pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ANASTASIO, St, a city of Italy, with 5650 inhabitants. It is in the province Terra di Lavora, not far from Capua, in the kingdom of Naples.
ANASTASIS, a term among ancient physicians for a rising up to go to stool. It also signifies the passage of any humour, when expelled from one part, and obliged to remove to another.
ANASTASIUS I. emperor of the East, succeeded Zeno in the year 491, and was inaugurated that same year on the 11th of April. Anastasius reigned 27 years 3 months and 3 days, and died July the 10th, A. c. 518, in the 88th year of his age.

Anastasius II. whose proper name was Artemius, was in the year 713 elevated to the throne of Constantinople, from the low station of a secretary, by the free voice of the senate and Roman people. His natural talents, improved by education and daily exertion, enabled him to manage with great prudence the affairs of the empire during the time that he was secretary to his predecessor Philippicus. The Saracens had made inroads upon Asia Minor in the beginning of his reign; but he sent a strong army to the frontiers of Syria for its protection, under the command of Leo the Isaurian, a man of great military experience. These enemies of the empire also meditated the design of taking Constantinople; but the vigilance of Anastasius defeated their purpose, by providing a formidable naval force, -repairing and strengthening the walls of the city, and by forcing all the inhabitants either to provide themselves with provisions for three years, or instantly to depart from the city. Disappointed in their design, the enemy’s fleet sailed to Phoenicia, and the imperial fleet assembled at Rhodes to watch the motions of the enemy. But the measures of the emperor received a severe check from the conduct of the sailors, who raised a mutiny, and slew their admiral for no other cause than his honourable endeavours to maintain proper discipline in the fleet. Justly dreading severe punishment, the seamen raised the standard of rebellion, declared Anastasius unworthy to reign, and conferred the purple upon one Theodosius, a person of mean birth. Informed of this sedition, Anastasius fled from his tottering throne to Nice. The new emperor hastened to besiege Constantinople, which, after a feeble defence of six months, he reduced to his subjection. The late emperor being assured of his life, abandoned his claim to the crown, assumed the character of a monk, and was banished to Thessalonica, having worn the purple only during the space of two years. Having, however, pre [7:2:684] vailed upon the Bulgarians to espouse his cause, he laid aside the habit of the monk for that of the warrior, and, in the year 719, in the time of the emperor Leo, he resumed his claim to the throne. A numerous army of these barbarians hastened to the capital; but being unable to reduce it, they delivered up the unhappy Anastasius to the emperor, who put him to death, along with his principal associates.

Anastasius, surnamed Bibliothecarius, a Roman abbot, library-keeper of the Vatican, and one of the most learned men of the ninth century, assisted in 869 at the fourth general council, the acts and canons of which he translated from the Greek into Latin. He also composed the lives of several popes, and other works; the best edition of which is that of the Vatican.
ANAŞTOMATICS, medicines supposed to have the power or opening the mouths of the vessels, and promoting the circulation; such as deobstruent, cathartic, and sudorific medicines.
ANASTOMOSIS, in Anatomy, the opening of the mouths of vessels, in order to discharge their contained fluids. It is likewise used for the communication of two vessels at their extremities; as the inosculation of a vein with a vein, of an artery with an artery, or of an artery with a vein.
ANASTROPHE, in Rhetoric and Grammar, denotes the inversion of the natural order of the words: such is saxa per et scopulos, for per saxa et scopulos.
ANATHEMA, among ecclesiastical writers, imports whatever is set apart, separated, or divided; but is most usually meant to express the cutting off a person from the privileges of society and communion with the faithful. The anathema differs from excommunication in the circumstances of being attended with curses and execrations. It was practised in the primitive church against notorious offenders. Several councils also have pronounced anathemas against such as they thought corrupted the purity of the faith. There are two kinds of anathemas, the one judiciary and the other abjuratory. The former can only be denounced by a council, a pope, or a bishop; the latter makes a part of the ceremony of abjuration, the convert being obliged to anathematize the heresy he abjures.

Anathema, in Heathen Antiquity, was an offering or present made to some deity, and hung up in the temple. Whenever a person left off his employment, it was usual to dedicate the tools to the patron deity of the trade. Persons, too, who had escaped from imminent danger, as shipwreck and the like, or had met with any other remarkable instance of good fortune, seldom failed to testify their gratitude by some present of this kind.
