pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ADJUTANT, in the military art, is an officer whose business it is to assist the major. Each battalion of foot and regiment of horse has an adjutant, who receives the orders every night from the brigade-major; which, after carrying them to the colonel, he delivers out to the serjeants. When detachments are to be made, he gives the number to be furnished by each company or troop, and assigns the hour and place of rendezvous.

Ajutants -general, among the Jesuits, a select number of fathers, who resided with the general of the order, each of whom had a province or country assigned him, as England, Holland, &c.; and their business was to inform the father-general of state occurrences in such countries. To this end they had their correspondents delegated, emissaries, visitors, regents, provincials, &c.
ADJUTORIUM, a term used by physicians for any medicine in a prescription but the capital one.
ADLE Eggs, such as have not received an impregnation from the semen of the cock.
ADLEGATION, a term formerly used in the public law of the German empire, to denote the right claimed by the states of the empire of adjoining plenipotentiaries, in public treaties and negotiations, to those of the emperor, for the transacting of matters which relate to the empire in general; in which sense adlegation differs from legation, which is the right of sending ambassadors on a person’s own account.
ADLOCUTION, Adlocutio, in Antiquity, is chiefly understood of speeches made by Roman generals to their armies, to encourage them before a battle. We frequently find those adlocutions expressed on medals by the abbreviature Adlocut. Con.—The general is sometimes represented as seated on a tribunal, often on a bank or mound of turf, with the cohorts ranged orderly round him, in manipuli and turrnae. The usual formula in adlocutions was, Fords esset ac fidus.
ADMANUENSES, in ancient law-books, persons who swore by laying their hands on the book, as was the case with laymen. Clerks did not swear on the book, their word being reputed as their oath; whence they were also denominated fide digm.
ADMINICLE, a term used chiefly in old law-books to imply an aid, help, assistance, or support. The word is Latin, adminiculum; and derived from adminiculor, to prop or support.

Adminicle, in Scotish Law, signifies any writing or deed referred to by a party, in an action of law, for proving his allegations.
ADMINICULATOR, an ancient officer of the church, whose business it was to attend to and defend the cause of widows, orphans, and others destitute of help.
ADMINISTRATION, in general, the government, direction, or management of affairs, and particularly the exercise of distributive justice. Among ecclesiastics, it is often used to express the giving or dispensing of the sacraments, &c.
ADMINISTRATOR, in English Law, he to whom the ordinary commits the administration of the goods of a person deceased, in default of an executor. If the administrator die, his executors are not administrators; but the court is to grant a new administration. The origin of administrators is derived from the civil law. Their establishment in England is owing to a statute made in the 31st year of Edward III. Till then, no office of this kind was known beside that of executor; in ease of a want of which, the ordinary had the disposal of goods of persons intestate, &c.

Administrator, in Scotish Law, a person legally empowered to act for another whom the law presumes incapable of acting for himself.

Administrator is sometimes used for the president of a province; for a person appointed to receive, manage, and distribute the revenues of an hospital or religious house; for a prince who enjoys the revenues of a secularized bishop; and for the regent of a kingdom during the minority of a prince or a vacancy of the throne.
ADMIRABILIS Sal, the same with Glauber’s Salt.
ADMONITION, in ecclesiastical affairs, a part of discipline much used in the ancient church. It was the first act or step towards the punishment or expulsion of delinquents. In private offences it was performed, according to the evangelical rule, privately; in case of public offence, openly, before the church. If either of these sufficed for the recovery of the fallen person, all further proceedings in the way of censure ceased: if they did not, recourse was had to excommunication.

Admonitio Fustium, a military punishment among the Romans, not unlike our whipping, but it was performed with vine branches.
ADMONT, a town in the Austrian duchy of Steyer-mark, in the circle of Judenburg. In a Benedictine abbey is an establishment for education, with a director, six professors, and a library. There are some iron goods made, the metal for which is furnished by mines in the vicinity. The inhabitants were 824 in 1817.
ADNATA, in Anatomy, one of the coats of the eye, which is called also conjunctiva and albuginea. Adnata is also used for any hair, wool, or the like, which grows upon animals or vegetables.

