pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CALAS, John, the name of a most unfortunate Protestant merchant at Toulouse, inhumanly butchered under forms of law which were prostituted to shelter the sanguinary dictates of ignorant and fanatical zeal. He had [7:5:785]lived forty years at Toulouse. His wife was an Englishwoman of French extraction, and they had five sons, one of whom, Louis, had turned Catholic through the persuasions of a Catholic maid who had lived thirty years in the family. In October 1761 the family consisted of Calas, his wife, Mark Antony their son, Peter their second son, and this maid. Antony was educated for the bar; but being of a melancholy turn of mind, was continually dwelling on passages from authors on the subject of suicide, and one night in that month hanged himself on a bar laid across two folding doors in the shop. The crowd collected by the confusion of the family on so shocking a discovery took it into their heads that he had been strangled by the family to prevent his changing his religion, and that this was a common practice among Protestants. The officers of justice adopted the popular tale, and were supplied by the mob with what they accepted as conclusive evidence of the fact. The fraternity of White Penitents got the body, buried it with great ceremony, and performed a solemn service for him as a martyr; the Franciscans did the same; and after these formalities no one doubted the guilt of the devoted heretical family. Being all condemned to the torture in order to bring them to confession, they appealed to the parliament; but this body, being as weak and as wicked as the subordinate magistrates, sentenced the father to the torture, ordinary and extraordinary, to be broken alive upon the wheel, and then to be burnt to ashes; a diabolical decree, which, to the shame of humanity, was actually carried into execution. Peter Calas, the other son, was banished for life; and the rest were acquitted. The distracted widow, however, found some friends, and among these Voltaire, who laid her case before the council of state at Versailles; and the parliament of Toulouse was ordered to transmit the proceedings. These the king and council unanimously agreed to annul; the chief magistrate of Toulouse was degraded and fined; old Calas was declared to have been innocent; and every imputation of guilt was removed from the family, who also received from the king and clergy considerable gratuities.
CALASCIBETTA, a city of the intendancy of Calatanisetta, in the island of Sicily, in the defile between two mountains, on the river Nebroden. It contains 4780 inhabitants.
CALASH, or Calesh, a small light kind of chariot or chair, with very low wheels, used chiefly for taking the air in parks and gardens.
CALASIO, Marius, a Franciscan, and professor of the Hebrew language at Rome, of whom there is very little to be said, but that he published there, in the year 1621, a concordance of the bible, which consisted of four great volumes in folio. This work has been highly approved and commended both by Protestants and Catholics, and is indeed a most admirable work; for, besides the Hebrew words of the bible, which compose the body of the book, with the Latin version over against them, there are in the margin the differences between the Septuagint version and the Vulgate; so that at one view may be seen wherein the three bibles agree, and wherein they differ. Moreover, at the beginning of every article there is a kind of dictionary, which gives the signification of each Hebrew word; affords an opportunity of comparing it with other oriental languages, viz. with the Syriac, Arabic, and Chaldee; and is extremely useful for determining more exactly the true meaning of the Hebrew words.
CALASIRIS, in antiquity, a linen tunic fringed at the bottom, and worn by the Egyptians under a white woollen garment; but this last they were obliged to pull off when they entered the temples, being only allowed to appear there in linen garments.
CALATAFINI, a city of Sicily, in the intendancy of Trapani. It is between two hills, in a fine corn country, containing 10,000 inhabitants. This district is celebrated for its dairy and breeding cattle.
CALATANISETTA, one of the intendancies into which the island of Sicily is divided. It is bounded on the north by Palermo, on the east by Catania, on the southeast by Seragosa, on the south by the sea, and on the west by Girgenti. It is divided into three districts, viz. Calatanisetta, Piazza, and Terranovo, and contains 155,225 inhabitants.

Calatanisetta, a city, the capital of the intendancy and district of the same name, in the island of Sicily. It is situated in an extensive and fertile plain, on a healthy spot, has broad streets and good buildings, and contains 2800 houses, with 15,627 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in making linen cloth.

