pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AMBO, or Ambon, a kind of pulpit or desk, in the ancient churches, where the priests and deacons stood to read or sing part of the service, and preach to the people; called also Analogium. The term is derived from αvα-Ca/v¢zy, to mount. The ambo was mounted upon two sides; whence some also derive the appellation from the Latin ambo, both. The ambo was ascended by steps; which occasioned that part of the office performed there to be called the Gradual. Besides the gospel, which was read at the top of the ambo, and the epistle, which was read a step lower, they likewise published from this place the acts of the martyrs, the commemoration of departed saints, and the letters of peace and communion sent by one church to another. Here, too, converts made a public
profession
of their faith, and bishops their defence, when accused: treaties also were sometimes concluded, and the coronations of emperors and kings performed, in the same place. The modern reading-desks and pulpits have been generally substituted for the ancient ambos; though in some churches remains of the ambos are still seen. In that of St John de Lateran at Rome, there are two movable ambos.
AMBOHITSMENE, or Vohitsanghombe, a province of the island of Madagascar, so called from some red mountains of the same name lying in lat. 20. S. These mountains are very high, resembling the Tafelberg of the Cape of Good Hope. On one side of this ridge the sea extends into the country for fifteen leagues; on the other is a flat country, abounding in ponds and marshes. Here is also a lake of 15 leagues in length, and the same in breadth, containing many small islands. The inhabitants of the mountains are called Zaferahongs, and have plenty of gold, iron, cattle, silk, &c.
AMBOULE, a province of Madagascar, somewhat to the northward of lat. 23. S. It is a fertile and agreeable country, watered by the river Manampani, whose mouth lies in lat. 23.30. S. The country produces plants and fruits in plenty. Iron mines are also found here. The blackcattle are extremely fat, and their flesh excellent. In this province stands a large town of the same name, near which is a fountain of hot water, within 20 feet of a small river whose sand is almost burning. The water of the fountain is said to boil an egg hard in two hours; and the inhabitants affirm it to be a sovereign remedy against the gout. The people here are employed in different preparations of iron and steel, and forge several instruments with tolerable skill.
AMBREADA. Thus they call the false or fictitious amber which the Europeans use in their trade with the negroes on the coast of Africa, and particularly on the river Senegal. There are some large and red pieces of it, a thousand of which, making twenty ropes or strings, weigh three pounds. There are others small, and also red, which weigh but two pounds and a half.
AMBRESBURY, or Amesbury, a market-town in Wiltshire, about six miles north of Salisbury, and situated in long. 1. 40. W. and lat. 51. 20. N.
AMBRONES, a people of Gaul, who lived near the foot of the Alps, between Switzerland and Provence. They invaded the Roman territories in conjunction with the Cimbri and Teutones; but were defeated with great slaughter by Marius, about 101 years before Christ. Their women, who during the engagement had staid in a kind of fortification made with their carts, on seeing their husbands flying, and the Romans at their heels, armed themselves with axes, and, gnashing with their teeth, fell with fury on the pursuers and the pursued. Their first rage being spent, they desired to surrender themselves, upon the single condition that their chastity should not be violated; but this equitable request being denied, they first killed their children, and then themselves, not one remaining alive out of the whole multitude.
AMBROSIA, in Heathen Antiquity, denotes the solid food of the gods, in contradistinction to their drink, which was called nectar. It had the appellation ambrosia, compounded of the particle α privative, and βgοτος, mortal, as being supposed to render those immortal who fed on it.

Ambrosia is also a splendid kind of title, given by some physicians to certain alexipharmic compositions of extraordinary virtue. The name was particularly given to a famous antidote of Philip of Macedon against all poisons, bites, and stings of venomous creatures, as well as many internal diseases.
AMBROSIAN Office or Rite, in Ecclesiastical History, a particular formula of worship in the church of Milan, which takes its name from St Ambrose, who instituted that office in the fourth century. Each church originally had its particular office; and when the pope, in aftertimes, took upon him to impose the Roman office upon all the western churches, that of Milan sheltered itself under the name and authority of St Ambrose; from which time the Ambrosian ritual has prevailed.
AMBROSIN, in middle-age writers, denotes a coin struck by the lords or dukes of Milan, whereon was represented St Ambrose on horseback, with a whip in his right hand. The occasion of this coinage is said to have been a vision of that saint, who appeared to the Milanese general in 1339, during the time of a battle.
AMBRY, a place in which are deposited all utensils necessary for house-keeping. In the ancient abbeys and priories there was an office under this denomination, wherein were laid up all charities for the poor.
AMBUBAJAE, in Homan Antiquity, were immodest women, who came from Syria to Rome, where they lived by prostitution, and by playing on the flute. The word is derived from the Syriac abub, which signifies a flute; although others make it to come from am and Baiae, because these prostitutes often retired to Baiae.
AMBULANT, or Ambulatory. They gave in France the name of Ambulant Commissioners to those commissioners or clerks of the king’s farms who had no settled office, but visited all the offices within a certain district, to see that nothing was done in them against the king’s right and the interest of the farm.

