pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DERBY, a town, the capital of the county of that name. It is 126 miles from London, being situated in a beautiful and fertile valley watered by the river Derwent, which is navigable to the Trent. It consists of five parishes, with their respective churches. The houses are well built, the market-place is a fine square, and the town-hall, assembly room, and the church of All Saints, are respectable edifices. The first silk-mill was erected here, and continues to prepare the raw material for the subsequent processes of the manufacture. There is also an establishment for making china, some of which is very beautiful. The cotton trade, and especially the hosiery branch of it, is an object of pursuit to numerous persons. In this town too are many workers in jewellery and in small articles of gold and silver. The town returns two members to parliament. There is a well-supplied market held on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 10,882, in 1811 to 13,043, in 1821 to 17,423, and in 1831 to 23,607.
DEREES, a town of Persia, in ι the province of Fars, which has declined from its former importance. Owing to the scarcity of timber, every house is arched. About seven miles to the north are the ruins of the ancient city of Shapour, nearly six miles in circuit, where are the remains of some singular colossal figures sculptured on the rock. It contain about 1000 houses, and is 7 miles north of Thazeroon.
DEREHAM East, or Market Dereham, a markettown of the hundred of Midford, in Norfolk, 101 miles from London. It is a well-built town, situated in a pleasant and fruitful district. The church is ancient and beautiful, and contains many curious specimens of ancient taste. The poet Cowper, who died at Dereham, is interred in this edifice. It has no trade, and only domestic handicraft workmen. The market is held on Friday, and well supplied. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2505, in 1811 to 2888, in 1821 to 3244, and in 1831 to 3913.
DERELICTS (from de, and relinquo, to leave), in the civil law, are such goods as are wilfully thrown away or relinquished by the owner.
DERENBURG, a town of the Prussian province of Saxony, on the river Holzemme. It is surrounded with walls, and contains 400 houses, with 2066 inhabitants.
DERHAM, Dr William, an English philosopher and divine, born at Shoughton, near Worcester, in November 1657, educated at Blockley in that county, and admitted of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1675. In 1682 he was presented to the vicarage of Wargrave in Berkshire, and in 1689 to the valuable rectory of Upminster in Essex; which being situated at a convenient distance from London, afforded him an opportunity of conversing and corresponding with the most eminent philosophers of his time. Having applied himself with great eagerness to natural and experimental philosophy, he soon became a distinguished member of the Royal Society, and its Philosophical Transactions contain a variety of curious and valuable pieces, the fruits of his industry and research. In his younger years he published his Artificial Clockmaker, which has been often printed; and in 1711, 1712, and 1714, he preached those sermons at Boyle’s lecture which he afterwards digested under the well-known titles of Physico Theology and Astro-Theology, enriched with valuable notes, and illustrated by copperplates. The next thing of consequence which he published was Christo-Theology, or a demonstration of the divine authority of the Christian religion, being the substance of a sermon preached at Bath in 1729. The last work of his own composition which appeared was a Defence of the Churches Right in Leasehold Estates, written in answer to an Inquiry into the customary estates and tenant-rights of those who hold lands of the church and other foundations, and published under the name of Everard Fleetwood. Besides his own productions, he also published some works of Mr Ray, and gave new editions of others, with considerable additions from^the author’s manuscripts. This good man, having spent his life in the agreeable and improving study of nature, and made all his researches subservient to the cause of religion and virtue, died at Upminster on the 5th of April 1735, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. Dr Derham, though a man of learning and merit, had but a poor figure; and to his other defects was added that of an ungainly appearance, arising from his being wry-necked. Lord Kames accuses him of not having paid sufficient attention to one subject which came properly before him in his PhysicoTheology ; namely, the natural history of animals, with relation to pairing and the care of their progeny, considering that to display the conduct of Providence constituted the sole cause of his writing on subjects of natural science.
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DERIVATION, in Medicine, is when a humour which cannot conveniently be evacuated at the part affected, is attracted from thence, and discharged elsewhere; thus a blister is applied to the neck in order to draw away the humour from the eyes.

