pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ORESTES, the only son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, was seven years old at the period of his father’s murder, when he was saved by his sister Electra, who sent him secretly to Strophius, prince of Phocis, who had married the sister of Agamemnon. Here he was educated with Pylades the son of Strophius, and afterwards proceeded to Athens. Eight years after the murder of his father he returned to Mycenae, and, with the assistance of Pylades and Electra, put to death Aegisthus and Clytemnestra (Hom. Od. i. 298; iii. 303-310; Hygin. 117). For this barbarous deed he was brought to trial, but was allowed to escape on account of his father. Tyndareus, father of Clytemnestra, was his accuser (Hygin. 119), or, according to another tradition, Perilaus, son of Icarius, and cousin of Clytemnestra (Paus, viii. 33, 2). He fled to Epirus, and there founded the city Argos Orestico; but the district of Orestias is more properly in Macedonia (Strab. vii. 326). Suffering extremely from the stings of his conscience, he consulted the oracle of Delphi how he might best expiate his crime, when he was commanded to proceed to Tauris and to bring back the statue of Artemis or Diana Tauropolos. There was a law in that country that all strangers should be sacrificed to the goddess; and when Orestes and Pylades were found by some shepherds, they were brought to Thoas, king of Tauris, who ordered them to be delivered up to the priestess of Artemis, that they might be sacrificed. Iphigenia, the sister of Orestes, had been rescued from the altar when she was on the point of being sacrificed by orders of her father, and transferred by Artemis to be priestess in her temple in Tauris. Iphigenia [7:16:528]discovered on inquiry that the strangers were her own brother and his friend, and assisted them in carrying off the statue (Hygin. 120). Upon their return they are said to have passed through Cappadocia, and to have instituted the worship of Artemis or Diana at Comena and Casta-bela (Strab. xii. 535, 537). Another tradition made him be expiated by the Troezenian (Paus. ii. 31, 11). On the death of Menelaus, Orestes became king of Lacedaemon; and on the failure of the royal line of Megephenthes at r∖rgos, he annexed that city to Mycenae. He also acquired a great part of Arcadia, and was assisted by the Phocians (ii. 18, 5). In the latter part of his life he retired to Arcadia, and probably died by the bite of a serpent (Schol. Lycoph.) at Megea, whence his bones were afterwards transferred, in the reign of Anaxandrides, to Sparta (iii. 11, 8; Herodot. i. 67). He was married to Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen, by whom he had Tisa-menos, who succeeded him (Hygin. 122); and by Erigone, daughter of Aegisthus and Clytemnestra, he had Penthilus (Schol. Lycoph. 1374).
ORFFYREUS’S Wheel is a machine so called from its inventor, who asserted it to be a perpetual motion. This machine, according to the account given of it by s’Gravesande, in his Oeuvres Philosophiques, consisted externally of a large circular wheel, or rather drum, twelve feet in diameter, and fourteen inches deep, being very light, as it was formed of an assemblage of deals, having the intervals between them covered with waxed cloth, to conceal the interior parts of it. The two extremities of an iron axis, on which it turned, rested on two supports. On giving a slight impulse to the wheel in either direction, its motion was gradually accelerated; so that after two or three revolutions it acquired so great a velocity as to make twenty-five or twenty-six turns in a minute. This rapid motion it actually preserved during the space of two months, in a chamber of the landgrave of Hesse, the door of which was kept locked, and sealed with the landgrave’s own seal. At the end of that time, however, it was stopped, to prevent the wear of the materials. The professor, who had been an eye-witness of these circumstances, examined all the external parts of it, and was convinced that there could not be any communication between it and any neighbouring room. Orffyreus, however, was so incensed, or pretended to be so, that he broke the machine in pieces, and wrote upon the wall that it was the impertinent curiosity of Professor s’Gravesande which made him take this step.
ORFORD, a borough and market town of the county of Suffolk, and hundred of Plomsgate. It is a part of the parish of Sudborne, though separated from it, and stands at the confluence of the river Ore and Alde, ninety miles from London. Orford was a place of some trade till its harbour became chocked up. It has a mayor, recorder, twelve burgesses, and eight portmen, and returned two members to the House of Commons till 1832, when it was disfranchised. It is remarkable for the ruins of an ancient tower, which serves as a land-mark to vessels. It gives the title > of baron to Earl Walpole. The population amounted in 1801 to 751, in 1811 to 737, in 1821 to 1119, and in 1S3l to 1302.
