pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PAVO, in Astronomy, a constellation in the southern hemisphere, unknown to the ancients, and not visible in our latitude.
PAVOR, a Roman deity, whose worship was introduced by Tullus Hostilius. The latter, in a panic, vowed a shrine to him and one to Pallor, Paleness ; and therefore both are found on the coins of that family.
PAW, in the manege. A horse is said to paw the ground, when, his leg being either tired or painful, he does not rest it upon the ground, and fears to hurt himself as he walks.
PAWANGHUR, a fortified town of Hindustan, in the Maliratta territories, province of Bcjapoor, and district of Parnella, of which it is the capital. It is considered as a place of great strength, and is forty-two miles south by west from Merritch. Long. 74. 20. E. Lat. 16. 52. N.
PAWN, a pledge or gage for surety or payment of money lent. It is said to be derived a pugno, quia res quae pignori dantur, pugno vel manu traduntur ; which is certainly a far-fetched etymology. See Broker.
PEACE, Temple of, a very celebrated fane at Rome, which in the year 191 was consumed by a fire, produced, as some writers suppose, by a slight earthquake. Dio Cassius, however, supposes that the fire began in the adjoining houses; but however this may have been, the temple, with all the surrounding buildings, was reduced to ashes. That magnificent structure had been raised by Vespasian after the destruction of Jerusalem, and enriched with the spoils and ornaments of the temple of the Jews. The ancients speak of it as one of the most stately buildings in Rome. There men of learning used to hold their assemblies, and to deposit their writings, as many others deposited their jewels, and whatever else they esteemed of great value. It was likewise employed as a kind of magazine for the spices which were brought by the Roman merchants from Egypt and Arabia; so that many rich persons were reduced to beggary, all their valuable effects and treasures having been consumed in the conflagration.
PEAK of Derbyshire, a chain of high mountains in the county of Derby, in England, famous for the mines they contain, and also for their remarkable caverns. See Derbyshire.
PEARSON, John, a learned English bishop, was born at Snoring in 1613. After his education at Eton and Cambridge, he entered into holy orders in 1639, and was the same year collated to the prebend of Netherhaven, in the church of Sarum. In 1640 he was appointed chaplain to the lord-keeper Finch, and by him presented to the living of Torrington in Suffolk. In 1650 he was made minister of St Clement’s, East-Cheap, in London. In 1657, he and Mr Gunning had a dispute with two Roman Catholics upon the subject of schism, a very unfair account of which was printed at Paris in 1658. Some time afterwards he published at London an Exposition of the Creed, in folio, dedicated to his parishioners of St Clement’s, East-Cheap, to whom the substance of that excellent work had been preached several years before, and by whom he had been desired to make it public. The same year he likewise published the Golden Remains of Mr John Hales of Eton; to which he prefixed a preface, containing a character of that great man, with whom he had been acquainted for many years, drawn up with great elegance and force. Soon after the Restoration, he was presented by Juxon, then bishop of London, to the rectory of St Christopher’s in that city; created doctor of divinity at Cambridge, in pursuance of the king’s letters mandatory; installed prebendary of Ely, archdeacon of Surrey, and made master of Jesus College in Cambridge, all before the end of the year 1668. On the 25th of March 1661, he was appointed Margaret professor of divinity in that university; and, on the first day of the ensuing year, he was nominated one of the commissioners for the review of the liturgy in the conference held at the Savoy. On the 14th of April 1662, he was admitted master of Trinity College in Cambridge; and, in August, resigned his rectory of St Christopher’s and his prebend of Sarum. In 1667 he was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1672 he published at Cambridge, Vindiciae Epistolarum S. Ignatii, in 4to, in answer to Μ. Daillé; to which is subjoined, Isaaci Vossii Epistolae Duae adversus Davidem Blondellum. Upon the death of the celebrated Dr Wilkins, Pearson was appointed his successor in the see of Chester, to which he was consecrated on the 9th of February 1672-1673. In 1682, his Annales Cyprianici, sive tredecim annorum, quibus S. Cyprianus inter Christianos versatus est, Historia Chronologica, was published at Oxford, with Fell’s edition of that father’s works. Pearson was disabled from all public service by ill health a considerable time before his death, which happened at Chester, on the 16th of July 1686.
PEASANT, a hind, one whose business consists exclusively in rural labour.
PEAT, a well-known inflammable substance, employed in many parts of the world as fuel. There are two species of peat.