ÛALATAYUD, a small city of Spain, in the province of Aragon. It is situated on the river Xalon, a little below its junction with the Xiloca, in a fertile valley, which produces abundantly olives, grasses, and melons. The ruins of the ancient city of Bilbilis, the native place of the poet Martial, are to be seen near Calatayud. This city contains 1500 houses and 9000 inhabitants, three tanneries, and twelve soap-boiling houses. There is annually raised here 20,000 hundredweight of hemp.
CALATHUS, in antiquity, a kind of hand-basket made of light wood or rushes, used by the women sometimes to gather flowers, but chiefly, after the example of Minerva, to put their work in. The figure of the calathus, as represented on ancient monuments, is narrow at the bottom, but widens upwards like that of a top. Pliny compares it to that of a lily. The calathus or work-basket of Minerva is no less celebrated among the poets than her distaff.

Calathus was also the name of a wine-cup used in sacrifices.
CALATOR, in antiquity, a crier, or officer appointed to publish something aloud, or call the people together. The word is formed from καλεω, voco, “I call.” The pontifices had such ministers, whom they used to send before them when they went to sacrifice οnferice or holidays, in order to advertise the people to leave off work. The magistrates also used calatores, to call the people to the comitia, both curìata and centuriata. The officers in the army also had calatores ; as had likewise many private families, to invite their guests to entertainments.
CALAYAN, a small island in the Pacific Ocean, and the most northerly of those called the Babuyanes islands. It is situated due north of the large island of Luzon, and is about twenty-three miles in circumference. Long. 121. 30. E. Lat. 19. 28. N.
CALATVOTURA, a city of Italy, in the intendancy of Palermo, in the island of Sicily. It is situated in a valley among the mountains, near the river Grande, and contains about 3200 inhabitants. The situation is somewhat unhealthy.
CALCAR, John de, a celebrated painter, was the disciple of Titian, and perfected himself by studying Raphael. Among various pieces, he drew a Nativity, representing the angels around the infant Christ; and so ordered the disposition of his picture as to cause the light to proceed from the child. He died at Naples in 1546, in the flower of his age.
CALCAREOUS SPAR, or Crystallized Carbonate of Lime, one of the most generally diversified substances in the mineral kingdom, and certainly that which presents the greatest variety of crystalline forms. The Abbé Haüy has drawn and described upwards of 500 of these; and since his time not fewer than 800 other distinct modifications have been determined, all of which, when fractured, present as their primitive form an obtuse rhomb of 105° 5' and 74 c, 55'. The most prevalent colour of calcareous spar is white, though it also presents numerous shades of yellow, green, blue, and red, most of them pale. Its dark brown and black colours are owing to the admixture of bitumen. It is transparent or translucent, and has in the clear specimens a very distinct double refraction. It has a vitreous lustre, and perfect cleavage. The pure varieties consist, according to the analyses of Stromeyer, and Philips, of
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but the coloured ones not unfrequently contain small portions of oxide of iron, silica, magnesia, alumina, carbon, and bitumen. It effervesces violently with acids, and if pure is entirely soluble in nitric acid. At an ordinary heat it does not fuse, but gives oft' its carbonic acid, shines with a peculiar brightness, and ultimately becomes quick-limc. Among the most distinguished localities of calcareous spar may be enumerated Andreasberg and other mining districts in the Hartz, where the varieties in six-sided prisms have been found of great beauty; Alston Moor in Cumberland, which affords numerous flat rhombic crystals; and Derbyshire, whence the pyramidal forms, sometimes of very large dimensions, are obtained. Under the head of calcareous spar there are a number of sub-species, which depend chiefly upon their mode of composition, and upon admixtures and impurities, with which the individuals have been affected at their formation. These will be fully described among the minerals. ∙
CALCEARIUM, in antiquity, a donative or largess bestowed on Roman soldiers for buying shoes. In monasteries, calcearium denoted the daily service of cleaning the shoes of the religious.
CALCHAS, in fabulous history, a famous diviner, followed the Greek army to Troy. He foretold that the siege would last ten years; and that the fleet, which was detained in the port of Aulis by contrary winds, would not sail till Agamemnon’s daughter had been sacrificed to Diana. After the taking of Troy he retired to Colophon, where, it is said, he died of grief, because he could not divine what another of his profession, called Mopsus, had discovered.
