pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DOMINIS, Mark Antony de, archbishop of Spalatro, in Dalmatia, at the close of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century, was a man whose fickleness in religion proved his ruin. His preferment, instead of attaching him to the church of Rome, rendered him disaffected to it. Having become acquainted with the English bishop Bedell, whilst chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton, ambassador from James I. at Venice, he communicated to that prelate his books DeRcoublica Ecclesiastica, which were afterwards published at London, with Bedell’s corrections. He came to England with Bedell, where he was received with great respect, and preached and wrote against the Roman Catholic religion. He is said to have had a principal hand in publishing Father Paul’s History of the Council of Trent, at London, which was inscribed to James in 1619. But on the promotion of Pope Gregory XIV. who had been his schoolfellow and old acquaintance, he was deluded by Gondomar the Spanish ambassador into the hopes of procuring a cardinal’s hat, by which he fancied he should prove an instrument of great reformation to the church. Accordingly he returned to Rome in 1622, recanted his errors, and was at first well received; but he afterwards wrote letters to England recanting his recantation, and these being intercepted, he was imprisoned by Pope Urban VIII. and died in 1625. He was also the author of the first philosophical explanation of the rainbow, which before his time was regarded as a prodigy.
DOMINIUM Directum, in Feudal Law, the right which a superior retains in his lands, notwithstanding the feudal grant to his vassal.

Dominium Utile, να. Feudal Law, the right which the vassal acquires in the lands by the feudal grant from his superior.
DOMINUS, in ancient times, a title prefixed to a name, usually to denote that the person was either a knight ora clergyman. The title was sometimes also given to a gentleman not dubbed, especially if he were lord of a manor. In Holland the title dominus is still retained, to distinguish a minister of the reformed church.
DOMO d’Ossolo, a province of the kingdom of Sardinia, the northernmost of the whole dominion. Its extent[7:8:109] is 366 square miles, or 234,240 English acres. It contains sixty-nine market towns and villages, but no city, and only 20,750 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is situated on the river Toccia, in a valley where the road over the Simplon ends. It contains 1260 inhabitants.
DOMUS, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, situated at the mouth of the Tuptee, fifteen miles south-west from Surat. Long. 72. 53. E. Lat. 21. 5. N.
DON, or Tanais, a river of Russia, which takes its rise from the small lake of St John, near Tula, in the government of Moscow, and passing through part of the province of Voronetz, a small portion of the Ukraina-Slobodskaia, and the whole province of Azof, divides itself near Tscherkask into three streams, and falls in these separate branches into the Sea of Azof. This river has so many windings, is in many parts so shallow, and abounds with such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, excepting in the spring, upon the melting of the snows; and its mouth is also so choked up with sand that only flat-bottomed vessels, excepting in the same season, can pass into the Sea of Azof. The banks of the Don, and of the rivulets which fall into it, are clothed with large tracts of forest, the timber of which is floated down the stream to St Demetri and Rost of, where the frigates for the Sea of Azof are chiefly constructed. The navigation of the Don, Mr Cox observes, may possibly hereafter be rendered highly valuable, by conveying to the Black Sea the iron of Siberia, the Chinese goods, and the Persian merchandise; which latter commodities, as well as the products of India, formerly found their way into Europe through this same channel.

Don is also the name of a river in Scotland, which is noticed under the article Aberdeen. Don Kossachs, land of, a province of Russia in Europe, taking its name from the river anciently called the Tanais, which passes through it, and falls into the Sea of Azof. It extends from 46. 7. to 51 .4. north latitude, and from 37. 15. to 44. 34. east longitude, and contains 79,442 square miles, or 50,842,000 English acres, being nearly equal to England and Scotland. The whole district is a plain, except on the south-east part, where a low range ofhills, a continuation of the Caucasian range, extends into the steppes. The soil is dry, consisting for the most part of a sandy clay; but near the rivers it is highly fertile. The grass on the land is not thick, and the herds of cattle require a large space to feed upon. Besides the Don, it has some streams which mostly empty themselves into that river, but in summer they are nearly dry. Agriculture is but little pursued, and the corn raised is barely sufficient for the consumption. The breeding of cattle, especially of horses, is the chief occupation. Even the common Kos-sacks have from ten to a hundred horses, and many of the richer class from five hundred to a thousand. The fishing on the rivers and lakes is the branch of industry next in importance to the breeding of cattle. By a census taken in 1796, the inhabitants were 366,247: they are known to have increased since, and were estimated in 1827 as amounting to at least 500,000. The feudal system prevails, the land is held by military tenure, and every man is a soldier. The country is divided into seven circles. The chief city is Tscherkask, situated on an arm of the Don, and said to contain about 15,000 inhabitants.
DONARIA, among the ancients, in its primary signification, meant the places where the oblations offered to the gods were kept; but it was afterwards used to denote the offerings themselves, and sometimes, though improperly, the temples.
DONATION {Donatw), an act or contract by which a man transfers to another either the property or the use of the whole or a part of his effects as a free gift.
DONATIVE {Donativum), a present made by any person, and called also gratuity.

