pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
NISMES, an arrondissement of the department of the Gard, in∙France, 635 square miles in extent. It comprehends eleven cantons, divided into seventy-five communes, and contains 122,450 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, which is situated in an extensive and fruitful plain, bounded by two parallel bills. It has a labyrinth of narrow and ill-built streets; but the suburbs are much more regular, and contain the best edifices, together with some open places, and pleasing promenades. Nismes contains many remains of antiquity, especially a Roman amphitheatre capable of seating 20,000 spectators. It has a cathedral, ten Catholic and five reformed churches, with 4800 houses, and 42,800 inhabitants, of whom about one eighth are Protestants. It contains an academy, with a library of 30,000 volumes. Its industry consists in the manufacture of silks, hosiery, cottons, lace, ribbons, and especially brandy. Nismes was the birthplace of the celebrated Protestant preacher Saurin, and of the poet Florian.
NISROCH, a god of the Assyrians. Sennacherib was killed by two of his sons whilst he was paying his adorations to the god Nisroch in his temple (2 Kings, xix. 37); but it is not known who this god Nisroch was. The Septuagint calls him Mesrach, and Josephus denominates him Araskes, while the Hebrew of Tobit, published by Munster, calls him Dagon. The Jews have a strange notion concerning this deity, whom they fancy to have been a plank of Noah’s ark. Some think that the word signifies ι a dove; and others understand by it an eagle, which has given occasion to an opinion, that Belus, from whom the Assyrian kings pretended to be derived, was worshipped by them under the form of an eagle, and called Nisroch.
NITHSDALE, Nithisdale or Niddisdale, a district of Dumfriesshire, in Scotland, lying to the westward of Annandale. It is a large and mountainous tract, deriving its name from the river Nid or Nith, which rises on the borders of Ayrshire, and, running by Sanquhar and Dumfries, discharges itself into the Solway Frith.
NITOCRIS, the mother of Belshazzar, whose father was Evilmerodach, and his grandfather Nebuchadnezzar. She was a woman of extraordinary abilities, who took upon herself the burden of all public affairs, and, whilst her son followed his pleasures, did all that could be done by human prudence to sustain the tottering empire. She perfected the works which Nebuchadnezzar had begun for the defence of Babylon; raised strong fortifications on the side of the river; and caused a wonderful tunnel to be constructed under it, leading from the old to the new palace. She likewise built a bridge across the Euphrates, and accomplished several other works, which were afterwards ascribed to Nebuchadnezzar. Philostrates, in describing this bridge, tells us that it was built by a queen, who was a native of Media; and hence we may conclude that this illustrious princess was by birth a Mede.
NIVELLE de la Chaussee {Peter Claude), a comic poet, was born in Paris, and acquired great reputation by inventing a new kind of entertainment, called the Weeping Comedy. Instead of imitating Aristophanes, Terence, Molière, and the other celebrated comic poets who had preceded him; and instead of exciting laughter by painting the different ridiculous characters, or giving strokes of humour and absurdities in conduct; he applied himself to represent the weaknesses of the heart, and to touch and soften it. In this manner he wrote five comedies: 1. La Fausse Antipathie; 2. Le Préjugé à la Mode; 3. Mela-nide; 4. Amour pour Amour; and, 5. L’Ecole des Mères. He was received into the French Academy in 1736, and died at Paris in 1754, at the age of sixty-three. He also wrote a tragedy entitled Maximianus; and an epistle to Clio, an ingenious didactic poem.
NIVELLES, a circle of the province of South Brabant, in the Netherlands, comprehending six cantons, divided into 115 communes, and containing 87,480 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name situated on the river Thienne. It contains 750 houses, and 7000 inhabitants, whose chief employment consists in making lace, cambrics, and other linen goods, and in growing hemp, flax, and hops, in the surrounding fields. Long. 4. 10. E. Lat. 50. 35. N.
NIZAMPATAM, a town of the south of India, in the province of the Northern Circars. It is situated at the mouth of the Krishna River, forty miles west-south-west from Masulipatam. It carries on a considerable coasting trade. Long. 80. 35. E. Lat. 15. 56. N.
