pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FLAMEN, in Roman antiquity, the name of an order of priests, instituted either by Romulus or Numa, authors not being agreed which of the two was its founder.

They were originally only three; the Flamen Dialis, Flamen Martialis, and Flamen Quirinalis. The Flamen Dialis was sacred to Jupiter, and a person of the highest consequence and authority in the state. He discharged several religious duties which properly belonged to the kings, and was honoured with many eminent privileges, but was obliged to observe several superstitious restraints. The Flamm Martialis was sacred to Mars, and was ordained to inspect the rites of that warlike god. The Flamen Quirinalis was sacred to and superintended the rites of Romulus Quirinus. But the Flamines last mentioned, though of high authority, were much inferior to the Flamen Dialis ; and all three were chosen by the people, and consecrated by the Pontifex Maximus. In latter times several priests of the same order and name were added to their number, but inferior in power. The whole at last amounted to fifteen, the first three of whom were senators, and called Flamines Majores; whilst the other twelve, taken from among the people, were denominated Flamines Minores. According to some authors, the Romans had a Flamen for every deity they worshipped. The greater Flamines wore the robe edged with purple, like the great magistrates, and had an ivory chan, with a seat in the senate. They also had a little band of thread about their heads, and hence their name, qW' Filarnines, is said to have been derived. The wife of the Flamen Dialis was called Flaminica, and wore a ha∏' c ^ coloured habit, on which was painted a thunderbolt, u∏ι st above her head-dress she had green oak boughs, to indicate that she belonged to Jupiter the thunderer, to whom thθ oak was sacred. The Flamines wore each of them a a or cap called Flammeum or Apex. ,
FLAMINIA Via, an ancient Roman road, constructs by C. Flaminius, during his censorship, 220 b. c. Proceeding from Rome through Etruria in a direct line o Narnia, now Narni, in Umbria, it was divided into two [7:9:613]branches, the one to the east leading through Terni and Spoleto to Foligno, where it met the other, which passed through Careoli and JBevagna. It then continued its course to Nuceria, where it again branched off in two directions, ffie one passing through the district of Picenum to Ancona, and along the coast of the Adriatic to Fanum Fortunae, Fano, where it met the other, which followed the more direct line of Intercisa or Furlo, and Forum Sempronii or possornbrone. It did not go beyond Ariminum. (Bergier, Hid. des Grands Chemins.')
FLAMSTED, a village and parish of England, in the county of Hertford, anciently called Verlamstedt, from its vicinity to the river. The population amounted in 1831 to 1462.
FLANDERS, a province of the Netherlands, bounded by the German Ocean and the United Provinces on the north, by the province of Brabant on the east, by Hainault and Artois on the south, and by another part of Artois and the German Sea on the west; being about sixty miles long and fifty broad. See Netherlands.
FLANK, or Flanc, in the manege, is applied to the sides of a horse’s buttock. In a strict sense, the flanks of a horse are the extremes of the belly, where the ribs are wanting, and are immediately below the loins.

Flank, in War , is used by way of analogy for the side of a battalion, brigade, division, or army, in contradistinction to the front and rear. Flank, in Fortification, is a line drawn from the extremity of the face towards the inside of the work. Or, flank ls that part of a bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the opposite face, the flank, and the curtain.

Fichant Flank is that whence a cannon playing fires directly on the face of the opposite bastion.

Rasant or Pazant Flank is the point whence the line of defence begins, from the conjunction of which with the curtain the shot only rases the face of the next bastion; and this happens when the face cannot be discovered but from the flank alone.
FLANNAN Islands, a group of small islands, some s ιx or seven in number, lying twelve miles north-west of the Isle of Skye. They are wild, rocky, and uninhabited; ut from the remains of sacred edifices found upon them, ey must formerly have been the residence of some Cul-can or other religious order. At present they are noted i0r sheep pasturage.
FLATS, in Music. See Interval. .
FLAT Island, a small island in the Eastern Seas, ι situated near the north coast of the island of Flores. Long. ’ Vθi .°9, E’ Lat. 7. 59. S. Also an island in the Mergui Archipelago, lat. 10. 27. N.; and another near the east ι coast of New Zealand, long. 183. 13. W. lat. 37. 40. S.
