pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CRITOLAUS, a citizen of Tegea, in Arcadia. He, along with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demonstratus of Pheneus, in order to put an end to a long war between their respective nations. But the brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold antagonists. He conquered them, however; and when at his return his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists, to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned on account of the services which he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Achaeans; and it is said that he poisoned himself because he had been conquered by the Romans at Thermopylae, about 146 years before the Augustan age.
CROATIA, a part of the ancient Illyricum, is bounded on the east by Sclavonia and Bosnia, on the south and south-west by Morlachia, and on the north by the Drave, which separates it from part of Sclavonia. It is about 160 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, and was once divided between the Hungarians and Turks; but now the greater part of it is subject to the house of Austria. The Croats derive their origin from the Sclavi, and their language is [7:7:474] a dialect of the Sclavonian, approaching very near to that of the Poles. The country is divided into two parts, namely, that under and that beyond the Save. The soil, where cultivated, is fruitful in wine, oil, and other products, but being a frontier country, and much exposed to inroads, it is not well cultivated. In 1809 the part of Croatia lying south of the Şave was ceded to France, and united with the Illyrian provinces; but in 1815 it was restored to Austria.
CROISERS, a religious order founded in honour of the invention or discovery of the cross by the Empress Helena. They were dispersed in several parts of Europe, particularly in the Low Countries, France, Bohemia, and Italy, where, however, they were soon suppressed. These religious persons followed the rule of St Augustin. They had in England the name of Crouched Friars.
CROISES, or Croizes, in English antiquity, pilgrims bound for the Holy Land, or such as had been there; so called from a badge they wore in imitation of a cross. The knights of St John of Jerusalem, created for the defence and protection of pilgrims, were particularly called Croisés.
CROIX, Francis Petit de la, secretary and interpreter to the king of France, in the Turkish and Arabic languages, was born in 1622, and died in 1695, in his seventy-third year, after having held this employment for the space of forty-four years. It appears that'he executed the duty of his office with as much integrity as ability; for, when the Algerines sought peace with Louis XIV. conditions were offered, by which they 7 were required to reimburse to this monarch six hundred thousand francs. The terms being thought exorbitant, they had recourse to stratagem, and offered a large sum to La Croix, the interpreter, if he would put into the treaty crowns of Tripoli instead of French crowns ; which would have made a difference to the Algerines of more than one hundred thousand livres. But the integrity of the interpreter triumphed over the temptation; which, in fact, was the greater, as it was next to impossible that the proposed fraud could have been discovered. Besides the Turkish and the Arabic, the Persian and the Tartar, he also understood the Ethiopian and Armenian languages, and is well known to the learned world by many works. He translated, the History of France into the Turkish language; he digested the three volumes of Voyages into the East Indies of Thevenot; he made an accurate catalogue of all the Turkish and Persian books contained in the king’s library; he composed two complete Dictionaries of the French and Turkish languages; and, at the time of his death, he was about to present the world with the history of Genghis Khan. He undertook this history by the order of M. Colbert; a minister who, altogether intent upon aggrandizing his master, was accustomed every week to call together, either in the king’s library or in his own, certain learned men, whom, according as they excelled in their several departments in literature, he constantly set to work. This history, which cost La Croix more than ten years’ labour, is useful not only to the learned who are curious to know past events, and to geographers who had hitherto been ignorant of Great Tartary, but likewise to all who trade to China, Persia, or other parts of the eastern world. There is a good map of northern Asia drawn by Delisle, accompanying the work, which Μ. Petit de la Croix, the author’s son, not only revised, but, in order to render it more curious, added to it an abridgment of the lives of all those authors from whom it had been extracted. It was translated into English, and published at London, 1722, 8vo.
CROMER, a market-town of Norfolk, on the shore of the German Ocean, frequented in the summer by sea bathers. It is 130 miles from London, and was once much larger, but the sea has encroached upon its limits. Its inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 842, in 1821 to 1023. and in 1831 to 1232.