CALCINATO, a market-town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Brescia, with 3207 inhabitants.
CALC-SINER, or Stalactitic Carbonate of Lime. This occurs mamillated, or in long pendulous masses or tubes, commonly coating, or even entirely filling, the interior of caves. Though deposited from water loaded with particles of lime, and therefore in a constant state of formation, these stalactites (which outside are commonly of a yellowish-white colour, and present an infinity of different shapes and sizes) invariably afford when broken the most distinct cleavage. In this way the perfect rhomb, having the same angles as that of the calcareous spar, is easily produced from any portion of them. The extensive caverns of Adelsberg in Carniola derive their entire splendour from the thousands of these stalactites with which they are naturally ornamented in the shape of festoons, curtains, foliage, and whatever else a lively imagination may choose to invent out of the variety of fanciful and extraordinary forms they assume. These caverns constitute a labyrinth of many miles within the porous limestone rocks of the vicinity, and as yet but a small portion of them has been explored by man. The cave of Macallister, commonly called the Spar Cave, on Loch Sunert in the Isle of Skye, is another of the same description, though much inferior in extent and beauty to that of Adelsberg. The oriental alabaster, which is this same mineral in a massive state, was much prized by the ancients for statuary purposes.
CALC-TUFF, or Calcareous Tufa, is the most impure, the most irregular, and the most porous, of all the varieties of limestone. It occurs in beds generally in the vicinity of lakes and rivers, also encrusting rocks, and enveloping animal and vegetable remains in the proximity of calcareous springs. Immense deposits of calc-tuff have taken place at Terni, and on the banks of the river Anio near Tivoli; where some very curious impressions, such as that of a cart-wheel, trunks of trees, &c. are to be met with. The celebrated Grecian temples of Paestum are formed of this stone, and no doubt owe their existence, at the present period, to the circumstance of its becoming harder the longer it is exposed to the air; for, as the quarries whence it has been procured are in the immediate vicinity, and the stone previous to being exposed is so much softer, modern Vandals have found it easier to go directly to the quarry tor what they wanted, than attack the long weather-beaten and now indurated Doric pillars of the temples. From its property of hardening so much on exposure to the atmosphere and to wet, this rock makes a very useful building stone in the formation of bridges. Over the Danube at Ulm a very handsome bridge has lately been constructed of it, which, when brought from the neighbouring mountains, is cut into its required dimensions with the assistance merely of the axe and the saw.
CALDARIUM, in the ancient baths, denoted a brazen vessel or cistern, placed in the hypocaustum, full of hot water, to be drawn thence into the piscina or bath, to give it the necessary degree of heat. In this sense the caldarium stands contradistinguished from the tepedarium and frigidarium. Caldarium also denoted the stove or sudatory, being a close vaulted room, in which, by hot dry fumes, without water, people were brought to a profuse sweat. In this sense caldarium was the same with what was otherwise denominated vaporarium, sudatorium, and laconium ; and in the Greek baths, hypocaustum, v¶wav¢rey.
CALDERINUS, Domitius, a learned critic, born at Calderia, near Verona. He read lectures upon polite literature at Rome with great reputation, and was the first who ventured to write upon the most difficult of the an··· cient poets. He died very young in 1477.
CALDIERO, a town of the delegation of Verona, in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, where there are some warm baths. It contains 2250 inhabitants.
CALDRON, or Cauldron, a large kitchen utensil, commonly made of copper; having a movable iron handle, by which to hang it on the chimney hook. The word is formed from the French chaudron, or rather the Latin caldarium.
CALDWALL, Richard, a learned English physician, born in Staffordshire about the year 1513. He studied physic in Brazen-nose College, Oxford, and was examined, admitted into, and made censor of, the College of Physicians at London, all in one day. Six weeks afterwards he was chosen one of the elects; and in the year 1570 he was made president of that college. Wood informs us that he wrote several professional pieces; but he does not tell us what they were, only that he translated a book on the art of surgery, written by one Horatio More, a Florentine physician. We learn from Camden, that Caldwall founded a chirurgical lecture in the College of Physicians, and endowed it with a handsome salary. He died in 1585.
