pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AMMONIAC, a concrete, gummy, resinous juice, brought from the East Indies, usually in large masses, composed of little lumps or tears, of a milky colour, but soon changing, upon being exposed to the air, to a yellowish hue. We have no certain account of the plant which affords this juice: the seeds usually found among the tears resemble those of the umbelliferous class. It has, however, been alleged, and not without some degree of probability, that it is an exudation from a species of the ferula, another species of which produces the assafoetida. The plant producing it is said to grow in Nubia, Abyssinia, and the interior parts of Egypt. It is brought to the western parts of Europe from Egypt, and to England from the Red Sea, by some of the ships belonging to the East India Company trading to those parts. Such tears as are large, dry, free from little stones, seeds, or other impurities, should be picked out, and preferred for internal use: the coarser kind is purified by solution and colature, and then carefully inspissating it; unless this be artfully managed, the gum will lose a considerable portion of its more volatile parts. There is often vended in the shops, under the name of strained gum ammoniacum, a composition of ingredients much inferior in virtue. Ammoniac has a nauseous, sweet taste, followed by a bitter one; and a peculiar smell, somewhat like that of galbanum, but more grateful; it softens in the mouth, and grows of a whiter colour when chewed. Thrown upon live coals, it burns away in flame. It is in some measure soluble in water and in vinegar, with which it assumes the appearance of milk; but the resinous part, amounting to about one half, subsides on standing. It is of considerable use in the Materia Medica.
AMMONITES, a people descended from Ammon, the son of Lot, and who dwelt on the east side of Judaea, beyond Jordan. The Ammonites destroyed those giants called Zamzummims (Deut. ii. 19-21), and seized upon their country. God forbade Moses (ibid. 19) to attack the Ammonites, because their lands were not to be bestowed on the children of Israel. Justin Martyr says that in his time there were still many Ammonites remaining, but Origen assures us that in his day they were known only under the general name of Arabians. In this manner was the prediction of Ezekiel (xxv. 10) accomplished.
AMMONITIS, in Ancient Geography, a country of Arabia Petraea, occupied by the ∙ children of Ammon, whence the appellation. It was a small district, situated among the upper branches of the river Jabbok, eastward of the Dead Sea.
AMMUNITION, a general name for all warlike provisions, but more particularly powder, ball, &c.
AMNESTY, in matters of policy, denotes a pardon granted by a prince to his rebellious subjects, usually with some exceptions: such was that granted by Charles II. at his restoration. The word is formed from the Greek αμνίΰτιοο, the name of an edict of this kind published by Thrasybulus, on his expulsion of the tyrants out of Athens.
AMNIOS, in Anatomy, a thin pellucid membrane, which surrounds the foetus in the womb.
AMOEBAEUM, in Ancient Poetry, a kind of poem representing a dispute between two persons, who are made to answer each other alternately: such are the third and seventh of Virgil’s eclogues.
AMOL, a town of Asia, in the country of the Usbecks, seated on the river Gihon. Long. 64. 30. E. Lat. 39. 20. N.
AMONEBURG, a bailiwick in the principality of Hesse-Cassel, in Germany. It consists of several scattered portions in different parts of the principality, and comprehends one city or town, 12 villages, and 5509 inhabitants, chiefly employed in agriculture.

Amoneburg, a town or city, capital of the bailiwick of the same name in Hesse. It is situated on a hill overlooking the river Ohm; has two churches, one of them collegiate, and 1007 inhabitants.
AMORAEANS, a sect or order of Gemaric doctors, or commentators on the Jerusalem Talmud. The Amoraeans succeeded the Mischnic doctors. They subsisted 250 years, and were succeeded by the Seburaeans.
AMORBACH, a city in the mediatised bailiwick of the prince of Leiningen-Amorbach, in the circle of Lower Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria. It is situated at the junction of the rivers Mudt and Billbachs, has two churches, 520 houses, and 2415 inhabitants.
AMORGO, an island in the Archipelago, to the southeast of Naxos. The chief town has the same name. The island, with some smaller ones adjoining, is about 430 square miles in extent, and the population amounts to about 2600, all Greeks, who raise good harvests of oil, wine, and fruits. It is in long. 26. 41. E. and lat. 36. 48. N.
