pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GUIDES, in military language, are usually the country people in the neighbourhood of an encampment, who give the army intelligence concerning the country, the state of the roads, and the probable route of the enemy.
GUIDI, Alexander, an eminent Italian poet, born at Pavia in 1650. Having a desire to see Rome, he repaired to that city, where he attracted the notice of Queen Christina of Sweden, who retained him at her court; he also obtained a considerable benefice from Pope Innocent XI. and a pension from the Duke of Parma. Having done the state of Milan some good offices with Prince Eugene, he was enrolled amongst the nobles and decurions of that town, and died in the year 1712. Nature had been kinder to his intellect than to his exterior form; for his body was small and crooked, his head large, and he wanted the sight of his right eye. A collection of his works was published at Verona in 1726.
GUIDO Aretin. See Aretin. Guido Rem, an illustrious Italian painter, born at Bologna in 1595. In his early years he was the disciple of Denis Calvert, a Flemish master of good reputation; but afterwards entered himself in the school of the Caracci. He first imitated LudovicoCaracci, but fixed at last on a peculiar style of his own, that secured him the applause of his own time and the admiration of posterity. He was much honoured, and lived in splendour; but an unhappy attachment to gaming ruined his circumstances, and the reflection of his imprudence brought on a languishing disorder, which put an end to his life in 1642. There are several designs of this great master in print, etched by himself.
GUIDON, a sort of flag or standard borne by the king’s life-guard; being broad at one extremity, almost pointed at the other, and slit or divided into two parts. The guidon is the ensign or flag of a troop of horse-guards.

Guidon also denotes the officer who bears the guidon. The guidon is in the horse-guards what the ensign is in the foot. The guidon of a troop of horse takes place next below the cornet.

Guidons, Guidones, or Schola Guidonum, was a company of priests established by Charlemagne, at Rome, to conduct and guide pilgrims to Jerusalem. They were also to assist them in case they fell sick, and to perform the last offices to them if they died.
GUIGLIANO, a city of the province of Terra di Lavore, in the kingdom of Naples, containing 7956 inhabitants.
GUIGNAN, the most easterly of the Philippine Islands, situated about eighteen miles off the south-eastern extremity of the island of Samar.
GUILD (from the Saxon guildane, to pay), signifies a fraternity or company, because every one was gildare, that is, to pay something towards the charge and support of the company. As to the original of these guilds or companies, it was a law amongst the Saxons, that every freeman of fourteen years of age should find sureties to keep the peace, or be committed. Upon this certain neighbours, consisting of ten families, entered into an association, and became bound for one another, either to produce him who committed an offence, or to make satisfaction to the injured party; and that they might the better do this, they raised a sum of money amongst themselves, which they put into a common stock, and when one of their pledges had committed an offence, and fled, then the other nine made satisfaction out of this stock, by payment of money, according to the offence. Because this association consisted of ten families, it was called a decennary ; and hence arose other kinds of fraternities. But as to the precise time when these guilds had their origin in England, there is nothing certain to be found; since they were in use long before any formal license was granted to them for such meetings. It seems to have been about the close of the eleventh century, according to Anderson (History of Commerce, vol. i. p. 70), that merchant-guilas, or fraternities, which were afterwards styled corporations, came first into general use in many parts of Europe. Madox {Firma Burgi, chap. i. sect. 9) thinks they were hardly known to our Saxon progenitors, and that they might probably have been brought into England by the Normans, although they do not seem to have been very numerous in those days. The French and Normans might perhaps have borrowed them from the free cities of Italy, where trade and manufactures were much more early propagated, and where such communities appear to have been first in use. These guilds are now companies or associations, having laws and orders made by themselves, in virtue of authority from the prince to that effect.

Guild, in the royal burghs of Scotland, is still used for a company of merchants, who are freemen of the burgh. Every royal burgh has a dean of guild, who is the next magistrate below the provost.

Guild, Gild, or Geld, is also used amongst our ancient writers to signify a compensation or mulct, for a fault committed.

