pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ANTIPHONY, the answer made by one choir to another, when the psalm or anthem is sung between two.

Antiphony sometimes denotes a species of psalmody, wherein the congregation being divided into two parts, repeat the psalms, verse for verse, alternately. In this sense antiphony stands contradistinguished from symphony, where the whole congregation sing together.

Antiphony differs from responsorium, because in this latter the verse is only spoken by one person, whereas in the former the verses are sung by the two choirs alternately. The original of antiphonal singing in the western churches is referred to the time of St Ambrose, about the year 374. That father is said to have first introduced it into the church of Milan, in imitation of the custom of the eastern church, where it appears to be of greater antiquity, though as to the time of its institution authors are not agreed. It was probably introduced at Antioch between the years of Christ 347 and 356.

Antiphony is also used to denote the words given out at the beginning of the psalm, to which both the choirs are to accommodate their singing.

Antiphony, in a more modern sense, denotes a kind of composition made of several verses extracted out of different psalms, adapted to express the mystery solemnized on the occasion.
ANTIPODES, in Geography, a name given to those inhabitants of the globe that live diametrically opposite to each other. The word is Greek, and compounded of αιr∕, opposite, and νους, afoot, because their feet are opposite to each other. Plato is esteemed the first who thought it possible that antipodes subsisted, and is looked upon as the inventor of the word. As this philosopher apprehended the earth to be spherical, he had only one step to make to conclude the existence of the antipodes. The ancients; in general treated this opinion with the highest contempt, never being able to conceive how men and trees could subsist suspended in the air with their feet upwards, for so they apprehended they must be in the other hemisphere. They never reflected that these terms upwards and downwards are merely relative, and signify only nearer to, or farther from, the centre of the earth, the common centre to which all heavy bodies gravitate; and that, therefore, our antipodes have not their feet upwards and head downwards any more than ourselves, because they; like us, have their feet nearer the centre of the earth, and their heads farther from it. To have the head downwards and feet upwards, is to place the body in a direction of gravity tending from the feet to the head; but this cannot be supposed with regard to the antipodes, for they, like us, tend toward the centre of the earth in a direction from head to foot.
ANTIQUARE, among Roman lawyers, properly denotes the rejecting of a new law, or refusing to pass it. In which sense antiquating differs from abrogating, as the latter imports the annulling of an old law, the former the rejecting of a new one.
ANTIQUARII, a name given to copiers of old books. After the decline of learning among the Romans, and when many religious houses were erected, learning was chiefly in the hands of the clergy, the greater number of whom were regulars, and lived in monasteries. In these houses were many industrious men, who were continually employed in making new copies of old books, either for the use of the monastery or for their own emolument. These writing monks were distinguished by the name of Antiquarii.
ANTIQUARY, a person who studies and searches after monuments and remains of antiquity, as old medals, books, statues, sculptures, and inscriptions, and, in general, all curious pieces that may afford any light into antiquity. In the chief cities of Greece and Italy there were persons of distinction called antiquaries, whose business it was to show strangers the antiquities of the place, to explain the ancient inscriptions, and to give them all the assistance they could in this way of learning. Pausanias calls these antiquaries Εξηγηr<χa The Sicilians call them mystagogi. Antiquary is also used by ancient writers for the keeper of the antiquarium or cabinet of antiquities. The officer is otherwise called archaeota, or antiquary of a king, a prince, a state, or the like. Henry VIII. gave John Leland the title of his antiquary.
ANTIQUE, in a general sense, something that is ancient: but the term is chiefly used by sculptors, painters, and architects, to denote such pieces of their different arts as were made by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Thus we say, an antique bust, an antique statue, &c.

