pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LOUGH Neagh, ’a loch or lake of Ireland, situated in the counties of Armagh, Down, Derry, and Antrim, in the province of Ulster. This lake is twenty miles in length, and varies from eight to twelve miles in breadth. The area of this lake is computed at 100,000 acres.
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Lough Strangford, a lake of Ireland, situated in the county of Down and province of Ulster. It was formerly known by the name of Lough Cone or Lough Coyne. It is a deep bay or inlet of the sea, about seventeen miles long and four or five broad. It reaches west as far as Downpatrick, and north as far as Comber and Newton, and by computation covers 25,775 acres Irish plantation measure.
LOUGHBOROUGH, a market-town of the county of Leicester and hundred of West Goscot, 108 miles from London, and situated on the river Soar. It has considerable, trade, arising from being on a navigable canal, and on the great north road. The market is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 4546, in 1811 to 5400, in 1821 to 7365, and in 1831 to 10,800.
LOUHANS, an arrondissement belonging to the department of the Saone and Loire, in France, extending over 605 square miles, and peopled by 78,300 persons. It is divided into eight cantons, and eighty-three communes. The chief place is a city of the same name, situated on an island formed by the junction of three small rivers. It contains 330 houses and 3250 inhabitants, who manufacture linen and woollen goods, and carry on some transit trade between Lyons and Switzerland.
LOUIS, or St Louis, Knights of, the name of a military order in France, instituted by Louis XIV. in 1693. Their colours were of a flame colour, and passed from left to right; the king was their grand master. There were in the order eight great crosses, and twenty·four commanders; but the number of knights was not limited. At the time of their institution, the king charged his revenue with a fund of 900,000 livres for defraying the pensions of the commanders and knights.

Louis d’Or, a French coin, first struck in the year 1640, under the reign of Louis XIII. See the article Money. By the French mint regulations it was at length made equal to twenty-four livres, or L.l sterling. This, however, was underrating it in respect of silver; and hence, as every one preferred paying his debts in the overvalued coin, silver became the principal currency of France, the gold coins being either sent to the melting-pot, or exported. In Britain the process was reversed. Gold having, for a long period, been overvalued by our mint in respect of silver, it became the principal currency of the country.
LOUISIADE, an archipelago in the Eastern Seas, consisting of a number of islands of different sizes, interspersed with dangerous shoals and reefs, which chiefly received names from the French during their voyage in search of La Pérouse in 1793. Some of these islands are fertile and populous, and their inhabitants are a warlike race.
LOURDE, a city of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, and arrondissement of Argelés, on the Gave de Pau. It is strongly fortified, and stands at the entrance of one of the narrowest passes into the Pyrenees. It contains 2900 houses, and 3070 inhabitants. Some flax is grown, and converted into linen cloth, which is in great repute. Long. 0. 15. W. Lat. 43. 8. N.
LOURISTAN, a mountainous district in the province of Irak, in Persia, where it borders on Khusistan. This extensive tract of country, which runs along the whole frontier of Khusistan, and extends as far to the east as the longitude of 50. and to the north as far as the latitude of 33. 40. is by far the richest and most fruitful part of Irak. From this mountainous tract several large rivers descend into the level province of Khusistan, and there is hardly a valley that is not watered by many lesser streams. The pasture is not luxuriant, and no attention is paid to agriculture; the inhabitants, the Illiats, preferring a wandering life, and principally subsisting on the produce of their flocks. They are a savage and fearless race, subject to no law but the will of their chiefs, and seem to differ only in name from the rude inhabitants of the same country in. the days of Alexander. They reside in black tents, even during the winter; and consequently, with the exception of Korumabad, there are no towns, and but few villages. They deduce their descent from a high antiquity, though they do not deny that their ancestors intermarried with several Turkish hordes which they had invited from Persia to settle amongst them.
LOUVAIN, or Loewen, a circle of the province of South Brabant, in the Netherlands. It comprehends eight cantons, divided into 144 communes, containing 133,840 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Dyle. It has water communication by the Louvain Canal with Mechlin, and by the river Rupel with the Scheldt. Its walls are extensive, but three fourths of the land they encompass consist of fields and gardens. It contains 4000 houses, and 25,000 inhabitants, who carry on extensive breweries and distilleries, spin cotton twist, print calicoes, and grind much corn into flour. It is the seat of an ancient university, and has a stadthouse of Gothic architecture, constructed by Charlemagne. Long. 4. 36. E. Lat. 50. 33. N.
