pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GLOGAU, a city of Prussian Silesia, the capital of a circle to which it gives its name. It is situated on the left bank of the Oder, where the Dominsel falls into that river. It is strongly fortified, and has also a citadel. It contains the cathedral on an island in the Oder, eight other Catholic, and two Lutheran churches, one Reformed church, and 885 houses, with 11,100 inhabitants, of whom 1800 are Jews. It is a manufacturing city, and produces much linen and cotton goods; and it has tanneries, breweries, and other trades. Long. 16. 1. 25. E. Lat. 51. 38. N.
GLOSS, q comment on the text of any author, intended to explain his sense more fully, whether in the same language or in any other. (See the article Commentary.) The word evidently comes from the Greek γ×uββa, tongue; the office of a gloss being to explain the text, as that of the tongue is to unfold the feelings and sentiments of the mind.

Gloss is likewise used to signify a literal translation, or an interpretation of an author, word for word, in another language.
GLOSSARY, a dictionary, explaining the obscure and antiquated terms in some old author. Such are Du Cange’s Latin and Greek Glossaries, Spelman’s Glossary, and Rennet’s Glossary at the end of his Parochial Antiquities.
GLOSSOPETRA, or Glottopetra, in Natural History, a kind of extraneous fossil, somewhat in the form of a serpent’s tongue. It is frequently found in the island of Malta, and other places.
GLOUCESTER, a city, the capital of the county of the same name, 106 miles from London. It is situated in a rich and beautiful valley, on the banks of the river Severn. It is sheltered on the east by a range of hills, on descending which the vale displays itself, containing the verdant plains, the ancient buildings of the city, the winding river, and, in the distance, the group of picturesque eminences called the Malvern Hills. The city consists of four streets, distinguished by the names of the cardinal points, and crossing each other in the centre at right angles. They are broad, well built, clean, and excellently paved. The chief building ⅛ t h e cathedral, begun in 1047, and the ecclesiastical residences around it. That edifice was enlarged at subsequent periods, till it was erected into a bishop’s see m the reign of Henry VIII. It is four hundred and twenty feet in length, a hundred and forty-four in breadth, and adorned with a tower a hundred and ninety-nine feet in height. The interior has an impressive aspect, and is decorated with several monuments and a lofty choir. For municipal purposes the city is divided into three wards, and is governed by a mayor, six aidermen, and seventeen councillors. This city g i ves the title of duke. which has been commonly conferred upon a member of the royal family. The principal manufacturing employment is making pins, great quantities of which are sent to London; but, besides this, making malt and cordage, and building barges, afford some occupation. There is a little foreign trade in the importation of wine, spirits, and West India produce; and this has been increased by the construction of a canal parallel to the Severn, which allows ships to avoid the shoals and sinuosities of that river. There is also some transit trade in iron ware, pottery, salt, and in timber, which ,descend the Severn from the counties to the northward. Some mineral springs, similar to those of Cheltenham, have lately been discovered, which have been resorted to by visitors, and have occasioned an increase of buildings appropriated for their reception. There are well-supplied markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It returns two members to parliament. The population amounted in 1801 to 7ã97, in 1811 to 8280, in 1821 to 9744, and in 1831 to 11,993.

Gloucester is the name of several counties and towns in the United States of America. The counties will be described in the articles upon the several states where they are situated; and the towns are too unimportant to require separate notice.
GLUCKSTADT, a city, the capital of the duchy of Holstein, belonging to the German dominions of Denmark. It is strongly fortified on the north bank of the Elbe, where that river is joined by the Little Rhine. It is in a marshy but fertile district, and contains 558 houses, with 5300 inhabitants. The harbour is good, and from it several vessels are annually equipped for the Greenland whale fishery. Long. 9. 21. E. Lat. 53. 47. N.
