pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CONCORD, in Grammar, that part of construction called syntax, in which the words of a sentence agree; that is, in which nouns are put in the same gender, number, and case, and verbs in the same number and person, with nouns, and pronouns. See Grammar. Concord, in Jfwsze, the relation of two sounds which are always agreeable to the ear, whether applied in succession or consonance.
CONCORDANCE, a dictionary or index to the Bible, in which all the leading words used in the course of the inspired writings are ranged alphabetically, and the various places where they occur referred to, in order to assist in finding out passages, and comparing the several significations of the same word.

Cardinal Hugo de St Charo is said to have employed five hundred monks at the same time in compiling a Latin concordance; besides which we have several other concordances in the same language; one, in particular, called the concordance of England, compiled by J. Darlington, of the order of predicants; and another, more accurate, by the Jesuit de Zamora.

R. Mordecai Nathan has furnished us with a Hebrew concordance, first printed at Venice in 1523, containing all the Hebrew roots branched into their various significations, and under each all the places in scripture where it occurs; but the best and most useful Hebrew concordance is that of Buxtorf, printed at Basil in 1632.
[7:7:197]

In 1754 Dr Taylor published a Hebrew concordance in two volumes folio, adapted to the English Bible, and disposed after the manner of Buxtorf.

The Greek coneordances are only for the New Testament. We have indeed one of Conr. Kireher’s on the Old, but this is rather a coneordantial dictionary than a concordance, containing all the Hebrew words in an alphabetical order, and underneath the interpretations or senses the LXX. give them, and in each interpretation all the places where they occur in that version.

In 1718 Trommius published his Greek concordance for the Septuagint at Amsterdam, in two volumes folio; and Schmidius, improving on a similar work of H. Stephen, has given an excellent Greek concordance for the New Testament, the best edition of which is that of Leipsic, 1717.

Calasius, an Italian Cordelier, has given us concordances of the Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, in two columns; the first, which is Hebrew, is that of R. Mordeeai Nathan, word for word, and according to the order of the books and chapters; whilst in the other column is a Latin interpretation of each passage of scripture quoted by R. Mordecai. This interpretation is Calasius’s own; but in the margin he adds that of the LXX. and the Vulgate when different from his. The work was printed at Rome in 1621, in 4 vols. folio.

We have several very copious coneordances in English, but one of the most esteemed is that in quarto by Alexander Cruden.
CONCORDAT, in the canon law, denotes a covenant or agreement concerning some beneficiary matter, as a resignation, permutation, promotion, or the like. .

The council of Trent (sess. vi. de reform, cap. 4), speaking of concordats made without the authority and approbation of the pope, calls them concordias quoe tantum suos obligant auctores, non successores. And the congregation of cardinals who have explained this deeree, declare also that a concordat cannot be valid so as to bind successors, unless confirmed by the pope.

Concordat is also used absolutely, Jo signify an agreement concluded between the Holy See and any sovereign prince or state, for regulating the manner of nominating to benefices and other matters connected with religion. Sueh was the concordat concluded at Bologna in 1516, between Leo X. and Francis I.; and, in modern times, that concluded between Napoleon Bonaparte, then emperor of France, and the Holy See.

The concordat serves instead of the pragmatic sanction, which has been abrogated; or rather, it is the pragmatic sanction softened and reformed.
CONCORDIA, a pagan divinity among the Romans, who had a temple on the declivity of the Capitol; another in the Portieo of Livia; and a third on Mount Palatine, built of brass by Cn. Flavius, on account of a vow made for reconciling the senate and people. She was represented with a cup in her right hand; while in her left she held sometimes a sceptre, and sometimes a cornueopia. Her symbols were two hands joined, and two serpents twisting about a caduceus. She was addressed in order to promote peace and union in the families and citizens.
CONCRETE, in the school philosophy, an assemblage or compound.
CONCRETION, the uniting several small particles of a natural body into sensible masses or concretes, by which it becomes figured and determined in a certain way, and is endued with certain properties.