LOUVIERS, an arrondissement of the department of the Eure, in France, extending over 410 square miles, and inhabited by 65,800 persons. It is divided into five cantons and 122 communes. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Eure. It stands on an island formed by two arms of that river, and is surrounded with walls and ditches. It contains 1050 houses, with 7500 inhabitants, who make some of the finest cloths and casimeres in France, and manufacture several kinds of cotton goods. Long. 1. 5. E. Lat. 49. 10. N.
LOVERE, a city of Italy, in the delegation Bergamo, and the Austrian government of Milan. It is situated on the lake Iseo, in the beautiful vale of Cavallino, and has a church and several religious houses, with 4010 inhabitants, who carry on some woollen manufactories.
LOWANCE, a considerable river of Persia, in the province of Mekran. It runs through a fertile valley, on the banks of which there is a considerable number of inhabitants, who live in tents, and are industrious cultivators. Lowance is fifty miles west of Bayla.
LOWASHAN, a province of the Burman empire, situated between the twenty-second and twenty-fourth degrees of north latitude. On the north and east it is bounded by the province of Yunan in China, on the south by the country of Yunshan, and on the west by Ava proper. The country is watered by the Lookiang or Thalnayn river. It is mountainous, and but little known.
LOW -Bell, in birding, a name given to a bell by means of which birds are taken in the night, in open champaign countries, and amongst stubble. The method is to go out about nine o’clock at night in a still evening, when the air is mild and the moon does not shine. The low-bell should be of a deep and hollow sound, and of such a size that a man may conveniently carry it in one hand. The person who carries it makes it toll all the way he goes, as nearly as may be, in the same manner in which the bell on the neck of a sheep tolls as it goes on and feeds. There must also be a box made like a large lanthorn, about a foot square, and lined with tin, but with one side open. Two or three great lights are to be set in this; and the box is to be fixed to the person’s breast, with the open side forwards, so that the light may be cast forward to a great distance. It will spread as it goes out of the box, and distinctly show to the person that carries it whatever there is in the large space of ground over which it extends, and consequently all the birds that roost upon the ground. Two persons must follow him who carries the box and bell, one on each side, so as not to be within the reach of the light to show themselves. Each of these is to have a hand-net, of about three or four feet square, fastened to a long stick or pole; and on whichever side any bird is seen at roost, the person who is nearest is to lay his net over it, and take it with as little noise as possible. When the net is over the bird, the person who laid it is not to be in a hurry to take the bird, but must stay till he who carries the light is got beyond it, that his motions may not be discovered. The blaze of the light and the noise of the bell terrify and amaze the birds in such a manner that they remain still to be taken; but the people who are engaged in the work must keep as quiet and still as may be. Some people are fond of going on this sport alone. The person then fixes the light box to his breast, and carries the bell in one hand and the net in the other; the net in this case may be somewhat smaller, and the handle shorter. When more than one are out at a time, it is always proper to carry a gun, as it is no uncommon thing to spy a hare when on this expedition.
LOWER, Richard, an eminent English physician in the seventeenth century, was born in Cornwall, and educated at Westminster school and Oxford. He afterwards studied medicine, and practised under Dr Thomas Willis, whom he instructed in some parts of anatomy, especially when the latter was writing his Cerebri Anatome. In 1674, Lower, along with Dr Willis, discovered the medicinal waters at Ashop, in Northamptonshire, which, upon their recommendation, became very much frequented. In 1666, he followed Dr Willis to London, practised physic under him, and became a fellow of the Royal Society, and also of the College of Physicians. In 1669 he published his Tractatus de Corde; and after the death of Dr Willis in 1675, he was esteemed the most eminent; physician in London. Upon the breaking out of the Popish Plot in 1678, he closed with the Whigs, supposing that that party would carry all before them; but being mistaken, he lost his credit and practice together. Lower died in 1691.
