pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BODONI, Giambatista, superintendent of the royal press at Parma, chief printer to his catholic majesty, member of various academies in Italy, and knight of several orders, was born in 1740, at Saluzzo in Piedmont, where his father owned a printing establishment. While yet a boy, he began to employ himself in engraving on wood; and his labours meeting with success, he at length went to Rome, where he was admitted as a compositor for the press of the Propaganda. By the advice of the superintendent, he made himself acquainted with the oriental languages, in order to qualify himself for the kind of printing required in them; and he was thus enabled to render essential service to the Propaganda press, by restoring and accurately distributing the types of several oriental alphabets which had fallen into disorder. About the year 1760, the Infanta Don Ferdinand having established in Parma a printing-house on the model of those in Paris, Madrid, and Turin, Bodoni was placed at the head of this establishment, which he soon rendered the first of the kind in Europe, and gained the reputation of having surpassed the most splendid productions of his predecessors. The beauty of his typography, indeed, as well as the whole management of the technical part of the work, leaves nothing further to be desired; but the intrinsic value of his editions is seldom equal to their outward splendour. His Homer, however, is a truly magnificent work; and, indeed, his Greek letters are the most perfect imitations that have been executed in modern times of the best Greek manuscript. His editions of the Greek, Latin, Italian, and French classics, are all highly prized for their typographical splendour, and some of them are not less remarkable for their accuracy. Bodoni died at Padua on the 29th of November 1813, aged seventy-three. Some years after his death appeared a magnificent work in two volumes quarto, entitled Manuale Tipografico containing specimens of the vast collection of types which had belonged to this celebrated typographer, together with his portrait.
BOECE, or Boethius, Hector. See Boyce, Hector.
BOEDROMIA, in Antiquity, solemn feasts held at Athens in memory of the succour brought by Ion to the Athenians, when invaded by Eumolpus, son of Neptune, in the reign of Erectheus. Plutarch gives another account of the Boedromia, which, according to him, were celebrated in commemoration of the victory obtained by Theseus over the Amazons, in the month of Boedromion.
BOEDROMION, in Chronology, the third month of the Athenian year, answering to the latter part of our August and beginning of September.
BOEHMEN, Jacob, called by his disciples the Teutonic Theosophrist, and founder of the sect of Boehmists, was born in 1575, at a village near Goerlitz in Upper Lausatia. He was bred a shoemaker, and marrying, supported a large family by this occupation; until, after amusing himself with chemistry, a visionary turn of mind, heated by sermons and German divinity, got the better of his common sense, and produced raptures, mystical ecstacies, and notions of divine illumination. These he first gave vent to in 1612, by means of a treatise entitled Aurora, or the Rising of the Sun; being a mixture or jumble of astrological, philosophical, chemical, and theological extravagances, written in a quaint obscure style. This was censured by the magistrates of Goerlitz, who at the instigation of the clergy caused it to be seized and prohibited; but Boehmen, nevertheless, continued to dream and to scribble, and in 1619 published his treatise De Tribus Principiis, inculcating a species of Spinozism, namely, that the operations of grace are subjected to laws analogous to those which nature has imposed in the purification of metals, and that God is to be regarded as the matter of the universe, which has produced every thing by way of emanation. After this he went to Dresden, where he was examined by some theologians more indulgent than those of Goerlitz, and found irreproachable. Soon after his return, in 1624, he died at Goerlitz, leaving a great number of treatises On the Celestial and Terrestrial Mystery, and on the Iidellectual Life. “ It is not possible/’ says Mosheim, “to find greater obscurity than there is ’ in these pitiable writings, which exhibit an incongruous mixture of chemical terms, mystical jargon, and absurd visions.” Nevertheless, in the last century, Boehmen found a zealous apologist in William Law, author of Christian Perfection, who published an English translation of his work, in two vols. 4to. He had a great many disciples, some of whom, like Kuhlmann, who was burned at Moscow in 1684, were wild and dangerous fanatics. All his works were collected and reprinted at Amsterdam in 1730, under the title of Theosophia Revelata.
BOEOTIA, the name of two ancient kingdoms, one of which was founded, or rather restored, by Cadmus, and named by him Boeotia, from the ox which is said to have directed him to the place where he built the capital of his new kingdom, better known afterwards by the name of Thebes. The other Boeotia was in Thessaly, and is said to have been founded by Boeotus, the son of Neptune by Arne the daughter of Aeolus king of Aeolis. According to the fable or tradition, the king sent his daughter to Metapontum, a city of Italy, where she was delivered of two sons, the elder of whom she called Aeolus, after her father, and the younger Boeotus. Aeolus possessed himself of the islands in the Tyrrhenian, now the Tuscan, Sea, and built the city of Lipara. Boeotus, the younger son, went to his grandfather, and succeeding him in his kingdom, called it after his own name, and the capital city Arne, from his mother. All that we know of these Boeotians is, that they [7:4:728].held this settlement upwards of two centuries, and that the Thessalians expelled them from it; upon which they came and took possession of the country till then called Cadmeis, and gave it the name of Eoeotia. Diodorus and Homer tell us that these Boeotians signalized themselves in the Trojan war; and the latter adds, that five of Boeotus’s grandsons, Peneleus, Leitus, Prothoenor, Arcesilaus, and Clonius, were the chiefs who led the Boeotian troops thither. ∙
BOG properly signifies a quagmire, covered with grass, but not solid enough to support the weight of the body; in which sense it differs only from marshes or fens, as a part differs from the whole. But some restrict the term bog to quagmires pent up between two hills; whereas fens lie in champaign and low countries, where the descent is very small.

