pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ANGERS, an arrondissement in the department of the Mayenne and Loire, in France, extending over 436 square miles, or 279,040 acres. It is divided into seven cantons, and those again into 59 communes, containing 92,810 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, contains 33,100 inhabitants.
ANGHIERA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the eastern side of the lake Maggiore, in lat. 45. 42. N. long. 8. 40. E.
ANGLESEA, or Anglesey, a county in North Wales, comprehending the island of that name. It is divided from the main island of Great Britain by the narrow river, or rather armlet of the sea, called the Straits of Menai. Over this water a most magnificent suspension bridge has been recently completed, which affords a great facility to the intercourse between London and Dublin. The extent of the county is about 271 square miles, or 174,000 acres. The soil is but moderately fertile; but in average years it yields more barley and oats than the consumption requires. The surplus generally finds a vent in Liverpool. A number of horned cattle, sheep, and hogs, are annually sent over the Menai. The most valuable product of the island arises from the mines. The chief of these, the Parys mine, is the most abundant in copper ore of any mine known in the world; and even in the water lodged beneath the bed of ore, quantities of nearly pure copper are obtained by exposing it to iron. A mine of lead, but rich in silver, has been discovered near the same mountain. Quarries of various kinds of marble, and mines of asbestos, are also found on the island. Coal is obtained at Maltreath in considerable quantities. The mines have, however, of late years diminished in productiveness, especially those of copper. The herring fishery is a branch of industry which in some years gives employment to a portion of the inhabitants.

The island has been celebrated in the most remote periods as the seat of the druidical pontiff, and the great nursery of the instructors in that kind of religion or superstition, of which but little has been handed down by any other mode than by tradition, and which is attended with the doubts and uncertainty naturally arising from that mode of communication. See the article Druid.

At present the Welsh language, of the northern dialect, is almost the exclusive language of the peasantry; but in the towns, especially 7 at Holyhead, English is very generally understood. The county contains 5 towns and 67 parishes. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 35,000; in 1811, 38,300; and in 1821, 46,000. The county returns one member to parliament, and one is also returned by the borough of Beaumaris. The towns, with their population, are, Holyhead, 4071; Amlwch. 5292; Aberfraw, 1204; Beaumaris, 2205.

ANGLING.
ANGLO-CALVINISTS, a name given by some writers to the members of the church of England, as agreeing with the other Calvinists in most points except church government.

