pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
IPHIGENIA, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease the gods they must sacrifice to Diana, Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon. The father, who had provoked the goddess by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror and indignation; and, rather than shed the blood of his daughter, he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis, where she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice. She implored the forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and, as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail from Aulis.
IPSWICH, a market and borough town, the capital of the county of Suffolk, sixty-nine miles from London. It stands on the side of a gentle elevation rising from the 'banks of the river Orwell, which is navigable for vessels of the smaller size to the bottom of the town. The country around it is fertile, and the banks of the river present most pleasing prospects. It is a place of great antiquity, and many of the houses still bear marks of their ancient erection. The streets are well paved; and there is a good market-place, well frequented four days in each week. It formerly contained nineteen parish churches, and still retains twelve, besides several places of worship for dissenters from the establishment. There is a town and a shire hall, and an extensive county jail. A college was [7:12:348]established hereby Cardinal Wolsey, a native of this place; but it fell with the founder. There is, however, an endowed classical school. Ipswich was formerly celebrated for its woollen manufactures, but that branch of industry has been removed to the northern counties. The chief trade at present is in building ships, and in exporting ship timber, corn, and malt; but it has a considerable import trade for wines, spirits, timber, ship-stores, and other commodities, the duty on which, in 1833, amounted to L.32,323. It is a corporate town, governed by two bailiffs chosen annually, a recorder, two chamberlains, two coroners, and twenty-four common councilmen. It returns two members to parliament, chosen by the freemen; and has an admiralty jurisdiction on the Essex coast beyond Harwich, and on the Suffolk coast to the boundary of the county. The population amounted in 1801 to 11,297, in 1811 to 13,670, in 1821 to 17,186, and in 1831 to 20,454.
IRASCIBLE, in the old philosophy, a term applied to an appetite or a part of the soul, where anger and the other passions which animate us against things difficult or odious were supposed to reside.

Of the eleven kinds of passions attributed to the soul, philosophers ascribe five to the irascible appetite, viz. wrath, boldness, fear, hope, and despair; the other six being charged on the concupiscible appetite, viz. pleasure, pain,-desire, aversion, love, and hatred.
IRBIT, or Irbitskaia, a town of Russia, in the government of Perm, on the river Irbit, and the frontiers of Siberia. It is noted for a yearly market held in January, the season for travelling on the ice, and is an entrepôt for Siberian furs, and other arctic merchandise passing into Europe. The annual fair is frequented by Russians and Siberians, Tartars, Armenians, and Greeks. Near it is a large iron work, which yields nearly 2000 tons of iron a year. It is 142 miles north-east of Ekaterinenburg. Long. 62. 50. E. Lat. 57. 35. N.
IREG, a market-town of the circle of Sezerem, in the Austrian Sclavonian province of Siebenbirgen. It stands at the foot of the Karlovitz Mountains, in a fruitful district yielding good wine. It contains 1020 houses, with 4863 inhabitants. Long. 19. 47. 59. E. Lat. 45. 6. 47. N.
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IRELAND, New, an island in the eastern seas, north from New Britain. It is long and narrow, and extends from north-west to south-east about 190 miles. Its aspect from the sea is very mountainous, and appears to be covered with thick woods, which abound in pigeons, parrots, and other birds. The inhabitants are in a state of barbarity, black and woolly headed like negroes; but without the flat nose and thick lips. Their canoes are very long and narrow; one of them, that was formed of a single tree, was not less than ninety feel in length. It is situated between Long. 150° 30′ and 153° 5' E. and Lat. 33° 40′ and 50° S.
IRENAEUS, St, a bishop of Lyons, was born in Greece about the year 120 of our era. He was the disciple of Pappias and Polycarp, by whom, it is said, he was sent into Gaul in 157∙ He lived at Lyons, where he performed the office of a priest; and in 178 was sent to Rome, where he disputed with Valentinus, and his two disciples Florinus and Blastus. At his return to Lyons, he succeeded Photinus, bishop of that city; and suffered.martyrdom in 202, under the reign of Severus. He wrote many books in Greek, but there only remains a barbarous Latin version of his five books against heretics, some Greek fragments in different authors, and Pope Victor’s letter mentioned by Eusebius. The best editions of his works are those of Erasmus, in 1526; of Grabe, in 1702; and of Father Massuet, in 1710.

He ought not to be confounded with St Irenaeus the deacon, who, in 275, suffered martyrdom in Tuscany, under the reign of Aurelian; nor with St Irenaeus, bishop of Sir-mich, who suffered martyrdom on the 25th of March 304, during the persecution of Diocletian and Maximianus.
IRENE, empress of the east, celebrated for her valour, wit, and beauty; but detestable for her cruelty, having sacrificed her own son to the ambition of reigning alone. She died in 803.
IRIS, in Physiology i the rainbow. The word is Greek, Içí¢, supposed by some to be derived from ueω i I speak, I tell; as being a meteor that is supposed to foretell, or rather to declare rain.

