pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
NYCHTHEMERON, amongst the ancients, signified the whole natural day, or day and night, consisting of twenty-four hours, or twenty-four equal parts. This way of considering the day was particularly adopted by the Jews, and seems to have owed its origin to the expression of Moses in the first chapter of Genesis, “The evening and the morning were the first day.” Before the Jews had introduced the Greek language into their discourse, they were accustomed to indicate this space of time by the simple expression of a night and a day.

It is proper here to observe, that in all the eastern countries any part of a day of twenty-four hours wasreck∙ oned for a whole day; and that a thing which was done on the third or seventh day from that last mentioned, was said to be done after three or seven days. The Hebrews, having no word which exactly answered to the Greek Nvχ⅛ µsgov, signifying a natural day of twenty-four hours, used night and day, or day and night, instead of it; so that to say a thing happened after three days and three nights, was, with them, the same as to say that it happened after three days, or on the third day. This being remembered, will explain what is meant by “the Son of Man’s being three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.”
NYCTASTRATEGI, amongst the ancients, were officers appointed to prevent fires in the night, or to give alarm and call assistance when a fire broke out. At Rome they had the command of the watch, and were called ηοο∙ turni triumviri, from their office and number.
NYIREGYHAZA, a town of the circle of Szaboles, in the province of Farther Theiss, in Hungary. It contains a Catholic, a Lutheran, a Calvinist, and an Unitarian church, a public grammar-school, 1100 houses, and 8066 inhabitants, who are employed in cultivating the vine, and in several trades. Long. 22. 38. 10. E. Lat. 47. 56.45. N.
NYKOPING, a province of the west of Sweden, which extends in north latitude from 58. 36. to 59. 30., and in east longitude from 15. 28. to 17. 33., and contains 2977 square miles. It comprises seven cities or towns, and 3327 detached settlements, with 98,500 inhabitants. It is a district of mountains and lakes, intermingled with extensive woods, but barely produces corn sufficient for its scanty population. The chief occupation consists in copper and iron mines, and in the fishery. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on a bay in the Baltic Sea.
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It is a well-built town, and has a market-place, surrounded with houses of stone, but most of the others are of wood. It contains two churches, and 520 dwellings, with 2490 inhabitants, who make cutlery and bar iron, and export large quantities of deals and other wood. Long. 16. 57. 10. E. Lat. 58. 45. 30. N.
NYLACKY, one of the Banda Islands, in the Eastern Seas. Long. 130.33. E. Lat. 4. IL S.
NYMPHAEA, amongst the ancients, certain structures, although it is doubtful of what kind they were. Some take them to have been grottoes, deriving their name from the statues of the nymphs with which they were adorned; but that they were considerable works, appears from their having been executed by the emperors, or by the city prefects. In an inscription, the term is written nymfium. None of all these nymphaea has remained till our time. A number of years ago, indeed, a square building of marble was discovered between Naples and Vesuvius, with only one entrance, and some steps leading down to it. On the right hand as you enter, towards the head, there is a fountain of the purest water, along which, by way of guardian, is placed a naked Arethusa of the whitest marble. The bottom or ground is of variegated marble, and encompassed with a canal fed by the water from the fountain. The walls are set round with shells and pebbles of various colours, by which« are expressed the twelve months of the year, and the four political virtues, as also the rape of Pro? serpine; Pan playing on his reed, and soothing his flock; and the representations of nymphs swimming, sailing, and wantoning on fishes. It seems pretty evident that the nymphaea were public baths; for at the same time that they were furnished with pleasing grottoes, they were also supplied with cooling streams, by which they were rendered exceedingly delightful, and drew great numbers of people to frequent them. Silence seems to have been a particular requisite in these retreats, as appears by this inscription, Nymphis loci, bibe, lava, tace. The building between Naples and Vesuvius, mentioned above, was certainly one of these nymphaea.
NYSA, or Nyssa, in Ancient Geography, a town of Ethiopia, to the south of Egypt. Some place it in Arabia. I his city, with another of the same name in India, was sacred to the god Bacchus, who was supposed to have been educated there by the nymphs of the place, and who received the name of Dionysus, which seems to be compounded of Δ/ο; and N∪tfa, the name of his father, and that of the place of his education. The god is believed to have made this place the seat of his empire, and the capital of the conquered nations of the East. According to some geographers, there were no less than ten places of this name.
O, THE fourteenth letter and fourth vowel of our alphabet, being pronounced as in the words nose, rose, hose. The sound of this letter is often so soft as to require it double, and that chiefly in the middle of words, as goose, reproof, woof ; and in some words this double oo is pronounced like u short, as in blood, flood. As a numeral, 0 was sometimes used for 11 amongst the ancients, and with a dash over it, thus, O, it stood for 11,000. In the notes of the ancients, 0. CON. is read opus conductum ; 0. C. Q. opera consilioque ; O. D. Μ. operae donum munus ; and 0. LO. opus locatum. The Greeks had two O’s, namely, the omikron, o, and the omega, ω ; the one being pronounced on the tip of the lips with a sharper sound, and the other in the middle of the mouth, with a fuller sound, equal to oo in our language. The long and short pronunciations of our 0 are equivalent to the two Greek ones. 0 is usually denoted as long by a servile α subjoined, as moan; or by e at the end of the syllable, as bone; but when these vowels are not used it is generally short. Amongst the Irish, the letter 0, at the beginning of the name of a family, is a character of dignity annexed to great houses. Thus, in the history of Ireland, we frequently meet with the O'Neals, 0’Carrols, and 0’Connells, considerable personages in that island. Indeed Campden observes, that it is the custom of the lords of Ireland to prefix an 0 to their names, to distinguish them from the commonalty. The ancients used 0 as a mark of triple time, from a notion that the ternary, or number 3, was the most perfect of numbers, and therefore properly expressed by a circle, which is the most perfect of figures. It is not, strictly speaking, the letter 0, but the figure of a circle O, or double CD, by which the early moderns used to express in music what they called tempo perfecto, or triple time; and hence the Italians call it circolo. The seven antiphones, or alternate hymns of seven verses, sung by the choir in the time of Advent, were formerly called 0, from their beginning with such an exclamation.