The first is a yellowish-brown or black peat, found in moorish grounds in Scotland, Holland, and Germany. When fresh, it is of a viscid consistence, but hardens by exposure to the air. It consists, according to Kirwan, of clay mixed with calcareous earth and pyrites; sometimes also it contains common salt. Whilst soft, it is formed into oblong pieces for fuel, after the pyritaceous and stony matters are separated from it. By distillation it yields water, acid, oil, and volatile alkali, the ashes containing a small proportion of fixed alkali, and being either white or red, according to the proportion of pyrites contained in the substance. The oil which is obtained from peat has a very pungent taste, and an empyreumatic smell, less fetid than that of animal substances, but more so than that of mineral bitumens. It congeals in the cold into a pitchy mass, which liquefies in a small heat; it readily catches fire from a candle, but burns less vehemently than other oils, and immediately goes out upon removing the external flame; and in rectified spirit of wine it dissolves almost totally into a dark brownish-red liquor.
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The second species is found near Newbury in Berkshire. In the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1757, we have an account of this species, the substance of which is as follows: Peat is a composition of the branches, twigs, leaves, and roots of trees, with grass, straw, plants, and weeds, which, having lain long in water, is formed into a mass soft enough to be cut through with a sharp spade. The colour is a blackish brown, and it is used in many places for fuel. There is a stratum of this peat on each side of the Kennet, near Newbury in Berks, which is from about a quarter to half a mile in width, and many miles in length. The depth below the surface of the ground is from one foot to eight. Great numbers of entire trees are found lying irregularly in the true peat. These are chiefly oaks, alders, willows, and firs, and appear to have been torn up by the roots; many horses’ heads, and bones of several kinds of deer, the horns of the antelope, the heads and tusks of boars, and the heads of beavers, are also found embedded in it.
PEBAS, a district of Peru, in South America, situated upon the left bank of the river Marañon, to the east of the confluence of the Ucayale with that river. It produces cocoa, sarsaparilla, vanilla, white and black bees-wax, maize, yucas, plantains, camotas, and papayas, and some dye-stuffs of a peculiar description. The river here supplies vaca marina, tartaruga, gavitanas, sungarros, and pacos. In the woods there are tigers, tapirs, deer, roonsookas, and black and white monkeys. The pueblo or town of Pebas is situated on a height, upon an elevated part of the bank of the river. It is built without any regard to regularity, and is chiefly inhabited by Indians, who are a cheerful and industrious race of people.
PEBBLES, a trivial name frequently given to different varieties of the agate and calcedony.
PECS, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Hither Danube, and circle of Baranyer. It is situated on a river of the same name, upon whose banks it extends in a single street more than six miles in length. It is the sec of a bishop, the seat of a Catholic seminary, and contains conventsand hospitals, with 2160 houses, and 9640 inhabitants, who produce vinegar, tobacco, starch, and some good wine. It has also much trade, arising from several great fairs for cattle and leather, which are held there. Long. 18. 10. E. Lat. 46. 5. 13. N.
PECTORAL, a sacerdotal habit or vestment, which was worn by the J ewish high priest. The Jews call it Hhoschen, the Greeks yoa∕ov, the Latins rationale and pectorale, and in our version of the Bible it is called breastplate. It consisted of embroidered stuff, about a span square, and was worn upon the breast, set with twelve precious stones, arranged in four rows, and containing the names of the twelve tribes. It was fastened to the shoulder by two chains and hooks of gold. God himself prescribed the form of the pectoral.

Pectoral, a breastplate of thin brass, about twelve fingers square, worn by the poorer soldiers in the Roman army, who were rated under one thousand drachmae.
PECULIAR, in the Canon Law, signifies a particular parish or church that has jurisdiction within itself for granting probates of wills and administrations, exempt from the ordinary or bishop’s courts. The king’s chapel is a royal peculiar, exempt from all spiritual jurisdiction, and reserved to the visitation and immediate government of the king himself. There is likewise the archbishop’s peculiar; for it is an ancient privilege of the see of Canterbury, that wherever any manors or advowsons belong to it, these forthwith become exempt from the ordinary, and are reputed peculiars. In the see of Canterbury there arc fifty-seven such peculiars.

