pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ETYMOLOGY, that branch of grammar which explains the origin and derivation of words, and which has for its object to arrive at their primary signification; for which reason Quintilian calls it originatio. The word is formed from the Greek, ιτυμος, verus, true, and λ>yω, dico I speak; and hence Cicero calls etymology notatio and veriloquium ; though Quintilian chooses rather to denominate it originatio.

A judicious inquiry into etymologies is thought by some to be of considerable use, because nations who value themselves for their antiquity have always looked upon the antiquity of their language as one of the best titles they could plead; and the etymologists, by seeking the true and original reason of the notions and ideas attached to each word and expression, may often furnish an argument of antiquity, from the remaining traces thereof, compared with the ancient uses. Add to this, that etymologies are necessary for the thorough understanding of a language. For, to explain a term precisely, there seems a necessity for recurring to its original import, in order justly and satisfactorily to explain its meaning in its secondary applications. The force and extent of a word is best conceived when a person knows its origin and etymology.

It is objected, however, that etymology is in some measure arbitrary, and built altogether on conjectures and appearances; and the etymologists are charged with deriving their words from whatever source they please. Nor indeed is it an easy matter to go back into the ancient British and Gaulish ages, and to follow, as it were, by the tract, the various imperceptible alterations which a language has undergone from age to age; and as these alterations have sometimes been merely owing to caprice, it is easy to assume a mere fancy or conjecture as a regular analogy; so that the public may easily be prejudiced against a science which seems to stand on so precarious a footing. It must be owned, however, that etymologies are frequently so far fetched as sometimes to render it impossible to perceive any resemblance or correspondence between roots which are alleged to be identical. Quintilian has shown that the ancient etymologists, notwithstanding all their learning, adopted very ridiculous derivations.
EUBAGES, an order of priests or philosophers among the ancient Celtae or Gauls. According to some, the Eubages were the same with the Druids and Saronidae of Diodorus; but others maintain that they were the same with what Strabo calls Evates.
EUBOEA, a long narrow island, now called Negropont, which stretched along the east coast of Greece from the Sinus Maliacus, to nearly the most southern point of Attica. Its length was 1200 stadia according to Strabo, 150 miles according to Pliny, but its greatest breadth is nowhere more than 150 stadia, or eighteen miles and a half. High and rocky mountains rendered the eastern coast unfit for habitation, but on the side opposite the mainland, where the ground became more level, there were several good harbours, and in ancient times cities of no inconsiderable importance. The island produced corn in sufficient quantities to serve as the granary of Athens. It possessed warm baths, iron mines in the vicinity of Chalcis, and salt, which Pliny considered as equal in purity to that of Attica. The mountains furnished wood in large quantities; but as the fir was liable to rot, it was of little use for ship-building.

Its inhabitants were composed of several distinct races.

In the south dwelt the Abantes, mentioned by Homer; and in the north were the Histiaei, who had probably passed over from Thessaly, where we find a district of that name. The Leleges and Dryopes are also said to have occupied a part of the island.

The attack of the Persians must have tended considerably to weaken the strength and power of its inhabitants. Eretria, one of its most flourishing cities, paid the penalty of having assisted its compatriots the Ionians, by being razed to the ground, and its people carried off to the remote regions of Asia. Before the period of the Peloponnesian war it seems to have been wholly subject to the sway of Athens, but towards the conclusion of the contest it succeeded in recovering its independence. The Euboe-ans, however, do not appear to have gained much by this change; for they became a prey to domestic feuds, and were at length glad to acknowledge their ancient dependence on Athens. They continued in this state till the Macedonians had succeeded in annihilating the maritime supremacy of the Athenians, when the principal cities of Euboea were garrisoned by the troops of Macedon. The Romans once more restored it to freedom. (Thucyd. i. 114, viii. 5; Diodor. xv. xvi.; Liv. xxxiv. 51; Strab. x. 444.; Plin. iv. 12.) For a more full description, the reader may consult Mannert, Geographie des Griechenlandes, Leips. 1822 (vol. viii. p. 244). See Negropont.
EUCHARIST, the sacrament of the Lord’s supper. The word in the original Greek, Eo^ag/d’na, literally imports thanksgiving ; being formed from íu, bene, well, and %αg∕,, gratia, thanks. This sacrament was instituted by Christ himself; and the participation of it is called communion.