FLAVEL, John, an eminent non-conformist minister, was educated at University College, Oxford. He became ì minister, first of Deptford, and afterwards of Dartmouth, in ŗ Devonshire, where he resided the greater part of his life, much respected and admired for his preaching, although he was persecuted on account of his principles in 1685, when several of the aldermen of the town, attended by the [ rabble, carried about an effigy of him, to which were affixed the bill of exclusion and the covenant. Upon this occasion he thought it prudent to withdraw from the town, not knowing what treatment he might experience at the hands of a riotous mob, headed by magistrates who were themselves amongst the lowest of mankind. Part of his Diary, printed with his remains, will give the reader a high idea of his piety. He died in 1691, at the age of sixty-one; and after his death, his works, which consisted of many pieces of practical divinity, were printed in two volumes folio. Amongst these the most curious are his Navigation Spiritualized, or a New Compass for Seamen, of which there have been several editions in 8vo; and Husbandry Spiritualized, with occasional meditations upon beasts, birds, trees, flowers, rivers, and several other objects, of which also there have been many editions in 8vo.
FLAX. For some particulars as to the culture of flax, see the article Agriculture. What more remains to be . said will be found under the connected head of Hemp.
FLEAM, in Surgery and Farriery, an instrument for letting blood of a man or horse. A case of fleams, as it is called by farriers, comprehends six sorts of instruments; two hooked ones, called drawers, which are used for cleansing wounds; a pen-knife; a sharp-pointed lancet for making incisions; and two fleams, one sharp and the other broad pointed. These last are somewhat like the point of a lancet, fixed in a flat handle, and no longer than is just necessary to open the vein.
FLECHE, LA, an arrondissement in the department of the Sarthe, in France. It extends over 722 square miles, is divided into seven cantons, and these into eighty communes, containing 84,995 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, is a well-built place, situated on the river Loir, in a valley surrounded with vineyards. It contains 843 houses, and 5099 inhabitants. There is a public school for military instruction, with a good library. Long. 0.13. W. Lat. 47. 22. N.
FLECKNOE, Richard, an English poet and dramatic writer in the reign of Charles II. who has been more indebted for the preservation of his name to Dryden’s satire of Mac-Flecknoe, than to the merit of his own productions, is said to have been originally a Jesuit, and connected with some persons of distinction belonging to die Roman Catholic persuasion. 1he origin of Dryden’s antipathy to this man has not been ascertained. It was confirmed, however, when die office of poet-laureat, of which Dryden had been deprived on account of his religion, was conferred upon Flecknoe; and resentment of this wrong appears to have produced the celebrated satire above mentioned, which, besides being equally spirited and amusing in itself, served m some degree as the model of the Dunciad.

Flecknoe wrote some plays, but not more than one of them was ever acted. His comedy called Damoiselles à la Mode was printed in 1667, and addressed to the Duke and Duchess of Newcastle; but the players refused to perform it. His other dramatic pieces were Errnina, ar the Chaste Lady ; Loves Dominion, printed in 1654; and The Marriage of Oceanus and Dritannia. His other works consist of, 1. Epigrams and Enigmatical Characters, 1670 in 8vo; 2. Miscellanea, or Poems of all sorts, with divers other pieces, 1653, in 12mo; 3. Diarium, or the Journal divided into twelve Jornadas, in burlesque verse, London 1656, in 12mo. Flecknoe died in 1678. Mr Southey, in his Omniana, has generally endeavoured to vindicate him from some of the ridicule thrown upon him as a writer and from certain grave reproaches made against his character as a man. (a.)
FLEECE, the covering of wool shorn off the bodies of sheep. See the article Wool.
FLEET commonly implies a company of ships of war belonging to any prince or state; but sometimes it denotes any number of trading ships employed in a particular branch of commerce.

Fleet is also a noted prison in London, where persons are committed for contempt of the king and his laws, particularly of his courts of justice; or for debt, where any person will not or cannot pay his creditors. See London.