Besides these, there are some peculiars belonging to deans, chapters, and prebendaries, which are only exempted from the jurisdiction of the archdeacon. They are derived from the bishop, who may visit them, and to whom there lies an appeal.

Court of Peculiars is a branch of, and annexed to, the court of arches. It has a jurisdiction over all those parishes dispersed throughout the province of Canterbury [7:17:168]in the midst of other dioceses, which are exempted from the ordinary’s jurisdiction, and subject only to the metropolitan.
PECULIUM signifies the stock or estate which a person in the power of another, whether male or female, either as his or her slave, may acquire by his industry. Roman slaves frequently amassed considerable sums in this way. The word properly signifies the advanced price which a slave could get for his master’s cattle or stock above the price fixed upon them by his master, and which was the slave’s own property.

In the Catholic church, peculium denotes the goods which each religious reserves to and possesses by himself.
PEDAGOGUE, or Paedagogue, a tutor or master, to whom is committed the discipline and direction of a scholar, to be instructed in grammar and other arts. The word is formed from the Greek τtαιδων αγωγος, puerorum ductor, or leader of boys.
PEDAL (pedale in Italian), is a musical term of various meanings. For example, pedal means one of the largest pipes, or one of the foot-keys, of an organ; or the footpiece attached to a piano-forte, a harp, or the like, and by which, in the former, the intensity of the sound is modified, and, in the latter, the chromatic changes of intonation are produced. It also signifies a particular sort of passage in the course of a piece of music, where the harmony moves upon a sustained sound, which is either the dominant or the tonic of the key. (See the article Music, vol. XV. p. 640.)
PEDANT, a schoolmaster or pedagogue, who professes to instruct and govern youth, and to teach them the languages and the arts.

Pedant is also used for a rough, unpolished man of letters, who makes an impertinent use of the sciences, and abounds in unseasonable criticisms and observations.
PEDARIAN, in Roman antiquity, were those senators who signified their votes by their feet, not with their tongues; that is, such as walked over to the side of those whose opinion they approved of, in divisions of the senate. Dr Middleton thus accounts for the origin of the word. He says, that though the magistrates of Rome had a right to a place and vote in the senate both during their office and after it, and before they were put upon the roll by the censors, yet they had not probably a right to speak or debate there upon any question, at least in the earlier ages of the republic. For this seems to have been the original distinction between them and the ancient senators, as is plainly intimated in the formula of the consular edict, sent abroad to summon the senate, which was addressed to all senators, and to all those who had a right to vote in the senate. From this distinction, those who had only a right to vote were called in derision pedarian; because they signified their votes by their feet, not their tongues, and upon every division of the senate went over to the side of those whose opinion they approved. It was in allusion to this ancient custom, which seems to have been wholly dropped in the latter ages of the republic, that the mute part of the senate continued still to be called by the name of pe-darians ; as Cicero informs us, who, in giving an account to Atticus of a certain debate and decree of the senate upon it, says that it was made with the eager and general concurrence of the pedarians, although against the authority of all the consulars.
PEDATURA, a term used in Roman antiquities to indicate a space or proportion of a certain number of feet set apart. This word often occurs in writers on military affairs. In Hyginus De Castrametatione we meet with the following passage, viz. “Meminerimus itaque ad computationem cohortis equitatae milliariae pedaturam ad mille trecentos sexaginta dari debere ;” the meaning of which is, that pedatura, or space allowed for a cohors equitata or provincial cohort, consisting of both horse and foot, could not be the same as the pedatura of an uniform body of infantry, of the same number, but must exceed‘it by 360 feet; for the proportion of the room occupied by one horseman to that occupied by one foot soldier was estimated as two and a half to one.
PEDDABALABARAM, a town of Hindustan, in the Mysore rajah’s territories. The fort is built entirely of mud, but it is nevertheless large and strong; and one side is surrounded by gardens, the other by the town. Its trade is inconsiderable. Long. 77. 47. E. Lat. 13. 17. N.
PEDD APORE, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, and district of Rajamundry, twenty-five miles eastnorth-east from the town of Rajamundry. Sugar is cultivated in the neighbourhood to a considerable extent. A battle was fought here in 1758, between the French and English, in which the former were totally defeated. Long. 82. 15. E. Lat. 17. 5. N.
PEDESTAL, in Architecture, the lowest part of an order of columns, being that part which sustains the column, and serves it as its base.
PEDIAEAN, in Grecian antiquity. The city of Athens was anciently divided into three different parts; one on the descent of a hill, another on the sea-shore, and a third in a plain between the other two. The inhabitants of the middle region were called ∏iδ∕αo∕, Pediaeans, from τrοδιον, plain or flat; those of the hill, Diacrians; and those of the shore, Paralians. These quarters usually composed as many different factions. Pisistratus made use of the Pediaeans against the Diacrians. In the time of Solon, when a form of government was to be chosen, the Diacrians chose the democratic, the Pediaeans demanded an aristocracy, and the Paralians a mixed government.
PEDICLE, amongst botanists, that part of a stalk which immediately sustains the leaf of a flower or a fruit, and is commonly called a footstalk.
PEDIR, a town on the western coast of the island of Sumatra, from which are exported betel-nut, pepper, gold dust, canes, rattans, bees-wax, camphor, and benzoin or frankincense. The soil around is fertile, and the country well watered.
PEDOMETER, or Podometer, formed from ττους, pes, foot, and μtτξοv, measure, a mechanical instrument, in the form of a watch, consisting of various wheels with teeth, catching in one another, all disposed in the same plane, which, by means of a chain or string fastened to a man’s foot, or to the wheel of a chariot, advance a notch each step, or each revolution of the wheel; so that the number being marked on the edge of each wheel, one may number the paces, or measure exactly the distance from one place to another. There are some of them which mark the time on a dial-plate, and, being very much like a watch, are accordingly worn in the pocket. '
PEDRA Blanca, a large and elevated rock, perfectly white, and situated in the Sea of China. Long. 114.57. E. Lat. 22. 19. N.
PEEK, in nautical language, is a word used in various senses. Thus the anchor is said to be a-peek when the ship, being about to weigh, comes over her anchor in such a manner that the cable hangs perpendicularly between the hawse and the anchor.

