pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ABAPTISTON, in Surgery, the perforating part of the instrument called a trepan. This instrument, which is mentioned by Galen, Fabricius ab Aquapendente, and others, was a conical saw with a circular edge. Modern practitioners, however, prefer the cylindrical form; and various contrivances have been recommended to obviate the danger that may arise from want of dexterity, or from rashness, in performing the operation of trepanning. A new instrument has been lately invented for this purpose. This instrument is so contrived, that it can be fitted to cut any thickness of bone without danger of injuring the brain; and as no pivot or centre pin is necessary, the dreadful accidents which have sometimes happened by not removing it, when the instrument in common use is employed, are completely avoided. (See Philosoph. Μαg. April 1802.)
ABARAN, a small town in the department of Ziezar, and province of Murcia, in Spain.
ABARCA, an ancient kind of shoe used in Spain for passing the mountains with. It was made of raw hides, and bound with cords, which secured the feet of travellers against the snow.
ÀBARIM, high mountains of steep ascent separating the country of the Ammonites and Moabites from the land of Canaan, where Moses died. According to Josephus, they stood opposite to the territory of Jericho, and were the last station but one of the Israelites coming from Egypt. Nebo and Pisgah were parts of these mountains.
ABARTICULATTON, in Anatomy, a species of articulation, admitting of a manifest motion; called also Diarthrosis, and Dearticulatio, to distinguish it from that sort of articulation which admits of a very obscure motion, and is called Synarthrosis.
ABAS, a weight used in Persia for weighing pearls. It is one-eighth less than the European carat.

Abas, in heathen mythology, was the son of Hypothoon and Meganira, who entertained Ceres, and offered a sacrifice to that goddess; but Abas ridiculing the ceremony, and giving her opprobrious language, she sprinkled him with a certain mixture she held in her cup, on which he became a newt or water lizard.
ABASCIA, or Abcassia, the northern district of the western division of Georgia, situated on the coast of the Black Sea, and tributary to the Turks. The inhabitants trade in furs, tiger-skins, linen yarn, boxwood, and bees’
[7:2:11]

wax; but their principal traffic consists in the sale of their own children to the Turks, and to one another. They have the name of Christians, but have nothing left but the name, any more than the Mingrelians their northern neighbours.
ABASSI, or Abassis, a silver coin current in Persia, equivalent in value to a French livre, or tenpence halfpenny sterling. It took its name from Schah Abbas II. king of Persia, under whom it was struek.
ABASSUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Greater Phrygia, on the confines of the Tolistobagii, a people of Galatia in Asia.
ABASTAS, a town in the department of Carrion, and pr: vince of Toro, in Spain.
ABATAMENTUM, in Law, is an entry to lands by interposition, i. e. when a person dies seized, and another who has no right enters before the heir.
ABATE, in the manege, implies the performing any downward motion properly. Thus a horse is said to abate or take down his curvets, when he puts both his hind legs to the ground at once, and observes the same exactness in all the times.

To Abate, (from the French abattre, to pull down, overthrow, demolish, batter down, or destroy,) a term used by the writers of the English common law both in an active and neuter sense; as, To abate a castle, is to beat it down. To abate a writ, is, by some exception, to defeat or overthrow it. A stranger abateth ; that is, entereth upon a house or land void by the death of him that last possessed it, before the heir takes possession, and so keepeth him out: wherefore, as he that putteth out him in possession is said to disseize, so he that steppeth in between the former possessor and his heir is said to abate. In the neuter signification thus: The writ of the demandant shall abate ; that is, shall be disabled, frustrated, or overthrown. The appeal abateth by covin; that is, the accusation is defeated by deceit.
ABATELMENT, in commerce, a term used for a prohibition of trade to all French merchants in the ports of the Levant who will not stand to their bargains, or refuse to pay their debts. It is a sentence of the French consul, which must be taken off before they can sue any person for the payment of their debts.
ABATEMENT, in Heraldry, an accidental figure supposed to have been added to coats of arms, in order to denote some dishonourable demeanour or stain, whereby the dignity of coat armour was rendered of less esteem.
ABATIS, an ancient term for an officer of the stables.

