pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BOSJESMANS, or Bushmen, a race of Hottentots who inhabit the sides and valleys of the Sneuwberg, or Snowy Mountains, which form the northern boundary of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope. They are rude and savage in the extreme, and, perhaps beyond any other race in existence, deformed and miserable. Their persons present a caricature of that hideous form which characterizes the Hottentot; the hollow back, the large belly, and protruding posteriors, causing them to exhibit nearly the shape of the latter S. Destitute of cultivation, and being allowed to occupy only the most dreary and barren tracts, they find the utmost difficulty in procuring a scanty supply of the most wretched aliments. Wild animals pursued across rugged rocks, roots dug from the earth, and the larvae of ants and insects, form their only regular resources. To this indeed they add frequent predatory excursions in order to carry off the cattle from the store-farms in the plains below; but this involves them in a severe and unequal contest, since their arrows, though tipt with deadly poison, and shot with surprising dexterity, are not a match for the fire-arms of the colonists. They are hunted down like wild beasts, and, wherever they appear, are shot without the smallest seruple. Mr Barrow met with a young man who had made a journey along part of their territory, and who being asked if he had seen any of them, replied with an air of disappointment, that he had shot only four. From their mode of life, they derive the power of enduring fasting for an extraordinary length of time; though, when they have succeeded in carrying off a sheep or other animal, they devour the flesh without intermission, till it is entirely consumed. Yet they display nothing of that sluggish and gloomy deportment which characterizes the servile Hottentot. They bound with wonderful agility from rock to rock, either in flight or in chase of their, prey; and on certain festive occasions, they give way even to an extravagant gaiety; dancing whole days and nights without intermission, especially by moonlight. Even the pictures of animals which they delineate on the rocks are not altogether destitute of spirit or resemblance.
BOSNIA, the farthest north-east province of Turkey in Europe. It is bounded on the north by Austria, from which it is divided by the rivers Unna and Save; on the east by Semendra and Aladsehaissar; on the south-east by Beldschterin and Dukagin; on the south by Iscandria and Austria; and on the west by Austria. It extends over 13,000 square miles. The whole province is mountainous, many of the summits reaching to the height of 6000 feet. From the nature of the soil, it is more appropriate for the breeding of cattle than the operations of the plough. ’ The drief kind of cattle reared are sheep in large flocks, some good horses and cows, with here and there a few buffaloes and goats. There are a few mines of copper; and formerly some of gold and silver were worked, especially a very celebrated one at Jlatnizza; but they are now neglected. There are some quarries of good marble; and at Tuzla a very copious and strong spring of salt water, which is converted into culinary salt. The manufactures are of the domestic kind, and upon a small scale, for making leather, cloth, and iron wares. The number of inhabitants, as in all Turkey, is doubtful. The country is thinly peopled; some accounts stating the inhabitants at 850,000, others at no more than 600,000, but all agreeing that the majority are Christians chiefly of the Catholic cliurch.
BOSPHORUS, or Bosporus, in Geography, a long and narrow channel running in between two lands, or separating two continents, and by which two seas, or a gulf and a sea, communicate with each other. In this sense Bosphorus means a channel or strait, and is synonymous with what the Italians call faro, the Latins fretum, and the French pas or manche. The word is Greek, /?o<jwopoç, being formed of βοvς, an ox, and crooος, passage, probably from an idea that an ox or bullock might swim across.

The name of Bosphorus is chiefly confined to two straits, namely, the Bosphorus of Thrace, commonly called the Strait of Constantinople, or Channel of the Black Sea; and the Cimmerian or Seythian Bosphorus, now known by the name of the Strait of Jenikale. The origin of the name is not disputed; but various mythological legends, some of them absurd enough, were invented to account for its first application.
BOSQUETS, in Gardening, groves so called, from bos-chetto, an Italian word which signifies a little wood. They are compartments in gardens formed by branches of trees disposed either regularly in rows, or wildly and irregularly, according to the fancy of the owner. A bosquet is either a plat of ground inclosed with palisades of hornbeam, the middle filled with tall trees, the tops of which form an umbrageous covering; or it consists only of high trees, as horse-chestnut, elm, and the like.