Antique is something contradistinguished from ancient, which signifies a less degree of antiquity. Thus antique architecture is frequently distinguished from ancient architecture. ,
ANTISABBATARIANS, a modern religious sect, who oppose the observance of the Christian sabbath. The great principle of the Antisabbatarians is, that the Jewish sabbath was only of ceremonial, not moral obligation, and consequently is abolished by the coming of Christ.
ANTISCII, people who live on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon are projected opposite ways. Thus the people of the north are Antiscii to those of the south; the one projecting their shadows at noon towards the north pole, and the other towards the south pole.
ANTISCORBUTICS, medicines good in scorbutic cases.
ANTISEPTICS, from avτι, and δηπτος. putrid, of or i πω, I putrefy, an appellation given to such substances as resist putrefaction. We have some curious experiments in relation to antiseptic substances by Dr Pringle, who has ascertained their several virtues. Thus, in order to settle the antiseptic virtue of salts, he compared it with that of common sea-salt, which being one of the weakest, he supposes equal to unity, and expresses the proportional strength of the rest by the higher numbers, as in the following table.
[table]

In this table the proportions are marked in integral numbers; only to some there is added the sign +, to show that those salts are possessed of a stronger antiseptic virtue than the number in the table expresses, by some fractions; unless in the three last, where the same sign imports that the salt may be stronger by some units.
ANTISPASMODICS are medicines proper for the cure of spasms and convulsions. Opium, balsam of Peru, and the essential oils of many vegetables, are the principal in this class of medicines. . . .
ANTISTASIS, in Oratory, a defence of an action from the consideration that, had it been omitted, worse would have ensued. This is called by Latin writers comparativum argumentum ; such, e. g. would be the general’s defence who had made an inglorious capitulation, that, without it, the w hole army must have perished.
ANTISTHENES, a Greek philosopher, and founder of the Cynics. He was born at Athens, and passed the former part of his life as a soldier. Having afterwards been an attendant at the lectures of Socrates, he was principally charmed with those exhortations of that great philosopher which persuaded to frugality, to temperance, and to moderation; these Antisthenes was resolved to practise by carrying every precept to its utmost extent Permitting, therefore, his beard to grow, he went about the streets in a thread-bare coat, scarcely to be distinguished from a common beggar. He prided himself upon the most rigid virtue, and thought himself obliged to attack the vicious wherever he found them. This gave him some reputation in the city; but it may be supposed that, in a place so very luxurious as Athens, he had more enemies than disciples. His philosophy consisted rather in action than in speculation: it was therefore his constant maxim, that to be virtuous was to be happy, and that all virtue consisted in action; that the wise man should live for himself, contented in all situations, and happy alone in the consciousness of his own virtue. He acknowledged nothing to be good but what was honourable, and asserted that virtue might be acquired by practice. Diogenes Laertius tells us there were 10 volumes of his works; and he has given us many of his apophthegms.
ANTISTOCHEON, in Grammar, the using of one letter instead of another; as olli for illi.
ANTISTROPHE, in Grammar, a figure by which two things mutually depending on each other are reciprocally converted; as, the servant of the master, the master of m 6 servant. Antistrophe, among lyric poets, that part of a song and dance, in use among the anċients, which was performed[7:3:269] before the altar, in returning from west to east; in opposition to strophe.
ANTITACTAE, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of Gnostics, who held that God was good and just, but that a creature had created evil; and consequently that it is our duty to oppose this author of evil, in order to avenge God of his adversary.
ANTITHESIS, in Rhetoric, a contrast or opposition of words or sentiments. Such is that of Cicero, in the second Catilinarian: “On one side stands modesty, on the other impudence; on one fidelity, on the other deceit; here picty, there sacrilege; here continency, there lust.”
ANTITRINITARIANS, those who deny the Trinity, and teach that there are not three persons in the Godhead. Thus the Samosatenians, who do not believe the distinction of persons in God; the Arians, who deny the divinity of the Word; and the Macedonians, who deny that of the Holy Spirit, are all properly Antitrinitarians. Among the moderns, Antitrinitarians are particularly understood of Socinians, called also Unitarians.

The Bibliotheca Antitrinitariorum, or Antitrinitarian Library, is a posthumous work of Christopher Sandius, an eminent Antitrinitarian, in which he gives a list, digested in order of time, of all the Socinian or modern Antitrinitarian authors, with a brief account of their lives, and a catalogue of their works.
ANTITYPE, a Greek word, properly signifying a type or figure corresponding to some other type. The word antitype occurs twice in the New Testament, viz. in the Epistle to the Hebrews, ix. 24, and in St Peter, 1 Ep. iii. 21, where its genuine import has been much controverted. The former says that “Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are, αιwiwa, the figures or antitypes of the true—now to appear in the presence, of God for us.” Now ruvος signifies the pattern by which another thing is made; and as Moses was obliged to make the tabernacle, and all things in it, according to the pattern shown him in the mount, the tabernacle so formed was the antitype of what was shown to Moses: any thing, therefore, formed according to a model or pattern is an antitype.