Abatis, or Abattis, in military affairs, a kind of defence made of felled trees. In sudden emergencies, the trees are merely laid lengthwise beside each other, with the branches pointed outwards to prevent the approach of the enemy, while the trunks serve as a breast-work to the defendants. When the abatis is employed for the defence of a pass or entrance, the boughs of the trees are stripped of their leaves and pointed, the trunks are planted in the ground, and the branches interwoven with each other.
ABATON, a building at Rhodes, erected as a fence to the trophy of Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus, Coos, &c. raised in memory of her victory over the Rhodians; or rather to conceal the disgrace of the Rhodians from the eyes of the world; for, to efface or destroy the trophy was with them a point of religion.
ABATOR, in Law, a term applied to a person who enters a house or lands void by the death of the last possessor, before the true heir.
ABATOS, in Ancient Geography, an island in the lake near Memphis, formerly famous for its papyrus. It was the burial place of Osiris.
ABATSKAJA, a town on the river Tabask, in the circle of Isehim and stadtholdership of Tobolsk, in the Russian dominion of Siberia, in Asia. It may be more properly denominated a township, as the dwellings are’ scattered about at considerable distance from each other. The houses are 385, and the inhabitants about 2000.
ABAUJVAR, one of the palatinates into which the Austrian kingdom of Hungary is divided. Its extent is about 700,000 acres, nearly one-half of which is in woods, the other half cultivated. It contains one city, 10 market towns, and 227 villages. The inhabitants are about 140,000, mostly Catholics; the remainder Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek church, with some Jews. The chief productions are com, flax, hemp, tobacco, fruit, wine, arid wood. There are also valuable quarries of marble.
ABAVO, in Botany, a synonyme of the Adansonia.
ABB, a term among clothiers applied to the yarn of a weaver’s warp. They say also Abb-wool in the same sense.
ABBA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Africa Propria, near Carthage.

Abba, in the Syriac and Chaldee languages, literally signifies a father ; and figuratively, a superior, reputed as a father in respect of age, dignity, or affection. It is more particularly used in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, as a title given to the bishops. The bishops themselves bestow the title of Abba more eminently on the bishop of Alexandria; which occasioned the people to give him the title of Babba, or Papa, that is Grandfather ; a title which he bore before the bishop of Rome. It is a Jewish title of honour given to certain Rabbis called Tanaites : and it was particularly used, by some writers of the middle age, for the superior of a monastery, usually called abbot.
ABBACH, a town of the kingdom of Bavaria, on a stream flowing into the Danube, with a castle, in which the Emperor Henry II. was born. It is in the district of Kellhaim, and circle of Regensburg, with 600 inhabitants.
ABBADIE, James, an eminent Protestant divine, born at Nay in Bern in 1654; first educated there under the famous John la Placette, and afterwards at the university of Sedan, from whence he went into Holland and Germany, and was minister in the French church of Berlin. He left that place in 1690; came into England; was some time minister in the French church in the Savoy, London; and was made dean of Killalo in Ireland. He was strongly attached to the cause of King William, as appears in his elaborate defence of the Revolution, and his History of the Assassination Plot. The materials for the last were furnished by the secretaries of state. He had great natural abilities, which he improved by useful learning. He was a most zealous defender of the primitive doctrine of the Protestants, as appears by his writings; and that strong nervous eloquence for which he was so remarkable, enabled him to enforce the doctrines of his profession from the pulpit with great spirit and energy. He possessed uncommon powers of memory. It is said that he composed his works without committing any part to writing, till they were wanted for the press. He died in London in 1727, after his return from a tour in Holland. He published several works in French that were much esteemed; the principal of which are, A Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Religion; The Art of Knowing one’s Self; A Defence of the British Nation, that is, of the Revolution 1688; the Deity of Jesus Christ essential to the Christian Religion; The History of the last Conspiracy in England, called the Assassination Plot, written by order of King William III.; and the Triumph of: Providence and Religion, or the opening the Seven Seals by the Son of God.
ABBAS, Mahomet’s Uncle, opposed his nephew with all his power, regarding him as an impostor and traitor to his country; but in the second year of the Hegira, being overcome and made a prisoner at the battle of Beder in 623, a great ransom being demanded for him, he represented to Mahomet, that his paying it would reduce him to beggary, which would bring dishonour on the family.

