pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ENSHAM, a town'of the county of Oxford, in the hundred of Wootten, sixty-ohe miles from London. It is situated on the river Isis' or Thames, and on the great road from London to Worcester and Birmingham, from which it derives some traffic. It had formerly an extensive abbey, the remains of which may still be traced. The population amounted in 1801 to 1166, in 1811 to 1418, in 1821 to 1705, and in 1831 to 1858.
ENSIGN, in the military art, a banner or 'colours under which soldiers are ranged, according to the different companies or parties to which they belong.

The Turkish ensigns are horses’ tails; those of the Europeans are pieces of taffety, with divers figures, colours, arms, and devices thereon. Xenophon tells us that the ensign borne by the Persians was a golden eagle on a white ground; the Corinthians bore the winged horse or Pegasus on theirs; the Athenians an owl; the Messenians the Greek letter M; the Lacedaemonians the A. The Romans had a great diversity of ensigns, the wolf, minotaur, horse, boar, and at length the eagle, where they stopped. This was first assumed in the second year of the consulate ōf Marius. A military ensign on a medal of a Roman colony denotes it a colony peopled with old soldiers.

Ensign is also the officer who carries the colours, being the lowest commissioned officer in a company of foot, subordinate to the captain and lieutenant.

Naval Fnsign, a large standard or banner hoisted on a long pole erected over the poop, and called the ensign staff. The ensign is used to distinguish the' ships 'of different nations from each other, as also to characterize the different squadrons of the navy. The British ensign in ships of war is known by a double cross, viz. that of St George and St Andrew, formed upon a field which is either j red, white, or blue.
ENT, Sir George, an eminent English physician, born at Sandwich, in Kent, in 1604. He was educated at Sidney College, Cambridge, and, having afterwards travelled into foreign countries, received the degree of doctor of physic at Padua. After his return he obtained great practice, was made president of the college of physicians in London, and at length received the honour of knighthood from King Charles II. He was extremely intimate with Dr Harvey, whom he learnedly defended, in a piece entitled Apologia pro Circulatione Sanguinis, contra Aemilium Pa-risanum. He also published Animadversiones, and some observations in the Philosophical Transactions. Glanville, speaking in his Plus Ultra of the modern improvements in anatomy, numbers Sir George Ent, Dr Glisson, and Dr Wallis, with the most celebrated discoverers in that science. The two former were amongst the first members of the Royal Society. Sir George Ent died in October 1689. i - r
ENTAIL, in Law. See Tailzie.
ENTHUSIASM, in a religious sense, implies a transport of the mind, by which it fancies itself inspired with some revelation, impulse, or the like, from heaven. “In all ages,” says Locke, “men in whom melancholy has mixed with devotion, or whose conceit of themselves has raised them into an opinion of a great familiarity with God, and a nearer admittance to his favour than is afforded to others, have often flattered themselves with a persuasion of an immediate intercourse with the Deity, and frequent communications from the Divine Spirit. Their minds being thus prepared, whatever groundless opinion comes to settle itself strongly upon their fancies is an illumination from the Spirit of God; and whatsoever odd action they find in themselves a strong inclination to do, that impulse is concluded to be a call or direction from heaven, and must be obeyed. It is a commission from above, and they cannot err in executing it. This I take to be properly enthusiasm, which, though arising from the conceit of a warm and overweening brain, works, when it once gets footing, more powerfully on the persuasions and actions of men than either reason or revelation, or both together, men being most forwardly obedient to the imþulses they receive from themselves.”
ENTHYMEME, in Logic and Phetoric, an argument consisting only of two propositions, an antecedent, and a consequent deduced from it. The word is Greek, ι^Mμr ∖ μα, formed of the verb wbvμn<d⅛ω, to think, conceive, a compound of εv, and ‰μος, mind. *

The enthymeme is the most simple and elegant of all argumentations, being that which a man, in arguing closely, commonly makes, without attending at all to the form. Thus, the verse remaining of Ovid’s tragedy entitled Medea contains an enthymeme: Servare potui, perdere an possum rogas, — “I was able to save you, consequently to have destroyed you.” The beauty would have been lost had all the propositions been expressed; the mind is displeased with a rehearsal of what is nowise necessary.

