pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
JAY, Gui Michel le, distinguished by the Polyglott which bears his name, was born at Paris in 1588. He studied the ancient languages, in which, however, he was but moderately skilled. In 1615, three men of rare merit, Cardinal Duperron, Jacques de Thou, and François de Brèves, had conceived the project of publishing a Polyglott; but, from some circumstances, the design was not carried into effect. Lejay, however, resolved to revive the scheme, and conduct it to a conclusion. He had fortune, he was laborious, and he was not wanting in resources. He associated with himself in the undertaking some of the most learned men of his time. The elder Morin of the Oratory, Philippe d’Aquin, a converted Jew, Godefroy Hermant, a canon of Beauvais, and three Maronites of Lebanon, were charged with revising the different books of the Holy Scriptures, each in the language which he understood; whilst Jacques Sanlecque, a famous artist, cast the characters, and Antoine Vitré or Vitray, printer to the king, undertook the impression. It commenced in 1628, and, after encountering a variety of difficulties and obstacles, was completed in 1645, under the title of Biblia Hebraica, Samaritana, Chaldaica, Groe- ca, Latina, Arabica, quibus textus originales totius Scripturae sacrae, quorum pars in editione Complutensi, deinde Antucrpiensi regiis sumptibus extat, nunc integri ex manuscriptis toto fere orbe queesitis, exemplaribus exhibentur, in ten volumes. The execution of this work is magnificent; it is indeed a masterpiece of typography; but it literally swarms with blunders, editorial as well as typographical; whilst, by reason of the enormous size of the volumes, the use of them is attended with much inconvenience. Lejay [7:12:534]ruined himself Dy the impression, first, because he would not suffer it to appear under the name of Cardinal Richelieu, who, after the example of Cardinal Ximenes, was ambitious of immortalising his name by such an undertaking; and next, because he made it too dear for the English market, upon which Dr Walton undertook his Polyglott Bible, which, being more commodious, reduced the price of Lejay’s. After the death of his wife. Lejay, having taken orders, was made dean of Vezelay, in the Nivernois; and Louis XIV. gave him the post of councillor of state.
JAYES, a town of Hindustan, in the nabob of Oude’s territories, fifty-five miles south-east from Lucknow. Long. 81. 30. E. Lat. 26. 15. N.
JAYNAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, 122 miles south-south-west from Patna. Long. 84. 25. E. Lat. 24. 1. N.
JEALOUSY is that peculiar passion which arises in the mind from fear that some rival may rob us of the affection of one whom we greatly love, or suspicion that he has already done so. The first sort of jealousy is inseparable from love, before it is in possession of its object; the latter is often unjust, generally mischievous, and always troublesome.
JEAN d’Angely, an arrondissement in the department of La Vendee, in France, extending over 334 square miles, divided into seven cantons, and these into 128 communes, with a population of 70,261 persons. The capital, which gives its name to the arrondissement, is a city situated on the river Boutonne, containing 5460 inhabitants, who are partly employed in the manufacture of serges, druggets, and other kinds of woollen goods, and carry on a considerable trade in wine and brandy. There is also an establishment for making gunpowder. It is in long. 0. 40. 5. W. and lat. 45. 55. N.
JEAN DE LUZ, St, a town of the arrondissement of Bayonne, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, in France. It is situated on the sea-shore, on the river Nivelle, and is defended by a fort at the mouth of that stream. It contains about 600 houses, with 2830 inhabitants, and is a place of considerable traffic, being the last town of France on the road to Spain; and it carries on extensive fisheries. Long. 2. 15. 7. W. Lat. 40. 23. 15. N.
JEARS, or Geers, in nautical language, an assemblage of tackles, by which the lower yards of a ship are hoisted along the mast to their usual station, or lowered from thence, as occasion requires; the former of which operations is called swaying, and the latter striking.
JEBNA, a town of Palestine, on the site of the ancient city of Gath, containing the remains of a fortress built during the crusades by Foulques, king of Jerusalem; ten miles south of Jaffa. ∙
JEBUSAEI, one of the seven ancient peoples of Canaan, descendants of Jebusi, Canaan’s son; so warlike and brave as to have stood their ground, especially in Jebus, afterwards called Jerusalem, down to the time of David. (Judges, i. 21; 1 Sam. v. 6.)
