pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PONTYPOOL, a market-town of the county of Monmouth, in the parish of Trevethan, and hundred of Abergavenny, 150 miles from London. It is situated at the foot of a range of hills profusely rich in coal and iron. It was formerly celebrated for its japan ware; but that trade has been in some degree superseded by similar manufactures at Birmingham, whilst the trade in iron and coal has vastly extended, and increased the population within the last forty years. The population of the whole parish amounted in 1801 to 1472, in 1811 to 2423, in 1821 to 3931, and in 1831 to 10,280.
POOGUL, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Mooltan and district of Bikaneer, in the midst of a sandy desert. It has several brackish wells, and some reservoirs of good rain-water vaulted over with brick, from the sale of which to travellers parched with thirst the inhabitants derive a precarious income. They also rear camels and a few goats. It is twenty-four miles north-west of Bikaneer.
POOL, a seaport of the county of Dorset, within the hundred of Cogdean, and a county of itself, 106 miles from London. It is situated on a peninsula stretching into a large estuary at the mouth of the river Froome; and vessels drawing sixteen feet water can approach the quays. Themouth of the estuary is defended by a castle on the [7:18:363]island of Browsea; and near it, in Studland Bay, as well as in Swanage Bay, there is good anchorage. The chief pursuits are the fishery and the trade with Newfoundland, that give occupation to more than 200 sail of vessels, which repair to that island and load with salted cod and other fish, a few for England, but mostly for the ports of Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean; and the latter return with the productions of the several countries where they sell their fish. There is, besides, a considerable coasting trade, especially for coals; and within the estuary and under the port, at a place called Russell’s Quay, the greater part of the best pipe-clay, which is dug near it, is shipped for the use of the manufacturers of china and pottery in Staffordshire. It must have been a considerable port in the time of the Romans, as one of their roads may be traced from Winchester to Pool. The town is incorporated, and is governed by a mayor, who is an admiral within the port, and holds an admiralty court, a recorder, sheriffs, and aldermen, together with eighteen councillors. Till of late years one of the judges on the western circuit went to Pool to try criminals, but they are now tried at Dorchester. The town returns two members to parliament. The markets are held on Monday and Thursday. The old part of the town is ill built, but many houses recently erected are good. The population amounted in 1801 to 4761, in 1811 to 4816, in 1821 to 6390, and in 1831 to 6459.
POOLE, Matthew, a very learned writer in the seventeenth century, was born at York in 1624. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and afterwards incorporated in the university of Oxford. He succeeded Dr Anthony Tuckney in the rectory of St Michael de Quern, in London, about 1648. In 1658 he set on foot a project for maintaining youths of great parts at the universities, and was honoured with the approbation of the heads of houses in both of them. He solicited the affair with so much vigour, that in a short time L.900 per annum was procured for that purpose; but this design was laid aside at the Restoration. In 1662 he was ejected from his living for nonconformity. He was ten years employed in composing his Synopsis Criticoum ; and, besides this great work, he published several other pieces. When Titus Oates’s depositions concerning the popish plot were printed, our author found his name in the list of those who were to be cut off, so that he was obliged to retire to Holland, where he died in 1679, leaving behind him the character of a very able critic and casuist.
POONAKHA, a town of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Bootan, and situated on the Chantchieu River. It is the winter residence of the Deb rajah, and the warmest part of Bootan, and is therefore selected for the cultivation of exotics. The palace is adorned with a handsome gilt canopy. Long. 89. 45. E. Lat. 27. 56. N.
POONAR, a town and district of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, and territory of the nizam. The district is mountainous and woody, and is situated between the twenty-first and twenty-second degrees of north latitude. The town is seventy-five miles south from Gluckpoor. Long. 78. 13. E. Lat. 20. 9. N.
POONDY, a seaport town of Hindustan, in the province of the Northern Circars, and district of Cicacole, situated on a small river capable of being entered by boats, which thereby escape the surf so dangerous along this coast. Long. 84. 27. E. Lat. 18. 40. N.
POOR, in law, an appellation given to all those who are in such a low and mean condition that they either are or may become a burden to the parish.