NIZZA DELLA PAGLIA, a city of the province of Aqui, in Piedmont, standing on the river Belbo, where the Nizza falls into it. It is a poor place, surrounded with walls, containing a few splendid houses, five monasteries, and 5156 inhabitants, who chiefly subsist by spinning silk and cultivating vineyards.
NO, or No- Ammon, a considerable city of Egypt, dedicated to Ammon or Jupiter. The Septuagint translate [7:16:234]the name in Ezekiel, Diospolis, or the City of Jupiter. Bochart takes it to be Thebes in Egypt, which, according to Strabo and Ptolemy, was called Diospolis. Jerome, after the Chaldaic paraphrast Jonathan, supposes it to be Alexandria, named thus by way of anticipation; or an ancient city of that name which is supposed to have stood on the spot where Alexandria was afterwards built.
NOACOTE, an inconsiderable town of Northern Hindustan, situated in a fruitful valley of the same name. Though small, it contains some of the largest and best looking houses in Nepaul, also a celebrated Hindu temple dedicated to Bhavany. Its situation is of importance, as commanding the only entrance into this quarter from Upper as'well as Lower Thibet, and standing close to Mount Dhyboon, by which the Chinese army was obliged to descend in 1792, when they invaded Nepaul. The valley of Noacote, in which the town “is situated, is six miles in length by one mile and a quarter in breadth. Long. 85. 30. E. Lat. 27. 43. N.
NOANAGUR, a very· large town, and the capital of a district of the same name, surrounded by a stone wall of no great strength, with round towers and a ditch. It is situated on the river Nagne, which is supposed by the natives to possess some qualities peculiarly favourable for the dyeing of cloths, for which, as well as the manufacture thereof, this place is celebrated. The chief of Noanagur coins money in his own name. His subjects are addicted topi-racy; but in the year 1808 he entered into a treaty with the British to refrain from this practice, and not to plunder any ships which might be driven on their coast by distress. Long. 70. 15. E. Lat. 22. 20. N.
NOB, a sacerdotal city of the tribe of Benjamin or Ephraim. St Jerome says, that in his time it was entirely destroyed, and that the ruins of it might be seen not far [7:16:235]from Diospolis. When David was driven away by Saul, he went to Nob, and asking the high priest Ahimelech for some provisions and arms, the priest gave him the shew-bread which had lately been taken oft' the holy table, and the sword of Goliath. Saul being informed of this by Doeg, caused all the priests of Nob to be slain, and the city to be destroyed. (1 Sam. xxi. xxii.)
NOBA, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the western coast of Aroo. Long. 135. 13. E. Lat. 5. 5. S.
NOBAH, a city beyond Jordan, which took the name of Nobah from an Israelite of this name who had conquered it. Gideon pursued the Midianites as far as this city. Eusebius informs us, that there is a desolate place of this name about eight miles from Heshbon, towards the south; but this could not be the Nobah now mentioned, because the latter was much farther to the north.
NOBILIARY, a book containing the history of the noble families of a nation or province.
NOBLE, Nobilis, a person who has any privilege which raises him above a commoner or peasant, either by birth, by office, or by patent from his prince. The word comes from the Latin nobilis, formed from the ancient noscibilis, distinguishable or remarkable.

In England the word noble is of a narrower import than in other countries, being confined to persons above the degree of knights; whereas abroad it comprehends not only knights, but what we simply call gentlemen. The nobles of England are also called pares regni, as being nobi- litatis pares, though gradu impares. Nobles, amongst the Romans, were such as had they« imaginum, or the right of using the pictures or statues of their ancestors; a right which was allowed only to those whose ancestors had borne some curule office, that is, had been curule aedile, censor, praetor, or consul. For a long time none but the patricii were the nobiles, because no person except those holding that superior rank could bear any curule office; and hence in Livy, Sallust, and other authors, the word nobilitas is used to signify the patrician order, and is hence opposed to plebs. To render the true meaning of nobiles still clearer, let it be observed, that the Roman people were divided into nobiles, novi, and ignobiles. The nobiles were those who had the pictures or statues of their ancestors; the novi were such as had only their own; and the ignobiles were such as had neither. The Roman nobility, by way of distinction, wore a hall moon upon their shoes, especially those of patrician rank, 1he nobility of Greece were called Εwτατpδαι, as being descended from those old heroic ancestors so famous in history. Such were the Praxiergidae, Etrobutidae, Ale-maeonidae, and others, all of whom had many privileges annexed to their quality, and, amongst the rest, that they wore grasshoppers in their hair as a badge of nobility.