Adnata, or Adnascentia, among gardeners, denote those offsets which, by a new germination under the earth, proceed from the lily, narcissus, hyacinth, and other flowers, and afterwards become true roots.
ADNOUN is used by some grammarians to express what we more usually call an adjective. The word is formed by way of analogy to adverb, in regard adjectives have much the same office and relation to nouns that adverbs have to verbs. Bishop Wilkins uses the word ad-name in another sense, viz. for what we otherwise call a preposition.
ADOLESCENCE, the state of growing youth, or that period of a person’s age commencing from his infancy and terminating at his full stature or manhood. The word is formed of the Latin adolescere, to grow. The state of adolescence lasts so long as the fibres continue to grow either in magnitude or firmness. The fibres being arrived at the degree of firmness and tension sufficient to sustain the parts, no longer yield or give way to the efforts of the nutritious matter to extend them; so that their further accretion is stopped, from the very law of their nutrition. Adolescence is commonly computed to be between 15 and 25, or even 30 years of age; though in different constitutions its terms are very different. The Romans usually reckoned it from 12 to 25 in boys, and to 21 in girls, &c. And yet, among their writers, juvenis and adolescens are frequently used indifferently for any person under 45 years.
ADOLLAM, or Odollam, a town in the tribe of Judah, to the east of Eleutheropolis. David is said to have hid himself in a cave near this town.
ADOM, a state or principality of the Gold Coast, in Africa. It is a populous, rich, and fertile country, abounding with corn and fruits.
ADON, a populous village in the province of Stuhl-Weissenburg, belonging to Hungary. It lies in a fruitful country, towards the river Danube. Long. 19. 20. E. Lat. 47. 30. N.
ADONAI, one of the names of the Supreme Being in the Scriptures. The proper meaning of the word is my lords in the plural number, as Adoni is my lord in the singular. The Jews, who, either out of respect or superstition, do not pronounce the name of Jehovah, read Adonai in the room of it as often as they meet with Jehovah in the Hebrew text. But the ancient Jews were not so scrupulous; nor is there any law which forbids them to pronounce the name of God.
ADONIA, in Antiquity, solemn feasts in honour of Venus, and in memory of her beloved Adonis. The Adonia were observed with great solemnity by the Greeks, Phoenicians, Lycians, Syrians, Egyptians, &c. From Syria they are supposed to have passed into India. The prophet Ezekiel^[1. Ch. viii. 14. ] is understood to speak of them. They were still observed at Alexandria in the time of St Cyril, and at Antioch in that of Julian the Apostate, who happened to enter that city during the solemnity, which was taken for an ill omen. The Adonia lasted two days; on the first of which certain images of Venus and Adonis were carried, with all the pomp and ceremonies practised at funerals: the women wept, tore their hair, beat their breasts, &c. imitating the cries and lamentations of Venus for the death of her paramour. This lamentation they called A δωνιασμος. The Syrians were not contented with weeping, but subjected themselves to severe discipline, shaved their heads, &c. The Egyptian Adonia are said to have been held in memory of the death of Osiris; by others, of his sickness and recovery. Bishop Patrick dates their origin from the slaughter of the first-born under Moses.
ADONIDES, in Botany, a name given to botanists who described or made catalogues of plants cultivated in any particular place.
ADONIS, son of Cinyras, king of Cyprus, the favourite of Venus. Being killed by a wild boar in the Idalian woods, he was turned into a flower of a blood-colour, supposed to be the anemone. Venus was inconsolable’; and no grief was ever more celebrated than this, most nations having perpetuated the memory of it by a train of anniversary ceremonies.^[1. See Adonia. ] The text of the Vulgate, in Ezekiel viii. 14, says that this prophet saw women sitting in the temple and weeping for Adonis; but according to the reading of the Hebrew text, they are said to weep for Thammuz, or the hidden one. Among the Egyptians, Adonis was adored under the name of Osiris, the husband [7:2:160]of Isis. But he was sometimes called by the name of Ammuz, or Thammuz, the concealed, to denote probably his death or burial. The Hebrews, in derision, call him sometimes the dead, Psal. cvi. 28. and Lev. xix. 28. because they wept for him, and represented him as one dead in his coffin; and at other times they call him the image of jealousy, Ezek. viii. 3. 5. because he was the object of the god Mars’jealousy. The Syrians, Phoenicians, and Cyprians, called him Adonis; and F. Calmet is of opinion that the Ammonites and Moabites gave him the name of Baal-peor.

Adonis, Adonius, in Ancient Geography, a river of Phoenicia, rising in Mount Lebanon, and falling into the sea, after a north-west course, at Byblus; famous in fable as a beautiful shepherd youth loved by Venus, slain by a boar, and turned into a river.

