pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ACCESSORY, or Accessary, something that accedes, or is added to another more considerable thing; in which sense the word stands opposed to principal. ACCESSORY, or Accessary, in Common Law, is chiefly used for a person guilty of a felonious offence, not principally, but by participation; as by advice, command, or concealment.

There are two kinds of accessories ; before the fact, and after it. The first is he who commands cr procures another to commit felony, and is not present himself; for if he be present he is a principal. The second is he who receives, assists, or comforts any man that has done murder or felony, whereof he has knowledge. A man may also be accessory to an accessory, by aiding, receiving, &c. an accessory in felony.

An accessory in felony shall have judgment of life and member, as well as the principal who did the felony; but not till the principal be first attainted, and convicted or outlawed thereon. Where the principal is pardoned without attainder, the accessory cannot be arraigned; it being a maxim in law, Ubi non est principalis, non potest esse accessorius : but if the principal be pardoned, or have his clergy after attainder, the accessory shall be arraigned; 4 and 5 W. et Μ. cap. 4. And by stat. 1 Anne, cap. 9. it is enacted, that where the principal is convicted of felony, or stands mute, or challenges above 20 of the jury, it shall be lawful to proceed against the accessory in the same manner as if the principal had been attainted; and notwithstanding such principal shall be admitted to his clergy, pardoned, or delivered before attainder. In some cases also, if the principal cannot be taken, then the accessory may be prosecuted for a misdemeanour, and punished by fine, imprisonment, &c. In the lowest and highest offences there are no accessories, but all are principals; as in riots, routs, forcible entries, and other trespasses, which are the lowest offences. So also in the highest offence, which is, according to the English law, high treason, there are no accessories.

Accessories, in petty treason, murder, and in felonies of several kinds, are not to have their clergy. There can be no accessory before the fact in manslaughter, because that is sudden and unprepensed.

Accessory Nerves, in Anatomy, a pair of nerves which, arising from the medulla in the vertebrae of the neck, ascend and enter the skull, and pass out of it again with the par vagum, wrapped up in the same common integument, and after quitting them, are distributed into the muscles of the neck and shoulders.

Accessory, among painters, an epithet given to such parts of a history-piece as serve chiefly for ornament, and might have been wholly left out; such as vases, armour, &c.
ACCIAIOLI, Donato, a native of Florence, was born in 1428, and was famous for his learning and the honourable employments which he held. He wrote, a Latin translation of some of Plutarch’s Lives; Commentaries on Aristotle’s Ethics and Politics; and the Lives of Hannibal, of Scipio, and of Charlemagne. He was sent to France by the Florentines, to solicit aid from Louis XI. against Pope Sixtus IV., but on his journey died at Milan in 1478: his body was carried to Florence, and buried in the church of the Carthusians at the public expense. The small fortune he left his children is a proof of his probity and disinterestedness. His daughters, like those of Aristides, were portioned by his fellow-citizens, as an acknowledgement of his services. His funeral eulogium was spoken by Christopher Landíni; and an elegant epitaph, by Politian, was inscribed on his tomb.
ACCIDENT, in Grammar, implies a property attached to a word, without entering into its essential definition; for every word, notwithstanding its signification, will be either primitive, derivative, simple, or compound, which are the accidents of words. A word is said to be primitive when it is taken from no other word in the language in which it is used: thus heaven, king, good, are primitive words. It is said to be derivative when it is taken from some other word: thus heavenly, kingdom, goodness, &c. are derivatives. A simple word is easily distinguished from a compound: thus just, justice, are simple words; unjust, injustice, are compound: res is a simple word, as well as publica ; but respublica is a compound. Besides these accidents, which are common to all sorts of words, each particular species has its accidents: thus the accidents of the noun substantive are the gender, declension, and number; and the adjective, has another accident, namely, the comparison.

Accident, in Heraldry, an additional point or mark in a coat of arms, which may be either omitted or retained [7:2:87]without altering the essence of the armour; such as abatement, difference, and tincture.