Antitype, among the ancient Greek fathers, and in the Greek liturgy, is also applied to the symbols of bread and wine in the sacrament. Hence it has been argued by many Protestants, that the Greeks do not really believe the doctrine of transubstantiation, because they call the bread and wine antitypes, αντίτυπα, q. d. figures, similitudes, and this even after the consecration.
ANTIVARI, or Bar, a strongly fortified town and harbour in the Gulf of Venice, in the Turkish pachalic of Iscander or Scuttari. It is a frontier town, the scat of a Catholic bishop, and contains 3500 inhabitants, who are owners of several vessels, which are hired for the coasting trade of the Adriatic Sea. It is in lat. 42. 25. N. and long. 18. 54. E.
ANTLIA, an ancient machine, supposed to be the same with our pump. Hence the phrase in antham condemnari, according to the critics, denotes a kind of punishment whereby criminals were condemned to drain ponds, ditches, or the like.
ANTOECI, those inhabitants of the earth who live under the same meridian, and at the same distance from the equator; the one toward the north, and the other toward the south. Hence they have the same longitude; and their latitude is also the same, but of a different denomination: they are in the same semicircle of the meridian, but in opposite parallels: they have precisely the same hours of the day and night, but opposite seasons; and the night of the one is always equal to the day of the other.
ANTOINE, a town of France, in Dauphiny, in the diocese of Vienne, with a celebrated abbey. It is seated among the mountains, 13 miles east of Lyons. Long. 5. 20. E. Lat. 45. 43. N.
ANTONIA, Saint, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne, and in the diocese of Rhodes, whose fortifications are demolished. It is seated on the river Aveiron. Long. 0. 55. E. Lat. 44. 10. N.
ANTONIAN Waters, medicinal waters of Germany, very pleasant to the taste, and esteemed good in many chronic and hypochondriac cases.
ANTONIANO, Silvio, a man of great learning, who raised himself from a low condition by his merit, was born at Rome in the year 1540. When he was but ten years old he could make verses upon any subject proposed to him. The duke of Ferrara, coming to Rome to congratulate Marcellus II. upon his being raised to the pontificate, was so charmed with the genius of Antoniano, that he carried him to Ferrara, where he provided able masters to instruct him in all the sciences. From thence he was sent for by Pius IV., who made him professor of the belles lettres in the college at Rome. Antoniano filled this place with so much reputation, that, on the day when he began to explain the oration pro Marco Marcello, he had a vast crowd of auditors, and among these no less than 25 cardinals. He was afterwards chosen rector of the college; and after the death of Pius IV., being seized with a spirit of devotion, he joined himself to Philip Neri, and accepted the office of secretary to the sacred college, offered him by Pius V., which he executed for 25 years with the reputation of an honest and able man. He refused a bishopric which Gregory XIV. would have given him; but he accepted the office of secretary to the Briefs, offered him by Clement VIII., who made him his chamberlain, and afterwards a cardinal. Antoniano injured his health by too great fatigue; for he spent whole nights in writing letters; which brought on a sickness, of which he died in the 63d year of his age.
ANTONIDES Vander Goes, John, an eminent Dutch poet, was born at Goes in Zealand on the 3d of April 1647. His parents were anabaptists, people of good character, but of low circumstances. They went to live at Amsterdam when Antonides was about four years old; and in the ninth year of his age he began his studies, under the direction of Hadrian Junius and James Cocceius. Antonides took great pleasure in reading the Latin poets, and carefully compared them with Grotius, Heinsius, &c. By this means he acquired a taste for poetry, and enriched his mind with noble ideas. He first attempted to translate some pieces of Horace and Ovid; and, having formed his taste on these excellent models, he at length undertook one of the most difficult tasks in poetry, to write a tragedy. This was entitled Trazil, or the Invasion of China. Antonides, however, was so modest as not to permit it to be published. Vondel, who was then engaged in a dramatic piece, which was taken also from some event that happened in China, read Antonides’s tragedy, and was so well pleased with it that he declared, if the author would not print it, he would take some passages out of it, and make use of them in his own tragedy. He accordingly did so; and it was reckoned much to the honour of Antonides to have written what might be adopted by such a poet as Vondel. Upon the conclusion of the peace between Great Britain and Holland, in the year 1674, Antonides wrote a poem entitled Bellona aan band, i. e. “Bellona chained,” consisting of several hundred verses. He next wrote an ingenious heroic poem, which he entitled The River Y (the river on which Amsterdam is built).