Anglo- Saxon, an appellation given to the language spoken by the English Saxons, in contradistinction to the true Saxon, as well as to the modern English.
ANGLUS, Thomas. See White, Thomas.
ANGON, in the ancient military art, a kind of javelin used by the^ French. They darted it at a considerable distance. The iron head of this weapon resembled a Heur-de-luce. It is the opinion of some writers that the arms of France are not fleurs-de-lucc, but the iron point or the angon or javelin of the ancient French.
ANGORA, Angura, or Ankora, a city of Asia in Anatolia, the ancient Ancyra, situated on a stream called abana. It is large an ; neatly built, and its streets are causewayed with large blocks of granite, but have no footpaths. Its position is lofty and imposing, surrounded by mountains, with numerous gardens which yield the finest fruits. The city was celebrated in the ancient world for its fine edifices; and it still contains the remains of its former grandeur. In its streets are to be seen pillars, some of porphyry, and jasper, and fine marbles. The city has been encompassed by a substantial wall, apparently double in some places, formed of durable stone. Some of the gates exhibit Greek inscriptions, and the masonry is intermixed with pillars, architraves, capitals, and other ancient ornaments. The vestiges of an amphitheatre are still to be seen, and the ruins of a magnificent coria or senate-house, of Corinthian architecture, with inscriptions complimentary to Augustus, in whose reign Angora was built. The inhabitants are distinguished in Natolia for their polished manners: they consist of Mahometans and Christians, there being 9000 of the latter, who are subjected to grievous tyranny and exactions from the former. The Christians have a Greek and an Arminian archbishop, and seven churches. Although the trade and population of this place have declined, a great quantity of yarn, Angora stuffs, and shawls, are still manufactured. The shawls, which rival those of Cashmere, are fabricated from the hair of the Angora goat, which is of a fine silken texture. The soil of the adjacent territory is entirely employed in rearing these animals; and the city is supplied with grain from a distance. This city was constituted the capital of Galatia by Nero. It was taken by the Saracens, and afterwards by Tamerlane in 1402, after the battle in which Bajazet was overthrown. The population, which was formerly 80,000, does not now exceed 20,000. 212 miles E. S. E. of Constantinople. Long. 33. 18. E. Lat. 40. 4. N.
ANGOT, a considerable province in the southern part of the kingdom of Abyssinia, which Alvarez, who visited it in the sixteenth century, describes as an extremely rich and beautiful territory. It has not since been reached by any European traveller, and is entirely in the possession of the Galla, who have overrun all the central provinces of Abyssinia. The tribe now in possession of Angot is called the Betzuma Galla.
ANGOU, a small province in the kingdom of Congo, of which, nearly two centuries ago, it rendered itself independent. It extends along the northern bank of the Congo or Zaire, from its junction with the sea upwards. A great proportion of the surface is covered with forests and swamps: cultivation has made little progress, and the population is thin. Captain Tuckey’s expedition must have sailed along the coast of Angou, though it did not recognise it under that name, which was given by the old Portuguese writers. Bomangoi, in the interior, is stated to be the capital; but Cabenda, near the mouth of the Zaire, is the seat of trade, which consists chiefly in slaves, and was considerable previous to the prohibition of that traffic by the British government. See Congo. »
ANGOULEME, an arrondissement in the department of the Charente in France, extending over 556 square miles, or 355,840 acres. It is divided into nine cantons, and these again into 144 communes, with 118,871 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, contains 2101 houses, 15,011 inhabitants, a cathedral, an hospital, and seven churches.
ANGOUMOIS, formerly a province of France, now a district, bounded on the north by Poitou, on the east by Limosin and Marche, on the south by Perigord, and on the west by Saintonge. Through this province run the rivers Touvre and Charente. This last is full of excellent fish; and though it often overflows its banks, it is so far from doing any damage, that it greatly enriches the [7:3:154]soil. The Touvre is full of trouts. The air is generally warmer than at Paris, though the country is hilly. The soil produces plenty of wheat, rye, oats, Spanish corn, , saffron, grapes, and all sorts of fruits. Here are several iron mines, which yield a very good sort of iron.
ANGRA, a city of Tercera, one of the Azores; the capital, not only of that island, but of all the group, and the residence of the governor. It is seated on the southern shore, and the harbour is the only tolerable one in the whole island. It is in the form of a crescent, the extremities of which are defended by two high rocks, that run so far into the sea as to render the entrance narrow, and easily covered by the batteries on each side. From this harbour the town is said to derive its name, the word Angra signifying a creek, bay, or station for ships. Here ships may ride in great safety during the summer; but as soon as the winter begins, the storms are so furi-òus, that the only safety is in putting to sea with all possible expedition. Happily these storms are preceded by infallible signs, with which experience has made the inhabitants perfectly acquainted.

The town is well built and populous, and forms the see of a bishop, under the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Lisbon. It contains five parishes, a cathedral, four monasteries, as many nunneries, besides a bishop’s court, which extends its jurisdiction over all the Azores. The fortifications are strong, but not in good repair.