Derivation, in Grammar, the affinity which one word has to another, by having been originally formed from it.
DERIVATIVE, in Grammar, a word which takes its origin from another word, called its primitive. Such is the word derivative itself, which takes its origin from the primitive rivus, a rivulet or channel, out of which lesser streams are drawn. Thus manhood, deity, lawyer, are derived from man, deus, law.
DERNIER Resort. See Resort.
DEROGATION, an act contrary to a preceding one, and which annuls, destroys, and revokes it, either in whole or in part.
DERVENTIO, in Ancient Geography, a river of the Brigantes, in Britain, now the Derwent, in the eastern part of Yorkshire, falling into the Ouse. Also a town of the Brigantes, on the same river, now called Auldby, seven miles from York, to the north-east.
DERVIS, or Dervish, a name given to a sort of monks among the Turks, who lead a very austere life, and profess extreme poverty, though they are allowed to marry. The word is originally Persian, and signifies a beggar, or one who has nothing; and because religious persons, particularly the followers of Mevelava, pretend not to possess any thing, the religious in general, and the Mevelavites in particular, are called Dervises or Dervishes.

The dervises, called also Mevelavites, are a Mahommedan order of religious persons, the chief or founder of which was one Mevelava. They are now exceedingly numerous. Their chief monastery is situated near Cogna, in Natolia, where the general has his residence, and where the assemblies of the order are held; the other houses being all dependent on this, by a privilege granted to the monastery under Ottoman I.

The dervises affect a great deal of modesty, patience, humility, and charity. They always go bare-legged and open-breasted, and frequently burn themselves with hot irons, in order to inure themselves to patience. They fast regularly on Wednesdays till after sunset; and on Tuesdays and Fridays they bold meetings, at which the superior of the house presides. One of them plays all the while on a flute, and the rest dance, whirling their bodies round with the greatest rapidity imaginable. Long practice to this exercise has enabled them to acquire such a habit that it does not in the least discompose them. This practice they observe with great strictness, in memory of Mevelava, their patriarch, having turned miraculously round, as they pretend, for the space of four days, without any food or refreshment, his companion Hamsa playing all the while on the flute; after which he fell into an ecstacy, and therein received wonderful revelations for the establishment of his order. They believe the flute an instrument consecrated by Jacob and the shepherds of the Old Testament, because the latter sang the praises of God accompanied by this instrument. They profess poverty, chastity, and obedience, but seldom practise these virtues in reality; and for the most part they arc either fools, fanatics, or knaves; though from all that travellers tell us respecting them, the last category would seem to be by much the most comprehensive.
DESAGUILIERS, John Theophilus, who introduced the practice of reading public lectures in experimental philosophy in the metropolis, and who made several improvements in mechanics, was the son of the Reverend John Desaguilicrs, a French Protestant refugee, and was born at Rochelle on the 12th of March 1683. His father brought him to England whilst yet an infant, and at a proper age placed him at Christ-Church College, Oxford, where he at length succeeded Dr Keil in reading lectures on experimental philosophy at Hart-Hall, and prosecuted his researches in physics. The Duke of Chandos made Dr De-saġuiliers his chaplain, and presented him to the living of Whitchurch; and he afterwards became chaplain to Frederick prince of Wales. He read lectures with great success till the time of his death, which happened in the year 1749. He communicated many curious papers, which are printed in the Philosophical Transactions; published a valuable Course of Experimental Philosophy, in 2 vols. 4to; and gave an edition of Gregory’s Elements of Catoptrics and Dioptrics, with an appendix on reflecting telescopes, 8vo. He was a member of the Royal Society, and also of several foreign academics. If credit may be attached to poetical authority, Desaguiliers, at the time of his decease, must have fallen into very necessitous circumstances. Cawthorn laments his fate in these lines:

How poor, neglected, Desaguiliers fell!