Sometimes also the two propositions of an enthymeme are both included in a single-proposition, which Aristotle calls an ’ enthymematical sentence, of which he gives this instance: Mortal, do not bear an immortal hatred. The whole enthymeme would be, Thou art mortal, let not, therefore, thy hatred be immortal.
ENTLIBUCH, a bailiwick in the canton of Lucerne, in Switzerland, extending over 110 square miles, and containing five parishes, with 12,550 inhabitants.
ENTRE DUERO E MINHO, one of the provinces into which the kingdom of Portugal is divided. As its name denotes, it is bounded on the north by the river Minho, which divides it from Spain, and on the south by the river Duero. The Atlantic Ocean is its western boundary, and on the east a chain of elevated mountains separates it from the province of Tras os Montes. It has by far the most dense population of any part either of Spain or Portugal, and extends over a surface of 291 square leagues. The number of its inhabitants in 1798 amounted to 907,965.

It enjoys the best climate, the most fertile soil, and the most beautiful rivulets, not only of Portugal, but of the whole peninsula. Its vegetable productions are oranges, lemons, maize, wheat, and especially wine. The latter article is the great object of export, and forms the principal trade of the kingdom, as almost all the red wine, commonly named port, from the city whence it is shipped, is the growth of Entre Duero e Minho. Both its sea coasts and rivers abound with most excellent fish, which forms the foundation of considerable commerce. Considerable manufactures are conducted, which furnish hats, linens, sail-cloth, woollen cloths, and various kinds of silks and satins. These, though not sufficiently cheap to be sent to other parts of Europe, supply the demands of the kingdom, and a portion is exported to Brazil and the settlements on the coast of Africa. The rivers next in importance to those which bound it are the Lima, the Ca-bado, the Deste, and the Ave, all which run from east to west, and form natural defences, aided by the mountains, against any invading enemy. The city of Braga is the capital, though Oporto is in every respect the first city in the province, only that Braga, as the see of an archbishop, is usually considered as the chief place. This province lies between 41. 6. and 42. 6. north latitude.
ENTRERAS, in the manege, a broken pace, which is neither walk nor trot, but is somewhat of an amble.
ENTRY, in Law, signifies taking possession of lands or tenements, where a person has a right so to do.

Entry of an Heir, in Scotch Law, that legal form by which an heir vests in himself a title to his predecessor’s estate.
ENUMERATION, an account of several things, in which mention is made of every particular article.