ANATOCISM, Anatocismus, an usurious contract, wherein the interests arising from the principal sum are added to the principal itself and interest exacted upon the whole. The word is originally Greek, but used by Cicero in Latin; whence it has descended into most other languages. It comes from the preposition αvα, which in composition signifies repetition or duplication, and rozo¢, usury. Anatocism is what we properly call interest upon interest, or compound interest. This is the worst kind of usury, and has been severely condemned by the Roman law, as well as by the common laws of most other countries.
ANATOLIA. See Natolia.
ANAXARCHUS, a Grecian philosopher, who lived under Philip of Macedon and Alexander, was born in Abdera, and belonged to the sect generally known by the name of the Eleatic. He is said to have been conducted in the progress of his early studies by the skilful hands of Diomenes of Smyrna and Metrodorus of Chios. He had the honour to be a companion of Alexander; and a few anecdotes transmitted to posterity concerning him render it evident that he treated him with the usual freedom of a friend. This philosopher candidly checked the vain-, glory of Alexander, when, elated with pride, he aspired to the honours of divinity, by pointing to his finger when it bled, saying, “Sec the blood of a mortal, not of a god.” It is likewise reported, that, on another occasion, while in-∣ dulging immoderately at a banquet, he repeated a verse from Euripides, reminding Alexander of his mortality. It is, however, to be regretted, that the fidelity of the philosopher was wanting at the time when the mind of Alexander was tortured with remorse at having slain his friend Clitus; for it is reported that he on that occasion endeavoured to soothe the agitated mind of Alexander, by saying, that “kings, like the gods, could do no wrong.” It is reported that Nicoreon, king of Cyprus, exposed him to the torture of being pounded in a mortar, and that he endured this torture with incredible patience; but as the same fact is reported of Zeno the Eleatic, there is reason to suppose that it is fabulous; and it may be added, that this narrative is inconsistent with the general character of Anaxarchus, who, on account of his easy and peaceable life, received the appellation of “The Fortunate.”
ANAXIMANDER, a famous Greek philosopher, born at Miletus in the 42d Olympiad, in the time of Polycrates, tyrant of Samos. He was the first who publicly taught philosophy, and wrote upon philosophical subjects. He carried his researches into nature very far for the time in which he lived. It is said that he discovered the obliquity of the zodiac, was the first who published a geographical table, invented the gnomon, and set up the first sun-dial in an open place at Lacedemon. He taught that infinity of things was the principal and universal element; that this infinity always preserved its unity, but that its parts underwent changes; that all things came from it; and that all were about to return into it. According to all appearance, he meant by this obscure and indeterminate principle the chaos of the other philosophers. He asserted that there is an infinity of worlds; that the stars are composed of air and fire, which are carried in their spheres, and that these spheres are gods; and that the earth is placed in the midst of the universe, as in a common centre. He added, that infinite worlds were the product of infinity, and that corruption proceeded from separation.
ANAXIMANDRIANS, in the history of philosophy, the followers of Anaximander, the most ancient of the philosophical atheists, who admitted of no other substance in nature but matter.
ANAXIMENES, an eminent Greek philosopher, born at Miletus; the friend, scholar, and successor of Anaximander. He diffused some degree of light upon the obscurity of his master’s system. He made the first principle of things to consist in the air, which he considered as immense or infinite, and to which he ascribed a perpetual motion. He asserted that all things which proceeded from it were definite and circumscribed; and that this air, therefore, was God, since the divine power resided in it and agitated it. Coldness and moisture, heat and motion, rendered it visible, and dressed it in different forms, according to the different degrees of its condensation. All the elements thus proceed from heat and cold. The earth was, in his opinion, one continued flat surface.

Anaximenes, a Greek historian and rhetorician, was born at Lampsacus about 580 years before Christ. Some writers, ascribe to him the Treatise on the Principles of Rhetoric, which bears the name of Aristotle; and it is reported that Philip of Macedon invited him to his court to instruct his son Alexander in that science. He attended Alexander in his expedition against Persia. The history of Philip, of Alexander, and likewise twelve books [7:3:103]on the early history of Greece, were the productions of his pen, but none of them has been preserved.