Concretion is also the act by which soft bodies are rendered hard; or an insensible motion of the particles of a fluid or soft body, by which they come to a consistence. It is indifferently used for induration, condensation, eon-gelation, and coagulation.
CONCUBINAGE sometimes expresses a criminal or prohibited commerce between the two sexes; in which sense it comprehends adultery, incest, and simple fornication.

In its more restrained sense, coneubinage is used to signify the state of a man and woman cohabiting together as married persons, without having passed through the ceremony of marriage.

Coneubinage was anciently tolerated. The Roman law calls it an allowed custom, licita consuetudo. When this expression occurs in the constitutions of the Christian emperors, it signifies what we now sometimes call a marriage in conscience.

The coneubinage tolerated among the Romans in the time of the republic and of the heathen emperors, was that between persons not capable of contracting marriage together; nor did they even refuse to let inheritances descend to children which sprung from such a tolerated co-habitance. Coneubinage between such persons they looked on as a kind of marriage, and even allowed it several privileges; but then this concubinage was confined to a single person, and was of perpetual obligation as much as marriage itself. Hottoman observes, that the Roman laws had allowed coneubinage long before Julius Caesar made the law by which every one was allowed to marry as many wives as he pleased. The emperor Valentinian, Socrates tells us, allowed every man two.

Concubinage is also used to signify a marriage performed with less solemnity than the formal marriage; or a marriage with a woman of inferior condition, and to whom the husband does not convey his rank or quality. Cujas observes, that the ancient laws allowed a man to espouse, under the title of concubine, certain persons, who were esteemed as unequal to him, on account of the want of some qualities requisite to sustain the full honour of marriage; and he adds, that though coneubinage was beneath marriage, both as to dignity and civil effects, yet was concubine a reputable title, and very different from that of mistress among us. The commerce was esteemed so lawful, that the coneubine might be accused of adultery in the same manner as a wife.

This kind of coneubinage is still in use in some countries, particularly in Germany, under the title of a half marriage, or marriage with the left hand ; alluding to the manner of its being contracted, namely, by the man giving the woman his left hand instead of the right. This is a real marriage, though without solemnity; and the parties are both bound for ever, though the woman be thus excluded from the common rights of a wife, for want of quality or fortune.

The children of coneubines were not reputed either legitimate or bastards, but natural children, and were capable only of donations. They were deemed to retain the low rank of the mother; and were on this ground not qualified for inheriting the effects of the father.
CONCUBINE, a woman whom a person takes to cohabit with him, in the manner and under the character of a wife, without being authorized to do so by a legal marriage.

Concubine is also used for a real, legitimate, and only wife, distinguished by no other circumstance but a disparity of birth or condition between her and the husband. Du Cange observes, that one may gather from several passages in the epistles of the popes, that they anciently allowed of such concubines. The sevonteenth canon of the first council of Toledo declares, that he who with a faithful wife keeps a concubine, is excommunicated; but that if the concubine served him as a wife, so that he had only one woman, under the title of concubine, he should not be rejected from communion; which shows that there were legitimate wives under the title of concubines.
[7:7:198]

In effect, the Homan laws did not allow a man to espouse whom he pleased; there was required a kind of parity, or proportion, between the conditions of the contracting parties; but a woman of inferior condition, who could not be espoused as a wife, might be kept as a concubine; and the laws allowed of it, provided the man had no other wife.

It is certain the patriarchs had a great number of wives, and that these did not all hold the same rank; some being subaltern to the principal wife, or what we would now call concubines or half wives. The Romans prohibited a plurality of concubines, and only had regard to the children issuing from a single concubine, because she might become a legitimate wife. Solomon had seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines; the emperor of China has sometimes two or three thousand concubines in his palace. Q. Curtius observes, that Darius was followed in his army by three hundred and sixty-five concubines, all in the equipage of queens.
CONDAPILLY, one of the Northern Circars of India, situated between the 16th and 17th degreeaof north latitude. This district, and that of Ellore, may be estimated to contain an area of 3400 miles, exclusive of the mountainous region towards the west, the greater part of which is well cultivated. The two districts occupy the whole space between the rivers Krishna and Godavery, the districts of Masulipatam towards the sea, the inland province of Commim on the west, and the Lake of Colair, chiefly formed by the overflow ing of these two rivers. The diamond rivers in this district are so unproductive that they have not been worked for many years. Besides the Krishna, which is its south-west boundary, it is watered by several other smaller streams; and is on the whole tolerably well cultivated, though it is inferior to Tanjore and the most flourishing districts of Bengal. The principal towns are Condapilly, Reddygoodum, and Tontraveloor.