Enumeration, in Rhetoric, a part of the peroration, in which the orator, collecting the scattered heads of what had been delivered throughout the discourse, makes a brief and artful relation or recapitulation of the whole.
ENVELOPE, in Fortification, a work of earth, sometimes in the form of a simple parapet, and at others like a small rampart with a parapet. It is sometimes raised on the ditch, and sometimes beyond it. Envelopes are of a zigzag form, in order to enclose a weak ground, with single lines, where that is practicable, or to save the expense of horn-works, crown-works, and tenailles, where room is wanting for such defences. Envelopes in a ditch are called sillons, counter-guards, and lunettes.
ENVIRONNE ', in Heraldry, signifies surrounded with other things. Thus, they say, a lion environné with so many bezants.
ENVOY, a person deputed to negotiate some affair, not of a very solemn or important nature, with any foreign prince or state.
ENVY, pain felt, and malignity conceived, at the sight of excellence or happiness in another.
ENZELLI, a town of Persia, in the province of Ghilan, built entirely of reeds, as the sandy soil will not bear a more solid edifice, and consists of two parts, New and Old, inhabited by Persians, Armenians, and Russians. It is six miles north of Reshd.
EONIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, the followers of Eon, a wild fanatic of the province of Bretagne, in the tenth century.. He concluded, from the resemblance between cum, in the form of exorcising malignant spirits (per eum, qui venturus est judicare vivos et mortuos'), and his own name Eon, that he was the son of God, and ordained to judge the quick and dead. Eon, however, was solemnly condemned by the council at Rheims in 1148, at which Pope Eugenius III. presided, and he ended his days miserably in a prison. This insane .fanatic left behind him a number of followers and adherents, whom persecution and death could not persuade to abandon his cause, or to renounce an absurdity which, as Mosheim observes, one would think could never have gained credit in any place but bedlam.
EOOA, Eaoowe, or Middleburg. This island is the most eastern of the Friendly Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. It is about thirty miles in circuit, and has an elevated and unequal surface. The north-east coast rises suddenly, but the north-west consists of valleys, meadows, and plains, abounding with groves of fruit trees, sugar-canes, bananas, shaddocks, and vegetables of various sorts. It was discovered in 1643, by Tasman, who called it Middleburg. Long. 174. 30. E. Lat. 21. 24. S.
EORIA, in Mythology, a feast celebrated by the Athenians in honour of Erigonus, who, by way of punishment for their not avenging the death of his father Icarus, induced the gods to inflict on their daughters the curse of loving men who returned not their passion. The feast was instituted by the order of Apollo.
EOSTRE, in Mythology, a Saxon goddess to whom sacrifices were offered in the month of April, called the month of Eostra ; and hence the name Easter, which the Saxons retained after their conversion to Christianity, applying it to the festival celebrated in commemoration of our Saviour’s resurrection.
EPACTS, in Chronology, the excess of the solar month above the lunar synodical month, and of the solar year above the lunar year of twelve synodical months; or of several solar months above as many synodical months, and several solar years above as many dozen synodical months. See Chronology.
EPARER, in the manege, signifies the flinging of a horse, or his yerking and striking with his hind legs.
EPAULEMENT, in Fortification, is a kind of breastwork, constructed to cover the troops in front, and sometimes also in flank. In a siege, an epaulement of eight or ten feet in height is generally raised near the entrance of the approaches, in order to cover the cavalry which is placed there to support the guard of the trenches. These works are commonly constructed of filled gabions, or of fascines and earth intermixed. The term epaulement is frequently applied to any work thrown up to defend the flank of a post or other place; it also denotes sometimes a demi-bastion, and at others a square orillon, for covering the cannon of a casemate.
EPAULETTES are a kind of military shoulder-knots, which are made of different materials, according as they are worn by officers or by common soldiers.
EPENTHESIS, in Grammar, the interposition or insertion of a letter or syllable in the middle of a word; as alituum for alitum, relligio for religio, induperator for imperator, and the like.
EPERIES, a city of Hungary, in the circle of the Hither Theiss. It is the seat of the several boards for the government of the circle, and contains 806 houses, and 7426 [7:9:304]inhabitants, who make much linen and woollen goods, and some very excellent wine. Long. 21. 10. 25. E. Lat. 48.

