 2. A town in the province of Oude, pleasantly situated on the eastern bank of the Goompty river, seventy-eight miles south east from Lucknow. Long. 82. 3. E. Lat. 26. 18. N. 3. A town in the Afghan territories, province of Mooltan, twenty miles east from the city of Mooltan. Long. 71. 40. E. Lat. 30. 38. N. 4. A town in the Mahratta territories, province of Khandesh, on the north side of the Tuptee river, ninety miles east by north from Surat. Long. 74. 22. E. Lat. 21. 35. N.
SUMAUN, a town of Hindustan, province of Agra. It is twenty-eight miles north-north-east from the town of Etaweh. Long. 79. 5. E. Lat. 27. 6. N.
SUMBAWA, a large island in the Eastern Seas, about 180 miles in length by forty in average breadth. It is situated between the eighth and ninth degrees of south latitude, and is separated from Lombhook by the Straits of Allass. It is almost divided into two equal parts by a deep bay, which indents it in the middle. This island is divided into the different states of Beema, Dompoo, Tambora, San-gur, Pekat, and Sumbawa, all governed by their respective chiefs, who were formerly either allies or under the protection of the Dutch East India Company, and were all sufficiently obedient, with the exception of the chief of Sumbawa, who rebelled. Near the north-east end of the island, on a fine bay which stretches seven or eight leagues south, is situated the town of Beema, remarkable for its excellent harbour, the sides of which are bold and high, and the approach safe; but the passage through is sometimes dangerous, from the strong current which generally prevails, and the great depth of water, as 100 fathoms of line, though close in shore, will hardly reach the bottom. The channel in some places is only 150 or 200 yards across; but the depth is so great that a ship of the line may sail on either side within thirty yards of the rocky mountains. These give a grand and picturesque appearance to the channel, which terminates in a safe and commodious basin, presenting one of the finest harbours in the world. On the east side of the bay stands the town of Beema, which comprehends under its jurisdiction the Straits of Sapy, the whole of Manzeray, and the island of Gonong Api. The island produces sappan wood, rice, horses, saltpetre, sulphur, wax, birds’ nests, tobacco, &c., though there is but little trade carried on at this place. The number of horses exported under the appellation of Beema horses is very considerable. There are two volcanic mountains in the island, Gonong Api and another, which are looked upon with superstitious veneration by the inhabitants. Gold-dust is found in Sumbawa, particularly in the district of Dompoo, which also supplies teak-timber. Pearls are fished for in the large bay to the westward of Beema Bay, as also at Pekat.
SUMBHULPORE, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, situated between the twenty-first and twenty-second degrees of north latitude. It is of an unwholesome atmosphere, especially to foreigners, owing to the mountainous and woody nature of the country, to the sudden vicissitudes of heat and cold, and to the quantity of jungle which it contains. The soil in the valleys is a rich loam, which produces sugar, cotton, and all kinds of grain; and in the mountains gold and diamonds are found. This district constituted the ancient kingdom of Gurrah, and was overrun by the armies of Aurungzebe. On the decline of the Mogul empire it became independent; and in the war between the British and the Mahrattas in 1803 several of the pergunnahs or parishes were taken possession of by the former. The capital, which is of the same name, is situated on the east side of the Mahanuddy river. Long. 83. 47. E. Lat. 21. 33. N.
SUMBOONHAUT, a town and temple in the Ghoorkha country, in Nepaul. It is celebrated for a temple containing. from time immemorial the sacred fire, and is annually resorted to by innumerable pilgrims from Bootan and Thibet, and is a source of considerable revenue to the Nepaul government. Long. 85. 38. E. Lat. 27. 33. N.
SUMBUL, a town of Hindustan, province of Delhi, and district of Bareilly, situated on the Yarvufadur river. It is fifty-two miles west-north-west from Bareilly.
SUMISHORE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar. It is forty-six miles west-north-west from Bettiah. Long. 84.15. E. Lat. 27. 15. N.