ORGAL, amongst dycrs, denotes the lees of wine dried.
ORGANIST, a person who plays upon the organ. In Germany and Prussia, the requisites of a good organist are so many in point of musical education, and musical taste, and mechanical skill, that hardly any of the organists of other countries would venture to enter into competition with the German or Prussian organists. All the best works upon the art of organ-playing are in the German language. We may cite, as one of these, Rink’s work upon organ-playing.
ORGANO-LYRICON, a musical instrument invented at Paris in 1810, by Μ. de Saint Pern. Its height is about eight feet two inches English, its breadth six feet six and a half inches, its depth about four feet four inches. It consists of apiano-forte, coupled with twelve different windinstruments, viz. three kinds of flutes, an oboe, a clarinet, a bassoon, horns, trumpet, and fife. It has two rows of finger-keys. The lower row belongs to the piano-forte; but, by an ingenious mechanism, and according to the depression of the keys by the performer, it may be made to sound either the piano-forte alone, or a flute, or an oboe, or to unite them all. The upper row of finger-keys has no action on the piano-forte; but, by management of the pressure, it causes the German flute or the oboe to sound, and produces rinforzi by the gradual re-union of several wind-instruments. Independently of these functions, this row of finger-keys is destined for a great church-organ placed above it. The correspondence between the two rows of finger-keys is such, that they may, at the will of the performer, act together or separately, or even partially. The finger-keys are singularly light in their touch, even at their maximum of depression. At the bottom of [7:16:534]the instrument there are pedals for the double bass, and for other combinations. The wind-chests are numerous, and of such capacity that the wind of the large bellows which fill them cannot produce in them any augmentation injurious to the purity of the timbre and the trueness of the intonation. In this instrument, by means of ingenious contrivances, the inconveniences of an irregular supply of wind have been carefully avoided. A double pedal for the right foot enables the performer to work the bellows himself when he is alone. An adjacent pedal, turned the opposite way, enables an assistant to do this. But, to avoid the trouble of these pedals, Μ. de Saint Pern placed in an adjoining room a large piece of clock-work, moved by a weight of fifty pounds, which served instead of a bellows-blower. The performer has beside him a mechanism that communicates with the clock-work, and, by means of a click and spring, leaves the weight going, or stops it at pleasure. See Report read to the French Institute on the 10th of September 1810; also Report of the French Conservatory of Music, 12th of August 1810, where it is said that “Μ. de Saint Pern’s organo-lyrico might, in a large room or a chapel, hold the place of an orchestra, and imitate nearly all the effects of one.”
ORGIA, feasts and sacrifices in honour of Bacchus, which were held every third year, and chiefly celebrated by wild, distracted women, called Pacchae. The chief solemnities were performed in the night, to conceal, perhaps, their shocking impurities; and a mountain was generally chosen as the place of celebration. They were instituted by Orpheus, and from him are sometimes called Orphica. Authors are not agreed as to the derivation of the word; but if we consider the frantic proceedings of the Bacchanalians, igγη, furor, bids fair for being the true etymology.

Orgia, according to Servius, was a common name for all kinds of sacrifices amongst the Greeks, as ceremoniae was amongst the Romans.
ORGUES, in the military art, are thick long pieces of wood, pointed at one end, and shod with iron, which being kept clear one of another, hang each by a particular rope or cord, perpendicularly, over the gateway of a strong place, to be let fall in case of the approach of an enemy.

Orgues is also used for a machine composed of several harquebuss or musket barrels bound together, by means of which several explosions are made at the same time. It is used to defend breaches and other places attacked.
ORGYA, δ%γυια, an ancient Grecian measure containing about six English feet.
ORIBASUS, a celebrated physician, greatly esteemed by the Emperor Julian, in whose reign he flourished. At the request of the emperor, he abridged the works of Galen, and of all the most respectable writers on physic; and he accompanied Julian into the East, but his skill proved ineffectual in the attempt to cure the fatal wound which his benefactor had received. After Julian’s death he fell into the hands of the barbarians.