Ambulant is also used to denote those brokers at Amsterdam, or exchange agents, who have not been sworn before the magistrates. They transact brokerage business, but their testimony is not received in the courts of justice.
AMBULATORY, a term anciently applied to such [7:2:604] courts, &c. as were not fixed to any certain place, but held sometimes in one place and sometimes in another, in opposition to stationary courts. The court of ρarlia-i ment was anciently ambulatory; so also were the courts of king’s bench, &c.
AMBURBIUM, in Roman Antiquity, a procession made by the Romans round the city and pomoerium, in which they led a victim, and afterwards sacrificed it, in order to avert some calamity that threatened the city.
AMBURY, or Anbury, among Farriers, denotes a tumour, wart, or swelling, which is soft to the touch, and full of blood.

This disorder of horses is cured by tying a horse-hair very tightly about its root; and when it has fallen off, which commonly happens in about eight days, strewing some powder of verdigris upon the part, to prevent the return of the complaint. If the tumour be so low that nothing can be tied about it, they cut it out with a knife, or else burn it off with a sharp hot iron; and in sinewy parts, where a hot iron is improper, they eat it away with oil of vitriol, or white sublimate.
AMBUSCADE, or Ambush, in the military art, properly denotes a place where soldiers may lie concealed till they find an opportunity to surprise the enemy.

ΑΜΒΥ, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg, situated opposite to Maestricht, on the east side of the river Maese, in long. 5. 45. E. lat. 50. 57. N.
AMEDABAT, or more properly Ahmedabat, i. e. Ahmed’s City, an ancient and celebrated city of Hindostan, in the province of Gujerat, of which it was formerly the Mahometan capital. It is situated on the banks of the river Sabermatty, which washes its western walls, and, after a course of about 120 miles, falls into the Gulf of Cambay, near the city of this name. It was built about the year 1426 by the Sultan Ahmed Shah, on the site of a town still more ancient, and soon became a populous and splendid city; and in the early part of the 17th century it was a noted emporium of eastern commerce, to which the Dutch and other European merchants resorted for the purchase of goods. Here were manufactories of rich gold and silver flowered silks of every description; of steel, gold, ivory, enamel, mother-of-pearl, and lackered ware, as well as of silk and cotton goods, which were exported through Cambay. The city has entirely declined from its ancient splendour; and its various manufactories, with some trifling exceptions, have fallen into decay and ruin. Its former grandeur is now only marked by the ruins of minarets, palaces, aqueducts, and caravansaries, which extend nearly 30 miles around. In 1780, from being one of the largest capitals in the East, Ahmedabat was reduced to a circumference of five miles and three quarters, surrounded by a high wall, with irregular towers every 50 yards, and 12 principal, besides many other inferior gates. On the outside of the walls the country was in a state of desolation, the resort of wild beasts and of noxious reptiles. This city was still further reduced by the oppressive exactions of the Mahrattas, who conquered it in the early part of the last century, and who levied a tax on every article, however trifling, whether of luxury or of necessity, which was either brought within or sent out beyond its walls. It was acquired by the British in 1818, who commuted all these extortions into an ¢zd valorem duty of 2į per cent, on indigo, raw silk, &c.; exempting from duty necessary articles of consumption, but augmenting, with their usual rapacious policy, the imposts on opium and tobacco, articles of general consumption throughout India. All restrictions on the transit of the agricultural products of the British territories through the district were removed. This city was afflicted by a pes tilence in 1812; and it suffered greatly by an earthquake in 1819, when its population was estimated at 100,000 ∙ and it has probably not decreased since that period. Travelling distance from Bombay 321 miles; from Poona 389 ∙ from Delhi 610; and from Calcutta by Oojein 1234 miles’ Long. 72.42. E. Lat. 23.1. N. (Hamilton’s Description of Hindostan, East India Gazetteers ( f .)
AMEDIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, an order of monks in Italy, so called from their professing themselves amantes Deum, lovers of God; or rather amati Deo, beloved of God. They wore a grey habit and wooden shoes, had no breeches, and girt themselves with a cord. They had 28 convents, and were united by Pope Pius V. partly with the Cistercian order, and partly with that of the Soccolanti, or wooden-shoe wearers.
AMELAND, an island in the North Sea, being a part of the province of Friesland, in the Netherlands, from which it is separated by a strait called the Wat. It contains three villages, one hamlet, and 2970 inhabitants, who chiefly subsist by fishing, by freight, by burning lime from mussel-shells, and by some agricultural pursuits. Some corn is grown, and the cows produce both butter and cheese.
AMELIA, an episcopal city of Italy, in the State of the Church, seated on a mountain in the duchy of Spo-letto. Long. 12. 19. E. Lat. 42. 33. N.

