pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FRIGORIFIC Particles, small particles of matter, which, according to Gassendus and others, being actually and essentially cold, and penetrating other bodies, produce in them that quality which is called cold, or, according to others, merely the absence or diminution of the particles of heat.
FRILAZIN, the name of a class or rank of people among the Anglo-Saxons, consisting of those who had been slaves, but had either purchased, or by some other means obtained their liberty. Though these were in reality freemen, they were not considered as of the same rank and dignity with those who had been born free, but were still in a more ignoble condition, and dependent either on their former masters, or on some new patrons. This custom the Anglo-Saxons seem to have derived from their ancestors in Germany, among whom those who had been made free did not differ much in point of dignity and importance in the state from those who continued in servitude. This distinction between those who had been made free, and those who enjoyed freedom by descent from a long race of freemen, still exists in some parts of Germany, and particularly in the original seats of the Anglo-Saxons. Many of the inhabitants of towns and cities in England, at this period, seem to have been of this class of men, who were in a kind of middle state between slaves and freemen.
FRINGYBAZAR, a small town of Hindustan, in the Crovince of Bengal, situated on the west side of the Dul-ιsery, near its junction with the Megna. During the height of the rainy season, the inundation here exhibits the appearance of an inland sea. It is thirteen miles southwest from Dacca. Long. 90. 23. E. Lat. 23. 33. N.
FRIPPERY, a French term, sometimes used in our language to signify the trade or traffic of old clothes or goods. The word is also used for the place where such sort of commerce is carried on, and even for the commodities themselves. The company of frippiers or fripper-ers at Paris formed a regular corporation, of ancient standing, and made a considerable figure in that city.
FRISII, a people who dwelt on the east bank of the Rhine, near its mouth, occupying, as far as the scanty notices of them will allow us to determine, West Friesland, Gröningen, and the north part of Upper Yssel; also the islands which lie to the north, and those which are formed by the mouths of the Rhine. Tacitus divides' them into Frisii Majores et Minores, though probably by mistake, as no other author notices such a division. We find them, from the earliest period of their acquaintance with the Romans, on terms of the closest intimacy with that people. Not only did Drusus pass unmolested through their country, but they gave him most active support in his wars against the Cherusci. In process of time it appears that the Romans began to build fortresses in their country, and to levy taxes; but this roused the spirit of the Frisii, who had received the Romans as friends, but not as masters. They rose in a body, defeated the forces, and razed the fortresses to the ground. They would no doubt have been chastised, but for the opportune jealousy of the Emperor Claudius towards his general Corbulo, who was employed to subdue them. Corbulo received orders to withdraw to the west of the Rhine, and from that time no Roman set foot in the land of the Frisii.

We hear nothing more of the Frisii till the fourth and fifth centuries, when they appear in history closely united to the Saxons, and occupying a much wider extent of country than they did originally. Not only do they appear to have stretched to the east as far as the Weser, but even to have reached along the sea coast to the Elbe; and towards the west their name appears more than once in the island of the Batavi, and along the coast of Flanders. We find them even mentioned by Procopius as possessing part of Britain. They were first humbled by Pepin, who defeated their king Radbod, and took from him the western portion as far as the mouth of the Rhine. Charlemagne added to his other Saxon conquests the eastern kingdom of the Frisii. This people may be considered as the ancestors of the Dutch.
FRIT, or Fκιττ, in the glass manufacture, is the matter or ingredients of which glass is to be manufactured when they have been calcined or baked in a furnace.

Frit by the ancients was called ammonitrum, of aμψΛi, sand, and nτξm, nitre ; under which name it is described by Pliny thus: Fine sand from the Volturnian Sea, mixed with three times the quantity of nitre, and melted, makes a mass called ammonitrum, which being rebaked, forms pure glass.

Frit, Neri observes, is only the calx of the materials which make glass; which, though they might be melted and form glass without being calcined, yet it would occupy a much longer time. Thus calcining or making of frit serves to mix and incorporate the materials together, and [7:10:237]to evaporate all the superfluous humidity. The frit, once made, is readily fused and turned into glass. See Glass Making.
