pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BENTHAM, Thomas, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, was born at Sherbourn, in Yorkshire, in the year 1513. and educated in Magdalen College, Oxford. He took the degree of bachelor of arts in 1543; in 1546 was admitted perpetual fellow, and proceeded master of arts the following year, which was that of Edward VĽs accession to the crown. He now threw off the mask of popery, which, during the equivocal reign of Henry VIII., he had worn with reluctance. On the accession of Mary he was deprived of his fellowship by ’ her visitors, and prudently retired to Basel in Switzerland, where for some time he expounded the Scriptures to the English exiles in that city; but, having been solicited by some Protestants in London, he returned before the death of the queen, and was appointed superintendent of a private congregation in the city. Immediately on the accession of Elizabeth, Bentham was preferred in the church; and, in the second year of her reign, was consecrated bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. He died at Eccleshall in Staffordshire in 1578, aged sixty-five,’ and was buried in the chancel of the church there. Bishop Bentham had the character of a pious and zealous reformer, and was particularly celebrated for his knowledge of the Hebrew language. His works are, 1. Exposition of the Acts of the Apostles, manuscript; 2. A Sermon on Christ’s Temptation, London, 8vo; 3. Epistle to Μ. Parker, manuscript; 4. The Psalms, Ezekiel, and Daniel, translated into English in Queen Elizabeth’s Bible.
BENTHEIM, a province of the kingdom of Hanover. Till the year 1806 it was an independent state, and now, though mediatized, confers the title of count, and affords a yearly income of about L.2000 to the former sovereign. It extends over 406 square miles, or 259,840 acres. The capital, of the same name, contains about 1500 inhabitants. The population of the province in 1812 was 24,364, but it afterwards increased so as to amount in 1826 to 26,800.
BENTIVOGLIO, Guido, cardinal, born at Ferrara in the year 1579. He went to study at Padua, where lie made considerable proficiency in what is sometimes called polite literature. Upon his leaving the university, he went to reside at Rome, where he became universally esteemed. He was sent as nuneio, first to Flanders, and then to France; and in both employments he acted in such a manner as to give great satisfaction to Paul V., who made him a cardinal a little before his own death, which happened on the 28th of January 1621. Bentivoglio was at this time in France, where Louis XIII. and all the French court congratulated him on his new dignity; and when he returned to Rome, his Most Christian Majesty intrusted him with the management of the French affairs at that court. Pope Urban VIII. had a high regard for him on account of his fidelity, disinterestedness, and consummate knowledge of business; he was beloved by the people, and esteemed by the eardinals; and his qualities were such, that he had a fair prospect of being raised to the pontificate on the death of Urban, which happened on the 29th of July 1644. But having gone to the conclave during the time of the greatest heat at Rome, it affected his health to such a degree that he could not sleep for eleven nights afterwards; and this want of rest threw him into a fever, of which he died on the 7th of September 1644, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. He has left several works, the most remarkable of which are, A History of the Civil Wars of Flanders; An Account of Flanders; with Letters and Memoirs.