Guild-HaU, or Gild-Hall, the great court of judicature for the city of London.
GUILDFORD, a market-town of the county of Surrey, in the hundred of Woking, thirty miles from London. It is situated on the acclivity of a hill, at the foot of which the navigable river Wye runs. It is composed of three parishes, St Mary, St Nicholas, and Trinity, each of which has its respective church. One of the ancient monasteries is still in existence, but converted into dwelling-houses. The assizes for the county are held here in the summer, alternately with Croydon. It is an ancient corporation, returning two members to parliament, chosen by the householders. There is a well attended market on Saturdays. The population amounted in 1801 to 2634, in 1811 to 2974, in 1821 to 3161, and in 1831 to 3813.
GUILLIM, John, of Welsh extraction, was born in Herefordshire about, the year 1565. Having completed his education at Brazen-nose College, Oxford, he became a member of the College of Arms in London; and he was made rouge-croix pursuivant, in which post he died in 1621. He published, in 1610, a work entitled the Display of Heraldry, folio, which has gone through many editions. To the fifth, which appeared in 1679, was added a Treatise of Honour Civil and Military, by Captain John Logan.
GUILLOTINE, the name of an instrument for beheading persons condemned to death, so called after the persor who suggested the employment of it, Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a physician of Paris. Elected a member of the states [7:11:29]general, Guillotin conducted himself with moderation in the National Assembly, occupying himself with projects of public utility, and, amongst these, with a plan for what he called the organization of medicine. But when the National had merged in the Constituent Assembly, and it had been decided that crimes were personal, inferring no forfeiture, Guillotin proposed to substitute decapitation instead of the ordinary punishments; founding upon this, that, in the opinion of the French, this species of death was not infamant for the family of the condemned. The proposition was adopted, and the author of it indicated an instrument which had been long known as calculated to inflict death without causing almost any pain to the sufferer. Many honourable men applauded the humane motives which had induced the philanthropic deputy to recommend the employment of such an instrument, and he appears to have merited this commendation. But, unhappily for Guillotin, some wags gave his name to the instrument, which he did not invent, but only recommended; and, more unhappily still, the machine became, in the hands of the monsters who during two years were masters of France, the instrument of the most horrible excesses; whilst Guillotin himself, imprisoned, and expecting to figure as a victim in the daily scenes of carnage which then took place, had deep cause to lament seeing his name attached to the devastating axe with which these cannibals had armed their executioners. After terminating his political career, Guillotin resumed his functions as physician, which he should never have quitted; and died in the year 1814. Of the machine to which his name is now for ever affixed, and which in Italian is called mannaia, an engraving will be found in the Quoestiones Symbolicaeoĩ Bocchi, 1555, in 4to.
GUIMARAS, one of the Philippine Islands, about thirty miles in circumference, covered with trees, and producing a quantity of sarsaparilla. Long. 122. 30. E. Lat. 40. 45. N.
GUIMARAENS, a town of Portugal, on the small river Ave, in the province of Entre-Duero-e-Minho. It is distinguished by its manufactures of linens, from which they produce damask table-linen and napkins of very beautiful descriptions, and make the best of their sewing thread. It has also fabrics of swords and cutlery, which are reputed to be of steel unusually well tempered; a property attributed to the waters being well calculated to assist the process. This town was formerly the residence of the kings of Portugal. It now contains 1480 houses, and a population of 7400 souls.
GUIPUZCOA, oneof those three provinces in the northeast part of Spain distinguished by the name of Provincias Vascongadas, and the easternmost of the three. It is bounded by France on the east, where the Bidasoa separates the two kingdoms; on the north it is on the seacoast of the Bay of Biscay; its eastern boundary is the province of Biscay, and its southern the province of Avila. It contains by far the most dense population of any part of Spain, being fifty-two square leagues in extent, and containing 104,491 inhabitants. If the whole of Spain were as thickly peopled as this province is, instead of 10,350,000 souls, it would contain 30,150,000.