ANBAR, a town of Asia, in Arabian Irak, situated 'on the Euphrates. It was taken by Caled, lieutenant of the caliph Omar, in the year 632, and it was rebuilt by the first caliph of the Abapides. It is 35 miles west of Bagdad. Long. 43. 2. E. Lat. 33. 15. N. It is also the name of a town of Great Bukharia, in the province of Balk, 70 miles S. S. W. of Balk. Long. 64. 18. E. Lat. 36. N.
ANBERTKEND, in the eastern language, a celebrated book of the Bramins, wherein the Indian philosophy and religion are contained. The word in its literal sense denotes the cistern wherein is the water of life. The An-bertkend is divided into 50 beths or discourses, each of which consists of 10 chapters. It has been translated from the original Indian into Arabic, under the title of Norat al Maani, q. d. the marrow of intelligence.
ANCARANO, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona. Long. 14. 54. E. Lat. 42. 48. N.
ANCASTER, a town of Lincolnshire, situated in long. 30. W. lat. 52. 30. N. It gives title of duke to the noble family of Bertie.
AŇCENIS, an arrondissement in the department of Morbihan, in France. The extent is 310 square miles, or 197,120 acres. It is divided into five cantons, and these into 28 communes, having a population of 40,992. The chief place, of the same name, contains a population of 3295 inhabitants.
ANCESTORS, those from whom a person is descended in a straight line. The word is derived from the Latin ancessor, contracted from antecessor, goer before. Many nations have paid honours to their ancestors. It was properly the departed souls of their forefathers that the Romans worshipped under the denominations of lares, lemures, and household gods. Hence the ancient tombs were a kind of temples, or rather altars, whereon oblations were made by the kindred of the deceased.
ANCHISES, in fabulous history, a Trojan prince, descended from Dardanus and the son of Capys. Venus made love to him in the form of a beautiful nymph, and bore him Aeneas, the hero of Virgil’s Aeneid.
ANCHOVY. See Ichthyology.
ANCIENT, or Antient, a term applied to things which existed long ago. Thus we say, ancient nations, ancient customs, &c. See Antiquities.
ANCIENT Demesne, in English Law, is a tenure whereby all manors belonging to the crown in the times of William the Conqueror and St Edward were held. The numbers, names, &c. were entered by the Conqueror in the record called Domesday Book; so that such lands as by that book appeared to have belonged to the crown at that time are called ancient demesne.
ANCIENTY, in some ancient statutes, is used for eldership or seniority. The elder sister can demand no more than her other sisters, beside the chief mesne, by reason of her ancienty. This word is used in the statute of Ireland, 14 Henry III.
ANCONA, a delegation or province of the Papal States, in Italy, a part of the ancient mark of Ancona. It is bounded on the north by Urbino, on the east by the Adriatic Sea, on the south by Macerata, and on the west by Urbino. Its extent is 646 square miles, or 413,440 acres. It is a mountainous district, with scarcely any plains; but between the projections of the Appenines there are some valleys, watered by the Musone, the Esino, the Aspino, and several smaller mountain rivers, which yield good crops of corn, maize, garlic, fruit, almonds, tobacco, and some silk. Agriculture is much neglected, but more attention is paid to cattle. The delegation contains 3 cities, 17 market-towns, and 34 villages; and in 1816 the number of inhabitants was 147,355, who, besides agriculture, find employment in manufactures of linen, silk, stockings, paper, and some other articles. The country is remarkably healthful.

Ancona, the capital of the delegation of the same name. The city is in lat. 43° 43' 36" N. and long. 12° 42' 27" E. It is situated on the declivity of a tongue of land projecting into the Adriatic Sea, on which, after the destruction of the fortifications in 1815, a strong fort was built as a defence towards the sea. It has three gates towards the land. The most striking objects are the government palace, the town-house, the exchange, and the cathedral built at the extremity of the cape, on the site of an ancient temple of Venus. There is a college, an hospital, and several monasteries and nunneries. The inhabitants in 1816 were 29,792, among whom were 5000 Jews, who live in a separate quarter. The streets are narrow, and far from clean. There is a fine mole 2000 feet in length, on which a lazaretto and quarantine-house is built. The harbour is capacious, but complaints are made of the mud gradually increasing and injuring it. The trade is carried on by means of about 1100 vessels, which arrive and depart annually. This place endured a long siege in the year 1799, but at length the French garrison who defended it surrendered to a combined army and navy of Russians, Austrians, and Turks.