Bentivoglio, a small town of Italy, in the territory of Bologna, with a castle, situated in Long. 11. 34. E. Lat. 44. 47. N.
BERAR, a large province of Hindostan, in the Deccan, situated between the 19th and 21st degrees of north latitude. Its boundaries to the north are the provinces of Khandesh and Allahabad; to the south Aurungabad and the Godavery; to the east the province of Gundwana; and to the west Khandesh and Aurungabad. Its limits are not very accurately defined; but including the small province of Nandere, which properly belongs to it, its length may be estimated at 230 miles, and its average breadth at 120. This province is centrally situated, being nearly at an equal distance from the bay of Bengal and the western coast of India. Berar Proper is an elevated table land, surrounded by a chain of mountains, with here and there a small peak visible above the rest of the country, and with deep breaks and ravines leading into the valley; indeed the whole country is hilly and abounds in strongholds. The surface of the hills in many parts is covered with loose stones and low jungle; and but little cultivation is seen.' A great part of this province was subject to the inroads of bands of freebooters, known by the names of Naicks and Bheels, with whom it was found expedient to compound, and to protect the people from their rapacity by the payment of a regular tax. The incursions of the Pindarees also desolated many parts of the province. The grain mostly cultivated in Berar is wheat, with Indian corn, Bengal grain, peas, and vetches. The Nagpoor wheat raised in Berar is reckoned the most nutritive and productive in India, and it also yields an excellent spirit when distilled. Indian corn, along with wheat, forms the principal subsistence of the inhabitants. The largest rivers are the Tuptec; two streams, both named the Poor-na, one flowing east and the other west; the Wurda, and the Pain Gunga. The chief towns are Ellichpoor, Mulca-poor, Baulapoor, Akoat. Akolah, Nernallah, and Gawelghur, deemed impregnable by the natives until it was taken by General Wellesley. A great proportion of the inhabitants are Hindoos. Owing to the continued rapine to which it has been exposed, the country has never attained to any great prosperity, nor possessed a numerous population. All the commerce which is carried on is managed by itinerant inland carriers, who are numerous all over the Deccan. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, Berar, which had been formerly ruled by independent sovereigns, was added to the Mogul empire. On the decline of that empire it was overrun by rapacious hordes of Mahrattas; and for some time it was nearly equally divided between the Peishwa and the rajah of Nagpoor. The latter having taken part with Scindia in the year 1804, his share of the province was transferred to the Peishwa. In the wars undertaken against the Pindarees in 1817, the Peishwa, Bajee Rao, joined the combination against the British; and, being defeated and pursued, he was forced to surrender himself a prisoner. He was deposed from his throne, and since this period Bcrar has fallen under the dominion of the British.
BERAUN, a circle in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It extends over 1066 square miles, or 682,240 acres, and comprehends ten cities, twenty-two towns, and seventy-two villages, with 22,880 houses. The inhabitants amount to 158,500. The capital bears the same name. It stands at the junction of the river Letawka with the Beraunka, contains a college and cathedral, and has about 2000 inhabitants.
BERCHEM, or Berghem, Nicholas, a painter, was a native of Haerlem, and born in 1624. He received instructions from several very eminent masters; and it was no small addition to their fame that Berchem was their scholar. The pictures of cattle and figures by this master are held in high estimation; and he has been singularly happy in having many of them finely engraved by John Visscher, an eminent artist in his own line. The distinguishing characters of the pictures of Berchem are, the breadth and just distribution of the lights, the grandeur of his masses of shadow, natural ease and simplicity in the attitudes of his figures, the just gradation of his distances, the brilliancy and transparency of his colouring, the correctness[7:4:581] and true perspective of his design, and the elegance of his composition.
BERCHETT, Peter, an eminent historical painter, was born in France in 1659, and at the age of eighteen was employed in the royal palaces. He came to England in 1681, to work under Rambour, a French painter of architecture; but after staying a year, he returned to Marli. He revisited this country, however, and was sent by King William to the palace then building at Loo, where he was employed fifteen months; after which he came a third time to England, where he had sufficient business, and painted the ceiling of the chapel of Trinity College, Oxford, the staircase at the Duke of Schomberg’s in Pall-mall, and the summer-house at Ranelagh. Towards the close of his life he retired to Marybone, where he painted only small pieces of fabulous history, and died there in January 1720.
BERCHTESGADEN, or Berchtolsgaden, a small town, most beautifully situated on the eastern confines of Bavaria, to which kingdom it was united in 1809. It has been long celebrated for its extensive mines of rock-salt, which were commenced working in the year 1628, and are the source whence all Bavaria is supplied with that necessary article of life. As the salt occurs in an impure state, it is most easily obtained by dissolving it in its natural depository. Fresh water is brought in from the upper part of the mine, which, after acting a certain time upon the salt-rock, becomes brine, and in that state is run off in pipes, either to the evaporating houses or to a reservoir in the vicinity; whence, by the aid of two celebrated water column engines, constructed by Reichenbach of Munich, it is raised 1500 feet, and thereafter conducted to Traunstein and Rosenheim, about forty miles farther into the country. The town contains two large churches, and some good houses. Its inhabitants, amounting to about 1000, are principally employed in the mines and the manufacture of salt. Some few also are engaged in making toys and small articles from the stag and chamois horns. Its vicinity comprehends the most picturesque portion of Bavaria; the snow caped peaks of the Watzman towering over it to the height of 7000 feet, while the Königsee at its foot, one of the wildest lakes among the Alps, is not exceeded by any either in beauty or sublimity. The small red trout of the Königsee, called by the common people schwartzreitic, are highly prized; and no portion of the Alpine range is better supplied with game, particularly the stag, the chamois, and the steinbok or ibex, an animal elsewhere almost extinct.
BERDASH, in Antiquity, was a name formerly used in England for a certain kind of neck-dress; and hence a person who made or sold such neckcloths was called a l>er-daslιer, from which is derived our word haberdasher.
BERECYNTHIA, in Pagan Mythology, the mother of the gods.
BERENGARIANISM, a name applicdby ecclesiastical writers to the doctrine of those who deny the actual presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist. 1he denomination took its rise from Berengarius, archdeacon of the church of St Mary at Anjou about the year 1035, who maintained that the bread and wine, even after consecration, do not become the true body and blood of our Lord, but only a figure and sign thereof, and who thus aid the foundation of the Protestant doctrine.
BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, king of ⅛ypt> succeeded her father before his death. This banished prince having implored the assistance of the Ro-nians, was restored by Pompey. Berenice, to support her.· s elt on the throne, allured a prince named Seleucus, who ''as descended from the kings of Syria, and admitted him 0 share her nuptial bed and her power. But she soon ecame weary of Seleucus, and put him to death; after which she cast her eye on Archelaus, who was induced to marry her, and put himself at the head of her troops. But these were repulsed by the Romans; Archelaus was killed in battle; and Ptolemy, returning to Alexandria, put his rebellious daughter to death.

Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Evergetes, king of Egypt, cut off her hair in pursuance of a vow, and consecrated it in the temple of Venus. But this deposit having been afterwards lost, Conon the mathematician, in compliment to the queen, declared that her locks had been conveyed to heaven, and composed the seven stars near the tail of the bull, called to this day Coma Berenices. Berenice, daughter of Costobarus, and of Salome, sister of Herod the Great, was first married to Aristobulus, son of the same Herod and Mariamne. But the cruel father having put his son to death, his niece married a second time; became again a widow, whether or not by similar means it is not said; and having repaired to Rome, she got into favour with Augustus, at the same time insinuating herself into the good graces of Antonia, the wife of Drusus, which in the end proved of great service to Agrippa.

Berenice, grand-daughter of the preceding, and daughter of Agrippa I. king of Judaea, acquired an unchaste celebrity on account of her amours. She was betrothed to one Marcus, but he died before the marriage was consummated. Soon after she married his uncle Herod, who, at the desire of Agrippa, his brother and father-in-law, was created king of Chalcis by the emperor Claudius. She lost her husband in the eighth year of the emperor Claudius; and in her widowhood it was rumoured that she committed incest with her brother Agrippa. To put a stop to this report, she offered herself in marriage to Polemon, king of Cilicia, provided he would change his religion. He accepted her offer, was circumcised, and married her. But Berenice soon left him to follow her own ways; and he abandoned Judaism to return to his former religion. She stood always well with her brother Agrippa, and seconded him in his design of preventing the desolation of Judaea. This artful intriguante got Titus into her snares; but the murmurs of the Roman people opposing an obstacle to the marriage she had contemplated, there remained nothing for her but the title of mistress or concubine of the emperor. During the seventeenth century the French stage resounded with the amours of Titus and Berenice.

