pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
JERSEY, one of a group of islands, forming part of the ancient duchy of Normandy, but now considered as a portion of the county of Hampshire in England, for some few legal purposes. It is about six leagues from the French, and twenty-three from the English coast. It is nearly twelve miles in length from east to west, and in no part more than seven miles in breadth. The square extent is sixty-three miles, or about 40,000 English acres. The shore is indented with numerous bays; but they are very difficult of access, from the rapidity of the tide, which, among the rocks that surround the island, causes eddies of great but variable velocity. The island is protected by appropriate fortifications, and in time of war is commonly provided with a sufficient military force, besides a well-disciplined militia, to defend it from sudden attacks. The face of the island is rather hilly, with rich, well-watered valleys between the respective ranges; the slope is towards the south; and, though the tops of the hills are almost barren, yet the soil in the lower parts is a rich and will-cultivated alluvium. The climate is mild and uniform, frosts being rare in winter, and the air being tempered by the sea-breezes in the summer. Though fertile, the island does not grow sufficient corn for the sustenance of the dense population; but it yields a surplus of fruit, of cider, and of potatoes; and, besides, sends yearly to England some hundreds of the peculiar race of cows which, like those of Guernsey and Alderney, are esteemed for the great quantity rather than the good quality of the milk which they yield. The chief trade of the island is the Newfoundland fishery, for which several ships are equipped and annually despatched. Formerly a great contraband trade was carried on; and in time of war the business of privateering was extensively followed. The island is governed by a local legislature and a distinct judicature, under the ultimate control of the king in council. The ancient Norman laws are still in force, and the greater part of the inhabitants retain, and among themselves use, the language of the country from which they originated. The church of England is the established religion, and is under the ecclesiastical direction of the Bishop of Winchester. There are several of the other protestant sects, who support their own religious institutions. Though easily defended as long as England has a superior naval force to succour it, Jersey has always been deemed a. desirable possession by France. Several attacks have been projected, and one actually made in 1781, which was at first successful, but ultimately repelled by a body of troops under the brave Major Pierson, who was unfortunately killed in the action. In an attempt two years before, the French were intercepted by an English squadron, and destroyed before they could land any troops. The chief town is St Hilliers; another town, St Aubins, is smaller; both the harbours are dry at low water. The population amounts to upwards of 29,000, being the most dense of any' in the British dominions·.
JESI, a city of Italy, in the province of Ancona, in the papal dominions, řt is the see of a bishop, and contains a cathedral, five churches, seven monasteries, and five nunneries, and has 5000 inhabitants, whose chief occupation is making woollen and silk stockings. It is situated on the river Esino, about five miles from the Adriatic Sea, in a district rich in olives, wine, and mulberries.
JESSES, ribbons which hang down from garlands or crowns in falconry; also short straps of leather fastened to the hawk’s legs, and so to vervels.
JESTING, or concise wit, as distinguished from continued wit or humour, lies either in the thought or the language, or both. In the first case it does not depend upon any particular words or turn of the expression. But the greatest fund of jests lies in the language, that is, in tropes or verbal figures; those afforded by tropes consist in the metaphorical sense of the words, and those of verbal figures principally turn upon a double sense of the same word, or a similitude of sound in different words. The third kind of jokes, which lie both in the sense and language, arise from figures of sentences, where the figure itself consists in the sense, but the wit turns upon the choice of the words.
JESUS, the Sωι of Sirach, a native of Jerusalem, composed, about 200 B. c. the Book of Ecclesiasticus, called by the Greeks ∏avageroζ, “ replenished with virtue.” They also quote it under the title of the Wisdom of Jesus the son of Sirah. His grandson, who was also of the same name, and a native of Jerusalem, translated it from the Hebrew into Greek about 121 b. c. W r e have the Greek version, but the Hebrew text is lost.
JESROTCH, a town belonging to the Sikhs, in the province of Lahore, fifty-three miles east from Lahore. Long. 74. 19. E. Lat. 32. 28. N.