0, or Oh, is an adverb of calling, or interjection of sorrow or wishing.
OAKA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, nd capital of a district of the same name. It was long the ïsidence of a gang of pirates, who preyed upon the trade nd shipping that frequented those seas. They at length ι ceived a severe chastisement from the East India Com-any’s marine, and afterwards agreed to respect the Brisk flag. These rude people were accustomed to rely for "otection in their piratical adventures upon an idol at the !inple of Dwaraca, to which they vowed a large share of ιe plunder provided they were successful; and they were teordingly instigated to piracy by the priests of the teme, who were large sharers in the booty acquired. The strict of Oaka or Oakamundal is situated on the Gulf of latch, and separated from the mainland by the swamp ι lied the Runn. The few quiet inhabitants who reside it breed a number of camels, which browse on the shrubs owing around the swamp; but the greater number of the ople are pirates. Long, of the town 69. 36. E. Lat. 22. .N.
OAKHAMPTON, a borough and market town in the unty of Devon, and hundred of Lifton, 195 miles from mdon, and twenty-one from Exeter. There is very little ∣de in this place, the manufacture of serges having of e years disappeared. The corporation consisted of a mayor, burgesses, a recorder, and eight aldςrmen. It returned two members to parliament till 1832, but it is now disfranchised. The population amounted in 1801 to 1430, in 1811 to 1440, in 1821 to 1907, and in 1831 to 2055.
OAKINGHAM, or Wokingham, a market-town of the hundred of Sonning, in the county of Berks, but with the singularity, that a part of the town, including the church, is in the hundred of Amesbury, and the county of Wilts. It is thirty-two miles from London, and seven from Reading, and is situated on the border, within the boundary of the royal forest of Windsor. It consists of four streets meeting in the market-place, where is the town-hall. The church is an extensive structure, supported by handsome pillars, and adorned by many monuments. It has a good free school, and some charities, particularly one endowed by Archbishop Laud for female servants. A well-furnished market is held every Tuesday. The number of inhabitants, including the parts of both counties, amounted in 1801 to 2027, in 1811 to 2085, in 1821 to 2490, and in 1831 to 2692.
OANNES, a being in Chaldaic mythology, represented as half a man and half a fish. According to Berosus and other fabulous writers, this monster was the civilizer of the Chaldaeans, to whom he is said to have taught a system of jurisprudence so perfect as to be incapable of further improvement. In discharging the duties of his office, he is said to have spent the day on dry land, but to have retired every night into the ocean or the river.
OAR, a long piece of timber, flat at one end and round or square at the other, and which being applied to the side of a floating vessel, serves to propel, or cause it to advance upon the water.