To heave a-peek is to bring the peek so that the anchor may hang a∙peek. A ship is said to ride a-peek when, lying with her main and fore-yards hoisted up, one end of her yards is brought down to the shrouds, and the other raised up on end; which is chiefly done when she lies in rivers, lest other ships, falling foul of the yards, should break them. Riding a broad peek denotes much the same thing, excepting that the yards are only raised to half the height.

Peck is also used for a room in the hold, extending from the bitts forward to the stern. In this room men of war keep their powder, and merchantmen their provisions.
PEEL, a town on the western side of the Isle of Man, in the Irish Channel, formerly called Holm. It is a scattered place, containing nothing remarkable excepting an old cathedral in a dilapidated ‘state, and a castle on a small island, or rather rock, at the mouth of the river of the same name as the town. It has but little trade, and about 1300 inhabitants.
PEELAS Isles, a cluster of small islands in the Eastern Seas. Plenty of cowries are found along the beach. The Peelas are covered with wood, but are destitute of fresh water, and have no settled population.
PEER, in general, signifies an equal, or one of the same rank and station. Hence, in the acts of some councils, we find these words: “with the consent of our peers, bishops, abbots,” and others. Afterwards the same term was applied to the vassals or tenants of the same lord, who were called peers, because they were all equal in condition, and obliged to serve and attend him in his courts; and peers in fiefs, because they all held fiefs of the same lord.

Peer of the Realm, a lord who has a seat and vote in the House of Lords, which is also called the House of Peers. These lords are called peers, because, though there is a distinction of degrees in our nobility, yet in public actions they are equal; as in their votes in parliament, and in trying any nobleman or other person impeached by the Commons. See Parliament.
PEERESS, a woman who is noble by descent, by creation, or by marriage. As we have noblemen of several ranks, so we may also have noblewomen. Thus Henry VIII. made Anne Boleyn, Marchioness of Pembroke; James I. created the Lady Compton, wife of Sir Thomas Compton, Countess of Buckingham, in the lifetime of her husband, without any addition of honour to him; the same king also made the Lady Finch Viscountess of Maidstone, and afterwards Countess of Winchilsea, to her and the heirs of her body; and George I. made Lady Schulenberg Duchess of Kendal. If a peeress, by descent or creation, marry a person under the degree of nobility, she still continues noble; but if she obtain that dignity only by marriage, she loses it on her afterwards marrying a commoner; yet, by the courtesy of England, she generally retains the title of her nobility.
PEERGAUM, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, and in the province of Aurungabad, sixty-eight miles east from Poonah. Long. 75. 2. E. Lat. 18. 32. N.
PEGASUS, amongst the poets, a horse imagined to have had wings, being that on which Bellerophon was fabled to have mounted when he engaged the Chimaera.