JESSELMERE, a large district of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, situated about the twenty-eighth degree of north latitude, and extending to the sandy desert, which constitutes the western boundary of that province. It is a barren country, being for the most part an uninterrupted tract of sand, without rivers, and the wells being of very great depth under ground. Its complete sterility is, however, in some degree owing to the government, as the whole tract is within the limits of the periodical rains, and, if duly cultivated, would be productive. But it is an almost constant scene of hostility, from the number of petty chiefs among whom it is divided. The original inhabitants, in whose possession it still remains, are of the Hindu Brahminical religion, but few in number. The capital is of the same name, and is governed by an independent chief. Long. 72. 16. E. Lat. 27. 44. N.
JESSORE, a district of the province of Bengal, to the north-east of Calcutta, bounded on the north by the Ganges, and on the west by Dacca, Jelalpoor, and Buckcr-gunge; on the south by the sea, and on the east by Kishenagur. In the Ayeen Akberry it is called Khalafabad. The northern part of this district is very fertile; but the southern division is in the Sunderbunds, and composed of salt marshy islands covered with trees. Some parts lie so low that embankments are found necessary to protect them against inundation. The land is fertile, and would produce rice in any quantity. At present, though so near Calcutta, these low-lying tracts are neglected and waste; and being covered with jungle, they are only resorted to by salt-makers and river-pirates, the latter of whom sally out on vessels as they pass any of the innumerable branches of the Ganges by which this marshy country is intersected. The principal towns are Jessore or Moorley, Culna, and Mahmudpoor. In reply to certain queries circulated in 1801 by the Marquis Wellesley, the inhabitants were stated at 1,200,000, in the proportion of nine Mahommedans to seven Hindus. Jessore was formerly the name of the capital; it is now called Moorley.
JET, a black, inflammable substance of the bituminous kind, harder than asphaltum, and susceptible of a good polish. It becomes electrical by rubbing, attracting light bodies like yellow amber. It swims on water, so that its specific gravity must be less than 1000; notwithstanding which it has been frequently confounded with the lapis oh-sidianus, the specific gravity of which, according to Kirwan, is no less than 1744. It also resembles cannel coal in its hardness, receiving a polish, and not soiling the fingers, &c. so that it has also been confounded with this substance. The distinction, however, is easily made between the two; for cannel coal wants the electrical properties of jet, and is likewise so heavy as to sink in water, its specific gravity being no less than 1273, whereas that of jet, as has already been said, is less than 1000.

Jet d , Eau, a French term, used to signify a fountain which casts up water to a considerable height in the air.
JETTEE ', the border made round the stilts under a pier, in certain old bridges, being the same with starling; consisting of a strong framing of timber filled with stones, chalk, or other materials, to preserve the foundations of the piers from injury.

•JETTY-HEAD, a name usually given in the royal dockyards to that part of a wharf which projects beyond the rest; but more particularly the front of a wharf, the side of which forms one of the cheeks of a dry or wet dock.
JEVER, a circle of the grand duchy of Oldenburg, in Germany, extending over 165 square miles, and containing, in twenty-four parishes, 4140 houses and 20,105 inhabitants. It is a level country, on the sea shore, and preserved from inundation by powerful dykes and sluices.
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The capital, of the same name, is a fortified city, containing two churches, 650 houses, and 3460 inhabitants. There is a gymnasium, and the boards for the civil and ecclesiastical affairs of the circle are held here. It has some foreign trade, consisting chiefly in the exportation of corn. Long. 7. 47. 36. E. Lat. 53. 34. 30. N.
JEZIDES, amongst the Mahommedans, a term of similar import with heretics amongst Christians. The Jezides are a numerous.sect inhabiting Turkey and Persia, and so called from their head, Jezid, an Arabian prince, who slew the sons of Ali, Mahommed’s father-in-law; for which reason he is reckoned a parricide, and his followers heretics. There are in Turkey and Persia many Jezides, who are of two sorts, black and white. The white are clad like Turks, and distinguished only by their shirts, which are not slit at the neck like those of others, but have a round hole to thrust their heads through. The black Jezides, though married, are the monks or religious persons of the order; and they are called Fakirs.