LOWERING, amongst distillers, a term employed to express the debasing the strength of any spirituous liquor, by mixing water with it. The standard and marketable price of these liquors is fixed in regard to a certain strength in them called proof ; or that strength which makes them, when shaken in a phial or poured from on high into a glass, retain for some time a froth or crown of bubbles. In'this state spirits consist of about half pure or totally inflammable spirit, and half water; and if any foreign or home spirit be exposed to sale, and found to have that proof wanting, scarcely any body will buy it until it has been distilled again and brought to the proper strength; and if it be above that strength, the proprietor usually adds water to bring it down to the standard. There is another kind of lowering amongst the retailers of spirituous liquors to the vulgar, by reducing it under the standard proof. Whoever has the art of doing this without destroying the bubble proof, which is easily done by means of some addition which gives a greater tenacity to the parts of the spirits, will deceive all who judge by this proof alone. In this case the best way to judge of liquors is by the eye and the tongue, and especially by the instrument called the hydrometer.
LOWESTOFF, a town of the county of Suffolk, in the hundred of Mutford with Lothingland, 114 miles from London. It stretches along a cliff two furlongs from the sea-shore. It has a considerable share of the herring, as well as of the mackerel fishery, and is much frequented for sea-bathing in the summer. A canal uniting Norwich with the sea at this place has been recently finished, and promises to add to its prosperity. The church is a fine Gothic building. The market is held on Wednesday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2332, in 1811 to 3189, in 1821 to 3675, and in 1831 to 4394.
LOXA, a province of Colombia, in the department of Azuay, bounded on the north by Guayaquil, on the east by Jaen, on the south by Yaguarsongo, and on the west by Zamora. It is situated on an elevated and healthy situation, fertile in all kinds of grain, It affords the finest cinchona, and was long supposed to be the only place which produced that medicament in any degree of perfection. £ochineal is also found in considerable abundance. Its principal commerce consists in woven stuffs of cotton, wool, and carpet, which are held in high estimation. It possesses also two or three gold mines, which are worked. Its chief town is Loxa, situated in a beautiful and extensive valley, between two streams, which flow from the Andes. It was formerly a place of considerable importance, though now much decayed, and still contains several convents. Long. 79. 15. W. Lat. 3. 59. S.
LOYOLA, Ignatius. See Ignatius.
LOZENGE, in Heraldry, a four-cornered figure, resembling a pane of glass in old casements. Though all heralds agree that single ladies are to place their arms on lozenges, yet they differ with respect to the causes which gave rise to it. Plutarch says, in the life of Theseus, that in Megara, an ancient town of Greece, the tombstones under which the bodies of the Amazons lay were shaped after that form, which some conjecture to be the cause why ladies have their arms on lozenges. Petra Sancta conceives this shield to represent a cushion, whereupon women used to sit and spin, or do other housewifery; but Ferne thinks that it is formed from the shield called tessera, which the Romans, finding unfit for war, allowed to women to place their ensigns upon, with one of its angles always uppermost.

Lozenges, amongst jewellers, are common to brilliant and rose diamonds. In brilliants, they are formed by the meeting of the skill and star facets on the bezil; in the latter, by the meeting of the facets in the horizontal ribs of the crown.

Lozenge is also a form of medicine, made into small pieces, to be held or chewed in the mouth till they are melted there, and are the same with what are otherwise called trochisci, troches.