SUMMER, the name of one of the seasons of the year, being one of the quarters when the year is divided into four quarters, or one half when the year is divided only into two, summer and winter. In the former case, summer is the quarter during which, in northern climates, the sun is passing through the three signs Cancer, Leo, Virgo, or from the time of the greatest declination, till the sun again comes to the equinoctial, or has no declination; which is from about the 21st of June till about the 22d of September. In the latter case, summer contains the six warmer months, while the sun is on one side of the equinoctial; and winter the other six months, when the sun is on the other side.
SUMNUM, a small town of Persia, in the province of Khorassan. It is the capital of a rich district containing filly villages, and bounded on the north by Mount Elburz, and on the south by the Great Salt Desert.
SUMY, a city of Russia, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the province Slobod-Ukraine, 911 miles from St Petersburg. It stands on the river Psiol, where the Sumy falls into it. It is surrounded with walls and ditches, contains two stone and eight wooden churches, 1230 houses, with 13,600 inhabitants, who distil much brandy, and are celebrated for the horses which they breed. Long. 28.1. E. Lat. 50. 50. N.
SUMPTUARY Laws ( Leges Sumptuaria), are laws made to restrain luxury. Most ages and nations have had some such laws. Political writers have been much divided in opinion with respect to their utility. Montesquieu observes that luxury is necessary in monarchies, as in France, but ruinous to democracies, as in Holland. With regard to England, whose government is compounded of both species, it may still be a dubious question, says Blackstone, how far private luxury is a public evil, and as such cognizable by public laws.
SUN, Sol, in Astronomy, the great luminary which enlightens the world, and by its presence constitutes day.
SUNBURY, a town of the county of Middlesex, in the hundred of Spelthorne, eighteen miles from London. It is finely situated on the left bank of the Thames, between Hampton Court and Shepperton, and is much resorted to by the lovers of angling in the summer season. The population amounted in 1811 to 1655, in 1821 to 1777, and in 1831 to 1863.
SUNDA, Straits of. The arm of the sea which separates the large islands of Sumatra and Java is so called by the Europeans, and by the Malays Sunda Kalapa. The length of this channel, taken from the flat point to Varkens or Hog Point, is about seventy miles; and on the opposite coast, from Java Head to Bantam Point, about ninety. The passage, though wide, is occasionally dangerous, from the currents. There are two passages formed by Prince’s Island, which lies in the mouth of the straits; one between it and Java, which is generally made use of during the south-west monsoon, in order that they may approach as close as possible to the shore, so as to anchor to escape the danger of being driven to sea by the currents which set strongly out of the straits to the westward. The other pas[7:20:809] sage, called the Great Channel, is sometimes resorted to during the south-east monsoon; but it is navigated with the greatest difficulty, in consequence of the opposition from the south-easterly gales. In the narrowest part of the straits is an island, which, from its situation, is called Thwart the Way, or Middle Isle; on both sides of which a strong current runs during the whole year, setting with the prevailing easterly or westerly winds either to the north-east or southwest. The other chief islands in the straits are Prince’s Isle, Krakatau, and Pulo Baby. The rest are small and insignificant, mostly level, founded on beds of coral, and covered with trees.