The Turks exact excessive taxes from the Jezides, who in their turn hate the Turks as their mortal enemies; and when, in their wrath, they curse any creature, they call it Moslemin. They are extremely ignorant, and believe both the Bible and the Koran without reading either. All the adoration they pay to God consists of some songs in honour of Jesus Christ, the virgin, Moses, and sometimes Mahommed; and it is a principal point of their religion never to speak ill of the devil, lest he should resent the injury if ever he were to come into favour with God again, which they think possible. They bury their dead in the first place they come at, rejoicing as at a festival, and celebrating the entry of the deceased into heaven. When they get wine, they drink it to excess; and it is said that they sometimes do this with a religious purpose, calling it the blood of Christ.
JEZIRA-UL-OMAR, a town of Koordistan, situated on a low sandy island in the Tigris, about three miles in circumference, and environed with mountains. It covers the greater part of the island, and is defended by a stone wall now fallen into decay. It occupies the site of the ancient Roman fortress of Bezabde.
JEZRAEL, or Jezreel, a town in the north of Samaria, towards Mount Carmel, where stood a palace of the kings of Israel, and upon the borders of Galilee. It was said to be one of the towns of Issachar. The valley of Jezreel, situated to the north of the town, runs from west to east for ten miles, between two mountains, the one to the north, commonly called Hermon, near Mount Tabor, the other Gilboa ; and it was in breadth two miles.
JHALAWAN, a territory in the western part of Persia, forming the most southerly province of Beloochistan, and bordering on Mekran and Sinde. It is a very mountainous tract, divided into districts, which furnish each its quota of troops to the chief, Mahommed Khan.
JIIANSI, a considerable town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, district of Bundelcund. It has a strong citadel, situated on a hill which commands the town. It has a manufactory of bows, arrows, and spears, the weapons still in use among the barbarous tribes of the country. The surrounding district is valued at L.50,000 per annum, and belongs to a Hindu chief, one of the British allies. Lone. 71.45. E. Lat. 25. 31. N. ë
JHANSU-JEUNG, a castle in Thibet, standing on a perpendicular rock, which, from its height, seems to be nearly impregnable. It is surrounded by a populous and well-cultivated valley, which is famous for the manufacture of woollens. Long. 89. 23. E. Lat. 28. 50. N.
JHINGWARA, a Coolee state in the province ofGnjerat, and district of Chalawar, containing between 5000 and 6000 houses. It is chiefly ruled by different branches of the same family, of which that of Virajee is the most powerful. The inhabitants are mostly Coolees, who have been degraded from their original rank of rajpoots. It was formerly much larger than it is at present, and was celebrated for a temple dedicated to the sun. On the banks of the Run, near this, a large quantity of salt is prepared, which is also a source of revenue.
JHURJHOORY, a village in the dominions of Nepaul, to the south of which lies the Jhurjhoory Forest, which is about ten miles in breadth, and contains all the finest woods. It is a wretched village, consisting of a few herdsmen’s huts, scattered on the south bank of the Bukkia, the bed of which is here of considerable breadth. Long. 85. 20. E. Lat. 27. 4. N.
JHYLUM, Jelum, Behüt, or Vidusta, the ancient Hydaspes, a large river of Hindustan, which has its rise in the south-east corner of the valley of Cashmere, in the great Himalaya ridge of mountains. It isthere called Vidusta, and passes through two lakes east and west of the town of Cashmere. It is joined, ten miles below the town, by the Little Sinde, and receives many small rivulets in its course through the valley and hills, which it enters at Baramoola; and, four miles below Moozufferabad, it receives the Kishungunga from the north; its course thus far being nearly west. From this it takes a great curve to the south, and near Jelum it is little known, the country being so excessively mountainous that few travellers ever pass that way. In its course through the hills this river is very rapid, and from 100 to 200 yards broad. It is not fordable at any season, though in many places nearly so, as men and horses cross with ease, having only fifteen or twenty yards to swim. After a course of 450 miles, it joins the Chunab at Trimmoo Ghat, eighteen miles below Jhung, and ninety-five above Moultan, in which it loses its name. These joint streams, called the Chunab or Chunha, receive the Ravee forty-eight miles lower down, near Fazilshah and Ahmedpoor, from the eastward, and pass four miles north of Moultan, retaining the name of Chunab to within seven miles of Ooch, where they are joined at Sheeneebukree by the Gharra, or joint streams of the Beyah and Sutledj, 112 miles below Moultan, and sixty miles below Buhawulpore. From this point to Mittenda Khot, where they fall into the Indus, about seventy-six miles, these five streams take the name of the Punjab. The Indus, and the Punjab, or the five rivers, run parallel to each other for this distance, which is about ten and a half miles. The whole of this space is one complete sheet of water during the rains and hot season, and appears as one river. The greatest breadth between the Jhylum and the Indus appears to be 114 miles from Attock to Jellalapore Ghat. The whole course of the Jhylum, including its windings, may be estimated to exceed 4Ö0 miles.