BOSSINEY, a small borough in Cornwall, in the parish of Tintagel and hundred of Lesneweth. It is sometimes called the town of Trevenna. The ruins of a castle near it, according to the local tradition, are said to be those of the palace in which King Arthur was born, and where the ancient dukes of Cornwall resided. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 649, in 1811 to 793, and in 1821 to 877.
BOSSO, in Latin Bossus, Matthew, distinguished by his virtue and his learning, was born at Verona in 1428. He devoted himself to the ecclesiastical state in 1451, in the congregation of regular canons of St John de Lateran, and afterwards taught divinity at Padua. His orations, his sermons, and his letters, have often been printed. He was also the author of a sort of an apology for Phalaris, and other works; and died at Padua in 1502, aged seventy-five. ’
BOSSU, Rene Le, born at Paris on the 16th March 1631, studied at Nauterre, and then entered among the regular canons of Sainte-Geneviève in 1649. After having[7:5:24] professed the humanities in different religious houses for twelve years, he withdrew into retirement, and died on the 14th March 1680. His first publication was Parallèle des Principes de la Physique d’Aristote et de celle de Pene Descartes, which appeared in 1674. He attempted, says Voltaire, to reconcile Aristotle and Descartes; he was not aware that it had become necessary to abandon both. His next work, entitled Traite du Poème Epique, was published in 1675, and often reprinted afterwards. The leading doctrine of this treatise is, that the subject should be chosen before the characters, and that the action should be arranged without reference to the personages who are to figure in the scene; a doctrine which led Voltaire to observe that every epic poet who followed the rule of Bossu would be sure of never being read, but that happily it is wholly impossible to follow it. Nevertheless, Bodeau, in his Third Reflexion on Longinus, pronounces the work of Le Bossu “l’un des meilleurs livres de poétique qui, du consentement de tous les habiles gens, aient été faits en nôtre langue.” In abatement of this commendation, however, it may be stated, on the authority of Lc Courayer, that Le Bossu had stepped forward as the champion of Boileau against Saint-Sorlin, by whom he had been attacked; that Boileau expressed himself exceedingly grateful for this service; and that a sense of obligation, as much, perhaps, as a sense of justice, may have dictated the commendation bestowed on the work in question.
BOSSUPT, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Brabant. Long. 4. 30. E. Lat. 50. 52. N.
BOST, a very strong tbwn of Persia, and capital of the province of Zablestan. Long. 64. 15. E. Lat. 31. 50. N.
BOSTANGIS, in Turkey, persons employed in the garden of the seraglio, out of whose number are selected those who row in the grand signior’s brigantines, when he has a mind to divert himself with fishing, or to take the air upon the canal.
BOSWORTH-Market, a market-town in the hundred of Sparkenhoe, in the county of Leicester, 107 miles from London. Near it is the celebrated field of the battle between Richard III. and Henry VII., then Duke of Richmond, by which the crown of England was transferred to the latter. The market is held on a Wednesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 791, in 1811 to 954, and in 1821 to 1117.
BOTAL or Botalli, Leonard, physician to the duke of Alençon, and to Henry III., was born at Asti in Piedmont. He published several books in physic and surgery; and the best edition of his works is that of Leyden, in 1660, octavo, published by Van Hoorne.
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BOTANY Bay, a spacious bay on the south-east coast of New Holland, so named by Captain Cook, by whom it was discovered in 1770, from the profusion of hitherto unknown plants growing on its shores. Great Britain has established a settlement here for transported criminals. The bay does not afford either good shelter or anchorage, the water being too shallow for large vessels, which must remain exposed to all the dangers of an open road; and on this account the British settlement, though it still retains the name of Botany Bay, is at some miles distance. See Australasia, and Wales, New South.
BOTANOMANCY (from β οτavn, an herb, and μαντεία, divination}, an ancient species of divination, by means of plants, especially of sage and fig leaves. The manner of performing it was this: The persons who consulted wrote their own names and their questions on leaves, which were exposed to the wind; and as many of the letters as remained in their own places were taken up, joined together, and considered as an answer to the question.