GLUE, an inspissated jelly, of a tenacious nature, employed by artificers as a cement. It is made from various substances, according to the uses to which it is to be applied, but most commonly by boiling the parings of hides and other offals in water, and then straining the viscid matter through a wicker basket, and suffering the impurities to subside, after which process it is again boiled. Common glue is made of the skins of animals, such as oxen, cows, sheep, and the like. The parings are first digested in lime water, to remove grease and dirt from them; they are then steeped in water, and stirred from time to time; lastly, they are piled in a heap to allow of the water being pressed out, and then put into the boiler. The water is generally kept near to a boiling heat, without being .suffered to enter into ebullition. When sufficiently thick, the glue is poured into flat frames or moulds; and when congealed it is cut up into square pieces, and afterwards dried in a coarse net. Glue improves by age, and that is considered as the best which, if steeped in water three or four days, swells without melting, and resumes its former dimensions after being dried. A transparent and beautiful glue is made of the shreds and parings of vellum, parchment, or white leather.
GLUTTONY, a voracity of appetite, or a propensity to gormandising.

One of our Danish kings, named Hardyknute, was so great a glutton, that a historian calls him Bocca de Porco, Swine s Mouth. His tables were covered four times a day with the most costly viands which the air, the sea, or the land could-furnish; and as he lived, so he died; for he fell down dead whilst revelling and carousing at a wedding banquet at Lambeth. His death was so welcome to his subjects that they celebrated the day with sports and pastimes, calling it Hock-tide, which signifies scorn and contempt. With this king ended the reign of the Danes in England.
GMUND, a bailiwick of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, in the circle of Jaxt, extending over 121 square miles, and comprehending two cities, one market-town, and 131 villages, with 22,640 inhabitants. It is a mountainous and woody district, not yielding corn equal to the demand. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Rems. It contains 806 houses, and 5875 inhabitants, who are employed in making cloths, hosiery, and other clothing, and many of them in the trade of silversmiths and jewellers. Long. 10. 0. 4. E. Lat. 48. 48. 15. N.
GNESEN, a circle of the Prussian province of Brom berg, formerly a part of Poland. It extends over 441 square miles, contains eight cities and towns, and 283 villages, with 31,200 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, which stands on a lake between two hills. It contains a cathedral and twelve Catholic churches, two convents, and a nunnery. It is the see of an archbishop, once the primate of Poland. The town is fortified, and contains 4500 inhabitants, who carry on brewing, distilling, tanning, and making linens, and have two large fairs annually. Long. 17. 31. 25. Ľ. Lat. 52. 25. 30. N.
GNOMES, Gnomi, certain imaginary beings, who, according to the cabalists, inhabit the inner parts of the earth. They are supposed to be small in stature, and the guardians of quarries, mines, and other similar works.
GNOMON, in Dialling, the style, pin, or cock of a dial, which by its shadow shows the hour of the day. The gnomon of every dial represents the axis of the earth. (See Dial and Dialling.) The word is Greek, γvωμΛn, which literally implies something that makes a thing known, in consequence of the style or pin indicating or making known the hour.
GOACH, the capital town of the Macassar country, in the island of Celebes. It is sometimes called the kingdom of Goach. Here the Malays, after the arrival of the Portuguese in 1512, were allowed to build a mosque, as they were not yet converted to the Christian religion. In 1778 the city was stormed by the Dutch, and the fortifications razed.
GOALPARAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, and district of Rangamatty, situated on the south shore of the Brahmapootra, near the frontier of Assam. Here is carried on a very considerable trade with the Assamese, who bring coarse cloths, stick-lac, gold, ivory, wax, and tar, which they exchange for salt, silks, and fine muslins. The trade would be more considerable, were it not impeded by the disorderly state of the country, and the savage manners of the chiefs, who defraud and frequently murder the traders. A detachment of native infantry is stationed here to guard the frontier, and no European is allowed to proceed beyond it without a pass from the government. It is a hundred and seventy miles north by east from Dacca. Long. 90. 32. E. Lat. 26. 8. N.
GOAND, a mountainous district of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, intersected by the Mahanuddy river. The inhabitants are very uncivilized, and boast of never having been subdued, though they are rendered tributary by the rajah of Nagpoor. The country is poor, and there are no good roads.