Antonides’s parents had bred him up an apothecary; [7:3:270]. but Bis remarkable genius for poetry soon gained him the esteem and friendship of several persons of distinction, and particularly of Mr Buisero, one of the lords of the admiralty at Amsterdam, and a great lover of poetry, who sent him at his expense to pursue his studies at Leyden, where he remained till he took his degree of doctor of physic, and then his patron gave him a place in the admi alty. In 1678 Antonides married Susanna Bermans, who had also a talent for poetry. His marriage was celebrated by several poets, particularly by Peter Francius, professor of eloquence, who composed some Latin verses on the occasion. After marriage he did not much indulge his poetic genius; and within a few years he fell into a consumption, of which he died on the 18th September 1684, being then but thirty-seven years and a few months old. His works have been printed several times, having been collected by Father Antony Tansz. A complete edition was printed by Nicholas Ten Hoom, at Amsterdam, in the year 1714, in 4to, under the direction of David Van Hoogstraaten, one of the masters of the Latin school of that city, who added to it also the life of the poet.
ANTONIO, Nicholas, knight of the order of St [7:3:273]James, and canon of Seville, was born at Seville in 1617, beinθ ’ the son of a gentleman whom King Philip IV. made president of the admiralty established in that city in 1626. After having gone through a course of philosophy and divinity in his own country, he went to study law at Salamanca, where he closely attended the lectures of Francisco Ramos del Manzano, afterwards counsellor to the king and preceptor to Charles II. Upon his return to Seville, after he had finished his law studies at Salamanca, he shut himself up in the royal monastery of Benedictines, where he employed himself several years in writing his Bibliotheca Hispanica, having the use of the books of Bennet de la Sana, abbot of that monastery, and dean of the faculty of divinity at Salamanca. In the year 1659 he was sent to Rome by King Philip IV. in the character of agent-general from the prince: he had also particular commissions from the inquisition of Spain, the viceroys of Naples and Sicily, and the governor of Milan, to negotiate their affairs at Rome. The cardinal of Arragon procured him, from Pope Alexander VII., a canonry in the church of Seville, the income whereof he employedin charity and the purchasing of books: he had above 30,000 volumes in his library. By this help, joined to continual labour and indefatigable application, he was at last enabled to finish his Bibliotheca Hispanica, in four volumes folio, two of which he published at Rome in the year 1672. The work consists of two parts; the one containing the Spanish writers who flourished before the 15th century, and the other those since the end of that century. After the publication of these two volumes, he was recalled to Madrid by King Charles II. He left nothing at his death, which took place in 1684, but his vast library; and his two brothers and nephews being unable to publish the remaining volumes of his Bibliotheca, sent them to Cardinal d’Aguisnc, who paid the expence of the impression, and committed the superintendence of it to Μ. Martin, his librarian, who added notes in the name of the cardinal. These two volumes were published in 1696. Improved editions of both these works, by F. P. Bayer, were published at Madrid in 4 vols. folio, in 1783-8. A work by Antonio was published for the first time at Valencia in 1742, entitled Censura de Historias Fabulas, obra postuma, folio.

