pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PHREATIS, or Phreattium, in Grecian antiquity, was a court belonging to the civil government of Athens, situated upon the sea-shore, in the Piraeus. The name is commonly derived απo row pgíaro¢, because it stood in a pit; or, as others suppose, it is formed from the name of the hero Phre-atus. This court heard such causes as concerned persons who had fled from their own country for murder, or those who had fled for involuntary murder, and had afterwards committed a deliberate and wilful murder. The first w∩o was tried in this place was Teucer, on a groundless suspicion that he had been accessory to the death of Ajax. The accused was not allowed to land, or so much as to cast anchor, but pleaded his cause in his bark, and if found guilty, he was committed to the mercy of the winds and waves, or, as some say, suffered there condign punishment; but if innocent, he was only cleared of the second fact, and, according to custom, underwent a twelvemonth’s banishment for the former.
PHRENITIC, a term used to denote those who, without being absolutely mad, are subject to such strong sallies of imagination as in some measure pervert their judgment, and cause them to act in a way different from the more rational part of mankind.
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PHRYGIANS, a Christian sect. See Cataphhygians and Montanists.
PHRYNE was a celebrated courtezan, who flourished at Athens about 328 years before the Christian era. She was mistress to Praxiteles, who drew her picture, which was one of his best pieces, and placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. We are told that Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after he had seen Phryne on the sea-shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. Phryne became so very rich by the liberality of her lovers, that she offered to rebuild, at her own expense, Thebes, which Alexander had destroyed, provided this inscription were placed on the walls, Alexander diruit, sed meretrix Phryne refecit; but her offer was rejected.
PHRYNICHUS, a tragic poet of Athens, was the son of Polyphradmon or Phradmon, and the disciple of the celebrated Thespis, being a little earlier than Aeschylus. He gained the tragic prize, b. c. 511, and is said to have introduced several improvements into the dramatic art, bringing on the stage female characters, and making the actors adopt the use of masks instead of disfiguring their faces with the lees of wine. Suidas mentions the names of nine of his tragedies, and ascribes to another Phrynichus, son of Me-lanthes, a tragedy entitled The Sack of Miletus, which recalled so forcibly to the Athenians the melancholy fate of that Greek city, that they punished the poet by a fine of a thousand Attic drachmae, or, according to Aelian, banished him from Athens. As the son of Phradmon is said to have died in Sicily, probably at the court of Hiero, where Aeschylus also took refuge, it is not unlikely that this tragedy may have been his production.

Phrynichus, one of the last writers of the old comedy at Athens, flourished B. c. 435, and was the contemporary of Eupolis, Euripides, and Aristophanes. He obtained the second prize, b. c. 405, the year before Athens was taken by the Spartans. Plutarch states, that in one of his plays he defended Alcibiades when he was accused of having mutilated the statues of Hermes. Aristophanes ridicules Phrynichus for introducing too frequently on the stage characters in low life. The fragments of Phrynichus have been collected by Morel, Ex Veterum Comicoum Fabulis quoe integra non extant, Par. 1553; by Hertelius, Vetustissimorum Comicoum Sententiae, Bâle, 1560; and by Grotius, Excerpta ex Tragoediis et Comoediis, Gr. Lak Par. 1626.

Phrynichus Akrhabius, a Greek grammarian, was a native of Bithynia, and flourished about the middle of the second century, in the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and of Commodus. He had devoted much time to the study of the Greek language, which he pretended to speak and write in the utmost purity. He made a collection of all the words used in the Attic dialect, of which an abridgment has been preserved under the title Eclogae Nominum et Verborum Atticoum. He rejected every word which could not be found in some work of Plato, Thucydides, or Demosthenes, and was particularly severe on the style of Menander. This little work, published first by Calliergi, Rome, 1517, was reprinted at Venice, 1524; but the best edition is that of C. A. Lobeck, with learned annotations, Leipzig, 1820, 8vo. Phrynichus had also collected examples of every different kind of style, in the form of a dictionary, divided into thirty-five books, which he dedicated to the Emperor Commodus. This compilation, entitled Apparatus Rhetoricus sive Sophisticus, was still extant in the time of Photius. Some fragments remain, which have been published by Montfaucon in the Bibliotheca Coisliniana, p. 465-69.