JEFREMOW, a city of the province of Tula, in Russia, the capital of a circle of the same name, on the river Metscha. It contains six wooden churches, and one of stone, 399 houses of different structure, and 2600 inhabitants. Long. 38. 54. E. Lat. 53. 40. N.
JEGHEDERPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, twenty miles south from Bustar. Long. 82. 21. E. Lat. 19. 26. N.
JEHANABAD, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the Mahrattas, in the province of Khandesh, three miles south from Boorhanpoor. Long. 76. 21. E. Lat. 21. 18. N.
JEHENABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, thirty-three miles south by west from Patna. Long. 82. 5. E. Lat. 25. 13. N.
JEHOVAH, one of the scriptural names of God, signifying the Being who is self-existent and gives existence to others. So great a veneration had the Jews for this name, that they discontinued the custom of uttering it, and hence its true pronunciation was forgotten. They called it tetragrammaton, or the name of four letters; and believed that whoever knew the true pronunciation of it could not fail to be heard by God.
JEHUNGSEAL, a small town of the Afghan territories, in the province of Mooltan, thirty miles north-east from the city of Mooltan. Long. 71. 40. E. Lat. 30. 54. N.
JEJUNUM, the second of the small guts, so called from the Latin jejunus, hungry; because it was always found empty. See Anatomy.
JEJURRY, a Mahratta town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor. This place is noted for a fine Hindu temple, built of hewn stone, and dedicated to an incarnation of Mahadeva or Siva, under the form of Khandeh Row, which he assumed to destroy an enormous giant named ĩvlanimal. The temple has very ample revenues, about L.6000 annually being expended on account of the idol, for whom horses and elephants are maintained; and who, with his spouse, is washed every day in rose and Ganges water, which has to be brought a distance of ] 000 miles. About 250 dancing girls are attached to the establishment, with many Brahmins, and beggars innumerable. The revenues are derived from the donations of the pious, consisting of houses, lands, and money. This is a noted place for penance; and, at a particular season of the year, a number of persons, in order to expiate their sins, undergo the penance of swinging on a kind of gibbet, suspended by hooks passed through the fleshy part of the back. Twenty-eight miles south-east from Poonah. Long. 74. 17. E. Lat. 18. 16. N.
JELASIR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, twenty-eight miles north-east from the city of Agra. Long. 78. 15. E. Lat. 27. 30. N.
JELATMA, a city of the Russian province of Tambow, the capital of a circle of the same name, on the river Oka. It is an ancient and large place, containing eight stone and two wooden churches, several public buildings, and 778 houses, with 5800 inhabitants. It has considerable manufactures of linen and sail-cloth. Long. 42. 28. E. Lat. 55. 5. N.
JELEZ, a town of the province of Orel, in Russia, the capital of a circle of the same name, on the river Alt. It is a very ancient city, containing twelve stone and two wooden churches, 1290 houses, and 7950 inhabitants. Long. 38. 33. E. Lat. 52. 38. N.
JELEZENKA, a small river in the government of Irkoutsk, in Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Irtysch.

JELĽZENSKAIA-Crepost, a port of Asiatic Russia, on the right bank of the Irtysch, in the government of Tobolsk. It contains a church and 130 houses, and is surrounded by a fertile country very carefully cultivated. It was formerly built of wood, but has since been constructed more regularly of earth. Lat. 53. 51. N.
JELISAWETGRAD, a city of Russia, in the province of Cherson, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands on a beautiful plain on the banks of the river Ingul. It is fortified, and defended by a strong citadel. It contains 1500 houses, and 12,000 inhabitants, consisting of various tribes and countries, attracted by large fairs held there in the autumn. Long. 32. 22. E. Lat, 48. 30. N.
JELLALABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, and district of Bareilly, forty-four miles south by east from Barielly. Long. 79. 37. E. Lat. 27. 45. N.

Jellalabad, a town of Afghanistan, in the province of Cabul, situated in the rich plain of Jellalabad. It was formerly of great note, and is still of considerable importance. It has a public market, and the adjacent district produces a coarse sugar. Seventy-three miles east-southeast from the city of Cabul. Long. 69. 46. E. Lat. 34. 6. N.