FLEMINGIANS, or Flandrians, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of rigid Anabaptists, who acquired this name in the sixteenth century, by way of distinction from the Waterlandians. In consequence of some dissensions among the Flemingians relative to the treatment of excommunicated persons, they were divided into two sects, distinguished by the appellations of Elandrians and Eriesland- ¶«, who differed from each other in their manners and discipline. But in process of time many of these came over to the moderate community of the Waterlandians, whilst those who continued separate still retained the name of the old Flemingians or Flandrians. They maintained the opinion of Menno with respect to the incarnation of Christ; alleging that his body was produced by the creative power of the Holy Ghost, and not derived from his mother Mary.
FLEMISH, or the Flemish Tongue, that which is otherwise called Low Dutch, to distinguish it from the Cerrnan, of which it is a corruption and a kind of dialect, t differs from the Walloon, which is a corruption of the r onch language. The Flemish is used throughout all the provinces of the Netherlands.
FLENSBURG, a city of the duchy of Sleswick, in Denmark. It is fineliy situated on a fiorde or arm of the sea, om which rises hills on three sides, on which the city is uιlt, and from the sea resembles an amphitheatre. It contains 1208 houses and 13,109 inhabitants. It is a place of great trade and manufactures, the chief port to which ships from the West Indies repair. The manufactures are numerous, being assisted by good water power. There are several institutions for education and for charitable purposes, and some delightful promenades and prospects. Long. 9. 21. E. Lat. 51. 17. N.
FLESH, in Anatomy, a compound substance, consisting of the various softer solids of the animal body, and so denominated in contradistinction to bones. See Anatomy, passim.
FLETA, the name given to an unknown writer who lived about the end of the reign of Edward II. and beginning of Edward III. and who, whilst a prisoner in the Fleet, wrote an excellent treatise on the common law of England.
FLEURUS, a small town of the province of West Flanders, in the circle of Charleroy, containing 600 inhabitants, and remarkable for the battles fought there in 1622, 1690, 1794, and 1815, though the last is more frequently designated the battle of Ligny.
FLEXIBLE, in Physics, a term applied to bodies capable of being bent or deflected from their natural figure or direction.
FLEXOR, in Anatomy, a name applied to several muscles, which are so called from their office, which is to bend the parts to which they belong, in opposition to the extensors, which open or stretch them.
FLINDERS Island, is an island in the form of an irregular quadrangle of from three to five miles each side on the south coast of New Holland. Seals are numerous on the beach, and a species of kangaroo not larger than a cat is also found there. Long. 134. 27. E. Lat. 33. 41. S.
FLINT, a mineral which is principally composed of silica. See Mineralogy. Flint, the county town of Flintshire, in North Wales, 204 miles from London, on the river Dee. It is an ancient corporation, and, in conjunction with the boroughs of Rhyddlan, Overton, Caerwys, and Caergoety, returns one member to the House of Commons. It is resorted to in summer for sea-bathing. Though the assizes are held at Mold, the county jail is at Flint. The population amounted in 1801 to 1169, in 1811 to 1433, in 1821 to 1612, and in 1831 to 2216.
FLIP, a sort of drink, composed of malt liquor, brandy, and sugar, and in great favour among sailors.
FLOAT, a certain quantity of timber bound together *ιth rafters athwart, and put into a river to be conveyed down the stream.
FLOATING Bodies are those which swim on the sur-ace of a fluid, the most interesting of which are ships andves- i θls employed in commerce and war. See Ship-Building.
FLOOD, a deluge or inundation of waters. See the article Deluge. Flood is also used in speaking of the tide. When the water is at the lowest, it is called ebb ; when rising, young flood ; when at the highest, high flood; when beginning to fall, ebb water. ELooD-marh, the mark which the sea makes on the shore at flowing water and the highest tide. It is also called high-water mark.
FLOOR, in building, the underside of a room, or that part which we walk on. See Building.
FLORA, the reputed goddess of flowers, was, according [7:9:624]to Lactantius, only a lady of pleasure, who having gained large sums of money by prostituting her person, made the Roman people her heir, on condition that certain g an ξ es called Floralia might be annually celebrated on her birthday. Some time afterwards, however, such a foundation appearing unworthy the majesty of the Roman people, the senate, in order to ennoble the ceremony, converted F lora into a goddess, whom they supposed to preside over flowers, and thus made it a part of religion to render her propitious, that it might be well with their gardens, vineyards, and parterres. But Vossius (De ĩdol- lib. i. c. 12) is by no means disposed to allow the goddess Flora to have been the courtezan above mentioned; he contends that she was a Sabine deity, and thinks that her worship might have commenced under Romulus. His reason is, that Varro, in his fourth book of the Latin tongue, ranks Flora amongst the deities to whom Tatius king of the Sabines offered up vows before he joined battle with the Romans. The goddess Flora was, according to the poets, the wife of Zephyrus. Her image in the temple of Castor and Pollux was dressed in a close habit, with the flowers of peas and beans in the hand; but the modern poets and painters have been more lavish in setting off her charms, considering that no parts of nature offered such innocent and exquisite entertainment, as the beautiful variety which adorns, and the odour which embalms, the floral creation.