As to the manner of celebrating the eucharist among the ancient Christians; after the customary oblations were made, the deacon brought water to the bishops and presbyters, standing round the table, to wash their hands; according to the words of the psaloust, “I will wash my hands in innocence, and so will I compass thy altar, 0 Lord.” Then the deacon cried aloud, “mutually embrace and kiss each other ;” which being done, the whole congregation prayed for the universal peace and welfare of the church, for the tranquillity and repose of the world, for the prosperity of the age, for propitious weather, and for all ranks and degrees of men. After this followed the mutual salutations of the minister and people; and then the bishop or presbyter, having sanctified the elements by a solemn benediction, broke the bread, and handed it to the deacon, who delivered it to the communicants; and in like manner afterwards the cup. The sacramental wine was usually diluted or mixed with water. During the time of administration hymns and psalms were sung; and the whole concluded with prayer and thanksgiving, upon which the people saluted each other with the kiss of peace, and so the assembly broke up.
EUCHITES or Euchitae, a sect of ancient heretics, who were first formed into a religious body towards the end of the fourth century, though their doctrine and discipline existed in Syria, Egypt, and other eastern countries, before the birth of Christ. They were so called because they prayed without ceasing, imagining that prayer alone was sufficient to save them. They rested chiefly on the injunction of St Paul, Pray without ceasing. The name is formed from the Greek, ιυχ ι η, prayer, whence w χιται, the same with the Latin precatores. They were also called Enthusiasts and Messalians, terms denoting the same thing as Euchites.
EUCHOLOGIUM, Euχτλoχ∕ov, a Greek term, signifying literally α discourse on prayer. The word is formed form sυχ ι η, prayer, and aoyoς, discourse. The euchologium is properly the Greek ritual, in which are prescribed the [7:9:391]order and manner of every thing relating to the order and administration of their ceremonies, sacraments, ordinances, and the like. Gore has given an edition of the Greek euchologium in Greek and Latin, with notes.
EUDIOMETER, an instrument for ascertaining the purity of the atmospherical air, or the quantity of oxygen contained in it, chiefly by means of its diminution, or the absorption produced by exposing certain substances to its action.
EUDOSIA, called Athen t ia before her conversion to Christianity, a celebrated lady, the daughter of Leontius, a philosopher of Athens, who gave her such a learned education that at his death he left her only a small legacy, saying she was capable of making her own fortune. Having pleaded at Athens without success against her two brothers for a share in her father’s estate, she carried her cause personally by appeal to Constantinople, recommended herself to Pulcheria, the sister of the emperor Theodosius the Younger, embraced Christianity, was baptized y the name of Eudosia, and soon afterwards married to t emperor. This union lasted a considerable time; but a difference having at length taken place, on account of t e emperor’s jealousy, excited by Chrysapius the eunuch, hu [7:9:393]dosia retired to Jerusalem, where she spent many years in building and adorning churches, and in relieving the poor. Dupin says that she did not return thence till after the emperor’s death; but Cave states that she was reconciled to him, returned to Constantinople, and continued with him till his death, after which she again retired to Palestine, where she spent the remainder of her life in pious works. According to Dupin, she died in the year 460; according to Cave, in 459. The latter observes that on her deathbed she took a solemn oath, by which she declared herself entirely free from any stains of unchastity. She was the author of a paraphrase in heroic verse on the first eight books of the Old Testament, and of a great number of poems, which are no longer extant.
EUDOXIANS, a party or sect of heretics in the fourth century, so denominated from their leader, Eudoxius, patriarch of Antioch and Constantinople, who was a great defender of the Arian doctrine. The Eudoxians adhered to the errors of the Arians and Eunomians, maintaining that the Son was created out of nothing, and that he had a will distinct and different from that of the Father.
EULOGY, Eulogia, in Ecclesiastical History. When the Greeks cut a loaf or piece of bread to consecrate it, they broke the rest into little bits, and distributed it among the persons who had not yet communicated, or sent it to persons who were absent; and these pieces of bread were what they called eulogies. The word is Greek, iυλoy∕α, formed from eυ, ,bene, well, and λεyω, dico I say or speak; meaning benedictum, or blessed. The Latin church, for a great many ages, had something like eulogies; and thence arose the use of the holy bread. The name eulogy was likewise given to loaves ór cakes brought to church by the faithful to have them blessed. Lastly, the use of the term passed hence to mere presents made to a person without any benediction.

Eulogy likewise means an encomium pronounced on any person by reason of some virtue or good quality.
EUMARIDES, from wμaξy ∖ ς, easy or convenient, among the ancients, a kind of shoes common to men and women. The eumarides were used for pomp and delicacy, being neat, and painted with various colours.
EUMENIDES, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They are fabled to have sprung from the blood of the wound which Coelus received from his son Saturn; but according to others they were daughters of Earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn; whilst others again make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or of Pluto and Proserpine. They were three in number, Tisiphone, ∣Megara, and Alecto, to whom some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one called Adrasta, the daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. Supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, they were stern and inexorable, and were always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. Upon earth they inflicted the divine vengeance by means of wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings of conscience; in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also called Furiae and Lrinnys. Their worship was almost universal, and people dared not to mention their names or to look upon their temples. They were honoured with sacrifices and libations; and in Achaia they had a temple, which, when entered by any one guilty of a crime, suddenly deprived him of the use of his reason, and rendered him furious. In sacrifices their votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juniper; and the victims were generally turtle doves and sheep, together with libations of wine and honey. They were usually represented as of g f ιm and frightful aspect, with black and bloody garments, and serpents wreathed round their heads instead of hair.

hey)ιeld a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of corpions in the other; and were always attended by Teror, Rage, Paleness, and Death. In hell they were seat-θ around Pluto’s throne, as the appropriate ministers of bis vengeance.

