pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LAMJUNGH, an extensive district in Northern Hindustan, tributary to the Ghoorkbali rajah of Nepaul. It has the great Himalaya ridge for ics northern boundary; and, like the rest of Northern Hindustan, it has an elevated and rugged surface, with intervening fertile valleys, watered by streams from the northern mountains. The district has been imperfectly explored. The principal towns are Mucundnatĥ and Lantargur.

LAMMAS-Day, the first of August, so called, as some will have it, because lambs then grow out of season by becoming too large. Others derive it from a Saxon word, signifying loaf-mass, because on that day our forefathers made an offering of bread prepared from new wheat.
LA MOTTA, a town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Treviso. It stands at the junction of the rivers Montegano and Livenza, is defended by a castle, and contains 3276 inhabitants.
LAMPADARY, an officer in the ancient churcn of Constantinople, so called from his employment, which was to take care of the lamps, and to carry a taper before the emperor or patriarch when they went to church or in procession.
LAMPEDUSA, an island of the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to the kingdom of Naples. It stretches from cast to west, and is thirteen miles and a half in circumference, with a level surface, except to the south-east, where it shelves from a height of 400 feet to a low shore, indented, or rather serrated, with many caves, of which the largest is called the harbour; and the island is entitled to notice, because it was proposed to retain this port at the time Bonaparte disputed our demand to retain possession of,Malta after the peace of Amiens. It has few inhabitants, though an attempt was made to establish a colony during the late war, which has since been abandoned. The chief products are fire-wood and fish. It is ten miles from Tripoli, and seventy-five from Malta. The castle at the harbour is in longitude 12. 35. 10. east, and in latitude 35. 29. 19. north.
LAMPRIDIUS, Aelius, one of the writers of the Augustan History, who lived at the beginning of the fourth century, during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantius, to whom he dedicates his work. The Augustan History is composed by six different authors, and contains a series of biographical sketches of the Roman emperors, from Hadrian to Carus and his sons (117-285, a. d.). These authors were, Aelius Spartianus, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Trebellius Pollio, Flavius Vopiscus, Aelius Lampridius, and Julius Capitolinus. Lampridius wrote the four lives of Commodus, Diadumenus, Heliogabalus, and Alexander Severus. He seems to have been more attentive to the accuracy of his facts than to the beauty of his style. It is supposed by Vossius (Z)e Hist. Lat. ii. 7), and by Fabricius (Biblioth. Lat. iii. 6), that Lampridius and Spartianus are the same writer; but this opinion has been ably refuted by Demoulines. (See Moller, Diss, de Ael. Lampridio, Altorf, 1688; Casaubon, ad. Spart. Adrian.') Lampridius, Benedict, of Cremona, a Latin poet of the sixteenth century. He taught Greek and Latin at Rome and at Padua, until he was invited to Mantua by Frederick Gonzaga to undertake the tuition of his son. He wrote epigrams and lyric verses, both in Greek and Latin, which were printed separately, as well as amongst the Deliciae of the Italian poets.
LAMPSACUS, or Lampsacum, in Ancient Geography, a considerable city of Mysia, more anciently called Pi-tyea, because abounding in pine trees. It is situated at the north extremity or entrance of the Hellespont into the Propontis, with a commodious harbour opposite to Callipolis, in the Thracian Chersonesus. It is still called Lampsacus. Long. 28. E. Lat. 40.12. N.
LAMPONG, a district of country in the southern extremity of the island of Sumatra, which begins on the west coast at the river Padanggoochie, and extends across the island as far as Palembang on the north-east side, at which place the settlers are mostly Javans. On the south and east sides it is washed by the sea, having several ports in the straits of Sunda, particularly Keyser’s and Lampong Bays. It is intersected by the great river Sulangbawang, which rises from a considerable lake between the ranges of the mountains. The rivers overflow their banks in the rainy season; and the villages situated on the higher grounds appear like islands. The western parts are mountainous, and some of the peaks are visible at a considerable distance from the sea. The central and mountainous parts of the country are best inhabited, the people being secured from the inroads of their eastern neighbours the Javans. Of all the Sumatrans, the inhabitants of this district bear the strongest resemblance to the Chinese, particularly in their round faces, and the oblique direction of their eyes. Their women are esteemed fair and handsome, and an extraordinary degree of freedom is allowed between the sexes. They have been mostly converted from the Mahommedan religion, and there are mosques in almost all their villages; but their attachment to their old superstitions still leads them to regard with a peculiar veneration the burying-places of their fathers, which they piously adorn. Some of these inland people pay a kind of adoration to the sea, whose irresistible power is often felt on the coasts of India, and in the islands in the midst of these seas, on whose shores tremendous surfs, from the wide expanse of the Pacific Ocean, are constantly breaking, and rise frequently to the greatest height, without any apparent cause. The Dutch claim the dominion of the country; and towards the end of the eighteenth century an officer was sent to the bay of Lampong, from Batavia, to fix on a favourable situation for a fort, barracks, and storehouses. The bay of Lampong affords good anchorage, being wide and deep.
