pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CARROUSAL, a course of horses and chariots, or a magnificent entertainment exhibited by princes on some public rejoicing. It consists in a cavalcade of several gentlemen, richly dressed and equipped after the manner of ancient cavaliers, divided into squadrons, meeting in some public place, and practising jousts, tournaments, and the like. The last carrousals were in the reign of Louis XIV. The word comes from the Italian word carosello, a diminutive of carro, a chariot. Tertullian ascribes the invention of carrousals to Circe, and states that they were instituted in honour of the sun, her father; whence some derive the word from carrus, or carrus solis. The Moors introduced ciphers, liveries, and other ornaments of arms, with trappings, &c. for their horses; the Goths added crests, plumes, &c.
CARRUCA, in Antiquity, a splendid kind of carr, or chariot, mounted on four wheels, and richly decorated with gold, silver, ivory, &c. in which the emperors, senators, and people of condition, were carried. The word comes from the Latin cαrrus, or British carr, which is still the Irish name for any wheel-carriage.

Carruca, or Caruca, js also used by the writers of the middle ages to signify a plough.
CARRUCAGE (parucagium'), a kind of tax anciently imposed on every plough, for the public service. See Carrucate. Carruca ge, Carucage, or Carnage, in husbandry, denotes the ploughing of ground, either ordinary, as for grain, hemp, and flax; or extraordinary, as for woad, dyers’ weed, rape, and the like.
CARRUCATE (carrucata), in our ancient laws and history, denotes a plough-land, or as much arable ground as can be tilled in a year with one plough.

In Doomsday Inquisition the arable land is estimated in carrucates, the pasture in hides, and the meadow in acres. Skene makes the carrucata the same with hilda, or hida terroe ; Littleton the same with soc.

The measure of a carrucate appears to have differed in respect of place as well as of time. In the reign of Richard I. it was estimated at sixty acres, and at one period of the same reign at a hundred acres; in the time of Edward I. it was rated at a hundred and eighty acres; and in the twenty-third of Edward III. a carrucate of laud in Burcester contained a hundred and twelve acres, and in Middleton a hundred and fifty acres.

By a statute of William III. of charging persons to repair the highways, a plough-land is rated at fifty pounds per annum, and may contain houses, mills, wood, pasture, &c.
CARRYING, in falconry, signifies a hawk’s flying away with the quarry. Carrying is one of the ill qualities of a hawk, which she acquires either by dislike of the falconer, or from not being sufficiently broken to the lure.

Carrying, among huntsmen. When a hare runs on rotten ground, or even sometimes in a frost, and it sticks to her feet, they say she carries.

Carrying, among riding-masters. A horse is said to carry low, when having naturally an ill-shaped neck, he lowers his head too much. A horse is said to carry well when his neck is raised or arched, and he holds his head high and firm, without constraint.
CARSE, a word signifying a flat piece of ground, has been applied to three several tracts of country in Scotland, namely, the Carse of Falkirk, the Carse of Gowrie, and the Carse of Stirling. It was long matter of plausible conjecture that these flat tracts of land on the borders of large rivers had been formed by the deposition of alluvial matter and the change of the water-courses; and the light of modern science, with careful investigation, has confirmed the fact. Bones of large marine animals have been found embedded many feet below the surface of the soil; thus demonstrating that such places must have been at some former period, but subsequently to the Mosaic deluge, within the flow of the sea. Some years ago the perfect skeleton of a whale was found at Airthrie, in the Carse of Stirling, many miles from the sea, or the Frith of Forth, and a considerable distance from the present course of the river. Anchors, and other artificial articles, have at various times been found in the Carse of Falkirk. The nature of the soil of these carses is also probative of the fact.

Carse of Falkirk, The, stretches for nearly ten miles in a westerly direction, from about Borrowstownness to Air th, along the south shore of the Frith of Forth. Its breadth varies from one to two miles. On the margin of the sea the land is rich and productive, and rises in well-cultivated[7:6:179] acclivities on the south. It is broadest below Falkirk, where it is irrigated by the placid waters of the Carron.