POORBUNDER, a town of Hindustan, on the southwest coast of the Gujerat peninsula. An agreement was concluded in 1808, between the Bombay government and the Rana Sertanjee and Coer Hallajee of Poorbunder, not to connive at any act of piracy committed by any person under their authority. Long. 69. 50. E. Lat. 21. 37. N.
POOR KNIGHTS, a cluster of islands in the Southern Pacific Ocean, near the north-eastern coast of New Zealand. Long. 174. 42. E. Lat. 35. 30. S.
POORNAH, a river of Hindustan, which rises in the Injardy Hills, whence it flows westward through Berar, and falls into the Tuptee about twenty miles below Boorhanpoor.
POORPOOROO, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the north-eastern coast of Borneo. Long. 117. 54. E. Lat. 6. 18. N.
POORUNDER, a celebrated town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapore. It belonged till lately to the peshwa. It was in this fortress that the widow of Narrain Row took refuge after the murder of her husband, and where she brought forth her posthumous child, who succeeded to the dignity of peshwa. It is seventeen miles from Poonah. Long. 74. 5. E. Lat. 18. 16. N.
POORWAH, a town of Hindustan, in the nabob of Oude’s territories, twenty-eight miles south-south-west from Lucknow. Long. 80. 44. E. Lat. 20. 28. N.
POOSHKUR, or Phokur, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, and situated on the shore of a romantic lake. It contains a remarkable temple dedicated to Brahma, with an image that has four heads and as many arms, besides other temples dedicated to Vishnu and Seva. The town contains about 700 houses, the inhabitants of which are mostly Brahmins, who depend entirely on charity for support. Here is also a mosque, built by a Mahommedan nobleman, tutor to the Emperor Akbar. It is four miles from Ajmeer.
POOTELLAM, a town of Hindustan, on the western coast of Ceylon, celebrated for an extensive manufactory of sea-salt, which formerly supplied Candy and the interior. Long. 79. 51. E. Lat. 8. 5. N.
POOTI, a river on the east coast of Sumatra, which Falls into the Sea of Java. Long. 105. 45. E. Lat. 4. 38. S.
POPAYAN, a province included in the republic of New Grenada, in South America. It is situated in the department of Cauca, and is bounded on the south by Pasto, on the west by Buenaventura and Choco, on the east by Neiva and Bogota, and on the north by Antioquia. This province is somewhat rugged and mountainous, but withal one of the richest and finest districts in all America. The banks of the river Cauca appear to present the greatest indications of opulence, the soil being deep, and the pasturages rich and fertile. Even the muleteers, proud of being whites, are ashamed to go on foot, so that it is difficult to distinguish the poor from the rich. This prosperity and opulence are to be ascribed to a fertile soil, and to abundam gold mines, though they are unskilfully worked.

Popayan, the capital of the province, is finely situated on the banks of the Cauca, at the foot of the volcanic mountain of Purace∙ Mollien, who visited this city, speaks highly in praise of its site. “It is said,” he remarks, “that the position of Popayan seems to have been created by the imagination of poets; and in fact it is difficult to find one more beautiful. It was selected by Benalcazar, who is less known than either Pizzaro, Cortes, or Quesada, but deserves to be more celebrated, as he was the founder of many towns, all delightfully situated.” It is handsomely built, and its elevation above the sea, which is 5750 feet, renders the climate mild and agreeable. This city suffered greatly, as did the whole province, during the war of independence; and in the year 1827 it was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake, which was accompanied by an eruption of the volcano of Purace, and an overflow of the Cauca. Before this calamity, the inhabitants were estimated at 20,000.

Amongst the other towns of this province may be mentioned that of Purace, which is agreeably situated above the valley of Popayan. It is a neat place, each house being built in the midst of an enclosure. Caly is another prettily-built town, situated on the declivity of the western cordilleras. Considerably further down the Cauca, almost at the extremity of the great plain, is situated Carthago. It stands near the point where the two cordilleras approach, leaving only a narrow passage for the river, and is the entrepôt for the goods destined for Santa Fe, which arrive by the Quindiu, and those for the Antilles or the ocean, which come by way of Novita, situated near the Rio San Juan. The population of the whole province of Popayan is estimated at about 107,000.