ANCONES, in Architecture, the corners or quoins of walls, cross beams, or rafters. Vitruvius calls the consoles by the same name.
ANCOURT, Florent Carton d’, an eminent French comic writer and actor, was born at Fontainbleau, on the 1st November 1661. He died on the 6th of December 1726, being 65 years of age. The plays which he wrote were all, with one exception, of the comic cast. They have been frequently reprinted, and form, in the best edition, namely, that of 1760, a collection of 12 vols. 12mo.
ANCRE, a small town of France, in Picardy, with the title of a marquisate, seated on a little river of the same name. Long. 2. 45. E. Lat. 49. 59. N.
ANCUS Martius, the fourth king of the Romans, succeeded Tullus Hostilius 639 years before Christ. He defeated the Latins, subdued the Fidenates, conquered the Sabines, Volsci, and Veientines, enlarged Rome by joining to it Mount Janiculum, and made the harbour of Ostia. He died about 615 years before the Christian era.
ANCYLE, in Antiquity, a kind of shield that fell, as was pretended, from heaven, in the reign of Numa Pompilius; at which time, likewise, a voice was heard declaring that Rome should be mistress of the world as long as she should preserve this holy buckler. It was kept with great care in the temple of Mars, under the direction of 12 priests; and, lest any should attempt to steal it, 11 others were made so like as not to be distinguished from the sacred one. These ancylia were carried in procession every year round the city of Rome.
ANCYLOBLEPHARON (from αy%υλoς, bent, and ∕3λs- <į>aęw, an eyelid), a disease of the eye, which closes the eyelids.
ANCYLOGLOSSUM (from αy%ι∣λoς, crooked, and yλωo ’ tfa, the tongue), a contraction of the ligaments of the tongue. Some have this imperfection from their birth, others from some disease. In the first case, the membrane which supports the tongue is too short or too hard; in the latter, an ulcer under the tongue, healing and forming a cicatrix, is sometimes the case. These speak with some difficulty. The ancyloglossi by nature are late before [7:3:110]they speak; but when they begin, they soon speak properly. These we call tongue-tied. .
ANCYLOSIS, in Surgery, implies immobility or stift-ness of the joints, and is used to express such stiffness, whether proceeding from internal or external causes.
ANDABATAE, in Antiquity, a sort of gladiators, who, mounted on horseback or in chariots, fought hoodwinked, having a helmet that covered their eyes.
ANDALUSIA, an extensive province in the south of Spain, on the Mediterranean Sea. Though its surface is very unequal, and its soil and climate vary with the elevations of the land, it must be considered the most rich and delightful of all the divisions of the peninsula. It is divided into four districts, which, in conformity with ancient usage, are denominated kingdoms, viz. Jaen, Cordova, Seville, and Granada, the description of each of which will be found in their alphabetical place.

Andalusia, New, a division of the province of Terra Firma in South America, whose boundaries cannot be well ascertained, as the Spaniards pretend a right to countries in which they have never established any settlements. According to the most reasonable limits, it extends in length 500 miles from north to south, and about 270 in breadth from east to west. The interior country is woody and mountainous, variegated with fine valleys that yield corn and pasturage. The produce of the country consists chiefly in dyeing-drugs, gums, medicinal roots, brazil wood, sugar, tobacco, and some valuable timber. To this province also belonged five valuable pearl fisheries. The capital of New Andalusia is Comana, Cumana, or New Corduba, situated in lat. 10° 5' N. about nine miles from the North Sea. Here the Spaniards laid the foundation of a town in the year 1520. The place is strong by nature, and fortified by a castle capable of making a vigorous defence. The country is better known under the name of Guiana. The revolution which began there in 1810 is not yet terminated.
ANDANTE, in Music, signifies a movement moderately slow, between largo and allegro.
ANDEGAVI, or Andegavus, a town of Gallia Celtica (Pliny, Ptolemy); now Angiers: called Andecavi (Tacitus). Long. 30. W. Lat. 47. 30. N.
ANDELYS, an arrondissement in the department of the Lower Seine, in France. It extends over 390 square miles, or 256,440 acres; is divided into six cantons, which are subdivided into 147 communes; and contains 63,211 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, has a population of 5256 souls.
