pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PUFFENDORF, Samuel de, a very distinguished jurist and historian, was born in 1631, at Fleh, a little village in Misnia, a province in Upper Saxony, being the son of Elias Puffendorfi minister of that place. After having made great progress in the sciences at Leipzig, he turned his thoughts to the study of public law; which in Germany consists of the knowledge of the rights of the empire over the [7:18:704] princes and states of which it is composed, and those of the princes and states with respect to each other. But though he used his utmost efforts to distinguish himself, he despised those pompous titles which are so much sought after at universities, and never would take the degree of doctor. He accepted the place of governor to the son of Coyet, a Swedish nobleman, who was then ambassador from Sweden to the court of Denmark. For this purpose he went to Copenhagen, but did not continue long at his ease there; for the war being some time afterwards renewed between Denmark and Sweden, he was seized, along with the whole family of the ambassador. During his confinement, which lasted eight months, as he had no books, and was not allowed to see any person, he amused himself by meditating on what he had read in the treatise of Grotius, De Jure Belli, et Pads, and the political writings of Hobbes. Ont of these he drew up a short system, to which he added some thoughts of his own, and published it at the Hague in 1660, under the title of Elementa Jurisprudentiae Universalis. This recommended him to the elector palatine, who invited him to the university of Heidelberg, where he founded in his favour a professorship of the law of nature and nations, which was the first chair of the kind established in Germany. Puffendorf remained at Heidelberg till 1673, when Charles XI. of Sweden gave him an invitation to become professor of the law of nature and nations at Lunden; a place which the elector palatine reluctantly allowed him to accept. He went thither the same year; and after that time his reputation greatly increased. Some years afterwards, the king of Sweden sent for him to Stockholm, and appointed him historiographer and one of his counsellors. In 1688, the elector of Brandenburg obtained the consent of his Swedish majesty that Pnffendorf should come to Berlin in order to write the history of the elector William the Great; and in the year 1694 the elector made him a baron. But he died the same year, of an inflammation in his feet, occasioned by cutting his nails, having already attained his grand climacteric. Of his works, which are numerous, the following are the principal, viz. 1. A Treatise on the Law of Nature and Nations, written in German, of which there is an English translation with Barbeyrac’s Notes; 2. An Introduction to the History of the Principal States which at present subsist in Europe, written in German, but also translated into English; 3. The History of Sweden, from Gustavus Adolphus’s Expedition into Germany to the Abdication of Queen Christina; 4. The History of Charles Gustavus, in two vols. folio.
PULARIM, or Polaroon, one of the Banda Isles, and the smallest of the whole. The possession of this island was contested between the English East India Company and the Dutch. The English obtained possession of it in 1617, but were repeatedly expelled by the Dutch. In 1665 it was formally delivered up to the English, but in so desolated a state, the whole of the spice-trees having been destroyed, that it was rendered useless for eight years. In 1666 it was re-occupied by the Dutch. Long. 129. 45. E. Lat. 5. 35. N.
PULAW τ Y, a city of Poland, in the province of Lublin, and the circle of that name. It stands on the right bank of the Vistula, over which is a ferry where the roads on both sides are concentrated. It is in a beautiful situation, rising above and overlooking the river. It contains 430 houses, with 3200 inhabitants, who carry-on some woollen and other manufactures. It is distinguished by the magnificent palace adjoining to it, belonging, as well as the city and the surrounding district, to the celebrated family of Prince Czartoryski. It is a building of noble construction, having an extensive park laid out in the English style, with elegant drives and walks, and many beautiful trees. In the park is a museum of curiosities, and in the castle a curious and valuable library of 60,000 volumes, and many manuscripts illustrative of the ancient history of Poland. Long. 21.41. E. Lat. 51. 25. N.
PULLICAT, a town of Hindustan, on the sea-coast of the Carnatic, situated on the borders of a salt-water lake, thirty-three miles in length by eleven in breadth, containing several islands, and communicating with the sea. This lake owes its existence to the sea breaking through a low sandy beach, and overflowing the lands within. The Dutch first settled here in 1609, which, after the loss of Negapatam, became the seat of their government on the Coromandel coast. The inhabitants are principally manufacturers and fishermen, who manufactured the handkerchiefs that took their name from this town. In 1795, when war commenced between Great Britain and Holland, the East India Company’s troops took possession of this place, which is now comprehended in the northern division of the Arcot collectorship. It is twenty-five miles north of Madras. Long. 80. 25. E. Lat. 13. 26. N.
PULMARY, a town of Hindustan, in the nizam’s dominions, in the province of Aurungabad. It is thirty miles west of Jalnapoor. Long. 76. 3. E. Lat. 19. 59. N.
PULPIT, an elevated’ place in a church, from which sermons are delivered. The French give the same name to a reading desk.
PULPITUM, in the Grecian and Roman theatres, was a place where the players performed their parts. It was lower than the scena, and higher than the orchestra, nearly answering to what we call the stage, as distinguished from the pit and the galleries. Pulpitum was also a moveable desk or pulpit, from which disputants pronounced their dissertations, and authors recited their works.
PULTAWA, a government of the Russian empire, extending in north latitude from 48. 48. to 51. 4. and in east longitude from 30. 20. to 35. 55., and comprehending 16,236 square miles. It is bounded on the north-west by Tchernigow and a part of Kursk, on the north-east by Slobodsk-Ukraine, on the south-east by Ykaterinoslav, on the south-west by Cherson, and on the west by Kiew. It contains twenty-two cities and towns, and 983 parishes, with 1,933,000 inhabitants. It is generally a plain, with scarcely any elevations, and is drained by the river Dnieper, which passes on its western sides, receives the waters of all the smaller streams, and is navigable to the sea. It is perhaps the best cultivated and the most productive of all the Russian provinces, yielding very good crops of corn, chiefly rye, and also affording more of wheat, barley, oats, and buckwheat, than the domestic consumption requires. The produce of flax, hemp, and tobacco, as well as beans and pease, is abundant. Wine is raised, but not copiously, because, there being no hills to protect the vines from the sharp northerly and easterly winds, they are injured by frost. The steppes cover a part of the province, but they produce excellent grass, and fatten numerous herds of black cattle. There are no mines in the province; but some chalk, limestone, and saltpetre are obtained. There are some manufactures of woollen and of linen cloth of the coarser kinds, and some excellent leather is prepared. The chief manufactured article for exportation is corn brandy, to which purpose the greater portion of the surplus grain is applied. Though the river Dnieper is always navigable, yet the small streams are not so, except for a short time in the spring; and as the roads are heavy, this obstacle opposes the export of the productions, and limits the trade to very narrow bounds.