Accident, among Logicians, is used in a threefold sense. 1. Whatever does not essentially belong to a thing; as the clothes a man wears, or the money in his pocket. 2. Such properties in any subject as are not essential to it: thus, whiteness in paper is an accidental quality. 3. In opposition to substance, all qualities whatever are called accidents; as sweetness, softness, &c.
ACCIDENTAL, in Philosophy, is applied to that effect which flows from some cause intervening by accident, without being subject, or at least without any appearance of being subject, to general laws or regular returns. In this sense accident is opposed to constant and principal. Thus the sun’s place is, with respect to the earth, the constant and principal cause of the heat in summer and the cold in winter; whereas winds, snows, and rains, are the accidental causes which often alter and modify the action of their principal cause.

Accidental Colours are those which depend upon the affections of the eye, in contradistinction to those which belong to light itself. The impressions made upon the eye by looking stedfastly on objects of a particular colour are various, according to the single colour or combination of colours in the object; and they continue for some time after the eye is withdrawn, and give a false colouring to other objects. Μ. Buffon has endeavoured to trace the connections which these accidental colours have with such as are natural, in a variety of instances. The subject has also been considered by De la Hire and Μ. Aepinus. Μ. d’Arcy has contrived a machine for determining the duration of those impressions on the eye; and from the result of several experiments, he inferred, that the effect of the action of light on the eye continued about eight thirds of a minute.

ACCIDENTAL POINT, in Perspective, is that point in the horizontal line where the projections of two lines parallel to each other meet the perspective plane.
ACCIPITER, among the Romans, signified a hawk, which, from its being very carnivorous, they considered as a bird of bad omen:
Odimus accipitrem, quia semper vivit in armis.
Ovid.

Pliny however tells us, that in some cases, particularly in marriage, it was esteemed a bird of good omen, because it never eats the hearts of other birds; intimating thereby, that no differences in a married state ought to reach the heart. The accipiter was worshipped as a divinity by the inhabitants of Tentyra, an island in the Nile, being considered by them as the image of the sun; and hence we find that luminary represented, in hieroglyphics, under the figure of a hawk.
ACCIPITRES, the name of Linnaeus’s first order of birds.
ACCISMUS denotes a feigned refusal of something which a person earnestly desires. The word is Latin; or rather Greek, ακκισμος ; supposed to be formed from Acco, the name of a foolish old woman noted in antiquity for an affectation of this kind.
ACCIUS, Lucius, a Latin tragic poet, the son of a freedman, and, according to St Jerome, born in the consulship of Hostilius Mancinus and Attilius Serranus, in the year of Rome 583; but there appears somewhat of confusion and perplexity in this chronology. He made himself known before the death of Pacuvius by a dramatic piece, which was exhibited the same year that Pacuvius brought one upon the stage; the latter being then eighty years of age, and Accius only thirty. We do not know the name of this niece of Accius’s, but the titles of several of his tragedies are mentioned by various authors. He wrote on the most celebrated stories which had been represented on the Athenian stage; as Andromache, Andromeda, Atreus, Clytemnestŗa, Medea, Meleager, Philoctetes, the civil wars of Thebes, Tereus, the Troades, &c. He did not always, however, take his subjects from the Grecian story; for he composed one dramatic piece wholly Roman: it was entitled Brutus, and related to the expulsion of the Tarquins. It is affirmed by some that he wrote also comedies; which is not unlikely, if he was the author of two pieces, the Wedding, and the Merchant, which have been ascribed to him. He did not confine himself to dramatic writing; for he left other productions, particularly his Annals, mentioned by Macrobius, Priscian, Festus, and Nonnius Marcellus. He has been censured for writing in too harsh a style, but in all other respects has been esteemed a very great poet. He was so much esteemed by the public, that a comedian was punished for only mentioning his name on the stage. Cicero speaks with great derision of one Accius who had written a history; and, as our author had written annals, some insist that he is the person censured: but as Cicero himself, Horace, Quintilian, Ovid, and Paterculus, have spoken of our author with so much applause, we cannot think it is the same person whom the Roman orator censures with so much severity.