Bog, or Bog of Gight, a small town of Scotland, seated near the mouth of the river Spey, in long. 2. 23. W. lat. 57. 48. N.
BOGARMITAE. See Bogomili.
BOGHERA, a province of the kingdom of Sardinia, bounded on the north by the Po, which divides it from Mortara and the Austrian government of Milan, on the east by Parma, on the south by Genoa, and on the west by Tortona. It extends over 504 square miles, and contains two cities, 139 towns and large villages, and 58 hamlets, peopled by 105,937 inhabitants. The capital of the province is a city of the same name, on the river Stoffora, which contains 10,235 inhabitants. Long. 8. 39. E. Lat. 45. 1. N.
BOGLIPOOR, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Bahar, and chief town of the district of the same name, about two miles from the main branch of the Ganges. It has a Mahommedan college, and two very singular round towers, about a mile north-west of the town, which are considered sacred. The inhabitants of this district, which is mountainous, were in a state of barbarism till about the year 1780, when Mr Cleveland, the British judge and collector, introduced civilization among them; he raised a batallion of these highlanders, consisting of 300 men, who now protect the territory which they formerly used to desolate.
BOGODUCHOW, a circle in the European-Russian government of Slobodsk-Ukraine, extending over 1192 square miles. It comprehends four cities, 104 towns and villages, with 135,500 inhabitants. The soil is good, and produces abundance of fruit, corn, and cattle. The chief place is the city of the same name on the river Merla, which contains four churches, 1048 houses, and about 7000 inhabitants. Long. 35. 35. E. Lat. 50. 10. N.
BOGOMILI, or Bogarmitae, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of heretics which sprung up about the year 1179. They held that the use of churches, of the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, and of all prayer except the Lord’s prayer, ought to be abolished; that the baptism of Catholics is imperfect; that the persons of the Trinity are unequal; and that they oftentimes made themselves visible to persons of this sect. They said that devils dwelt in the churches, and that Satan had resided in the temple of Solomon from the destruction of Jerusalem to their own time.
BOGORADSK, a circle in the Russian government of Moscow, extending over 1324 square miles, comprehending one city, one market-town, and 553 villages, with 95,000 inhabitants. The chief place is Bogordsk, on the Kliasma. Long. 38. 15. E. Lat. 54. 45. N.
BOGORODIZK, a circle of the Russian government of Tula, comprehending one city, two market-towns, and 166 villages, with 125,000 inhabitants. The chief place, a city of the same name, on the river Lesnaja, has about 2800 inhabitants. Long. 37. 5. E. Lat. 53. 45. N.
BOGUSLAW, a circle in the Russian government of Kiew, and a fruitful but neglected district. The chief place, a town of the same name, on the river Ross, contains 297 houses and 1650 inhabitants. Long. 30. 49. E. Lat. 49. 32. N.
BOGUTSCHAT, a circle in the Russian government of Woronesh, and a district productive of corn and cattle. The chief place, of the same name, stands at the junction of the Boguschara with the Don, and contains less than 1000 inhabitants. Long. 40. 35. E. Lat. 50. 5. N.
BOGWANGOLA, a large inland trading town of Hindostan, in the province of Bengal. It is a great mart for grain, from which the town of Moorshedabad is principally supplied. It is chiefly built of bamboos, mats, and thatch; and it has been frequently removed on account of the encroachments of the Ganges. It is eight miles northeast from Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 29. E. Lat. 24. 21. N.
BOHEA, in commerce, one of the coarsest kinds of tea imported from China. See Tea.
BOHEMIA, a kingdom of Europe, subject to the house of Austria. See Austria.
BOHEMIAN Brethren, a Christian sect which sprung up in Bohemia in the year 1467. They treated the pope and cardinals as antichrist, and the church of Rome as the harlot spoken of in the Revelation. They rejected the sacraments of the Catholic church, and chose laymen for their ministers. They held the Scriptures to be the only rule of faith, and rejected the Catholic ceremonies in the celebration of the mass, nor did they make use of any other prayer than the Lord’s Prayer. They consecrated leavened bread; they allowed no adoration but that of Jesus Christ in the communion; they rebaptized all such as joined themselves to their congregation; they abhorred the worship of saints and images, prayers for the dead, celibacy, vows, and fasts; and they kept none of the festivals except Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide.