ANDENA, in old writings, denotes the swath made in the mowing of hay, or as much ground as a man could stride over at once.
ANDEOL, Saint, a town of France, in the department of Lozere, five miles south of St Viviers, whose bishop formerly resided there. Long. 2. 50. E. Lat. 44.24. N.
ANDERAB, the most southern city of the province of Balk, possessed by the Usbec Tartars. The neighbouring mountains yield excellent quarries of lapis lazuli, in which the Bukhars drive a great trade with Persia and India.
ANDERAVIA, or Inderabia, a low, level, and narrow island on the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf, about three miles in length. It is separated from the mainland by a strait three miles in length, and free from danger; but ships running for shelter under this island must not come within a mile of its south end, until a remarkable tree, which will be distinguished standing by itself, bear westnorth-west. Lat. 26. 40. N.
ANDERNACHT, a city in the duchy of the Lower Rhine, belonging to Prussia. It is situated in a plain on the river Rhine, and is fortified with a wall, castle, and bulwarks. It has a trade in stone jugs and pitchers, which are sent to the mineral waters at Dunchstein. There are three monasteries here, and several churches. Long. 7. 4. E. Lat. 50. 27. N.
ANDERO, Saint, a seaport town in the Bay of Biscay, in Old Castile, seated on a small peninsula. It is a trading town, and contains about 700 houses, two parish churches, and four monasteries. Here the Spaniards build and lay up some of their men of war. Long. 3. 45. W. Lat. 43. 20. N.
ANDEUSE, a city of Languedoc in France, situated in long. 3. 40. E. and lat. 43. 45. N.
ANDORRE, or Andorra, a valley on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees, of about 190 square miles in extent, containing 6 parishes, and which has ever been considered as neutral. It is a hilly district, with some good pasture for sheep, and several mines of iron, which are worked by the numerous rapid streams that pass through the district in their course towards Catalonia. It is a kind of independent republic, governed by two deputies chosen in each of the six parishes, and by two syndics. The expenses of governing are defrayed by a species of rent paid by owners of flocks, to the community, for the use of the pasture land. The king of France is called the protector in civil affairs, and the bishop of Urgel in ecclesiastical matters. It enjoys its peculiar criminal and civil laws and courts of justice. The chief judge is nominated alternately by the king of France and the bishop of Urgel, but there is no appeal to either France or Spain from his decisions. As the land does not produce sufficient corn for the supply of the inhabitants, a stipulated quantity is allowed annually to be introduced from France, for which permission a subsidy of 960 francs is granted to the king. The whole number of the inhabitants is about 15,000, who are neither French, nor Spaniards, nor Catalans, but speak a language containing a mixture of the three idioms. The council of state and the courts of justice assemble at the village of Andorra, and the former body retain the ancient Spanish title of cortes.
ANDOVER, a market and borough town in the hundred of the same name, in Hampshire. It is on the river Ande, 63 miles from London, on the great road to the west of England. It is a clean, well-built town, carrying on some trade in shalloons, and more in malt. It is connected with the sea by means of a canal, navigable to Southampton. Two members are returned to parliament, elected by the corporation, consisting of about 24 persons, who are said to be under the influence of Lord Portsmouth and Mr Etwall. Population in 1801, 3304; in 1811, 3701; and in 1821, 4123.
ANDRA, or Andros, a Turkish paschaliac, including the island of that name and the neighbouring islands of Tine, Mitone, Delos, Syra or Syros, Thermia Zea, and Hydra. The inhabitants are estimated at 96,800, almost wholly Greeks; the most industrious, and, exclusive of the effects of the present war, the most flourishing people of the Archipelago. There are some smaller islands included in the paschaliac, whose whole extent is 474 square miles. The island of Andros contains 12,000 inhabitants, mostly Greeks, who raise much silk, wine, and oil, and sufficient corn for their own consumption.
ANDRADA, Diego de Payva d’, or Andradius, a learned Portuguese, born at Coimbra in 1528, who distinguished himself at the council of Trent, where King Sebastian sent him as one of his divines. He wrote several volumes of sermons, and other pieces; one of which, De Conciliorum Autoritate, was highly esteemed at Rome [7:3:120] on account of the great extension of authority which it gave to the pope. He died in 1575.