CALEDONIAN Canal. See Navigation Inland, and Scotland.
CALEFACTION, the production of heat in a body from the action of fire, or that impulse impressed by a hot body on others around it.
CALELLA, a town of Spain, on the sea-coast, in the province of Catalonia, with 2400 inhabitants, who are employed in distilling brandy and wine, in easting anchors, and in making fishing nets, lace, and blonde.
CALENBERG, a principality or duchy in the kingdom of Hanover. It is bounded on the north-east by Luneburg; on the south-east by Hildesheim; on the south by Brunswick, the Prussian circle of Minden, and Pyrmont; and on the west by Lippe, Schaumburg, and Hoya. It is 1090 square miles, or 667,800 English acres, in extent; and contains a populatiou of 151,000 persons. The city of Hanover is the capital of the pincipality, as well as of the kingdom. The southern part is generally hilly, but with broad valleys interposed. The northern division is part of that sandy plain which extends through the Continent, and is of little fertility except in a few spots. The principal products are corn,cattle, butter, and flax; and the latter, made into yarn or cloth, is almost the only article manufactured for exportation. The river Weser flows through one part of this principality; and the Leine, which also passes through it, has by great efforts been made navigable.
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CALENDERS, a sort of Mahommedan friars, so called from Santon Calenderi, their founder. This Santon went bareheaded, without a shirt, and with the skin of a wild beast thrown over his shoulders. He wore a kind of apron , before, the strings of which were adorned with counterfeit precious stones. His disciples are rather a sect of epicures than a society of religious persons. They honour a tavern as much as they do a mosque, and think they pay as acceptable worship to God by the free use of his creatures, as others do by the greatest austerities and acts of devotion. They arc called in Persia and Arabia Abdals, or Abdallat, that is, persons consecrated to the honour and service of God. Their garment is a single coat, made up of a variety of pieces, and quilted like a rug. They preach in the market places, and live upon what their auditors bestow on them. They are generally very vicious persons; for which reason they are not admitted into any houses.
CALENTIÜS, Elisius, a Neapolitan poet and prose author. He was preceptor to Frederick, the son of Ferdinand, king of Naples, and the earliest writer on the illegality of putting criminals to death, except for murder. He died in 1503.
CALENTURE, a feverish disorder incident to sailors in hot countries, the principal symptom of which is their imagining the sea to be green fields.
CALENZANA, a city of the island of Corsica, in the department of Calvi, containing 1950 inhabitants.
CALEPIN, Ambrosius, an Augustine monk of Cale-pio, whence he took his name, in the sixteenth century. He is author of a dictionary of eight languages, since augmented by Passerat and others.
CALF, in Zoology, the young of the ox kind. See Mammalia. Golden Calf, an idol set up and worshipped by the Israelites at the foot of Mount Sinai, in their passage through the wilderness to the land of Canaan. Our version makes Aaron fashion this calf with a graving tool after he had cast it in a mould. The Geneva translation makes him engrave it first, and cast it afterwards. Others, with more probability, render the whole verse thus :— “And Aaron received them (the golden ear-rings), and tied them up in a bag, and got them cast into a molten calf;” which version is authorized by the different senses of the word tzur, which signifies to tie up or bind, as well as to shape or form; and of the word cherret, which is used both for a graving tool and a bag. Some of the ancient fathers have been of opinion that this idol had only the face of a calf, and the shape of a man from the neck downwards, in imitation of the Egyptian Isis; while others have thought it was only the head of an ox without a body. But the most general opinion is, that it was an entire calf, in imitation of the Apis worshipped by the Egyptians; among whom, no doubt, the Israelites had acquired their propensity to idolatry. This calf Moses is said to have burnt with fire, reduced to powder, and strewed upon the water which the people were to drink. How this could be accomplished has been a question. Μ. Stahl conjectures that Moses dissolved it by means of liver of sulphur. The rabbin tell us that the people were made to drink of this water, in order to distinguish the idolaters from the rest; for that as soon as they had drunk of it, the beards of the former turned red. The Cabbalists add, that the calf weighed 125 quintals; which they gather from the Hebrew word massekah, whose numerical letters make 125.
