pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
RAGULED or Ragged, in Heraldry, jagged or knotted. This term is applied to a cross formed of the trunks of two trees without their branches, of which they show only the stumps. Raguled differs from indented in this that the latter is regular, and the former not.
RAGUSA,. A circle in the Austrian province of Dalmatia, composed of what was formerly the independent state of that name, of the peninsula of Sabioncello, and of several islands on the shores of the Adriatic. It was formerly an aristocratical republic, with the peasants feudatories to the nobles; and its constitution was under the guarantee of the Sultan, of the king of the two Sicilies, and of the republic of Venice. When, in the course of the war, the French took possession of the district, the bondage of the labourers was lightened, and when it was ceded to Austria by the congress of Vienna in 1815, the freedom of all was secured. The circle is 1232 square miles in extent, and contains about 50,000 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, the Rausium of antiquity. It is situated in a small bay which forms an excellent haven, from being protected by the island of St. Locromo. It is surrounded with walls, and the gates which, under the old aristocracy, were only opened a few hours each day, now constantly afford ingress and egress to strangers and inhabitants. There is a fine palace formerly the residence of the chief, the cathedral of a Catholic archbishop, several monasteries and churches for both Catholics and Greeks, a college, an hospital, 1280 houses, and 7450 inhabitants, who are employed in building ships, in manufacturing silk, and in making soap, snuff, and various cordials. There are belonging to the port more than 300 vessels, of which about thirty’ are equipped for distant voyages. This place is celebrated for having given birth to the celebrated Jesuit and mathematician Boscovich. Lat. 42. 36. 40. Long. 18. 6. 25. E.

Ragusa is a city of the island of Sicily in the district of Noto, and intendency of Liragosa. It is situated on an Alpine mountain, but watered by the river of its own name. The situation is tolerably salubrious, and 120 miles from Palermo. It contains 16,600 inhabitants, who make woollen cloths and some other goods, and have a considerable general trade. It was the ancient Hybla, and near to it are many remains of antiquity, and several caverns in which the celebrated honey is still to be obtained.
RAHABEK, a village in the desert part of Irak Arabia, near the Euphrates, on the road frequented by the caravans from Syria to Irak Arabia, 110 miles south-west of Mosul. Also a village of Diarbekir in Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, fifty miles south of Kerkesich.
RAHALY, a town of Irak Arabia, ten miles distant from the Euphrates, and seventy miles N. W. of Meshed Ali.
RAHAPA, a small island in the eastern seas, near the east coast of Borneo. Long. 119∙ 4. E. Lat. 4. 58. N.
RAHAT, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and district of Bemdelarnel, forty’ miles N.N.E. from Chakerpoor. Long. 80. E. Lat. 25. 32. N.
RAHDUNPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, and district of Werrear, belonging to a Mahom-mcdan chief, who formerly possessed a much more extensive territory. It contains 6000 houses, 1400 of which are inhabited by shroffs or bankers, some of whom are possessed of property, and carry on an extensive commerce. It is well situated for commerce, and forms an emporium for the trade of Merw ur and Cutch 1 though the road has of late years been infested by a tribe of robbers, called Coolies. The valuable caravans formerly travelled by this route; but they are deterred by the danger of the road. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in agriculture, and they have brought the vicinity of the town into a high state of cultivation. They have no manufactories of any consequence, except one of very coarse cloth for the Coolies. This principality was founded by a Balvocky chief who came from Paakur; and Shah Jehan built the wall in order to repress the invasions of the Coolies. When the Gurcowar compelled the father of the present nabob to resign his claims to Pattan and its nine dependent pergun-nahs, he was permitted to retain Rahdunpore, Manjepoor, and Sommee, which formed part of the original possessions of the family. Long. 71. 45. E. Lat. 24. N.
RAHOON, a town of Hindustan in the Sikh territories, and province of Lahore. It is situated about four miles west of the Sutlege river, and has a considerable manufacture of cotton cloths. During the height of the rains, the river here is above One and a half mile broad. From Rahoon, buffas and piece goods are carried to the fair at Hurdwar, 115 miles south-east from the city of Lahore. Long. 75.35. E-Lat.25. 53. N.