CROMLECH, in British antiquities, huge, broad, flat stones, raised upon other stones set upright for the purpose. These monuments are spoken of by Mr Rowland, by Dr Borlase, and by Wormius, under the appellation of Arcz, or altars. Mr Rowland, however, partlyinclines to the notion of their having been altars, partly to that of their having been sepulchres; he supposes them to have been originally tombs, but thinks that in after times sacrifices were performed upon them to the heroes deposited within. An account of King Harold having been interred beneath a tomb of this kind in Denmark, is still preserved, and a skeleton deposited under one of them was discovered in Ireland. The very great similarity of the monuments throughout the north evinces that the same religion or superstition had with some slight variations been spread in every part. Many of these monuments are both British and Danish, for they are found in spots to which the Danes never penetrated.

The cromlech, or cromleh, differs from the hist-vaen, in not being closed up at the end and sides, that is, in not partaking so much of the chest-like figure; it is also generally of larger dimensions, and sometimes consists of a greater number of stones. The terms cromlech and hist-vaen are, however, indiscriminately used for the same monument. The word cromlech is by some derived from the Armoric crum, crooked or bowing, and leh, stone; alluding to the reverence which persons paid to them by bowing. Rowland derives it from the Hebrew words carcm-luach, signifying a devoted or consecrated stone. They are called by the vulgar coetne Arthor, or Arthur s quoits, it being a custom in Wales as well as in Cornwall to ascribe all great or wonderful objects to Prince Arthur, the hero of those countries.
CRONIUS, in Chronology, the ancient name of the Athenian month Hecatombaeon, which was the first of their year, and answered to the latter part of our June and the beginning of July. There were feasts called Cronienes celebrated at Athens in this month, in honour of Saturn, and answering to the Saturnalia of the Romans.
CRONOBERG, one of the provinces into which the kingdom of Sweden is divided. It is bounded on the north by Ionkoping, on the east by Kalmar, on the south by Carlscrona and Christianstadt, and on the west by Halmstadt. It extends over 1760 square miles, and contains 89,631 inhabitants, in one city and 2482 hamlets. The chief city is Mexio.
CRONSTADT, a city of Russia, in Europe, in the province of Petersburg. It is built on the island of Kodlin or Codlin, which is about six miles in length and one in breadth, and on both sides of which is a fair channel to Petersburg; but the southern one is preferable. The city is on the eastern end of the island, and is well fortified. It is the great naval arsenal of the Russian empire on the Baltic, and contains the appropriate docks for the construction and repairs of ships, and the necessary storehouses for their equipment, arming, and victuallings, and the proper schools for the instruction of the officers of the fleet. It is also a kind of commercial port to Petersburg, as .the, larger class of merchant vessels take in here their lading, which is brought from the capital in craft of various kinds. The city contains 2000 houses, mostly of stone, and in summer 40,000 inhabitants; but as the winter[7:7:480] is severe, and the bay covered with thick ice, which suspends all marine operations, the inhabitants who can afford it remove during the frost to the capital to enjoy its pleasures, and leave less than 30,000 inhabitants at Cronstadt. Long. 29. 35. 10. E. Lat. 59. 58. 26. N. *

Cronstadt, a city of Hungary, in that division of the province of Sieberbergen called the Saxon country. It is situated in a valley watered by several brooks, which run to the Alt before it joins the Danube. It is a walled city, containing six Lutheran, two Greek, one Catholic, and one Unitarian church, and contains, including the large suburbs, 3200 houses, and 25,000 inhabitants, who are chiefly of Saxon or other German origin. There are both Lutheran and Catholic seminaries for the education of persons of these respective professions. It is a manufacturing place, producing linen and woollen cloth, hats, leather, nails and other ironmongery wares. Among the public buildings, the most remarkable are the theatre, the council-house, the Franciscan convent, the exchange, and the workhouse. It is in long. 25. 28. 25. E. and lat. 45. 36. 30. N.
CROSIER, or Crozier, a shepherd’s crook, and the symbol of pastoral authority, consisting of a gold or silver staff, curved or bent at the top, carried occasionally before bishops and abbots, and held in the hand when they give the solemn benedictions. The custom of bearing a pastoral staff before bishops is very ancient, as appears from the life of St Caesarea of Arles, who lived about the year 500. Among the Greeks none but the patriarchs had a right to the crosier. The crosiers were at first no more than simple wooden staves in form of a T, used to rest upon. By degrees they were made longer, and at length arrived at the form in which they are now to be seen. Regular abbots are allowed to officiate with a mitre and crosier.