How he who taught two gracious kings to view All Boyle ennobled, and all Bacon knew, Died in a cell, without a friend to save, Without a guinea, and without a grave.
DESAIGNE, a market-town of the department of the Upper Loire, in France, situated on the river Doux. It contains 683 houses, and 3440 inhabitants. Near to it is the enormous mass of ruins called Diana’s temple, founded in remote ages by the Romans.
DESBARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, twenty-three miles west-by-north from Broach. Long. 72. 44. E. Lat. 21. 44. N.
DESCANT, in Music, the art of composing in several parts. Descant is threefold; plain, figurative, and double. Plain descant is the groundwork and foundation of all musical compositions, consisting altogether in the orderly placing of many concords, answering to simple counterpoint. Figurative or florid descant is that part of an air of music in which some discords are concerned, as well, though not so much, as concords. This may be termed the ornamental and rhetorical part of music, in regard that there are introduced all the varieties of points, syncopes, diversities of measures, and whatever is capable of adorning the composition. Descant double is when the parts are so contrived that the treble, or any high part, may be made the bass; and, on the contrary, the bass the treble.
DESCARTES. See Cartes. Descartes, a town of the department of the Indre and Loire, in France, with 183 houses and 965 inhabitants, remarkable as the birthplace of the celebrated philosopher Renatus Descartes in 1650.
DESCENDANT. The issue of a common parent, in infinitum, are called his descendants. See Descent.
DESCENSION, in Astronomy, is either right or oblique. Right Descension is an arch of the equinoctial, intercepted between the next equinoctial point and the intersection of the meridian, passing through the centre of the object, at its setting, in a right sphere.

Oblique Descension is an arch of the equinoctial, intercepted between the next equinoctial point and the horizon, passing through the centre of the object, at its setting, in an oblique sphere.
DESCENT, in general, is the tendency of a body from a higher to a lower place. Thus all bodies, unless otherwise determined by a force superior to their gravity, descend towards the centre of the earth.

Descent, or Hereditary Succession, in Law, is the title by which a man, on the death of his ancestor, acquires his estate by right of representation, as his heir-at-law. An heir, therefore, is he upon whom the law devolves the estate immediately on the death of the· ancestor; and an estate so descending to the heir is in law called the inheritance.

Descent is either lineal or collateral. The former is that which is conveyed down in a right line from the grandfather to the father, and from the father to the son, and from the son to the grandson. The latter is that which springs out of the side of the line or blood, as from a man to his brother, nephew, or the like.

Descent of Dignities. A dignity differs from common inheritances, and goes not according to the rules of the common law; for it descends to the half-blood, and there is no coparcenership in it, but the eldest takes the whole. The dignity of peerage is personal, annexed to the blood, and so inseparable that it cannot be transferred to any person, nor surrendered even to the crown; it can move neither forward nor backward, but only downward to posterity; and nothing but corruption of blood, as if the ancestor be attainted of treason or felony, can hinder its descent to the right heir.

Descent, in Genealogy, the order or succession of descendants in a line or family, or their distance from a common progenitor. Thus we say one descent, two descents, and so on.
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Descent, in Heraldry, is used to express the coming down of any thing from above; as, a lion en descent is a lion with his head towards the base points, and his heels towards one of the corners of the chief, as if he were leaping down from some high place.
DESCRIPTION, in literary composition, is such a strong and beautiful representation of any object or thing as gives the reader a distinct view and satisfactory notion of it.
DESENZANO, a market-town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Brescia, on the Lake of Garda. It contains three churches, and 3550 inhabitants.
DESERT, a large extent of country entirely barren, and producing nothing. In this sense some are sandy deserts; as those of Lop, Xamo, Arabia, and several others in Asia; and in Africa those of Libya and Sahara; whilst others are stony, as the desert of Pharan in Arabia Petraea.