That part of the oar which is out of the vessel, and which enters into the water, is called the blade or wash-plot ; and that which is within board is termed the loom, the extremity of which, being small enough to be grasped by the rowers or persons managing the oars, is called the handle.
OARISTUS, or Oaristys, a term in Greek poetry, signifying a dialogue between a husband and his wife; as that in the sixth book of the Iliad, between Hector and Andromache. Scaliger observes, that the oaristus is not properly any particular little poem, or entire piece of poetry, but always a part of a great one; and that the passage in Homer here referred to is the only proper oaristus extant in ancient poetry.
OASIS, the name of a fertile spot in the midst of a sandy desert. Many of these spots, or oases, in the African deserts, are remarkable for their fertility.
OAXACA, one of the states of the republican confederacy of Mexico See the article Mexico Oaxaca, the capital city of a state of the same name in the republic of Mexico It is built on the site of the ancient Huaxyacac, and bore the name of Antequera at the time of the conquest. Its situation is in a delightful valley, forty miles in length by twenty in breadth, and it lies [7:16:317] 230 miles south of the city of Mexico Oaxaca is built in the form of an oblong square, being nearly two miles by one and a quarter in extent, including the suburbs, which are principally occupied by gardens. It is one of the neatest, cleanest, and most regularly built towns in Mexico The streets are wide and well paved; and there are a number of squares, the beauty of which is enhanced by the presence in all of them of handsome public fountains. The edifices are constructed of a green stone, which, preserving its colour to perpetuity, gives the city a singular appearance of freshness. The convent of San Francisco, situated in the great square, was erected above two hundred years ago, yet it still retains the appearance of a new building. Ιhere are a number of public edifices in Oaxaca, including several churches, which are solidly built, and richly decorated. The climate is considered as unsurpassed for salubrity and equability by any in the republic, the thermometer rarely falling below 63°, nor ranging higher than 78°. The markets are supplied with fruits both of the temperate and torrid zones, raised in the vicinity; and it is no uncommon thing to see trees loaded with oranges on one side of the road, and fields of wheat extending on the other. Oaxaca was formerly more populous than it is at present, having suffered a good deal during the revolutionary struggle; but the inhabitants still amount to about 20,000.
OBA, a town of Persia, in the province of Azerbijan, at the head of a small gulf on the western coast of the Caspian, and on one of the mouths of the Kur, about 150 miles north-east of Tabreez.
OBADIAH, or the Prophecy of Obadiah, a canonical book of the Old Testament, contained in a single chapter. It is partly an invective against the cruelty of the Edomites, who mocked and derided the children of Israel as they passed into captivity, and, with their confederates, invaded and oppressed these strangers, dividing the spoil amongst themselves; and partly a prediction of the deliverance of Israel, and of the victory and triumph which the church would gain over her enemies.
OBDORSK, a name which is given to that part of Asiatic Russia which extends along the northern part of the course of the Obi to the Frozen Ocean. It is also the name of a small palísadoed fort, the most northerly of any maintained by Russia, being garrisoned by an officer, with twenty-five Cossacks, w ho exercise a species of sovereign control over the scattered tribes of Ostiaks and Samoyedes.
OBELISK, in Architecture, a truncated, quadrangular, and slender pyramid, raised as an ornament, and frequently charged with inscriptions or hieroglyphics.