LANBRYNMAIR, a town in the hundred of Machynleth, in Montgomeryshire, in Wales, 193 miles from London. It is a sinecure rectory, in the patronage of the Bishop of St Asaph. The annual value of the real property was assessed in 1815 at L.5649. The population amounted in 1801 to 1743, in 1811 to 1657, and 1821 to 1893, and in 1831 to 2040.
LANCASTER, a town, the capital of the county of the same name, in the north of England, 239 miles from London. It is a sea-port, situated on the river Lune, along whose banks are some fine quays, on which are the warehouses of the several merchants and traders. The Lune is connected, by navigable canals, with the several rivers which run through England, by which great facilities are communicated for internal intercourse, and for dispersing the commodities which the trade of the town draws to it from America, the West Indies, and the Baltic. Lancaster is well built, and the streets properly paved. The church is a fine Gothic structure; and near to it is the castle, in which are the county jail, and the courts where the assizes are held. It is an ancient structure of the reign of Edward III.; on the top of it is a large square tower called John of Gaunt’s chair, from which is a fine prospect over the surrounding country. The markets are held on Wednesday and Saturday, and are well supplied. This town is governed by a mayor, recorder, aiderman, and bailiffs; and elects, as it did before the alteration, two members to the House of Commons. It formerly conferred the title of duke upon several members of the reigning family. The annual value of the real property, as assessed under the propertytaxin 1815, amounted to L.34,117. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 9030, in 1811 to 9247, in 1821 to 10,144, and in 1831 to 12,613.
LANCAVY, or Pulo Lada, an island in the Eastern Seas, near the coast of Queda, about sixteen miles long, and from three to eight broad. Long. 96. 40, E. Lat. 6. 19. N.
LANCE, Lancea, a spear; an offensive weapon used by the ancient cavaliers, in form of a half pike. The lance consisted of three parts, the shaft or handle, the wings, and the dart. Pliny attributes the invention of lances to the Aetolians. But Varro and Aulus Gellius say the word lance is Spanish; and hence others conclude that the use of this weapon was borrowed by the people of Italy from the Spaniards. Diodorus Siculus derives it from the Gaulish, and Festus from the Greek λογχ ι η, which signifies the same thing.
LANCET, a chirurgical instrument, sharp-pointed, two-edged, and chiefly used for Opening veins in the operation of phlebotomy or bleeding; also for laying open abscesses, tumours, and the like.
LANCH, a peculiar sort of long boat, employed by the French, Spanish, and Italian shipping, and in general by those of other European nations, when voyaging in the Mediterranean Sea. A lanch is proportionally longer, lower, and more flat bottomed, than the long boat; it is consequently less fit for sailing, but better calculated for rowing, and approaching a flat shore. But its principal superiority over the long boat consists in being by its construction much fitter to under-run the cable; which is a very necessary employment in the harbours of the Levant, where the cables of different ships are fastened across each other, and frequently render this exercise extremely necessary.