The Desert, properly so called, is that part of Arabia, south of the Holy Land, where the children of Israel wandered during forty years.
DESHACHE, in Heraldry, is where a beast has its limbs separated from its body, so that they still remain on the escutcheon, with only a small separation from their natural places.
DESIDERATUM is used to signify the desirable perfections in any art or science: thus, it is a desideratum with the blacksmjth to render iron fusible by a gentle heat, and yet preserve it hard enough for ordinary uses; with the glassman and looking-glass maker to render glass malleable; and with the clockmaker to bring pendulums to be useful where there are irregular motions.
DESIGNATION, the act of marking or indicating and making a thing known. The designation of an estate is made by the tenants, hutments, and boundings. Amongst the Romans there w ere designations of the consuls and other magistrates, some time before their election.
DESIGNATOR, a Roman officer, who assigned and marked out to each person his place and rank in public ceremonies, shows, processions, and the like. The word is formed from the verb designare, to point out or designate.

The designator was a kind of marshal or master of the ceremonies, who regulated the seats, march, order, and the like. There were designators at funeral solemnities, and at the games, theatre, and shows, who not only assigned to every one his place, but also led him to it, as appears from the prologue to the Poenulus oĩ Plautus. The agonα-thetae of the Greeks were officers of the same description.
DESIGNING, the art of delineating or drawing the appearance of natural objects by lines on a plane. To design, [7:7:741]according to the rules of mathematics, forms the object of perspective. See Perspective.
DESPOT, a term sometimes used for an absolute prince or sovereign. The word originally signified the same thing with the Latin herus, and the English master ; but in time it underwent the fate upon medals, which, among the Latins, Caesar did with regard to Augustus; BACIΛETC answering to Augustus, and ΔECΠOTHC, despotes, to Caesar. Thus Nicephorus having ordered his son Stauracius to be crowned, the son, out of respect, would only take the title of ΔECΠOTHC, leaving to his father that of BACIΛEYC. This delicacy, however, did not last long; for the following emperors preferred the quality of ΔECΠOTHC to that of BACIΛEYC, particularly Constantine, Michael Ducas, Nicephorus Botoniates, Romanus Diogenes, the Comneni, and some others. In imitation of the princes, the princesses likewise assumed the title of ΔECΠOINA. It was the Emperor Alexius, surnamed the angel, who created the dignity of despot, and made it the first after that of emperor, and superior to that of Augustus or Sebastocrator and Caesar. The despots were usually the emperors’ sons or sons-in-law, and their colleagues or co-partners in the empire, as well as their presumptive heirs. The despots who were sons of the emperors had more privileges and authority than those who were only sons-in-law. Under the successors of Constantine the Great, the title “despot of Sparta” was given to the emperor’s son or brother, who had the city of Sparta or Lacedaemon by way of appanage.
DESPOTICAL, in general, denotes any thing that is uncontrolled and absolute; but it is particularly used for an arbitrary government, where the power of the prince is unlimited, and his will a law to his subjects; such as those of Turkey, Persia, and most of the eastern governments.
DESPOUILLE, in Heraldry, the whole case, skin, or slough of a beast, with the head, feet, tail, and all appurtenances, so that being filled and stuffed, it looks like the entire creature.
DESPREAUX. See Boileau.
DESSAU, a city of Germany, the capital of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau. It stands on the river Mulda, over which is a bridge. It is the residence of the sovereign, and contains 9800 inhabitants, who carry on a variety of manufactures, but all upon a small scale. Its being the seat of a government, though a minute one, contributes to the support of the population. Long. 12. 11. E. Lat. 51. 50. N.
DESSERT, or Desert, a service of fruits and sweetmeats, usually served up last at table.
DESSICCATIVE, or Desiccative, in Pharmacy, an epithet applied to such topical medicines as dry up the humours flowing to a wound or ulcer.
DESTELBERGE, a town in the province of East Flanders and circle of Ghent, in the Netherlands, containing 2527 inhabitants.
DESTINY, among philosophers and divines. See Fate.
DESTRUCTION, in general, an alteration of any thing from its natural state to one contrary to nature; in which sense it is deemed the same with Corruption.