Iris is also applied to those changeable colours which sometimes appear in the glasses of telescopes, microscopes, and such like instruments, and is so called from their similitude to a rainbow. The same appellation is also given to that coloured spectrum, which a triangular prismatic glass will project on a wall, when placed at a due angle in the sunbeams.
IRJAH, an Afghan town in the province of Cabul, fifty-five miles S.E. from the city of Cabul. Lat. 33° 54 ʹ N.; Long. 69° 5′ E.
IRKOUTSK, an extensive government of Russia, comprehending all the eastern part of Siberia or Asiatic Russia. It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, or, more properly, by its gulfs called the Seas of Kamtschatka, Okhotsk, and Anadyr; on the north by the Frozen Ocean; on the west by Tobolsk; and on the south by vast chains of mountains, continued from the Altai chain, by which it is separated from Chinese Tartary. It extends about twenty-eight degrees from east to west, and twenty-five from north to south, and comprises 126,460 square geographical miles. It was erected into a separate government in 1763, being formerly included in the government of Tobolsk; and, in 1783, the Empress Catharine conferred on it the privileges of a state. It was converted into a separate government, owing to the great extent of the country, and the same cause occasioned its subsequent division into four separate districts, namely, Ir∙ koutsk Proper, Nertschink, Yakantsk, and Okhotsk; the first comprehending the southern and fertile districts situated round the Baikal, and near the sources of the Lena and its tributaries. Yakantsk extends as far as the Arctic Ocean, comprehending the vast and frozen plains which extend northward to that sea. Okhotsk extends along the eastern shore of Asia, and includes not only Kamtschatka, but the Aleutian and Kurile isles, thus bordering on one side with America, on the other with Japan. It is traversed by the Lena and its tributaries, throughout its whole extent from north to south. There are also the Olonek, the Indigirka, and the Kovyma, which are large rivers, and fall into the icy sea. An imperfect census has been made of the population, according to which they were reckoned at between 400,000 and 500,000, and they have been considerably increased. Russians and Cossacks form a considerable proportion of the inhabitants. These are composed of colonists, merchants, and of those who are employed in the civil and military establishments of the state, Great part of the province is occupied by the native tribes, who lead a wandering and pastoral life, or gain a living by hunting and fishing. The most numerous of these are the Tunguses. There are also the Mongols, who occupy the southern parts; the Juraki, a Samoiede tribe, who inhabit the northern districts in the Icy Sea; the Yakantes and Koriaks, who dwell on the eastern coast, and derive a very precarious living from pasture and the chase; the Tschut-chi, who occupy the north-east point of Asia; and the rude inhabitants of the Aleutian and Kurile islands.
IRKOUTSK, the capital of the above government and district, containing 1500 wooden houses, with two houses of stone. The streets are unpaved, though, owing to the fineness of the weather, they are seldom dirty. It contains thirty-three churches and two cloisters, and is also the seat of an archbishop, and the station of the officers of the government and a considerable body of troops. A seminary is maintained here by government, a popular school, and, since 1762, a school has been established for the Japanese language and navigation. An hospital was also established in 1772 for the small-pöx. Irkoutsk is also a commercial mart of considerable importance, and is the residence of many merchants engaged in the trade between Russia and China, which is carried on at Kiachta. It has in a good degree the aspect of a Chinese town, from the quantities of porcelain, enamelled and lacquered ware, and Chinese articles of dress and furniture, with which the houses are filled. Long. 103° 30′ E.; Lat. 52° 16′ N.
IRON, one of the metals, and one of the hardest and most useful, as well as the most abundant.
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IRONY, in Phetoric, is when a person speaks contrary to his thoughts, in order to add force to his discourse; for which reason Quintilian calls it diversiloquium. Thus, when a notorious villain is scornfully complimented with the title of a very honest and excellent person, the character of the person commended, the air of contempt that appears in the speaker, and the exorbitancy of the commendations, sufficiently discover the dissimulation of irony.

Ironical exhortation is a very agreeable kind of trope; which, after having set the inconveniences of a thing in the clearest light, concludes with a feigned encouragement to pursue it. Such is that of Horace, when, having beautifully described the noise and tumults of Rome, he adds ironically,

Go now, and study tuneful verse at Rome.
IROQUOIS, the name given by the French to the confederacy of North American Indians, called by the English the five, and afterwards the six nations. They occupied an extensive tract of country near Lake Ontario, and make a considerable figure in the early history of British America. They are now very greatly reduced. Some of the tribes are extinct; others have made considerable advances in civilization; and others, again, have fallen into a state of squalid misery.
IRRADIATION, the act of emitting subtle effluvia, like the rays of the sun, in every direction.
IRREGULAR, something that deviates from the common forms or rules. Thus we say, an irregular fortification, an irregular building, an irregular figure, and the like.