Berenice, in Ancient Geography, the name of several cities, particularly of a celebrated seaport in the Sinus Arabicus; now Suez.
BEREWICHA, or Berewica, in our old writers, denotes a village or hamlet belonging to a town or manor, situated at some distance therefrom. The word frequently occurs in Doomsday-book: Istoe sunt berewich(e ejusdem rnanerii.
BEREZOV, a Russian town of Siberia, on the river Soswa, 18 miles from its confluence with the Obi. It contains three churches and a chapel. Its northern situation forbids all kind of agricultural industry; hence the inhabitants subsist on rein-deer, as also by hunting and fishing; and the furs which they procure are exchanged with the Russian merchants for such articles as they require. They also supply Tobolsk and other places on the Irtisch with dried fish in summer, and with frozen fish during winter. The inhabitants are chiefly Cossacks, and much addicted to drinking. Berezov is 598 miles N. N. W. of Tobolsk. Lat. 64. N.
BEREZOVSKOI, a town and fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Orenburg, situated on the river Oural. It has near it four gold mines from five to twenty fathoms deep, from which are extracted annually 100 pounds of gold dust. It is 140 miles E. N. E. of Orenburg.
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BERG, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of W estphalia. It is bounded on the north by the duchy of Cleves, on the west by the county of Mark and the duchy of Westphalia, on the south by Wetteravia, and on the east by the diocese of Cologne, from which it is separated by the Rhine. It contains about 1188 square miles, with 295,000 inhabitants. It is very fruitful along the Rhine, but mountainous and woody towards the county of Mark. It was formerly subject to the elector palatine, hut since

1815 has been included in the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine, which belongs to Prussia. The duchy of Berg was taken from Bavaria in 1806, and bestowed upon Murat, afterwards king of Naples, who derived from it the title of Grand Duke of Berg. It is a populous and flourishing district. The principal rivers, besides the Rhine, are the Wipper, Agger, and Sieg.

Berg, St Winox, a town of the Low Countries, in the country of Flanders, fortified by Vauban, and subject to France. It is seated on the river Colme, six miles from Dunkirk and twenty-one from Yprès. Long. 2. 25. E. Lat. 50. 57. N.
BERGAMO, a province, or, as it is usually termed, a delegation, of the Austrian kingdom of Lombardy. It is bounded on the north by the delegation of Sondrio, on the east by those of Tyrol and Brescia, on the south by Lodi, and on the west by Milan and Como. The extent is about 1615 square miles, or 1,033,600 acres. It is divided into 18 districts, and these into 372 communes or parishes, and comprehends one city, 22 market-towns, and 333 villages, with 44,860 houses. By the last precise census in

1816 and 1817, the number of inhabitants was 307,815; but by subsequent accounts, the particulars of which have not yet been published, the population appears to have increased at a prodigious rate.

The whole northern part of the delegation, which comprehends more than half, is filled with the Alpine mountains, whose spurs extend to the capital; but the southern division forms part of the plain of Lombardy. The country is deficient in corn; but the surplus of cattle, with iron from the mines in the northern part, and the silk produced in the southern, are exchanged for what grain is required by the inhabitants. Besides those of silk, there are manufactures of woollen goods. There are some quarries of marble, and of other kinds of stone, from which many grindstones and whetstones are cut out and prepared for exportation.

, The capital of the province is the city of the same name, laid out on several elevations in an amphitheatrical form, surrounded with walls and ditches, and defended by two insignificant forts. It is the see of a bishop, and of the provincial courts of law; and comprehends, besides the cathedral, fourteen churches, four hospitals, six orphan-houses, a lombard, and several other good edifices. It contains, including the suburbs, about 40,000 inhabitants, a great proportion of whom are occupied in the various branches of the silk manufacture, and some in making cloth and iron wares. The annual fair contributes much to the trade of the city. Bergamo gave birth to Tasso the poet, who died in 1569. Long. 9. 34. 21. E. Lat. 45. 41. 15. N.
BERGAMO, James Philip de, an Augustin monk, born at Bergamo in 1434, wrote in Latin a Chronicle from the Creation of the World to the year 1503, and a Treatise of Illustrious Women. He died in 1518.
BERGAMO Γ, a species of citron, produced at first casually by an Italian’s grafting a citron on the stock of a bergamot pear-tree, whence the fruit produced by this union participated both of the citron-tree and the peartree. The fruit has a fine taste and smell, and its essential oil is in high esteem as a perfume. The essence of bergamot is also called essentia de cedro. It is extracted from the yellow rind of the fruit by first cutting it į n small pieces, then immediately squeezing out the oil into a glass vessel.