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JIB, the foremost sail of a ship, being a large stay-sail, extended from the outer end of the boltsprit, and prolonged by the jib-boom, towards the fore-top mast head. See Sail. Jin-Loom, a boom run out from the extremity of the boltsprit, parallel to its length, and serving to extend the bottom of the jib, and the stay of the foretop-gallant mast. This boom, which is nothing more than a continuation of the boltsprit forward, to which it may be considered as a top-mast, is usually attached to the boltsprit by means of two large boom-irons, or by one boom-iron, and a cap on the outer end of the boltsprit; or, finally, by the cap without and a strong lashing within, instead of a boom-iron, which is generally the method of securing it in small merchant ships.
JIGAT Point, a town and promontory'atthe south-west extremity of Gujerat, situated on the Goomty, which is an asylum for pirates, the people of this country being much addicted to piracy, in which they are encouraged by their chiefs. It has a Hindu temple dedicated to Krishna. Long. 69. 7. E. Lat. 22. 12. N.
JIHON. See Oxus.
JILLIFREY, a town of Africa, situated on the southern bank of the Gambia, near the mouth of that river. Although not the capital, it is the chief place of trade of the flourishing little kingdom of Barra; and the kin«· has here a custom-house, by which duties on vessels passing up and down the river are levied. Long. 16. 7. W I at 13. 16. N.
JIN. See Genii.
JOAB, general of the army of King David, who defeated the Syrians and the other enemies of David, and took from the Jebusites the fort of Zion, considered by them as impregnable. He also signalized himself in all David’s wars, but was guilty of basely murdering Abner and Amasa. He procured a reconciliation between Absalom and David; and afterwards slew Absalom, contrary to the express orders of the king· He at length joined Adonijah’s party, and was put to death by the order of Solomon, in the yean before Christ 1014.
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JOACHIMITES, in Ecclesiastical History, the disciples of Joachim, a Cistertian monk, who was abbot of Flora in Calabria, and a great pretender to inspiration.

The Joachimites were particularly enamoured of certain ternaries. The Father, they said, operated from the beginning till the coming of the Son; the Son, from that time till their own era, which was the year 1260; and from the latter epoch the Holy Spirit was to operate in his turn. They also divided every thing relating to men, to doctrine, and to the manner of living, into three classes, according to the three persons in the Trinity. The first ternary consisted of men, the first class of whom was that of married men, which had lasted during the whole period of the Father; the second was that of clerks, which had lasted during the time of the Son; and the third was that of the monks, in which there was to be an uncommon effusion of grace by the Holy Spirit. The second ternary was that of doctrine, namely, the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the everlasting Gospel; the first of which they ascribed to the Father, the second to the Son, and the third to the Holy Spirit. A third ternary consisted in the manner of living, viz. under the Father, men lived according to the flesh; under the Son, they lived according to the flesh and the spirit; and under the Holy Ghost, they were to live according to the spirit only.
JOAG, a town of Western Africa, and capital of the kingdom of Kajaago. See Kajaago.
JOAL, a sea-port on the western coast of Africa, in the small kingdom of Bar-Sin. Formerly a considerable slave trade was carried on here; but cattle, poultry, and other provisions are what it now chiefly supplies. Very large vessels, however, cannot enter the port, on account of a sand-bank which stretches across the mouth of the harbour.