AMORITES, a people descended from Amorrhaeus, according to the Septuagintand Vulgate; Emoraeus, according to other expositors; Haemori, according to the Hebrew; or Emorites, according to our version of the Bible, who was the fourth son of Canaan. (Gen. x. 16.) The Amo-rites first peopled the mountains lying to the west of the Dead Sea. They had likewise establishments to the east of the same sea, between the brooks of Jabbok and Arnon, from whence they expelled the Ammonites and Moabites. (Numb, xiii. 30, xvi. 29, Josh. v. 1, and Judges xi. 19, 20.) Moses made a conquest of this country from their kings Sihon and Og, in the year of the world 2553. The prophet Amos (ii. 9), speaking of the gigantic stature and valour of the Amorites, compares their height to that of cedars, and their strength to that of an oak. The name Ámorite is often taken in Scripture for Canaanites in general. The lands which the Amorites possessed on this side Jordan were given to the tribe of Judah, and those which they had enjoyed beyond this river were divided between the tribes of Reuben and Gad.
AMORTIZATION, in Law, the alienation of lands or tenements to a corporation or fraternity and their successors. See Mortmain.
AMOS, the fourth of the smaller prophets, who in his youth had been a herdsman at Tekoa, a small town about four leagues southward of Jerusalem, was sent to the king of Bashan, that is, to the people of Samaria, or the kingdom of Israel, to call them to repentance and an amendment of their lives; whence it is thought probable that he was born within the territories of Israel, and only retired to Tekoa on his being driven from Bethel by Amaziah, the priest of the golden calves at Bethel.

The prophet having returned to Tekoa, in the kingdom of Judah, continued to prophesy. He frequently complains of the violent endeavours to force him to silence, and boldly remonstrates against the prevailing sins of the Israelites—idolatry, oppression, wantonness, and obstinacy. He likewise reproves the inhabitants of Judah, for their carnal security, sensuality, and injustice. He warns them that their sins will at last end in the ruin of Judah and Israel, which he illustrates by the visions of a plumb-line and a basket of summer fruit. It is observable, that this prophecy begins with denunciation of judgment and destruction against the Syrians, Philistines, Tyrians, and other enemies of the Jews, and concludes with comfortable promises of restoring the tabernacle of David, and erecting the kingdom of Christ Amos was chosen to the prophetic office in the time of Uzziah, king of Judah, and Jeroboam, the son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake (Amos i. 1), which, according to the rabbins and most of the modern commentators, happened in the 24th or 25th year of Uzziah, or in the year of the world 3219, when this prince usurped the priest’s office, and attempted to offer incense to the Lord. The first of the prophecies of Amos in order of time are those of the 7th chapter; the rest he pronounced in the town of Tekoa, whither he retired. He foretold the misfortunes which should befall the kingdom of Israel after the death of Rehoboam II., who was then living: he likewise predicted the death of Zechariah; the invasion of the lands belonging to Israel by Pul and Tiglath-pileser, kings of Assyria; and the captivity of the ten tribes. The time and manner of this prophet’s death are not known.
AMOUR, or Amur, a great river of Chinese Tartary, which has its rise in the central deserts of northern Asia, among the mountains of Daouria, in about long. 109. E., and lat. 49. N. It has a winding course. It has first a northerly course; it afterwards makes a long detour towards the east; and finally, turning to the north, falls into the sea of Okhotsk, in about lat. 53. N∙, opposite to the middle of the island or peninsula of Saghalien. This river is called Amur by the Russians, after the confluence of the Argun and the Schilka; and still higher up the Schilka is formed by the union of the Onon and Ingoda. It is called Schilka by the Tungoose; Saghalien Oula, or Black Mountain River, by the Tartars; andGhelon Kiangh, or the Dragon River, by the Chinese. It was first known to the Russians in 1639, and they resolved to annex to their empire the territory through which it flows, on account of the valuable furs with which it was known to abound. Many sanguinary conflicts, accordingly, took place between them and the Chinese, which ended in a treaty in 1689, by which· the Russians abandoned their settlement on its banks, from which they were wholly excluded. They have still establishments on some of its head waters; but the stream, in its lower parts, and at its mouth, is constantly watched by a guard of Chinese armed boats, and all intruders arc rigidly excluded. It pours a large volume of water into the ocean; but we have no precise information respecting its magnitude. The length of its course cannot be less than 2000 miles.