BOTH, John and Andrew, Flemish painters, and pupils of Bloemart, were born at Utrecht about the year 1610. The union of these brothers was remarkable; they were alike inseparable in their studies, their travels, and their painting. John painted the landscape part of their pictures in the manner of Claude Lorrain, and Andrew drew the figures and animals in the style of Bamboche. They both died in 1650; Andrew having been drowned at Venice, and his brother John, through grief, having soon afterwards followed him to the grave. In the national gallery of France there is a painting by these two masters representing a Vieιν of Italy at Sunset.
BOTHNIA. See Russia.
BOTTICELLI, Alesandro, born at Florence in 1437, learned the rudiments of painting under Filippo Lippi. He executed several pictures for Pope Sixtus IV. and for the city of Florence, for which he received large sums of money; but he expended all his acquisitions in thoughtless extravagance, and at last died in great distress, aged seventy-eight. He was not only a painter, but a man of letters. Baldini, according to the general report, communicated to him the secret of engraving, then newly discovered by Finigucrra, their townsman. The famous edition [7:5:142] of Dante’s Inferno, printed at Florence by Nicholo Lorenzo della Magna in 1481, and to which, according to some authors, Botticelli undertook to write notes, was intended to have been ornamented with prints, one for each canto; and of these prints, as many as were finished were designed, if not engraved, by Botticelli. It is remarkable that the two first plates only were printed upon the leaves of the book, and, for want of a blank space at the head of the first canto, the plate belonging to it is placed at the bottom of the page. Blank spaces are left for the rest, that as many of them as were finished might be pasted on. The two first, as usual, are printed on the leaves; while the others, seventeen in number, which follow regularly, are pasted on the blank spaces; and these, apparently, were all that Botticelli ever executed. About the year 1460 he is said to have engraved a set of plates, representing the Prophets and Sibyls. Basan tells us that he marked these plates with a monogram composed of the two first letters of the alphabet joined together.
BOTTLE, a small vessel for containing liquors, and made of leather, of glass, or of stone. The word is formed from butellus or botellus, a barbarous Latin word for a small wine vessel; and a diminutive of bota, which denoted a but or cask of that liquor. The ancient Jewish bottles were made of the skins of goats or other wild beasts, with the hair on the inside, well sewed and pitched together; and an aperture in one of the paws served for the mouth of the vessel. Bottles are now chiefly made of thick coarse glass; but bottles of boiled leather are likewise made and sold by the case-makers. Fine glass-bottles, covered with straw or wicker, are called βαshs or bettees. The quality of the glass has sometimes been found to affect the liquor in the bottle.
BOTTOM, in a general sense, denotes the lowest part of á thing, in contradistinction to the top or uppermost part.

Bottom, in Navigation, is used to denote as well the channel of rivers and harbours, as the body or hull of a ship. Thus, in the former sense, we say, gravelly bottom, clayey bottom, sandy bottom, and so forth; in the latter, a British bottom, a Butch bottom, and the like.
BOTTOMRY, feenus nauticum, is a term applied to that particular kind of transaction where a person lends money to a merchant, who wants it to traffic, and is to be paid a greater sum at the return of a certain ship, standing to the hazard of the voyage; and, in this case, although the interest be greater than that allowed by law, it is not usury.
BOTTONY. A cross bottony, in Heraldry, terminates at each end in three buds, knots, or buttons, resembling in some measure the three-leaved grass; on which account Segoing, in his Tresor Heraldique, terms it croix treβlee. It is the badge of the order of St Maurice.
BOTTOSCHANY, a city of the province of Moldavia, in European Turkey. It is situated on a river of the same name, which falls a little below into the Siena. It consists chiefly of wooden houses, and has several Greek churches and monasteries, with 4200 inhabitants, who have a considerable trade in wine, cattle, wool, honey, wax, and tobacco. During the continental system the Jews and Armenians of Bottoschany carried on a great smuggling trade in sugar, coffee, and other colonial goods, with Brody, Leipsic, and Brunn.