POPERINGHEN, a large market-town of Belgium, in the province of West Flanders and circle of Ypres. It stands on the river Schipuor, and contains two churches, 1400 houses, and 9080 inhabitants, who are employed in making linen and woollen cloths, and thread-lace, and have several oil mills. It is celebrated for the growth of hops on the land around it, which is a valuable part of its trade.
POPHAM, Sir John, lord chief justice of the common pleas in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was the eldest son of Mr Edward Popham of Huntworth, in Somersetshire, and born in the year 1531. He was some time a student of Baliol College, Oxford; “being then,” as Anthony Wood says, “given at leisure hours to many sports and exercises.” After quitting the university, he established himself in the Middle Temple, where, during his novitiate, he is said to have indulged in that kind of dissipation to which youth and a vigorous constitution more naturally incline, than to the study of voluminous reports; but, satiated at length with what are called the pleasures of the town, he applied sedulously to the study of his profession, was called to the bar, and in 1568 became summer or autumn reader. He was soon afterwards made serjeant at law, and solicitorgeneral in 1579. In 1581 he was appointed attorney-general, and treasurer of the Middle Temple. In 1592 he was made lord chief justice of the king’s bench, and the same year received the honour of knighthood. In the year 1601 his lordship was one of the council detained by the unfortunate Earl of Essex, when he formed the ridiculous project of defending himself in his own house; and, on the earl’s trial, Sir John gave evidence against him relative to their detention. He died in the year 1607, aged seventy-six, and was buried in the south aisle of the church at Wellington in Somersetshire, where he generally resided as often as it was in his power to retire. He was thought somewhat severe in the execution of the law against capital offenders; but his severity had the happy effect of reducing the number of highway robberies. He wrote, 1. Reports and cases adjudged in the time of Queen Elizabeth; 2. Resolutions and judgments upon cases and matters agitated in all the courts at Westminster in the latter end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign.
POPILIUS, Laenas, Roman ambassador to Antiochus, king of Syria: He was commissioned to order that monarch to desist from hostilities against Ptolemy, king of Egypt, ally of Rome. Antiochus attempted to elude him by evasive answers; but Popilius, with a stick in his hand, made a circle round him in the sand, and charged him, in the name of the Roman senate and people, not to go beyond it till he gave a decisive answer. This boldness intimidated Antiochus, who immediately withdrew his garrisons from Egypt, and desisted from his hostile attempts against Ptolemy.
POPLAR, a parish of the county of Middlesex, in the hundred of Ossulton. It stands on the banks of the river Thames, and was formerly a hamlet in the parish of Stepney. It is extensive, and comprehends the Isle of Dogs, which was formerly a rich marsh, but is now in part converted into docks and canals. The construction of the West India Docks has of late years tended very much to increase the population, which consists chiefly of persons directly or in [7:18:407]directly connected with shipping. In that part of the parish known by the name of Blackwall is the largest private establishment for ship-building in the kingdom. In it there are also many manufactories for rope-making, anchor-forging, and preparing the several other component parts of vessels. There is also a commodious hospital for persons who have been in the service of the East India Company. The population amounted in 1801 to 4493, in 1811 to 7708, in 1821 to 12,223, and in 1831 to 16,849.
POPO is the name of one of the states comprised in what is denominated the Slave Coast, on the western shores of Africa. In the strictest acceptation, the Slave Coast includes the states of Coto, Popo, Widah, and Ardra, the whole being subject to the king of Dahomey. The maritime flat country here is broader than that of the Gold Coast, and very fertile. The inhabitants are warlike, and addicted to cheating and thieving. This state is divided into the Great and Little Popo. The capital of the former stands on an island at the mouth of a river, which is rendered useless for the navigation of vessels, on account of a formidable bar at its mouth. The capital of Little Popo is situated on the shore near a small river or inlet of the sea. Poultry are here in uncommon abundance; and the flocks of bats are so numerous that they darken the air like dense clouds.

Popo Isle, an island or cluster of islands in the Eastern Seas, the chief of which is about fifty miles in circumference. They are distant five leagues from the islands of Bo, and exceed them in height. They are inhabited, and afford a supply of nuts and dried fish. Long. 130. 0. 15. E. Lat. 19. 14. S.