AMOY, an island in the province of Fokien, in China, where the English had a factory; but they have abandoned it on account of the impositions of the inhabitants. It has a fine port. Long. 118. 0. E∙ Lat. 24. 30. N.
AMPELITES, Cannel-coal, or Candle-coal, a hard, opaque, fossil, inflammable substance, of a black colour. It does not effervesce with acids. The ampelites, though much inferior to jet in many respects, is yet a very beautiful fossil, and, for a body of so compact a structure, remarkably light. Examined by the microscope, it appears composed of innumerable very thin and small plates, laid closely and firmly on one another, and full of very small specks of a blacker and more shining matter than the rest, which is evidently a purer bitumen than the general mass. These speeks are equally diffused over the different parts of the masses. There is a large quarry of it near Alençon, in France. It is dug in many parts of England, but the finest is in Lancashire and Cheshire: it lies usually at considerable depths. It makes a very brisk fire, flaming violently for a short time, and after that continuing[7:2:666] red and glowing hot a long while; and, finally, is reduced into a small portion of grey ashes, the greater part of its substance having flown off in the burning. It is capable of a very high and elegant polish; and, in the countries where it is produced, is turned into a vast number of toys, as snuff-boxes and the like, which bear all the nicety of turning, and are made to pass for jet. Husbandmen smear their vines with it, as it kills the vermin which infests them.
AMPHERES, in Antiquity, a kind of vessels wherein the rowers plied two oars at the same time, one with the right hand and another with the left.
AMPHIARAUS, in Pagan Mythology, a celebrated prophet, who possessed part of the kingdom of Argos. He was believed to excel in divining by dreams, and is said to have been the first who divined by fire. Amphiaraus, knowing by the spirit of prophecy that he should lose his life in the war against Thebes, hid himself in order to avoid engaging in that expedition; but his wife Eriphyle, being prevailed upon by a present, discovered the place in which he had concealed himself, so that he was obliged to accompany the other princes who marched against Thebes. This proved fatal to him; for the earth being split asunder by a thunderbolt, both he and his chariot were swallowed up in the opening. Amphiaraus, after his death, was ranked among the gods; temples were dedicated to him; and his oracle, as well as the sports instituted to his honour, was very famous.
AMPHIBOLOGY, in Grammar and Rhetoric, a term used to denote a phrase susceptible of two different interpretations. Amphibology arises from the order of the phrase, rather than from the ambiguous meaning of a word. Of this kind was that answer which Pyrrhus received from the oracle: √4ro te, Aeacida, Romanos vincere posse ; where the amphibology consists in this, that the words te and Romanos may either of them precede, or either of them follow, the words posse vincere, indifferently.
AMPHIBRACHYS, in Greek and Latin poetry, the name of a foot consisting of three syllables, whereof that in the middle is long and the other two short; such are the words ăbīrě, ămārč.
AMPHICOME, in Natural History, a kind of figured stone, of a round shape, but rugged, and beset with eminences, celebrated on account of its use in divination. The word is originally Greek, αμφ ∣ κομη, q. d. utrinque comata, or hairy on all sides. This stone is also called Erotylus, Ερωτύλος, Amatoria, probably on account of its supposed power of creating love. The amphicoe is mentioned by Democritus and Pliny.
AMPHIDROMIA, a feast celebrated by the ancients on the first day after the birth of a child.
AMPHIDRYON, in ecclesiastical writers, denotes the veil or curtain which was drawn before the door of the bema in ancient churches.
AMPHILOCHIUS, bishop of Iconium in the fourth century, was the friend of St Gregory Nazianzen and St Basil. He assisted at the first general council of Constantinople in 381, presided at the council of Sida, and was a strenuous opposer of the Arians. He died in 394; and his works were published in Greek and Latin at Paris, 1644, by Francis Combefis. '
AMPHILOCHUS, son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle, was a celebrated diviner. He had an altar erected to him at Athens, and an oracle at Mallos in Cilicia, which city was founded by him and Mopsus. The answers of this oracle were given by dreams; the party inquiring used to pass a night in the temple, and that night’s dream was the answer.
AMPHIMACER, in Ancient Poetry, a foot consisting of three syllables, whereof the first and the last are long, and that in the middle short: such is the word cāstitās.
AMPHION, son of Jupiter and Antiope, who, according to the poets, made the rocks follow his music; and at his harp the stones of Thebes danced into walls and a regular city.
