pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
COWL, or Coul, a sort of monkish habit worn by the Bernardines and Benedictines. The word is formed from euxullus, by running the first two syllables into one. There are two kinds of cowls; the one white, and very large, worn in ceremony, and when they assist at the office; the other black, worn on ordinary occasions in the streets, &c.

Mabillon maintains that in its origin the cowl was the same with the scapular. The author of the apology of the Emperor Henry IV. distinguishes two forms of cowls; the one, a gown reaching to the feet, having sleeves, and a capuchin, used in ceremonies; the other, a kind of hood to work in, called also a scapular, because it only covered the head and shoulders.
COWL DOORG, or Durga, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the district of Bednore. The town consists of 200 houses, besides the fort, which is situated at some distance, and more regularly constructed than the generality of hill forts. The surrounding country is covered with thick forests. Long. 75. 11. E. Lat. 13. 17. N.
COXE’S Island, a small island at the mouth of the river Ganges, to the north of Sagor, three miles long and two broad. It is covered with wood, and inhabited by wild beasts. Long. 88. 12. E. Lat. 21. 43. N.
COXACHIE, or Cocksackie, a township of the United States, in Greene county, New York. This place has been principally built since 1800; and it now enjoys a considerable and still increasing trade. It is distant twenty-two miles south of Albany, and eight north of the Hudson. The population amounts to about 5000.
COYPEL, Anthony, a French painter, born at Paris in 1661. Noyel Coypel, his father, being chosen by Μ. Colbert as director of the academy at Rome, he took his son with him into Italy, where Anthony Coypel formed himself on the works of the greatest masters; and on his return to France was appointed first painter to the Duke of Orleans. That prince employed him in painting the grand gallery of the royal palace, and allowed him a pension. In 1714 he was named director of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture. In 1715 he was made the first painter to the French king, and ennobled on account of his merit.
[7:7:439]

He died in 1722. Μ. Coypel, his son, also excelled in the same art.
COZENING, tricking, or defrauding. In law it denotes an offence, where any thing is done deceitfully, whether belonging to contracts or not, which cannot be properly defined by any special name.
COZIQUIRIACHI, or Cosxguiriachi, Santa Rosa de, a town of Mexico in the intendancy of Durango, surrounded with silver mines. The population of this place amounts to nearly 11,000. It is distant twenty-four leagues south-west of Chihuahua.
COZUMEL, an island of North America, near the coast of Yucutan, inhabited by native Indians. It is forty miles in length by from three to ten in breadth. The country is fertile, and cattle and fowl are abundant. Long. 87.58. W. Lat. 19. 56. N.
CRACATOA, a small and mountainous island in the Eastern Seas, in the Straits of Sanda, between Sumatra and Java. It contains one very elevated peak; and there is on the north side a convenient watering place, and near it a Malay village, where fruits and vegetables may be procured.
CRACOW, a small republic bordering on the Prussian, Austrian, and Russian dominions, at the point where they meet. It stretches along the left bank of the Vistula, where the Rudowa falls into that stream. The territory is about thirty-three miles in length, and its extent is about 500 square miles, or 323,840 English acres. The land is fertile and well cultivated; and there are mines of iron, zinc, and coal. The whole number of the inhabitants is about 70,000, including the city. The form of government is democratic, with a president elected by the inhabitants. The president must be thirty-five years of age, must have been educated at a Polish university, and must possess land which pays a tax amounting to seventy-five shillings a ' year. It is also necessary that he should have previously filled some public office. The power he exercises is in common with a senate of twelve members, eight of whom are chosen by the chamber of representatives, two by the clergy of the cathedral, and two by the university.