CALI, a town of Popayan, in South America, on the river Cauca, in a fertile and populous plain, abounding in mines, vegetable productions, and cattle. It is distant eighty-seven miles from Popayan. Long. 76. 23. W. Lat. 3. 24. S.
CALIAN, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, [7:6:22]which was formerly of larger size and of greater importance than it is at present, being now a poor place, inhabited by Mahommedans. It was exposed to many sieges during the wars which were carried on between the Mahommedans and the Mahrattas, and is now surrounded with the ruins of numerous forts. It still carries on some traffic in cocoa nuts, oil, coarse cloth, brass, and other ware. It is 32 miles north-east from Bombay, and 91 from Poonah. Long. 73. 12. E. Lat. 19. 17. N.
CALIBER, Calibre, or Calliper, properly denotes the diameter of any body: thus we say, two columns of the same caliber, the caliber of the bore of a gun, the caliber of a bullet, &c.

Caliber Compasses, a sort of compasses made with arched legs, to take the diameter of round or swelling bodies. See Compasses. ∙ Caliber Rule, or Gunner s Callipers, is an instrument in which a right line is so divided that the first part being equal to the diameter of an iron or leaden ball of one pound weight, the other parts are to the first as the diameters of balls of two, three, four, or more pounds are to the diameter of a ball of one pound. The caliber is used by engineers, from the weight of the ball given to determine its diameter or caliber, or z√ce versa.

The gunner’s callipers consist of two thin plates of brass joined by a rivet, so as to move quite round each other. Its length from the centre of the joint is between six inches and a foot, and its breadth from one to two inches; that of the most convenient size is about nine inches long. Many scales, tables, and proportions, &c. may be introduced on this instrument; but none is essential to it except those for taking the caliber of shot and cannon, and for measuring the magnitude of salient and re-entering angles.
CALICO, in commerce, a sort of cloth resembling linens, made of cotton. The name is taken from that of Calicut, a city on the coast of Malabar, being the first place at which the Portuguese landed when they discovered the India trade. The Spaniards still call it callicu.

Calicoes are of different kinds, plain, printed, painted, stained, dyed, chintz, muslins, and the like, being all included under the general denomination of calicoes. Some of them are painted with various flowers of different colours; others are not stained, but have a stripe of gold and silver quite through the piece, and at each end is fixed a tissue of gold, silver, and silk, intermixed with flowers.

Calico-Printing. See Dyeing.
CALICOOTE, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, near the Chilcath Lake, 20 miles N. W. from Ganjam. Long. 85. 21. E. Lat. 19. 20. N.
CALIDUCT, in Antiquity, a kind of pipes or canal disposed along the walls of houses or apartments, used by the ancients for conveying heat to several remote parts of the house from one common furnace.
CALIGA, in Roman Antiquity, was the proper soldier’s shoe, made in the sandal fashion, without upper leather to cover the superior part of the foot, though otherwise reaching to the middle of the leg, and fastened with thongs. The sole of the caliga was of wood, like the sabot of the French peasants, and its bottom stuck full of nails, which clavi are supposed to have been of considerable length in the shoes of the scouts and sentinels; whence these were called, by way of distinction, caligae speculato-riae ; as if, by elevating the wearer to a higher pitch, they gave a greater advantage to the sight; though others will have the caligae speculatoriae to have been made soft and woolly, to prevent their making a noise. From these caligae it was that the emperor Caligula took his name, as having been born in the army, and afterwards bred up in the habit of a common soldier. According to Du Cange, a sort of caliga was also worn by monks and bishops when they celebrated mass pontifically.
CALIGATI, an appellation given by some ancient writers to the common soldiers in the Roman armies, by reason of the caliga which they wore. The caliga was the badge or symbol of a soldier; and hence, to take away the caliga and belt, imported a dismission or cashiering.
CALIGAWN, a town of Northern Hindustan, tributary to the chief of Nepaul, and situated in the country of the twenty-four rajahs. Long. 33. 56. E. Lat. 28. 40. N.