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AMPHIPOLES, in Antiquity, the principal magistrates of Syracuse. They were established by Timoleon in the 109th Olympiad, after the expulsion of the tyrant Dionysius. They governed Syracuse for the space of 300 years: and Diodorus Siculus assures us that they subsisted in his time.
AMPHIPPH, in Grecian Antiquity, soldiers who in war used two horses without saddles, and were dexterous enough to leap from one to the other.
AMPHIPRORAE, in the naval affairs of the ancients, vessels with a prow at each end. They were used chiefly in rapid rivers and narrow channels, where it was not easy to tack about.
AMPHIPROSTYLES, in the architecture of the ancients, a temple which had four columns in the front, and as many in the aspect behind.
AMPHISCH, among geographers, a name applied to the people who inhabit the torrid zone. The Amphiscii, as the word imports, have their shadows one part of the year towards the north, and the other towards the south, according to the sun’s place in the ecliptic. They are also called Ascii.
AMPHITRITE (from αμφιτyτt, circumferendo), in the heathen mythology, the wife of Neptune, and goddess of the sea; sometimes taken for the sea.
AMPHITRYON, son of Alcaeus, and the father of Hercules; less known by his own exploits than from his wife Alemena’s adventure.
AMPHORA, in Antiquity, a liquid measure among the Greeks and Romans. The Roman amphora contained 48 sextaries, equal to about seven gallons one pint English wine measure; and the Grecian or Attic amphora contained one third more.

Amphora was also a dry measure used by the Romans, and contained about three bushels.

Amphora, among the Venetians, is the largest measure used for liquids, containing about 16 quarts.
AMPHORARIUM Vinum, in Antiquity, denotes that which is drawn or poured into amphorae or pitchers; by way of distinction from vinum doliare, or cask wine. The Romans had a method of keeping wine in amphorae for many years to ripen, by fastening the lids tight down with pitch or gypsum, and placing them either in a situation within reach of smoke, or under ground.
AMPHOTIDES, in Antiquity, a kind of armour or covering for the ears, worn by the ancient pugiles, to prevent their adversaries from laying hold of that part.
AMPLIATION, in a general sense, denotes the act of enlarging or extending the compass of a thing. On a medal of the emperor Antoninus Pius, we find the title Ampliator Civium given him, on account of his having extended the jus civitatis, or right of citizenship, to many states and people before excluded from that privilege. Indeed it is generally supposed that this prince made the famous constitution, whereby all the subjects of the empire were made citizens of Rome.

Ampliation, in Roman Antiquity, was the deferring to pass sentence in certain causes. This the judge did, by pronouncing the word amplius ; or by writing the letters N. L. for non liquet ; thereby signifying, that, as the cause was not clear, it would be necessary to bring further evidence.
AMPLITUDE, in Astronomy, an arch of the horizon intercepted between the east or west point and the centre of the sun or a planet at its rising or setting; and so is either north and south, or ortive and occasive.

Magnetical Amplitude, the different rising or setting of the sun from the east or west points of the compass. It is found by observing the sun, at his rising and setting, by an amplitude compass.
AMPSANCTI Vallis, or Ampsancti Lacus, a cave or lake in the heart of the Hirpini, or Principato Ultra, near the city Tricento. (Cicero, Virgil, Pliny.) It is now called Moffeta, from Mephitis, the goddess of stench, who had a temple there. The ancient poets imagined that this gulf led to hell. The Moffeta is thus described by Mr Swinburne: We were led into a narrow valley, extending a considerable way to the south-west, and pressed in on both sides by high ridges thickly covered with copses of oak. The bottom of the dell is bare and arid: in the lowest part, and close under one of the hills, is an oval pond of muddy ash-coloured water, not above fifty feet in diameter: it boils up in several places with great force in irregular fits, which are always preceded by a hissing sound. The water was several times spouted up as high as our heads in a diagonal direction; a whirpool being formed round the tube, like a bason, to receive it as it fell. A large body of vapour is continually thrown out with a loud rumbling noise. The stones on the rising ground that hangs over the pool are quite yellow, being stained with the fumes of sulphur and sal-ammoniac. A most nauseous smell rising with the steam, obliged us to watch the wind, and keep clear of it, to avoid suffocation. The water is quite insipid, both as to taste and smell; the clay at the edge is white, and carried into Puglia to rub upon scabby sheep, on which account the lake is farmed out at 100 ducats a year. On a hill above this lake stood formerly a temple dedicated to the goddess Mephitis; but I perceived no remains of it.”