Adonis, in Botany, Bird’s Eye, or Pheasant’s Eye.
ADONISTS, a sect or party among divines and critics, who maintain that the Hebrew points ordinarily annexed to the consonants of the word Jehovah are not the natural points belonging to that word, nor express the true pronunciation of it, but are the vowel points belonging to the words Adonai and Elohim, applied to the consonants of the ineffable name Jehovah, to warn the readers, that instead of the word Jehovah, which the Jews were forbidden to pronounce, and the true pronunciation of which had been long unknown to them, they are always to read Adonai. They are opposed to Jehovists ; of whom the principal are Drusius, Capellus, Buxtorf, Alting, and Reland, who has published a collection of their writings On this subject.
ADOPTIANI, in Church History, a sect of ancient heretics, followers of Felix of Urgel and Elipand of Toledo, who, towards the end of the eighth century, advanced the notion that Jesus Christ in his human nature is the Son of God, not by nature, but by adoption. «
ADOPTIVE denotes a person or thing adopted by another. Adoptive children, among the Romans, were on the same footing with natural ones, and accordingly were either to be instituted heirs or expressly disinherited, otherwise the testament was null. The emperor Adrian preferred adoptive children to natural ones; because we choose the former, but are obliged to take the latter at random.—Μ. Menage has published a book of eloges or verses addressed to him, which he calls Liber Adoptivus, an adoptive book, and adds it to his other works. Hein-sius, and Furstemberg of Munster, have likewise published adoptive books.—In ecclesiastical writers we find adoptive women or sisters ladoptivae faeminae or sorores) used for those handmaids of the ancient clergy, otherwise called sub-introductae. Adoptive Arms are those which a person enjoys by the gift or concession of another, and to which he was not otherwise entitled. They stand contradistinguished from arms of alliance.—We sometimes meet with adoptive heir by way of opposition to natural heir, and adoptive gods by way of contradistinction to domestic ones. The Romans, notwithstanding the number of their domestic, had their adoptive gods, taken chiefly from the Egyptians: such were Isis, Osiris, Anubis, Apis, Harpocrates, and Canopus.
ADOREA, in Roman Antiquity, a word used in different senses: sometimes for all manner of grain; sometimes for a kind of cakes made of fine flour, and offered in sacrifice; and, finally, for a dole or distribution of corn, as a reward for some service; whence by metonymy it is put for praise or rewards in general.
ADOSCULATION, a term used by Dr Grew to imply a kind of impregnation without intromission; and in this manner he supposes the impregnation of plants is effected, by the falling of the farina foecundans on the pistil.
ADOSSEE, in Heraldry, signifies two figures or bearings being placed back to back.
ADOUR, the name of a river of France, which rises in the mountains of Bigorre, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, and running north by Tarbes through Gascony, afterwards turns east, and passing by Dax, falls into the Bay of Biscay below Bayonne.
ADOWA, the capital of Tigré in Abyssinia, is situated on the declivity of a hill, on the west side of a small plain, which is surrounded on every side by mountains. The name, signifying pass or passage, is characteristic of its situation; for the only .road from the Red Sea to Gondar passes by Adowa. The town consists of 300 houses, is the residence of the governor, and has a manufactory of coarse cotton cloth, which circulates in Abyssinia as the medium of exchange in place of money. Long. 38. 50. E. Lat. 14. 7. N.
ADOXA, in Botany, Tuberous Moschatel, Hollow-root, or Inglorious.
ADRA, a seaport town of the province of Granada, in Spain, 47 miles south-east of Granada. Long. 2. 37. E. Lat. 36. 42. N.
ADRACHNE, in Botany, a species of the strawberry tree.
ADRAMMELECH, one of the gods of the inhabitants of Sepharvaim, who were settled in the country of Samaria in the room of those Israelites who were carried beyond the Euphrates. The Sepharvaites made their children pass through the fire in honour of this idol and another called Anammelech. It is supposed that Adramme-lech meant the sun, and Anammelech the moon: the first signifies the magnificent king, the second the gentle king.
ADRAMYTTIUM, in Ancient Geography, now Adra-miti, a town of Mysia, at the foot of Mount Ida, an Athenian colony, with a harbour and dock.
ADRASTEA, in Mythology, was the daughter of Jupiter and Necessity, and, according to Plutarch, the only fury who executed the vengeance of the gods. The name is derived from King Adrastus, who first erected a temple to that deity.