RAIE, a small town of Diarbekir in Asiatic Turkey, 118 miles south-west of Diarbekir.
RAILLERY, according to Dr. Johnson, means slight satire, or satirical merriment; and a beautiful writer of the last century compares it to a light which dazzles, but does not burn.
RAISEEN, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah 1 situated between the 23d and 24th degrees of north latitude, belonging to the Mahrattas. It is bounded on the south by the Vindhaya Mountains, and is intersected by the river Betwah. The principal towns are Raiseen, Bil-sah, and Choonpore. This district is principally laid out in tobacco-fields, for which it is famed. The capital of the above district is of the same name, 126 miles east from Oojain. Long. 77. 47. E. Eat. 23. 15. N.
RAISEN-MARKET, a town of the county of Lincoln, in the hundred of Walshcroft, and in Lindsey division. It is situated near the navigable river Anklom 1 and has a market, which is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 774, in 1811 to 964, in 1821 to 1166, and in 1831 to 1428.
RAISINS, grapes prepared by suffering them to remain on the vine until they are perfectly ripe, and then drying them in the sun, or by the heat of an oven. The difference between raisins dried in the sun and those dried in ovens is very obvious. The former are sweet and pleasant, but the latter have a latent acidity mixed with the sweetness, which renders them much less agreeable.

The common way of drying grapes for raisins, is to tie two or three bunches of them together whilst yet on the vine, and dip them into a hot lixivium of wood-ashes, mixed with a little of the oil of olives. This disposes them to shrink and wrinkle; after which they are left on the vine three or four days, separated on sticks in an horizontal situation, and then dried in the sun at leisure after being cut from the tree. The finest and best raisins are those called in some places Damascus and Jube raisins; which are distinguished from the others by their size and figure. They are flat and wrinkled on the surface, soft and juicy within, and nearly an inch long; and, when fresh and growing on the bunch, are of the size and shape of a large olive.
RAJAH, the title of the Indian princes, the remains of those who ruled there before the Moguls.
RAJAH CHOHANS, a wild, rugged, and mountainous country, very little cultivated, in the province of Gundwa-na, and situated between the 23d and 24th degrees of north latitude. The principal town is Sonehut, the usual residence of the Corair rajah. This tract of country is inhabited by the wildest tribes of India, and presents one continued succession of deep gullies, ravines, chasms, and defiles. The inhabitants are very poor, being collected in villages, which consist of not more than four or five huts each. A little rice, Indian corn, and a few other smaller grains, are the chief products. The country affords abundant cover for game of all sorts; and tigers, leopards, tiger-cats, and large black bears, abound in its woods and jungles.
RAJABARY, a considerable trading town of Bengal, in the district of Dacca, situated on the western bank of the river Megna. Long. 96. 21. E. Lat. 23. 25. N. Rajah, signifying prince, is the praenomen of numerous towns in Hindustan.
RAJAHNAGUR, a town of Bengal, in the district of Dacca, situated on the eastern bank of the Ganges. Long. 93. 14. E. Lat. 23. 22. N. There is another place of this name in the Northern Circars, 12 miles north-east of Raja-mundry.
RAJAMUNDROOG, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapore, and district of Concan. It was taken by General Matthews in 1783, but afterwards ceded to Tippoo. It commands the entrance into the estuary and river Mirjee. Long. 73. 30. E. Lat. 14. 30. N.