POPOCA, Mount, one of the volcanoes on the summits of the American Cordilleras. Its crater is said to be half a league in circumference.
POPPAEA, Sabina, a Roman matron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She was married and had a son to Rufus Crispinus, a Roman knight. Her beauty captivated Otho, one of Nero’s favourites, who carried her off and married her; but he was not long permitted to retain her, for Nero, having heard her extolled for her accomplishments, sent Otho out of Italy, under pretence of presiding over one of the Roman provinces, shortly after which Nero repudiated his wife Octavia, and married Poppaea; but she did not long enjoy the imperial dignity, for Nero soon began to despise her, and treat her with great barbarity. She bore him a son; and when she was again far advanced in pregnancy, he struck her a blow with his foot, of which she died, about 65 a. D. It is said she was so anxious to preserve her beauty, that five hundred she-asses were kept to afford milk, in which she used daily to bathe.
PORCH, in Architecture, a kind of vestibule supported by columns, and much used at the entrance of temples, halls, and other edifices.

A porch, in ancient architecture, was a vestibule, or a disposition of insulated columns usually crowned with a pediment, forming a covert place before the principal door of a temple or court of justice. When a porch had four columns in front, it was called a tetrastyle; when six, a hexastyle; when eight, an octostyle, and so on.

Porch, in Greek στoα, a public porticoin Athens, adorned with the pictures of Polygnotus and other eminent painters. It was in this porticothat Zeno the philosopher taught; and hence his followers were called Stoics.
PORCHESTER, a village of the county of Hants and in the hundred of Portsdown. It is on the north side of Portsmouth harbour, and is remarkable for its extensive and ancient castle, in which, during the war, some thousands of French prisoners were confined. The walls inclose a square of four acres. It formerly belonged to the crown, and was settled by Edward IV. on his queen Margaret. It is now private property, and during the war was rented by the government, and converted into a prison. Since the peace, the population has somewhat declined, havingbeenin 1801, 917; in 1811, 818; in 1821, 757; and in 1831, 739∙
PORCO, a province of Bolivia in South America, to the west of the city of Potosi. The region is elevated, and the climate is consequently cold, so that although in the valleys the soil is productive, there is a scarcity of grains and fruit. It is properly a pastoral country, and here are reared vast numbers of sheep, and also vicunas and guanacos, native saccp. The mountain of Porco in this province is celebrated for its silver mines. It was the first worked by the Spaniards after the conquest; and before that epoch it hadbeen the source whence the Incas of Peru obtained their chief supplies of the precious metal. The original mine is still wrought, but, like most others in this quarter, without much vigour. Porco, the capital of the province, is a small town with but few inhabitants. The population of the province is estimated at above one hundred thousand.
PORCU, atown on the sea-coast of Hindustan, situated in the province of Travancore. It is populous, and carries on a considerable trade. The adjacent country is fertile, and produces abundance of rice. The inhabitants consist of Mahommedan, Hindu, and Christian merchants. The Dutch had formerly a factory here for procuring cargoes of pepper. Long. 76. 24. E. Lat. 9∙ 23. N,
PORDENONE, a city of Austrian Italy, in the province of Milan, and delegation of Bclluno. It stands on the river Roncello, and contains 650 houses, with 4230 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in making linen goods and paper. Lat. 45. 56. 42. Long. 12. 34. 54. E.
PORETSCIIIE, a city of the Russian empire, in the province of Smolensko, the capital of a circle of the same name. It is situated on the river Kasplea, which is navigable thusfar, but no farther. It is 478 miles from St. Petersburg, and favourably situated asa depot for the trade between Smolensko and Riga. It contains three churches, 580 houses, and 5900 inhabitants, with large storehouses. Lat. 55.10. I,ong. 31 ∙ 25. E.