A chemical destruction, or corruption, is nothing but a resolution of the whole naturally mixed body into its parts.
DESUDATION, in Medicine, a profuse and inordinate sweat, succeeded by an eruption of pustules, called suda-mina or heat pimples.
DESULTOR, in Antiquity, a vaulter or leaper, who, leading one horse by the bridle and riding another, jumped from the back of one to the other, as the custom then was, after they had run several courses or heats. This practice required great dexterity, being performed before the use of either saddles or stirrups. The custom was practised in the army when necessity required it, but chiefly amongst the Numidians, who always carried with them two horses at least for that purpose, changing them as occasion required. The Greeks and Romans borrowed the practice from this people, but only used it at races, games, and the like. The Sarmatae were great masters of this exercise, and the hussars have still some remains of it.
DESURENNES, or Desvres, a town in the department of the Pas de Calais, in France, containing 2362 inhabitants, who carry on some cloth manufactures.
DETACHMENT, in military affairs, a certain number of soldiers draughted from several regiments or companies, to be employed as the general thinks proper, whether on an attack, at a siege, in parties to scour the country, or on any other duty.
DETERGENTS, in Pharmacy, such medicines as are not only softening and adhesive, but also, by a peculiar activity, conjoined with suitable configuration of parts, are apt to abrade and carry along with them such particles as they lay hold of in their passage.
DETERIORATION, the impairing or rendering any thing worse. It is just the reverse of melioration.
DETERMINATE Problem is that which has but one solution, or a certain limited number of solutions; in contradistinction to an indeterminate problem, which admits of infinite solutions.

Determinate Section, the name of a tract or general problem, written by the ancient geometrician Apollonius-None of this work has come down to us, excepting some extracts, and an account of it, by Pappus, in the Preface to the 7th book of his Mathematical Collections. He there says that the general problem was “To cut an infinite right line in one point, so that, of the segments contained between the point of section sought, and given points in the said line, either the square on one of them, or the rectangle contained by two of them, may have a given ratio, either to the rectangle contained by one of them and a given line, or to the rectangle contained by two of them.”
DETERMINATION, in Mechanics, signifies much the same with the tendency or direction of a body in motion. See Mechanics. Determination, amo*ng school divines, is an act of divine power, limiting the agency of second causes, in every instance, to that which the Deity had predestinated concerning them.
DETERSIVES, the same with Detergents.
DETINUE, in Law, a writ or action that lies against one who has got goods or other things delivered to him to keep, and afterwards refuses to restore them.
DETMOLD, a small city, the capital of the dominions of the prince of Lippe-Detmold. It is situated on the river Werra, is surrounded with walls, and divided into the old and new town. From being the seat of the government, it supports, with little or no commerce, a population of about 2300 persons. As there is a court of appeal held here for districts belonging to other states, employment is afforded for numbers of the legal profession.
DETONATION, in Chemistry, signifies an explosion with noise made by the sudden inflammation of some combustible body; such are the explosions of gunpowder, fulminating gold, and fulminating powder.
DETRANCHE, in Heraldry, a line bend-wise, proceeding always from the dexter side, but not from the very angle, diagonally athwart the shield.
DETTELBACH, a bailiwick in the circle of the Lower Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria. It extends over 72 square miles, or 46,080 acres. It contains two cities and [7:7:742]42 villages, with 7050 inhabitants. It is of moderate fertility. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the river Maine, and consists of 340 houses, with 2132 inhabitants.
DEUCALEDONIUS Oceanus, supposed to be derived from the Gaelic words Duah Gael, the Northern Highlanders ; the sea on the north-west of Scotland.
DEUCAR, a small town of Northern Hindustan, the capital of a small district of the same name, and tributary to the Ghoorkali rajah of Nepaul. Long. 82. 10. E. Lat. 28. 9. N.
DEUNX, in Roman antiquity, 11 ounces, or -∣-∣ of the Libra.