JELLALAEAN, or Gelalaen Calendar, Epoch, and Year. See Calendar and Chronology.
JELLY, a form of food or medicine, prepared from the juices of ripe fruits, boiled to a proper consistence with sugar; or the strong decoctions of the horns, bones, or extremities of animals, boiled to such a degree as to be stiff and firm when cold, without the addition of any sugar.
JELPESH, a town of the province of Bengal, and district of Ringpoor, sixty-five miles north-north-west from Ringpoor. Long. 88. 25. E. Lat. 26. 30. N.
JEMAULABAD, a town and fortress in the south of India, province of Canara, which was originally called Narasingha Augady. The first, which was built by Tippoo, stands on the summit of an immense rock, which may be deemed impregnable, as it is wholly inaccessible except by one narrow way. The nature of the access to it, however, renders the approach to it in the face of an enemy nearly as difficult as the ascent; so that a very small body of men with artillery are adequate to blockade a strong garrison, which renders the place of little use, excepting as a safeguard for treasure or records. After the fort was built by Tippoo, he placed in it a khiladar or commandant, with a garrison of 400 men; and the town at that time contained 1000 houses, and carried on a considerable trade. On the invasion of Mysore, the Coorg rajah destroyed the town, and carried away half the inhabitants; the remainder made their escape into the woods, and only about twenty houses have since been rebuilt. After the fall of Seringapatam, it sustained a siege of six weeks from the British, when, being bombarded, it was taken, and, the commander having poisoned himself, his principal officers were hanged. It was afterwards surprised and taken by a band of insurgents or plunderers, when it was reduced, after a blockade of three months, and all that did not escape were summarily executed. The surrounding country is woody. Long. 75. 24. E. Lat. 13. N.
JEMAULNAIG, a town of Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded territories, situated on the north side of the Pennar River, forty-one miles north-west from Cuddapah. Long. 78. 28. E. Lat. 14. 48. N.
JEMLAH, a small district of Hindustan, situated between the thirtieth and thirty-first degrees of north latitude. It was formerly an independent state, but is now tributary to the rajah of Nepaul. It is said to be nearly of the same extent as that of Nepaul, but to be more contiguous to the great Himalaya ridge of mountains, and more chequered with low hills. It produces a species of rice which is adapted to the climate of northern countries. Its capital is called Chinnochin, but has not been visited by Europeans.
JEMMAPPES, a large village of the Netherlands, in the province of Henegau, and circle of Mons. It stands on the river Haine, and contains 2838 inhabitants, who are busily occupied in the numerous coal-mines and the mill-stone quarries with which it abounds. It is remarkable for the decisive battle fought there in 1792, when the French, commanded by Dumouriez, defeated the Austrian army under Clairfayt, which led to the subjugation of Brussels and the rest of Flanders.
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JENA, a city of the grand duchy of Saxe-Wcimar, in Germany, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands in a beautiful valley, through which the river Saale runs, and is surrounded with hills, whose sides are covered with vineyards. It contains three Lutheran and one Catholic church, three hospitals, and 795 houses, with about 5500 inhabitants. It is the seat of the higher courts of law of the duchy, and of some of the revenue boards. Its chief celebrity has arisen from its university, founded in 1558. The number of professors is very great, and among them have always been some of the highest literary characters in Germany. It possesses institutions for education in physic, in mathematics, in medicine, in midwifery, in anatomy, mineralogy, surgery, veterinary practice, and a public library of more than 30,000 volumes. In consequence of a suspicion of the propagation of revolutionary principles, the number of students have, since 1818, been diminished, and now amount only to about 550. Jena is celebrated for the battle fought near it in October 1806, when Bonaparte vanquished and dispersed the Prussian army commanded by the Duke of Brunswick.
JENEAHGUR, called also Jagncii, a town, and also a strong and celebrated fortress, of Hindustan, province of Bejapoor, situated upon a rock with an extensive tableland. It was built about the year 1443, by Mulik al Ta-jur, generalissimo of the Bhamence sultan. It afterwards came into the possession of the Bejapoor dynasty, from whom it was taken by the Moguls, and was the chief station of Aurungzebe’s army during his war against the Mahratta chief Seraje. It now belongs to the Mahrattas. Long. 73. 45. E. Lat. 20. 15. N.