BOTTRIGARI, Hercole, a person eminently skilled in the science of music, though not a musician by profession, was descended of a noble family of Bologna, and born in that city in the year 1531. He seems to have entertained a strong predilection in favour of the ancient music; and he attempted, as Vincentine and others had done, to introduce the chromatic scale into practice, but with no better success than had attended the endeavours of his predecessors. He corrected Gogavino’s Latin version of Ptolemy in numberless instances, and to so good purpose, that Dr Wallis has in general conformed to it in the translation of the same author, which he gave to the world many years afterwards. He also translated into Italian Boetius de Musica, with as much of Plutarch and Macrobius as relates to music; and besides this, he made annotations upon Aristoxenus, Franchinus, Spataro, Vicentino, Zar-lino, Galislei, and, in short, on almost every<musical treatise he could lay his hands on, as appears by the copies once belonging to him, which are now deposited in many libraries in Italy. Bottrigari’s works contain greater proofs of his learning and skill in music, than of his abilities as a writer, his style being remarkably inelegant. Nevertheless, he affected the character of a poet; and there is extant a collection of poems by him, in 8vo, printed in 1557. Walther represents him as an able mathematician, and a collector of curiosities; and says that he was possessed of a cabinet which the emperor Ferdinand II. had a great desire to purchase. He died in 1612, and not in 1609, as stated by Mazzuchelli. From what has been said, a general idea may be formed of his works, a small portion of which only has been printed, and a correct list cannot now be obtained.
BOTTS. See Entomology, Index.
BOTZEN, a city, the capital of the circle of the Etsch, in the Austrian province of Tyrol. It is situated at the junction of the rivers Isach and Talfer, on the road from Germany to Italy, with both of which countries great commerce is carried on at four large fairs held annually here. It was destroyed by fire during the hostilities of 1809, but is now rebuilt, and contains about 4000 inhabitants. There are some considerable silk manufactories in the city. Long. 12. 3. E. Lat. 46. 47. 30. N.
BOUCHE of Court, the privilege of having meat and drink at court scot-free. This privilege is sometimes only extended to bread, beer, and wine. It was a custom anciently in use, as well in the houses of noblemen as in the king’s court. Thomas earl of Lancaster retained Sir John de Ewre to serve him with ten men at arms in time of war, allowing them bouche of court, with livery of hay and oats, horse-shoes and nails. Sir Hugh Merril had the same privilege for life, on condition of serving King Edward II.
BOUGEANT, William Hyacinth, a famous Jesuit, born at Quimper 4th November 1690, first taught humanity at Caen and Nevers, and afterwards settled at the college of Louis the Great, where he employed himself in writing several works. The principal of these are, 1. A Collection of Physical Observations, extracted from the best authors; 2. A History of the Wars and Négociations which preceded the treaty of Westphalia; 3. The Female Doctor, a philosophical amusement on the language of beasts; 4. The Marvellous Voyage of Prince Fanferedin in Romancia; 5. Exposition of the Christian Doctrine; and 6. Anacreon and Sappho, a dialogue in Greek verse. He died in 1743.
BOUGH, a term nearly synonymous with Eranch. Anciently green boughs formed part of the decoration of altars and temples, especially on festive occasions. Boughs of oak were offered to Jupiter, of laurel to Apollo, of olive to Minerva, of myrtle to Venus, of ivy to Bacchus, of pine to Pan, and of cypress to Pluto.

Bougie. See Surgery.
BOUKA, or Lord Anson’s Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, lying south of Bougainville’s Island, is covered with wood from the shore to the centre, which is of considerable height. Along the beach are extensive plantations of cocoa-nut trees. Their canoes are ingeniously constructed; and they are remarkably dexterous in the use of the bow and arrow, bringing down birds on the wing with almost unerring certainty. Long, of the north cape, 153. 34. E. Lat. 5. 0. S.