FRITZLAR, one of the provinces into which the prin∙ cipality of Hesse-Cassel is divided. It extends over 136 square miles, comprehends four cities, twenty-five villages, and thirteen hamlets, with 15,328 inhabitants. It is generally a fertile district, depending on agriculture chiefly, which yields corn nearly equal to the consumption, and much flax, with some tobacco. The capital is the city of the same name on the river Edder. It is walled, contains 478 houses, and 2467 inhabitants.
FRIZE, or Freeze, in Commerce, a kind of woollen cloth or stuff for winter wear, being frized or knapt on one side; whence, in all probability, it derives its name. Of frizes some are crossed,' others not crossed; the former are chiefly of English manufacture, the latter of Irish.
FRIZING of Cloth. See Woollen Manufacture.
FROBENIUS, John, a distinguished printer in the sixteenth century, was born at Hamelburg in Franconia, and settled at Basil. He had before studied in that university, where he acquired a reputation for great learning; and having set up a printing-house in that city, he was the first of the German printers who brought the art to any degree of perfection. Being a man of great probity and piety, as well as skill, he was particularly choice in the authors whom he printed; and would never for the sake of profit suffer libels or any thing that might injure the reputation of another to issue from his press. The high character of this printer was the principal motive which induced Erasmus to reside at Basil, in order to have his own writings printed by him. The works of a great number of valuable authors were printed by Frobenius with great care and accuracy; among which were the works of St Jerome, Augustine, and Erasmus. He designed to have printed the Greek Fathers, but died in 1527, before he could put his design in execution. Erasmus wrote his epitaph in Greek and Latin.

John Frobenius left a son named Jerome Frobenius, and a daughter married to Nicholas Episcopius, who, joining in partnership, continued Frobenius’s printing-house with reputation, and printed correct editions of the Greek Fathers.
FROBISHER, or Forbisher, Sir Martin, a celebrated navigator and naval officer, was born near Doncaster in Yorkshire, about the middle of the sixteenth century, and was from his youth brought up to navigation. He was the first Englishman who attempted to find a north-west passage to China; and to put this design into execution, in 1576 he sailed with two barks and a pinnace. In this voyage he discovered a cape, to which he gave the name of Queen Elizabeth’s Foreland; and the next day he discovered a strait, on which he conferred his own name. This voyage proving unsuccessful, he attempted the same passage in 1577; but discovering some ore on an island, and his commission directing him in this voyage only to search for ore, and to leave the further discovery of the north-west to another time, he returned to England. He sailed again with fifteen ships and a great number of adventurers, to form a settlement; but being obstructed by the ice, and driven out to sea by a violent storm, his fleet, after encountering many difficulties, returned home without effecting a settlement. He afterwards commanded the Aid in Sir Francis Drake’s expedition to the West Indies, in which St Domingo, Carthagena, and Santa Juβtina in Florida, were taken and sacked. In 1588 he rendered himself conspicuous in the defence of his country against the Spanish armada. He commanded the Triumph, one of the largest ships in the English service; and, as a reward for his distinguished bravery, received at sea the honour of knighthood from the lord high admiral. He afterwards commanded a squadron which was ordered to cruise on the Spanish coast; and, in 1592, took two valuable ships and a rich carrack. In 1594 he was sent to the assistance of Henry IV. king of France, against a body of the Leaguers and Spaniards, who had strongly intrenched themselves at Croyzon near Brest; but in an assault upon that fort, on the 7th of November, Sir Martin was unfortunately wounded with a ball, of which he died soon after he had brought back the fleet to Plymouth, in which town he was buried.

Frobisher’s Straits, a narrow sea, which lies a little to the north of Cape Farewell in West Greenland. It was discovered by Sir Martin Frobisher, as above noticed. Long. 42. W. Lat. 63. N.
FRODSHAM, a market-town of the county of Chester, in the hundred of Eddesbury, 191 miles from London. It stands on a plain on the banks of the river Weaver, by which, through the Mersey, it is in water communication with Liverpool. It is chiefly remarkable for its salt-works, where, from rock salt dissolved in sea water, large quantities of culinary salt are refined. There are also establishments for building and repairing ships. The market is on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1551, in 1811 to 1349, in 1821 to 1556, and in 1831 to 1746. The parish is, however, much more extensive than the town, containing seven other townships. The whole population amounted in 1821 to 5451, and in 1831 to 5547.