Mahomet, who knew that he had concealed large sums of money, said to him, “Where are the purses of gold that you gave your mother to keep when you left Mecca? Abbas, who thought this transaction secret, was much surprised; and conceiving that his nephew was really a prophet, embraced his religion. He became one of his principal captains, and saved his life when in imminent danger at the battle of Honain, against the Thakesites, soon after the reduction of Mecca. But besides being a great commander, Abbas was one of the first doctors of Islamism. He is said to have read lectures on every chapter of the Koran, as his nephew pretended to receive them from heaven. He died in 652, and his memory is held in the highest veneration among the Mussulmans to this day.

Abbas, Schah, the Great, was third son of Codabendi, 7th king of Persia of the race of the Sophis. Succeeding to his father in 1585, at the age of 18, he found the affairs of Persia at a low ebb, occasioned by the conquests of the Turks and Tartars. He regained several of the provinces they had seized; but death put a stop to his victories in 1629, after a reign of 44 years. He was the greatest prince who had reigned in Persia for many ages; and it was he who made Ispahan the metropolis of Persia. His memory is held in the highest veneration among the Persians.

Abbas, Schah, his grandson, 9th king of Persia of the race of the Sophis, succeeded his father Sesi at 13 years of age. He was but 18 when he made himself master of the city of Candahar, which had surrendered in his father’s reign to the great Mogul, and all the province about it; and he preserved it afterwards against this Indian emperor, though he besieged it more than once with an army of 300,000 men. He was a very merciful prince, and openly protected the Christians. He had formed a design of extending the limits of his kingdom toward the north, and had for that effect levied a powerful army; but death put a stop to all his great designs, at 37 years of age, a. d. 1666.
ABBASSIDES, the name of a race who possessed the caliphat for 524 years. There were 37 caliphs of this race who succeeded one another without interruption.
ABBATEGGIO, a town in the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Abruzzo Citeriore, with 440 inhabitants.
ABBE’, in a monastic sense, the same with Abbot. Abbe' , in a modern sense, the denomination of a class of persons which has been popular in France. They were not in orders; but having received the ceremony of tonsure, were entitled to enjoy certain privileges in the church. The dress of abbés was that of academics or professed scholars. In colleges they were the instructors of youth, and were employed as tutors in private families. Many of them have risen to a distinguished rank in the state, while others have been no less eminent in science and literature.
ABBEHAUSEN, a bailiwick or circle of Oldenburg, in the duehy of Holstein Oldenburg, in Germany. It contains 1255 houses and 6263 inhabitants. The chief town of the same name has 303 houses and 1502 inhabitants.
ABBESS, the superior of an abbey or convent of nuns. The abbess has the same rights and authority over her nuns that the abbots regular have over their monks. The sex indeed does not allow her to perform the spiritual functions annexed to the priesthood, with which the abbot is usually invested; but there are instances of some abbesses who have a right, or rather a privilege, to commission a priest to act for them. They have even a kind of episcopal jurisdiction, as well as some abbots who are exempted from the visitation of their diocesans.

Martene, in his treatise on the rights of the church, observes, that abbesses formerly confessed nuns; but [7:2:13]ï he adds, that their excessive curiosity carried them such lengths, that there arose a necessity of checking it. How-ever, St Basil, in his Rule, allows the abbess to be present with the priest at the confession of her nuns.
ABBEVILLE, an arrondissement of the department of the Somme, in the north-east of France, which extends over 606 square miles, or 387,840 acres. It is divided into 11 districtsand 178 communes, and contains 120,303 inhabitants.