At Angra are kept the royal magazines for anchors, cables, sails, and other stores for the royal navy, and occasionally for merchant vessels in great distress. All maritime affairs are under the inspection of an officer, Desembergrador, who has subordinate officers and pilots for conducting ships into the harbour, or to proper watering places. The English, French, and Dutch, have each a consul residing at Angra, though the commerce' 4 of any of these nations with the Azores is very inconsiderable. Long. 27. 14. W. Lat. 38. 38. N.
ANGRI, a town with 4426 inhabitants, in the province of Principato Citeriore, in the kingdom of Naples.
ANGUILLIFORM, an appellation given by zoologists, not only to the different species of eels, but to other animals resembling them in shape.
ANGUINUM Ovum, a fabulous kind of egg, said to be produced by the saliva of a cluster of serpents, and possessed of certain magical virtues. The superstition in respect to these was very prevalent among the ancient Britons, and there still remains a strong tradition of it in Wales. This wondrous egg seems to be nothing more than a bead of glass, used by the Druids as a charm to impose on the vulgar, whom they taught to believe that the possessor would be fortunate in all his attempts, and that it would gain the favour of the great.
ANGUS, a district of the county of Forfar, in Scotland. It was an earldom belonging to the Douglases, now extinct.
ANGUSTICLAVIA, .in Roman Antiquity, a tunica embroidered with little purple studs. It was worn by the Roman knights, as the laticlavia was by the senators.
ANHALT-BERNBURG, one of those small independent sovereignties still left in. Germany, and one of, the monuments of its ancient state. The sovereign bears the title of duke. His territories are much scattered between the Hartz forest and the, rivers Saale and Elbe. Their whole extent, is nearly 242 square, miles, or 154,880 English acres. It is divided into two parts, each of which is denominated a duchy. The upper duchy lies on the side and; at the; foot of the Hartz Mountains, and,-though hilly and woody,: has in it some beautiful valleys. The lower duchy, on the Elbe, is a flat marshy district,' but the part which touches the Saale is dry. and healthy. √In the lower duchy the climate is temperate and∙mild,ibut in the upper it is cold and raw, the harvests are late, and the fruits rarely come to perfect ripeness. The principal products are corn, flax; rapeseed, tobacco, garden fruits, and some wine. The country abounds with game, and the lakes and rivers with fish. There are some mines, which, yield silver, copper, iron, sulphur, alum, and gypsum. The inhabitants in 1817 were 37,046, in 7 cities, 54 villages, and 33 hamlets, and are all of the Protestant profession, The chief employment is agriculture, the next is mining, and preparing the metals; but some little woollen cloth and paper are manufactured. The sovereign rules without limitation. The revenue of the state is about L.45,000 annually, of which L.9000 is derived from the royalties of the forests and mines. The remainder is chiefly derived from the patrimonial lands of the prince, and a part from taxes imposed on the subjects, who are mostly in poor circumstances. The military force required for the contingent is 370 men, of whom 120 are kept up, but the landsturm, a kind of militia, including every man between 20 and 30, amounts to 7000, only 30 of whom have fire-arms. (g.)
ANHALT-DESSAU, an independent sovereignty in Germany, with the title of duchy. It takes the first name from the family that governs it, and the second from the chief place in the territory. The greater part lies in a compact manner on the left bank of the Elbe, and on both sides of the Mulde. The other parts are scattered and separated from each other by the dominions of other princes. It is in general a level country, and the compact part on the left bank of the Elbe is cultivated with great care, and yields abundant produce; and though, in the scattered parts on the right bank of that river, there are some heaths and a poorer soil, yet the whole produces sufficient necessaries for its dense population. The whole duchy is divided into 15 amts or bailiwicks. Its extent is 363 square miles, or 232,320 English acres. The number of inhabitants in 1817 amounted to 52,947, living in 8 cities, 2 markettowns, and 115 villages and hamlets. The almost exclusive employment is husbandry, except that the females spin both linen and woollen yarn. All kinds of grain are raised. Flax, rapeseed and its oil, hops, madder, fruit, especially apples, wood, butter, cheese, game, and fish, are conveyed to the great markets of Berlin and Leipsic, and constitute the external trade. With the exception of 1200 Jews and two Catholic congregations, the whole of the inhabitants are Protestants, with ,32 reformed and 21 Lutheran churches. The revenue of the state amounts to L.70,000 annually, of which the personal domains of the duke produce L.20,000; the remainder arises from his feudal dues, and from some moderate taxesì It has no debt, and is the most favoured part of Germany. 