Irregular, in Grammar, such inflections of words as vary from the general rules. Thus we say, irregular nouns, irregular verbs, and the like. The distinction of irregular nouns, according to Mr Ruddiman, is into three kinds, viz. variable, defective, and abundant; and that of irregular verbs into anomalous, defective, and abundant.
IRROGATIO, a term of the Roman law, signifying the instrument in which were put down the punishments that the law provided against such offences as any person was accused of by a magistrate before the people. These punishments were first proclaimed viva voce by the accuser, and this was called Inquisitio. But the same being immediately afterwards expressed in writing, took the name of Pogatio, in respect of the people, who were to be consulted or asked about it, and was called Irrogatio in respect of the criminal, as it imported the mulct or punishment assigned him by the accuser.
IRROMANGO, or Erromango, one of the New Hebrides islands, is about 24 or 25 leagues in circuit; the middle of it lies in Lat. 18° 54′ S.; Long. 169° 19′ E. See Australasia.
IRTISH, a large river of Asia, in Siberia, which rises amongst the hills of the country of the Kalmucks, and, running north-east, falls into the Oby near Tobolsk. It abounds with fish, particularly sturgeon, and delicate salmon.
IRVINE, a seaport town and royal burgh of Scotland, in the bailiwick of Cunningham, and county of Ayr; it is agreeably situated at the mouth of a river of the same name on the Frith of Clyde, at the distance of eleven miles north of Ayr, sixty-seven from Edinburgh, twenty-five south-southwest of Glasgow, and six and a half west of Kilmarnock. It is a town of considerable antiquity, as appears by the records of the burgh, Alexander II. having granted a charter to the burgesses, confirming some other royal grants. It is a small but thriving place, consisting, besides smaller streets, of one broad street, running from south-east to northwest the whole length of the town, on the south side of the river, but connected with the town by a bridge. The road leading to the harbour is lined by a row of houses on either side, and mostly inhabited by seafaring people; and the road leading to Ayr is provided with houses in the same way. The bridge of Irvine is the widest and handsomest in the county. This burgh possesses a town-house, a parish church, and three other places of worship. There is an excellent academy, in which the higher branches are taught, a subscription free-school, several private schools, a newsroom, and a subscription library. This port had formerly employed in the herring fishery several busses, that is, vessels fitted out under certain regulations to entitle them to a bounty. At present there are about one hundred vessels belonging to the port, tonnage 11,000, navigated by about seven hundred and thirty men. About twenty-one of these vessels are employed in the North American trade, three or four in the Mediterranean, one to India, and the remainder in the Irish or coast trade. There is a considerable timber and grain trade at this port, and a very extensive coal-trade. In 1834, the quantity of coal exported, principally to Ireland, was 91,462 chalders, equal to about 137,600 tons. The annual revenue of customs is from L.3000 to L.4000. Ship-building, chain, cable, and ropemaking are carried on to some extent in Irvine. As a [7:12:458]royal burgh it is governed by a provost, two bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, and twelve councillors. The population of the town and parish was 7007 in 1821, and 7200 in 1831.
ISAAC, the Jewish patriarch, and an example of filial obedience, died 1716 before Christ, aged one hundred and eighty years.
ISAEUS, a celebrated Greek orator, whose birth-place was uncertain even in the time of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who treats of him at considerable length. Some thought him a native of Athens, and others of Chalcis, in the island of Eubaea. The precise dates of his birth and death are not given, but we know that he flourished after the Peloponnesian war, about b. c. 400, and continued to take part in public affairs till the reign of Philip, B. c. 364. He was the pupil of Lysias and Isocrates, but he is chiefly distinguished as being the master of Demosthenes, who seems to have preferred him to all the orators of that age. The style of Isaeus so much resembled that of Lysias, that Dionysius says it was difficult to distinguish them. It is simple, elegant, and full of vivacity, so that it has passed into a proverb, Isoco torrention. (Juv. iii. 74.) He was chiefly employed in courts of law, and all the orations of his which have been preserved, were delivered in defence of his clients. Of sixty-four which were attributed to him, of which fourteen were considered as apocryphal in the time of Photius, there are only ten now preserved. The most esteemed edition of his works is that of Reishe, Leipsic, 1775, and of Shoemanη, Gryphiswald, 1831. They have been translated into English by W. Jones, London, 1779; into French by Auger, Paris, 1783; and into German by Shcë-mann, Stuttgart, 1830. Another discourse of Isaeus (De Meneclis Hccreditatx) was discovered in a manuscript of the Library of St Lawrence, at Florence, and published by Tyrwith, London, 1785.