The Romans made large donatives to their soldiers, and hence the soldiers in time became the masters of the Romans. Julia Pia, wife of the Emperor Severus, is called on certain medals mater castrorum, because of the care she took of the soldiery, by interposing for the augmentation of their donatives.

Donative was properly a gift made to the soldiery, as congiarium was a gift made to the people. Salmasius, in his notes to Lampridius’s Life of Heliogabalus, in mentioning a donative which that emperor gave of three pieces of gold per head, observes, that this was the common and legitimate rate of a donative. Casaubon, in his notes on the Life of Pertinax by Capitolinus, observes, that Pertinax made a promise of 3000 denarii to each soldier, or upwards of L.97 sterling. The same author writes, that the legal donative was 20,000 denarii; that it was not customary to give less, especially to the praetorian soldiers; and that the centurions had double, and the tribunes more in proportion.

Donative, in the canon law, a benefice given and collated to a person by the founder or patron, without either presentation, institution, or induction by the ordinary.
DONATO, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of Parma, at which is a medicinal bath. It contains 2200 inhabitants.

Donato, a town of Italy, in the province Terra di Lavoro, of the kingdom of Naples, with 2390 inhabitants.
DONATORY, in Scotch Law, that person to whom the king bestows his right to any forfeiture which has fallen to the crown.
DONATUS, a schismatic bishop of Carthage, founder of the sect of Donatists. His followers honoured him like a god. He died about the year 368.

Donatus, Aelius, a grammarian, who lived at Rome about the middle of the fourth century. He was one of St Jerome’s masters, and composed commentaries on Terence and Virgil.
DONAUESCHINGEN, a city of Baden, in the circle of the Lake. The source of the Danube is here in the court of the palace of the Prince of Furstenburg, who is the chief proprietor. The city walls are destroyed. It contains 350 houses, with 2083 inhabitants employed in various handicraft trades.
DONAWERTH, a bailiwick in the circle of Upper Danube, of the kingdom of Bavaria. It extends over seventy-four square miles, or 47,360 English acres, and contains one city and twenty-eight villages, with 8353 inhabitants. It is a fertile district, and yields good corn, tobacco, and fruit. The capital, of the same name, is on the Danube, and contains 503 houses, and 2431 inhabitants, who are employed in manufactures from wool, hemp, and flax.
DONCASTER, a large town in the wapentake of Strafforth and Tickhill, in the county of York, 158 miles from London. It is a well-built town, and occupies a fine situation[7:8:111] on the river Don, which is thus far navigable. It is celebrated for the wealth of its corporation, the races which are annually held here, and for its magnificent church. These attractions have drawn many residents, who subsist on moderate fortunes. The first power-looms were attempted here near forty years ago. There is some trade by the river, and a large market held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 5697, in 1811 to 6935, in 1821 to 8544, and in 1831 to 10,801.
DONDRAHEAD, a low point of land which forms the southern extremity of the island of Ceylon, adjacent to which is a populous village, where are still to be seen the remains of a Hindu temple, which bears marks of having once been a magnificent structure, and contiguous to it a smaller one dedicated to Boodha. Long. 80. 40. E. Lat. 5. 50. N.
DONGOLA, or Dankala, a town on the Nile, and capital of the district of Nubia. It stands on the declivity of a dry, arenaceous hill, and the streets are almost choked with sand brought down from the mountains behind by the floods. The houses are low and ill built. The castle is situated in the middle of the town, and is spacious, but badly fortified. The horses of Dongola are highly prized; they are remarkably beautiful, and their riders are very skilful. When the Mamelukes were expelled from Egypt, a party of those who escaped took possession of Dongola, and erected there a species of petty sovereignty. Their number, however, does not exceed 500, with from 3000 to 6000 negro slaves. Long. 32. 0. E. Lat. 19. 20. N.
DONKAW, a circle in the Russian government of Riasan, bounded on the north by Skopin, on the northeast by Miahsh, on the cast by Ranenburg, on the south by Tamhow, and on the west by Tula. It is watered by the river Don, and has but little wood, but some good arable land, producing rye and other corn, and feeding black [7:8:115]cattle. The inhabitants amount to 75,500. The chief town, of the same name, is situated on the Don, and contains six churches, a monastery, 351 houses, and 2100 inhabitants.
DONNE, Dr John, a poet and divine, was born in the city of London in 1753. His parents were of the Catholic religion, and used their utmost efforts to keep him firm in the same persuasion; but an early examination of the controversy between the church of Rome and the Protestants determined him to adhere to the creed of the latter. He travelled into Italy and Spain, where he made many useful observations, and learned the languages of both countries to perfection. Soon after his return to England, Sir Thomas Egerton, keeper of the great seal, appointed him his secretary, and in this post he continued during five years. He married privately Anne, the daughter of Sir George Moore, then chancellor of the garter, and niece to the lord keeper’s lady, in consequence of which he was dismissed from his place and thrown into prison. But he was afterwards reconciled to Sir George by the good offices of Sir Francis Wooley. In 1612 he accompanied Sir Robert Drury to Paris. During this time many of the nobility solicited the king to give him some secular employment. But his majesty, who took pleasure in his conversation, had engaged him in writing his Pseudo-Aiariyr, printed at London in 1610; and he was so highly pleased with that work, that, in 1614, having prevailed on the author to enter into holy orders, he appointed him one of his chaplains, and procured him the degree of doctor of divinity from the university of Oxford. In 1619 Dr Donne attended the Earl of Doneaster in his embassy into Germany. In 1621 he was made dean of St Paul’s; and the vicarage of St Dunstan in the West soon afterwards fell to him. Besides the above work, he wrote, 1. Devotions upon emergent Oeeasions; 2. The Ancient History of the Septuagint, translated from the Greek of Aristeas, 1633, in 12mo; 3. Three volumes of Sermons, 1640, 1649, 1660, folio; 4. A considerable number of Poems; and other works.