The capital is fortified, and contains 26,000 inhabitants, among whom are many Jews. The cathedral is an ancient and still magnificent building, containing many antiquities of an historical nature belonging to the kingdom of Poland, the monarchs of which were crowned in it. In the same apartment under it are the coffins of John Sobieski, of Poniatowski, and of Kosciusko. Near the city an enormous conical mound has been raised in honour of the latter. It is a place of some trade by tlxe Vistula, as well as by land. Long. 19. 50. 39. E. Lat. 50. 3. 22. N.
CRAIL, a parish town and royal burgh of Scotland, in the county of Fife, about ten miles south-east of St Andrews. It is said to have been a town of some note as early as the ninth century. David I. had a palace here, now entirely demolished, except a fragment of a wall. It received from Robert Bruce the charter which constituted [7:7:444]it a royal burgh. It was anciently the seat of a priory, the ruins of which are still to be seen below the east end of the town. Many of the houses of Crail are of that massive and antique description which indicate past splendour. The church is of great antiquity. The principal street is spacious and regular. With considerable capabilities as a port, the harbour is small and incommodious, and at present possesses little or no trade. The population amounted in 1831 to 1854.
CRAMOND, a small village of Scotland, situated on the south side of the Frith of Forth, and distant about five miles from Edinburgh, at the conflux of the Forth and Almond. This place is only worthy of notice from having been a Roman station. The harbour, formed by the Almond at this place, was, during the dominion of that people, frequented by their vessels visiting the Forth; and on the opposite bank of the creek of the Almond, on a craggy eminence, they had a fortification. There are iron-works here, which constitute the chief support of the place.
CRAMPONEE, in Heraldry, an epithet given to a cross which has at each end a cramp or square piece coming from it; that from the arm in chief towards the sinister angle, that from the arm on that side downwards, that from the arm in base towards the dexter side, and that from the dexter arm upwards.
CRANAGE, the liberty of using a crane at a wharf, and also the money paid for drawing up wares out of a ship or vessel with a crane.
CRANBORNE, a small town of the county of Dorset, ninety-three miles from London. The parish is extensive, including a large circuit, formerly a royal chase, but recently disforested and cultivated. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1402, in 1811 to 1611, and in 1821 to 1823.
CRANBROOK, a market-town in the lathe of Seray, in Kent, forty-eight miles from London. This town is remarkable for having been the spot where the first manufacture of woollen was established by some Flemings in the reign of Edward III. The market is held on Wednesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2561, in 1811 to 2994, and in 1821 to 3683.
CRANGANORE, a town and sea-port of India, on the coast of Malabar, the capital of a small district of the same name. It stands about three miles up a river, five leagues to the north of Cochin, and is only accessible for small vessels. It is an ancient place, and the Jews assert that they were in possession of it as early as the year 490. It was taken possession of by the Portuguese in 1505, and retained by them till the year 1663, when it was taken by the Dutch, who fortified it. But as they were unable to defend it against Tippoo, they sold it to the rajah of Travancore, which occasioned a war between these two potentates; and, on the 8tb May 1790, the troops of the sultan took possession of Cranganore. The English, in favour of their ally the rajah, now took part in the war, and retook the place in 1791. Long. 76. 5. E. Lat. 10. 15. N.
CRANK, a mechanical contrivance, in manner of an elbow, only of a square form, projecting out from an axis or spindle; and serving, by its rotation, to raise and let fall the pistons of engines for raising water.

Crank, in sea language. A ship is said to be cranksided, when, for want of a sufficient quantity of ballast or cargo, she cannot near her sails, or can bear but small sail for fear of oversetting. She is said to be crank by the ground, when her floor is so narrow that she cannot be brought on ground without danger.

Crank is also an iron brace which supports the lanthorns on the poop-quarters, &c.
CRANNY, in glass-making, an iron instrument with which the necks of glasses are formed.
CRANTARA, among the ancient Britons, was a sort of military signal used for collecting the distant and scattered warriors to the standard of their chief. When a prince had immediate occasion for the assistance of his followers to repel some sudden invasion or engage in some expedition, besides striking the shield and sounding the horn to give warning to those who were within hearing, he sent the crantara, or a stick burnt at the end and dipped in the blood of a goat, by a swift messenger, to the nearest hamlet, where he delivered it without saying one word but the name of the place of rendezvous. This crantara, which was understood to denounce destruction by fire and sword to all who did not obey this summons, was carried with great rapidity from village to village; and the prince in a little time found himself surrounded by all his warriors ready to obey his commands. The crantara of the ancient Britons was evidently the same with the cross-tarric, or fiery cross, of the Scotch Highlanders, a kindred race of men.
CRANTOR, a Greek philosopher and poet, who was born at Solos in Cilicia. He left his native country where he was admired, went to Athens, and there studied with Polemon under Xenocrates. He was considered as one of the chief supporters of the Platonic sect; and he was the first who wrote commentaries upon Plato’s works. He flourished 270 years before Christ.
CRAON, a city of the department of the Mayenne, in France, on the river Dudin, in a fertile district. It contains, including the suburb St Clements, 660 houses, and 3312 inhabitants. There is much spinning executed here for the cotton fabrics of Rouen.
CRAPE, a light transparent stuff, in the manner of gauze, made of raw silk gummed and twisted on the mill. It is woven without crossing, and much used in mourning.
CRASHAW, Richard, was the son of William Crashaw, an eminent divine, and educated at the charterhouse near London. He was then sent to Pembroke-hall in Cambridge, and was afterwards of Peter-house, of which he became fellow. In both colleges he was distinguished for his Latin and English poetry. Subsequently, however, he was ejected from his fellowship, together with many others, for denying the covenant in the time of the rebellion; and he changed his religion, being by catholic artifices induced to reconcile himself to the church of Rome; being not converted, but rather, as Pope says, outwitted. He went to Paris, in hopes of recommending himself to some preferment there; but being a mere scholar, he was incapable of executing the plan he had formed, and fell into great distress. But, in 1646, Cowley the poet hearing of his situation, very kindly sought him out, gave him all the assistance he could, and at last got him recommended to Henrietta Maria, queen of England, then residing at Paris. Having obtained from her letters of recommendation, Crashaw travelled into Italy, and, by virtue of those letters, became secretary to a cardinal at Rome, and at last one of the canons or chaplains of the rich church of Our Lady at Loretto, some miles distant from thence, where he died and was buried about 1650. Before he left England, he wrote certain poems, entitled Steps to the Temple; because, says Wood, he ʹ led his life in the temple of God, in St Mary’s church, near to his college. To the Steps are joined other poems entitled The Delight of the Muses, among which are several Latin poems of considerable merit. He also wrote Carmen Deo Nostro, and other sacred poems, addressed to the Countess of Denbigh. He excelled in five languages besides his mother tongue, namely, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, and Spanish,
CRASIS (from ×ioavvυμι, to mix or temper), the temper of the blood peculiar to every constitution.