SUNDAY, or the Lord’s Day, a solemn festival observed by Christians on the first day of every week, in memory of our Saviour’s resurrection. In the Breviary and other offices, we meet with Sundays of the first and second class. Those of the first class are, Palm, Easter, Advent, and Whitsunday, those of Quasimodo and Quadragesima. Those of the second class are the common Sundays. Anciently each Sunday in the year had its particular name, which was taken from the introit of the day; which custom has only been continued to some few in lent; as Reminiscere, Oculi, Laetare, Judica. Some are of opinion that the Lord’s Day mentioned in the Apocalypse is our Sunday, which they believe was so early instituted by the apostles. Be this as it may, it is certain a regard was paid to this day even in the earliest ages of the church, as appears from the first Apology of Justin Martyr, where he describes the exercise of the day as not much unlike to ours. But it was Constantine the Great who first made a law for the proper observance of Sunday; and who, according to Eusebius, appointed it should be regularly celebrated throughout the Roman empire. Before him, and even in his time, they observed the Jewish Sabbath as well as Sunday; both to satisfy the law of Moses, and to imitate the apostles, who used to meet together on the first day. By Constantine’s law, promulgated in 321, it was decreed, that for the future the Sunday should be kept as a day of rest in all cities and towns; but he allowed the country people to follow their work. In 538, the council of Orleans prohibited country labour; but because there were still many Jews in Gaul, and the people fell into many superstitious uses in the celebration of the new Sabbath, like those of the Jews in that of the old, the council declares, that to hold it unlawful to travel with horses, cattle, and carriages, to prepare food, or to do any thing necessary to the cleanliness and decency of houses or persons, savours more of Judaism than of Christianity.

Sunday Island, a small island on the east coast of New Holland, discovered by Captain Bligh in 1788. Lat. 11. 58. S.
SUNDEEP Isle, an island of Bengal, in the district of Chittagong, about twenty miles in length by ten in breadth. It is the seat of a salt manufacture by the government, subordinate to the Bulwa and Chittagong agency. The soil is fertile and affords excellent pasture for cattle, and might be easily rendered of much more value than it is at present; but its station for the manufacture of salt supersedes every other use. Ships may safely approach it on all sides except the north. The entrance of the river is safe, and it possesses good anchorage, where ships may remain safe during the adverse monsoon; but the climate is dangerous to Europeans. The town is situated about a mile from the western shore, on the north bank of a creek called Sittal. Towards the end of the sixteenth century a number of Portuguese had settled on the coasts of Arracan and Chittagong; and, having recommended themselves by their bravery and maritime skill, had risen to considerable commands in the service of the native princes. But in consequence of their turbulent conduct, they were expelled by the rajah of Arracan from his dominions, and many of them put to death. A remnant however joining together, elected Sebastian Gonzales for their chief, who took possession of this island, and having collected about 3000 men, extended his conquests. He was at last subdued by the rajah of Arracan, who retained possession of the island till 1666, when it was conquered by the Mogul armies, and came into the possession of the British along with the province of Bengal. Long, of the town 91. 36. E. Lat. 22. 25. N.
SUNDELLA, a town of Hindustan, in the nabob of Oude’s territories. It is thirty miles north-west from Lucknow. Long. 80. 30. E. Lat. 27. 5. N.
SUNDERBUNDS, an extensive and woody district of Bengal, situated at the mouth of the eastern or great branch of the river Ganges. It is a dreary region, consisting of a labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all of salt, except those that communicate immediately with the principal arm of the Ganges, these numerous natural canals being so disposed as to form a complete inland navigation. Bishop Heber describes the prospect on the banks of the river as a dismal unbroken line of black wood and thicket, apparently impenetrable and interminable, which, he adds, “one might easily imagine to be the habitation of every thing monstrous, disgusting, and dangerous, from the tiger and the cobra de capello down to the scorpion and mosquito. The seamen,” he continues, “spoke of the shore with horror, as the grave of all who were so unfortunate as to remain many days in its neighbourhood.” On a nearer approach, the appearance of the Sunderbunds improved; the woods assumed a greater variety of green and shade; several round-topped trees and some low palms were seen among them, and a fresh vegetable fragrance was wafted from the shore.