Donne’s writings show him to have been a man of wit and learning; but his greatest excellence consisted in satire. Lord Falkland, no mean judge, styles him one of the most witty and most eloquent of modern divines. His reputation as a poet was higher in his own time than it has been since. Dryden, with his usual judgment and discrimination, characterises him as “the greatest wit, though not the best poet, of our own nation and adds, that “he affects metaphysies, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign, and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love.” Donne’s numbers, if they may be so called, are certainly the most rugged and uncouth of any of our poets; yet he was certainly not ignorant nor unskilled in the higher attributes of style, for he wrote elegantly in Latin, and displays considerable taste in some of’ his smaller pieces and epigrams.
DONNINGTON, a market-town of the hundred of Kirton, in the county of Lineoln, 106 miles from London, and situated in a fenny district, having a water communication with Boston. The market is on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1321, in 1811 to 1528, in 1821 to 1638, and in 1831 to 1759.
DONSKAIA, a fortress of Asiatic Russia, situated on the brook Taschle, the first of a chain of posts established between the Sea of Azof and the Caspian. It contains about forty houses; and adjacent to it is a village of Cossacks. It is 116 miles north-north-west of Ekaterinograd.
DOOMSDAY Book. See Domesday Book.
DOONAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, thirty miles south from the town of Gurrah. Long. 80. 3. E. Lat. 22. 48. N.
DOONDEAKERA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Oude, situated on the north-east side of the Ganges. The adjacent country abounds with game and wild cattle of a small breed. Long. 80. 40. E. Lat. 26. 12. N.
DOORNICK. See Tournai.
DOORYGHAUT, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and district of Gazypoor, situated on the south side of the Goggrath, and seventy miles north-east from Benares. Long. 83. 31. E. Lat. 26 15. N.
DOORYDROOG, a fortress of the south of India, in the province of Mysore, situated on a rock. Long. 77. 25. E. Lat. 13. 27. N. . I
DOOSHAK, a town of Persia, the capital of the province of Seistan, situated in an open country, about eight or nine miles from the river Heermund or Helmund. The modern city is small, but compact; and the ruins cover a vast extent of ground. It is populous, has a good bazar, and the inhabitants, dressed in the Persian manner, have a more civilized appearance than the other natives of Seistan, who are either Patan or Balouehe shepherds, and live a wandering life, pitching their tents amidst the ruins of ancient palaces. she neighbouring country produces wheat and barley in sufficient quantities to be exported to Herat. The pasturage is also good and abundant. This place is called also Julallabad, and is governed by an independent prince, who calls himself king of Seistan. Long. 61. 13. E. Lat. 31. 26. N.
DOR, the English name of the common black beetle. Some apply the term also to the dusty beetle, which flies about hedges in the evening.
DORADO, in Astronomy, a southern constellation, not visible in our latitude. It is also called xiphias.
DORAK, or Fela hi, a town of Persia, in the province of Kuzistan, situated on two branches of the river Jerahi, in low and marshy ground. It is surrounded by walls about two miles in circumference, built of mud, sixteen feet in thickness, and flanked at regular distances with round towers. It contains few houses within the walls, as the majority of the people, amounting to 8000, prefer living in the suburbs, under the shade of date trees. The palace of the scheik covers a large space of ground, but is in reality a miserable structure, built of bricks dried in the sun, and rapidly going to decay. It is celebrated for its manufacture of Arabian cloaks, which are exported in great numbers all over Arabia and Persia, but it has little other trade. It is seventy-five miles south of Shuster.
DORAN, a town of Arabia, in the county of Yemen, the residence of a chief or governor. It was formerly surrounded by a wall with three gates. It is twenty-eight miles south of Sana. Long. 44. 4. E. Lat. 14. 55. N.
DORAT, a town of the department of the Upper Vienne, in France, on the river Sĕvre. It is in an agreeable situation, contains 349 houses, and 2264 inhabitants, who are mostly makers of hats. Long. 1. 1. E. Lat. 46. 10. N.
DORCHESTER, a town in Oxfordshire, in the hundred of the same name, fifty-two miles from London, on the banks of the Thame. It was formerly the see of a bishop, and the cathedral, which still remains, is used as the parish church. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 777, in 1811 to 754, in 1821 to 854, and in 1831 to 866.