PORK, the flcsh of swine killed for the purposes of food. The hog is the only domestic animal that we know which is of no use to man when alive, and therefore seems properly designed for food. Besides being loathsome and ugly to every eye, it is killed without reluctance. The Pythagoreans, whether to preserve health, or on account of compassion, generally forbade the use of animal food; and yet it is alleged that Pythagoras reserved the use of hog’s flesh for himself. The Jews, the Egyptians, and other inhabitants of warm countries, and all the Mahomedans, reject the use of pork. It is difficult to discover a satisfactory reason for this, or for the precept given to the Jews respecting it, though unquestionably some good one might be assigned. The Greeks greatly commended this food; and Galen everywhere speaks in its praise. The Romans considered it as one of their delicacies; and if some of the inhabitants of the northern climates have taken an aversion to it, that probably arose from their country not being fitted to rear it. Pork is of a very tender structure, increased perhaps from a peculiarity in its economy, namely, taking on fat more readily than any other animal. Pork is a white meat even in its adult state, and then gives out a jelly in great quantity.
PORLOCK, a small market town of Somersetshire, in the hundred of Carhampton, 170 miles from London. It stands at the foot of a lofty range of mountains, on a beautiful bay of its own name, on the Bristol channel. The inhabitants were, in 1801, 600; in 1811, 633; in 1821, 769; and in 1831, 830.
PORO-ISLE, commonly called Porto-Sipora or the island of Good Fortune. It contains four villages, in each of which there are about a thousand inhabitants. It is thirty-three miles in length, by eight in average breadth, and is almost wholly covered with wood. It is situated on the southwestern coast of the Poggy Islands, and is inhabited by a race of people similar both in mannersand language. Long. 99.15. E. Lat. 2. 12. S.
PORONNISHIR, one of the Kurile islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about 44 miles in length and 12 in breadth. It is unequal in its surface; the northern part being mountainous, but the north-west less so, though it is still diversified by hills and valleys, one chain of hills rising to a great height, and being never wholly free from snow. It contains abundance of minerals, but is destitute of timber. Wolves and red foxes are found here in plenty; and there is a considerable bay at the north-eastern extremity. The most northern point of the island is Cape Wasitieff, in long. 156. 14. E. Lat. 51.38. N.
PORPHYRIUS, a famous Platonic philosopher, was bornât Tyre in 233, in the rcign of Alexander Severus. He was the disciple of Longinus, and became the ornament of his school at Athens, whence he went to Rome, and attended Plotinus, with whom he lived six years. After Plotinus’s death he taught philosophy at Rome with great success, and became well skilled in polite literature, geography, astronomy, and music. He lived till the end of the third century, and died in the reign of Diocletian. There are still extant his book on the Categories of Aristotle; a Treatise on Abstinence from Flesh; and several other pieces in Greek. He also composed a treatise against the Christian religion, which is now lost. That work was answered by Methodius bishop of Tyre, and also by Eusebius, Apollinarius, St. Augustin, St. Jerome, St. Cyril, and Theodoret. The Emperor Theodosius the Great caused Porphyrius’s book to be burned in 338. Those of his works that are still extant were printed at Cambridge in 1655, 8vo, with a Latin version.

“Porphyrius,” says Dr. Enfield, “was, it must be owned, a writer of deep erudition; and had his judgment and integrity been equal to his learning, he would have deserved a distinguished place among the ancients. But neither the splendour of his diction, nor the variety of his reading, can atone for the credulity or the dishonesty which filled the narrative part of his works with so many extravagant tales, or interest the judicious reader in the abstruse subtilties and mystical flights of his philosophical writings.”
PORT, a harbour, river, or haven, formed either by nature or art to receive and shelter shipping from the storms and waves of the open sea.

Artificial ports are those which are either formed by throwing a strong mound or rampart across the harbour’s mouth to some island or rock, or erecting two long barriers, which stretch from the land on each side like arms or the horns of a crescent, and nearly enclose the haven. The former of these are called mole-heads, and the latter piers. Port, is also a name given on some occasions to the larboard or left side of the ship, as in the following instances. Thus, it is said, “the ship heels to port,” that is, stoops or inclines to the larboard-side. “Top the yard to port,” the order to make the larboard extremity of a yard higher than the other. “Port the helm,” the order to put the helm over the larboard-side of the vessel. In all these senses this phrase appears intended to prevent any mistakes happening from the similarity of sounds in the words starboard and larboard, particularly when they relate to the helm, where a misapprehension might be attended with very dangerous consequences.

Ports, the embrasures or openings in the side of a ship of war, wherein the artillery is ranged in battery upon the decks above and below. ’