pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TUNBRIDGE, a town of the hundred of the same name, in the lathe of Aylesford, and county of Kent, thirty-one miles from London. It stands on a branch of the Medway, called the Tun, which is navigable, and by which coals and other goods are conveyed from the Thames. It is a well-built and clean town, with a handsome church, of modern construction. There is a well-endowed grammar school, which has many exhibitions at Oxford and Cambridge. The ruins still exist of that ancient castle, which has been the scene of many events in our national history. There is a well-supplied market on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 7406, and in 1831 to 10,380.

Tunbridge Wells, a town partly within the parish of Speldhurst, in the hundred of Washington and lathe of Aylesford. but the larger portion in Tunbridge. It is thirty-six miles from London, and six from the town of Tunbridge. It has been long celebrated for its mineral springs, which are strongly impregnated with iron. It consists of four divisions, viz. Mount Ephraim, Mount Pleasant, Mount Sion, and the Wells. The three former are composed of good houses, let as temporary residences, and the latter consists of rows of houses of smaller dimensions and expense. The place is much frequented in the summer, as well for the water as for the purity of the air. In the town are manufactures of wood, commonly called Tunbridge ware. The inhabitants of Speldhurst amounted in 1821 to ’ 2297, and in 1831 to 2640, but the greater part of the new buildings are within the parish of Tunbridge.
TUNE, in Music, means either a short and popular melody, or correct intonation in singing or playing. See Music, Organ, Song, Temperament, Tonality .
TUNGUSES, a wandering native race of Asiatic Russia, who occupy the whole south-eastern portion of that vast territory, being first found on the banks of the Yenisei, and extending all the way eastward to the sea of Okhotsk. They resemble the Mongols in their countenance, though it is larger and still more flattened. They have small eyes, and a smiling physiognomy, and long black hair, which they allow freely to hang over their shoulders. They gain their subsistence, like all the other savages, by hunting and fishing, ranging through the woods and along the rivers, without any permanent abodes. They are extremely active and brave in their occupation, attacking with bows and arrows, their principal weapons, the fiercest animals, even bears; and the delicacy and quickness of sight by which they trace the game is almost incredible, The light mark which its steps leave on the moss or on the grass is a sufficient indication. The sable is the most valuable of the animals which they pursue. They clothe themselves rudely with the skins of rein-deer and wild sheep, having the hair or wool turned inward during the winter; in summer they wear the same skins tanned. They ornament this simple costume with beads and glass. They are praised as honest, brave, and frank, holding lying in detestation, and theft and fraud being unknown among them. The females are in general chaste, though a custom prevails among some of the nomadic tribes of lending their wives to strangers. On the women devolve all the domestic duties. To a certain age they are handsome, but after they grow old they are hideous. According to the last enumeration, the Tunguses in the government of Irkontsk amounted to 13,264 males and 11,000 females; but from their wandering mode of life, this census is supposed to be imperfect. In the government of Tobolsk, the reported number amounted to 19,193.
TUNGUSKA, the name of three large rivers of Asiatic Russia, the tributaries of the Yenisei. The Lower Tunguska, the most northerly of the three, has the longest c<.urse. It takes its rise in the northern part of the government of Irkoutsk, and after running parallel to the Lena, takes a westerly course, when it joins the Yenisei near Turuchansk. Its course is estimated to be 1000 miles in length. The Middle Tunguska, after a course of between 500 and 600 miles, falls into the Yenisei in lat. 62° N. The Upper Tunguska contains a larger body of water than either of the other two. It originates in the southern part of Lake Baikal, and flows through a broken and rocky channel. It bears the name of Angara in the first part of its course, till after it receives the Ilim, when it is called the Tunguska. It then flows west, and joins the Yenisei in 59° N.
TUNICA, a kind of waistcoat or under garment, in use among the Romans. They wore it within doors by itself, and abroad under the gown. The common people could not afford the toga, and so went in their tunics; whence Horace calls them populus tunicatus.
TUNING-FORK, a steel instrument with two prongs and a handle, used to regulate the pitch of voices, or of instruments that require to be tuned.
TUNJNG-HAMMER, an instrument used by pianoforte tuners to twist round the iron pegs to which the wires are fastened at one end, or to fix these pegs by hammering them into their holes.