Accius, a poet of the 16th century, to whom is attributed A Paraphrase of Aesops Fables, on which Julius Scaliger bestows great encomiums.
ACCLIVITY, the rise or ascent of a hill, in opposition to the declivity or descent of it. Some writers on fortification use it for the talus of a rampart.
ACCOLA, among the Romans, signified a person who lived near some place; in which sense it differed from incola, the inhabitant of such a place.
ACCOLADE, a ceremony anciently used in the conferring of knighthood.

Antiquaries are not agreed wherein the accolade pro·· perly consisted. The generality suppose it to be the embrace or kiss which princes anciently gave the new knight, as a token of their affection whence the word [7:2:89]accolade; q.d. a clasping, or taking round the neck. Others will rather have it to be a blow on the chine,,of the neck, given on the same occasion. The Accolade is of some antiquity, in whichsoever of the two senses it be taken. Gregory of Tours writes, that the kings of France, even of the first race, in conferring the gilt shoulder-belt, kissed the knights on the left cheek. For the accolée, or blow, John of Salisbury assures us it was in use among the ancient Normans: by this it was that William the Conqueror conferred the honour of knighthood on his son Henry. At first it was given with the naked fist, but was afterwards changed into a blow with the flat of the. sword on the shoulder of the knight.
ACCOLE’E, sometimes synonymous with Accolade. It is also used in various senses in heraldry: sometimes iţ is applied to two things joined; at other times, to animals with crowns or collars about their necks, as the lion in the Ogilvys’ arms; and, lastly, to keys, batoons, maces, swords, &c. placed saltierwise behind the shield.
ACCOLTI, Benedict, was born at Arezzo in 1415. He became a professor of law at Florence; and having been admitted a citizen, was elected chancellor of the republic in 1459. His death took place in 1466. He wrote in Latin a treatise concerning the war which the Christians carried on against the infidels to recover Judea and the holy sepulchre. This work is the ground-plot of Tasso’s Jerusalem Delivered. It only includes, however, the history of the first crusade. He also wrote an account of the Excellent Personages of his Time, in the form of a dialogue.

Accolti, Francis, brother of Benedict, was born about the year 1418. He was professor of jurisprudence in Bologna, Ferrara, and some other universities. He died in 1483, leaving behind him several works on law, some translations from the Greek, and some poetical pieces. There is, in the Ambrosian library at Milan, a collection of his Letters, written in the Latin language.
ACCOMMODATION, the application of one thing, by analogy, to another; or the making two or more things agree with one another. To know a thing by accommodation, is to know it by the idea of a similar thing referred thereto.

A prophecy of Scripture is said to be fulfilled in various ways: properly, as when a thing foretold comes to pass; and improperly, or by way of accommodation, when an event happens to any place or people, like to what fell out some time before to another. Thus, the words of Isaiah, spoken to those of his own time, are said to be fulfilled in those who lived in our Saviour’s, and are accommodated to them: “Ye hypocrites, well did Esaias prophesy of you,” &c.; which same words St Paul afterwards accommodates to the Jews of his time.

The primitive church accommodated multitudes of Jewish, and even Heathen ceremonies and practices, to Christian purposes; but the Jews had before done the same by the Gentiles: some will even have circumcision, the tabernacle, brazen serpent, &c. to have been originally of Egyptian use, and only accommodated by Moses to the purposes of Judaism.^[1. Saurin, Diss. O. T. tom. i. ] Spencer maintains, that most of the rites of the old law were in imitation of those of the Gentiles, and particularly of the Egyptians; that God, in order to divert the children of Israel from the worship they paid to their false deities, consecrated the greater part of the ceremonies performed by those idolaters, and had formed out of them a body of the ceremonial law; that he had indeed made some alterations therein, as barriers against idolatry; and that he thus accommodated his worship to the genius and occasions of his ancient people. To this condescension of God, according to

Spencer,^[2. De Legibus Hebr. diss. i. 1. 3. p.32. ] is owing the origin of the tabernacle, and particularly that of the ark. These opinions, however, have been controverted by later writers.
ACCOMPANIMENT, Accompagnamento, Accompagnatura, in Music, denotes the instruments which accompany a voice, in order to sustain it, as well as to make the music more full. The accompaniment is used in recitative as well as in song, on the stage as well as in the choir, &c. The ancients had likewise their accompaniments in the theatre; they had even instruments to accompany the chorus, different from those which accompanied the actors in the recitation.