AMPTHILL, a market town in the hundred of Red-bourne Stoke, in the county of Bedford. It is pleasantly situated in a valley between two gentle elevations. A Gothic cross in the centre of the town, to the memory of Catherine of Arragon, queen of Henry VIII. who resided here, was erected in the year 1774, by the late earl of Upper Ossory, the possessor of the house which she [7:2:671]inhabited, and who bequeathed it to Lord Holland. The market is on Saturday. It is 43 miles from London. The population in 1801 was 1234; in 1811, 1277; and in 1821, 1527.
AMPULLA, in Antiquity, a round big-bellied vessel which the ancients used in their baths, to contain oil for anointing their bodies; also the name of a cup for drinking out of at table.

Ampulla, among ecclesiastical writers, denotes one of the sacred vessels used at the altars. Ampullae were also used for holding the oil used in chrismation, consecration, coronation, &c. Among the ornaments of churches we find frequent mention made of ampuls or vials.

Knights of St AMPULLA belong to an order instituted by Clovis I. king of France. At the coronation they bear πp the canopy under which the ampulla is carried in procession.
AMPURIAS, the capital of the territory of Ampurdan, in Catalonia, seated at the mouth of the river Fluvia, in long. 2. 56. E. lat. 42. 5. N.
AMRAPHEL, the king of Shinar or Babylonia, confederated with Chedorlaomer, king of the Elamites, and two other kings, to make war against the kings of Pentapolis; that is to say, of Sodom, Gomorrah, and the three neighbouring cities. The kings who were in league with Am-raphel worsted those of Pentapolis, plundered their city, and carried off abundance of captives, among whom was Lot, Abraham’s nephew; but Abraham pursued them, retook Lot, and recovered all the spoil.
AMRAS, a strong castle of Germany, seated in Tyrol; by some German writers called Arx Ambrosiana, which was a house of pleasure for the archdukes to retire to in the heat of the summer.
AMRITSIR (the fountain of nectar), an open town of Hindostan, the capital of the Seik nation, and the chief place of their religious worship. It is eight miles in circu⅛ference; has narrow streets, with lofty houses built of burnt bricks; and is still the great commercial mart for the shawls and. saffron of Cashmere, and various other commodities from the Deccan and eastern parts of India. Its manufactures are confined to a few coarse cloths and inferior silks; but from being still the resort of merchants and the residence of bankers, it is a place of considerable opulence. But the chief source of its opulence is the pond or sacred basin, immersion in which is supposed by the Seiks, and wives of the Hindoos, to purify them from all sin. It is about 135 paces square, built of bricks, in the centre of which stands a temple dedicated to Gooroo Govind Singh, in which is lodged, under a silken canopy, the book of laws written by this saint; and from 500 to 600 priests, who officiate at the temple, are supported by the pious contributions of the devotees. Long. 74. 48. E. Lat. 31. 33. N. 44 miles east from Lahore.
AMRUM, an island of Denmark, in the German Ocean, between latitude 54. 38. and 54. 43. It contains about 15 square miles, with 1500 inhabitants. It is in the barony of Westerlandfohr and Amrum, and the diocese of Ribe.
AMSBURY, or Ambersbury. See Ambresbury.
AMSDORFIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of Protestants in the 16th century, who took their name from Amsdorf, their leader. They maintained that good works were not only unprofitable, but were obstacles to salvation.
AMULET, a charm or preservative against mischief, witchcraft, or diseases. Amulets have been made of stone, metal, simples, animals, and, in a word, of every thing that imagination could suggest. Sometimes they consisted of words, characters, and sentences, ranged in a particular order, and engraved upon wood, &c. and worn about the neck, or some other part of the body. At other times they were neither written nor.engraved, but prepared with many superstitious ceremonies, great regard being usually paid to the influence of the stars. The Arabians have given to this species of amulet the name of Talisman. All nations have been fond of amulets: the Jews were extremely superstitious in the use of them to drive away diseases; and the Mishna forbids them, unless received from an approved man who had cured at least three persons before by the same means. Among the Christians of the early times amulets were made of the wood of the cross, or ribands with a text of Scripture written in them, as preservatives against diseases.