TUNIS, a country of Africa, bounded on the north and east by the Mediterranean Sea and the kingdom of Tripoli, on the south by several tribes of the Arabs, and on the west by the kingdom of Algiers and the country of Esab. It is 300 miles in length from east to west, and 250 in breadth from north to south. See Africa.

T unis , a large town of Barbary, and the capital of the kingdom of the same name. It is seated on the point of the Gulf of Goletta, about eight miles from the place where the city of Carthage stood. It is of an oblong form, and is about four miles in circumference, with ten large streets, five gates, and thirty mosques. The houses are all built with stone, though but one story high; but the walls are very lofty, and flanked with several strong towers. It has neither ditches nor bastions, but a good citadel, built on an eminence on the west side of the city. Its population was estimated by Mr Blaquiere at 130,000. The harbour of Tunis has a very narrow entrance, through a small canal. In the city they have no water but what is kept in cisterns. It is a place of great trade, and is ten miles from the sea. Long. 16. 10. E. Lat. 36. 42. N.
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TUPPEL, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi. situated on the east side of the Jumna, forty-seven miles south-south-east from the city of Delhi. Long. 77. 30. E. Lat. 28. 5. N.
TUPTEE, a considerable river of Hindustan, formed by the union of numerous streams. It has its source near the village of Batool, among the Injardy Hills, whence it pursues a westerly course through the provinces of Khandesh and Gujerat, until it falls into the sea about twenty miles below Surat. It has a bending course of 500 miles, through a fertile country, which produces much of the cotton that is exported from Surat and Bombay.
TURA, a small river of Irkoutsk, in Asiatic Russia, which rises in the district of Nertschinsk, and falls into the Ingoda.
TURBAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, district of Chuta Nagpore. Long. 85. 5. E. Lat. 22. 32. N.
TURBAN, the head-dress of most of the eastern nations, lt consists of two parts, a cap, and a sash of fine linen or taffety artfully wound in divers plaits about the cap. The cap has no brim, is pretty flat, though roundish at top, and quilted with cotton, but does not cover the ears. There is a good deal of art in giving the turban a fine air; and the making of this article is a particular trade. The sash of the Turks' turban is white linen; that of the Persians’ red woollen. These are the distinguishing marks of their different religions. Sophi king of Persia, being of the sect of Ali, was the first who assumed the red colour, to distinguish himself from the Turks, who are of the sect of Omar, and whom the Persians esteem heretics.
TURCAE or Turci, supposed to be the Tusci of Ptolemy, whom he places between Caucasus and the Montes Ceraunii. The name is said to denote, “to desolate or lay waste.” See Turkey.
TURCOMANS, a nomadic Tartar race, who are spread over many districts of Western Asia. Their native seat seems to be in the regions east of the Caspian, in the vast plains between it and the Aral. In their wars with the Kalmucs, the latter often proved victorious, and they were in consequence forced to fly into the Russian governments of Astracan, Oufa, and Orenburg, and there they continued to reside till the year 1770, when they succeeded in freeing themselves from the Kalmuc yoke. the wandering tribes, who range over the unclaimed space that lies between the territories of Russia and China on the west [7:21:410]and on the east, and which on the south is bounded by the kingdom of Persia and the lofty central mountains of Asia, are also known under the denomination of the Turcomans. These have from time immemorial followed a purely pastoral life, wandering from place to place, as the choice of pasture guided them, and have employed themselves entirely in feeding their flocks and herds, their whole means of subsistence, and who can never be persuaded to reside in towns or villages. They claim a hereditary right to the extensive and uncultivated tracts which they occupy, and which, being unfit for agriculture, and never having been the seat of a stationary population, afford to those who take advantage of them a sustenance for their cattle. For further details of this and the other barbarous tribes who occupy these tracts, see the article Tartary.
TURINSK, a town of Tobolsk, in Asiatic Russia, and the capital of a district of the same name, situated along the banks of the river Tura. It was built about the year 1660, and contains 4000 inhabitants, with six churches and a convent. There is a separate suburb for the Tartars. Long. 28. 40. E. Lat. 57. 56. N.
TURIVICARY, a town of Hindustan, in the Mysore territories, forty-seven miles north from Seringapatam. It consists of an outer and an inner fort, strongly defended by a ditch and mud-wall, with a suburb at a little distance containing above 700 houses. It possesses two very ancient temples. Long. 76. 50. E. Lat. 13. 7. N.