FLORAC, an arrondissement of the department of the Lozère, in France, extending over 660 square miles. It is divided into seven cantons, and these into fifty-five communes, containing 43,500 inhabitants. The capital is the town of the same name situated on the river Tornou, which falls into the Tarn. It contains 340 houses, with 2160 inhabitants.
FLORALES Ludi, or Floral Games, in Antiquity, were games celebrated in honour of Flora, the goddess of flowers. The ludi florales, according to Pliny (lib. xviii. c. 29), were instituted by order of an oracle of the Sibyls, on the 28th of April; not in the year of Rome ιoxvι. as we commonly read it in the ancient editions of that author, nor in ιoxiv. as Hardouin has corrected it, but, as Vossius reads it, in 513; though they were not regularly held every year till after 580. They were chiefly held in the night time, in the patrician street; but some will have it there was a circus for the purpose on the hill called Hortulorum.
FLORALIA, in Antiquity, a general name for the feasts, games, and other ceremonies, held in honour of the goddess Flora.
FLORENCE, a city, the capital of the grand duchy of Tuscany, and of the division of it of the same name. The department of Florence comprehends the extensive valley of the Arno, and a great portion of the Appennine Mountains, and extends over 3652 square miles, divided into thirty-three vicariates, and containing 643,385 inhabitants. The city of Florence is at the foot of the Appennines, in a beautiful and fertile valley, and is watered by the Arno, which divides it into two unequal parts. It is surrounded with fortifications, but of no great military strength. It has seven gates, of which that of St Gallo is distinguished by a noble marble triumphal entrance. It is divided into four wards, and contains seventeen piazzas, 172 churches, twelve ⅛nn∙ ’ 1 m 1 any n ° ble private P alaces , 9000 dwellings, and 75,200 inhabitants. The streets are not altogether regular or wide, but they are kept clean, are well paved, and lighted by night. The Via Larga is distinguished by many large and magnificent palaces; but the Corso, in which races are ļeld, is the favourite promenade of the fashionable people. niĨĴ fine f st c view ™ the city 1 ιs, however > to be seen from the piazza of Santa Mana to the palace Pitti, the grand ducal residence. The cathedral, the galleries, the churches, the obelisks, and the fountains, are the most magnificent of any in Italy, and deserve a description more detailed than the compass of this notice will allow. The institutions for charity, and the establishments for instruction, especially in the fine arts, are upon an extensive and liberal plan. ' There are three public libraries; the Laurenziana with 120,000 volumes, the Machlibecchiana with 90,000, and the Marcelliana with 40,000. Florence was formerly one of the most distinguished manufacturing places of Italy, and the various kinds of silk goods and of fine black cloth there produced still maintain a high reputation. Besides these, it produces table and other linen, woollen cloths, carpets, caps, soap, perfumery, and essences, lacquered and silvered ware, and many works in alabaster and marble. Florence has produced many individuals eminent in arts, science, and literature; among others, Machiavelli the political writer; Dante Allighieri, Luigi Rucellai, Menzini, and Filicaja, poets; Guicciardini the historian, Michel Angelo Buonarotti the artist, Galileo the astronomer, Amerigo Vespuccio the navigator, Lully the musician, and the artists of the school of this city. It is in long. 11. 0. 25. E. lat. 43. 46. 30. N.

Florence, an ancient piece of English gold coin. Every pound weight of standard gold was ordained to be coined into fifty Florences, to be current at six shillings each; or into a proportionate number of half Florences, or quarter pieces, by indenture of the mint. See 18 Edw. III.