Adrastea Certamina, in Antiquity, a kind of Pythian games instituted by Adrastus, king of Argos, in the year of the world 2700, in honour of Apollo, at Sicyon. These are to be distinguished from the Pythian games celebrated at Delphi.
ADRASTUS, in Ancient History, king of Argos, son of Talaus and Lysianassa, daughter of Polybius, king of Sicyon, acquired great honour in the famous war of Thebes, in support of Polynices his son-in-law, who had been excluded the sovereignty of Thebes by Eteocles his brother, notwithstanding their reciprocal agreement. Adrastus, followed by Polynices, and Tydeus his other son-in-law, by Capaneus and Hippomedon his sister’s sons, by Aι⅛ phiaraus his brother-in-law, and by Parthenopaeus, marched against the city of Thebes; and this is the expedition of the Seven Worthies, which the poets have so often sung. They all lost their lives in this war except Adrastus, who was saved by his horse called Arion. This war was revived ten years after by the sons of those deceased warriors, which was called the war of the Epigones, and ended with the taking of Thebes. None of them lost their lives except Aegialeus, son of Adrastus; which afflicted him so much that he died of grief in Megara, as he was leading back his victorious army.
ADRAZZO, or Ajaccio, the same with Adjazzo.
ADRIA, a city of Italy, in the Austria-Venetian province of Bovigio. It is a city of high antiquity, and gave its name to the sea on whose shores it is built. From its situation on a peninsula formed by the rivers Po and Tartaro, it is very unhealthy. The inhabitants are 9620. The chief trade is that of tanning leather. Long. 12.2. E. Lat. 45. 2. N.
ADRIANI, Joanni Battista, was born of a patrician family of Florence in 1511. He wrote a history of his own times in Italian, which is a continuation of Guicciardini, beginning at the year 1536; to which Thuanus acknowledges himself greatly indebted: besides which, he composed six funeral orations on the emperor Charles V. and other noble personages; and is thought to have been the author of a long letter on ancient painters and sculptors, prefixed to the third volume of Vasari. He died at Florence in 1579.
ADRIANISTS, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of heretics, divided into two branches. The first were disciples of Simon Magus, and flourished about the year 34. Theodore! is the only person who has preserved their name and memory, but he gives us no account of their origin. Probably this sect, and the six others which sprung from the Simonians, took their name from the particular disciples of Simon. The second were the followers of Adrian Hamstead the anabaptist, and held some particular errors concerning Christ.
ADRIANOPLE, a city of Turkey in Europe, called by the inhabitants Edrené. It is in the province of Romania or Romelia, on the river Marizza, at the spot where the Tundscha and Arda empty their waters into that stream. It is well fortified, and has a strong citadel; and, next to Constantinople, is the largest and most populous city in the Turkish dominions. The streets are irregular, unpaved, and filthy; but some of the buildings, especially the two palaces of the emperor, the seraglio, and the mosque of Sultan Selim II. are in the most magnificent style of Turkish architecture. The dwellings are 16,000, the inhabitants about 105,000, nearly one-half of whom are Greeks, with many Jews and Armenians. These several people are the chief manufacturers, and produce large quantities of silk goods, of Turkish curried red leather, of tanned leather, of woollens of various kinds, of hard ware, and of the best preparations of opium. The trade is extensive, both to Constantinople by caravans of camels, and by sea with other countries. It is supplied with fresh water by means of a noble aqueduct, carried by arches over an extensive valley, which supplies 22 public baths, 52 fountains, and 16 copious wells. It is in Long. 22. 31. E. and Lat. 4L 47. N.
ADRIANUM, or Adriaticum Mare, in Ancient Geography, now the Gulf of Venice, a large bay in the Mediterranean, between Dalmatia, Sclavonia, Greece, and Italy. It is called by the Greeks A¾∕ας Koanos, and Adria by the Romans, (as Arbiter Adriae Notus, Hor.) Cicero calls it Hadrianum Mare, Virgil has Hadriaticas Undas. It is commonly called Mare Adriaticum, without an aspiration; but whether it ought to have one, is a dispute. If the appellation is from Hadria, the town of the Piceni, it must be written Hadriaticum, because the emperor’s name who thence derives his origin is on coins and stones Hadrianus ; but if from the town in the territory of Venice, as the more ancient, and of which that of the Piceni is a colony, this will justify the common appellation Adriaticum. It extends from latitude 40. to 45.55. north, between the coasts of Italy and Illyria. The tides in this sea are distinguishable, but the ebb and flow is inconsiderable, though greater than in the Mediterranean.
ADRIPALDA, a city in the province of Principato Ulteriore, in the kingdom of Naples. It is situated on the river Sabato, near to Avellino. The number of inhabitants is 4236, who carry on trade in cloth and paper, in iron and copper goods, and make large quantities of nails.
ADROGATION, in Roman Antiquities, a species of adoption, whereby a person who was capable of choosing for himself was admitted by another into the relation of a son. The word is compounded of ad, to, and rogare, to ask, on account of a question put in the ceremony of it, Whether the adopter would take such a person for his son? and another to the adoptive, Whether he consented to become such a person’s son?
ADSIDELLA, in Antiquity, the table at which the flamens sat during the sacrifices.
ADSTRICTIQN, among physicians, a term used to denote the rigidity of any part.
ADVANCED, in a general sense, denotes something posted or situated before another. Thus, ADVANCED Ditch, in Fortification, is that which surrounds the glacis or esplanade of a place.