Condapilly, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, and capital of the above district. It is situated on a hill; and being fortified in the Indian style, was formerly a place of considerable strength. But the fortifications have of late been much neglected, and are now gone to decay. This place was first conquered from the Hindu princes about the year 1471, by the Bhamence sovereigns[7:7:201] of the Deccan; and it came into the possession of the British in 1765. The travelling distance from Hyderabad is 142 miles, from Madras 306, from Nagpoor 370, and from Seringapatam 444 miles. Long. 80. 23. E. Lat. 16. 39. N.
CONDAVIR, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, district of Guntoor, situated on a mountain, fifteen miles west of Guntoor. Long. 80. 5. E. Lat. 16.10. N.
CONDEIXA, a town of Portugal, in the province of Beira. It is two leagues south of Coimbra, celebrated in the retreat of Massena from Torres Vedras, for having been the place whence he defiled towards the passes between the Mondego and the Serra Estrella.
CONDEMNATION, the act of giving judgment, passing or pronouncing sentence against a person, who is thus subjected to some penalty or punishment, either in respect of life, liberty, reputation, or fortune.
CONDENSATION, the act by which a body is rendered more dense, compact, and of greater specific gravity. ∙ The word is commonly applied to the conversion of vapour into water, by distillation, or by a natural process in the clouds. See the articles Cloud, Evaporation, &c.
CONDENSER, a pneumatic engine, or syringe, with which a greater quantity of air may be forced into a given space; so that ten or more atmospheres, or ten times as much air as there is at the same time in the same space, under the usual pressure, may be thrown in by means of it, and its egress prevented by valves properly disposed.

It consists of a brass cylinder, in which is a moveable piston, which being drawn out, the air rushes into the cylinder through a hole provided on purpose; and when the piston is again forced into the cylinder, the air is driven into the receiver through an orifice, furnished with a valve to prevent its getting out.

The receiver or vessel containing the condensed air should be made very strong, to bear the increased force of the air; for which reason vessels of this sort are generally made of brass, the orifice being fitted with a female screw to receive the male screw at the end of the condenser.
CONDITIONAL, something not absolute, but subject to conditions.

Conditional Conjunctions, in Grammar, are those which serve to make propositions conditional; as if, unless, provided, and so forth.

Conditional Propositions, in Logic, such as consist of two parts connected together by a conditional particle.

Conditional Syllogism, a syllogism where the major is a conditional proposition. Thus,

If there is a God, he ought to be worshipped.