In 1504 they were delated by the Catholics to King Ladislaus II. who published an edict against them, forbidding them to hold any meeting either privately or publicly. When Luther declared himself against the church of Rome, the Bohemian Brethren endeavoured to join his party. At first, however, that reformer showed a great aversion to them; but the Bohemians sending deputies to him in 1523, with a full account of their doctrines, he acknowledged that they were a society of Christians whose doctrines came nearest to the purity of the gospel. The sect published another confession of faith in the year 1535, renouncing anabaptism, which they had at first practised; upon which a union was concluded with the Lutherans, and afterwards with the Zuinglians, whose opinions from thenceforth they continued to follow.
BOHOL, or Bool, one of the most southern of the Philippine Islands, discovered by Magellan in the year 1621. It is about 32 miles in length and 20 in breadth, and produces gold. It is 20 miles north of Mindanao. Long. 124. 15. E. Lat. 10. N. '
BOIGTSBERG, a bailiwick in the circle of Voigtland, of the kingdom of Saxony. It contains four towns, 112 villages, and about 30,000 inhabitants, who are mostly employed in various manufactures. The town, of the same name, has near it some mines of iron, copper, and alum.
BOILING, or Ebullition, the bubbling up of any fluid. The term is most commonly applied to that bubbling which is produced by the application of fire; though that which ensues when the particles of bodies rapidly combine, such as on the mixing of an acid with an alkali, is sometimes also distinguished by the same name.

Boiling, in trade and manufactures, is a preparation given to different sorts of bodies by making them pass over the fire, chiefly in water, though sometimes in other liquors. In this sense we speak of the boiling of salt, of sugar, of copperas, and the like.

Boiling, in the culinary art, is a method of dressing meats by coction in hot water, intended to soften them, and dispose them for easier digestion.

Boiling is also a method of trying or essaying the goodness or badness of a colour or dye. The stuff is to be boiled in water with certain drugs, different according to the kind or quality of the colour, to try whether or not it will discharge, and give a tincture to the water.

Boiling to Death (caldariis decoquere), in the middle ages, a kind of punishment inflicted on thieves, false coiners, and some other criminals.
BOINITZ, a town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Zell, remarkable for its baths and the quantity of saffron that grows about it. Long. 19. 10. E. Lat. 48. 42. N.

BOIS-le-Duc, or Herzogensbosch, a city of the province of North Brabant, in the Netherlands. It stands at the confluence of the Dommel and the Aa, and is strongly[7:4:739] fortified, being defended by two citadels. The city is divided by canals into nine quarters. It contains fifteen churches, two hospitals, a house of industry, an arsenal, and barracks for 3000 troops. It is a great manufacturing place, especially for linen cloth. The inhabitants are 14,500. Long. 5. 12. 37. E. Lat. 51. 4L 34. N.