PHRYXUS, in fabulous history, was a son of Athamas, king of Thebes, by Nephele. When his mother was repudiated, he was persecuted with the most inveterate fury by his stepmother Ino, because he was to sit on the throne of Athamas, in preference to the children of a second wife. His mother, or, according to others, his preceptor, apprised him of Ino’s intentions upon his life; and, the better to make his escape, he secured part of his father’s treasures, and privately left Boeotia with his sister Helle, to proceed to the court of Aeetes, king of Colchis. They embarked on board a ship, or, as we are informed by the poets and mythologists, they mounted on the back of a ram, whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded on their journey through the air. The height to which they were carried rendered Helle giddy, and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave his sister a decent burial on the sea-shore, and after he had called the place Hellespont, from her name, he continued his flight, and arrived safely in the kingdom of Aeetes, where he offered the ram on the altar of Mars. The king received him with great tenderness, and gave him in marriage Chalciope, his daughter, by whom he had Phrontis Melas and Argos Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus. He was afterwards murdered by his father-in-law, who envied him the possession of the golden fleece; and Chalciope, to prevent her children from sharing their father’s fate, sent them privately from Colchis to Boeotia, the jealousy or resentment of Ino, who was then dead, being no longer to be dreaded. The fable of the flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a ram has been explained by some, who observe, that the ship in which he embarked was either called by that name, or carried on her prow a figure of that animal. The fleece of gold is accounted for by observing that Phryxus carried away immense treasures from Thebes. Phryxus was placed after death amongst the constellations of heaven. The ram which carried him to Asia is said to have been the fruit of Neptune’s amour with Theophane the daughter of Altis. This ram the gods had given to Athamas to reward his piety and religious life; and Nephele procured it for her children, just as they were going to be sacrificed to the jealousy of Ino. The murder of Phryxus was some time afterwards amply revenged by the Greeks, having occasioned the famous expedition under Jason and many of the princes of Greece, which had for its object the recovery of the golden fleece, and the punishment of the king of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas.
PHUGWANA, a large walled town of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, belonging to the Sikhs. It is situated between the Beyah and the Sutelege Rivers, southeast from Jallinder, in a fertile and well-cultivated plain, which produces wheat and other grains, and also the sugarcane.
PHYLACTERY, in general, was a name given by the ancients to all kinds of charms, spells, or characters, which [7:17:476]they wore as amulets, to preserve them from danger or disease.

Phylactery particularly denoted a slip of parchment, on which was written some text of Scripture, generally of the decalogue, which the more devout people amongst the Jews wore on the forehead, the breast, or the neck, as a mark of their religion. The primitive Christians also gave the name of phylacteries to the cases in which they enclosed the relics of their dead. Phylacteries are often mentioned in the New Testament, and appear to have been very common amongst the Pharisees in our Lord’s time.
PHYLLIS, in fabulous history, was a daughter of Sithon, or, according to others, of Lycurgus, king of Thrace, by whom Demophoon, the son of Theseus, at his return from the Trojan war, was received and hospitably entertained. Phyllis became enamoured of him, and did not find him insensible to her passion. After some months of mutual tenderness and affection, Demophoon sailed for Athens, whither his domestic affairs recalled him. He promised faithfully to return before a month had expired; but either a dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation of his affairs, obliged him to violate his engagement; and the queen, growing desperate on account of his absence, hanged herself, or, according to others, threw herself from a precipice into the sea and perished. Her friends raised a tomb over her body, where there sprung up certain trees, the leaves of which at a particular season of the year suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears for the death of Phyllis. According to an old tradition mentioned by Servius, Phyllis was changed by the gods into an almond-tree. Some days after this metamorphosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace; and when he learned the fate of Phyllis, he ran and clasped the tree, which suddenly shot forth, and blossomed, as if still sensible of tenderness and love.