Crasis, in Grammar, is a figure by which two different letters are either contracted into one long letter or a diphthong. Such, for instance, is οφ ∣ ς for οφ ∣ ες ; αλτιΰη for aλrιDsa ; τsrχρυς for τειχεος, &c.; where ∣ and s are contracted into ι ; and ĩ and α into r ∣ ; and e and o into oυ.
CRASSUS, Μ. Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed the Rich on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances, but by educating slaves and selling them at a high price he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome, and retire to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself with the dictator. When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread universal alarm in Italy and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered twelve thousand of the slaves, and by this decisive blow soon put an end to the war: he was honoured with an ovation at his return. Soon afterwards he was made consul with Pompey in the year of Rome 682, and in this high office he displayed his opulence by entertaining the populace at ten thousand tables. He was afterwards censor, and with Pompey and Caesar formed the first triumvirate. As his love of riches was greater than his love of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth. In hopes of enlarging his possessions he set off from Rome, although the omens proved unfavourable, and every thing seemed to prognosticate his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. But having been betrayed in his march by the delay of Artavasdes, king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes, he was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes, king of Parthia, and a battle was fought in which twenty thousand Romans were killed, and ten thousand taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favoured the escape of the rest; but Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and was put to death! His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured molten gold down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was extensive.
CRATER, Cup, in Astronomy, a constellation of the southern hemisphere, the stars of which, in Ptolemy’s catalogue, are seven; in Tycho’s, eight; in Hevelius’s, ten; in the Britannic catalogue, thirty-one.
[7:7:450]

Crater is also used to signify the mouth or opening of a volcano or burning mountain, whence the flame, smoke, scoria?, and lava, are discharged. See Volcano.
CRATES, of Thebes, an ancient philosopher, was the disciple of Diogenes the Cynic. It is said by some that he threw all his money into the sea, that he might the more freely apply himself to the study of philosophy; but others assert that he placed it in another person’s hands, with orders to give it to his children if they should happen to be fools. For, said Crates, if they should be philosophers, they will have no need of it; in which case it was to be given to the people. He flourished about 328 years before Christ.