RAJAMUNDRY, an extensive district of Hindustan, in the province of the Northern Circars, bounded on the north by Cicacole, and on the south by Ellore; on the west by the territories of the Nizam, and on the east by the Bay of Bengal. This district is intersected by the Godavery 1 and lies chiefly to the north of that river, though part of it is also to the south. At the distance of about thirty-five miles from the sea, this river divides itself into two great branches, and forms the island of Nagur, comprehending, within a triangular space, 500 square miles, but much greater in value than in extent. The whole district includes an area of 1700 square miles. The island of Nagur is intersected by lesser branches of the Godavery, which, supplying abundance of water, render it very productive, being fertilized by the slimy mould carried down by this great [7:19:62]river of the Deccan. The country produces abundance of sugar, which is cultivated to a great extent in the island of Nagur, and along the banks of the Elyseram River, from the

, abundant flow of whose water during the whole year the sugar-plantations arc watered during the driest seasons; and also a variety of other productions are grown, such as paddy, ginger, turmeric, yams, and chillies. Sugar is also grown in considerable quantities in the delta of the Godavery, where the cultivation might be carried to any amount, and where, during the interval between the crops, leguminous plants are reared. The country, from the commencement of the hills along the banks of the Godavery, to Poloonshah on the frontiers of Commamet, is the seat of extensive forests, where the teak-trees are produced in abundance, there being no other country on the east side of the Bay of Bengal which furnishes this valuable timber. Some attempts have been made to raise pepper, but this valuable product is produced in greater abundance and perfection on the Malabar coast. The principal towns are Rajamundry, Ingeram, Coringa, Bundermalanca, Peddapoor, and Pettipoor; but Coringa is the only port which carries on any considerable export trade. Rajamundry was ceded to the French in 1753 by Salabut Jung, the subahdar of the Deccan, and acquired by the British under Lord Clive in 1765. Many additional dependencies, however, have since been acquired by conquest or policy; and it now constitutes one of the five collectorships into which the Northern Cir-cars were subdivided in 1803.

Rajamundry, the capital of the above-mentioned district, and the residence of the British civil establishment, is situated on the east bank of the Godavery, forty miles from the sea. It formerly possessed a good brick fort, which is now in ruins. Long. 81. 54. E. Lat. 16. 59. N.
RAJEGHUR, a town of Hindustan, in the territories of the Mahrattas, and province of Malwah, situated on the western bank of the Sopra River, sixty-seven miles north-east from Oojain. Long. 76. 27. E. Lat. 23. 56. N. There is another town of the same name in the province of Allahabad, situated on the river Cane, eighteen miles south-east from Chatterpoor. Long. 80. 5. E. Lat. 24. 44. N. Rajeghur is also the name of a range of hills in the province of Bahar.
RAJOORAH, a tow-n of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, forty miles south-west from Nandere. Long. 77. 15. E. Lat. 18. 38. N.
RAJPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Be-japoor, and situated on the sea-coast of the Concan district. This was formerly a much-frequented port, and was taken from the king of Bejapoor by the Mahratta chief Sevajee in 1670. It was also of considerable importance during the wars between Aurungzebe and the Mahrattas, and formed the principal station of the fleet. Long. 73. 3. E. Lat. 16. 48. N. It is also the name of a small village in the province of Gujerat, near its western boundary. The surrounding country is covered with thick jungle, which is the resort of numerous thieves. It is likewise the name of a town in the province of Berar, situated on the river Wurda, which here makes a considerable curve to the eastward. It is ten miles south-east from Chandah. Long. 80. E. Lat. 19. 56. N.
RAKAN, a river on the north-eastern coast of Sumatra, and the largest in the island, or rather it should be considered as an inlet of the sea. It has its rise in the interior, in the Rau country, and is navigable for sloops to a great distance from the sea. Vessels are deterred from entering it by the rapidity of the current, and by that peculiar swell known in the Ganges under the name of the “bore.”
RAKE, is a well-known instrument with teeth, by which the ground is divided. See Agriculture .

Rake of a Ship is all that part of her hull which hangs over both ends of her keel. That which is before is called the fore-rake or rake forward, and that part which is at the setting on of the stem-post is called the rake-aft or afterward.
RAKONITZ, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 896 square miles, comprehending eleven cities, eighteen towns, and 517 villages, with 144,600 inhabitants, mostly of the Sclavonian race. The city is situated on two streams, the Gelden and the Rakonitz, and has four churches, 295 houses, and 2350 inhabitants, making cotton and woollen cloths, and some hosiery and hardware. Lat. 56. 36. N.
RALPH, James, an ingenious historical and political writer, of whose birth and country nothing has been ascertained. He was first known as a schoolmaster in Philadelphia, in North America. He came to England about the beginning of the reign of George I. and wrote some things in the dramatic way, which were not received with great applause; but though he did not succeed as a poet, he was a very ingenious prose-writer. He wrote a History of England, commencing with the Stuarts, which is much esteemed; and so also were his political essays and pamphlets, some of which were looked upon as masterpieces. His last publication, the Case of Authors by Profession, is an excellent and entertaining performance. He died in 1762.