’ ∙ jFVv^NlDIA, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, ^ a θ by the Athenians βιμvaι ûsai, or venerable goddesses, which were celebrated once every year, with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, offerings of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens . none were admitted but freeborn citizens who had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied.
EUMOLPIDES, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals at Eleusis. They were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was appointed priest of Ceres by Erechtheus, king of Athens. After his appointment to the priesthood, however, Eumolpus became so powerful that he maintained a war against Erechtheus. The contest proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were killed; and peace was re-established amongst their descendants, on condition that the priesthood should for ever remain in the house of Eumolpus, and the regal power in that of Erechtheus. The priesthood remained in the family of Eumolpus for twelve hundred years; and this is the more remarkable, because he who was once appointed to the holy office was obliged to observe perpetual celibacy.
EUNAPIUS, a native of Sardis, in Lydia, a celebrated sophist, physician, and historian, who flourished in the fourth century, under the emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian. He wrote the lives of the philosophers and sophists, in which he frequently shows himself a bitter enemy to the Christians; and also a history of the Caesars, which he brought down from the reign of Claudius, where Herodian ended, to that of Arcadius and Honorius. The history is lost; but its substance has been preserved in Zosimus, who is supposed to have done little more than copy it.
EUNOMIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, Christian heretics in the fourth century. They were a branch of the Arians, and took their name from Eunomius, bishop of Cyzicus, who died at a very advanced age, about the year 374, after experiencing a variety of sufferings. The greater part of his works are lost. Besides two or three small pieces, however, there remains a confession of his faith, which Cave has inserted in his Historia Literaria, from a manuscript in Archbishop Tennison’s library.
EUNUCH, a castrated or emasculated person. Though the practice of castration is detestable in every point of view, yet there appears no real foundation for the injurious opinion generally entertained of eunuchs, that they are all cowards, and devoid of genius for literature or any solid study. It is certain, indeed, that the ancients never supposed eunuchs to be men of inferior intellects, or that they possessed less vigour of mind than other men. It appears from Herodotus that in Persia eunuchs were far from being objects of contempt, and were even frequently promoted to the highest honours. We learn from Agathias, one of the Byzantine historians, that a general in the Roman army named Narses was an eunuch. Aristotle paid such high respect to Hermias, who was an eunuch, and governor of Atarnea, in Mysia, that he even offered sacrifices in honour of him, as Lucian informs us in the dialogue entitled Eunuchus. Eunuchs, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of heretics in the third century, who were mad enough to castrate not only those of their own persuasion, but all others whom they could lay hold of.
EUPATRIDAE, in Antiquity, a name given by Theseus to the nobility of Athens, as distinguished from the Geomori and Demiurgi. By the establishment of Theseus, the Eupatridae had the right of choosing magistrates, teaching and dispensing the laws, and interpreting religious mysteries. In all other matters the whole city was reduced to an equality. The Geomori were husbandmen, and inferior to the Eupatridae in point of fortune; the Demiurgi were artificers, and fell short of the Eupatridae in number.
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EUPEN, a city of the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, the capital of a circle of the same name. It is a ’ large scattered place, containing 1500 houses, and between 10,000 and 11,000 inhabitants, who carry on the manufacture of fine woollen cloths and cassimeres to an extent which is unknown in any other part of the same kingdom.
EUPHONY, in Grammar, an easiness, smoothness, and elegance of pronunciation. The word is formed from tu, bene, well; and <pωv ι η, vox, voice. Quintilian calls euphonia, vocalitas; ScaViger, facilis pronunciatiο.