JEN1DSCHE-Bardar, a town of European Turkey, in the circle of Salonica. It is an open place, on the river Bardar, with several mosques and Greek churches, and charitable institutions. It contains 6000 inhabitants, who manufacture cotton goods extensively.
JENJAPOOR, a town of Hindustan, province of Bahar, and district of Tyrhoot. eighty miles north-east from Patna. Long. 86. 15. E. Lat. 26. 14. N.
JENKINS, Sir Leoline, a civilian and statesman of considerable note, born in Glamorganshire about the year 1623. Having become obnoxious to the parliament during the civil war, by adhering to the king’s cause, he consulted his safety by flight; but he returned at the restoration, was admitted an advocate in the court of arches, and succeeded Dr Exton as judge. When the queen-mother Henrietta died at Paris in 1669, her whole estate, real and personal, was claimed by her nephew Louis XIV.; upon which Dr Jenkins’ opinion being called for and approved, he proceeded to Paris, accompanied by three others who were joined with him in a commission, and recovered her effects; a service for which he received the honour of knighthood. He officiated as one of the mediators at the treaty of Nimeguen, and was afterwards made a privy councillor and secretary of state. He died in 1685, and bequeathed his whole estate to charitable uses. Dr Jenkins was so great a benefactor to Jesus College, Oxford, that he is generally looked upon as the second founder. All his letters and papers were collected and printed in 1724, in two vols. folio.
JENTACULUM, among the Romans, a morning refreshment like our breakfast. It was exceedingly simple, consisting, for the most part, of bread alone; but labouring people had something more substantial, to enable them to support the fatigues of their employment. The Greeks distinguished this morning meal by the several names of apgrov, a%gaτι ∣ iμος, or axξar ∣ gμa, though àgiōrov is generally applied to dinner.
JEOFAILE (compounded of three French words, Pay faille, I have failed), a term in law, used to indicate an oversight in pleading or other proceeding at law.

The showing of these defects or oversights was often practised by the counsel formerly; and when the jury came into court in order to try the issue, they said, This inquest you ought, not to take; and after verdict they would say to the court, To judgment you ought not to go. But several statutes have been made to avoid the delays occasioned by such suggestions; and a judgment is not now to be stayed after verdict for a mistake in the Christian or surname of either of the parties, or in a sum of money, or in the day, month, year, &c. where the same are rightly named in any preceding record.
JEPHTHAH, judge of Israel, and successor to Jair in the government of the people, was a native of Mizpeh, and the son of one Gilead by a woman of indifferent reputation. This Gilead having married a lawful wife, and had children by her, drove Jephthah from his father’s house, saying that he should not be heir with them. Jephthah retired into the land of Tob, and there became captain of a band of thieves. At that time the Israelites beyond Jordan, seeing themselves pressed by the Ammonites, came to desire assistance from Jephthah, and to request that he would take upon him the command. Jephthah at first reproached them with the injustice which they had done him, or at least which they had not prevented, when he was forced from his father’s house. But as these people were earnest and pressing in their request, he told them that he would succour them, provided at the end of the war they would acknowledge him as their prince. This they consented to, and promised with an oath. Jephthah having thus been acknowledged prince of the Israelites in an assembly of the people, was filled with the spiiit of God, and began to get his troops together; and for this purpose he travelled over all the land which the children of ĩsrael possessed beyond Jordan. At the same time he made a vow to the Lord, that if he were successful against the Ammonites, he would offer up as a burnt-offering whatever should first come out of his house to meet him. The battle being fought, Jephthah proved victorious, and ravaged all the land of Ammon. But as he returned to his house, his only daughter came out to meet him, with timbrels and with dances; whereupon Jephthah tore his clothes, saying, “Alas, my daughter, thou hast brought me very low, for I have made a vow unto the Lord, and cannot fail in the performance of it.” His daughter answered, “My father, if thou hast made a vow unto the Lord, do with me as thou hast promised; grant me only the favour that I may be at liberty to go up to the mountains, and there for two months bewail my virginity with my companions.” Jephthah granted her this liberty; and at the expiration of two months he offered up his daughter as a burnt-offering, agreeably to his vow. Meanwhile, the Ephraimites, jealous of the victory obtained by Jephthah over the Ammonites, passed the river Jordan in a tumultuous manner, and complaining to Jephthah that he had not invited them to this war, threatened to set fire to his house. Jephthah answered them, that he had sent to desire their assistance; but observing that they did not come, he put his life in the hands of God, and hazarded a battle. The Ephraimites not being satisfied with these reasons, Jephthah assembled the people of Gilead, gave them battle, and defeated them; so that of the tribe of Ephraim there were forty-two thousand men killed on that day. We know nothing more concerning the life of Jephthah, except that he judged Israel during six years, and was buried in a city of Gilead.