ORIENT, L ’, an arrondissement of the department of Morbihan, in France, which extends over 665 square miles, it comprehends eleven cantons, divided into fifty-two communes, and in 1836 it contained 133,307 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name. It is a fortified seaport, and a royal naval arsensal, standing at the mouth of the river Scorf, where it enters the bay of Port Louis. There are all those establishments for the building and equipping of ships of war. It is a well-built place, with long straight streets, and very fine quays. It has three churches, a naval hospital, 2000 houses, and 18,975 inhabitants. It s considerable also as a commercial port, is a dépôt for East India commodities, and has a great trade to the West indies and the north of Europe. Long. 3. 30. W. Lat. 47. 18.11. NT.
ORIGENIANS (Origeniam) were ancientheretics. Epi-phanus speaks of them as existing in his time; but their numbers, he says, were inconsiderable. He seems to fix their rise about the time of the great Origen; but he does not say that they derived their name from that distinguished father of the church. On the contrary, he distinguishes them from the Origenists, whom he derives from Origen Adamantius ς adding, that they first took their name from one Origen, by which he intimates that it was not the great Origen. St Augustin also asserts that their founder was a different person. Their doctrines were infamous. They rejected marriage; they used several apocryphal books, as the acts of St Andrew; and they erideavoured to excuse their open crimes, by saying that the Catholics committed the same in private.
ORIGENISTS, in Ecclesiastical History, a Christian sect in the fourth century, so called from their deriving their opinions from the writings of Origen. The Origenists maintained that the souls of men existed in a prior state; that they were holy intelligences, and had sinned in heaven before the body was created; that Christ is only the Son of God by adoption; that he has been successively united with all the angelical natures, and has been a cherub, a seraph, and all the celestial virtues one after another; that in future ages he will be crucified for the salvation of the devils, as he has already been for that of men; and that their punishment, and that of the damned, will continue only for a limited time.
ORIGINAL, a draught or design of any thing, which serves as a model to be imitated or copied.

Original Sin. See Theology.
ORILLON, in Fortification, a small rounding of earth, faced with a wall, and raised upon the shoulders of those bastions which have casemates, to cover the cannon in the retired flank, and prevent their being dismounted by the enemy.
ORISTANO, a city of the island of Sardinia, situated on the western side of the gulf or bay of that name. It is the seat of an archbishop, and has a cathedral, a nunnery, several monasteries, and a harbour about a mile from it, into which the river Oristano enters. The air is very impure. Oristano contains 4990 inhabitants.
ORIZAVA, a town of Mexico in the state of Vera Cruz. See the article Mexico
ORLE, Orlet, or Orlo i in Architecture, a fillet under the ovolo, or quarter round, of a capital. When it is at the top or bottom of a shaft, it is called cincture.
ORLEANS, an arrondissement of the department of the Loiret, in France, extending over 1012 square miles. It comprises fourteen cantons, divided into 111 communes, and in 1836 contained 141,637 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, being the seat of a bishop, and of the departmental boards of the government and courts of law. It stands on the right bank of the Loire, over which there is a fine bridge of sixteen arches. It is surrounded with walls, which, being planted with trees, form pleasing promenades. In general, it contains anciently built houses, and narrow streets, though there is one exception in the suburbs. The cathedral is a fine old building, as well as the town-house, and the châtelet, formerly the residence of the Duke of Orleans. There are five hospitals, an exchange, an academy, a lyceum with a library of 36,000 volumes, and a theatre. The city contains 4600 houses, with 40,272 inhabitants. It is a place of extensive trade, having manufactories of serges and other woollens, several sugar-refineries, distilleries, breweries, and china-works. It is also a dépôt for the wines of Languedoc and Guienne, [7:16:542] and for brandies of its own preparation, as well as for those of Cognac, Chinan, Samur, and Blois. It has long given a title to a branch of the Bourbon family, and has been much celebrated for its defence under the famous Maid of Orleans. Long. 1. 49. 23. E. Lat. 47. 54. 10. N.