TURKI, a town of Hindustan, in the province of North Bahar, pleasantly situated on the Bogmutty river, and formerly possessed of a fort. Long. 85. E. Lat. 26. 16. N.
TURKIN, a small town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of the Caucasus, on the Caspian, 140 miles S. of Astracan.
TURN-AGAIN, a low, flat, and swampy island in Torres Strait, about three miles in length. It is surrounded with reefs, and is overrun with mangroves. Long. 140. 55. E. Lat. 9. 34. S.

Turn-again, Cape, on the east coast of New Zealand, discovered by Captain Cook in 1769. Long. 177. 55. W. Lat. 40. 34. S.
TURNHOUT, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of South Brabant. It is the capital of an arrondissement, which extends over 518 square miles, is divided into six cantons and 48 communes, with 76,800 inhabitants. The city is in the district called the Campine, and is a place of active manufacturing industry, especially in producing thread-lace and linen goods of the best kind. It has, besides, several breweries, distilleries, bleacheries, and snuff-mills. The inhabitants arc about 11,000.
TURON Bay, a fine bay of Cochin-China, on which is situated Faifo, the capital and principal scat of commerce in the country. The adjacent district is remarkably fertile and beautiful. The channel into this bay is round the north-east end of the Hansan peninsula, having an island to the north. All the coast is safe to approach, the water shoaling gradually from twenty to seven fathoms. Cape Turon, in long. 108° 15' east, and lat. 16° 5' north, forms its eastern extremity, in which Turon Island, situated six miles to the north, makes an excellent harbour, where vessels are sheltered from all winds. At the southern extremity of this harbour is the mouth of the river which leads to the city of Turon. It is about 200 yards wide, with about two fathoms depth. The town of Turon stands about a mile above the mouth of the river, and, as well as the peninsula, harbour, and river, is named by the natives Hansan. The houses which it contains are low, and mostly built of bamboos. The ruins of some better houses are still visible. the port was anciently the chief mart for the trade of Cochin-China with the Chinese empire and Japan; but prior to 1793, when it was visited by Lord Macartney, the city of Turon had suffered greatly by civil wars, and was surrounded by extensive masses of ruins. The vessels that resort thither are either junks from different parts of China, or craft belonging to the Portuguese of Macao.
TURPENTINE, a transparent viscous substance, flowing either naturally or by incision from several resinous trees.
TURRIFF, a small but thriving and industrious town in Aberdeenshire. It is pleasantly situated on a gentle ascent on the right bank of a branch of the river Deveron, thirty-four and a half miles from Aberdeen. It was erected into a free borough of barony in the year 1511, by James IV. This town possesses manufactures of linen yarn, thread, and brown linen; and there is also a large bleachfield. In addition to the fine old parish church, which is not now used, there is a new and handsome one. There is also an episcopal chapel; and the earl of Errol has endowed a free school. The population amounted in 1821 to 750, and in 1831 to 1136.
TURSHEEZ, a considerable city of Persia, in the province of Khorassan, situated on the verge of the Salt Desert. There is an old city, Sultanabad, which is small; but a new one has been added, in which the governor and his principal officers reside; and the two cities contain about 20,000 inhabitants, among whom are 100 Hindu families. The chief imports are indigo and other drugs from the west, and wool, cloth, and rice from Herat. The chief export is iron. The small quantity of European goods which are used is brought from Mazanderan. Tur-sheez is 160 miles west-north-west of Herat. The intervening country is wild, mountainous, and uncultivated.
TURTLE Island, a small island in the Eastern Seas. Long. 132. 51. E. Lat. 6. 35. S. Of the same name, there is another small island in the South Pacific Ocean, surrounded by a reef of coral rocks. Long. 177. 57. W. Lat. 19. 50. S. There is a cape of this name on the south coast of the island of Java. Long. 109. 58. E. Lat. 7. 42. S.