He must not be confounded with Crates, an Academic philosopher, the disciple and friend of Polemon. The latter had Arcesilaus and other celebrated philosophers for his disciples, and flourished about 300 years before Christ.
CRATINUS, an ancient comic poet, of whom we should scarcely have known any thing, had not Quintilian, Horace, and Persius mentioned him, along with Eupolis and Aristophanes, as the great masters of what is called the ancient comedy. He seems to have died in the eighty-seventh Olympiad. Suidas tells us that he wrote twenty-one plays, and that his characters were extremely splendid.
CRATIPPUS, a celebrated Peripatetic philosopher, was a native of Mitylene, where he taught philosophy, but at length he went to Athens, where Brutus and the son of Cicero were his disciples. Pompey went to see him after the battle of Pharsalia, and proposed to him his difficulties in relation to the belief of a Providence, when Cratippus comforted him, and by forcible arguments answered his objections. He wrote some pieces on divination, and is supposed to be the person whom Tertullian, in his book De Anima, has ranked among the writers upon dreams.
CRAVANT, a city in the department of the Yonne, in France, at the confluence of the Eure and Yonne. It contains 314 houses, and 1622 inhabitants, who produce excellent wine. Long. 3. 30. E. Lat. 47. 42. N.
CRAYER, Caspar de, a painter, was born at Antwerp in 1585, and was a disciple of Raphael Coxis, the son of the same Coxis whò had studied under Raffaelle; but he soon showed such proof of genius, and of an elevated capacity, that he far surpassed his master. Of all his contemporaries, he was accounted to approach nearest to Vandyck, not only in history, but in portrait. He principally painted religious subjects, and was continually at work. Although he lived to a great age, yet his temperance and constant regularity preserved to him the full use of all his faculties; and to the last month of his life his pencil retained the same force and freedom which it possessed in his youth.
CREAM, a general name applicable to all substances which separate from a liquor, and arc collected upon its surface.
CREAT, in the manege, an usher to a riding master, or a gentleman bred in the academy, with the intention of qualifying himself for teaching the art of riding the great horse.
CREBILLON, Prosper Jolyot de, a French writer of tragedy, usually ranked after Corneille and Racine, was born at Dijon on the 15th February 1674. He was originally destined for the profession of the law, and placed at Paris with the view of prosecuting his legal studies; but the impetuosity of his passions rendering him unfit for business, he was urged by some friends, who discovered his natural turn, to attempt dramatic compositions. He complied, but not until after many refusals; and at length produced a tragedy, which met with great success. He then advanced in the career he had commenced, but was checked by a fit of love for an apothecary’s daughter, which ended in marriage. His father, doubly enraged at his son for thus surrendering himself at once to love and poetry, disinherited him; but falling sick some years afterwards, he re-established his son in all his rights, and died. Crebillon was, however, little benefited by his acquisitions, the greater part having been wasted by anticipation; and thus, though high in fame, and at the prime of life, he still continued poor. He lost his wife in 1711, and fortune frowned upon him, until at length he obtained a place in the French. Academy, and the unworthy employment of censor of the police. His circumstances were afterwards more prosperous, and continued so to the end of a long life. He died in 1762, at the age of eighty-eight, much regretted on account of his numerous virtues. He was of an extremely robust temperament, without which he could not have held out so long; for he ate prodigiously, and continued to do so to the last. He slept little, and lay as hard as if upon the floor; not from any pious principle of self-mortification, but because he liked it. He was always surrounded by about thirty dogs and cats; and he used to smoke a great deal of tobacco in order to neutralize the exhalations from these animals. Whenever he was ill he treated himself according to his own fancy and feelings; for he made a jest of physic and physicians. He was also a dealer in bon mots. Being asked one day in company, which of his works he thought the best; “I don’t know,” replied he, “which is my best production; but this (pointing to his son) is certainly my worst.” The principal pieces of Crebillon are Ietomence, Podogune, Atree, Electre, Rhadamiste, Semiramis, Catalina, and Le Triumvirat. The Pelopides is considered as a failure. After the brilliant success of his Catalina, Louis XV. caused the Oeuvres de Crebillon to be printed at the royal press of the Louvre, in 2 vols. 4to, 1756, the profits of which were given to the author. The other editions are those of 1757, 3 vols. 12mo; 1759, 2 vols. large 12mo; 1772, 3 vols. small 12mo; 1785, 3 vols. 8vo; 1796, 2 vols. 8vo; and 1812, Didot the elder, 3 vols. 8vo.
CREDENTIALS, letters of recommendation and power, especially such as are given to ambassadors or public ministers, by the prince or state that Sends them to foreign courts.
CREDIBILITY, a species of evidence, less indeed than absolute certainty or demonstration, but greater than mere possibility. It is nearly allied to probability, and seems to be a mean between possibility and demonstration.
CREDITON, a market-town of the hundred of that name, in Devonshire, 180 miles from London, and seven from Exeter. It is situated on the river Creedy, which turns some manufacturing and mealing mills. It is in a fertile district, and was formerly a place of great trade in making serges for Spain; but that trade has declined or removed to the northern counties. The church, formerly a cathedral, is a noble structure. There is a well-supplied market, which is held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 5028, in 1821 to 5515, and in 1831 to 5922.
CREDITOR, a person to whom any sum of money is due, either by obligation, promise, or otherwise.
CREDULITY denotes a weakness of mind, by reason of which a person yields his assent to propositions or facts, before he has considered the evidence in support of them.
CREED, a brief summary of the articles of religious belief.

The most ancient form of creed is that which goes under the name of the apostolic creed. Besides this there are several other ancient forms and scattered remains of creeds to be met with in the records of the primitive church. The first is the form of apostolical doctrine, collected by Origen; the second is a fragment of a creed preserved by Tertullian; the third is the remains of a creed in the works of Cyprian; the fourth, a creed composed by Gregory Thaumaturgus, for the use of his own church; the fifth, the creed of Lucian the martyr; the sixth, the creed of the apostolical constitutions. Besides these scattered remains of the ancient creeds, there are extant some perfect forms, as those of Jerusalem, Caesarea, Antioch, &c.

The most universal creeds are, the Apostolical, the Athanasian, and the Nicene. These three creeds are used in the public offices of the church of England; and subscription to them is required of all the established clergy.
[7:7:461]