JERBOA, a species of quadruped belonging to the genus dipus, and resembling, in some of its characters, the mouse tribe. See Mammalia.
JEREMIAH (the Prophecy off a canonical book of the Old Testament. This divine writer was of the race of the priests, the son of Hilkiah of Anathoth, of the tribe of Benjamin. He was called to the prophetic office when very young, about the thirteenth year of Josiah, and continued in the discharge of it for about forty years. He was not carried captive to Babylon with the other Jews, but remained in Judaea to lament the desolation of his country. He was afterwards a prisoner in Egypt, with his disciple Baruch, where it is supposed he died at a very advanced age. Some of the Christian fathers tell us he was stoned to death by the Jews for preaching against their idolatry; and others say he was put to death by Pharaoh Hophrah, because of his prophecy against him. Part of the prophecy of Jeremiah relates to the time after the captivity of Israel and before that of Judah, and part of it was written in the time of the latter captivity. The prophet lays open the sins of Judah with great freedom and boldness, and reminds them of the severe judgments which had befallen the ten tribes for the same offences. He warmly laments their misfortune, and recommends to them a speedy reformation. Afterwards he predicts the grievous calamities which were approaching, particularly the seventy years captivity in Chaldaea. He also foretells their deliverance and happy return, and the recompense which Babylon, Moab, and other enemies of the Jews, should in due time meet with. There are likewise several intimations in this prophecy concerning the kingdom of the Messiah, and several remarkable visions, and types, and historical passages, relating to those times. St Jerome has observed respecting this prophet, that his style is more easy than that of Isaiah and Hosea; that he retains something of the rusticity of the place where he was born; but that he is very learned and majestic, and equal to those two prophets in the sense of his prophecy.
JERICHO, or Hierichus, in Ancierit Geography, a city of Judaea, situated between Jordan and Jerusalem, at the distance of 150 stadia from the latter, and sixty 7 from the former. Josephus says, “The whole space from Jerusalem is desert and rocky, and equally barren and uncultivated from Jericho to the Lake Asphaltites; yet the places near the town and above it are extremely fertile and delicious, so that it may justly be called a divine plain, surpassing the rest of the land of Canaan, no unfruitful country, and surrounded by hills in the manner of an amphitheatre. The place is now called Paha, and, according to Volney, is situated “in a plain six or seven leagues long by three wide, around which are a number of barren mountains, which render it extremely hot.” Here was formerly cultivated the balm of Mecca. From the description of the Hadjis, this is a shrub similar to the pomegranate tree, with leaves like those of rue; it bears a pulpy 7 nut, in which is contained a kernel that yields the resinous juice which we call balm or balsam. At present there is not a plant of it remaining at Raha; but another species is to be found there, called zakkonη, which produces a sweet oil, also celebrated for healing wounds. This zak-koun resembles a plum-tree; it has thorns four inches long, with leaves like those of the olive-tree, but greener, and more narrow, as well as prickly at the end; its fruit is a kind of acorn, without a calyx, under the bark of which is a pulp, and then a nut, the kernel of which gives out an oil that the Arabs sell very dear. This constitutes the sole commerce of Raha, which is no more than a ruinous village.
JERONYMITES, Hieronymites, a denomination given to various orders or congregations of religious persons, other wise called Hermits of St Jerome.