Noble, a money of account, containing six shillingsand cightpence. The noble was anciently a real coin struck in the reign of Edward I1I., and then called the penny of gold; but it was afterwards called a rose-noble, from its being stamped with a rose. It was current at six shillings and eightpence·
NOCERA DE PAGANI, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in the province Principato Citeriore. It stands at the foot of a hill near the river Sarno, and is the seed a bishop, containing a cathedral, several parish churches and monasteries, with 6790 inhabitants.
NOCTAMBULI, Noctambulones, or Night-walken, a term of equal import with somĭiambuli, applied to persons who have a habit of rising and walking about in their sleep. The word is compounded of the Latin nox, night, and ambulo, I walk. See Somnambula.
NOCTILUCA, a species of phosphorus, so called because it shines in the dark without any light being throw upon it. ∙
NOCTURNAL, something relating to the night, in contradistinction to diurnal.

Nocturnal, Nocturlabium, an instrument chiefly used at sea, in order to take the altitude or depression of some stars about the pole, and thereby to find the latitude and hour of the night. Some nocturnals are hemispheres or planispheres, on the plane of the equinoctial. Those commonly used amongst seamen are two; the one adapted to the polar star, and the first of the guards of the Little Bear; the other to the pole star, and the pointers of the Great Bear.

This instrument consists of two circular plates applied to each other. The greater, which has a handle to hold the instrument by, is about two inches and a half in diame∙
[7:16:237]

ter, and is divided into twelve parts, agreeing to the twelve months; and each month is subdivided into every fifth day, so that the middle of the handle corresponds to that day of the year in which the star observed has the same right ascension with the sun. If the instrument be fitted for two stars, the handle is made moveable. The upper left circle is divided into twenty-four equal parts for the twenty-four hours of the day, and each hour is subdivided into quarters. These twenty-four hours are noted by twenty-four teeth to be told in the night. Those at the hour of twelve are distinguished by their length. In the centre of the two circular plates is adjusted a long index, moveable upon the upper plate; and the three pieces, viz. the two circles and index, are joined by a rivet which is pierced in the centre with a hole, through which the star is to be observed.

To use the nocturnal, turn the upper plate till the long tooth marked twelve be against the day of the month upon the under plate; then, bringing the instrument near the eye, suspend it by the handle with the plane nearly parallel to the equinoctial, and viewing the pole star through the hole of the centre, turn the index about, till, by the edge coming from the centre, you see the bright star or guard of the Little Bear (if the instrument be fitted to that star); then the tooth of the upper circle, under the edge of the index, is at the hour of the night on the edge of the hour circle, which may be known without a light, by counting the teeth from the longest, which is for the hour twelve.
NOD, or the Land of Nod. It was to this country that Cain withdrew after the murder of his brother. The Septuagint, as well as Josephus, read Naid instead of Nod, and have taken it for the name of a place. It is not easy to ascertain what country this was, unless perhaps it was the country of Nyse or Nysea, towards Hyrcania. St Jerome and the Chaldaic interpreters have taken the word Nod in the sense of an appellative for vagabond or fugitive; “He dwelt a fugitive in the land.”
NODATED Hyperbola, a name given by Sir Isaac Newton to a kind of hyperbola, which by turning round, decussates or crosses itself.
NODES, in Astronomy , the two points where the orbit of a planet intersects the ecliptic. See Astronomy.
NODUS, or Node, in Dialling, a certain point or pole in the gnomon of a dial, by the shadow or light of which either the hour of the day in dials without furniture, or the parallels of the sun’s declination, and his place in the ecliptic in dials with furniture, are shown. See Dialling.