TURUCHANSK, or Mangasea, a town of Asiatic Russia, on the Yenisei, the smallest and most northerly of all the Siberian towns which bear the name of a city. It derives its name Mangasea from a magazine having been originally built, in 1601, for the collection of the furs paid in tribute to Russia. It was removed from the river Taz, where it was first placed, to the mouth of the Turichan, and received the name of that river. The houses do not amount to more than 100, and are built in the most scattered manner. The principal part of the town consists in a little fort built of wood, and defended by four small pieces of artillery. The trade consists entirely in furs, which are exchanged for all sorts of merchandise. Most of the inhabitants are Cossacs, whose services are required to overawe the wild inhabitants of the neighbouring regions. The ground is barren, but the water-fowl in summer are innumerable. Long. 88. 44. E. Lat. 65. 40. N. The river Turuchan, on which the above town is situated, rises in the district of Turuchansk, and after a course of 200 miles, falls into the Yenisei near Turuchansk.
TUSCAN Order, in Architecture. See Architecture.
TUTICORIN, a town of Hindustan, on the sea-coast [7:21:433] of the province Tinnevelly, where is a pearl fishery, though the pearls are not so valuable as those found on the seacoast of Ceylon, in the bay of Condatchy, being stained with a blue or greenish tinge. Here the Dutch formerly had a factory. It was taken from them during the last war, and was restored in 1818. Long. 78. 23. E. Lat. 8. 54. N.
TUTOR, in Law, is one chosen to look to the persons and estates of children left by their fathers and mothers in their minority.
TUZLA, a town of Caramania, in Asiatic Turkey, situated in an elevated plain in the interior, at the western extremity of a chain of salt-lakes, twenty-eight miles north of Konieh.
TWEED, the fourth river in Scotland for size, and the boundary between England and Scotland, from Carham burn, on its south side, six miles above Coldstream, till it falls into the German Ocean at Berwick. It takes its rise in the upper part of the parish of Tweedsmuir, in the county of Peebles, at the foot of a hill called Tweed Well, and flows in a north-easterly direction, having its waters augmented by the numerous small streams which descend from this hilly district. Three miles above Peebles it is joined by the Lyne, which issues from the confines of Edinburghshire; and here it takes an easterly bend, which it maintains during the rest of its course. Two miles farther down it receives the Manor, and at Peebles the Eddlestone. By these accessions it is now a considerable stream; and although only thirty miles from its source, it has in that distance fallen 1000 feet, being two thirds of its descent in a course from eighty-five to ninety miles. In its progress towards Selkirkshire, it receives additional strength from the Yair and the Leithen. It is next joined on the right by the united waters of the Yarrow and the Ettrick; and, after passing Abbotsford, it receives the Gala on the left, and enters Roxburghshire. During its progress to Kelso, it passes the celebrated ruins of Melrose Abbey, as well as those of Dryburgh, in which are deposited the remains of Sir Walter Scott. The Leader falls into it below Dry-grange, and is the only stream which it receives till it is united to that of the Teviot. From the volume of water added by the Teviot, the Tweed is almost doubled in size; and as it flows majestically down Berwickshire, it receives in its way the waters of the Eden, four miles on the left from Kelso; the Leet at Coldstream; and the sluggish Till from the English side, three miles below Coldstream. From these accessions its increase is attain perceptible. After passing the ruins of Norham Castle, it flows for several miles through a rich and highly-cultivated district, receiving the large stream of Whitadder on the left; and passing the ancient town of Berwick on the same side, it discharges itself into the German Ocean. The distance from Peebles to Berwick is nearly sixty miles, yet its descent in that distance is only 500 feet. It is computed to drain in its course 1870 square miles. This river is of no consequence in a commercial view. It is principally famed for the rural scenery through which it flows, for the importance in which it was formerly held as being in part the boundary between the two kingdoms, and for the associations with which it is connected in Scotish song. From its source to where it enters the ocean, the whole run is denominated the Vale of the Tweed.
TWEEDDALE, or Peebles, a county in the south of Scotland. See Peeblesshire.
TWENTY-FOUR Pergunnahs, a small district in the province of Bengal, situated chiefly to the south of Calcutta, on the east side of the Hooghly. This was the first territory of any extent possessed by the British in Bengal. It was ceded to them by the nabob Jaffier Aly Khan, immediately after the revolution of 1757, to which was afterwards added Lord Clive’s Jaghier. It comprehends about 882 miles of superficial extent, and constitutes one of the Bengal collectorships. Since it was occupied by the British, it has progressively improved in population, cultivation, and commerce. A great quantity of waste land has been brought into cultivation, and a number of temples and other buildings has been constructed. Within its boundaries, 190 seminaries, maintained from the produce of certain charity lands, and from voluntary contributions, have been instituted. The inhabitants may be estimated at 1,625,000, and the Hindus are in the proportion of three to one. Adding the population of Calcutta, 600,000, the total will amount to 2,225,000.