Amelia, a county in Virginia, situated between the Blue-ridge and the tide waters, having Cumberland county on the north, Prince George county on the east, and Lunenburg county on the south and west. In 1810 Amelia contained 10,594 inhabitants, of whom a great proportion were slaves.

AMELIA Isle, on the coast of East Florida, lies about seven leagues north of St Augustin, and very near Talbot Island on the south, at the mouth of St John’s river. It is 13 miles long and two broad, is very fertile, and has an excellent harbour. Its north end lies opposite to Cumberland Island, between which and Amelia Isle is the entry into St Mary’s river, in long. 67. 23. W. lat. 30. 52. N.
AMELOT de la Houssai, Nicholas, born at Orleans in 1634, was much esteemed at the court of France, and appointed secretary of an embassy which that court sent to the commonwealth of Venice, as appears by the title of his Translation of Father Paul’s History of the Council of Trent; but he afterwards published writings which gave such offence that he was imprisoned in the Bastile. The first works he printed were the History of the Government of Venice, and that of the Uscoks, a people of Croatia. In 1683 he published his translations into French of Machiavel’s Prince, and Father Paul’s History of the Council of Trent, and political Discourses of his own upon Tacitus. These performances were well received by the public. He did not prefix his own name to the two last-mentioned works, but concealed himself under that of La Mothe Josseval. His translation of Father Paul was attacked by the partisans of the pope’s unbounded power and authority. In France, however, it met with great success; all the advocates for the liberty of the Gallican church promoting the success of it to the utmost of their power, though at the same time there were three memorials presented to have it suppressed. When the second edition of this translation was published, it was violently attacked by the Abbé St Real, in a letter which he wrote to M. Bayle, dated October 17, 1685. Amelot defended himself in a letter to the same gentleman. In 1684 he printed, at Paris, a French Translation of Balthasar Gracians Courtier, with the title of Ľ Homme de Cour. In 1686 he printed La Morale de Tacite de la Flatterie, in which work he collected several particular facts and maxims, [7:2:605]which represent in a strong light the artifices of court flatterers, and the mischievous effects of their poisonous discourses. Frederick Leonard, a bookseller at Paris, having proposed in the year 1692 to print a collection of all the treaties of peace between the kings of France and all the other princes of Europe, since the reign of Charles VII. to the year 1690, Amelot published a small volume, in duodecimo, containing a preliminary discourse upon these treaties, wherein he endeavours to show, that most princes, when they enter into a treaty, think more how to evade than how to perform the terms to which they subscribe. He published also an edition of Cardinal d’Õssat’s letters in 1697, with several observations of his own; which, as he tells us in his advertisement, may serve as a supplement to the history of the reigns of Henry III. and Henry IV., kings of France. He wrote several other works; and died at Paris in 1706, at the age of 73. Amelot was at one time confined in the Bastile, probably on account of his political writings.
AMELOTTE, Denis, a celebrated French writer, was born at Saintonge in 1606. He maintained a close correspondence with the fathers of the Oratory, a congregation of priests founded by Philip of Neri. He wrote the life of Charles of Gendron, second superior of this congregation, and published it at Paris in 1643. In this work he said something of the famous abbot of St Cyran which greatly displeased the gentlemen of Port Royal, who, out of revenge, published a libel against him, entitled Idée Générale de l’Esprit et de Livre de P. Amelotte. He was so much provoked by this satire, that he did all in his power to injure them. They had finished a translation of the New Testament, and were desirous to have it published; for which purpose they endeavoured to procure an approbation from the doctors of the Sorbonne, and a privilege from the king. Amelotte, however, by his influence with the chancellor, defeated their intention. In this he had also a view to his own interest, being about to publish a translation of his own. Amelotte’s translation, with annotations, in four volumes octavo, was printed in the years 1666, 1667, and 1668, and, according to F. Simon, contains some very gross blunders. Amelotte wrote also an Abridgement of Divinity, a Catechism for the Jubilee, and a kind of Christian Manual for every day. He entered into the congregation of the Oratory in 1650, and continued amongst them till his death, which happened in 1678.
AMEN, ∙jnx, signifies true, faithful, certain. It is made use of likewise to affirm any thing, and was a sort of affirmation used often by our Saviour: Αμήν, hμrμ, λtγω υμιν, ι. e. Verily, verily, I say unto you. Lastly, it is understood as expressing a wish: as, amen, so be it, Numb. v. 22; or an affirmation, amen ; yes, I believe it, 1 Cor. xiv. 16. The Hebrews end the five books of Psalms, according to their way of distributing them, with the words amxn, amen ; which the Septuagint have translated γwιτο, γtνοιη ; and the Latins flat, fiat. The Greek and Latin churches have preserved this word in their prayers, as well as alleluiah and hosannah; because they observed more energy in them than in any terms which they could use in their own languages. At the conclusion of the public prayers, the people answered with a loud voice, Amen; and St Jerome says, that at Rome, when the people answered amen, the sound of their voices was like a clap of thunder: In similitudine coelestis tonitrui amen reboat. The Jews assert that the gates of heaven are opened to him who answers amen with all his might.
AMEND, or Amende, in the French customs, a pecuniary punishment imposed by a judge for any crime, false prosecution, or groundless appeal.