Bois de Soignies, the forest of Soignies, in the Austrian Netherlands and province of Brabant, several miles southeast of Brussels.
BOISSARD, John James, an antiquarian and Latin poet, born at Besançon in 1528. He studied at first under Hugues Babel, his uncle, professor of Greek at Louvain, and afterwards had other able masters; but their severity having disgusted him with study, he fled secretly from Louvain, traversed a great part of Germany, and reached Italy, where he remained for several years, and was often reduced to great straits. His residence in Italy developed in his mind a taste for antiquities; he learned to design, and soon formed a collection of the most curious monuments of Rome and its vicinity; he then visited the islands of the Archipelago, with the intention of travelling through Greece, but a severe malady with which he was attacked obliged him to return to Rome. Here he resumed his favourite pursuits with great ardour and enthusiasm; and having completed his collection, returned to his native country. But not being permitted to profess publicly the Protestant religion, which he had embraced some time before, he withdrew to Metz, where he died on the 30th of October 1602, at the age of seventy four. His works are, l. Poemata Epigrammatum libri très, Elegiae libri tres, Epistolarum libri tres, Basel, 1574; 2. Emblemata, Latin and French, Metz, 1584; 3. Emblemata, Latin, Francfort, 1595; 4. Vitae et Icones Sultanorum Turcicoum, &c. Francfort, 1596; 5. Theatrum Vitae Humanae, Metz, 1596; 6. Bomanae Urbis Topographiae et Antiquitatum, quibus succincte et breviter descríbuntur omnia quae tum publice quam privatim videntur animadversione digna, partes vL, Francfort, 1597, 1598, 1600, and 1602, folio, six tomes in three, with plates, and now very rare; 7. leones et Vitae Virorum Illustrium, Francfort, 1592 to 1599; 8. Parnassus Biceps, Francfort, 1601; 9. De Divinatione et Magicis ρr(estigiis, Oppenheim and Hanau, rare and curious; and, 10. Habitus Variarum Gentium, Metz, 1581, ornamented with seventy illuminated figures.
BOJADOR, a cape of Western Africa, which projects considerably into the sea, and presents a very rugged and tempestuous aspect. The Portuguese were for many years deterred by it from prosecuting their career of discovery in this direction. At length it was passed by Gellaney, and vessels navigating the Atlantic now stand too far out to sea to be exposed to any danger.
BOKHARA. See Bukharia.
BOLABOLA, or Borabora, one of the Society Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. It is about twenty-four miles in circumference, and is surrounded by a reef of rocks and islets. A very lofty double-peaked mountain rises in the centre. There is a border of low land along the coast, which is very fertile, and covered with cocoa-nut and bread-fruit trees. The island is populous, and the inhabitants are of a more warlike disposition than their neighbours, some of whom they have subdued. Long. 151. 52. W. Lat. 16. 32. N.
BOLANDUS, John, a famous Jesuit, born at Tille-tnont in the Netherlands, in 1696. He distinguished himself by writing the lives of the saints, under the title of Aeta Sanctorum, of which he published five volumes in folio, but died while he was labouring at the sixth, in the seventieth year of his age. The continuators of that work are called Bolandists.
BOLE, an opake, earthy mineral, occurring in solid amorphous masses, of a yellow, red, or brownish colour. It yields to the nail, and cuts easily, but has a conchoidal fracture, with a shining streak, and adheres to the tongue. Its specific gravity is between 1∙60 and 2∙00, and when thrown into water it emits a crackling noise, and falls to pieces. It occurs in wackč and basalt at Striegau in Silesia, at Habichtswald in Hessia, near Sienna in Tuscany, and among the cliffs of the Giant’s Causeway, Ireland.
BOLI, a large town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, slightly defended by a palisade. It is the capital of a district, and the residence of a governor, and contains numerous public edifices, though nowise remarkable in their structure. In the vicinity abundance of ancient ruins are to be seen, and many marble fragments with Greek inscriptions. The country around is fertile; and in the neighbourhood is an extensive forest, which supplies Constantinople with a great quantity of wood. Boli is 140