GOAT Island, the southernmost of the Bashee islands, in the Eastern Seas. It is the smallest of the group, flat and level, and has a number of goats in it, from which it derives its name. Long. 120. 13. E. Lat. 13. 52. N.
GOBAN, a small island, with a town, at the mouth of the Euphrates, where it empties itself into the Persian Gulf, fifty miles east-south-east of Bassora.
GOBELIN, Giles, a celebrated French dyer, in the reign of Francis I., who, having discovered a method of dyeing a beautiful scarlet, had his name given to the finest French scarlets. His house, in the suburb of St Marcel at Paris,and the rivulet which he made use of, are still called the Gobelins. An academy for drawing, and a manufactory of fine tapestries, were erected in this quarter in 1666; for which reason the tapestries are called Gobelin.
GOBINGUNGE, a town of Bengal, in the district of Ghoraghaut, situated on the eastern bank of the Currattya river. It carries on a considerable trade in grain and cotton. Long. 89. 3. E. Lat. 25. 6. N.
GOBLET, or Gobelet, a kind of drinking cup, or bowl, commonly of a round figure, and without either foot or handle. The word is French, gobelet, which Salmasius and others derive from the barbarous Latin cupa. Budaeus deduces it from the Greek xiΛ∏>λλos, a sort of cup.
GOCAUK, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor. It is a place of considerable extent and importance, situated on a hill, and watered and defended on the south side by the Gutpurba river, whilst on the other three sides it is surrounded by a brick wall and a wet ditch. Here is an extensive manufacture of cotton and silk goods. The silk is procured from Bengal by way of Goa. It was taken from the king of Bejapoor by Sultan Muazim, son of Aurungzebe, in 1685, but does not now contain any buildings or ruins of consequence. About two miles from this place is a very fine cataract, 169 yards broad, and 174 feet in perpendicular height. It i s formed by the river Gutpurba, which is precipitated from the hills to the low country. Long. 75. 6. E. Lat. 16. 20. N.
GOD, one of the many names of the Supreme Being God is also used in speaking of any false deity of th e heathens. The Greeks and Latins, it is observable, did not mean by the name of god, an all-perfect being, 0 f whose nature, eternity, infinity, omnipresence, and omnipotence, were essential attributes; amongst them, the word only implied an excellent and superior nature, and, accordingly, they gave the appellation of gods to all being, of a rank or class higher and more nerfect than men, espe [7:10:595]r cially to those who were inferior agents in the divine administration. Thus men themselves, according to their system, might become gods after death; inasmuch as their souls might attain to a degree of excellence superior to that which they were capable of while in life.
GODALMING, a market-town of the hundred of its own name, in the county of Surrey, on the great road to Portsmouth, thirty-four miles from London. It is very pleasantly situated in a valley, watered by the river Wye, which is navigable to the Thames, and by the latter to the metropolis, and consists of one principal street, and several smaller ones. There is a corporation, consisting of four aidermen and twelve councillors. There is a well-attended market on Saturdays, at which much corn, especially barley, is sold; and making it into malt is one branch of the trade carried on, and by the river much is transmitted to London. The population amounted in 1801 to 3405, in 1811 to 3543, in 1821 to 4098, and in 1831 to 4529.
GODAVERY, a large river of India, which has its rise in the Western Ghauts, seventy miles to the north-east of Bombay, and which, with a circuitous curve, flows nearly over the whole breadth of the peninsula in a southeast direction. After traversing the province of Aurungabad and the country of Tellingana from west to east, it turns to the south-eastward, and, receiving the Bain Gonga about ninety miles above the sea, besides many smaller rivers, separates into two principal channels at Rajamundry, one of which falls into the Bay of Bengal a few miles south of the town of Coringa, and the other a little below Narsipore, forming between them the island of Nagur, comprehending 500 square miles, and which, being intersected by various ramifications from these rivers, includes several tide-harbours for vessels of moderate burden, and is highly fertile and productive. Ingeram, Coringa, Ya-nam, Bandarmalanka, and Narsipore, are among the places situated at the mouth of this river, which, appears to be the most considerable stream that rises between the Ganges and Cape Comorin. Its whole course may be estimated at nearly 800 miles, having, owing to the peculiar configuration of the Indian peninsula, which rises to its height much nearer the western than the eastern shore, nearly traversed the country from sea to sea. During the rainy season the Godavery rolls a prodigious volume of water to the ocean; in many places it is more than a mile in breadth. During the dry season its bed consists in many places of an expanse of sand, the river being divided into numerous shallow streams. Extensive forests of teak trees line the shores of the river until it emerges from the Ghaut Mountains.