PHYSHARMONICA, a musical instrument, in which the immediate sonorous bodies are springs of steel or of brass, thrown into vibration by a current of air impelled against them. It was invented by Hackel, at Vienna, and is an instrument of the same kind as the acolodico, or aeo-line, which was previously invented by Eschenbach, a Bavarian. The same sort of instrument was reproduced in England a few years ago. On the Continent it has been introduced into organs as a very efficient stop. See the article Music for some notices of similar instruments.
PHYTOLOGY, a discourse concerning the growth, the kind, and the virtues of plants.
PIALAPORE, a town of Bengal, in the district of Dacca, famous for its manufactures of earthenware. Long. 90. 8. E. Lat. 23. 35. N.
PIALNY, a town of the south of India, in the district of Dindigul. Long. 77. 37. E. Lat. 10. 28. N.
PIA Mater, a thin membrane which covers the brain, and is in immediate contact with it. See Anatomy.
PIACENZA. See Piazenza.
PIANO-FORTE, a well-known modern instrument, in which the immediate sonorous bodies are wires of brass and steel. It has completely usurped the place of the old harpsichord, upon which it is a great improvement. Of late it has undergone many modifications, which are too numerous to be noticed here. The merit of its invention is disputed by the Italians and the Germans. Count G. R. Carli, in his works printed at Milan in 1784-1794, states (in vol. xiv. p, 405), that the piano-forte was invented in 1718, by Bartolommeo Cristofori of Padua, during his stay in Florence. The count speaks indignantly of the forgetfulness of the Italians regarding their own inventions: “Della quale inventione ci siamo scordati a segno, che l’ab-biam creduta una nuova cosa, allorchĕ ci venne dalla Germania e dall ’ Inghilterra, accogliendola come una singo-lare produzione di quelle felici regioni, destinate ad illumi-narci con i Jumi presi dagΓ Italiani.” On the other hand, the Germans assert that it was invented about the year 1717, by C. A. Schroeter, a German organist, and that it was afterwards improved by Silbermann, G. A. Stein, and others. The English makers have, of late years, gained great repute by their excellent piano-fortes. Amongst the best may be mentioned those made by the Broadwoods, and by Clementi, Erard, and Collard. Those of Broadwood arc distinguished by a rich soft tone, well suited for accompanying the voice. Erard’s possess a more powerful and brilliant tone, and are better suited for the public performer of piano-forte sonatas, concertos, &c. The horizontal piano-fortes are those most used, as being the best. The origin of the vertical piano-forte may be found in Père Mersenne’s Harmonicoum libri xii. 1652, folio; in which there is an engraving of a similarly formed instrument of an ancient date. We consider the modern extreme extension of the compass of the piano-forte, both grave and acute, as detrimental to the best effects of the instrument. On this subject, and as to the true powers of the pianoforte, see the article Music, vol. xv. pp. 644, 645. An Italian writer informs us, that in the beginning of the present century he had played upon many piano-fortes of a compass of six octaves and a half, made by Antonio Gherardi of Parma.
PIAS, or Bias, a town of Asiatic Turkey, supposed to be the site of the ancient Issus, near which was fought the celebrated battle that decided the fate of the Persian empire. Not many years since it was the residence of a powerful and warlike chief, who rebelled against the grand signior, plundered caravans, and laid the neighbouring countries under contribution. The Turkish ruler, provoked by these outrages, fitted out a fleet, which took the town of Pias, and reduced it to a heap of ruins.
PIASANSKOI, Verschnei, a village of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, near the Frozen Sea. There is another village of the same name, twenty-eight miles to the north of it, and four hundred and sixty miles north of Turuchansk.
PIASTUS, a native of Poland, was originally a wheelwright, and the son of Cossisco, a citizen of Cruswitz. He flourished in the year 830, when, on the extinction of the family of Popiel, great disputes arose about his successor, and Cracow was afflicted with a severe famine. During this extremity, when the people were dying in the streets, the credulous historians of the time relate that two pilgrims, or two angels in human form, having been hospitably entertained by Piastus, they promised him the crown of Poland; and being ordered by the pilgrims to distribute among the multitude his onlyremaining little cask of the common liquor of the country, he piously obeyed their instructions, and the cask was found inexhaustible. The people in astonishment cried out, “a miracle and as it appeared to the electors that this was a declaration of Heaven in favour of Piastus, they resolved on elevating him to the vacant throne.