Pultawa, a city of Russia, the capital of the government of the same name, as well as of the circle. It is situated on the river Borskla, where the Pnltawka falls-into that stream. It is the see of a bishop of an extensive diocese, is surrounded with earthen walls, has a cathedral and nine other churches, 1200 houses, and 10,000 inhabitants. It has been rendered celebrated as the place of refuge of Charles XII. of Sweden, after his defeat in 1709. It is 948 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 34. 35. E. Lat. 43. 33. N.
PLTENEY, William, the famous opponent of Sir Robert Walpole in parliament, and afterwards Earl of Bath, was descended from one of the most ancient families in the kingdom, and born in the year 1682. Possessing an affluentfortune, he early procured a seat in the House of Commons, and distinguished himself as a warm partisan against Queen Anne’s ministry, whose errors he had the sagacity to detect and the eloquence to expose. When George I. came to the throne, Mr Pultency was made secretary at war, and soon afterwards cofferer to the king’s household; but the good understanding between this gentleman and Sir Robert Walpole, who then acted as prime minister, was interrupted in 1725, on a suspicion that Walpole" was desirous of extending the limits of prerogative, and of promoting the interests of Hanover, to the prejudice of those of Britain. His opposition to Sir Robert was indeed carried to such indiscriminate lengths, that some persons have been of opinion he often acted against measures beneficial to the public, merely from personal motives. It would be impracticable here to trace his parliamentary conduct. It may suffice to observe in general, that he became so obnoxious to the crown, that in 1731 the king called for the council-book, and with his own hand struck out his name from the list of privy-councillors; a proceeding which only served to inflame his resentment and increase his popularity. He still continued to attack the minister with a severity of eloquence and sarcasm that worsted every antagonist; and Sir Robert was heard to declare, that he dreaded that man’s tongue more than another man’s sword. At length, in 1741, when Walpole found the place of prime minister no longer tenable, and resigned, amongst other promotions Mr Pulteney resumed his place in the privycouncil, and was created Earl of Bath; a title purchased at the expense of that popularity which he afterwards naturally enough affected to contemn. In 1760, towards the close of the war, he published A Letter to two Great Men, recommending proper articles to be insisted on in a treaty of peace; a production which, though the writer was then unknown, was greatly applauded, and went through several impressions. He died in 1764; and, as his only son had died before him, the title became extinct.
PULVERIZATION, the art of pulverizing, or reducing a dry body into a fine powder. This is performed in friable bodies by pounding or beating them in a mortar; but to pulverize mallcable ones, other methods must be taken. To pulverize lead or tin, the method is this: Rub a round wooden box all over the inside with chalk; pour a little of the melted metal nimbly Into the box; then shut the lid, and shake the box briskly, when the metal will be reduced to powder.
PUMICE-STONE River, a river on the east coast of New Holland, entered by Captain Flinders in 1799, and so called from the quantity of pumice-stone found on its shores. It falls into Glass-house Bay.
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PUN, an expression where a word has at once different meanings. The practice of punning is the refuge of those who wish to pass for wits, without having a grain of it in their composition. James I. of England delighted in punning; and the taste of the sovereign was studied by the courtiers, nay, even by the clergy. Hence the sermons of that age abound with this species of false wit. It continued to be more or less fashionable until the reign of Queen Anne, when Addison, Swift, Pope, and Arbuthnot, with the other real wits of that age, united their efforts to banish punning from polite composition. It is still admitted sparingly in conversation, and only from those who cannot furnish anything better.
PUNCH, an instrument of iron or steel, used in several arts, for piercing or stamping holes in plates of metal,s, and other purposes, being so contrived as not only to perforate, but to cut out and take away the piece. The punch is a principal instrument of the metal-button makers, shoemakers, and other craftsmen.

