pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
EVESHAM, a market and borough town of Worcestershire, in the hundred of Blakenhurst, 96 miles from London. It is finely situated in the midst of the rich vale of the same name, on both sides of the river Avon. A great number of market gardeners in the vicinity raise large quantities of the rarer vegetables, but especially of asparagus, for the supply of Oxford, Birmingham, and other large towns. It returns two members to parliament, chosen by the freemen. The market is held on Monday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2837, in 1811 to 3068, in 1821 to 3487, and in 1831 to 3991.
EVIDENCE, in Philosophy, that perception of truth which arises either from the testimony of the senses or from an induction of reason.

Evidence, in Law, signifies some proof by testimony of men upon oath, or by writings or records. See England, Part III. Government and Laws. Evil, in Philosophy, is either moral or natural. Moral evil is the disagreement between the actions of a moral agent and the rule of those actions, whatever it is. Natural evil is whatever destroys or any way disturbs the perfection of natural beings, such as blindness, disease, and death.

Kings EνiL, or Scrofula. See Medicine.
EVORA, a city of Portugal, in the province of Alemtejo. It is the seat of an archbishop, and is well fortified, though the fortifications are now of no possible use as means of defence. There is a most superb aqueduct, which conveys fresh water to the city from the distance of four or five miles. A college, or rather university, was established here in 1553; but it has gradually dwindled away, and is now almost extinct. This city contains 3000 houses and 12,000 inhabitants; and in its neighbourhood are many Roman ruins, particularly one of a temple to Diana. Lat. 38. 28. N.
EVREMOND, Charles de St Denis, a polite scholar and soldier, was born at St Denis le Guast in Lower Normandy in 1613. He was intended for the profession of the law, and commenced study with this view; but he soon quitted it, and became an ensign before he was sixteen. A military life, however, did not prevent him from cultivating literature, and he signalized himself by his politeness and wit as much as by his bravery. The king made him a mareschal-de-camp, and gave him a pension of three thousand livres per annum. He served under the Duke of Candale in the war of Guienne, and in Flanders, till the suspension of arms was agreed on between France and Spain; and he afterwards accompanied Cardinal Mazarin when he went to conclude the peace with Don Louis de Haro, the king of Spain’s first minister. He wrote, as he had promised, to the Marquis de Crequι, a long letter concerning this negotiation, in which he showed that the cardinal had sacrificed the honour of France to his own private interest, and rallied his eminence m a very satirical manner. This letter having fallen into the hands of the' cardinal’s friends some time after the deatł of that minister, it was represented as a state crime, and the author was obliged to fly to Holland. But ţ ıe had too many friends in England, whither he had the year before accompanied the Count de Soissons, in order to compliment Charles II. upon his restoration, to make any long stay in Holland; and therefore he passed over into England, where he was received with great respect, admitted into the intimate friendship of several persons of distinction, and honoured with a pension of L∙300 ayear. But he had a great desire to revisit his native country; and, after the peace of Nimeguen, he wrote a [7:9:435]letter in verse to the king of France, to ask leave to return, but in vain. Upon the death of King Charles he lost the pension which had been conferred on him; and he did not rely much on King James, though that prince had been extremely kind to him. But the Revolution proved more advantageous to him than might have been expected. King William, who had known him in Holland, gave him substantial marks of favour. But he died of a stranguary in 1703, at the age of ninety, and was interred in Westminster Abbey, where a monument is erected to his memory. His behaviour was engaging, and his humour cheerful, but he had a strong disposition to satire. He professed the Roman Catholic religion, in which he was born; but at bottom he was believed to be a freethinker. He always spoke of his disgrace with the resolution of a gentleman; and however strong a desire he may have had to return to his country, he never solicited the favour with meanness; so that, when permission was unexpectedly granted to him in the decline of his life, he replied, that the infirmities of age did not permit him to leave a country where he had lived agreeably. There have been many editions of his works; but the best is that of Amsterdam in 1726, in 5 vols. 12mo, to which is prefixed his life by Dr des Maizeaux, who has also given an accurate English translation of them in 3 vols. 8vo.
EVREUX, an arrondissement of the department of the Eure, in France, extending over 1936 square miles. It comprehends eleven cantons and one hundred and twenty-two communes, inhabited by 122,401 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, situated in a valley on the river Iton, some branches of which run through the streets. The town is well built, and has a fine Gothic cathedral and bishop’s palace, the old castle of Navarre, and fine walks on what were once the ramparts. It contains 1094 houses and 9238 inhabitants, who are occupied in spinning twist, in making cotton, linen, and woollen goods, hosiery, paper, and leather. Long. 1. 3. 34. E. Lat. 49. 1. 24. N.
EWANPILLY, a Mahrattatown and small port of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, 110 miles S.S.E. from Nagpoor. Long. 80. 55. E. Lat. 18. 50. N.