; 58. 45. N.
EPHA, or Ephah, in Jewish antiquity, a dry measure, equal to three pecks and three pints.
EPHEBAEUM, in∠4n⅛ ’ wz7y, the place where the ephebi or youth exercised; or, as some think, where those who designed to exercise met and agreed on the kind of exercise which they should contend in, and what should be the victor’s reward.
EPHEBI, among the Athenians, a designation given to their young men when they arrived at eighteen years of age, at which period they had their names entered in a public register.
EPHEMERA, from rιμtξa, a day; a diary fever, or a fever of one day’s continuance.
EPHEMERIDES, in Astronomy, tables calculated by astronomers, showing the actual state of the heavens for every day at noon; that is, the places in which all the planets are found atr that time. It is from these tables that the eclipses, conjunctions, and aspects of the planets are determined. In England, the Nautical Almanach, or Astronomical Ephemeris, published annually by anticipation, under the direction of the Board of Longitude, is the most considerable work of the kind.
EPHETAE, judges who in early times presided over he five criminal courts of justice at Athens, taking cog-ιizance of every description of homicide. They were if ty-one in number, and required to be of noble birth, >olon first separated the Areopagus from the other four :ourts; and from this time the jurisdiction of the ephetae vas confined to cases of unintentional or justifiable homi-ide. It formed part of their duty to see that the person rho had committed the act should be properly expiated ∣y sacrifice and other rites. He was obliged to leave his ountry, by a particular road, for a certain time, which vas generally eight years, though at Athens it was pro- ∣ably undetermined. During this time he was bound to eep at a distance from places of public resort; and when f ιe returned, a reconciliation took place, either with the indred, or certain chosen ploratores. (See Plutarch, ĩolon, 29; Pollux, viii. 125.)
EPHOD, in Jewish antiquity, a part of the priestly abit, being a kind of girdle, which, being brought from chind the neck over the two shoulders, and hanging own before, was put across the stomach, then carried ound the waist, and made use of as a cincture to the unic. There were two sorts of ephods; one of plain linen or the priests, and the other embroidered for the high riest.
EPHRAIM, in Ancient Geography, one of the tribe divisions of Palestine. Ephraim and the half tribe of Manassch are blended together by the sacred writer; and it appears that Ephraim occupied the more southern, and the half tribe of Manassch the more northern parts, but both seem to have extended from the Jordan to the sea. Ephraim also denotes a kingdom, on the separation of the ten tribes from the house of David, called the kingdom of Israel and Samaria.
EPHREM Syrus, an ancient Christian writer, in the fourth century, deacon of Edessa, was born at Nisibe in Syria. He was greatly esteemed by Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, and other eminent men. I4e wrote against the opinions of Sabellius, Arius, Apollonarius, and the Manichaeans, and acquired such reputation that he was styled the doctor and the prophet of the Syrians. He died in the year 378. The best editions of his works are, that of Oxford, in 1708, in folio; and that of Rome, from 1732 to 1738, in Syriac, Greek, and Latin, six vols. folio.
EPHYDOR, in Antiquity, an officer in the Athenian courts of justice, whose business it was to provide the plaintiff and defendant with equal water hour-glasses. When the glass had run out, they were not permitted to speak any longer; and therefore we find them very careful not to lose or mis-spend one drop of the water. Whilst the laws quoted by them were reciting, or if any other business happened to intervene, they gave orders that the glass should be stopped.
EPIBATAE, part of the crew which manned an Athenian vessel. The triremes of this people were of two sorts, either swift-sailing vessels or transport ships. The latter were filled with land forces which it was intended to transport to some particular point, and, being heavily laden, were never employed in battle excepting in cases of great emergency; the former contained only the necessary crew for the working and defence of the vessel. The troops embarked in these transports were, like all other passengers by sea, called Epibatae. But the crew also of the swift-sailing vessels consisted of two distinct bodies of men; the soldiers intended for their defence, called Epibatae, who seem to have occupied the place of our marines; and the sailors who were employed for the purpose of working the vessel. These Epibatae were perfectly distinct from the land forces, the oplitae and pellestae, and were entirely devoted to the sea. It seems difficult to decide how many of them were attached to each ship, for there are only two passages in ancient authors from which any inference can be drawn. Herodotus (vi. 15) says, that the Chians, when they armed one hundred ships against the Persians, embarked forty able-bodied citizens as Epibatae in each trireme; whilst Plutarch (in Thernist. 14) tells us that there were only eighteen Epibatae on board the Attic triremes at Salamis, four of whom were archers, and the rest heavy-armed men. See Böckh, Die Staatshaushalt^ der Athener, vol. i. p. 301, Berlin, 1817.
EPIBATERION, a poetical composition, in use amongst the ancient Greeks. When any person of condition and quality returned home after a long absence or journey into another country, he called together his friends and fellow-citizens, and made them a speech, or rehearsed a prepared copy of verses, in which he returned solemn thanks to the immortal gods for his happy return, and ended with an address by way of compliment to bis fe^ low-citizens. These verses formed what the Greeks cal epibaterium, from iπ∕Ca∕vw, I set out. 0> 1 occasion of departure they had another analogous compo - sition, called apobaterium,
EPIC, or Heroic, Poem, a poem expressed in narration» formed upon a story partly real and partly feigned, and representing, in a sublime style, some signal and fortunate action, distinguished by a variety of great events, in order [7:9:307]to form the morals, and affect the mind with the love ol heroic virtue. See Poetry.
EPICEDION (from εw∕, upon, and xrçőoç, funeral^), in Greek and Latin poetry, a poem, or poetical composition, on the death of any one. At the obsequies of persons of consequence there were three kinds of discourses usually made: that rehearsed at the bustum or funeral pile was called nenia ; that engraven on the tomb, epitaphion ; and that spoken in the ceremony of his funeral, epicedion. We have two beautiful epicedions in Virgil; that of Euryalus, and that of Pallas.
EPICEDIUM, in ancient poetry, a poem rehearsed during the funeral ceremonies of persons of distinction.
EPICHARMUS, a celebrated poet of the old comedy, the son of Helothales, a native of Cos, but who having been carried into Sicily at the age of three months, is generally known as a Sicilian, the name of his adopted country having prevailed over that of the country of his birth. He was a pupil of Pythagoras; for there seems abundant proof that Epicharmus the Pythagorean and Epicharmus the father of*the old comedy were one and the same person. He was the author of many comedies, written in trochaic tetrameters, which he began to exhibit about the year 500 b. c., and continued down to the reign of Hiero, 477 b. c. Plautus is said to have imitated him (Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 57), and Ennius translated one of his moral works. He used to say that the principal requisite in a philosopher was not to believe rashly. (Cic. De Petit. Cons. c. 10.)