Orleans, New, a city of Louisiana, one of the United States of North America. See Louisiana. Orleans, Peter Joseph, a French Jesuit, was born at Bourges in 1641. He taught belles-lettres for some time in his society, but afterwards devoted himself to the writing of history; and this pursuit he continued till his death, which happened in the year 1698. He wrote a History of the Revolutions of England; a History of the Revolutions of Spain; a History of two conquering Tartars, Chunchi and Camhi; the Life of Father Coton; and some other pieces. His History of the Revolutions in England, under the family of the Stuarts, from the year 1603 to 1690, was translated in English, and published at London in 1711, one vol. 8vo; to which is prefixed an Introduction, by Mr Laurence Echard, who says, that “the great varieties and wonderful changes in these reigns are here judiciously comprised in a moderate volume, with no less perspicuity than strictness, and with a beautiful mixture of short characters, nice reflections, and noble sentences, which render the whole agreeable and instructive.”
ORLOP, in nautical language, the uppermost space or deck in a great ship, reaching from the main to the mizen-mast. In three-deck ships, the second and lowest decks are sometimes called orlops.
ORMEA, a city of the province of Mondovi, in the continental part of the kingdom of Sardinia, and situated on the river Tanaro. It is surrounded with old walls, and has a citadel, a collegiate church, and 800 ill-built houses, with 5460 inhabitants, who carry on an extensive trade in linens.
ORMOND, the northern division of the county of Tipperary, in the province of Munster, in Ireland. For a long time it gave the title of earl, and afterwards of marquis and duke, to the noble family of Butler, descended from a sister of St Thomas a Becket, archbishop of Canterbury; till, at the accession of George I. the last duke was attainted of high treason, and died abroad. In that part of the country the family had great prerogatives and privileges, which were granted by Edward HI.
ORMSKIRK, a market-town of the hundred of West Derby, in the county of Lancaster, twelve miles from Liverpool, and 210 from London. The parish is very extensive, comprehending six townships and one chapelry. The town is well built, consisting of four streets crossing each other at right angles. Its church is a handsome Gothic structure, and is remarkable for having the tower and the steeple detached from each other, so as to appear like two churches. There is a good market on Thursday, and considerable trade at all times, arising from the navigable canals, to which there is easy access. The population of Ormskirk township amounted in 1801 to 2554, in 1811 to 3064, in 1821 to 3838, and in 1831 to 4251.
ORNITHIAE, a name given by the ancients to certain winds, which usually set in during the spring, at the time when the birds of passage came over to them.
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ORNITHOMANCY, a species of divination performed by means of birds, being the same with augury.
ORONTES, a river of Syria, which has its rise near a small hill at the foot of Mount Lebanon, to the north of Damascus, not far from the source of the Jordan. The two rivers flow in opposite directions; the latter southward to Lake Asphaltites, the former to the north, till, near Antioch, it makes a circuit to the west and south, and falls into the sea. The waters of the Orontes, at their source, are said to issue out in a large stream from the solid rock. It then takes a bend eastward, receiving several smaller streams in its course, till at last it winds along to the northeast, through the plains of Khoms and Khamah, about a hundred miles from its source. It soon increases to a considerable size, and swells out suddenly into a large lake, extending at least five miles to the north-east, and in some places nearly two miles wide. It is contracted in some parts between narrow and steep banks; and its course is deep and rapid, being scarcely less than four miles an hour. Its waters are a dull yellowish white, from the clayey and chalky soil of its banks in the lake above. At Antioch, where it fails into the sea, it is stated by Buckingham to be from 100 to 150 feet wide, and its stream flows at the rate of about three miles an hour. Such is the parched nature of the climate, that it would be often dry were it not for the bars of sand which obstruct its course, and allow the water to accumulate. Its stream is very deeply sunk amongst rocks, and it can only be rendered subservient to the purposes of irrigation by being laboriously raised with wheels. It forms three lakes, the Bahr-el-Kades, that of Famie or Apamea, and that of Antioch. By means of this river and the Euphrates, it is thought that a shorter route to India, nearly navigable all the way, might be effected; and an expedition was sent out by the British government in 1835, under Colonel Chesney, to explore the navigation of the Euphrates for this purpose.