Carse of Gowrie, The, is a portion of the district of Gowrie, in Perthshire, and consists of a level tract of land on the north side of the Frith of Tay, from the neighbourhood of Dundee on the east, till it rises into an eminence at the transition of the Tay from a frith to a river. On the north it is bounded by the Siedlaw Hills. It comprehends a breadth of from two to three miles by a length of fifteen. It is celebrated for its rural loveliness and high state of cultivation.

Carse of Stirling, The, is a beautiful tract of land stretching from the Devon on the north side of the Forth, on both banks of that river, to beyond Stirling. In the centre it is intersected by the windings of the Forth. It also possesses great rural beauty, and is in a high state of cultivation.
CARSUCAL, Rainier, a Jesuit, born at Citerna, in Tuscany, in 1647, was the author of a Latin poem entitled Ars bene Scribendi, which is esteemed both for the elegance of the style and for the excellent precepts it contains. He also wrote some good epigrams, and died in 1709.
CART, a land carriage with two wheels, drawn commonly by horses, to carry heavy goods, &c. from one place to another. The word seems formed' from the French charrette, which signifies the same, or rather the Latin carreta, a diminutive of carrus. See Mechanics, and Wheel-Carriages.

Scripture makes mention of a sort of carts or drags used by the Jews for the purpose of threshing. They were supported on low thick wheels, bound with iron, which were rolled up and down on the sheaves, to break them, and force out the corn. Something of the same kind also obtained among the Romans, under the denomination of plaustra, of which Virgil makes mention in the first Géorgie. According to Servius, trahea denotes a cart without wheels, while tribula is a sort of cart armed on all sides with teeth, and chiefly used in Africa for threshing corn. The Septuagint and St Jerome represent these carts as furnished with saws, insomuch that their surface was beset with teeth. David having taken Rabbah, the capital of the Ammonites, ordered all the inhabitants to be crushed to pieces under such carts, moving on wheels set with iron teeth; and the king of Damascus is said to have treated the Israelites of the land of Gilead in the same manner.

Carts of War, a peculiar kind of artillery anciently in use among the Scotch. In an act of parliament passed in the year 1456, they are thus described: “It is thought speidfull, that the king may requeist to certain of the great burrous of the land that are of ony myght, to mak carts of weir, and in ilk cart twa gunnis, and ilk ane to have twa chalmers, with the remnant of the graith that effeirs thereto, and an cunnand man to shut thame.” By another act passed in 1471, the prelates and barons are commanded to provide such carts of war against their old enemies the English.
CARTE, Thomas, the historian, was the son of Mr Samuel Carte, prebendary of Lichfield, and born in 1686. When he was reader in the abbey-church at Bath, he took occasion, in a sermon delivered on the 30th of January 1714, to vindicate Charles I. with respect to the Irish massacre, which drew him into a controversy with Mr Chandler the dissenting minister; and on the accession of the present royal family he refused to take the oaths [7:6:180]to government, and therefore put on a lay habit. He is said to have acted as a kind of secretary to Bishop Atterbury before his troubles; and in the year 1722, being accused of high treason, a reward of L.1000 was offered for apprehending him; but Queen Caroline, the great patroness of learned men, obtained leave for him to return home in security. Iĭe published, 1. An edition of Thuanus, in seven volumes folio; 2. The Life of the first Duke of Ormond, three volumes folio; 3. The History of England, four volumes folio; 4. A Collection of Original Letters and Papers concerning the affairs of England, two volumes octavo; and some other works. He died in April 1754. His History of England ends in 1654. His design was to have brought it down to the Revolution; for which purpose he had taken great pains in copying every thing valuable that could be met with in England, Scotland, France, Ireland, and other countries. He had, as he himself says, “read abundance of collections relating to the time of King Charles II. and had in his power a series of memoirs from the beginning to the and of that reign, in which all those intrigues and turns at court, at the latter end of that king’s life, which Bishop Burnet, with all his gout for tales of secret history, and all his genius for conjectures, does not pretend to account for, are laid open in the clearest and most convincing manner, by the person who was most affected by them, and had the best reason to know them.” At his death, all his papers passed into the hands of his widow, who afterwards married Mr Jernegan, a member of the church of Rome. But they were afterwards deposited in the Bodleian Library, having been delivered by Mr Jernegan to the university in 1778, for a valuable consideration. Whilst they were in this gentleman’s possession, the Earl of Hardwick paid L.200 for the perusal of them. For a consideration of L.300 Mr Macpherson had the use of them, and from these and other materials compiled his history and state papers. Mr Carte was a man of a strong constitution and of indefatigable application. When the studies of the day were over, he would eat heartily; and in conversation he was cheerful and entertaining.