RAMA or Ramla, a considerable town of Palestine, situated in one of the most fertile and extensive districts of the Holy Land; though at the time when Dr Clarke visited the country it was almost deserted, in consequence of the ravages of the plague. It seems doubtful, however, whether this was the ancient city described in Scripture. Some ascribe its origin to the Moslems; yet this can scarcely have been the case, as it is distinctly mentioned by St Jerome. Rama was a splendid city, well fortified, exceedingly populous, adorned with stately buildings, and abounding in all the luxuries of the East, during the time of the Crusaders. It was one of the first cities that fell into the hands of the Crusaders. In its neighbourhood many ancient ruins are still to be seen. It is twenty-five miles west-north-west from Jerusalem.
RAMAGIRY, a town and fortress of the south of India, and province of Mysore. The fort is situated upon a rock, and is of considerable strength, although it surrendered to the British in 1791 without any resistance. The country in the vicinity is very wild, being overrun with woods, deep jungle, and dreadfully infested with tigers. There is but little cultivation, the peasants being chiefly employed in the breeding of cattle. In this hilly tract there is a very mild race of men, who subsist on game, wild roots, herbs and fruits, and a little grain, which they purchase from the farmers in exchange for drugs, honey, and wax. It is fifty-miles north-east from Seringapatam. Long. 77. 33. E. Lat. 12. 44. N.
RAMBERT, St, a town of France, in the department of the Loire, and arrondissement of Montbrison. It is situated on the river Loire, near to its source, but where it is navigable. It has a hospital, and contains 430 houses, with 2600 inhabitants. It has a very extensive trade in wine: and in the vicinity there are several extensive iron forges. There is another town of the same name in the department of the Ain, and arrondissement of Belley. It is situated in a valley between two mountains, portions of the Jura range, on the river Albarine, and contains 390 houses, with 2430 inhabitants, who carry on considerable trade in hempen cloth.
RAMBERVILLERS, a large market-town of France, in the department of the Vosges, and the arrondissement of Epinal. It stands on a mountain, at the foot of which runs the river Mortagne. It has a considerable number of iron forges in the vicinity, and much woollen and linen cloth is manufactured; and there are mills for making paper. In 1836 its population amounted to 4990. Long. 7. 5. 18. E. Lat. 48. 20. 43. N.
RAMBOUILLET, an arrondissement of the department of the Seine and Oise, in France, extending over 518 square miles. It is divided into five cantons, and these into 119 communes, containing 66,514 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is situated between two woods, has a royal palace and park, and in 1836 contained 3066 inhabitants. There is here a large farm celebrated for breeding sheep with the finest wool.
RAMAZZINI, Bernardin, an Italian physician, born at Carpi, near Modena, in 1633. He was professor of physic in the university of Modena during eighteen years; in 1700 he accepted an invitation from Padua, where he was made rector of the college; and in 1714hedied. His works were collected and published in London in 1716; and of these, his treatise De Morbis Artiflcum, or on the maladies peculiar to artificers, will always be esteemed curious and useful.
RAMDROOG, a hill-fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, situated on the north side of the Mal-purba river. It was taken from the Mahrattas 1 in 1785, by Tippoo Sultan, but w>as restored to them after the war of 1793.
RAMERGH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Hyderabad, belonging to the Nizam. Long. 79. 32. E. Lat. 18. 31. N.
RAMESES, in Ancient Geography, a tow-n built by the Israelites during their bondage in Egypt, and whence the Exodus took place. It must have been towards and not far from the Arabian Gulf, seeing that in their third station the Israelites arrived on its shore.

Rameses, king of Lower Egypt when Jacob went thither with his family, in the 1706th year before file Christian era. Ancient authors mention several other kings of Egypt of the same name; and it is believed that one of these princes erected, in the temple of the Sun at Thebes, the magnificent obelisk which the Emperor Constantine caused to be removed to Alexandria in the year 334. After the death
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of this prince, his son Constantius had the obelisk transported from Alexandria to Rome in 352, where it was erected in the circus maximus. Its height exceeded 130 feet. When the Goths sacked the city of Rome in 409, they overthrew the obelisk, which continued buried in the sand till the time of Sixtus V. in 1587, when it was found broken in three pieces; but these being joined together, it was set up in the square of St John Lateran.