NOESA BARON, an island in the Eastern Seas, near the south coast of Java, about twenty-five miles in circumference. Long. 113. 20. E. Lat. 8. 20. S.
NOESA CAMBAZ, or Pulo Cannibaz, an island in the Eastern Seas, near the southern coast of Java, about forty-five miles in circumference. Long. 109. E. Lat. 7. 12. S.
NOESA LAOER, a small island in the Eastern Seas, tear the southern coast of Ceram. Long. 129. 6. E. Lat. 3. 34. S.
NOESA NESSING, a small island in the ’Eastern Seas, near the northern coast of Timor. Long. 126. 30. E. Lat. 8. 9. S.
NOETIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, Christian here-ics in the third century, followers of Noetius, a philoso- )her of Ephesus, who pretended that he was another Moes sent by God, and that his brother was a new Aaron, dis heresy consisted in affirming that there is but one )erson in the Godhead; that the Word and the Holy Spirit were but external denominations given to God in onsequence of different operations; and that, as Creator, ' e is called Father, as Incarnate, Son, and as descending n the apostles, Holy Ghost.
NOGARCOTE, a town of Northern Hindustan, in the kingdom of Nepaul. It is now tributary to the Chinese, by whom it was taken in 1792. It is sixty miles east from Catamandoo. Long. 86. 5. E. Lat. 28. 2. N.
NOGENT le Rotrou, an arrondissement of the department of the Eure and Loire, in France. It extends over 402 square miles, is divided into four cantons and sixty-five communes, and contains 42,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Huine, which here unites with the Arcisse, and both form a remarkable cascade. It is a well-built place, in a fruitful district, and contains 1250 houses, with 6850 inhabitants, who are employed in weaving linens and serges. Long. 0. 37. E. Lat. 48. 20. N.
NOGENT sur Seine, an arrondissement in the department of the Aube, in France. It is 365 square miles in extent, contains 30,600 inhabitants, and is divided into four cantons, which are subdivided into sixty-nine communes. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the left bank of the Seine. It contains 750 houses, and 3400 inhabitants, who make some cotton goods and hosiery, but whose chief trade consists in sending wood to Paris. Long. 3. 55. E. Lat. 48. 5. N.
NOIRMOUTIER, an island belonging to the department of La Vendée, and arrondissement of Les Sables d’Olonne, in France. It forms a canton, and is on the western side of the island of Bouin. It is about fifteen miles in length, and about four in breadth. Its situation is low, and, to prevent the sea from overflowing it, it is surrounded with powerful dikes. The soil is very rich within the enclosure, and produces heavy crops of corn. Beyond the dikes are marshes, which afford abundance of salt formed by natural evaporation. The inhabitants are 5700, and many of them expert seamen, occupied in the fisheries. The chief town gives its name to the island; it contains 1600 inhabitants, and has a harbour capable of admitting vessels of fifty or sixty tons. Long. 2. 21. W. Lat. 47.1. N.
NOJA, a city on a river of the same name, in the province of Basilicata, in the kingdom of Naples. It suffered a loss of one fourth of its population in 1816, from an epidemic disease. The inhabitants now amount to 5400, who cultivate much cotton.
NOLA, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Terra di Lavoro. It is the site of an ancient Roman city, buried under the effects of an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and is altogether a gloomy place, with a cathedral and thirteen other churches, containing 8950 inhabitants.
NOLLE PROSEQUI is where a plaintiff in an action does not declare in a reasonable time, in which case it is usual for the defendant’s attorney to enter a rule for the plaintiff to declare, after which a non prosequitur may be entered. A nolle prosequi is esteemed a voluntary confession that the plaintiff’has no cause of action; and therefore if a plaintiff'enters his nolle prosequi, he may be amerced; but if an informer cause the same to be entered, the defendant may have costs.
NOMADES, a name given in antiquity to several nations, whose whole occupation was to feed and tend their flocks, and who had no fixed place of abode, but were constantly shifting their ground, according to the conveniences of pasturage. The word comes from the Greek, νεμω, pasco, I feed.
NOMARCHA, in Antiquity, the governor or commander of a nome or department. Egypt was anciently divided into several regions or departments, called names, from the Greek νομος, taken in the sense of a division; and the officer who had the administration of each nome from the king, was called nomarcha, from νομος, and αξχη, command.