Bergamot is also the denomination of a coarse tapestry, manufactured with flocks of silk, wool, cotton, hemp, ox, cow, or goats’ hair, and supposed to have been invented by the people of Bergamo, in Italy.
BERGARA, a city of the province of Guipuscoa, in Spain, on the river Deva. It is the seat of a school for mineralogy, and of a college for the nobles only. The population is 4200. Long. 2. 53. W. Lat. 43. 5. 27. N.
BERGEN, a city in Norway, the capital of the province of the same name. It is situated on the shore of the gulf or bay of Baag, has a fine harbour with two good entrances, and is surrounded by hills, some of which attain the height of 1800 feet. It contains seven churches, four of stone and three of wood, and about 2000 houses, of which all excepting 140 are of wood. From this cause it has suffered often and severely from fire. The inhabitants, amounting to 18,080, are employed, many in the fishery and navigation, and some in various manufactures, all upon a small scale, and chiefly for home consumption. There are about 120 ships belonging to theport, whose chief business consists in conveying timber to the different ports of Europe. Long. 4. 25. 33. E. Lat. 63. 23. 40. N.

Bergen, a circle in the Prussian province of Stralsund, comprehending the Island of Rügen, in the Baltic Sea, and the other small islands near it. It extends over about 365 square miles. There are some very ancient remains of antiquity on the principal island. It is very fertile, except on the northern part, where it is covered with wood. The inhabitants in 1817 were 27,089, living in four towns and sixty-seven villages. The capital, of the same name, contains 340 houses, and 2750 inhabitants. Long. 13. 29. E. Lat. 54. 50. N.
BERGEN-OP-ZOOM, a maritime town of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, situated on the river Zoom, near its confluence with the Scheldt. It contains 1150 houses, and 5600 inhabitants. The houses are well built, the market-places and squares handsome and spacious. It is so strongly fortified, both by nature and art, as to be deemed almost impregnable. The fortifications are reckoned the masterpiece of the celebrated Coehorn, the rival and contemporary of Vauban. In 1586 it was unsuccessfully besieged by the famous Duke of Parma; and afterwards, in 1622, it defied the utmost attempts of Spinola, who was forced to abandon the enterprize, after a siege of ten weeks, with the loss of 12,000 men. In 1747, however, it was taken by stratagem by the French under Count Lowendahl, and in 1814 was again rendered famous by an unsuccessful attempt of the British troops under Lord Lyndoch, then Sir Thomas Graham, to take it by a coup de main on the night of the 8th of March. The troops destined for this attack amounted to 3950, and were divided into four columns, two of which, after most desperate efforts, succeeded in establishing themselves on the ramparts; but the other two were completely unsuccessful, and driven back with prodigious loss. Above two thirds of the whole assailing force were killed, wounded, or taken in this attempt. A marble tablet, recording the names of the brave men who fell on the occasion, has been erected in the church by the British officers. The place, however, was given up at the treaty of peace in May Iðl ∙ Bergen-op-Zoom is fifteen miles north of Antwerp, am twenty-two south-west of Breda. f
BERGERAC, an arrondissement in the department o Dordogne, in France, extending over 926 square mi es, and comprehending thirteen cantons and 167 communis with a population of 108,905 persons. The capital is t e [7:4:583]city of the same name, on the Dordogne, which divides it into two parts. It contains 8665 inhabitants, who are employed in manufactures of woollens, leather, paper, fire-arms, copper-ware, and in distillery. Long. 0. 22. E. Lat∙ 45. 0. N.
BERGHEIM, a circle in the Prussian government of Cologne. It extends over ninety-eight square miles, or 62,700 acres, contains one town, which gives name to the district, seventy-five villages, and 29,188 inhabitants. It is on the high road from the Netherlands to Germany, between Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne, a poor tract, but populous.
BERGHEM. Sec Berchem.
BERGHMONT, an assembly or court held upon a hill in Derbyshire for deciding controversies among the miners.
BERGOMUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Transpadana, built by the Gauls on their incursions into Italy; now called Eergamo, in one of the Austrian delegations of Lombardy. Long. 10. E. Lat. 45. 40. N.