The accompaniment, among the moderns, is frequently a different part or melody from the song it accompanies. It is disputed whether it was so among the ancients. It is generally alleged that their accompaniments went no further than the playing in octave, or in antiphony to the voice. The Abbé Fraguier, from a passage in Plato, pretends to prove that they had actual symphony, or music in parts; but his arguments seem far from being conclusive.

Accompaniment, in Painting, denotes such objects as are added, either by way of ornament or fitness, to the principal figures; as dogs, guns, game, &c. in a hunting piece.

Accompaniment, in Heraldry, any thing added to a shield by way of ornament; as the belt, mantling, supporters, &c. It is also applied to several bearings about a principal one; as a saltier, bend, fesse, chevron, &c.
ACCOMPLICE, one that has a hand in a business, or is privy in the same design or crime with another. The Council of Sens, and the statutes of several other synods, expressly prohibit the revealing of accomplices.
ACCOMPLISHMENT, the entire execution or fulfilling of any thing.

Accomplishment is principally used in speaking of events foretold by the Jewish prophets in the Old Testament, and fulfilled under the New. We say a literal accomplishment, a mystical or spiritual accomplishment, a single accomplishment, a double accomplishment, a Jewish accomplishment, a Christian, a Heathen accomplishment. The same prophecy is sometimes accomplished in all or in several of those different ways. Thus, of some of the prophecies of the Old Testament, the Jews find a literal accomplishment in their own history, about the time when the prophecy was given; the Christians find another in Christ, or the earliest days of the church; the Heathens: another in some of their emperors; the Mahometans, another in their legislator, &c. There are two principal, ways of accomplishing a prophecy; directly, and by accommodation. See Accommodation, and Prophecy.
ACCORD, in Painting, is the harmony that reigns, among the lights and shades of a picture.
ACCORDS, Sieur des. See Tabourot, Stephen.
ACCOUNT, or Accompt, in a genera! sense, a computation or reckoning of any thing by numbers.—Collectively, it is used to express the books which merchants, traders, bankers, &c. use for recording their transactions in business.

Chamber of ACCOUNTS, in the French polity, a sovereign court of great antiquity, which took cognizance of and registered the accounts of the king’s revenue; nearly the same with the English Court of Exchequer.
ACCOUNTANT, or Accomptant, in the most general sense, is a person skilled in accounts. In a more restricted sense, it is applied to a person or officer appointed to keep the accounts of a public company or office; as the South Sea, the India Company, the Bank, the Excise, &c.

ACCOUNTANT-general, a new officer in the court of chancery, appointed by act of parliament to receive all moneys lodged in court, instead of the masters, and convey the same to the bank of England for security.
ACCRETION, in Physics, the increase or growth of an organical body, by the accession of new parts.