But there is a God; Therefore he ought to be worshipped.
CONDOM, an arrondissement of the department of Gers, in France, extending over 650 square miles. It is divided [7:7:208]into six cantons and a hundred and twenty-eight communes, containing 64,578 inhabitants. The chief place, a ‘city of the same name, is situated in a charming valley, and contains 993 houses, with 7051 inhabitants, who are employed in cotton-spinning and weaving. It is the centre of the trade in brandy, of which a large quantity is prepared in the western division of the department. Long. 0. 15. 39. E. Lat. 43. 57. 55. N.
CONDOR, Pulo Isles, a cluster of small islands in the Eastern Seas, situated off the southern coast of Cambodia. The principal island is about twelve miles in length, and two in breadth; it is in the form of a crescent, and consists chiefly of a range of high and rugged mountains. On the east side of the island is a spacious bay with good anchorage, at the bottom of which is a village situated on a fine sandy beach. The island is destitute of spring water; and the soil is barren, producing only a few sweet potatoes, beans, gourds, and water melons. The inhabitants, who are mostly refugees from Cambodia and Cochin China, are poor and indolent, and incapable of supplying ships with refreshments. Their physiognomy denotes a Chinese origin, though they do not understand the Chinese tongue. The English, in 1702, at the instigation of Dampier, endeavoured to form a settlement here; but the settlers were mostly cut off by the treachery of the natives. Long. 106. 42. E. Lat. 8. 4Ò. N.
CONDORMIENTES, in Church History, religious sectaries, who took their name from sleeping all together, men [7:7:210]and women, young and old. They arose in the thirteenth century near Cologne, where they are said to have worshipped an image of Lucifer, and to have received answers and oracles from him.
CONDRIEU, a city of the department of the Rhone, in France, containing 4350 inhabitants. It is celebrated for the excellence of its red wine. Long. 4. 38. Ľ. Lat. 45. 28. N.
CONE, in Geometry, a solid figure, having a circle for its base, and its top terminated in a point or vertex. See Conic Sections.
CONEGLI ANO, a city of Italy, in the delegation of Treviso, of the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy. It is situated on the river Mutego, at the foot of a mountain. It contains 4183 inhabitants, industriously employed in silk and cloth manufacture. Long. 12. 14. E. Lat. 45. 52. N.
CONFARREATION, a ceremony among the ancient Romans, used in the marriage of persons whose children were destined for the honour of the priesthood.

Confarreation was the most sacred of the three modes of contracting marriage among that people, and consisted, according to Servius, in the pontifex maximus and flamen dialis joining and contracting the man and woman, by making them eat of the same cake of salted bread. The term is formed of con, signifying together, and far, signifying meal or flour.

Ulpian says it consisted in the offering up of some pure wheaten bread, rehearsing withal a certain formula in presence of ten witnesses. Dionysius Halicarnasseus adds, that the husband and wife ate of the same wheaten bread, and threw part on the victims.
CONFESSION, among divines, the verbal acknowledgment which a Christian makes of his sins.

Among the Jews it was the custom, on the annual feast of expiation, for the high priest to make confession of sins to God in the name of the whole people. And besides this general confession, the Jews were enjoined, if their sins were a breach of the first table of the law, to make confession of them to God; but violations of the second table were to be acknowledged to their brethren. The confessions of the primitive Christians were all voluntary, and not imposed on them by any laws of the church; yet private confession was not only allowed, but encouraged.

The Roman Catholic church not only requires confession as a duty, but has advanced it to the dignity of a sacrament. This confession, which is made to the priest, is private and auricular; and he is bound not to reveal it under pain of the highest punishment.

Confession of Faith, a list of the several articles of belief in any church.
CONFESSIONAL, or Confessionary, a place in churches under the great altar, where the bodies of deceased saints, martyrs, and confessors were deposited.

This word is also used by the Roman Catholics for a desk in the church where the confessor takes the confessions of the penitents.
CONFESSOR, a Christian who has made a solemn and resolute profession of the faith, and has endured torments in its defence. A mere saint is called a confessor, to distinguish him from the roll of dignified saints, such as apostles, martyrs, and the like. In ecclesiastical history, we frequently find the word confessors used for martyrs. But in after times it was confined to those who, after having been tormented by the tyrants, were permitted to live and die in peace; and at last it was also used for those who, after having lived a good life, died under an opinion of sanctity. According to St Cyprian, he who presented himself to torture, or even to martyrdom, without being called to it, was not denominated a confessor, but a professor ; and if any, from want of courage, abandoned his country, and became a voluntary exile for the sake of the faith, he was called exterris. Confessor is also a priest in the Roman Catholic church, who has a power to hear sinners in the sacrament of penance, and to give them absolution. The church calls him in Latin confessorius, to distinguish him from confessor, which is a name consecrated to saints. The confessors of the kings of France, from the days of Henry IV. have been constantly Jesuits; but before his time the Dominicans and Cordeliers shared the office between them. The confessors of the house of Austria have also, ordinarily, been Dominicans and Cordeliers; but the later emperors have all employed Jesuits.
CONFIGURATION, the outward figure which bounds bodies, and gives them their external appearance; being that which, in a great measure, constitutes the specific difference between bodies.
CONFIRMATION, in Theology, the ceremony of laying on of hands, for the conveyance of the Holy Ghost. The antiquity of this ceremony is, by all the older writers, carried as high as the apostles, and founded upon their example and practice. In the primitive church, it used to be given the Christians immediately after baptism, if the bishop happened to be present at the solemnity. Among the Greeks, and throughout the East, it still accompanies baptism; but the Roman Catholics make it a distinct and independent sacrament. Seven years is the stated time for confirmation; however, persons are confirmed sometimes before and sometimes after that age. The person to be confirmed has a godfather and godmother appointed him, as in baptism. The order of confirmation in the church of England does not determine the precise age of the persons to he confirmed.
CONFLAGRATION, the general burning of a city or çther considerable place.