ĖWELL, a market-town of Surrey, in the hundred of Copthorne, thirteen miles from London. Near this town is the modernised ancient palace of Nonsuch, built by Henry VIII. and a favourite residence of Q,ueen Elizabeth, but afterwards given by Charles II. to the Duchess of Cleveland. There is a market on Thursday, and a large annual fair, at which many thousand sheep are sold. The population amounted in 1801 to 1112, in 1811 to 1135, in 1821 to 1550, and in 1831 to 1851.
EX, or Exe, a river of England, which rises in a barren tract of land called Exmoor, in the county of Somerset, and after being enlarged by several accessions, passes Tiverton, Exeter, and Topsham. It next receives the waters of the Kew, and falls into the sea at Exmouth. This river is navigable by vessels of considerable burden to Topsham, and was so to Exeter formerly.
EXAGGERATION, in Rhetoric, a kind of hyperbole, by which things are augmented or amplified by saying more than the truth, either as to good or bad.

Exaggeration, in Painting, a method by which the artist, in representing things, changes them too much, or makes them too strong, either in respect of the design or the colouring. It differs from caricaturing, inasmuch as the latter perverts or gives a turn to the features of a face, or the figure, which they have not; whereas exaggeration only heightens or improves what they had.
EXALTATION, or Elevation, is chiefly used in a figurative sense, for the raising or advancing a person to 8ome ecclesiastical dignity, particularly to the papacy.

Exaltation of the Cross is a feast of the Roman Catholic church, held on the 14th of September, in memory, as is generally supposed, of the emperor Heraclius having brought back the true cross of Jesus Christ on his shoulders, in order to place it on Mount Calvary, from which it had been carried away fourteen years before by Cosroes, or Khusru, king of Persia, at his taking of Jerusalem, under the reign of the emperor Phocas. The cross was delivered up by a treaty of peace made with Siroe, the son and successor of Khusru. The institution of this treaty is commonly said to have been signalized by a miracle; inasmuch as Heraclius could not stir out of Jerusalem with the cross whilst he had the imperial vestments on, enriched with gold and precious stones, but bore it with ease in a common dress.

The feast of the dedication of the temple built by Constantine was, according to Nicoemus, held on the 14th of September, the day on which the temple had been consecrated in the year 335; and this feast was also called the exaltation of the cross, because it formed part of the ceremonial for the bishop of Jerusalem to ascend a high place, built for the purpose by Constantine, in manner of a pulpit, and called by the Greeks the sacred mysteries of God, or the holiness of God, and there to elevate the cross, that all the people might see it.

Exaltation, in Astrology, is a dignity which a planet acquires in certain signs or parts of the zodiac, and which is supposed to give it an extraordinary virtue, efficacy, and influence. The opposite sign, or part of the zodiac, is called the dejection of the planet. Thus the 15th degree of Cancer is the exaltation of Jupiter, according to Albu-mazor, because it was the ascendant of that planet at the time of the creation; that of the sun is in the 19th degree of Aries, and its dejection in Libra; that of the moon is in Taurus; and so on.
EXAMINATION, an exact and careful search or inquiry, in order to discover the truth or falsehood of a thing.

Self-EχAMiNATi0N is a point much insisted on by divines, and particularly the ancient fathers, by way of preparation for repentance. St Ignatius reduces it to five points, a returning thanks to God for his benefits; a begging of grace and light, to know and distinguish our sins; a running over all our actions, occupations, thoughts, and words, in order to learn what has been offensive to God; a begging of pardon, and conceiving a sincere sorrow for having displeased him; and making a firm resolution not to offend him any more, and taking the necessary precautions to preserve ourselves from sin.
EXARCH, in Antiquity, an appellation given by the emperors of the East to certain officers sent into Italy, in quality of vicars, or rather prefects, to defend that part of Italy which yet remained under their obedience, particularly the city of Ravenna, against the Lombards, who had made themselves masters of nearly all the rest of the country.

The residence of the exarch was at Ravenna, which city, together with that of Rome, was all that remained to the emperors. The first exarch was the patrician Boetius, famous for his treatise De Consolatione Philosophice, who was appointed in 568 by the younger Justin. The exarchs subsisted about 185 years, and ended with Eutychius, under whose exarchate the city of Ravenna was taken by the Lombard king Astulphus, or Astolphus.

The emperor Frederick created Heraclius, archbishop of Lyons, a descendant of the illustrious house of Montbois-sier, exarch of the whole kingdom of Burgundy; à dignity till that time unknown except in Italy, particularly in the city of Ravenna.

Homer, Philo, and other ancient authors, give the name exarchus to the choragus or master of the singers in the ancient choruses; the word αf%ω or uςχομaι signifying equally to begin and to commend.
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EXARCH of a Diocese was, anciently, the same with primate. This dignity was inferior to the patriarchal, yet greater than the metropolitan.