LOZERE, a department of the south-west of France, formed out of the district of Sevaudan, a part of ancient Languedoc. It extends in north latitude from 44. 2. to 44. 59., and in east longitude from 2. 51. to 3. 50., containing 2134 square miles, or 509,543 hectares. It is bounded on the north by the departments of the Upper Loire and Cantal, on the east by the Ardèche, on the south by the Gard, and on the west by Aveyron. It comprehends twenty-four cantons, divided into 193 communes, and contains a population of 148,000 persons, of whom the Protestants, chiefly in the arrondissement of Florae, are between thirty and forty thousand. It is a lofty, cold, raw, and hard mountain district, the most sterile and the most thinly peopled of any part of France. In the fields are to be seen rocks of granite, or of chalk, scattered about as high as the houses, whilst in the south the whole seems to be slate covered with chalk. No river runs into the department, but several streams issue from it in different directions, and form rivers, such as the Lozère, the Lot, the Allier, and the Ardèche. The climate is raw and cold, but not unhealthy. Agriculture is ill conducted, and this, with the natural poverty of the soil, causes a necessity for the importation of annual quantities of corn. No other but rye and oats, with some little barley, is raised; and chestnuts, with potatoes, form substitutes for corn with the great mass of the people, who are as ill clad as they are poorly fed. In the summer the workmen wander [7:13:582] into the more southern departments, and even into Spain, to gain a little by their work in time of harvest. The chief branch of industry was*spinning, which all practised during their long winter; but that employment has diminished by the extension of machinery. Some serges, and other coarse woollens, are, however, still manufactured. Fuel is very scarce, the woods having been ruined by neglect; and no coal is extracted. The only mineral obtained is lead, but the quantity does not exceed forty tons; and this, with some wool, hides, and cattle, forms the chief trade. The department sends one deputy to the legislative chamber. The capital is the city of Mende.
LOZOLO, a town of the province of Vercelli, in Piedmont, surrounded with several smaller places, the population of which amounts to 6450 persons, who cultivate extensively rice, and breed silk-worms.
LUBEC, an island in the Eastern Seas, which is populous, and carries on a considerable trade with Borneo and Java, off the northern coast of which it is situated. It is surrounded by a cluster of rocks and rocky islets. Long. 112. 45. E. Lat. 3. 48. S.
LUBIENIETSKI, Stanislaus, a Polish gentleman, descended from a noble family, and born at Cracow in the year 1623, was educated by his father with great attention. He became a celebrated Socinian minister, and took great pains to obtain a toleration from the German princes for his S∩cinian brethren. His labours, however, were ineffectual, and he was himself persecuted by the Lutheran ministers, and driven from place to place, until at length he was, along with his two daughters, banished out of the world by poison, his wife narrowly escaping, in 1675. He wrote a History of the Reformation in Poland, a Treatise on Comets, and some other works, in Latin.
LUBIN, Eilhard, was professor of poetry in the uni [7:13:583]versity of Rostock in 1595, and ten years afterwards he was promoted to the professorship of divinity. He wrote notes upon Anacreon, Juvenal, Persius, and several other classics; but that which attracted the most notice was a treatise on the nature and origin of evil, entitled Phosphorus de Causa prima et Natura Mali, printed at Rostock in 1596, in which we find a curious hypothesis to account for the origin of moral evil. He supposed two coeternal principles, not matter and vacuum, as Epicurus did, but God, and Nihilum, or Nothing. This hypothesis being attacked by Grawer, was defended by Lubin; but, after all, he is deemed to have been better acquainted with polite literature than with divinity. He died in 1621.
LUBLIN, a province of Poland, on the right bank of the Vistula. It extends in north latitude from 50. 17. to 51. 43. and in east longitude from 21. 48. to 24. 2. It contains 7979 square miles, and 497,500 inhabitants. The Vistula is the boundary to the west, and the Bug divides it from Russia on the east. It has very extensive woods and some large marshes, but there are portions of considerable fertility. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Bystryzea, the seat of a Catholic bishop, and, besides a cathedral, contains eighteen churches, a monastery, a college, 1829 houses, and 10,360 inhabitants. It has some manufactures of cloth and linen, and considerable trade during the fairs, one of which continues a month. Long. 23. 27. E. Lat. 51. 14. 30. N.
LUBNI, a circle of the Russian province of Pultowa, extending in north latitude from 48. 55. to 50. 27., and in east longitude from 32. 39. to 33. 33. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Sula, 920 miles í'rom St Petersburg. It is an open city, with three churches, a monastery, a veterinary college, 1000 houses, and 6130 inhabitants. Long. 32. 45. 25. E. Lat. 50. 0. 10. N.