Accretion, among civilians, the property acquired in a vague or unoccupied thing, by its adhering to or following another already occupied: thus, if a legacy be left to two persons, one of whom dies before the testator, the legacy devolves to the survivor by right of accretion.
ACCROCHE, in Heraldry, denotes a thing’s being hooked with another.
ACCUBATION, a posture of the body, between sitting and lying. The word comes from the Latin accubare, compounded of ad, to, and cubo, I lie down. Accubation, or Accubitus, was the table posture of the Greeks and Romans; whence we find the words particularly used for the lying, or rather (as we call it) sitting down to meat. The Greeks introduced this posture. The Romans, during the frugal ages of the republic, were strangers to it; but as luxury got footing, this posture came to be adopted, at least by the men; for - as to women, it was reputed an indecency in them to lie down among the men, though afterwards this too was got over. Children did not lie down, nor servants, nor soldiers, nor persons of meaner condition. They took their meals sitting, as a posture less indulgent. The Roman manner of disposing themselves at table was this:—A low round table was placed in the coenaculum, or dining-room, and about this, usually three, sometimes only two, beds or couches; and, according to their number, it was called biclinium or triclinium. These were covered with a sort of bedclothes; richer or plainer, according to the quality of the person, and furnished with quilts and pillows, that the guests might lie the more commodiously. There were usually three persons on each bed; to crowd more was esteemed sordid. In eating, they lay down on their left sides, with their heads resting on the pillows, or rather on their elbows. The first lay at the head of the bed, with his feet extended behind the back of the second; the second lay with the back of his head towards the navel of the first, only separated by a pillow, his feet behind the back of the third; and so of the third or fourth. The middle place was esteemed the most honourable. Before they came to table, they changed their clothes, putting on what they called coenatoria vestis, the dining garment; and pulled off their shoes, to prevent soiling the couch.
ACCUBITOR, an ancient officer of the emperors of Constantinople, whose business was to lie near the emperor. He was the head of the youth of the bed-chamber, and had the cubicularius and procubitòr under him.
ACCUMULATION, in a general sense, the act of heaping or amassing things together. Among lawyers it is used in speaking of the concurrence of several titles to the same thing, or of several circumstances to the same proof. “

Accumulation of Degrees, in a university, is the taking [7:2:91]of several of them together, or at shorter intervals than usual, or than is allowed by the rules of the university.
ACCURSED; something that lies under a curse, or ,sentence of excommunication.—In the Jewish idiom, accursed and crucified were synonymous. Among them, every one was accounted accursed who died on a tree. This serves to explain the difficult passage in Rom. ix. 3, where the apostle Paul wished himself accursed after the manner of Christ, i. e. crucified, if happily he might, by such a death, save his countrymen. The preposition αvο, here made use of, is used in the same sense, 2 Tim. i. 3, where it obviously signifies after the manner of.
ACCUSATION, the charging of any person with à criminal action, either in one’s own name or in that of the public. The word is compounded of ad, to, and causari, to plead.

Writers on polities treat of the benefit and the inconveniences of public accusations. Various arguments are alleged both for the encouragement and discouragement of accusations against great men. Nothing, according to Machiavel, tends more to the preservation of a state than frequent accusations of persons intrusted with the administration of public affairs. This, accordingly, was strictly observed by the Romans in the instance of Camillus, accused of corruption by Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Accusations, however, in the judgment of the same author, are not more beneficial than calumnies are pernicious; which is also confirmed by the practice of the Romans. Manlius, not being able to make good his charge against Camillus, was cast into prison.

By the Roman law, there was no public accuser for public crimes; every private person, whether interested in the crime or not, might accuse, and prosecute the accused to punishment or absolution. Cato, the most innocent person of his age, had been accused 42 times, and as often absolved. But the accusation of private crimes was never received but from the mouths of those who were immediately interested in them: None (e. gi) but the husband could accuse his wife of adultery.

The ancient Roman lawyers distinguished between postulatio, delatio, and accusatio. For, first, leave was desired to bring a charge against one, which was called postulare : then he against whom the charge was laid was brought before the judge, which was" called deferre, or nominis delatio: lastly, the charge was drawn up and presented, which was properly the accusatio. The accusation properly commenced, according to Pedianus, when the reus or party charged, being interrogated, denied he was guilty of the crime, and subscribed his name to the delatio made by his opponent.

In Britain, by Magna Charta, no man shall be imprisoned or condemned on any accusation, without trial by his peers or the law; none shall be vexed with any accusation, but according to the law of the land; and no man shall be molested by petition to the king, &c. unless it be by indictment or presentment of lawful men, or by process at common law. Promoters of suggestions are to find surety to pursue them, and if they do not make them good, shall pay damages to the party accused, and also a fine to the king. No person is obliged to answer upon oath to a question whereby he may accuse himself of any crime.