Exarch also denotes an officer, still subsisting in the Greek church, being a kind of deputy or legate a latere of the patriarch, whose office it is to visit the provinces allotted him, in order to inform himself of the lives and manners of the clergy, and to take cognizance of ecclesiastical causes, the manner of celebrating divine service, the administration of the sacraments, particularly confession, the observance of the* canons, monastic discipline, affairs of marriages and divorces, and, above all, the revenues which the patriarch receives from several churches, with the collection of the same. The exarch, after having greatly enriched himself in his post, frequently rises to the patriarchate itself.

Exarch is also used, in the ecclesiastical antiquities of the Eastern church, for a general or superior over several monasteries, as an archimandrite, who is exempted by the patriarch of Constantinople from the jurisdiction of the bishops, in the same manner as are the generals of the Roman Catholic monastic orders.
EXAUCTORATIO, in the Roman military discipline, differed from the missio, which was a full discharge, and took place after a soldier had served in the army twenty years; whereas the exauctoratio was only a partial discharge. The exauctorati lost their pay indeed, but still remained under their colours or vexilla, though not under the aquila or eagle, which was the standard of the legion; and hence, instead of legionarii, they were called subsignani, and were retained till they had either served their full time or had lands assigned them. The exauctratio took place after a soldier had served seventeen years.
EXCALCEATION, amongst the Hebrews, was a particular law, by which a widow, whom her husband’s brother refused to marry, had a right to summon him to a court of justice, and, upon his refusal, to excalceate him, that is, to pull off one of his shoes and spit in his face, both of which actions inferred great ignominy.
EXCELLENCY, a title anciently given to kings and emperors, but now to ambassadors, generals, and other persons, who are not entitled to that of highness, but yet are elevated above the other inferior dignities.
EXCENTRIC, in Geometry, a term applied to circles and spheres which have not the same centre, and consequently are not parallel; in opposition to concentric, where they are parallel, having one common centre.
EXCENTRICITY, in Astronomy, is the distance of the centre of the orbit of a planet from the centre of the sun; that is, the distance between the centre and the focus of the ellipse.
EXCESS, in Arithmetic and Geometry, is the difference between any two unequal numbers or quantities, or that which remains after the lesser is taken from the greater.
EXCHEQUER, in British jurisprudence, an ancient court of record, in which all causes concerning the revenues and rights of the crown are heard and determined, and where the crown revenues are received. It derived this name from the cloth that covered the table of the court, which was party-coloured, or chequered. See England, Part HI.

Exchequer, in Scotland. See Scotland.
EXCISE (from the Belgic acciisse, tribute), an inland duty or impost paid sometimes upon the consumption of the commodity, or frequently upon the sale, which is the last stage before the consumption. This is doubtless, impartially speaking, the most economical way of taxing the subject; the charges of levying, collecting, and managing the excise duties, being considerably less in proportion than in other branches of the revenue. It also renders the commodity cheaper to the consumer than the charging it with customs to the same amount would do, because it is generally paid in a much later stage. But this mode of taxation has ever been unpopular. Lord Clarendon tells us, that to his knowledge the Earl of Bedford, who was made lord treasurer by King Charles I., in order to oblige his parliament, intended to have set up the excise in England; yet it never formed a part of that unfortunate prince’s revenue, being first introduced, on the model of the Dutch prototype, by the parliament itself, after the rupture with the crown. Yet such was the opinion, of its general unpopularity, that when in 1642 “aspersions were cast by malignant persons upon the house jf commons, that they intended to introduce excises, the house for its vindication therein did declare, that these rumours were false and scandalous, and that their authors should be apprehended and brought to condign punishment. ’ Its original establishment was in 1643, and its progress was gradual, being at first laid upon those persons and commodities where it was supposed the hardship would be least perceptible, namely, the makers and venders of beer, ale, cyder, and perry. The royalists at Oxford soon followed the example of their brethren at West- min stεr, by imposing a similar duty; but both sides protest-d that it should be continued no longer than till the end of the war, and should then be utterly abolished. The parliament at Westminster, however, soon afterwards imposed it on flesh, wine, tobacco, sugar, and such a multitude of other commodities, that it might be fairly denominated general ; and this was done in pursuance of the plan proposed by Pym, who seems to have been the father of the excise, in his letter to Sir John Hotham, intimating, “that they had proceeded in the excise to many particulars, and intended to go on farther, but that it would be necessary to use the people to it by little and little.” And afterwards, when the nation had been accustomed to it for a series of years, the succeeding champions of liberty boldly and openly declared “the impost of excise to be the most easy and indifferent levy that could be laid upon the people so that it continued during the whole of the usurpation. Upon the return of Charles IL, as it had then been long established, and its produce was well known, some part of it was given to the crown by 12 Carol. II. as a compensation for the feudal tenures and other oppressive parts of the hereditary revenue. But from its origin to the present time its name has been odious to the people. See Taxation.
EXCLUSION, or Bill of Exclusion, a bill proposed towards the close of the reign of King Charles II. for the purpose of excluding the Duke of York, the king’s brother, from the throne, on account of his being a Catholic.
EXCREMENT, whatever is discharged out of the body of animals after digestion; or the fibrous part of the aliment, mixed with the bile, saliva, and other fluids. Urine and the faeces are the gross excrements discharged out of the bladder and stomach. The other excrements are the various humours secreted through the different pores of the body, by which secretion several useful purposes are served.
EXCRESCENCE, in Surgery, denotes every preternatural tumour which arises upon the skin, either in the form of a wart or a tubercle. If such tumours are born with a person, as is frequently the case, they are called naevi materni, or marks from the mother; but if they are large, so as to depend from the skin, like a fleshy mass, they are then called sarcomata.
EXCRETORY, in Anatomy, a term applied to certain little ducts or vessels, destined for the reception of a fluid, secreted in certain glandules and other viscera, for the excretion of it in the appropriated places.
EXCUBIAE, in Antiquity, the watches and guards kept in the daytime by the Roman soldiers. They are contradistinguished from the vigilice, which were kept in the night. The excubiae were placed either at the gates and entrenchments, or in the camp; for the latter there was allowed a whole manipulus to attend before the proctorium., and f 0ur soldiers to the tent of every tribune. The excubiae at the gates of the camp, and at the entrenchments, were properly called stationes. One company of foot and one troop of horse were assigned to each of the four gates every day. To desert his post, or to abandon his corps of guards, was an unpardonable crime in the Roman soldier.