Carte Blanche, a sort of white paper signed at the bottom with a person’s name, and sometimes also sealed with his seal, giving another person power to superscribe what conditions he pleases. Analogous to this is the French blanc signe, a paper without writing, except a signature at the bottom, given by contending parties to arbitrators or friends, to fill up with the conditions they judge reasonable, in order to end the difference.
CARTEL, an agreement between two states for the exchange of prisoners of war.

Cartel signifies also a letter of defiance or a challenge to decide a controversy either in a tournament or in a single combat. See Duel. Cartel Ship, a ship commissioned in time of war to exchange the prisoners of any two hostile powers; also to carry any particular request or proposal from one to another. For this reason the officer who commands her is particularly ordered to carry no cargo, ammunition, or implements of war, except a single gun for the purpose of firing signals.
CARTESIANS, a sect of philosophers, who adhered to the system of Descartes, founded on two principles, the one metaphysical, the other physical. The metaphysical principle is, I think, therefore I am; the physical principle is, that nothing exists Lut substance. Descartes considered substances as of two kinds; the one a substance that thinks, the other a substance extended; and hence actual thought and actual extension are, according to him, the essence of substance. The essence of matter being thus fixed in extension, the Cartesians conclude that there is no vacuum, nor any possibility of one, in nature, and that the universe is absolutely full. Mere space is excluded by this principle, because extension being implied in the idea of space, matter is so too. Upon these principles the Cartesians endeavoured to explain mechanically the formation of the world, and to account for the celestial phenomena.
CARTHUSIANS, a religious order, founded by one Brudo in the year 1080. The Carthusians, so called from the desert of Chartreux, the place of their institution, are remarkable for the austerity of their rules. They are not permitted to quit their cells, except to go to church, without leave of their superior, nor speak to any person without leave. They must not keep any portion of their meat or drink till next day; their beds are of straw, covered with a felt; their clothing consists of two hair-cloths, two cowls, two pairs of hose, and a cloak, all of coarse texture. In the refectory they are enjoined to keep their eyes on the dish, their hands on the table, their attention on the reader, and their hearts fixed on God. Women are not allowed to come into their churches. The actual number of houses belonging to'this order cannot be accurately ascertained. They are divided into sixteen provinces, each of which has two visitors. There have been several canonized saints of this order, four cardinals, seventy archbishops and bishops, and a great many very learned writers.
CARTOUCHE, in Architecture and Sculpture, an ornament representing a scroll of paper. It is usually a flat member, with wavings to represent some inscription, device, cipher, or ornament of armoury. Cartouches are, in architecture, much the same as modifiions; only the latter are set under the cornice in wainscotting, and the former are set under the cornice at the caves of a house.

Cartouche, in the military art, signifies a case of wood, about three inches thick at the bottom, girt with marline, and containing about four hundred musket balls, besides six or eight balls of iron of a pound weight, to be fired out of a hobit, for the defence of a pass, or the like.

A cartouche is sometimes made of a globular form, and filled with a ball of a pound weight; sometimes it is made for the guns, being filled with balls of half or quarter a pound weight, according to the nature of the gun, tied in the form of a bunch of grapes, on a tompion of wood, and coated over. These were used instead of partridge-shot.

Cartouche, in hieroglyphics, is the term applied by the French savans to the elliptical ring or oval which incloses every proper name in a monumental inscription. In the hieratic and demotic, enchorial, or civil forms of writing, the cartouche or oval degenerates into rude brackets.
CARTRIDGE, in the military art, a case of pasteboard or parchment, holding the exact charge of a firearm. Those for muskets, carabines, and pistols, contain both the powder and ball for the charge; those of cannon and mortars are sometimes in cases of pasteboard or tin, sometimes in cases of wood, but most frequently in flannel bags, which are found in practice much more convenient.