Antonio, St, one of the Cape de Verd Islands, about 40 miles in length and 20 in breadth. It is separated from St Vincent by a clear navigable channel two leagues in breadth. On the north coast there is a good road for shipping, with a supply of fresh water. The island stretches from north-cast to south-west, and is filled with mountains, one of which is of so extraordinary a height as to be compared with the Peak of Teneriffe. Its top is constantly covered with snow, and, notwithstanding the clearness of the sky, generally hid in clouds. The island produces a variety of fruits, among which are oranges, lemons, melons, and some sugar-canes. The potatoes and melons are particularly excellent. Long. 25. W.Lat. 17. N.
ANTONOMASIA, a form of speech, in which, for a proper name, is put the name of some dignity, office, profession, science or trade; or when a proper name is put in the room of an appellative. Thus a king is called his majesty ; a nobleman, his lordship. We say the philosopher instead of Aristotle, and the orator for Cicero. Thus a man is called by the name of his country, a German, an Italian ; and a grave man is called a Cato, and a wise man a Solomon.
ANTOSIANDRIANS, a sect of rigid Lutherans, who oppose the doctrine of Osiander relating to justification. These are otherwise denominated Osiandromastiges. The Antosiandrians deny that man is made just with that justice wherewith God himself is just; that is, they assert that he is not made essentially, but only imputatively, just; or, that he is not really made just, but only pronounced so.
ANTWERP, one of the provinces which compose the kingdom of the Netherlands. It is formed out of the two French departments of the two Drenthes, or out of the more ancient county of Antwerp, and barony of Mechlin. It is bounded on the north-east and north by North Brabant, on the south-east by Limburg, on the south by South Brabant, and on the west by West Flanders, from which it is divided by the Scheldt. It is an extensive plain, with scarcely an elevation; and the soil is a light sand mixed with a clayey loam, which is highly fertile. The land is protected from inundation by extensive embankments, and these dams inclose some of the most productive and highly cultivated spots, provincially known as polders. The northern and eastern part of the province is sandy and poor, and filled with morasses. The chief river is the Scheldt, which, before its junction with the sea, receives the Rupel, Nuthe, and Dyle. It is 2160 feet broad and 30 feet deep at Antwerp. There are two navigable canals, one from Brussels and the other from Louvain. The province is highly productive, both in agricultural and manufacturing commodities. The extent is 1004 square miles, or 642,560 acres. The inhabitants, at the last census, were 287,347. It is divided into three circles or arrondissements, 17 cantons, and 141 communes. This province elects five deputies to the states-general of the kingdom.

Antwerp, the chief city of the province of that name, as well as of a circle comprehending six cantons, 55 communes, and 131,169 inhabitants. The city is in the form of a crescent, on the right bank of the Scheldt; is strongly fortified, and protected by a citadel which connects the walls with the river. The houses are large and handsome, the streets tolerably wide, well paved, and at night well lighted. The most remarkable building is the Gothic cathedral, 500 feet in length and 240 in breadth, adorned by two of the best productions of the pencil of Rubens, with a tower 380 feet in height. Besides the cathedral, the church of St James, the exchange, the town-house, the easterling’s-house, the theatre, and the hotel de charité, invite the attention of strangers. There are many manufactures of all kinds. The most considerable is that of silk goods. The breweries, distilleries, sugar-refineries, and tanneries, are numerous. One art, that of cutting diamonds, had been long practised here,.and very extensively till the French ruled the country; and since their expulsion it has been once more revived. The city is well situated for foreign trade, from its easy connection by canals with the interior, and from its conveniencies for landing and shipping goods, to which last the docks constructed by the French vastly contribute. I he trade has not, however, hitherto made rapid progress, but has gradually increased since the port has been opened. The inhabitants, at the last census, were 60,057. It is in lat. 51. 13. 22. N. and long. 4. 18. 14, E.
ANWEILER, a canton in the district of Landau, in the circle of the Rhone, belonging to the kingdom of Bavaria; containing one city and 29 villages. The capital of the canton is of the same name. It contains 1841 persons, employed in various manufactures. Near it are the ruins of the castle of Greifels, where, under the French emperors of Germany, the. crown jewels were kept, and [7:3:280]where our Richard Coeur de Lion, in 1193, was detained, as a prisoner. t
AONIDES, in Mythology, one of,,the many appellations of the muses; so called from Aonia, a part of ancient Boeotia.