FROG. See Reptilia.
FROME, a river which rises from several springs in the western parts of Dorsetshire, in England, the principal of which is near Evershot. Directing its course almost due west, it passes under Frampton Bridge, washes the town of Dorchester, and falls into a bay of the English channel called Poolhaven, near Warcham.

Frome, a town of the county of Somerset, in the hundred of its own name, 105 miles from London. It has the addition of Seiwood to its name, from having been in ancient times at the termination of a forest of that name, said to have extended fourteen or fifteen miles. It is built on the acclivity of several hills, and the streets, which are narrow, rise one above the other. It is a place of extensive manufactures, chiefly of the best superfine broad cloths and kerseymeres from Spanish and Saxon wool. There are, besides, mills for rolling iron, and some considerable breweries. The church is handsome and spacious, with an octagonal spire 150 feet in height. There is a good market on Wednesday. The town was formerly governed by a bailiff, but is now under the superintendence of the county magistrates. It returns a member to parliament. The population amounted in 1821 to 12,41 l,and in 1831 to 12,240.
FRONDESCENTIA, from frons, a leaf; the precise time of the year and month in which each species of plants unfolds its first leaves.
FRONT, the forehead, or that part of the face above the eyebrows. The word is formed of the Latin frons ; and that from the Greek pfo>s∕>, to think, perceive; of <pξr,>, mens, the mind, thought. Martinius, to make out this etymology, observes, that from the forehead of a person we perceive what he is, what he is capable of, and what he thinks of. Front is also used where several persons or objects are ranged side by side, and show their front or fore parts.
FRONTAL, in Architecture, a little fronton or pediment, sometimes placed over a small door or window.

Frontal, Frontìet, or Brow-band, is also used in speaking of the Jewish ceremonies. This frontal consists of four several pieces of vellum, on each of which is written a text of scripture. They are all laid on a piece of black [7:10:238] calf’s leather, having thongs by which the Jews fasten it to their foreheads in the synagogue.
FRONTIER, the border, confine, or extreme of a kingdom or province. Thus we say, a frontier town, frontier province, &c. Frontiers were anciently called marches. The word is derived from the French frontière, and that from the Latin frontaria, as being a kind of front opposed to the enemy. Skinner derives frontier from front, because the frontier is the exterior and most advanced part of a state, as the front is that of the face of man.
FRONTIGNAN, acity of the department of the Hérault, in France. It is on a lake surrounded with an amphitheatre of vine-clad hills, from which the celebrated muscatel wine is made. Much rosin and table-salt is also made. In 1837 the population amounted to 4877.
FRONTINAS, Sext. Julius, a Roman citizen, who, though not of a noble family, rose by his merits to the highest dignities of the state. He was city praetor 70 a. d. the year that Vespasian succeeded to the empire, consul 74, and the year afterwards proceeded to Britain to act as governor of a restless people. He subdued the Silures, who inhabited the southern parts of Wales, one of the most powerful and warlike tribes of Britain. He returned to Rome after this successful war, giving up his command to the celebrated Agricoe. During the reign of Domitian he seems to have withdrawn from public affairs to the retirement of the country, and there to have lived unmolested by that cruel tyrant. Under Nerva, however, he was again called to take part in the affairs of his country, and received the consular dignity a second time (97 a. d.). In the same year we find that he was curator aquarum, overseer of the Roman aqueducts. His death took place about 106 a. d., when he was succeeded in the augurship by Pliny the Younger. On his deathbed he forbade that a monument should be erected to his honour, saying, “Impensa monumenti supervacua est; memoria nostri durebit si vitam meruimus." The most valuable work which he has left is entitled De Aquaductibus urbis Roma, in two books, which contains much information on the subject of which it treats, but is written without the least eloquence of language. We have also another work, Strategetico Libri iv. sive de Sollertibus ducum Gracorum, Romanorum, et aliorum, in bello factis et dictis, a compilation made without much care, but containing some pieces of information which we find nowhere else. There is also a lost work of Frontinus, De Scientia Militari et de Tactica Homeri. As to the fragments De Coloniis et de Limitibus, sometimes ascribed to him, they belong to a later age. (Editions: De Aquaductibus, ed. Polen. Patav. 1722, ed. Adler, Alton. 1732; Frontin sur les Aqueducs, par Rondelet, Par. 1820; Strategetico, ed. Schwebelius, Lips. 1772, ed. Oudendorp. Lugd. Bat. 1731.)