Though we make but little account of the marvellous means by which it is said that the hospitable wheelwright ascended the ducal throne of Poland, it would be presumptuous entirely to omit a fact attested by all the writers upon this subject. It seemed proper therefore to take notice of it, but we leave it to the reader’s judgment to attach what faith he pleases, or none at all, to the story. Being now raised to the supreme dignity, he was not intoxicated with his prosperity. His natural charity, benevolence, and sweetness of disposition, remained; nothing being altered but his power of doing good. He was truly called the father of his people; the injured never returned unredressed, nor merit unreward [7:17:734]ed. Piastus wiped the tear from the eyes of the widow; and was himself the guardian of the orphan, the general patron of the poor and distressed. His excellent inclinations served him instead of great abilities; and the happiness which his people enjoyed made them forget that their prince was not born a statesman and a warrior. Several intestine commotions arose during his administration, all which he quelled by the mildness and clemency of his nature; for his nobility were ashamed of rebelling against a sovereign who devoted his whole life to render his people happy. He removed the court from Cruswitz, a city which he detested, because it was the scene of Popiel’s crimes and tragical end, and fixed his residence at Gnesna, where he died beloved, esteemed, and even adored, by his subjects. It is in memory of this excellent prince that all the natives of Poland who have since been promoted to the ducal or regal dignity were called Piastes, in contradistinction to the foreigners.
PIATNITZKA, a village of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, twenty-eight miles north-north-west of Eniseisk.
PIAZENZA, Placentia, or Plaisance, one of the four districts composing the duchy of Parma, in Italy, and which contains ten cantons. The capital is the city of the same name. It stands on the right bank of the Po, about a furlong from the stream. It is the see of a bishop, is situated in a rich and beautiful district, is surrounded by walls, which are rather adapted for promenades than for defence, and has a citadel, garrisoned by Austrian troops. The streets are straight and long, especially the one called the Stradone, which is very magnificent. The cathedral is a fine specimen of Gothic architecture, and has a gilded cupola. The city contains 2000 houses, two hundred of which are called palaces, and 16,500 inhabitants, whose chief occupation consists in preparing silk and weaving it, and trading in wine, oil, and cheese. Long. 9. 37. 12. E∙ Lat. 45. 2. 4. N.
PIAZIDA, a river of Asiatic Russia, which rises in the government of Tomsk, and falls into the Frozen Ocean after a course of 300 miles. Long. 87. 14. E. Lat. 73. 30. N.
PIAZINSKOI, a lake of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, 252 miles north of Turuchansk.
PIAZZA, a town of the island of Sicily, in the intendancy of Calatanisetta and district of Noto. It is a fine town, situated on a hill, in a healthy situation, 100 miles from Palermo, the Plutia of Diodorus. It contains 2424 houses, with 13,000 inhabitants, who cultivate the fertile soil near them, and carry on a great trade in its production. Near to it is the Lake of Pergusa, the scene of the rape of Proserpine.

Piazza, in building, popularly called piache, an Italian name for a portico or covered walk, supported by arches. The word literally signifies a broad open place or square; and hence it was also applied to the walks or porticos around them.
PIBROCH, says Dr Beattie, in his Essay on Music, is a species of tune peculiar to the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland. It is performed on a bagpipe, and differs totally from all other music. Its rhythm is so irregular, and its notes, especially in the quick movement, so mixed and huddled together, that a stranger finds it almost impossible to reconcile his ear to it, so as to perceive its modulation. Some of these pibrochs, being intended to represent a battle, begin with a grave motion resembling a march, then gradually quicken into the onset; run off with noisy confusion and turbulent rapidity, to imitate the conflict and pursuit; then swell into a few flourishes of triumphant joy; and perhaps close with the wild and slow wailings of a funeral procession.
PIC DE L’ETOILE, Le, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, so named by Μ. Bougainville in 1768, from its shape. It is one of the group called by Cook the New Hebrides. Long. 169. E. Lat. 14. 29. S.