It is watered with various springs and rivulets, which fertilize the soil, and, forming the six rivers Deva, Urola, Oria, Urumea, Oyarzun, and Bidasoa, each of short course, enter the ocean. The agriculture of the province is by no means equal to the supply of its population; for though it yields wheat, maize, barley, for food, and some cattle, and apples, of which they make much cider, yet they draw supplies for their subsistence of wine from Navarre and Rioja, of oil from Castille and Andalusia, and of cattle from the adjoining provinces of France.

Although the province is deficient in agriculture, yet its extensive manufactures fully compensate for that deficiency. It is the Birmingham of Spain, in which every kind of ironmongery goods that the kingdom or the Atlantic provinces require is furnished. The machinery yet introduced to lessen labour is very limited, and the articles they produce are very rude, though excellent of their kind, in some measure owing to their iron being remarkably tenacious and elastic. The nails, of which great quantities of every size are made, are always preferred wherever they can be obtained.

The industry of the province is proverbial, and it is visible in the dwellings, the roads, and the farms, as well as in the countenances and dress of the inhabitants. This province is one of those which is exempt from the* ordinary system of taxation that prevails in the rest of Spain; and, like the people of Biscay, all the natives lay claim to the prerogatives of nobility, and assert their equality to the highest families of the rest of Spain.
GUISBOROUGH. See Gisborough.
GUISE, Henry, of Lorrain, duke of Guise, eldest son of François of Lorrain, duke of Guise, memorable in the history of France as a gallant officer, but an imperious, turbulent, seditious subject, who placed himself at the head of an armed force, and called his rebel band The League. The plan was formed by the cardinal, his younger brother; and, under the pretext of defending the Roman Catholic religion, the king Henry III. and the freedom of the state, against the designs of the Huguenots or French Protestants, they carried on a civil war, massacred the Huguenots, and governed the king, who forbade his appearance at Paris; but Guise now became an open rebel, entered the city against the king’s express order, and put to the sword all who opposed him. As the streets were barricaded to prevent his progress, this fatal day is called in the French history the day of the barricades. Masters of Paris, the policy of the Guises failed them; for they suffered the king to escape to Blois, though he was deserted in his palace at Paris by his very guards. At Blois, Henry convened an assembly of the states of France, and the Duke of Guise had the boldness to appear to a summons sent him for that purpose. A forced reconciliation took place between him and the king, by the advice of this assembly; but it being accidentally discovered that Guise had formed a design to dethrone the king, that weak monarch, instead of resolutely bringing him to justice, had him privately assassinated, on the 23d of December 1558, in the thirty-eighth year of his age. His brother the cardinal shared the same fate the next day.
GUITAR, Guitarra, a musical instrument of the stringed kind, with five double rows of strings, of which those made of brass are in the middle, except it be for the burden, an octave lower than the fourth. This instrument was first used in Spain and by the Italians. In the former country it is still greatly in vogue. There are few of that nation who cannot play on the guitar; and with this instrument they serenade their mistresses at night. In Madrid, and other cities in Spain, it is common to meet in the streets young men equipped with a guitar and a dark lanthorn, who, taking their stations under the windows, sing, and accompany their voices with this instrument; and there is scarcely an artificer or day-labourer in any of the cities or principal towns who does not entertain himself with his guitar.
GUJUNDERGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, capital of a district of the same name, which is situated principally between the 15th and 16th degrees of north latitude. It is sixty miles east by north from Darwar. Long. 75. 56. E. Lat. 15. 45. N.
GULE of August, the day of St Peter ad vincula, which is celebrated on the first of August. It is called the pule of August, from the Latin gula, a throat, because one Quirinus, a tribune, having a daughter with a disease in her throat, went to Pope Alexander, the sixth in succession from St Peter, and desired of him to see the chains with which St Peter was bound under Nero. His request was granted; and the young woman, having kissed the fetters, was cured of her disease; whereupon the pope instituted this feast in honour of St Peter, and the day was on this occasion called indifferently either the day of St Peter ad vincula, from the fetters which wrought the miracle; or the gule of August, from that part of the virgin on which the miracle was wrought.
GULES, in Heraldry, a corruption of the French word gueles, which in this science signifies red, and is represented in engraving by perpendicular lines. See Heraldry.
GULF, or Gulph, a broad and capacious bay comprehended between two promontories, and sometimes taking the name of sea when it is very extensive, but particularly when it only communicates with the sea by means of a strait. The word comes from the French golfe, and that [7:11:34]again from the Italian golfo, which has the same signification. Some deduce these terms from the Greek xdK<κος, which Gui-shart again derives from the Hebrew 3χ3, gob. Du Cange derives them from the barbarous Latin gulfum or gulfus, which signifies the same thing.
GULGUNDAH, a town of Hindustan, in the, Northern Circars, district of Vizagapatam, seventy miles west by south from Vizagapatam. Long. 82. 20. E. Lat. 17. 35. N.
GUM (Gummi) is a concrete vegetable juice, of no particular smell or taste, but which becomes viscous and tenacious when moistened with water; totally dissolves in water into a liquid, more or less glutinous in proportion to the quantity of the gum; is not affected by vinous spirits or oils; burns in the fire to a black coal, without melting or catching flame; and suffers no dissipation in the heat of boiling water. The true gums are gum-arabic, gum-tragacanth, gum-senegal, the gum of cherry and plum trees, and such like. All else have more or less of resin in them.