The triarii, as the most honourable class of soldiers, were excused from the ordinary watches; yet being placed opposite to the equites, they were obliged to have an eye over them.
EXCUSATI, in Ecclesiastical History, a term used to denote slaves, who, having fled to any church for sanctuary, were excused and pardoned by their masters; but the latter were obliged to take an oath to this effect before they could recover the fugitives; and, if they broke it, they were punished and fined as persons guilty of per; ur ξ∙,
EXEAT, in church discipline, a Latin term used for a permission which a bishop grants a priest to go out of his diocese, or an abbot to a religious person to go out of his monastery.
EXECRATION, in Antiquity, a kind of punishment, consisting of direful curses and marks of infamy, such as was used against Philip, king of Macedonia, by the Athenians. A general assembly of the people being called, they made a decree that the statues and images of that king, and of all his ancestors, should be demolished, and their very name crazed; that all the festivals, sacred rites, and whatsoever else had been instituted in honour of him, should be profaned; that the very places where there had been any monument or inscription to his honour should be detestable; that nothing should be set up or dedicated in them, which could be done in clean places; and, lastly, that the priests, as often as they prayed for the Athenian people, allies, armies, and fleets, should detest and execrate Philip, his children, kingdom, land and sea forces, and the whole race and name of the Macedonians.

At the taking and demolishing of cities, it was usual amongst the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, to pronounce curses upon, and load with direful execrations, those who should rebuild them.
EXECUTIVE Poaver. The supreme executive power of these kingdoms is vested by our laws in a single person, the king or queen for the time being.

The executive power in Britain has a right to a negative or veto in parliament; that is, to refuse assent to any acts presented for that -purpose, otherwise the two other branches of legislative power might become despotic.
EXECUTOR, a person nominated by a testator, to see his will and testament executed or performed, and his effects disposed of according to the tenor of such will and testament.' Sec Law. Executor, in Scotch Law, signifies either the person entitled to succeed to the moveable estate of one deceased, or who by law or special appointment is entrusted with the administration of it.
EXECUTRY, in Scotch Law, is the moveable estate falling to the executor. Under executry or moveables is comprehended every thing that moves itself, or that can be moved.
EXEDRAE, in Antiquity, denoted halls with many seats, where the philosophers, rhetoricians, and men of learning met for discourse and disputation. The word occurs m [7:9:463]ecclesiastical writers as a general name for such buildings as were distinct from the main body of the churches, and yet within the limits of the church taken in its largest sense. Among the exedrae the chief was the baptistery.
EXEGESIS, a discourse, by way of explanation or comment, upon any subject.
EXEGETES (formed from tξz,χeoμα∕, to explain), among the Athenians, persons learned in the laws, whom the judges used to consult in capital causes.
EXEGETICA, in Algebra, the art of finding, either in numbers or lines, the roots of the equation of a problem, according as the problem is either numerical or geometrical.
EXEMPLAR, a model or original to be imitated or copied.

Exemplar also denotes the idea or image conceived or formed in the mind of the artist, and according to which he conducts his work.