This Isaeus ought not to be confounded with Isaeus, another celebrated orator, who lived at Rome in the time of Pliny the younger, about the year 97.
ISAIAH, or the Prophecy of Isaiah, a canonical book of the Old Testament. Isaiah is the first of the four greater prophets; the other three being Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel. This prophet was of royal descent, his father Amos being brother to Azariah king of Judah. The first five chapters of his prophecy relate to the reign of Uzziah; the vision in the sixth chapter happened in the time of Jotham; the following chapters, to the fifteenth, include his prophecies under the reign of Ahab; and those which were made under the reigns of Hezekiah and Manassch, are related in the subsequent chapters to the end. Isaiah foretold the deliverance of the Jews from their captivity in Babylon by Cyrus, one hundred years before it came to pass. But the most remarkable of his predictions are those concerning the Messiah, which describe not only his descent, but all the remarkable circumstances of his life and death. The style of this prophet is noble, nervous, and sublime, insomuch that Grotius calls him the Demosthenes of the Hebrews. However, the profoundness of his thoughts, the loftiness of his expressions, and the extent of his prophecy, render him one of the most difficult of all the prophets; and the commentaries which have been hitherto written on his prophecy fall short of a full explication of it. Bishop Lowth’s translation, published in 1778, throws considerable light on the composition and meaning of Isaiah.
ISAURA, or Isaurus, in Ancient Geography, a strong city of Mount Taurus, in Isauria, which was twice demolished; first by Perdiccas, or at least by the inhabitants, who, through despair, destroyed themselves by fire, rather than fall into the hands of the enemy; again by Servilius, who thence took the surname Isauricus. Strabo says there were two Isauras, the old and the new, but so near that they were often confounded.
ISAURIA, a rugged and mountainous country, touching Pamphylia and Cilicia on the north, situated almost in Mount Taurus, and taking its name from Isaura; and, according to some, extending by a narrow slip to the Mediterranean. Stephanus, Ptolemy, and Zosimus, make no mention of places on the sea; though Pliny and Strabo do; but the latter are doubtful whether these are places in Isauria Proper, or in Pamphylia, or in Cilicia.
ISCA Dumniorum, in Ancient Geography, a town in Britain; now Exeter, capital of Devonshire. Lat. 5° 44', Long. 3° 40′ W.

Isea Silurum, in Ancient Geography, the station of the Legio Augusta Secunda in Britain; now Caerleon, a town of Monmouthshire, on the Uske.
ISCHALIS, or 1scalis, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Belgae in Britain; now Ilchester, in Somersetshire, on the river Ill.
ISCHIA, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, on the north-west side of the Bay of Naples, of volcanic origin, but fertile in wheat, wine, and fruits. It contains about twenty-seven square miles. The mountain Spomea, in height 2500 feet, is an extinguished volcano, but has woods and good pasture land, and several dairies are maintained, in which excellent cheese is made. It contains the capital, of the same name as the island, with 3140 inhabitants. The whole of the population amounts to 22,470 persons, who are active in producing silk, wine, excellent oil, and various kinds of fruit.
ISCHURIA, í¢Tĵaç¢¢« (formed from ∖ rγ,ω, I stop, and t∕ξβr, urine), in Physic, a disease consisting in an entire suppression of urine.
ISELASTICS, a kind of games, or combats, celebrated in Greece and Asia, in the time of the Roman emperors. The victors at these games had very considerable privileges conferred on them. They were crowned on the spot immediately after their victory, had pensions allowed them, were furnished with provisions at the public cost, and were carried in triumph to their own country.
ISELWORTH, a town of the county of Middlesex, in the Hundred of the same name, eight miles from London. It is pleasantly situated on the banks of the Thames, and contains Sion House, belonging to the Duke of Northumberland, and several other mansions of high respectability. The principal industry is exercised in gardening, for the supply of the metropolis. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 4346, in 1811 to 4661, in 1821 to 5269, and in 1831 to 5590.
ISENBERG, now a province of the principality of Hesse Cassel, having been added to it when the former sovereign, who is still the chief proprietor, was mediatised. It is about 100 square miles in extent, is a hilly district, with extensive woods, is watered by the rivers Kinzig and Bracht, and the population living in four market-towns and forty-four villages, to the amount of 47,500, subsist chiefly by agricultural occupations. None of the four towns in it, except Berstein, has a thousand inhabitants.