AMENDE Honorable, a species of punishment formerly inflicted in France upon traitors, parricides, or saerilegious persons, in the following manner; The offender being delivered into the hands of the hangman, his shirt is stripped off, a rope put about his neck, and a taper placed in his hand; he is then led into court, where he must beg pardon of God, the king, the court, and his country.

Amende Honorable is a term also used for making recantation in open court, or in presence of the person injured.
AMENDMENT, in a general sense, denotes some alteration or change made in a thing for the better.

Amendment, in Law, the correction of an error committed in a process, which may be amended after judgment, unless the error lies in giving judgment; for in that ease it is not amendable, but the party must bring a writ of error. A bill may be amended on the file at any time before the plea is pleaded; but not afterwards, without motion and leave of the court.
AMENTUM, in Botany, the name of a species of calyx, consisting of valves, and hanging down in different directions from the caulis. Common oats afford a good example of the amentum.

Amentum, in Roman Antiquity, a thong tied about the middle of a javelin or dart, and fastened to the fore-finger, in order to recover the weapon as soon as it was discharged. The ancients made much use of the amentum, thinking it helped to enforce the blow. It also denotes a latchet that bound their sandals.
AMERADE, a kind of officers among the Saracens, answering to the governors of provinces among the Europeans. The name is originally the same with that of Emir.
AMERCEMENT, or Amerciament, in Law, a pecuniary punishment imposed on offenders at the mercy of the court. It differs from a fine, in being imposed arbitrarily, in proportion to the fault; whereas a fine is a certain punishment settled expressly by some statute.
AMERICA, United States of. See United States.
AMERICUS Vespucius. See Vespucci.
AMERSFORT, a city in the Dutch province of Utrecht, seated on the river Ems. The most remarkable objects are, the town-house; the grand palace, which is triangular; the public walk, planted with trees; and the great church, dedicated to St George. The land to the east and south of this city is very fruitful; on the north there is nothing but pasturage ground, and on the west it is woody. Long. 5. 4. E. Lat. 52. 14. N.
AMERSHAM, or Agmondesham,∙ a market and borough town in the hundred of Burnham, in the county of Buckingham. It consists of one long street, with very few good buildings. It has a well-frequented market on Tuesday. It is an ancient borough, and returns two members to parliament, who are nominally chosen by the householders paying taxes, but really by the Drake family, who are proprietors of a large majority of the houses. There are some moderate establishments for manufacturing cotton goods. The population in 1801 was 2130; in 1811, 2370; and in 1821, 2612.
AMES, William, D. D. a learned independent divine, celebrated for his controversial writings, was born in 1576, and educated at Christ’s College, in Cambridge. In the reign of King James I. he left the university, and soon after the kingdom, on account of his being unwilling to conform to the rules of the church; and retired to the Hague, where he had not been long before he was invited to accept of the divinity chair in the university of Franeker, in Friesland, which he filled with admirable abilities for above twelve years. He from thence removed to Rotterdam for a change of air, which his health required; and here he continued during the remainder of his life. His controversial writings, which compose the greater part of his works, are chiefly against Bellarmine and the Arminians. He also wrote, 1. A fresh Suit against the Ceremonies; ⅛. Lectiones in Psalmos Davidis ; 3. Medulla Theologies ; and several pieces relative to the sciences. He died of an asthma, at Rotterdam, in November 1633.
AMESBURY, a market-town in the hundred of the same name, in the county of Wilts, 78 miles from London, and 8 from Salisbury. It is situated in a narrow valley on the river Avon, on Salisbury plain. It is an ill-built town, but there is in it the beautiful house built by Inigo Jones, formerly belonging to the duke of Queensberry, but now occupied as a nunnery by Catholic ladies. Near the town stands that druidical assemblage of stones so familiar to antiquaries by the name of Stonehenge. The population in 1801 was 721; in 1811, 723; and in 1821, 810.