In tracing the coast of this delta, eight openings are found, each of which appears to be the principal mouth of the Ganges. The navigation through the Sunderbunds is effected chiefly by means of the tides, there being two distinct passages; the one named the Southern or Sunderland Passage, and the other the Balliaghaut Passage. The first is the longer of the two, and opens into the river about sixty-five miles below Calcutta. The latter opens into a lake on the east side of Calcutta; the navigation is intricate, extending more than 200 miles through a forest, divided into numberless islands by various channels, and the prospects are romantic. At one time the masts of vessels are entangled among the branches of trees, and at other times they sail on a broadly-expanded river skirted with beautiful woods. The water is everywhere salt; and the whole tract is uninhabited except by tigers, and wild deer, their natural prey. During the dry season, the lower shores of these rivers are visited by salt-makers and woodcutters, who supply Calcutta with wood for fuel from these desolate tracts, and many of whom every year are devoured by tigers; these animals growing here to an enormous size, and so ferocious that they have been sometimes known to swim off and attack boats. In addition to these, the waters swarm with alligators. Some attempts have been made to bring parts of the Sunderbunds into cultivation, but with little success, as the want of fresh water must always prove a great obstacle to improvement; nor is it desirable to settle such an unhealthy tract while so many healthy stations remain unoccupied. The Sunderbunds are deemed of importance as a political barrier to Bengal on the south.
SUNDRABORN, a small state and town on the island of Celebes.
SUNERAMPORE, a town of Bengal, district of Dacca, situated on the Megna river. Long. 91. E. Lat. 24. 5. N.
SUNGEI Tenang, a country in the interior of Sumatra, between the second and third degrees of south latitude. It is mountainous, and the access to it is extremely difficult, from high ranges of mountains, and thick forests which intervene.
SUNNINGHILL, a parish in Berkshire, in the hundred of Cookham, twenty-two miles from London, and five miles from Staines. It is finely situated in the most delightful part of Windsor forest. It chiefly consists of elegant villas, and was once much visited on account of some mineral springs, which had great reputation in removing paralytic complaints. Besides the hill, the parish contains the liberty of Early, and the townships of Sandford and Woodley. The whole population amounted in 1811 to 1534, in 1821 to 1648, and in 1831 to 1701. A small portion of this parish is on the opposite side of the Thames, and in the county of Oxford.
SUPEREROGATION, in Theology, what a man does beyond his duty, or more than he is commanded to do. The Romanists strenuously contend for works of supererogation, and maintain that a stock of merit is accumulated, of which the church has the disposal, and which she distributes in indulgences according to her own pleasure. This absurd doctrine was first invented towards the close of the twelfth century, and modified and embellished by St Thomas in the thirteenth. Men were then taught to believe that there actually existed an immense treasure of merit, composed of the pious deeds and virtuous actions which the saints had performed beyond what was necessary for their own salvation, and which were therefore applicable to the benefit of others; and the guardian and dispenser of this precious treasure was the Roman pontiff; and that of consequence he was empowered to assign to such as he thought proper a portion of this inexhaustible source of merit, suitable to their respective guilt, and sufficient to deliver them from the punishment due to their crimes. The reformed churches do not allow of any work of supererogation; but hold, with the apostles, that when we have done our best, we are but unprofitable servants.
SUPERFICIES, or Surface, in Geometry, the outside or exterior face of any body. This is considered as having the two dimensions of length and breadth only, but no thickness; and therefore it makes no part of the substance, or solid content, or matter, of the body. The terms, or bounds, or extremities, of a superficies, are lines; and superficies may be considered as generated by the motions of lines. Superficies are either rectilinear, curvilinear, plane, concave, or convex. A rectilinear superficies is that which is bounded by right lines; curvilinear superficies is bounded by curve lines; plane superficies is that which has no inequality in it, or risings, or sinkings, but lies evenly and straight throughout, so that a right line may wholly coincide with it in all parts and directions; convex superficies is that which is curved and rises outwards; concave superficies is curved and sinks inwards.
SUPERFLUOUS Interval. See Music.
SUPERINTENDENT, which is equivalent to bishop, denotes an ecclesiastical superior in several reformed churches, particularly among the Lutherans of Germany.