BOULAINVILLIERS, Henry de, Lord of Saint Saire, and an eminent French writer, was descended from a very ancient and noble French family, and born at Saint Saire in 1658. He received his education among the fathers of the oratory, at the college of Juilli, where he discovered from his infancy the uncommon abilities for which he was afterwards distinguished. He applied himself principally to the study of history; and his performances in this department are numerous and considerable, but deformed by an extravagant admiration of the feudal system, which he regarded as the chef d’oeuvre of the human mind. To this idea he incessantly recurs in all his writings, and misses no opportunity of regretting those good old times, in which the people, enslaved by petty tyrants alike ignorant and barbarous, had neither industry, nor commerce, nor property, and in which a hundred seigneurs, the oppressors of the country and the enemies of the king, composed what he is pleased to consider the most perfect of all governments. He was the author of a History of the Arabians; Fourteen Letters upon the ancient Parliaments of France; a History of France to the reign of Charles VIII.; and the State of France, with historical memoirs concerning the ancient government of that monarchy, to the time of Hugh Capet, “written,” says Μ. Montesquieu, “with a simplicity and honest freedom worthy of that ancient family from which their author was descended.” Μ. Boulainvilliers died at Paris in 1722, and after his death was published his Life of Mahommed.
BOULAY, Caesar Egasse du, in Latin Dul<zιιs, was born at St Ellier, on the Lower Maine, in the beginning of the seventeenth century, and became professor of humanity at the college of Navarre, as well as register, rector, and historiographer of the university of Paris. He died in 1678, after having published several works. The principal of these are, a History of the University of Paris, in Latin, 6 vols. folio, 1665 and 1673; and the Thesaurus of Roman Antiquities, in one volume folio.
BOULDER-WALL, a kind of wall built of round flints or pebbles, laid m strong mortar, and used where the sea. has a beach cast up, or where there are plenty of flints.'
BOULETTE, in the manege. A horse is called 'bou- ν leite when the fetlock, or pastern joint, bends forwaι∖l, 1 and out of its natural situation, whether through violent riding, or by reason of the animal being too short jointed, in which case the least fatigue will bring it down.
BOULOGNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Pas de Calais, in France, extending over 348 square miles, comprehending six cantons and 100 communes, and containing 76,220 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, on the sea shore, is divided into the lower and the upper town, together having six churches, a hospital, 1600 houses, and 16,650 inhabitants. In the summer it is resorted to for sea-bathing both by English and French visitors. It is a place of some trade, but its harbour is only capable of admitting vessels at high tides. Long. 1. 30. 43. E. Lat. 50. 43. 33. N.
BOULTINE, a term which workmen use for a moulding, the convexity of which is just one-fourth of a circle; being the member just below the plinth in the Tuscan and Doric capitals.
BOUNTY, in Commerce, a premium paid by government to the exporters of certain commodities. See Political Economy.
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BOURCHIER, John, Lord Bernars, grandson and heir of a lord of the same name, who was descended from Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, and had been knight of the Garter and constable of Windsor-castle. Under Edward IV. this Lord John was created a knight of the Bath on the marriage of the Duke of York, second son of Edward IV., and was first known by quelling an insurrection in Cornwall and Devonshire, raised by Michael Joseph, a blacksmith, in 1495, which service recommended him to the favour of Henry VII. He was a captain of the pioneers at the siege of Therounne, under Henry VIII. by whom he was made chancellor of the exchequer for life, and lieutenant of Calais and the Marches; appointed to conduct the Lady Mary, the king’s sister, into France on the marriage with Louis XII.; and had the extraordinary fortune of continuing in favour with Henry VIII. for the space of eighteen years. He died at Calais in 1532, aged sixty-three. By King Henry’s command he translated Froissart’s Chronicle, which was printed in 1532 by Richard Pinson, the scholar of Caxton, and the fifth on the list of English printers. His other works were a whimsical medley of translations from French, Spanish, and Italian novels, which seem to have been in vogue then, as they were afterwards in the reign of Charles II. These were, the Life of Sir Arthur, an Armorican Knight; the Famous Exploits of Sir Hugh Bourdeaux; Marcus Aurelius; and the Castle of Love. He composed also a book on the duties of the inhabitants of Calais; and a comedy entitled Ite in Vineam, which is mentioned in none of our catalogues of English plays. Anthony Wood says it was usually acted at Calais after vespers.