Twenty-four Rajahs, a large district of Northern Hindustan, situated between the 28th and 30th degrees of N. lat., and divided into twenty-four petty principalities, the whole of which are tributary to the government of Nepaul. Respecting these states little is known except their names.
TWENTY-TWO Rajahs, a district in Northern Hindustan, tributary to the Nepaulese, and divided into twenty-two petty principalities.
TWELFTH-DAY, the festival of the Epiphany, or the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles; so called, as being the twelfth day, exclusive, from the festival of Christmas.
TWER, a city of Russia, in the province of Moscow, the capital of a stadtholderate of the same name, which is 26,010milesin extent, and contains a population of 1,270,000 persons. The city is on the right bank of the Wolga, where the waters of the Twerza and the Tmaka fall into it. Twer has no fortifications, but is surrounded with palisades. There is a citadel, in which is a palace with elegant gardens, belonging to the emperor. The city is laid out in regular streets, but the high street alone consists solely of stone houses, and most of the others are of wood. There are a cathedral and other twenty-eight churches, with two monasteries. The quays along the banks of the Wolga are very fine, and the whole is extensive; but many parts of the city are still unoccupied by buildings. It is a place of considerable trade. The inhabitants make nails and other ironmongcry, much linen both of flax and hemp, a great quantity of stockings, cables, ropes, and twine, besides making oil and leather, and melting tallow for exportation The Wolga is the great pathway of its productions. The city contains 24,800 inhabitants. It is 376 miles distant from St Petersburg, in longitude 35. 52. 16. E. and latitude 56.51. 44. N.
TWICKENHAM, a parish of the hundred of Isleworth and county of Middlesex, ten miles from London. It lies on the river Thames, opposite to Richmond, with which it is connected by an elegant bridge. It is remarkable as the residence of Pope, who was buried in the parish church, and for Strawberry Hill, the elegant dwelling of Horace Walpole. There are many other distinguished private houses within the parish. The population amounted in 1821 to 4206, and in 1831 to 4571.
TWILIGHT, that light, whether in the morning before sunrise, or in the evening after sunset, supposed to begin and end when the least stars that can be seen by the naked eye cease or begin to appear.
TWINS, two small islands in the Eastern Seas, near the north coast of the island of Flores. Long. 122. 33. E. Lat. 8. 2. S.
TWO Brothers, two small islands in the Eastern Seas, near the west coast of Borneo. Long. 109. 13. E. Lat. 1. 32. S. Other two islands, twenty-seven miles from the east point of the island of Madura. Long. 114. 43. E. Lat. 6. 50. S. Other two near the west coast of the island of Celebes. Long. 119. 22. E. Lat. 4. 40. S.
TWO-HEADED Ροιντ, a cape on the south-west coast of the island of Kodiak. Long. 207. 5. E. Lat. 56. 54. N.
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TWO Hills, a small island among the New Hebrides, in the South Pacific Ocean. Long. 160. 38. E. Lat. 17. 15. S.
TWO Sisters, two small islands in the Eastern Seas, covered with wood, and surrounded by a reef of coral rocks. Long. 106. 12. E. Lat. 5. S.
TYGERS ’ Islands, a cluster of small islands and shoals in the Eastern Seas, thirty miles east from the island of Saleyer. A small island in the Chinese Seas, near the coast of Chiampa. Long. 107. 45. E. Lat. 40. 47. N. Another small island in the Chinese Seas, near the coast of Cochin-China. Long. 106. 13. E. Lat. 16. 51. N.
TYNEMOUTH, a town of the ward of Castle, in the county of Northumberland, 286 miles from London. The name describes the situation. The town has considcrable salt and glass works, and vast quantities of coal are shipped from the port. It has lately been visited by company for sea-bathing. Tynemouth was created a borough by the act of 1832, and now sends one member to the House of Commons. The population amounted in 1801 to 3856, in 1811 to 5834, in 1821 to 9454, and in 1831 to 10,182.