Dorchester, a town, the capital of the county of Dorset, 120 miles from London. It rises gradually from the banks of the Frome, and is a well-built town, formerly celebrated for its breweries of strong beer, but now with little trade, and no manufactures. It was a Roman station, and near it are an amphitheatre and two camps constructed by that nation, together with the remains of their wall. The assizes and elections are held here. The market is [7:8:116]held on Saturday. It returns two members to parliament, chosen by the householders and freeholders; but the adjoining parish of Fordington has now been added to it. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2402, in 1811 to 2546, in 1821 to 2743, and in 1831 to 3033.
DORDOGNE, a department of France, formed out of the country of the ancient Perigord and a small part of Limousin. It is bounded on the north by Upper Vienne, on the east by Corrèze and Lot, on the south by Lot and Lot Garonne, on the west by the Gironde and Lower Charente, and on the north-west by the department of Charente. Its extent is 3740 square miles, or, according to the royal almanack, 898,274 hectares. Its surface consists of mountains, many small hills, and narrow valleys. The soil in general is stony, and by no means fruitful. The calcareous hills are mixed with sandy and clayey soils abounding in flints. It is well watered both by rivers and small streams, of which more than 1400 are enumerated in the statistical and topographical description of the department. The agriculture is in a backward state, the chief corn is maize, which forms the principal bread of the people; but of late the great extension of the potato culture has provided a useful substitute for bread. The chestnut woods, which are said to occupy one fifth of the surface, furnish also a large portion of the subsistence of the inhabitants. Sheep and goats are bred in considerable numbers, and large herds of swine are supported near the chestnut woods. Some districts yield a good white wine; but the whole quantity produced is inconsiderable. The chief exports consist of wine, chestnuts, wall and hazelnuts, nut oil, truffles, cattle, wool, and leather. The manufactures are few. Some iron wares are made, from mines in the department. The inhabitants amount to 4.24,113, of whom 8500 are Protestants. The language is a patois of Italian and French. The capital of the department is the city of Pcrigueux.
DORHEIM, a circle in the province of Hanau, in the duchy of Hesse-Cassel, comprising two market-towns, two villages, and 3812 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, situated on the river Wetter, contains 1194 inhabitants.
DORIA, Andrew, a gallant Genoese sea officer, born in 1466. He entered into the service of Francis I. of France, but preserved that spirit of independence which is so natural to a sailor and a republican. When the French attempted to render Savona, long the object of jealousy to Genoa, its rival in trade, Doria remonstrated in a high tone against the measure; and this bold action, represented by the malice of the courtiers in the most odious light, irritated Francis to such a degree that he ordered his admiral Barbesieux to sail for Genoa, then in the hands of the French troops, to arrest Doria, and to seize his galleys. But Doria got a timely hint of this rash order; retired with all his galleys to a place of safety; and, whilst his resentment was warm, closed with the offers of the emperor Charles V. returned his commission with the collar of St Michael to Francis, and hoisted the imperial colours. To deliver his country, now weary alike of the French and the imperial yoke, from the dominion of foreigners, was Doria’s highest ambition; and the favourable moment had presented itself. Genoa was afflicted with the pestilence, and the French garrison being ill paid and greatly reduced, the inhabitants were sufficiently disposed to second his views. He sailed to the harbour with thirteen galleys, landed five hundred men, and made himself master of the gates and the palace with very little resistance. The French governor with his feeble garrison retired to the citadel, but was soon forced to capitulate; upon which the people ran together, and levelled the citadel with the ground. It was now in Doria’s power to have rendered himself the sovereign of his country; but, with a magnanimity of which there are few examples, he assembled the people in the court before the palace, disclaimed all preeminence, and recommended to them to settle what form of government they chose to establish. The people, animated by his spirit, forgot their factions, and fixed that form of government which, with little variation, subsisted until the year 1815. This event happened in 1528. Doria lived to a great age, respected and beloved as a private citizen; and he is still celebrated in Genoa by the most honourable of all appellations, the father of his country, and the restorer of its liberty.