Obelisks appear to have been of very great antiquity, and first raised to transmit to posterity certain precepts, which were cut in hieroglyphical characters; but they were afterwards used to immortalize the great actions of heroes, and the memory of persons who were beloved. The first obelisk mentioned in history was that of Ramesses king of Egypt, which was forty cubits high. Phius, another king of Egypt, raised one of fifty-five cubits; and Ptolemy Philadelphus, another of eighty-eight cubits, in memory of Arsinoe. Augustus erected one at Rome in the Campus Martius, which served to mark the hours on a horizontal dial, drawn upon the pavement. They were called by the Egyptian priests the “fingers of the sun,” because they were made in Egypt to serve also as styles or gnomons for marking the hours on the ground. The Arabs still call them “Pharaoh’s needles.” All the learning on the subject of obeliks will be found accumulated in the elaborate work of Zoëga (Z>e Origine et Usu Obeliscorum) printed at Rome, and illustrated with very beautiful and accurate plates, in which the hieroglyphics are represented with great distinctness and accuracy.
OBERGLEICHEN, a city of the grand duchy of Saxe-Gotha, in Germany, in the circle of Volkerode, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the river Ohre, in the Thuringen Forest, and is the property of Prince Hohenlohe of Neuenstein, now mediatized. It contains four churches, two hospitals, 860 houses, and 3640 inhabitants, who carry on various manufactures, especially those of woollen, iron, and copper. Lat. 50. 50. 33. N.
OBERNAY, or Oberehinheim, a town of the department of the Lower Rhine, and the arrondissement of Schlet-Stadt, [7:16:318]in France. It stands on the river Ergers, upon the side of the mountain Odilienberg, and contains 4480 inhabitants, who carry on a great trade as coppersmiths and bell-founders.
OBERNIK, a town of the Prussian government of Posen, the capital of a circle of the same name, which contains four towns and 109 villages, with 32,200 inhabitants. It stands on the river Warthe, at its junction with the Welna, and contains 1200 inhabitants, of whom more than one third are Jews. It has some linen weaving.
OBERZO, a city of Austrian Italy, in the province of Milan and delegation of Treviso. It was the Opitergum of Strabo, and formerly stood on the sea, but is now some miles from it. It is fortified, and contains 730 houses, with 4560 inhabitants. Long. 12. 24. 49. E. Lat. 45. 46. 23. N.
OBI, a great river of Asiatic Russia, which is said to rise in fifty-two degrees of north latitude, on the southern side of the Altai Mountains, from a lake called by the Tartars Altyn Noor. It is now denominated By, and was formerly known by the name of the Great River, as being the longest which flows through Asiatic Russia. It receives the waters of the Irtysch, after which it becomes very broad, and sometimes extends several miles across. It also spreads out into branches, which again re-unite and form numerous islands. It flows through the governments of Kolivan, Tobolsk, Tomsk, and Narym. The entire length of its stream is two thousand miles; yet, from the northerly course which it takes into the barren and inhospitable regions of Northern Asia, it is comparatively of much less benefit in facilitating the internal communications of the country than if it flowed cast and west, as it only gives access to countries cold, unproductive, and barbarous, which mankind would rather desire to fly from than to visit. It abounds, however, in fish, which might become a lucrative object of trade, as during the summer season they might be sent along the Northern Ocean to Archangel.
OBIDOS, a town of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura, and the corregimento of Alenquer. It is situated near the sea coast, on an inlet which forms a small lake called the Lago de Obidos, and contains 1090 houses, but not much more than 3500 inhabitants. On a hill adjoining are the ruins of an ancient castle. A battle was fought at this place by a part of the Duke of Wellington’s army, previous to the conflict of Vimiera, in August 1808. It is about forty-five miles north of Lisbon.
OBJECT, in Philosophy, is something apprehended or presented to the mind by sensation or imagination. See Metaphysics.
OBJECTIVE, is a term used in the schools, in speaking of a thing which exists no otherwise than as an object known. The existence of such a thing is said to be objective.
OBIT signifies a funeral solemnity, or office for the dead, most commonly performed when the corpse lies in the church uninterred; and also the anniversary office. The anniversary of any person’s death was called the obit; and to observe such day with prayers and alms, or other commemoration, was the keeping of the obit. In religious houses they had a register, in which they entered the obits or obitual days of their founders and benefactors, and which was thence termed the obituary. The tenure of obit or chantry lands was taken away and extinguished by 1 Edw. VI. c. 14, and 15 Car. II. c. 9.
OBLATE, flattened or shortened, as an oblate spheroid, having its axis shorter than its middle diameter, and being formed by the rotation of an ellipse about its shorter axis. The earth, the polar diameter of which is shorter than the equatorial, is an oblate spheroid.
OBLATI, in church history, were secular persons, who devoted themselves and their estates to some monastery, into which they were admitted as a kind of lay-brothers. The form of their admission was putting the bell-ropes of the church round their necks, as a mark of servitude. They wore a religious habit, which, however, was different from that of the monks.
OBLIGATION, in general, denotes any act by which a person becomes bound to another to do something, as to pay a sum of money, be surety, or the like. Obligations are of three kinds; natural, civil, and mixed. Natural obligations are entirely founded on natural equity; civil obligations rest on civil authority alone, without any necessary foundation in natural equity; and mixed obligations are those which, being founded on natural equity, are besides enforced by civil authority.