The word is commonly applied to that grand period or catastrophe of our world when the face of nature is to be changed by fire, as it formerly was by water. The ancient Pythagoreans, Platonists, Epicureans, and Stoics appear to have had a notion of the conflagration, though whence they derived it, unless from the sacred books, it is difficult to conceive, except perhaps it were from the Phoenicians, who themselves had it from the Jews. Seneca says expressly, Tempus advenerit quo sidera sideribus incurrent, et omni flagrante materia uno igne, quicquid nunc ex deposito lucet, ardebit. This general dissolution the Stoics call £x¢rugwd’/¢. Mention of the conflagration is also made in the books of the Sibyls, in Sophocles, Hystaspes, Ovid, Lucan, and others. Dr Burnet, after Tachard and others, relates that the Siamese believe that the earth will at last be parched up with heat, the mountains melted down, and the earth’s whole surface reduced to a level, and then consumed with fire; and the Brahmins of Siam not only hold that the world shall be destroyed by fire, but also that a new earth shall be made out of the cinders of the old.

Various are the sentiments of authors on the subject of the conflagration, the cause whence it is to arise, and the effects which it is to produce. Divines ordinarily account for it metaphysically, and will have it take its rise from a miracle, as fire from heaven. Philosophers contend for its being produced from natural causes, and will have it effected according to the laws of mechanics. Some think an eruption of the central fire sufficient for the purpose, and add, that this may be occasioned in several ways, either by having its intensity increased, which again may be effected by its being driven into less space by the encroachments of the superficial cold, or by an increase of the inflammability of the fuel by which it is fed, or by having the resistance of the imprisoning earth weakened, which may happen either from the diminution of its matter, by the consumption of its central parts, or by weakening the cohesion of the constituent part of the mass by excess or defect of moisture. Others look for the cause of the conflagration in the atmosphere, and suppose that some of the meteors there engendered in unusual quantities, and exploded with unusual vehemence, from the concurrence of various circumstances, may effect it, without seeking any further. The astrologers account for it from a conjunction of all the planets in the sign Cancer, as the deluge, according to them, was occasioned by their conjunction in Capricon. Lastly, others have recourse to a still more effectual and flaming machine, and conclude that the world is to undergo conflagration from the near approach of a comet in its return from the sun.
CONFOLENS, an arrondissement of the department of the Charente, in France, extending over 495 square miles. It contains six cantons, divided into seventy communes, with 60,525 inhabitants. The chief place, a city of the same name, situated on the right bank of the Vienne, is a town of some trade in cattle and corn, with 557 houses and 2263 inhabitants. Long. 0. 43. E. Lat. 45. 55. N.
[7:7:212]
CONFORMITY, in the schools, is the congruency or relation of agreement between one thing and another; as between the measure and the thing measured, the object and the understanding, the thing and the division thereof.
CONFUTATION, in Rhetoric, a part of an oration, in which the orator seconds his own arguments and strengthens his cause by refuting and destroying the opposite arguments of the antagonist. This is done by denying what is apparently false, by detecting some flaw in the reasoning of the adverse party, by granting their argument, and showing its invalidity from its consequences, or retorting it upon the adversary.