CROSLET, in Heraldry, is when a cross is crossed again at a small distance from each of the ends. Upton says it is not so often borne by itself in arms as other crosses are, but often in diminutives, that is, in small croslets scattered about the field.
CROTALUM, an ancient kind of castagnetta, or musical instrument, found on medals in the hands of the priests of Cybele. The crotalum differed from the sistrum, though authors frequently confound them. It consisted of two little brass plates or rods, which were shaken in the hand, and in striking against each other made a noise.

It was sometimes also formed of a reed split lengthwise, one part of which they struck against the other; and as this made a noise somewhat like that of a crane’s bill, they called that bird crotalistria, a player on the crotala. Aristophanes calls a great talker a crotalum.
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Clemens Alexandrinus attributes the invention to the Sicilians, and forbids the use of it to the Christians, because of the indecent motions and gestures which accompanied it.
CROTALYSTRIAE, in Antiquity, a kind of mprrice dancers, admitted to entertainments, in order to divert the company with their dancing and playing on an instrument called crotalum, whence they had their name.
CROTCHET, in Music, one of the notes or characters of time, equal to half a minim, and double of a quaver.

Crotchets are also marks or characters, serving to inclose a word or sentence which is distinguished from the rest, being generally in this form ].
CROTO, or Crotona, in Ancient Geography·, a noble city of the Brutti, founded by an Achean colony 759 years before the Augustan age, and situated 150 stadia to the north of Lacinium, and in the neighbourhood of Metapontum, in the bay of Tarentum. Pythagoras, after his long peregrinations in search of knowledge, fixed his residence at this place, which some authors think was his native one, at least that of his parents, supposing him to have been born in the isle of Samos, and not at any town of the name of Crotona in Italy. This incomparable sage spent the latter part of his life in training up disciples to the rigid exercise of sublime moral virtue, and in instructing the Crotonites in the true arts of government, such as alone can inspire happiness, glory, and independence.

Under the influence of this philosophy, the Crotonites inured their bodies to frugality and hardships, and their minds to self-denial and patriotic disinterestedness. Their virtues were the admiration of Greece, where it became a current proverb, that the last of the Crotonites was the first o'f the Greeks. In one Olympiad seven of the victors in the games were citizens of Crotona; and the name of Milo is almost as famous as that of Hercules. The vigour of the men and the beauty of the women were ascribed to the climate, which was believed to be endowed with qualities peculiarly favourable to the human system.

Of all the colonies sent out from Greece, this alone furnished succour to the mother country when invaded by the Persians; and by its avenging arms the Sybarites were punished for their shameful degeneracy. But the victory proved fatal to the conquerors; for riches, and all their pernicious attendants, insinuated themselves into Crotona, and soon contaminated the purity of its principles. Not long afterwards, the Locrians, who were less corrupted, defeated them on the banks of the Sagra, and reduced the republic to great distress and penury. This reverse restored the remaining Crotonites to their pristine vigour of mind, and enabled them to make a brave though unsuccessful resistance when attacked by Dionysius of Syracuse. They suffered much in the war with Pyrrhus, and, by repeated misfortunes, decreased in strength and numbers, from age to age, down to that of Hannibal, when they could not muster twenty thousand inhabitants. This small population being incapable of manning the extensive works erected in the days of prosperity, Crotona was taken by the Carthaginians, and its citizens were transported to Locri. The Romans sent a colony thither about two centuries before Christ. In the Gothic war this city rendered itself conspicuous by its fidelity to Justinian, and Totila besieged it long in vain.