Euphonia is properly a kind of figure by which we suppress a letter that is too harsh, or convert it into a smoother, contrary to the ordinary rules. Of these there are numerous examples in all languages.
EUPHORBUS, a famous Trojan, son of Panthöus. He was the first who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector killed; but he perished by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had once been Euphorbus, and that his soul recollected many exploits which had been done whilst it animated the body of that redoubted Trojan. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno.
EUPHORION, a son of Polymnestus of Chalcis, a town of Euboea, born 274 b. c. at the time when the Romans conquered Pyrrhus. He studied under the philosophers Lacydes and Prytanis, and composed many works both in prose and verse. He was appointed by Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, to superintend the library he was collecting at Antioch, which he was anxious should rival that at Alexandria; and here Euphorion resided till his death. Only a few fragments of his works have been preserved; but from the opinions expressed by ancient writers we find that the erudite character of his allusions rendered him so obscure that he was difficult to be understood, and that he was constantly in search of rare and obsolete expressions. Yet he was much admired in the time of Cicero; and in the reign of Augustus his works still continued to be favourites. Cornelius Gallus translated some of his poems; but it was the Emperor Tiberius who carried his admiration beyond all bounds. He imitated his style, as well as that of Rhiarius and Parthenius, and placed their books and busts in all the public libraries. See an account of his life and character by Meinecke, prefixed to an edition of his fragments; De Euphorionis Chalcidensis Vita et Scriptis, &c. Gedani, 1823; also Clinton’s Pasti Hellenici, vol. ii. p. 511; Heyne, De Euphorione, ct Excurs. iii. ad Virg. Eclog. vi. 64, and Excurs. v. ad Aen. ii. See also Ephemer. Liter. Halens. 1824.
EUPHRATES, a large river of Asia, taking its origin from several sources in the great range of Mount Taurus. There are two branches in particular which dispute the honour of being the principal. One to the east, called Mured, rising not far from the town of Bayazid, traverses the southern part of Armenia Proper; the other, to the west, called by the inhabitants Frat, is formed under the walls of Erzeroum by the junction of two small rivers. The Frat and Mured unite their waters a little below the town of Arabkir, when the river descends rapidly towards the defile called the Pass of Nashar. It then winds along an elevated plain, and about twenty-two miles above Samo-sat, the ancient Samosata, forms a double cataract. Having now cleared all the obstacles that opposed its progress, it rolls majestically along through a wide and verdant valley. At Korna, about a hundred and thirty miles from its mouth, it is joined by the Tigris, and forms with it the Shet-al-Arab, or river of Arabia, one of the noblest rivers in the east. At this point the land sinks, and is occupied with meadows and morasses; but even in the driest season it is navigable for boats of considerable burden as far as Skukashu, a village about a day’s sail farther up. Above this .point the tides of the Persian Gulf reach twenty or twenty-five miles, and the river is navigated during six months of the year by flat-bottomed boats as far as Hibah. The Euphrates has three principal mouths; but bars of sand formed by the river, and which change in their form and situation, render the approach very dangerous. It is said that the tide, meeting with violence the downward course of the stream, divides its waters in the form of frothy billows. The course of the Euphrates before joining the Tigris is about 1400 miles; and adding a hundred and thirty miles for the distance from its junction with the Tigris to the sea, its whole course will be upwards of 1500 miles. Its greatest increase is in January, when it rises twelve perpendicular feet, in consequence principally of the melting of the snows on the Taurian range. Taking advantage of this circumstance, the ancient inhabitants of Asia Minor formed numerous artificial canals and lakes, for the double purpose of protecting the contiguous plains from inundation, and of preserving the superfluous waters for irrigation. The canal of Pallacopus, which was dug by the Babylonian kings, is one of these; and the Sea of Nejiff was also a gigantic work. In general, however, the country languishes under the wretched policy of the Turks; and these great works of art for protecting it against the overflowing streams, and at the same time for preserving the water for fertilising the soil, have fallen into neglect and disrepair. In the time of Alexander, the Tigris and Euphrates entered the sea by separate mouths. (Mannert, Geographie von Indien, vol. ii..p∙ 143; D’Anville, Euphrates; Niebuhr, Voyage, vol. ii. p. 228, 253, 261. See also Malte Brun, and an able memoir on the Euphrates in the Journal of the Poyal Geographical Society, vol. iii. Lond. 1834.)
EUPOLIS, a poet of Athens, born about 446 b. c. , was one of the writers of the old comedy. He began to exhibit his plays at the early age of seventeen, and contended with Aristophanes for the prize 425 b. c. It is said that seven of his pieces were crowned with victory. In those days when the law of libel had not yet been invented, the great and powerful took very summary vengeance on those who had spoken disrespectfully of their characters. Thus Alcibiades is reported to have inflicted a punishment on Eupolis, which was utterly unworthy of his high name. It appears that Eupolis was a private soldier in the army commanded by Alcibiades; and in the voyage to Sicily that general ordered him to be lashed to a rope and plunged several times into the sea, in order to teach him, as he said, to speak with less freedom of his superiors (fJic.Att. vi. 1.). Eupolis perished in a battle against the Lacedaemonians, and it was in consequence of this disastrous defeat that the decree was passed by the Athenians to exclude poets from military service. Thθ fragments of his works have been collected. (Εvpolidis Fragmenta, Gr. Lat. ct cum ĴVotis edid. Rob. V'alpole, 1805; collegit Mart. Runkel, 1829. See Meinecke, E Eupolidi, veteris Comoedice Poeta, Berlin, 1826; also Lucas, Cratinus et Eupolis, Bonn, 1826.)