1 Though it suffered dreadfully by the war in the year 1813, it was enabled very speedily to recover from its losses, by the productive qualities of its soil, and* the parsimonious industry of its cultivators. The whole military force is nominally 600 men, but scarcely an eighth are ’ mustered at any one time. (g.)
ANHALT-KOTHEN, an independent duchy in Germany. It .consists of four fragments,' intermingled with thelerritories of surrounding princes.· The most compact portion are the three bailiwicks around the capital. The duchy iš on· both sides of the river Elbe, though only one of its towns, Roslau, comes in contact with that stream, the others reaching it by the rivers Ziethe, the Saale, the Ruthe, or the Wipper. The land is generally a level plaim in·, some, parts ;with a sandy soil,· but for the most partiell cultivated, especially on the left side of the Elbe, and very productive. The extent of the dominion; is 324 square miles, or 140,800 acres, ∙, It is divided into nine amts or bailiwickş, and .cornprehendsfour-cities, one market-tow⅛ [7:3:155]and 106 villages and hamlets. The inhabitants in 1817 were 32,454, nearly all Protestants, the Lutherans having 19, and the reformed 28 churches. Husbandry is almost the exclusive occupation, and there is no other trade than that of exchanging its surplus productions for foreign commodities. The chief of that surplus consists of corn, wool, and fruit, especially apples, with which the duchy supplies Berlin to a great extent. The revenue amounts to about L.23,000 sterling, of which the ducal patrimony in Silesia forms L.9000. The state has a debt which in 1816 amounted to L.160,000; but, by means of a sinking fund, which was then established, it has been regularly diminishing. There are no military beyond a small bodyguard. A militia is established, but not called out. The duke, besides this land, is also in possession of the principality of Plesse, in the Prussian province of Silesia, and, in right of it, is a member of the states of that country, (g.)
ANHOLT, a Danish island in the Cattegat, 32 miles north-east of Greenae, and 36 south-west from Lassoe. It is a barren spot, scarcely affording subsistence to 100 inhabitants, who from their language, which is Erse mixed with a few Danish words, are supposed to be emigrants /rom the Highlands of Scotland. Their chief pursuit is fishing. It is surrounded by dangerous banks of sand, for which reason a light-house is built on it, the occupation of which was a subject of contest with England during the war. It is in lat. 56. 32. 2. N. and long. 11. 49. 17. E.
ANJAR, a fortified town of Hindostan, and capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Cutch, which was ceded to the British government in 1816. The country is dry and sandy, and depends entirely on irrigation by means of wells, the expense of sinking which is great. The town is situated nearly 10 miles from the gulf of Cutch. In 1816 it surrendered to the British. It suffered severely from an earthquake in 1819, about 3000 houses being either destroyed or rendered uninhabitable, and 165 persons having lost their lives; while the other half of the town, situated on low rocky ridges, suffered comparatively nothing. In 1820 the population was estimated at 10,000. The port named Toonea is fronted by a creek from the gulf. Long. 70. 11. E. Lat. 23. 3. N.
ANIELLO. See Massaniello.
ANJENGO, a small seaport town and fortress of Hindostan, in Travancore, nearly encircled by a deep and broad river, at the mouth of which it is situated. The fort was built by the English in 1684, and it was retained till 1813, when the factory was abolished on account of the useless expense attending it. Anjengo is infested with snakes, scorpions, and centipedes; those animals finding shelter in the matted leaves of the cocoa-tree, with which the houses are mostly thatched. Here and at Cochin are manufactured, of the fibres of the Lucadine cocoa-nut, the best coir cables on the Malabar coast. The exports are pepper, coarse piece goods, coir, and some drugs.
ANIMAL. See Animal Kingdom.