Lanch, or Launch, is also the movement by which a ship or boat descends from the shore, either when she is at first built, or at any time afterwards. To facilitate the operation of launching, and prevent any interruption, the ship is supported by two strong platforms, laid with a gradual inclination to the water, on the opposite side of her keel, to which they are parallel. Upon the surface of this declivity are placed two corresponding ranks of planks, which compose the base of a frame called the cradle, the upper part of which envelopes the ship’s bottom, to which it is securely attached. Thus the .lower surface of the cradle, conforming exactly to that of the frame below, lies flat upon it lengthwise, under the opposite sides of the ship’s bottom; and as the former is intended to slide downwards upon the latter, carrying the ship along with it, the planes or faces of both are well daubed over with soap and tallow. The necessary preparations for the launch being made, all the blocks and wedges by which the ship was formerly supported are driven out from under her keel, till her whole weight gradually subsides upon the platforms above described, which are accordingly called the ways. The shores and stanchions, by which she is retained upon the stocks [7:13:55]till the period approaches for launching, are at length cut away, and the screws applied to move her if necessary. The motion usually begins on the instant when the shores are cut, and the ship slides downward along the ways, which are generally prolonged under the surface of the water, to a sufficient depth to float her as soon as she arrives at the farther extremity. When a ship is to be launched, the ensign, jack, and pendant are always hoisted, the last being displayed from a staff erected in the middle of the ship. Ships of the first rate are commonly constructed in dry docks, and afterwards floated out, by throwing open the flood-gates, and suffering the tide to enter as soon as they are finished.
LANCEROTA, one of the Capary Islands, situated at some distance from the western shore of Africa. It is subject to volcanoes; and one which occurred in 1730, spread desolation over a highly· cultivated region, entirely changing the face of the island. The eastern part is fertile, though sandy; and, stripped of its forests, Lancerota experiences, like the neighbouring continent, most excessive droughts. Camels are nevertheless maintained in great numbers; and corn, barley, and vegetables are exported. The vine grows with strength amongst the volcanic ashes. Teguisa is the name of the capital. This island possesses the two best ports of the archipelago; and it is much more advanced in civilization than those situated farther to the westward. The inhabitants lived in houses built of freestone, at a time when the Guanches of Teneriffe were lodged in caverns. Here is practised the singular custom likewise found in Thibet, of one woman being allowed to possess several husbands. The inhabitants of Lancerota may amount to about 10,000 in number, who export some corn, and a large quantity of dried goats’ flesh; but they do not exhibit the commercial activity of those of Teneriffe. The island is about thirty miles in length by eighty in breadth.
LANCISI, John Marca, an eminent Italian physician, was born at Rome in 1654. From his earlier years he had a predilection for natural history, and studied botany, chemistry, anatomy, and medicine, with great assiduity. In 1688 Innocent XI. appointed him his physician and private chamberlain, notwithstanding his youth; and Cardinal Altieri Camerlinga made him vicar for the installation of doctors in physic, which Clement XI. gave him as long as he lived, at the same time continuing to him the appointments conferred on him by his predecessor. He died in 1710, after giving his fine library of more than twenty thousand volumes to the Hospital of the Holy Ghost for the use of the public. This noble benefaction was opened in 1716, in the presence of the pope and most of the cardinals. He wrote many works, which are esteemed, the principal of which were collected and printed at Geneva in 1718, in two vols. 4to.
LAND, in a general sense, denotes terra firma, as distinguished from sea. Land, in a limited, sense, denotes arable ground.

Land, in nautical language, forms part of several compound terms. Thus, land-laid, or to lay the land, is just to lose sight of it. Land-locked, is when land lies all round the ship, so that no point of the compass is open to the sea. If the vessel is at anchor in such a place, she is said to ride land-locked, and is therefore concluded to ride safe from the violence of the winds and tides. Land-mark, is any mountain, rock, steeple, tree, or other object which may serve to make the land known at sea. The land is shut in, is a term used to signify that another point of land hinders the sight of that from which the ship came. Land-to, or the ship lies land-to, means she is so far from shore that it can only just be discerned. Land turn, is a wind that in almost all hot countries blows at certain times from the shore in the night. To set the land, is to see by the compass how it bears.

LAND-Tax, one of the annual taxes raised upon the subject. See Taxation. TAND-Waiter, an officer of the custom-house, whose duty it is, upon the landing of any merchandise, to examine, taste, weigh, and measure them, and to take an account thereof. In some ports they also execute the office of a coast-waiter. They are likewise occasionally styled searchers, and are required to attend and join with the patent searcher in the execution of all cockets for the shipping of goods to be exported to foreign parts; and in cases where drawbacks on bounties are to be paid to the merchant on the exportation of any goods, they, as well as the patent searchers, are to certify the shipping thereof on the debentures.