NOMBRIL Point, in Heraldry, is the next below the fess point, or the very centre of the escutcheon. Supposing the escutcheon to be divided into two equal parts below the fess, the first of these divisions is the nombril, and the lower the base.
NOME, or Name, in Algebra, denotes any quantity with a sign prefixed or added to it, and by which it is connected with some other quantity, so that the whole becomes a binomial, trinomial, or the like.
NOMENCLATOR, in Roman antiquity, was usually a slave who attended upon persons who stood candidates for offices, and prompted or suggested to them the names of all the citizens they met, that they might court them and call them by their names, which amongst that people was the highest piece of civility.

Nomenclators, amongst botanical authors, are those who have employed their labours about settling and adjusting the right names, synonymes, and etymologies of names, in regard to the whole vegetable world.
NOMENCLATURE, Nomenclatura, a catalogue of several of the more useful or radical words in any language, with their significations, compiled in order to facilitate the use of such words to those who are to learn the tongue, such as the Latin, Greek, French, and Italian nomenclatures: or it is a system of technical language, by which the objects of any science are denoted, as, for instance, the present language of chemical science, usually called the “new chemical nomenclature,” from its recent construction.
NOMINATIVE, in Grammar, the first case of nouns which are declinable. The simple position, or laying down of a noun, or name, is called the nominative case; yet it is not so properly a case, as the matter or ground whence the other cases are to be formed, by the several changes or inflections given to this first termination. Its chief use is in being placed in discourse before all verbs, as the subject of the proposition or affirmation.
NONA, a city of Dalmatia, now remarkable only for its ruins, but which are so buried by the repeated devastations to which that unhappy city has been exposed, that scarcely any vestige of them appears above ground. “I went thither,” says Fortis in his Travels, “in hopes of finding something worthy of notice, but was disappointed. Nothing is to be seen that indicates the grandeur of the Roman times; neither are there any remains of barbarous magnificence to put one in mind of the ages in which the kingsof the CroatSlavi had their residence there.” Itstands on a small island, surrounded by a harbour, which in former times was capable of receiving large ships, but is now become a fetid pool, by means of a little muddy river that falls into it, after a course of about six miles through the rich abandoned fields of that district. The ancient inhabitants turned this water into another channel, and made it run through the valley of Drasnich into the sea; and the remains of the bank raised by them for that purpose are still to be seen. But, notwithstanding the depopulation of this district, and the dreary situation of Nona in particular, the inhabitants have not lost courage, but, animated by the privileges granted to them, have endeavoured to bring the population and agriculture once more into a flourishing state. Proper drains for the water would not only render that rich territory habitable, but moreover very fertile; and the brackish marsh that surrounds the walls of Nona is well calculated to supply a considerable quantity of fish, especially eels. The government generously granted the investiture to private persons, who have derived no inconsiderable advantage from the fishing; and if they had adopted better methods, they might every year salt many thousands afeels, which would prove highly advantageous as an article af commerce, and save at least a part of the money that goes tut of the country for foreign salt fish. To the left of the fity of Nona appear the walls of some ancient ruinous mildings, which probably in ancient times were situated on he main land, though now surrounded by water. The sea 'orms a narrow channel in this place, which is easily ford-ιble, and at low water the smallest boat can scarcely pass.
NONAGE, in Law, signifies generally all the time that i person continues under the age of twenty-one; but in a pecial sense, it is all the time that a person is under the ge of fourteen.
NONAGESIMAL, or Nonagesimal Degree, called Iso the Mid Heaven, is the highest point, or ninetieth egree of the ecliptic, reckoned from its intersection with he horizon at any time; and its altitude is equal to the ngle which the ecliptic makes with the horizon at their ιtersection, or equal to the distance of the zenith from the pole of the ecliptic. It is much used in the calculation of solar eclipses.
NONAGON, a figure having nine sides and angles. In a regular nonagon, or that the angles and sides of which are all equal, if each side be 1, its area will be 6∙1818242 = of the tangent of 70° to the radius 1.