FLORES, or Ende, an island in the Eastern Seas, extending about 200 miles in length by forty or fifty in breadth, at the extremity of which is a strait called Flores Strait. Near the coast is a fine open country, but the interior parts are mountainous and woody; and there is said to be a volcano in the centre. Sandal wood was formerly obtained here in great abundance, but it is now grown scarce. At a village in the straits which separate Flores from Sabraon and Solor, European vessels procure refreshments in exchange for ammunition, coarse cutlery, and other articles. The island belongs to the sultan of Beema, in the island of Sambawa, who derives a considerable revenue from the edible bird-nests found in it. The Portuguese formerly resided in it; and their descendants, or those calling themselves such, and professing the Roman catholic religion, are still dispersed over the island. The island is situated between the 120th and 123d degrees of east longitude, and the 8th and 9th degrees of south latitude.
FLORILEGIUM, Florilege, a name given by the Latins to what the Greeks call aν0ο ∖ ογιον, anthology, a collection of choice pieces, containing the finest and brightest things of their kind.

Florilege is also particularly used for a kind of breviary, in the Eastern church, compiled by Arcadius, for the convenience of the Greek priests and monks. The florilegium contains the general rubrics, psalter, canticles, the horologium, and the office of the feriae.
FLORIN is sometimes used to signify a coin, and sometimes a money of account. Florin, as a coin, is of different values, according to the different metals, and different countries where it is struck. See Money.
FLORINIANI, or Floriani, a sect of heretics of the second century, so denominated from its author Florinus, or Florianus, a priest of the Roman Catholic church, deposed along with Blastus for his errors. Florinus had, along with Irenaeus, been a disciple of St Polycarp. He made God the author of evil; or rather asserted that the things forbidden by God are not evil, but of his own appointment. The Floriani had also other names given them. Philastrius says they were the same with the Car-pophorians ; and they were also called soldiers, milites quia į militaribus f u eru η t. St Irenaeus calls them Gnostics; bt Epiphamus, Phrbionites ; and Theodoret, Barbarites, on account of the impurities of their lives; whilst others call them Aaccheans, and Coddians.
FLORIS, Francis, an eminent historical painter, was born at Antwerp in 1520. He followed the profession of a statuary till he was twenty years of age, when, preferring painting to sculpture, he entered the school of Lambert Lombard, and afterwards went to Italy, where he completed his studies. The great progress he made procured him much employment on his return, and his countrymen complimented him with the appellation of the Flemish Raffaeik. He died in 1570, aged fifty.
FLORIST, a person curious or skilled in flowers, their kinds, names, characters, and culture. It is also applied to an author who writes what is called the flora of any particular place, that is, a catalogue of the plants and trees which are found spontaneously growing there.
FLORUS, Lucius Annaeus, a Latin historian. Respecting the time when he flourished, and the country from which he sprung, we have no certain information. Some have supposed him to be of Spanish origin, connected with the family of Seneca; others have imagined that he came from Gaul. It has been suggested that he may be the same with Julius Florus Secundus, celebrated by Quintilian for his eloquence; whilst others have ascribed the work which we possess under his name to Lucius Annaeus Seneca. But be this as it may, there seems good reason for believing that he lived under Hadrian or Trajan. The work left by him entitled Epitome de Gestis Romanorum, in four books, is a summary of Roman history from the building of the city to 29 B. c. (725 u. c.), when Augustus closed the temple of Janus. He does not seem to have followed Livy entirely in his narrative, but to have had recourse to older historians. It can scarcely however be considered as a history; it is rather a panegyric pronounced on the whole conduct of the Roman people, written with great elegance of language, and imbued with a rhetorical spirit. The treatment of the subject is poetical, and far removed from the severe dignity of history. In the language, we have sometimes cause to regret the purity of the Augustan age; but in other respects the style is flowing and eloquent, rising far above the age in which the author must have flourished. The short arguments prefixed to the books of Livy are also ascribed to Florus. The best editions of his work are that of Graevius, Traject. ad Rhen. 1680; Leipsic, 1760; Bipont, 1754; Titze, 1819; Amer. Par. 1822. See Titze, de Flori Aetate, Linz. 1804.
FLORY, Flowery, or Fleury, in Heraldry, across which has flowers at the end circumflex and turning down, and which is different from the potence, in as much as the latter stretches out more like that which is called patee.