Punch is also a name for a sort of compound drink, much [7:18:729]used in this country, and in many parts abroad, particularly in Jamaica, and several other parts of the West Indies.
PUNCHEON, Punchin, or Punchion, a little block or piece of steel, on one end of which is some figure, letter, or mark, engraved either en creux or in relief, and impressions of which are taken on metal or some other matter, by striking it with a hammer on the end not engraved. There are various kinds of these puncheons used in the mechanical arts; such, for instance, are those of the goldsmiths, cutlers, pewterers, and others.

The puncheon, in coining, is a piece of iron steeled, . on which the engraver has cut in relief the several figures, arms, effigy, inscription, or the like, that there are to be in the matrices wherewith the species are to be marked. Minters distinguish three kinds of puncheons, according to the three kinds of matrices to be made; that of the effigy, that of the cross or arms, and that of the legend or inscription. The first includes the whole portrait in relief; the second is small, containing only a piece of the cross or arms, as a fleur-de-lis, a harp, or a coronet, by the assemblage of all which the entire matrice is formed; the puncheons of the i legend contain only one letter each, and serve equally for the legend on the effigy side and the cross side. (See the article Coinage.) Puncheon is also the name of several iron tools, of various sizes and figures, used by the engravers en creux on metals. Seal-engravers particularly use a great number for the several pieces of arms, and other devices to be engraven, and many stamp the whole seal from a single puncheon.