Gum, among gardeners, a kind of gangrene incident to fruit trees of the stone kind, arising from a corruption of the sap, which, from its viscidity, not being able to make its way through the fibres of the tree, is, by the protrusion of other juice, made to extravasate and ooze out upon the bark.
GUMMIPOLLAM, a town of Hindustan, in the district of Gurrumcondah, a hundred and fifty miles west by north from Madras. Long. 78. 19. E. Lat. 13. ’ 46. N.
GUMBINNEN, a government or circle in the province of East Prussia, a part of which was taken from Lithuania, lt extends over 6512 square miles, and contains nineteen oities, thirteen market-towns, ninety-four parishes, and 2954 hamlets, with 46,882 dwellings. The inhabitants in 1817 amounted to 36,480, of whom 6370 were Catholics, and the rest Protestants. The chief place is the city of the same name, situated on the river Pissa. It is not nore than a hundred years old, and is well built, but with oo fortifications. It contained, in 1817, 488 houses, and 3057 inhabitants, including the military. Long. 22. 30. E. Lat. 54. 31. N.
GUMS, in Anatomy, the hard fleshy substance in either aw, through which the teeth spring from the jaw-bone.
GUNDARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, the capital of a district of the same name, tributary to the Mahrattas. Long. 73. 34. E. Lat. 22. 53. N.
GUNDEZAMA River, a small river which, after a short course, falls into the Bay of Bengal at Montapilly, and forms the boundary between the Carnatic and the Guntoor Circar.
GUNDUCK, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, in a district of the same name, forty-seven miles east from Darwar. Long. 75. 42. E. Lat. 15. 27. N. It is also the name of a river, the source of which is said to be situated to the northward of Mooktenath, in the direction of Moostang, a place of note in Upper Thibet or Bhoot, twelve days’ journey from Beeni Sheher, and not far from Kaybccni. At this latter place the breadth of the river is not above thirty yards. Four days’journey north is Mooktenath, near which the Gunduck is called Sal-grami; and here it is that are found a curious species of stones, held sacred by the inhabitants. They are mostly round, and perforated in one or more places with worms, which the Hindus, in their degraded superstition, believe [7:11:35]to have been done by Vishnu in the form of that reptile; and the stones are prized in proportion to the number of perforations or spiral curves in each. These stones are called Salgrams. A few grains of gold are occasionally separated from the sand of the Gunduck.
GUNDGOLE, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, and district of Ellore, forty-eight miles north by east from Masulipatam. Long. 16. 20. E. Lat. 16. 49. N.
GUNGAPATAM, a town of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, a hundred and eight miles north from Madras. Long. 79. 13. E. Lat. 14. 27. N.
GUNSBURG, a bailiwick of the circle of the Upper Danube, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 130 square miles. It contains two cities, two market-towns, and forty-eight villages, with 18,620 inhabitants. It is a fertile district, productive of corn, cattle, hops, flax, and timber. The capital is a city of the same name, situated at the point where the Guntz falls into the Danube. It contains 596 houses, and 3460 inhabitants, and has considerable trade by inland navigation. Long. 10. 11. E. Lat. 48. 27. N.