JOAN, Pope, called by Platina, John VIII., a woman said to have occupied the holy see between Leo IV. who died in 855, and Benedict III. who died in 858. Marianus Scotus says that she occupied the pontifical chair two years five months and four days. Numberless have been the controversies, fables, and conjectures, respecting this pope. It is said that a German girl, pretending to be a man, went to Athens, where she made great progress in the sciences; and that she afterwards repaired to Rome, still indued with the male habit. As she had a quick genius, and spoke with a good grace in the public disputations and lectures of the time, her great learning was admired, and every one loved her extremely; so that after the death of Leo, she was chosen pope, and performed all offices as such. But whilst she was in possession of this high dignity, she became pregnant; and as she was going in a solemn procession to the Lateran church, she was delivered of a child, between the Coliseum and St Clement’s church, in a public street, before a crowd of people, and died on the spot, in 857. By way of embellishing this story, it has been alleged that precautions were afterwards taken to prevent the recurrence of a similar accident.

Joan d , Arc, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, whose heroic behaviour, in re-animating the expiring valour of the French nation, deserved a better fate. To accomplish this object, she pretended to be inspired; and, in her character of prophetess as well as heroine, succeeded in infusing new energy into her countrymen. But her enemies were not deceived as to her real character; they regarded her merely as a bold and successful impostor; and accordingly, when she fell into their hands, they put her to death. She was burned by the English as a sorceress in 1421, at the age of twenty-four. See France.
JOANA, a town on the northern coast of the island of Java, formerly fortified. It is situated a few miles inland, on the river Joana, along which it extends about a mile. The surrounding country yields rice, timber, and the natives are employed in spinning cotton. The river on which the town is situated is the longest and deepest in the country. It flows out of a deep lake, to which it is navigable by boats; and it has several branches, one of which communicates with Samarang.
JOANES, Dos, a large island of South America, situated at the mouth of the river Amazons, in the province of Para. It is separated from the mainland west of the river Toccantins by the Strait of Tagyparu on the south, and extends ninety miles from north to south, and one hundred and twenty from east to west. It is one of the best peopled districts in the province; and, from its extensive grazing farms, Para, the capital, which is opposite to it, draws its chief supply of meat. The island contains many small towns and villages, and a considerable population of all castes and shades; but the Indians, who are very imperfectly civilized, are the most numerous. The climate is hot, but tempered by the ocean breeze.
JOB, or Booh of Job, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a narrative of a series of misfortunes which happened to a man whose name was Job, as a trial of his virtue and patience; together with the conferences which he had with [his friends on the subject of his misfortunes, and the manner in which he was restored to ease and happiness. This book is filled with those noble, and elevated, and figurative expressions, which constitute the essence of poetry.

Many of the Jewish rabbin pretend that this relation is altogether fictitious; and others think it a simple narrative of a matter of fact just as it happened; whilst a third class of critics acknowledge that the groundwork of the story is true, but that it is written in a poetical strain, and decorated with peculiar circumstances, to render the narrative more profitable as well as entertaining. The time in which Job lived is not mentioned. It has been thought that he was much more ancient than Moses, because the law is never cited by Job or his friends, and because it is related that Job himself offered sacrifices. Some imagine that this book was written by himself; others are of opinion that Job wrote it originally in Syriac or Arabic, and that Moses translated it into Hebrew; but the rabbin generally held that Moses was the author of it, and many Christian writers are of the same opinion.
JOBBER, a person who undertakes jobs, or small pieces of work. In some statutes, jobber is used to signify a person who buys and sells for others. See Broker.
JOBBING, the business of a jobber.

Stock- Jobbing denotes the practice of trafficking in the public funds, or of buying and selling stock with a view to its rise or fall. The term is commonly applied to the illegal practice of buying and selling stock for time, or of accounting for the differences in the rise or fall of any particular stock for a stipulated time, whether the buyer or seller be possessed of any such real stock or not.
JOCKEY, in the management of horses, the person who grooms or rides them. See, on this subject, Horse and Horsemanship.