In a legal sense, obligation signifies a bond, in which is contained a penalty, with a condition annexed, for the payment of money, or the performance of some act. The difference between it and a bill is, that the latter is generally without a penalty or condition, though it may be made obligatory; and obligations are sometimes incurred by matter of record, as statutes and recognizances.
OBLIQUE, in Geometry, something aslant, or which deviates from the perpendicular. Thus an oblique angle is either an acute or obtuse one, that is, any angle except a right one.

Oblique Cases, in Grammar, are all the cases of nouns except the nominative.

Oblique Ascension is that point of the equinoctial which rises with the centre of the sun, or star, or any other point of the heavens, in an oblique sphere.

Oblique Circle, in the stereographic projection, is any circle which is oblique to the plane of projection.

Oblique Descension, that point of the equinoctial which sets with the centre of the sun, or star, or any other point of the heavens, in an oblique sphere.

Oblique Line, that which, falling on another line, makes oblique angles with it; that is, the one acute, and the other obtuse.

Oblique Planes, in Dialling, are those which decline from the zenith, or incline towards the horizon.

Oblique Sailing, in Navigation, is when a ship sails upon some rhumb between the four cardinal points, making an oblique angle with the meridian; in which case she continually changes both latitude and longitude.
OBLIQUUS, in Anatomy, a name given to several muscles, particularly in the head, eyes, and abdomen.
OBLONG, in general, denotes 'a figure the length of which exceeds the breadth; as, for example, a parallelogram.
OBOLUS, an ancient silver money of Athens, the sixth part of a drachma, and worth somewhat more than a penny farthing sterling.

Obolus, in Medicine, is used to signify a weight of ten grains, or half a scruple.
OBOJAN, a city of Russia, in the government of Kursk, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands at the mouth of the Obojanta, where that river falls into the Psol, and contains 430 dwelling-houses, with 5500 inhabitants, all trading in the products of the vicinity. It is 756 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 35. 45. E. Lat. 51. 12. N.
OBREPTITIOUS, an appellation given to letters patent, or other instruments, obtained of a superior by surprise, or by concealing from him the truth.
OBSCAIA, a gulf of the Frozen Ocean, on the southern coast of Asiatic Russia, and forming the estuary of the great river Obi. It extends from lat. 66. 40. to 72. 15. N. and from long. 72. to 76. E.
OBSCURE, something that is dark, and reflects little light on material objects, or that is not clear and intelligible in the objects of the intellect.
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OBSECRATION, in Rhetoric, a figure by which the orator implores the assistance of God or man.
OBSERVATION Island, a small island on the north coast of New Holland, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, on the west shore, and one of Sir Edward Pellew’s group.