Advanced Guard, or Vanguard, in the art of war, the first line or division of an army, ranged or marching in order of battle; or, it is that part which is next the enemy, and marches first towards them.

Advanced Guard is more particularly used for a small party of horse stationed before the main guard.
ADVENT, in the calendar, properly signifies the approach of the feast of the nativity. It includes four Sundays, and begins on St Andrew’s day or on the Sunday before or after it. During advent, and to the end of the octaves of epiphany, the solemnizing of marriage is forbidden without a special licence. It is appointed to employ the thoughts of Christians on the first advent or coming of Christ in the flesh, and his second advent or coming to judge the world. The primitive Christians practised great austerity during this season.

Ad ventrem inspiciendum, in Law, a writ by which a woman is to be searched whether she be with child by a former husband, on her withholding lands from the next, failing issue of her own body.

ADVENTURE Day, the name of a bay in Van Diemen’s Land, so called by Captain Cook.
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ADVENTURER, in a general sense, denotes one who hazards something.

Adventurers is particularly used for an ancient company of merchants and traders, erected for the discovery of lands, territories, trades, &c. unknown. The society of adventurers had its rise in Burgundy, and its first establishment from John duke of Brabant in 1248, being known by the name of the Brotherhood of St Thomas a Becket. It was afterwards translated into England, and successively confirmed by Edwards III. and IV. Richard III. Henries IV. V. VI. and VII. who gave it the appellation of Merchant Adventurers.
ADVERB, in Grammar, a particle joined to a verb, adjective, or participle, to explain their manner of acting or suffering, or to mark some circumstance or quality signified by them. The word is formed from the preposition ad, to, and verbum, a verb; and signifies literally a word joined to a verb, to show how, when, or where, one is, does, or suffers; as, the boy paints neatly, writes ill; the house stands there, &c.
ADVERSARIA, among the ancients, a book of accounts not unlike our journals or day-books. It is also used as a title for books of miscellaneous remarks and observations.
ADVERSATIVE, in Grammar, a word expressing some difference between what goes before and what follows it. Thus, in the phrase, he is an honest man, but a great enthusiast, the word but is an adversative conjunction.
ADVERSATOR, in Antiquity, a servant who attended the rich in returning from supper, to give them notice of any obstacles in the way, on which they might be apt to stumble.
ADVERTISEMENT, in a general sense, denotes any information given to persons interested in an affair; and is more particularly used for a brief notice inserted in the public papers, for the information of all concerned.
ADULA, in Andient Geography, a mountain in Rhaetia, or the country of the Grisons, part of the Alps, in which are the fountains of the Rhine; now St Gothard.
ADULE, or Adulis, in Ancient Geography, a town of Egypt, built by fugitive slaves, distant from its port on the Red Sea 20 stadia. Pliny calls the inhabitants Adulitae. The epithet is either Adulitanus, as Monumentum Adu-litanum, on the pompous inscription of the statue of Ptolemy Euergetes, published by Leo Alatius at Rome in 1631, and to be found in Spon and Thevenot; or Adulicus, as Adulicus Sinus, a part of the Red Sea.