LANDA, a town and territory of the island of Borneo, on the river Pontiana. It is the residence of the rajah, and is a strong place, well provided with artillery, and contains within its territory mines of considerable importance.
LANDAU, a canton of the province of the Rhine, in the kingdom of Bavaria. It is formed out of a portion of the former principality of Zwegbrucken, or Deux-Ponts, and is situated on the frontier of France, from which it is divided by the river Lauter. It is 558 square miles in extent, and contains eleven cities and market-towns, 126 villages, and 101,600 inhabitants. It is a mountainous and woody district, but with some rich and fertile valleys, yielding corn and cattle; but the chief produce is wood, which is floated down the Rhine, to the cities in Holland, in large rafts. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Queich, one of the fortresses garrisoned by the German confederation. It is a regular and strong place, of four fronts, with eight curtains, defended by seven bastions, three redoubts, and seven lunettes, and surrounded with broad ditches. It has a citadel furnished with bomb-proof casernes and magazines, and celebrated for the sieges of 1702, 1704, 1713, and 1793. It contains 550 houses, and 4240 civil inhabitants. It has some manufactories of hemp, flax, and wool, and makers of twine, paper, hats, and hosiery. Long. 25. 47. E. Lat. 49. 11. N.
LANDERNAU, a city of France, in the department of Finisterrc, and arrondissement of Brest. It stands on the river Ellhorn, and empties itself into a bay of the road of Brest. The harbour is good. The naval hospital, and various magazines for the equipment of the marine, are built here, and fill many large storehouses. It contains 3500 inhabitants, mostly depending on the navy. Long. 4. 23. W. Lat. 48. 25. N.
LANDES, Les, or the Heaths, a department of France, formed out of the district of Chalosse, a part of the ancient province of Gascony. It extends over 3810 square miles, or 900,534 hectares, of which more than two thirds are barren sandy heaths. It is situated between longitude 0. 3. and 1. 39. west, and between latitude 43. 29. and 44. 39. north. It is divided into three arrondissements, twenty-eight cantons, and 368 communes, and contains 260,000 inhabitants. It is by far the most miserable part of the kingdom. It is generally a level district, covered with heath, intermixed with swamps, in which, like the oases of Africa, a few spots are to be found with inhabitants, and only near to them can a little rye be grown. The rest exhibits only heaths, or firs, or cork trees. One district in the south-east, that of Chalosse, is an exception, being moderately fertile; but it is small as compared with the whole. The chief river is the Adour, which is navigable, and receives the waters of several smaller streams. On the sea shore are several lakes. Agriculture is in a backward state; and though rye is the chief corn, yet enough is not grown for the scanty population. The climate is not healthy, the heat in summer is scorching, and in winter it is mostly cold; but snow rarely falls, and never continues throughout the whole day. The chief products are wild fowl, river and sea fish, honey, wax, timber, cork, pitch, tar, and turpentine. The wine is only good in a small part, and in others the grapes are converted into brandy. Some mines of iron are worked, but not sufficient for the demand of the department. Two deputies are elected for the house of representatives. The capital is the city of Mont de Marsan.
LANDGRAVE (formed from the German land, earth, and graff, or grave, judge or count), a name formerly given to those who executed justice in behalf of the emperors, with regard to the internal policy of the country. The title does not seem to have been used before the eleventh century. These judges -were first appointed within a certain district of Germany; but in process of time the title became hereditary, and they assumed the sovereignty of the several districts or counties over which they presided. Landgrave is now applied by way of eminence to those sovereign princes of the empire who possess by inheritance certain estates called landgramates, and of which they receive the investiture from the emperor. There are four princes who have this title, viz. those of Thuringia, Hesse, Alsace, and Leuchtenberg. There are also other landgraves, who are not princes, but counts of the empire.
LANDGRAVIATE, or Landgravate, the office, authority, jurisdiction, or territory of a landgrave.
LANDGUARD, a fort in the county of Suffolk, on the north side of the rivers Orwell and Stour, which, with other forts at Harwich, on the opposite shore, defends the entrance of those rivers.