GODDARD, Jonathan, an eminent physician and chemist, and one of the first promoters of the Royal Society, was born about the year 1617. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians in 1646, and appointed reader of the anatomical lecture in that college in 1647. As he took part against Charles I., accepted the wardenship of Merton College, Oxford, from Oliver Cromwell when chancellor, and sat as sole representative of that university in Cromwell’s parliament, he was removed from his wardenship by Charles II. He was then, however, professor of physic at Gresham College, to which he retired, and continued to attend those meetings which gave birth to the Royal Society, upon the first, establishment of which he was nominated one of the council. Being fully persuaded that the preparation of medicines was not less the physician’s duty than prescribing them, he constantly prepared his own; and in 1668 he published a treatise recommending his example to general practice. He died of an apoplectic attack in 1674; and his memory has been preserved by the drops which bear his name, otherwise called Gutta Anglicana, the secret of which he sold to Charles II. for L.5000.
GODDESS, a heathen deity of the. female sex. It was the peculiar privilege of the goddesses to be represented naked on medals; for it was supposed that the imagination must be awed and restrained by the consideration of the divine character.
GODFATHERS and Godmothers, persons who, at the baptism of infants, answer for their future conduct, and solemnly promise that they will renounce the devil and all his works, and follow a life of piety and virtue; and by this means lay themselves under an indispensable obligation to instruct them, and watch over their conduct. This custom, which is of great antiquity in the Christian church, was probably instituted to prevent children being brought up in idolatry, in case their parents died before they arrived at years of discretion. The number of godfathers and godmothers is reduced to two in the church of Rome, and three in the church of England; but formerly there was no limit to the number.
GODFREY of Bouillon, prince of Lorraine, a celebrated crusader, and victorious commander. He was chosen general of the expedition which the Christians undertook for the recovery of the Holy Land, and sold his dukedom to prepare for the war. He took Jerusalem from the Turks in 1099; but his piety would not permit him to wear a diadem of gold in the city where his Saviour had been crowned with thorns. The sultan of Egypt afterwards sent against him a powerful army, which he defeated with terrible slaughter. Godfrey died in 1160.
GODMANCHESTER, a town of the county of Huntingdon, in the hundred of Toes)and, fifty-eight miles from London. It stands in a damp situation on the river Ouse, and is said to have been once a very large city. It is now only remarkable, as it has been for centuries, for the excellence of its soil and agriculture. In its municipal affairs it is governed by four aidermen and twelve councillors. It is so near to Huntingdon as to need no market. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 1953, and in 1831 to 2146.
GODSTONE, a town of the county of Surrey, in the hundred of Tandridge, twenty miles from London. It stands at the foot of the range of chalk hills, in a healthy soil and mild climate. The inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in agriculture, amounted in 1801 to 1081, in 1811 to 1156, in 1821 to 1210, and in 1831 to 1397.
GOELWARAH, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Gujrat, situated within the 2lst and 22d parallels of north latitude, and bounded on the east by the Gulf of Cambay. The greater part of this country, adjacent to the Gulf of Cambay, was ceded by the Mahratta chief the Guicowar, in 1805, in part payment of the subsidiary force supplied for his protection. It is famous for a breed of cattle, and its chief town is Gogo.
GOEST, a city of the Westphalian Prussian province, the capital of a circle of the same name. It is in a fertile district, is surrounded with walls, and contains 6745 inhabitants, who are employed in various kinds of manufactures, but mostly on a contracted scale. It was formerly one of the Hanse towns, and enjoyed the right of coining money. Long. 8. 1. E. Lat. 51. 54. 15. N.