Puncheon is also a common name for all the iron instruments used by stone-cutters, sculptors, blacksmiths, and others, for the cutting, inciding, or piercing their several matters.

Those of sculptors and statuaries serve for the repairing of statues when taken out of the moulds. The locksmiths use the greatest variety of puncheons; some for piercing hot, others for piercing cold; some flat, others square; some round, others oval; each to pierce holes of its respective figure in the several parts of locks.

Puncheon, in Carpentry, is a piece of timber placed upright between two posts, the bearing of which is too great, and serving, together with them, to sustain some large weights.

Puncheon is also the name of a measure for liquids, containing about a hundred and thirty-three gallons.
PUNCTUM Saliens, in Anatomy, the first rudiments of the heart in the formation of the foetus, where a throbbing motion is perceived.

Punctum Stans, a phrase by which the schoolmen vainly attempt to bring within the reach of human comprehension the positive eternity of God. Those subtile reasoners seem to have discovered that nothing which is made up of parts, whether continuous or discrete, can be absolutely infinite, and that therefore eternity cannot consist of a boundless series of successive moments. Yet, as if such a series had always existed, and were commensurate in duration with the Supreme Being, they compared his eternity to one of the moments which compose the flux of time arrested in its course; and to this eternal moment they gave the name of punctum stans, because it was supposed to stand still, whilst the rest followed each other in succession, all vanishing as soon as they appeared.
PUNDA, or Pundy, a town of Hindustan, province of Bejapore, twenty-five miles south-east from Goa, and near the south-west extremity of the territories belonging to the Poonah Mahrattas. Long. 74. 3. E. Lat. 15. 20. N. There is another place of the same name in the Northern Circars. Long. 84. 40. E. Lat. 18. 43. N.
PUNDERPOOR, or Pundepore, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapore, situated on the left bank of the river Beemal. It is not very large, but is a prosperous and populous place. The streets are broad and well paved, and adorned with very handsome houses, almost all the principal members of the Mahratta empire having dwellings there, where they spend some months of every year, when they are not engaged in hostilities with each other, or with some foreign power. It has an extensive market, well supplied not only with grain, cloth, and the productions of the country, but with many articles of English manufacture. There is also a handsome temple dedicated to Vishnu, which is regarded as of peculiar sanctity. The surrounding country is well wooded and watered, and near the town the soil is good. It is eighty-six miles south-east from Poonah. Long. 75. 12. E. Lat. 17. 56. N.
PUNDUAH, or Purruah, a town of Bengal, and for a short period the capital of that province, but now in ruins. Long. 88. 9. E. Lat. 25. 9. N.
PUNGANOOR, a fortified town of Hindustan, in the province of Golcondah, and district of Balaghaut, ceded to the British by the nizam in 1799, and dependent on Madras. It is a hundred and seventeen miles west by north from Madras. Long. 78. 42. E. Lat. 13. 19. N.
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PUNJAB, or Five Waters, an extensive region of Hindustan, principally situated in the province of Lahore, but including Moultan. The province of Lahore is also frequently named the Punjab. This tract has no very definite boundary. On the east the boundary is properly the ridge of the Snowy Mountains, from which spring the five rivers by which it is watered; but, in its more restricted sense, it means the country situated to the west of this hilly tract. This territory is watered by five celebrated streams, that fall into the Indus, namely, the Sutleje, the Beyah, the Ra-vèy, the Chinaub, the Jhylum or Belut. It is very extensive, and remarkably fertile, abounding in all the necessaries of life, besides wine, sugar, indigo, cotton, and many luxuries. ‘ The tract between the Jhylum and the Indus contains salt-mines, that furnish inexhaustible stores of this article, which is largely exported. The lower part of the country is inundated, like Bengal, by the overflowing of the rivers during the periodical rains.
PUNUGGA, a village of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Bootan. The mountains in the vicinity are the highest in Bootan. Long. 89. 23. E. Lat. 27. 23. N.