FRONTISPIECE, in Architecture, the principal face of a fine building. The word is formed of the Latin frontis-picium, q. d. frontis hominis inspectio. Hence also, by a figure, we say, the frontispiece of a book, meaning an ornament with an engraven title on the first page.
FRONTO, Marcus Cornelius, a celebrated orator, who was born, probably under Domitian or Nerva, at Cirta, a town of Numidia, considerably to the west of Carthage, descended, it is said, on the mother’s side from Plutarch. He soon became distinguished for his eloquence; and having taken up his residence at Rome, he was appointed preceptor to Μ. Aurelius and L. Verus. He was raised by Antoninus Pius to the dignity of consul, and in fact received the first honours of the state. He had numerous friends and followers, who were called Frontoniani. His death seems to have taken place about 169 a. d. Of all his numerous works, we had nothing, till within these few years, except one small grammatical treatise, De Differentiis Vocabulorum. But in 1814 Angelo Maio, the in defatigable librarian of the Vatican, discovered in the Ambrosian Library at Milan a palimpsest containing a collection of the works of this author, which was afterwards completed from a palimpsest of the Vatican, which had evidently formed at one time part of the Milan manuscripts. It belonged to the ase of the Emperors Commodus or Severus. This collection is full of interest, containing numerous letters addressed by Fronto to his pupils Aurelius and Verus, and a curious correspondence between the Emperor Antoninus and Fronto. We are forcibly struck, even on a cursory perusal of these letters, by the extent of his information and by the playfulness of the style. They entitle the author to a distinguished place among the orators and writers of ancient times, though we do not allow that he can be placed immediately after Cicero. The form of the composition does by no means resemble the noble simplicity of the earlier ages. The style is artificial; and, amidst the poverty of ideas, cold declamation and unmeaning expressions occupy the place of “thoughts that breathe and words that burn.” There appear also new and strange expressions, which sufficiently indicate the decline of literature, as well as the corrupted taste of an age which could consider Fronto as the first of its orators. There have been several editions of this collection: Ed. Angelus Maius, Mediolan. 1815, Francof. 1816; ed.Niebuhr, Berlin 1816; ed. Angelus Maius, Romae, 1823. ( Lettres inédites de Marc Aurele et de Fronton, par Cassen, Paris, 1830; Chrestomathia Frontoniana, Turici, 1830; see Roth. Bemerkungen uber die Schriften des Fronto und uber das Zeitalter der Antonine, Nürnberg. 1817.)
FROSINONE, one of the delegations of the papal dominions in Italy, extending over 1360 square miles, comprehending eleven cities, nine market-towns, and many small villages, with 123,300 inhabitants. The northern part is a branch of the Appennines, enjoys a good climate, and, though the cultivation is negligently conducted, produces abundance of all the Italian crops. The inhabitants are of a lazy, filthy, and knavish character, and constantly embroiled with the Roman police. The southern part, called the Maremna, is nearly desolate, because the marshes have vanquished cultivation, and the malaria has nearly exterminated man and beast. In the height of summer not a living creature is to be seen; and it is only in the winter that the shepherd descends from the mountains to gain some pasture for his cattle. The efforts of the several popes to drain the Pontine marshes have been unavailing, though a canal has been constructed as a drain, which is so deep as to be navigable. The marshes continue to extend, and the air to be as pestiferous as before; and it is to be apprehended that the whole Campagna may be turned into an uninhabitable marslì. The capital of the delegation bears the same name, is situated on a hill near the river Cosa, and contains 6014 inhabitants. Long. 13. 59. 9. E. Lat. 41. 13. 45. N.
FROST, such a state of the atmosphere as occasions the congelation or freezing of water and other fluids. See Climate, Cold, and Meteorology. Hoar Frost is simply vapour which has been frozen during the night by the coldness of the atmosphere, and descended to the earth.