RAMGERRY, a town and fortress of the south of India, in the province of Malabar, situated on the Paniany river, and taken by the British in 1782.
RAMGHAUT, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, pleasantly situated on the western bank of the Ganges, and carrying on a considerable traffic. Long. 78. 22. E. Lat. 28. 12. N.
RAMGONGA, a river of Hindustan, which rises in the mountains of Thibet, and falls into the Ganges ten miles north of the ancient city of Canonge. In some places it is fordable; but from quagmires and quicksands the fords are dangerous.
RAMGUNGE, a town of Hindustan, in the nabob of Oude’s territories, twenty· five miles south-west from Lucknow. Long. 80. 35. E. Lat. 26. 37. N.
RAMGUR, an extensive district and town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar. The district is situated about the 24th degree of north latitude, and is one of the most unproductive in India. Its boundaries on the north are the district of Bahar proper; on the south, Nagpoor and Pachete; on the east, Monghir and Pachete; and on the west, Palamow. Other limits, however, are assigned to the modern district, which comprehends a much greater space, and may be considered as belonging to the ancient province of Gund-wana. A great part of the territory is mountainous, the soil is of rock, and a considerable portion of it is overrun with impenetrable woods. The chief produce is a coarse rice. All the hills abound with iron, which is fused by the natives in large quantities, and sold. The chief rivers are the Dummoodah and the Burrahkur; and the principal towns are Ramgur, Chittra, and Muckundgunge. Agreat part of the population consists of Hindus, though it was conquered by the Mahommedans in the middle of the sixteenth century. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the northern bank of the Dummoodah river, and formerly possessed a strong fortress. It is 910 miles north-west from Calcutta. Long. 84. 35. E. Lat- 20. 38. N.
RAMGURRY, one of the innumerable hill-forts with which the face of the country in India is in many parts studded. It is situated in the province of Mysore, on a very steep rock, and is well fortified by art. It is twenty miles south-west of Chitteldroog.
RAMILLIES, a small village of Brabant, in the Netherlands, twelve miles north of Namur, and twenty-two southeast of Brussels. Long. 4.48. E. Lat. 50.51. N. Itisfamous for the battle fought by the allies commanded by the Duke of Marlborough and M. d’Auverquerque, against that of the two crowns, commanded by the Duke of Bavaria and Marshal Villeroi, on the 22d of May 1706.
RAMKEWRA, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the peshwa of the Mahrattas, in the province of Bejapore, twenty-seven miles north-east from Poonah. Long. 74. 20. E. Lat. 18.41. N.
RAMLEAH, the name of a ridge of mountains in Arabia, crossing the division of Nedsjed, extending 250 miles from south-west to north-east, and terminating within eighty miles of Kalaat el Moilah.
RAMMISSER, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Khandeish, belonging to the Mahrattas, and situated at the confluence of the rivers Ghirah and Tuptee. Long. 75. 21. E. Lat. 21. 4. N.
RAMMISSERAM, Isle, an island situated in the straits between the island of Ceylon and the continent; it is eleven miles in length, by six in breadth, and separated from the latter by a narrow strait. It is low, sandy, and uncultivated, and is of little value, except as a seat of Hindu superstition. It possesses a celebrated pagoda, the entrance to which is through a lofty gateway, about a hundred feet in height, covered with carved work to the summit. It contains a town called Panban; but its chief value is derived from a celebrated temple, which is about six hundred feet square, and is one of the finest pieces of architecture in India. The entrance into this temple is by a door forty-six feet in height, placed perpendicularly, with others crossing, and in massiveness of workmanship resembling the Egyptian style of architecture. None is permitted to enter into the inner temples except the attendants of Brahmins, who live in the town, and have their share of the offerings. The expenses of the rajah of Tanjore at this place usually amounted to 60,000 pagodas. No water is used except what is brought all the way from the Ganges, and is poured over the deity every morning, and then sold to the devout, by which a considerable revenue accrues to the temple. The capital is about nine miles distant from the great temple.