LANDRECY, a strongly-fortified city in the department of the North, and in the arrondissement of Avesnes, in France. It is situated on a level plain on the banks of the river Sambre, which is navigable thus far. It contains 462 houses, and 3500 inhabitants, some of whom are distillers of corn spirits, and some nailsmiths. Long. 3. 33. E. Lat. 50. 4. N.
LANDSBERG, a city of Prussia, the capital of the circle of the same name, in the province of Frankfort-onthe-Oder. It is situated on the river Wartha, is well built, and surrounded with walls. It contains 836 houses, with 9200 inhabitants, amongst whom are many Jews. There are many manufacturers of woollens, stockings, and hats, some paper-mills, and several breweries and distilleries. Long. 10. 32. E. Lat. 54. 15. N.

Landsberg, a town of East Prussia, in the government of Königsberg and circle of Xinten, on the river Stein. It contains a Catholic and a Lutheran church, 210 houses, and 1493 inhabitants, with some makers of cloths and hosiery. Long. 20. 32. E. Lat. 54. 13. N.

Landsberg, a city of Bavaria, in the province of the Isar, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It stands on the river Lech, is surrounded with walls, and contains 502 houses, with 3350 inhabitants. Its chief employment is in working saw-mills and oil-mills, and in making turnery ware. Long. 11. 8. 11. E. Lat. 48. 2. 50. N.
LANDSCAPE, in painting, the view or prospect of a country, extended as far as the eye will reach. See Painting. Landscape Gardening. See Gardening.
LANDSHUT, a town of the circle of Brun, in the Austrian province of Moravia. It stands at the junction of the river Taya with the March, and contains 257 houses, with 1473 inhabitants.

Landshut, a city, the capital of the circle of the same [7:13:58]name, in the government of Reichenbach, in Prussian Silesia. It stands on the river Bober, at its junction with the Zieder. It is fortified, contains two Catholic and one Lutheran church, 496 houses, and 3658 inhabitants. It is one of the great manufacturing places for Silesia linens.

Landshut, a city of the province of the Isar, situated on that river, in the kingdom of Bavaria. It is in a picturesque situation, overlooked by an ancient castle on an eminence. It contains about 600 houses, and 8200 inhabitants. It is the seat of a university, in which are from 600 to 700 pupils, and which possesses a library of 100,000 volumes, and several appropriate institutions for instruction in law, medicine, surgery, midwifery, and the sciences. The trade is inconsiderable. Near it some wine is produced. Long. 12. 4. 26. E. Lat. 48. 5. 55. N.
LANDSKRON, a town of the circle of Chrudim, in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It is the seat of Prince Lichtenstein, who has a magnificent palace. It contains 671 houses, and 2671 inhabitants, who are busily employed in manufactures, and produce cotton and linen goods; of the last, especially, some of the best damask table linen. It is celebrated for the bleaching of linen goods of all kinds.
LANDSKRONA, a city of Sweden, in the province of Malmoe. It is built on the Sound, on a tongue of land, which is protected by the Graen reef of rocks. It is strongly fortified, and protected by a citadel, and contains 400 houses, with 3776 inhabitants, who carry on a brisk trade in native and foreign commodities, and are owners of some large ships. Long. 12. 45. 41. E. Lat. 55. 52. 23. N.
LANESBOROUGH, a town of Ireland, in the county of Longford, pleasantly situated on the river Shannon, over which there is here a fine bridge. It has a handsome church, and a barrack for a troop of horse. It is situated sixty-two miles north-north-west from Dublin. Long. 8. 5. W. Lat. 52. 36. N.
LANFRANCO, Giovanni, an eminent Italian historical painter, born at Parma in 1581. He was first the disciple of Augustin, and, after his death, of Annibal Caracci, whose taste in design and colouring he so happily attained, that he was intrusted to execute some of his designs in the Farnese Palace at Rome. By order of Pope Urban VIII. he painted in St Peter’s Church at Rome the representation of that saint walking on the water, which afforded the pope so much satisfaction that he knighted him. He died in 1647.
LANFRANCO, an Italian, born at Pavia, becamearch-bishop of Canterbury in 1070. He disputed against Berengarius in the council held at Rome in 1059, and wrote against him concerning the real presence in the eucharist. He died in 1089.