PICARD, John, an able mathematician, and one of the most learned astronomers of the seventeenth century, was born at Flèche, and became priest and prior of Rillie in Anjou. Going to Paris, he was in 1666 received into the Academy of Sciences in quality of astronomer. In 1671, he was sent, by order of the king, to the castle of Uraniburg, built by Tycho Brahi∙, in Denmark, in order to make astronomical observations there; and thence he brought the original manuscripts written by Tycho Brahé, which are of the greater value as they differ in many places from the printed copies, and contain a book more than has yet appeared. He made important discoveries in astronomy, and was the first who travelled through several parts of France to measure a degree of the meridian. His works' are, 1. A Treatise on Levelling; 2. Fragments of Dioptrics; 3. Experimenta circa Aquas effluentes: 4. De Mensuris; 5. De Mensura Liquidorum et Aridorum; 6. A Voyage to Uraniburg, or astronomical observations made in Denmark; and, 7. Astronomical Observations made in several parts of France. These, and some other of his pieces, are contained in the sixth and seventh volumes of the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences.
PICCOLOMINI, Alexander, archbishop of Patrass, was a native of Sienna, where he was born about the year 1508, being descended of an ancient and illustrious family, which came originally from Rome, but afterwards settled at Sienna. He composed with success for the theatre; but he was more distinguished for his genius, than for the purity of his manners, and his regard to virtue. His charity was great, and chiefly exerted in relieving the necessities of men of letters. He left behind him a number of works in Italian, the most remarkable of which are, 1. Various Dramatic Pieces, which laid the first foundation of his character as a writer; 2. A Treatise on the Sphere; 3. A Theory of the Planets; 4. A Translation of Aristotle’s Art of Rhetoric and Poetry, in 4to; and, 5. A System of Morality, published at Venice, 1575, in 4to, translated into French by Peter de Larivey, and printed at Paris, 1581, in 4to. These, with a variety of other works, prove his extensive knowledge in natural philosophy, mathematics, and theology. He was the first who made use of the Italian language in writing upon philosophical subjects. He died at Sienna on the 12th of March 1578, at the age of seventy.

Piccolomini, Francis, of the same family with the preceding, was born in the year 1520, and taught philosophy with success for the space of twenty-two years, in the most celebrated universities of Italy, and afterwards retired to Sienna, where he died in 1604, at the age of eighty-four. This city went into mourning on the occasion of his death. His works are, 1. Some Commentaries upon Aristotle, printed at Mayence, 1608, in 4to; and, 2. Universa Philosophia de Moribus, printed at Venice, 1583, in folio. He laboured to revive the doctrine of Plato, and endeavoured also to imitate the manners of that philosopher. He had as his principal rival the famous James Zabarella, whom he excelled in facility of expression and neatness of discourse, but to whom he was much inferior in point of argument, because he did not examine matters to the bottom as the other did, passing too rapidly from one proposition to another.

Piccolomini, James, whose proper name was Amma-nati, took that of Piccolomini in honour of his patron Pius II. He was born in a village near Lucca, in 1422. He became Bishop of Massa, and afterwards of Frescati; was made a cardinal in 1461, under the name of Cardinal of Pavia; and died in 1479, at the age of fifty-seven, of an indigestion, occasioned by eating too freely of figs. His works, which consist of some Letters, and a history of his own time, were printed at Milan in 1521, in folio. His history, entitled Commentaries, commences with the 14th of J one 1464, and ends with the 6th of December 1469. They may very properly be considered as a sequel to the Commentaries of Pope Pius II., which end with the year 1463.
PICKERING, a market-town of the north riding of the county of York, 222 miles from London, and six from York. It is situated in a mountainous district, and it had formerly a castle. The church is very large. There is a good market, which is held on Monday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1994, in 1811 to 2332, in 1821 to 2746, and in 1831 to 2555.
PICKET, an out-guard posted in advance of an army, to give notice of the approach of an enemy.

Picket, a kind of punishment so called, where a soldier stands with one foot upon a sharp-pointed stake; the time of his standing being limited according to the nature of the offence of which he has been found guilty.