FROTH, a white and very light substance, formed on the surface of fluids by violent agitation.

Froth Spit, or Cuckoo Spit, a name given to a white froth or spume, very common in the spring and first months of summer, on the leaves of certain plants, particularly on those of the common white field lychnis, or catchfly, thence called by some spading poppy.
FROWDE. Philip, an English poet, was the son of a gentleman who had been postmaster in the reign of Queen Anne. He was sent to the university of Oxford, where he had the honour of being distinguished by Addison, [7:10:239]who took him under his protection. While he remained there, he wrote several pieces of poetry, some of which, in Latin, were considered worthy of a place in the Musa Anglican#. He likewise wrote two tragedies, The Fall of Saguntum, dedicated to Sir Robert Walpole; and Philotas, addressed to the Earl of Chesterfield. He died at his lodgings in the Strand, in 1738; and in the London Daily Post of the time the following character was given him: “Though the elegance of Mr Frowde’s writings has recommended him to the general public esteem, the politeness of his genius is the least amiable part of his character; for he esteemed the talents of wit and learning only as they were conducive to the excitement and practice of honour and humanity. Therefore, with a soul cheerful, benevolent, and virtuous, he was in conversation genteelly delightful, in friendship punctually sincere, in death Christianly resigned. No man could live more beloved; no private man could die more lamented.”
FROZEN OCEAN, or the Icy Sea. By this name the ocean is distinguished which bounds the continent of Asia on the north, and which extends towards the north into the unknown regions of the pole, and of which the boundaries on the east and west are calculated to be Nova Zembla and Fohutski Noss. This sea has always been obstructed by an insurmountable barrier of ice at a short distance from the shores, all attempts to penetrate which by mariners have been found ineffectual. The short gleam of summer has very little effect in dissolving the masses of ice formed during the cold of winter, and the ice seldom breaks up until the 31st July; and thick fogs, which at a distance resemble islands in a haze, or vast columns of smoke, are seen constantly hovering over its surface. It is in clear weather, however, that the cold is most severe: at this time the thermometer frequently falls many degrees below zero, and at times the cold is so intense that the quicksilver freezes. There are several islands in this ocean, one of which was reached in the year 1770, by La-choff, a hunter, who, venturing out on this sea on a sledge drawn by dogs, reachedan island sixty-six miles from the coast, when the ice appeared so rough that he could not proceed. In 1773 he discovered another island, in a boat, about 125 miles from the coast. These islands are inhabited by white bears and arctic foxes, and other animals common to the polar zone, such as rein-deer, foxes, wild sheep, as also the whistling marmot, which are also found on all the shores of this inhospitable sea. The bones of the mammoth are also found on all the islands and shores. Very irregular currents prevail in this ocean, and they run at very unequal rates. Few productions .are to be seen in this ocean, either animal or vegetable. Whales are rare. The beluga is occasionally seen; and herrings, together with a small species of salmon, may be caught; but shellfish are not to be found. The great Asiatic rivers which roll down the northern declivity of the Himalaya chain fall into this icy sea. These are the Oby, the Jenesei, the Lena, the Tana, and the Kovima. These are all large streams, by which the vast plain of northern Asia, extending from the Himalaya Mountains to the Icy Sea, is drained of its waters. The coast of this sea is formed by projecting promontories and shallow bays, and is covered with drift-wood from the mouth of the Kovima to Bacra-nof, in long. 168. 29. E.
FRUCTESCENTIA (from fructus, fruit), comprehends the precise time in which, after the fall of the flowers, the fruits arrive at maturity, and disperse their seeds.
FRUCTIFEROUS signifies properly any thing that produces fruit.
FRUCTIFICATION of Plants is defined by Linnaeus to be the temporary part of a vegetable appropriated to generation, terminating the old vegetable and beginning .the new. It consists of the following seven parts, vİł the calyx, corolla, stamen, pistillum, pericarpium, semen or seed, and receptaculum. See Botany.
FRUITERY, a place for keeping fruit; a fruit-house or fruit-loft. A sruitery should be kept as free from humidity as possible.
FRUMENTACEOUS, a term applied by botanists to all such plants as have a conformity with wheat, in respect of their fruits, leaves, ears, or the like.