OROPESA, a town of Bolivia, in South America, in the department of Cochabamba. The district in which it is situated is so well irrigated by rivers and streams, that it yields immense harvests of grain and other agricultural products. Oropesa, formerly the capital, and still a considerable place, is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, on the borders of a small stream, one of the tributaries of the Rio Grande. The chief occupation of its inhabitants consists in supplying the neighbouring provinces with fruits and grain. The climate is mild and salubrious. Oropesa stands in long. 67. 6. west, and lat. 18. 15. south. This is likewise the name of a small town of Cuzco, in Peru.
OROTAVA, a town of Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands, in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is situated on a very steep declivity, and, from the great abundance of water[7:16:652] which runs through the principal streets, it has a very pleasant appearance at a distance. The spring of Agua Mansa, collected into two large reservoirs, turns several mills, and is afterwards distributed amongst the vineyards of the adjacent hills. Orotava is the ancient Taoro of the Guanches. The houses are substantially built, but have a gloomy appearance; and the streets seem as if deserted. Near this town is the celebrated dragon-tree of Orotava, one of the most gigantic productions of the kind on the face of the globe. Its circumference near the roots is forty-five feet. Although Santa Cruz is the principal seaport, and the capital of Teneriffe, the riches and fertility of the island are to be found at Orotava; and here the wine is chiefly made, and also shipped when the weather allows.
ORPHEOREON, an instrument of the lute kind, and strung with eight wires. It is no longer used.
ORPIMENT (auripigmentum), a mineral composed of sulphur and arsenic, found native in the earth, and constituting one of the ores of arsenic, but sometimes artificially prepared.
ORRERY, a curious machine for representing the motions or phases of the heavenly bodies. The ïcason of its being called an Orrery was this: Mr Rowley, a mathematical-instrument maker, having got one from Mr George Graham, the original inventor, to be sent abroad with some of his own instruments, he copied it, and made the first for the Earl of Orrery. Sir Richard Steele, who knew nothing of Mr Graham’s machines, thinking to do justice to the first encourager, as well as to the inventor of such a curious instrument, called it an Orrery, and gave Mr Rowley the praise which was due only to Mr Graham.
ORSKAIA, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Orenburg, situated on the Or, about a mile and a half before its junction with the Oural. The Asiatic caravans usually pass this river here in their way to Orenburg. The town of Orenburg was originally built unon this spot. Orskaia is 132 miles east of Orenburg
ORTEGAL, Cape, the most northern promontory of Spain, where there is also a castle of the same name. Long. 8. 20. W. Lat. 44. 0. N.
ORTELIUS, Abraham, a celebrated geographer, born at Antwerp in the year 1527. He was well skilled in languages and the mathematics, and acquired such reputation by his knowledge in geography, that he was surnamed the Ptolemy of his time. Justus Lipsius, and most of the great men of the sixteenth century, were the friends of Ortelius. He resided at Oxford in the reign of Edward VI. and came a second time into England in 1577. His Theatrum Orbis was the most complete work of the kind which had yet been published, and gained him a reputation equal to the immense labour bestowed in compiling it. He also wrote several other geographical works, the principal of which are his Thesaurus, and his Synonyma Geographica. The world is likewise indebted to him for the Britannia, which > he persuaded Camden to undertake. He died at Antwerp in the year 1598.
ORTHEZ, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Pyrenees, in France, 616 square miles in extent, containing seven cantons, 157 communes, and 83,600 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the Gave de Pau. It contains 1000 houses, and 7300 inhabitants, who are occupied in making flannels and other woollen goods, and in tanning leather. A great quantity of hams are cured here, and sold under the name of Bayonne ham.≡. It has been rendered remarkable by a victory which the Duke of Wellington gained there over the French army. Long. 0. 50. W. Lat. 43. 32. N.
ORTHODOX, in Ecclesiastical History, an appellation given to those who are sound in ail the articles of the Christian faith.
ORTHOGRAPHIC Projection of the Sphere, that in which the eye is supposed to be at an infinite distance. It is so called, because the perpendiculars, from any point of the sphere, will all fall in the common intersection of the sphere with the plane of the projection.