Cλrtridge-ZMz, a case of wood or turned iron, covered with leather, holding a dozen or more musket cartridges. It is worn upon a belt, and hangs a little lower than the right pocket-hole.
CARTWRIGHT, William, a divine and poet of some eminence, born at Northway, near Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, in September 1611. He finished his education at Oxford, afterwards went into holy orders, and became a most florid preacher in the university. In 1642 he obtained the place of succentor in the church of Salisbury, and was afterwards chosen junior proctor in the university. He was also metaphysical reader there. Wit, judgment, elocution, with a graceful person and behaviour, elicited from Dean Fell the encomiastic remark, “that he was the utmost that man could come to.” He was an expert linguist, a good orator, and a respectable poet. There are extant four of his plays and some poems. He died in 1644, aged thirty-three.
CARUCATURIUS, in ancient law-books, he who held land in soccage, or by plough tenure.
CARVAGE (carυagium'), the same with Carrucage. Henry III. is said to have taken carvage, that is, two marks of silver for every knight’s fee, towards the marriage of his sister Isabella to the emperor. Carvage could only be imposed on tenants in capite. Carvage also denotes a privilege by which a man is exempted from the service of carrucage.
CARVER, a cutter of figures or other devices in wood. Carvers answer to what the Romans called sculptores, who were different from coelatores, or engravers, as the latter wrought in metal.

Carver is also an officer of the table, w+ose business it is to cut up the meat, and distribute it to the guests. The word is formed from the Latin carptor, which signifies the same thing. The Romans also called him carpus, sometimes scissor, seindendi magister, and structor. In the great families at Rome the carver was an officer of some consequence; and there were masters to teach them the art regularly, by means of figures of animals cut in wood. The Greeks had also their carvers, called ð/argo/, or distributors. In the primitive times the master of the feast carved for all his guests. Thus, in Homer, when Agamemnon’s ambassadors were entertained at Achilles’s table, the hero himself carved the meat. In later times the same office was on solemn occasions executed by some of the chief men of Sparta. There are persons who derive the custom of distributing to every guest his portion, from those early ages when the Greeks first left off feeding on acorns, and learned the use of corn. The new diet was so great a delicacy that, to prevent the guests from quarrelling about it, it was found necessary to make a fair distribution.
CARVIN, a town in the department of the Pas de Calais, in France, in the arrondissement of Bethune, with 496 houses and 4920 inhabitants.
CARVING, in a general sense, the art or act of cutting or fashioning a hard body, by means of some sharp instrument, especially a chisel. In this sense carving includes statuary and engraving, as well as cutting in wood. Carving, in a more particular sense, is the art of engraving or cutting figures in wood. In this sense carving, according to Pliny, is prior both to statuary and painting.
CARWAR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of North Canara, situated in a bay at the mouth of a navigable river. It was formerly a noted seat of European commerce, and exported great quantities of cloth, but has lately fallen into decay. An English factory was established in the year 1640, and traded with Persia and Arabia. During the reign of Tippoo the town fell completely into decay. Carwar was ceded to the British in 1799. It is fifty-four miles south by east of Goa. Long. 74. 16. E. Lat. 14. 49. N.
CARY, Lucius, Lord Viscount Falkland, was born in Oxfordshire about the year 1610, and was a young nobleman of great abilities and accomplishments. About the time of his father’s death in 1633, he was made gentleman of the privy chamber to King Charles I. and afterwards secretary of state. Before the assembling of the long parliament, he had devoted himself to literature, and every pleasure which a fine genius, a generous disposition, and an opulent fortune, could enable him to gratify. When called into public life, he stood foremost in all attacks on the high prerogatives of the crown; but when civil convulsions came to an extremity, and it was necessary to choose a side, he tempered his zeal, and defended the limited powers that remained to monarchy. Still anxious, however, for his country, he seems to have dreaded equally the success of the royal party and that of the parliament, and among his intimate friends often sadly reiterated the word “peace.” This excellent nobleman freely exposed his person for the king in all hazardous enterprises, and was killed in the thirty-fourth [7:6:209]year of his age, at the battle of Newberry. He wrote several things, both poetical and political; and in some of the king’s declarations, supposed to be penned by Lord Falkland, we find the first regular definition of the English constitution that occurs in any composition published by authority. His predecessor, the first Viscount Cary, was ennobled for being the individual who carried to King James the earliest tidings of Queen Elizabeth’s death.