CROUSAZ, Jean Pierre de, was born at Lausanne on the 13th of April 1663. He was one of the most prolific writers of the eighteenth century; but his works seldom rise above mediocrity, and are now but little read. He was a Protestant of noble extraction, and his father destined him for the profession of arms, but he preferred the more tranquil pursuit of letters. He applied himself particularly to the study of the mathematics, and became a warm partizan of the Cartesian philosophy. After some time spent in travelling, he returned to his native place, where he was successively appointed pastor, professor of philosophy, and rector of the academy. In 1724, he was called to Groningen to teach the mathematics, and appointed governor to the young prince Frederick of Hesse-Cassel. The king of Sweden also conferred upon him the title of counsellor of embassies. Crousaz died on the 22d of March 1750, at which time he was a member of the Academy of Bordeaux, and foreign associate of the Academy of Sciences at Paris. His principal works are, 1. Systeme des Reflexions qui peuvent contribuer a la netteté et à létude de nos Connaissances, ou nouvel Essai de Logique, Amsterdam, 1712, 2 vols. 8vo; 2. Traite de Peau, où l’on montre cri quoi consiste ce qui l’on nomme ainsi, Amsterdam, 1715, 8vo, and 1724, 2 vols. 12mo; 3. Pe l’Ediicatum des Εηfαηs, Hague, 1722, 2 vols. 12mo; 4. Examen du Traite de la Liberté de Penser d’Antoine Collins, Brussels, 1715, Amsterdam, 1718, 8vo; 5. Geometrie des Lignes et des Surfaces rectilignes et circulaires, Amsterdam, 1718, 2 vols. 8vo; 6. Examen du Pyrrhonisme ancien et moderne, Hague, 1733, fol.; 7. Oeuvres diverses, 1737, 2 vols. 8vo; 8. Traité de l' Esprit Humain, against Wolff and Leibnitz, 1741; 9. Peflexions sur la belle Wolfienne, Lausanne, 1743, 8vo. In bis Traite de Peau Crousaz maintains that, to constitute beauty, there must be a concurrence of five qualities or conditions, namely, unity, variety, order, proportion, and regularity. But this definition, it must be obvious, is far from having that character of simplicity which is suited to the nature of beauty; and a more refined analysis has since demonstrated that the only condition necessary to constitute beauty is association with certain feelings and emotions of an agreeable or a pleasurable kind. The most important of all his works, however, is the Examination of ancient and modern Pyrrhonism, which displays sound thinking, and no inconsiderable degree of philosophical learning. Besides the works above enumerated, Crousaz was the author of some sermons, an essay on metaphysics, reflections on gambling, remarks on the utility of physics and mathematics, an essay on rhetoric, another on motion, a treatise on algebra, observations on the logic of Horace, an examination of Pope’s Essay on Man, a commentary on the analysis of quantities infinitely small, several dissertations crowned by the academy of Bordeaux, and other pieces. (See his Eloge by Fouchy in l' Histoire de l' Academie des Sciences, 1750, p. 779.)
CROW, in Mechanics, a kind of iron lever, with a claw at one end and a sharp point at the other, used for heaving or purchasing great weights.

Crow's Pill, among surgeons, a kind of forceps for extracting bullets and other foreign bodies out of wounds.

Crow's Feet, in the military art, machines of iron, having four points, each about three or four inches long, and so made that, whichever way they fall, there is still a point up. They are thrown upon breaches, or in passes where the enemy’s cavalry are to march, and prove a formidable obstruction, by running into the horses’ feet and laming them.
CROWLAND, a town of the hundred of Elloe, in the county of Lincoln, in which formerly stood one of the largest abbeys of the kingdom. As the town is intersected with water-courses, there is a curious triangular bridge which connects the several portions, with an inscription bearing the date of 860. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1713, in 1821 to 2113, and in 1831 to 2716.
CROWLE, a market-town in the wapentake of Manby, in the county of Lincoln, 166 miles from London. It is situated in a marshy district, formerly the isle of Axholm, but now by draining made a part of the surrounding country. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1424, in 1821 to 1729, and in 1831 to 2113.