GUNTOOR, one of the districts in Hindustan, on the western side of the Bay of Bengal, called the Northern Circars. It is situated principally between the sixteenth and seventeenth degrees of north latitude, and lies immediately north of the Carnatic, and south of the river Kistnah or Krishnah, which separates it from Condapilly. It is the most southerly of the Northern Circars, and comprehends an area of about 2500 square miles, exclusively of the mountainous district on the west. This district was the jaghire of Bassalut Jung, the brother of the nizam, when Lord Clive obtained, in 1765, the Northern Circars from the Mogul, on which account he was allowed to retain it during his life; but after this it was to devolve to the Company. He died in 1782, but the country was not taken possession of by their agents till 1788. It is a low, flat country, better calculated for growing rice than the more valuable grains. Its principal sea-port is Mootapilly, and its principal towns are Guntoor, Condavir, Bellum-condah, and Nizampatam. With the addition of Palnaud, the Guntoor territory now forms one of the districts under the Madras presidency, into which the Northern Circars were divided when the present Bengal judicial and revenue system was established. Guntoor is the capital. Long. 80. 20. E. Lat. 16. 12. N.
GUNWALE, or Gunnel, is the uppermost wale of a ship, or that piece of timber which reaches on either side from the quarter-deck to the forecastle, being the uppermost bend which finishes the upper works of the hull, in that part in which are put the stanchions that support the waste trees.
GURDAIZ, a town in the Afghan territories, in the province of Cabul, thirty-nine miles east by south from Ghizni. Long. 68. 53. E. Lat. 33. 31. N.
GURRAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah, in a district of the same name. It had formerly a mint. It lies a hundred and forty miles north by east from Nagpoor. Long. 80. 15. E. Lat. 23. 10. N. The district is situated about the twenty-third degree of north latitude. It was formerly the seat of a considerable Hindu principality, but was conquered by the troops of the Emperor Akbar, and afterwards by Aurungzebe. It has been estimated to contain 25,000 square miles of high, mountainous, and unproductive territory. The principal towns are Gurrah, Panagur, and Mundlah; whilst the Nerbuddah, which has its source on the eastern frontier towards Gundwanah, is the chief river. It is a thinly populated and imperfectly cultivated district, though many parts of it are remarkably fertile.
GURRUMCONDAH, a strong-built fort and town, the capital of a district of the same name, a hundred and twenty-five miles west-north-west from Madras. Long. 78. 40. E. Lat. 13. 45. N. It was besieged in 1791 by the nizam’s army, assisted by a small detachment of the British, but was afterwards taken by Hyder Sahib, Tippoo’s son. The district, which is situated between the thirteenth and fourteenth degrees of north latitude, is of a mountainous surface, abounding in strong positions, and is now comprehended in the collectorship of Cuddapah.
GURUDWARAH, an extensive village of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Serinagur. It is noted for a handsome temple erected by Ram Roy, the founder of the Sikks; also for a great annual fair held at the vernal equinox, and numerously attended by pilgrims from Lahore and the western countries. The surrounding district is remarkably fertile, but much oppressed by the heavy exactions of the Ncpaulese government.
GUNZENHAUSEN, a bailiwick in the circle of the Rezat, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over eighty-eight square miles. It contains one city, one market-town, and fifty-two villages, with 14,670 inhabitants. It is generally a light sandy soil, but well cultivated by a prosperous peasantry. The capital, of the same name, is a city situated on the river Altmuhl. It is walled, and has three churches, 298 houses, and 1864 inhabitants, of whom many are tanners.