LUCANAS, a province of Peru, in South America, bounded on the north by the province of Castro Vireina, on the cast by Parina Cochas, and on the south and west by Camana. It is 180 miles in length, and varies from thirty-six to ninety in breadth. It is situated amongst the craggy rocks of the Cordilleras; and the temperature is very cold, but the soil is fertile. The chief grains cultivated are wheat, barley, and maize; and in the valleys fruits are grown with considerable success. It has some silver mines, which are supposed to be the richest in Peru, and to which the province owes its chief importance. Its capital is a small place of the same name, situated in latitude 14. 58. south.
LUCANIA, a country of Italy, and a part of Magna Graecia, being bounded on the north by the river Silarus, by [7:13:585]which it was separated from the Picentini, and by the river Bradanus, by which it was parted from the Apuli Peucetii; on the south by the Laüs, which separated it from the Bruttii; on the east by the Sinus Tarentinus; and on the vest by the Tuscan Sea.
LUCAR, St, de Barrameda, an unwalled Spanish city, at the mouth of the Guadalquiver, in the province of Seville, with 5000 inhabitants, one silk and two hat manufactories, and one tannery.

Lucar, St, de Guadiana, a Spanish fortified city on the Guadiana, in the province of Seville, with 2800 inhabitants, and a good haven, whence steam-boats now pass constantly to Seville.
LUCARIA, a feast celebrated at Rome on the 18th of July, in memory of the flight of the Romans into a great wood, where they found an asylum, and saved themselves from destruction. This wood, in which they found protection, was situated between the Tiber and the Via Salaria. The enemies from whom the Romans fled were the Gauls. On this festival Plutarch tells us that it was customary to pay the actors, and such as contributed to the public amusement, with the money arising from the felling of wood; and this money was called lucar. It is obvious, from what has been observed, that lucar and lucaria are derived from lucus, a grove.
LUCCA, a dukedom in Italy, extending in north latitude from 43. 46. to 44. 14., and in east longitude from 10. 3. to 10. 44. It has enclosed within it a small portion of Tuscany, and has the communes of Menuciano, Albiano, and Renzano separated from it, between the territories of Modena and Tuscany. It comprehends 440 square miles, with one city and 290 towns and villages, which are inhabited by 150,000 persons, being the most dense population of any state in Europe. It is bounded on the north by Modena and Tuscany, on the east and the south by Tuscany, and on the west by the Mediterranean Sea. The Apennines form the northern part of the duchy, and extend from Monte Guiliano to the sea, gradually declining in height as they proceed to the westward. The other parts are level, and of high fertility. The river Serchio is the only considerable stream, and, by the numerous canals connected with it and employed in irrigation, is one of the chièf causes of the great power of production which the soil displays. The agriculture of Lucca is most admirably conducted. The plains and valleys appear like gardens, in which corn and pulse fields are intermingled with olive plantations and fruit trees. The hedges are filled with elm, mulberry, and other trees, around which the vines are to be seen clustering in elegant festoons. Along the shore are rich meadows, on which numerous homed cattle are fed, whilst near them other fields exhibit most abundant crops of rice. Even the mountains almost to the summits are covered with vines, or with olive, chestnut, and mulberry trees; and the Apennines themselves produce chestnuts, as well as the finest pines and larches. Notwithstanding the application of all the labour to agriculture, the duchy does not produce corn equal to the consumption, but receives it from the other states in exchange for the oil and silk, which is abundantly obtained. As the kind of agriculture practised engages all the labour, scarcely any of it is directed towards manufactures; and even the silk, except that used for internal purposes, is not organized, but is exported in the raw state. The executive government of Lucca was conferred, by the congress of Vienna, on the Empress Maria Louisa, the wife of Napoleon. The power of making laws is intrusted to a senate of thirty-six members, who meet for a month every year. The revenue of the duchy is from L.60,000 to L.70,000 annually, of which the civil list of the regent is L. 12,000. The military force is composed of from 1000 to 1200 men. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the canal of Ozzorti, which joins the river Serchio. It is walled, and contains the palace of the regent, an old Gothic cathedral, a university, and some other institutions for education, three hospitals, and 17,450 inhabitants. There are some respectable manufacturers of woollen cloths and casimeres. The environs are adorned by many villas, and are cultivated with the minute attention which is usually paid to gardening. Long. 10. 12. E. Lat. 43. 49. N.