Animal-Flower, a name applied to certain species of the genus Actinia, remarkable for the brilliant colours which ornament their tentacula, and which produce an appearance resembling the variegated corolla of a plant. The name is of vicious construction, and is falling into disuse. See Zoophytes.
ANIMATED, or Animate, in a general sense, denotes something endowed with animal life.
ANIMATION signifies the communication of life to an animal body. The different hypotheses of physicians and philosophers concerning the time of animation have had their influence on the penal laws made against artificial abortions; it having been made capital to procure miscarrage in the one state, while in the other it was only deemed a venial crime. The emperor Charles V., by a constitution published in 1532, put the matter on another footing: instead of the distinction of an animated and unanimated foetus, he introduced that of a vital and non-vital foetus, as a thing of more obvious and easy decision, and not depending on any system either of creation, traduction, or infusion. Accordingly a foetus was formerly said, in a legal sense, to be animated when it was perceived to stir in the womb; but this doctrine is exploded, animation being now dated from the moment of conception.
ANIME, in Heraldry, a term used when the eyes of a rapacious creature are borne of a different tincture from the creature itself.

Anime, a resin exuding from the trunk of a large American tree, called by the Indians courbaril (a species of Hymenaea). This resin is of a transparent amber colour, a light agreeable smell, and little or no taste. It dissolves entirely, but not very readily, in rectified spirit of wine; the impurities, which are very often in large quantity, remaining behind. The Brazilians are said to employ anime in fumigations for pains and aches proceeding from cold: with us, it is rarely, if ever, made use of for any medicinal purpose.
ANIMETTA, among ecclesiastical writers, denotes the cloth wherewith the cup of the eucharist is covered.
ANINGA, in Commerce, a root which grows in the Antilles Islands, and is pretty much like the China plant. It is used by sugar-bakers for refining the sugar.
ANJOU, a province and duchy of France before the Revolution, bounded on the east by Touraine, on the south by Poitou, on the west by Bretagne, and on the north by Maine. It is now included under the Maine and Loire and the Sarthe and Mayenne. It is 70 miles in length, and in breadth 60. Through this province run five navigable rivers; the Loire, which divides it into two parts; the Vienne, the Toue, the Mayenne, and the Sarthe.

The air is temperate, and the country agreeably diversified with hills and meadows. There are 33 forests of oak-trees mixed with beech. The country produces white wine, wheat, barley, rye, oats, peas, beans, flax, hemp, walnuts, and some chesnuts. In Löwer Anjou they make cider. There are fruit-trees of all kinds, and pasture proper for horses. The greatest riches of the province consist in cows, oxen, and sheep. There are several coal and iron mines, and yet there are but two forges in the whole province. There are quarries of marble and of slate, as well as quarries of white stone, proper for building, on the side of the river Loire. Here are also several saltpetre works, and some glass-houses. The principal towns, besides Angers the capital, are, Saumur, Brisac, Pont de Cé, La Fleche, and Beaufort.
ANKER, a liquid measure at Amsterdam. It contains about 32 gallons English measure.
ANKLAM, a circle in the government of Stettin and the Prussian province of Pomerania. It extends over 566 square miles, or 363,240 English acres. There are within it 4 cities, 6 towns, and 201 villages. The inhabitants are 30,856. The land is a plain, with extensive woods, and about twenty fresh-water lakes, the largest of which is the Ahlbeckr. The feeding of cattle and growing of corn are the chief objects of agriculture; besides which, some hops and tobacco, and much flax, are grown. The woods afford much profitable employment, and furnish charcoal to the iron-works in Pomerania. The capital of the circle is of the same name. It is situated on the river Peene, and is now without fortifications. It contains 3 churches, 3 hospitals, 599 houses, and 5833 inhabitants. By means of the river, which is navigable, it carries on some trade; and it has manufactures of cloth, hosiery, tobacco, snuff, and leather. It is in long. 24. 1. 59. E. lat. 53. 49.15. N.
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ANN, or Annat, in Scotish Law, is half a year’s stipend, which the act 1672, c. 13, gives to the executors of ministers of the church of Scotland, over and above what *was due to the minister himself for his incumbency. As it is a mere gratuity given by the law to those whom, it is presumed, the deceased could not sufficiently provide for, so it is neither assignable by him during his life, nor attachable by his creditors after his death.
ANNABERG, a city on the mountains in the bailiwick of Wolkenstein, in the circle of Erzgebirg, in the kingdom' of Saxony. It is 2820 feet above the level of the sea, ⅛ the midst of a mining district, which yields silver, tin, and cobalt. It contains 592 houses, and 4500 inhabitants, who are employed in manufacturing tapes, lace, sewing-silk, and many other articles. It is in latitude 50. 35. 8. N. The longitude is not exactly ascertained.
ANNACHNAN, a small island of Ireland, on the southwest coast of the county of Galway, 22 miles from Galway.
ANNAGH, an island about 5 miles in circumference, on the west coast of Ireland, between the isle of Achil and the mainland of the county of Mayo. Long. 9.39. W« Lat. 53. 58. N. There is a small village of the same name in the county of Cork, 5 miles from Charleville.