miles east of Constantinople. Long. 31. 20. E. Lat. 41. 30. N.
BOLKENHAIN, a circle in the Prussian government of Liegnitz, in Silesia, extending over 107 square miles, or 65,480 acres, and containing two towns and thirty-eight villages, with 3991 houses and 26,131 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, on the river Neisse, contains a Catholic and a Lutheran church, a hospital, and 1288 inhabitants.
BOLLARDS, large posts set into the ground on each side of a dock. On docking or undocking ships, large blocks are lashed to them; and through these blocks are reeved the transporting hawsers to be brought to the capstans.
BOLOGNA, one of the provinces called delegations, into which the papal dominions are divided. It is bounded on the north by Ferrara, on the east by Ravenna, on the south by Tuscany, and on the west by Modena. It extends over 1450 square miles, and comprehends two cities, twenty-one towns, and 371 villages, with a population of 297,510 inhabitants. It is a district of great natural fertility, and, though but indifferently cultivated, produces abundant crops of rice, barley, wheat, and pulse, besides hemp, flax, silk, oil, wine, figs, almonds, chestnuts, and other fruits. The capital, from which the delegation takes its name, is situated between the rivers Savena and Reno, and is an ancient though not regularly built place, but clean and well paved. It is said to contain near 150 churches and chapels, many of which have celebrated paintings of the peculiar school to which the city has given its name. It contains about 70,000 souls, including the numerous students of the university; and is a place of manufacturing industry, chiefly for making silk goods. Long. 11. 15. 17. E. Lat. 44. 29. 30. N.
BOLOGNIAN Stone. At Monte Paterno, about four miles from Bologna, a radiating columnar variety of barytes is found imbedded in marl, which, when heated to ignition, finely powdered, converted into a paste, and then dried in pieces about a quarter of an inch thick, affords a pyropliorus, which, after a few minutes’ exposure to the sun’s rays, gives light enough in the dark to render the figures on the dial plate of a watch visible. This, from its locality, is called Bolognian stone.
BOLSČHAIA Reka, or the Great River, a river of Kamtschatka, which rises in a lake about 120 miles from its mouth. It flows into the sea of Okhotzk, in lat. 54. 52. N. It is navigable from its source to its mouth, and there is a lighthouse south of the entrance into the river.
BOLSCHERETSK, a town and fortress of Kamtschatka, formerly the capital of that peninsula, and the seat of the government. It is situated on the river Bolschaia Réka, 20 miles from its mouth, in an extensive plain stretching along the sea-shore. It was built in 1701, and was designed as a depot of Russian commerce; but, from the difficulty of navigating the river, and the insecurity of the harbour, the seat of government was transferred to Nis-chery Kamtschatka, at a considerable distance; and the town has since fallen to decay. Long. 157. E. Lat. 53. N.
BOLSTER, among surgeons, a soft yielding substance, [7:4:762] laid either under the head or under a broken limb. In this sense, bolsters are contrived for crooked, bunched, and otherwise distorted backs, shoulders, or limbs.
BOLSWERT, or Bolsuerd, Scheltius a, an excellent engraver. The time of his birth and death, and the name of the master he studied under, are equally unknown. Bolswert worked entirely with the graver, and never called in the assistance of the point. Among the variety of engravings by this artist, the few following may be here mentioned: 1. The Brazen Serpent, a large plate, lengthwise, from Rubens; 2. Abraham offering his son Isaac, a large plate, nearly square, from Theodore Rombout; 3. The Education of the Virgin by Saint Anne, a middling-sized upright plate, from Rubens; 4. The Marriage of the Virgin, a middling-sized upright plate, from the same painter; 5. The Feast of Herod, a large plate lengthwise, from the same; 6. The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, a large print lengthwise, on three plates, from the same; 7. Christ crowned with Thorns, from Vandyck, an admirable print; 8. A Crucifixion, from Vandyck, also admirable; 9. The god Pan playing upon his Flute, from Jordaens; 10. Mercury and Argus, a large plate lengthwise; 11. A drunken Silenus supported by a Satyr, from Rubens; 12. a Chase of Lions; 13. A variety of Landscapes.
BOLT, among builders, an iron fastening fixed to doors and windows. Bolts are generally distinguished into three kinds; plate, round, and spring bolts.

BθLT-Rope, in naval affairs, a rope passing round the sail, to which the edges are sewed, to prevent the sail from tearing.
BOLTER, or Boulter, a kind of sieves for meal, having the bottoms made of woollen, hair, or wire. The bakers use bolters which are worked by the hand; millers have a larger sort, wrought by the motion of the mill.
BOLTING, a term of art used in our inns of court, by which is meant a private arguing of cases.

Bolting, or Boulting, the act of separating the flour from the bran by means of a sieve or bolter.

Bolting- Cloth, or Bolster-cloth, sometimes also called Boulting-cloth, denotes a linen or hair-cloth for sifting meal or flour.

BθLTiNG-Mill, a versatile engine for sifting with more ease and expedition. The cloth around it is called the bolter.