Abbeville, a city, the capital of the arrondissement of that name, through which the river Somme passes. It is strongly fortified, and the country around it can be easily inundated. It is built in the old mode, has several bridges, 4 squares, 14 churches, one of them, St Wulfram’s, very antique and curious; 3641 houses, and 17,900 inhabitants. It has long been the seat of the woollen manufacture, besides which there are manufactories for linen, cotton, soap, leather, and twine. The river is navigable by the help of the tides; and by it oil, linseed, and hemp, are exported. It is in Lat. 50. 7. 4. N. Long. 1. 43. 50. E.
ABBEYBOYLE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon, and province of Connaught. It is remarkable for an old abbey.
ABBEYHOLM, a town in Cumberland, so called from an abbey built there by David king of Scots. It stands on an arm of the sea.
ABBIATE GRAFFO, a town in the Austrian delegation of Pavia, in Italy. It is situated on the great Navig-lio, where that river divides into three branches. It contains 4000 inhabitants, who cultivate around the place large portions of rice.
ABBOTS-BROMLEY, a town in Staffordshire. After the dissolution of the monasteries, it was given to Lord Paget; and has since been called Paget’s Bromley. But it retains its old name in the king’s books, and with regard to the fairs. Population in 1801, 808; in 1811, 1019; and in 1821, 1533.

xyz
ABBOTSBURY, a small town in Dorsetshire. The abbey near this town was founded by a Norman lady, about the year 1026. Edward the Confessor and William the Conqueror were considerable benefactors to it. Population in 1801, 783; in 1811, 812; and in 1821, 907.
ABBOTS-LANGLEY, a village in Herts, 4 miles from St Alban’s, famous as the birth-place of Pope Adrian IV. Population in 1801, 1205; in 1811, 1313; and in 1821, 1733.
ABBREVIATORS, a college of 72 persons in die chancery of Rome, who draw up the pope’s brieves, and reduce petitions, when granted by him, into proper form for being converted into bulls.
ABBS, St, a promontory on the eastern coast of Scotland, Lat. 55.55. N. Long. 2. 8. 30. W. The shore around is steep and rocky, and there is a depth of 30 or 40 fathoms water not far from land. The tide runs by it with a strong current, and a little wind causes a great rolling sea.
ABBUTALS signify the buttings or boundings of land towards any point. Limits were anciently distinguished by artificial hillocks, which were called botemines; and hence butting. In a description of the site of land, the sides on the breadth are more properly adjacentes, and those terminating the length are abbutantes ; which, in old surveys, were sometimes expressed by capitare, to head; whence abbutals are now called head-lands.
ABCEDARY, or Abcedarian, an epithet given to compositions, the parts of which are disposed in the order of the letters of the alphabet: thus we say, Abcedarian psalms, lamentations, hymns, &c.; such are Psal. xxv. xxxiv. cxix. &c.
ABCHASIEN, a province of the Asiatic Russian empire, on the border of the Black Sea, comprehended between Lat. 42. 30. and 44. 45. N., and between Long. 37. 3.'and 40. 36. E. The high mountains of Caucasus on the north and north-west divide it from Circassia; on the south-west it is bounded by Mingrelia; and on the south, south-west, and north-west by the Black Sea. The extent is about 5080 square miles. The climate is generally mild, being defended from the northerly winds by the lofty range of mountains. The sea-coast is in many parts a sandy soil; but in many of the vallies which run up between the projections of the Caucasus the land is fertile, but better adapted for pasturage than for the growth of corn; and hence the greater part of the inhabitants are in the pastoral state. The grape and all other fruits come to perfection. Under the Turkish dominion the trifling commerce was with the Asiatic provinces of that power; but its course is now changed, and passes towards the north. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 56,500, of whom 40,000 are aboriginal. The Turcomans, Nogay Tartars, with the Greeks, Armenians, and Jews that occupy the towns and ports on the coast, are reckoned to be 15,000, and the Russians and Cossacks 1500. In early times the Abchasiens were heathens, but adopted Christianity under the Emperor Justinian, who built a church to the Virgin Mary in 550, and sent missionaries. Under the Turks their Christianity gradually disappeared; and at present the higher classes adhere to Mahomedanism, whilst the mass of the people follow each a separate species of idolatry. Though by the peace of 1812 Russia entered into all the rights enjoyed by the Turks, it scarcely interfered with the interior authority of the several chiefs, who by force gain the superiority; nor does it draw any revenue from the country, but is satisfied with possession of a few commanding fortresses, and with the trade which falls into the new channels from the effect of the political changes.
ABDALLA, the son of Abdalmotalseb, was the father of the prophet Mahomet. He was the most beautiful and modest of the Arabian youth; and when he married Amina, of the noble race of the Zahrites, 200 virgins are said to have died of jealousy and despair. Several other Arabians of eminence bore the same name.
ABDALMALEK, the son of Mirvan, and the fifth caliph of the race of the Ommiades. He surpassed all his predecessors in power and dominion; for in his reign the Indies were conquered in the east, and his armies penetrated Spain in the west: he likewise extended his empire toward the south, by making himself master of Medina and Mecca. Under his reign the Greek language and character were excluded from the accounts of the public revenue. If this change, says Gibbon, was productive of the invention or familiar use of the Arabic or Indian ciphers, which are our present numerals, a regulation of office·has promoted the most important discoveries of arithmetic, algebra, and the mathematical sciences. He began his reign in the 65th of the Hegira, a. d. 684; [7:2:22]reigned 15 years; and four of his sons successively enjoyed the caliphate.