Pegasus, in Astronomy, the name of a constellation of the northern hemisphere, in the form of a flying horse.
PEGAU, a city of the kingdom of Saxony, situated in the circle of Leipsich, and bailiwick of Borna. It is built on the banks of the White Elster, and contains two churches, 420 houses, and 2680 inhabitants, employed in making various kinds of linen goods, and also as shoemakers.
PEGMARES, a name by which certain gladiators were distinguished, who fought upon moveable scaffolds called pegmata, which were sometimes unexpectedly raised, and by this means surprised the people with gladiators in hot contention. These scaffolds were sometimes lifted up so suddenly as to throw the combatants into the air; and sometimes they were let down into dark and deep holes, and then set on fire, thus becoming the funeral piles of those miserable wretches, and roasting them alive to divert the brutal populace.
PEIHO, a considerable river of China, in the province of Pe-che-lee. It has its rise on the borders of Tartary, and in its course northwards passes within a few miles of the capital, maintaining its communication, by the great canal, with the Yellow Sea, into which it discharges itself in lat. 39. 3. N. The country through which it flows is mostly a dead flat, and the tide is perceptible 400 miles from its mouth.
PEINA, a city of the kingdom of Hanover, in the province of Hildesheim, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, situated on the river Fuse. It is surrounded with walls, and contains a castle used now as a workhouse, a Catholic and a Lutheran church, a capuchin monastery, 440 houses, and 3460 inhabitants, employed chiefly in spinning [7:17:174]and weaving linen goods, and in agriculture. Long. 10. 6. 31. E. Lat. 52. 19. 34. N.
PEINE Forte et Dure (Lat. paena fortis et dura) signifies a special punishment inflicted on those who, being arraigned of felony, refuse to put themselves on the ordinary trial, but stubbornly stand mute. It is vulgarly called pressing to death.
PEINGHEE, a town in the Birman empire, on the western side of the Irrawaddy. The teak timber grows in the western mountains, which are in sight, in great abundance, and is carried to Rangoon, whence it is exported to the British territories. Here also ships are built, although the distance from the Rangoon, including the windings of the river, is 150 miles. Long. 94. 50. E. Lat. 18. 31. N.
PEIRCE, James, an eminent dissenting minister, born at Wapping, London, in the year 1674. He was educated at Utrecht and Leyden; after which he spent some time at Oxford, in,order to enjoy the benefit of frequenting the Bodleian Library. He then for two years preached the Sunday-evening lecture at the meeting-house in Miles Lane, London, and afterwards settled at Cambridge. In 1713 he was removed to a congregation at Exeter, where he continued until the year 1718; when the Calvinists amongst the dissenters having proposed a subscription to articles of faith, which were to be signed by all the dissenting ministers in the kingdom, he refused, and was consequently ejected from his congregation. Upon this, a new meeting was opened at Exeter, of which Mr Peirce continued minister till his death in 1726. He was a man of strict virtue, exemplary piety, and great learning; and he wrote, 1. Exercitatio Philosophica de Homoemeria Anaxagorea; 2. Thirteen pieces on the Controversy between the Church of England and the Dissenters; 3. Ten pieces on the Controversy about the Ejectment at Exeter; 4. Six pieces on the Doctrine of the Trinity; 5. A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St Paul to the Colossians, Philippians, and Hebrews; 6. An Essay in favour of giving the Eucharist to Children; and, 7. Fourteen Sermons.
PEKIANGHO, a considerable river of China, in the province of Quangtong, having its origin on the southern side of the mountains by which that province is divided from Kiangsee. It forms part of the great navigable communication between Peking and Canton.