GOG and Magog, two names generally joined together in Scripture. Moses, however, speaks of Magog the son of Japhet, but says nothing of Gog. Gog was prince of Magog, according to Ezekiel, in whose writings Magog signifies the country or people, and Gog the king of that country. The generality of the ancients considered Magog as the father of the Scythians and Tartars; and several interpreters discovered many traces of their name in the provinces of Great Tartary. Others have been of opinion that the Persians were the descendants of Magog; and some have imagined that the Goths were descended from Gog and Magog, and that the wars described by Ezekiel, [7:10:604]and undertaken by Gog against the saints, were no other than those which the Goths carried on in the fifth age against the Roman empire. Bochart has placed Gog in the neighbourhood of Caucasus. He derives the name of this celebrated mountain from the Hebrew Goff Chasan, the Fortress of Gog. He maintains that Prometheus, who is said to have been chained to Caucasus by Jupiter, is no other than Gog. In Iberia there was a province called the Gogarene. Lastly, the generality of writers believe that Gog and Magog, mentioned in Ezekiel and the Revelation, are to be taken in an allegorical acceptation, as signifying such princes as were enemies to the church and saints. Thus, by Gog in Ezekiel many understand Antiochus Epiphanes, the persecutor of the Jews who remained firm to their religion; and by the person of the same name in the Revelation they suppose to be meant Antichrist, the great enemy of the church and faithful. Some have endeavoured to prove that the Gog spoken of in Ezekiel, and Cambyses king of Persia, were one and the same person; and that Gog and Magog in the Revelation denote generally the enemies and persecutors of the church.
GOGGRAH, a river of Hindustan, which forces its way through the great Himalaya chain, though its exact source has never been ascertained. It afterwards falls into the Sareyn at Swarojadwara, the united streams afterwards being named indifferently the Goggrah, Sarfew, or Deva river. This river flows through the district of Kemaon and province of Oude, and at Manjee joins the Ganges, of which it is one of the largest tributary streams. It is navigable for large boats to the foot of the hills, and is held sacred by the Hindus. There are several large towns on its banks.
GOGO, a sea-port of Hindustan, in the province of Gujrat,and district of Goelwarah, situated on the west side of the Gulf of Cambay. It is considered as a safe roadstead during the south-west monsoon, where ships may be supplied with stores and provisions, and repair any damage they may have sustained. The inhabitants, who are principally Mahommedans, build vessels of from fifty to three hundred tons burden; and carry on a considerable trade with Bombay and other places, the chief export being cotton. The Lascars of this place are named Siddhees; they are descendants of the Abyssinians, and are held in much estimation for their nautical skill and bravery. It is an ancient town, and has fallen greatly into decay; but since it came into the possession of the British it has been gradually increasing in commerce and population. Long. 72. 21. E. Lat. 21. 4L N.
GOHUD, afortified town of Hindustan, in theprovince of Agra, and capital of an extensive district of the same name. The district is situated on the south side of the river Chumbul, and between the 26th and 27th degrees of north latitude. It is a mountainous territory, but is fertile in the valleys, and abounds with strong positions, particularly the celebrated fortress of Gualior. About the middle of the last century Gohud was a small village attached to the district of Gualior, and the rannah’s ancestors were zemindars of this village. Bheem Singh, the rannah, prior to the battle of Paniput, in 1761 acquired possession of Gualior, but it was taken from him by the Mahrattas. When this nation lost the battle of Paniput, the rannah of Gohud attempted to shake off their yoke, but was conquered by Ra-goonauth Row in 1766, and compelled to continue tributary. On a subsequent rupture Gohud was taken by Scindia in 1784. On the 17th of January 1804 a treaty was concluded by the British government with the rannah of Gohud, by which he was to be established in the sovereignty of Gohud, Gualior, and a considerable number of adjacent districts. This treaty, however, was never carried into effect, and a new treaty was concluded, by which the rajah agreed to relinquish the country and fort of Gohud, and the adjoining districts. Gohud is sixty-five miles south-west from the city of Agra. Long. 78. 21. E. Lat. 26. 21. N.