PURCELL, Henry, the most distinguished musical composer that England has produced. He was born in 1658, and died in 1695. At the early age of eighteen his genius and attainments procured him the appointment of organist of Westminster Abbey. His genius for composition was original and vigorous, as is evinced by his various works for the church, the chamber, and the theatre. A detailed analysis of some of these productions is given by Dr Burney in the third volume of his History of Music. Purcell entertained the highest respect for the great Italian composers of his period. Burney (vol. iii. page 508) says, in a proper spirit of liberality, “Let those who shall think Purcell has sacrificed the national honour by confessing his reverence for the productions of Italy, compare the secular productions of English musicians, from the death of Queen Elizabeth to the year 1683, with those of Carissimi, Cesti, Stradella, and innumerable others of great abilities, and, if they do not equally hate music and truth, they will admire Purcell’s probity as well as his genius.” Burney remarks afterwards (page 510), with a just feeling towards Purcell’s great abilities, “If a parallel were to be drawn between Purcell and any popular composer of a different country, reasons might be assigned for supposing him superior to every other great and favourite contemporary musician in Europe.” Purcell was interred in Westminster Abbey, and a monument erected there to his memory.
PURCHAS, Samuel, an English divine, famous for compiling a valuable collection of voyages, was born in 1577, at Thacksted, in Essex. After studying at Cambridge, he obtained the vicaragè of Eastwood, in his native county; but leaving that cure to his brother, he settled in London, in order to carry on the great work in which he was engaged. He published the first volume in folio in 1613, and the last four twelve years afterwards, under the title of Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World, and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places. Meanwhile he was collated to the rectory of St Martin’s, Ludgate, in London, and made chaplain to Dr Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury. His Pilgrimage, and the learned Hackluyt’s Voyages, led the way to all the other collections of the same kind, and have been justly valued and esteemed. But un happily, by his publishing, he involved himself in debt, and died in embarrassed circumstances, about the year 1628. The works of Purchas and Hackluyt form the most valuable collections of the kind in existence; and, were such things ever done in this country, we should strongly recommend the republication of annotated editions of both at the public expense; for such an undertaking, though of the highest utility, would far transcend the means of any individual publisher.
PURDHAUNGUR, a hill-fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapore, taken by the Mahratta chief Savajee in 1668. Latitude not ascertained.
PURDIE’S Isles, a ledge of rocks and small islets, situated on the southern coast of New Holland, opposite Point Bell, in long. 133. 5. E. lat. 32. 16. S. They form part of Nuyt’s Archipelago.
PUREG, a village of Mekran, in Persia, on the site of Para, the ancient capital of Gedrosia, where Alexander terminated his march on his return from India.
PURFLEW, a term in heraldry, expressing ermines, peans, or any of the furs, when they compose a bordure round a coat of arms. Thus it is said, he beareth gules, a bordure, purflew, vairy; meaning that the bordure is vairy.
PURGATION, the art of purging, scouring, or purifying a thing, by separating or carrying off any impurities that may be found therein. Thus, in pharmacy, purgation is the cleansing of a medicine by retrenching its superfluities; in chemistry, it is used for the several preparations of metals and minerals intended to clear them of their impurities; and in medicine, purgation is an excretory motion arising from a quick and orderly contraction of the fleshy fibres of the stomach and intestines, whereby the chyle, corrupted humours, and excrements, lodged therein, are protruded further and further, and at length quite excluded by stool.

Purgation, in Law, signifies the clearing a person’s self of a crime of which he is suspected and accused before a judge. This purgation is either canonical or vulgar. Canonical purgation is prescribed by the canon law, and the form of it in the spiritual court is usually thus: The person suspected takes his oath that he is innocent of the crime charged against him, and at the same time brings some of his neighbours to make oath that they believe he swears truly. Vulgar purgation was anciently by fire or water, or else by combat, and was practised here till abolished by the canons.