Cary, Robert, a learned English chronologer, born in Devonshire about the year 1615. On the restoration he was preferred to the archdeaconry of Exeter; but on some pretext he was ejected in 1664, and spent the remainder of his days at his rectory of Portlemoth, where he died in 1688. He published Paloeologia Chronica, a chronology of ancient times, in three parts, didactical, apodeictical, and canonical; and translated the hymns of the church into Latin verse.
CARYTES, in Antiquity, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed Caryatis, held at Caryum, a city of Laconia. The chief ceremony consisted of a dance said to have been invented by Castor and Pollux, and performed by the virgins of the place. During Xerxes’s invasion, the Laconians not daring to appear and celebrate the customary solemnity, the neighbouring swains, in order to avoid incurring the anger of the goddess by such an intermission, are said to have assembled and sung pastorals or bucolismi, which is supposed to have been the origin of bucolic poetry.
CARYATIDES, or Cariates. See Architecture.
CARYL, Joseph, a divine of the last century, bred at Oxford, and some time preacher to the society of Lineoln’s-inn, an employment which he filled with much distinction. He became a frequent preacher before the long parliament, a licenser of their books, one of the assembly of divines, and one of the candidates for the approbation of ministers; in all which capacities he showed himself a man of considerable parts and learning, but evinced great zeal against the king’s person and cause. On the restoration of Charles II. he was silenced by the act of uniformity, and lived privately in London, where, besides other works, he distinguished himself by a laborious Exposition of the Book of Job ; and died in 1672.
CARYLL, John, an English poet, of the Roman Catholic persuasion, was secretary to Queen Mary, the wife of Janies II., and one who followed the fortunes of his abdicated master; who rewarded him, first with knighthood, and then with the honorary titles of Earl Caryll and Baron Dartford. How long he continued in the service of the exiled monarch is not known, but he was in England in the reign of Queen Anne, and recommended the subject of the Rape of the Lock to Mr Pope, who at its publication addressed it to him. He was also the intimate friend of Pope’s Unfortunate Lady. He was the author of two plays, 1. The English Princess, or the Death of Richard III. 1667, 4to; 2. Sir Salomon, or the Cautious Coxcomb, 1671, 4to: and in 1700 he published The Psalms of David, translated from the Vulgate, 12mo. In Tonson’s edition of Ovid’s Epistles, that of Briseis to Achilles is said to be by Sir John Caryll; and in Nichols’ Select Collection of Miscellany Poems, vol. ii. p. 1, the firsl. eclogue of Virgil is translated by the same ingenious poet. He was living in 1717, and at that time must have been a very old man.
CASA, in ancient writers, and those of the middle ages, is used to denote a cottage or house.

Casa, Santa, denotes the chapel of the holy virgin at Loretto. The Santa Casa is properly the house or rather chamber in which the blessed virgin is said to have been born, where she was betrothed to her spouse Joseph, where the angel saluted her, where the Holy Ghost overshadowed her, and where, by consequence, the Son of God was conceived or incarnated. Of this building the Catholics relate many wonderful legends, better calculated to exercise faith than to produce conviction.

Casa Grande, a town of Mexico in the province of Sonora, situated on the Rio Gila. Here there is still in existence an immense edifice, supposed to have been reared by the ancient Mexicans. It consists of three floors, with a terrace above them. There is no entrance to the under floor; and hence, access being only obtained by means of a scaling ladder, it is supposed that the building was designed for a fortress. Long. 113. 23. E. Lat. 33. 40. N.