Abdalmalek. See Avenzoar.
ABDALONYMUS, or Abdolonymus, in classic history, of the royal family of Sidon, and descended from King Cinyras, lived in obscurity, and subsisted by cultivating a garden, while Strato was in possession of the crown of Sidon. Alexander the Great having deposed Strato, inquired whether any of the race of Cinyras was living, that he might set him on the throne. It was generally thought that the whole race was extinet; but at last Abdalonymus was thought of, and mentioned to Alexander, who immediately ordered some of his soldiers to fetch him. They found the good man at work, happy in his poverty, and entirely a stranger to the noise of arms, with which all Asia was at that time disturbed; and they could scarcely persuade him they were in earnest. Alexander was convinced of his high descent by the dignity of his person; and not only bestowed on him all that belonged to Strato, but augmented his dominions, and gave him a large present out of the Persian spoils.
ABDALS, in the eastern countries, a kind of saints supposed to be inspired to a degree of madness. The word is perhaps derived from the Arabic, Abdallah, the servant of God. Hurried on by excess of zeal, especially in the Indies, they often run about the streets, and kill all they meet who are of a different religion. The English sailors call this running a muck, from the name of the instrument, a sort of poniard, which they employ on those desperate occasions. If they are killed, as it commonly happens before they have done much jnischief, they reckon it highly meritorious; and are esteemed, by the vulgar, martyrs for their faith.
ABDERA, in Ancient Geography, a maritime town of Thrace, not far from the mouth of the river Nessus, on the east side. The Abderites, or Abdcritani, were very much derided for their want of wit and judgment: yet their city has given birth to several eminent persons; as Protagoras, Democritus, Anaxarchus, Hecataeus the historian, Nicenaetus the poet, and many others, who were mentioned among the illustrious men. In the reign of Lysimachus, Abdera was afflicted for some months with a most extraordinary disease:^[1. Lucianus, quomοdο Hist, sit conscribendus initio. ] this was a burning fever, whose crisis was always on the seventh day, and then it left them; but it so distracted their imaginations, that they fancied themselves players. After this, they were ever repeating verses from some tragedy, and particularly from the Andromeda of Euripides, as if they had been upon the stage; so that many of these pale meagre actors were pouring forth their tragic exclamations in every street. This delirium continued till the winter following; which was a very cold one, and therefore fitter to remove it. Lucian, who has described this disease, endeavours to account for it in this manner: Archelaus, an excellent player, acted the Andromeda of Euripides before the Abderites, in the height of a very hot summer. Several had a fever at their coming out of the theatre; and as their imaginations were full of the tragedy, the delirium which the fever raised perpetually represented Andromeda, Perseus, Medusa, &c. and the several dramatic incidents, and called up the ideas of those objects, and the pleasure of the representation, so strongly, that they could not forbear imitating Archelaus’s action and declamation: And from these the fever spread to others by infection.
ABDERAHMA, a Saracen viceroy in Spain, who revolted and formed an independent principality at Cordova. He had several successors of the same name. A viceroy and captain-general of this name led the Saracens and their followers into France, ravaging the country wherever they came. At length he was met at Tours by Charles Martel, who had received reinforcements of Germans and Gepidae; and after many skirmishes,, the Saracen army, in a general action, was totally routed, and Abder-ahma was killed, with 370,000 Moors. This great event, which first broke the power of the Saracens, and taught the Europeans that they were not invincible, happened about the year 732 of the Christian era, and of the Hegira 114.