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CROWNE, John, a celebrated dramatic writer, born in Nova Scotia, where his father was a minister. Being impatient of the gloomy restraint of that country, he came to England, where he was reduced to enter into the service of an old lady; but of this he soon became as weary as he had been of America. He then had recourse to his pen, which quickly procured him favour at court; but this kind of subsistence proving precarious, he ventured to solicit Charles II. for some establishment. Charles promised to provide for him, but insisted first on having another comedy, and suggested to him the plan of a Spanish play, from which Crowne produced the comedy of Sir Courtly Nice ; but the sudden death of the king on the last day of the rehearsal plunged him at once from his pleasing expectations into disappointment and distress, and left him no resource but his wits. He died some time about the year 1703; and left behind him seventeen tragedies and comedies, some of which were acted with considerable success. His chief excellence lay in comedy, yet his tragedies are far from being contemptible.
CROXAL, Samuel, an ingenious English divine, who in his youth wrote the poem entitled the Fair Circassian. He had the livings of Hampton in Middlesex, and the united parishes of St Mary Somerset and St Mary Mounthaw in London, both of which he held till his death in 1751. He published many other poems and translations, besides an English edition of Aesop’s Fables. In consequence of his attachment to whig principles, he enjoyed some other preferments, and was chaplain in ordinary to George II.
CROY, or Crouy, an island in the Indian Ocean, discovered by Kerguelen in 1773. It is about nine miles in circumference. Long. 68. 34. Ľ. Lat. 48. 10. S.
CROYDON, a town in the hundred of Wallington, in the county of Surrey, ten miles from London. It is well built, and pleasantly situated at the foot of the Banstead range of hills. The church is a fine Gothic structure, and near it are the remains of the ancient palace of the archbishops of Canterbury, now converted into a bleaching establishment. The market is held on Saturday, and well supplied. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 7211, in 1821 to 9254, and in 1831 to 12,447.
CRUCIFIX, a cross upon which the body of Christ is fastened in effigy, used by the Roman Catholics in order to excite in their minds a strong idea of our Saviour’s passion.
CRUCIFIXION, a mode of inflicting capital punishment by affixing the criminal to a wooden cross. This was a kind of punishment frequent among the ancients; but, in modern times, it has been confined chiefly to the Mahommedans. On receiving sentence of condemnation, the criminal was scourged, by way of prelude to the cruel death which he was doomed to die. He was then forced to carry his cross to the place of execution, where he was stripped nearly naked, and affixed thereto by means of iron nails driven through each hand and foot, or through the wrists and ankles; and the arms and legs were sometimes encircled by cords. When the criminal, instead of being nailed to his cross, was bound to it by cords, this was designed as a more cruel, because a more lingering, punishment. Crucifixion with the head downwards, the mode in which St Peter suffered martyrdom, maybe considered as a refinement on this barbarous species of punishment. See article Cross.
CRUCIFORM, in general, something disposed crosswise, but more especially used by botanists for flowers consisting of four petals disposed in the form of a cross.
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CRUSCA, an Italian term signifying bran, was employed to denote that celebrated academy called Della Crusea, established at Florence for purifying and perfecting the Tuscan language. The academy took its name from its office, and the end proposed by it, which is to refine the language, and as it were to separate the chaff from the wheat. Accordingly, its device is a sieve; and its motto II pin bel flor ne coglie, it gathers the finest flour. In the hall or apartment where the academy met, every thing bore an allusion to the name and device; the seats were in form of a baker’s basket; their backs were like a shovel for moving corn; the cushions were of gray satin, in the form of sacks or wallets; and the branches where the lights were placed resembled sacks. The vocabulary Della Crusea is an Italian dictionary, composed by this academy.
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CRUTH, or Crowtn, a kind of musical instrument formerly in use among the common people in Wales. It is of the fidicinal kind, and somewhat resembles a violin, being twelve inches in length, and an inch and a half in thickness. It has six strings supported by a bridge, and is played on with a bow. The bridge differs from that of a violin, in being flat, and not convex on the top; a circumstance from which it is to be inferred that the strings are to be struck at the same time, so as to afford a succession of concords. The bridge is not placed at right angles with the sides of the instrument, but in an oblique direction; and, which is further to be remarked, one of the feet of the bridge goes through one of the sound-holes, which are circular, and rests on the inside of the back, while the other foot, which is proportionably shorter, rests on the belly before the other sound-hole. The instrument is now disused. Sir John Hawkins tells us, that in his time there was but one person in the whole principality of North Wales who could play upon it.