Epicharmus is much less known and esteemed than his peculiar style of writing and dramatic skill deserve. The subjects of his plays were mostly mythological, being parodies or travesties of mythology, nearly in the style of the satirical drama of Athens. Thus, in the comedy of Busiris, Hercules was represented in a most ludicrous light as a voracious glutton; and he seems again to have been exhibited in the same character in the Marriage of Hebe. It is supposed that the figures on a vase now preserved in the British Museum, and which was found at Bari in the kingdom of Naples, were intended to represent the characters in the play of Epicharmus entitled Vulcan, or the Revellers. (See Millin, Galerie Mythologique, xiii. 48, for the figures.) The play began, as we are told, with Vulcan chaining his mother Juno by magical charms to a seat, from which he only released her after long entreaties. Vulcan being, in consequence of this act, ill treated by his parents, entirely deserted Olympus, until Bacchus, having made him drunk, placed him on an ass, and thus brought him in jolly merriment back to Olympus. But Epicharmus, like Aristophanes, sometimes handled political subjects. Thus, according to Hemsterhuis (βd Pollux, iχ. 4, 26), the piece called ' Aξπuγ ∣ ς, or the Plunderings, which described the devastation of Sicily in his time, had a political meaning; and this was perhaps also the case with “The Islands.” The style of his plays was not less various than his subjects; he passed from rude buffoonery to amore serious strain, introducing maxims and moral sentences, together with precepts of the Pythagorean philosophy. That the dramatic style of picharmus was perfect in its kind is proved by the great admiration in which it was held by the ancients, narticu- la * ’ ly by Pl ato .

El ICHIROTONIA, amongst the Athenians. It was or ained by Solon, that once every year the laws should θ carefully revised and examined; and that if any of em were found unsuitable to the actual state of affairs, e y should be repealed. This was called sm^t/ĝoroua. τωv wμωv, from the manner of giving their suffrages by hold- " δ up their hands. (See a further account of this cus- ttl m 1 otter, Archxol, Grace. tom. i. p. 242.)
EPICOENE, in Grammar, a term applied to nouns, which, under the same gender and termination, mark indifferently the male and female species. Such in Latin are aquila, vespertilio, and the like, which signify equally a male or female eagle or bat.

Grammarians distinguish between epicone and common. A noun is said to be common of two kinds, when it may be joined either with a masculine or a feminine article; and epicone, when it is always joined to some of the two articles, and yet signifies both genders.