pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DIAMASTIGOSIS, a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana Orthia, which received that name ατo του μαΰπγονν, from whipping, because boys were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, called Bomonicae, were originally free-born Spartans, but in the more delicate ages they were of mean birth, and generally of a servile origin. This operation was performed by an officer, in a severe and unfeeling manner; and, that no compassion should be raised, the priest stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which suddenly became heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip was more lenient or less rigorous than necessary. The parents of the children attended the solemnity, and exhorted them not to commit any thing, either by fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These flagellations were so severe that the blood gushed profusely, and many expired under the lash, without uttering a groan or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death was reckoned very honourable; and the corpse was buried with much solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. The origin of this festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted it in order to inure the youth of Lacedaemon to bear labour and fatigue, and to render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it is a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should be shed on Diana’s altar; and, according to their opinion, Orestes first introduced this barbarous custom, after he had brought the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is/another tradition which mentions that Pausanias, as he was offering up prayers and sacrifices to the gods before he engaged with Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians, who disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons with which the Lacedaemonians were provided at that moment. In commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping of boys was instituted at Sparta, and thereafter the Lydian procession.
DIAMETER, in Geometry, a right line passing through the centre of a circle, and terminated at each side by the circumference. See Geometry.
DIAMPER, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Cochin, said to be inhabited chiefly by Christians. Here a synod was held by the Portuguese'archbishop and others, in the hopes of converting the Nestorians to the faith of the Roman Catholic church, but without effect. Long. 76. 37. E. Lat. 9. 55. N.
DIANA’S Bank, or Diana’s Shoal, a small sandy islet in the Indian Sea, scarcely visible from the masthead, its situation lying so low. Long. 151. 5. E. Lat. 15. 45. S.
DIANAE Arbor, or Arbor Lunae, in Chemistry, the beautiful arborescent form of silver, dissolved in nitric acid, and precipitated by another metal; so called from its resembling the trunk, branches, and leaves of a tree.
DIANO, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province Principato Citeriore, containing 4146 inhabitants.
DIAPASON, in Music, a musical interval, which most authors who have written on the theory of music use to express the octave of the Greeks.

Diapason, among the musical instrument makers, a kind of rule or scale by which they adjust the pipes of organs, and cut the holes of hautboys, flutes, and the like, in due proportion for performing the tones, semitones, and concords, with precision.

Diapason Diaex, in Music, a kind of compound concord, of which there are two sorts; the greater, which is in the proportion of 10:3; and the lesser, in that of 16:5.

Diapason Diapente, in Music, a compound consonance in a triple ratio, as 3:9. This interval, says Martianus Capella, consists of nine tones and a semitone, nineteen semitones, and thirty-eight dieses. It is a symphony made when the voice proceeds from the first to the twelfth sound.

Diapason Diatessaron, in Music, a compound concord founded on the proportion of eight to three. To this interval Martianus Capella allows eight tones and a semitone, seventeen semitones, and thirty-four dieses. This is when the voice proceeds from its first to its eleventh sound. The moderns would rather call it the eleventh. Diapason Ditone, in Music, a compound concord, whose terms are as 10 :4, or as 5: 2.

Diapason Semiditone, in Music, a compound concord, whose terms are in the proportion of 12 :5.
DIAPENTE, in ancient music, an interval marking the second of the concords, and with the diatessaron an octave; in modern music it is called a fifth.
DIAPER, a kind of cloth on which are formed various figures, and which is chiefly employed for table-linen.
DIAPHANOUS, an appellation given to all transparent bodies, or such as transmit the rays of light.
DIAPHORETICS, among physicians, all medicines which promote perspiration.
DIAPHR AG2*I (Diaphragma), in Anatomy, a part vulgarly called the midriftļ and by anatomists septum trans- [7:8:8]versum. It is a strong muscular substance, separating the breast or thorax from the abdomen or lower venter, and serving as a partition between the abdominal and the thoracic viscera. (See Anatomy, Index.') Plato, as Galen informs us, first called it diaphragm, from the verb ð/a-pgarrε∕∣∕, to separate. Till his time it had been called pgs∣∕ες, from a notion that an inflammation of this part produced frenzy, which is not more warranted by experience than another tradition, that a transverse section of the diaphragm with a sword causes the patient to die laughing.
DIAPHORESIS (∆∕αpog>id7i), in Rhetoric, is used to express the hesitation or uncertainty of the speaker.
DIARTHROSIS, in Anatomy, a kind of articulation or juncture of the bones, which, being pretty lax, affords room for a manifest motion. The word comes from <5∕α, and af>^of, juncture. It is opposed to synarthrosis, in which the articulation is so close that there is no sensible motion at all.
DIARY, a term sometimes used for a journal or daybook, containing an account of every day’s proceedings.
DIASCHISM, among musicians, denotes the difference between the comma and enharmonic diesis, commonly called the lesser comma.
DIASTOLE, among physicians, signifies the dilatation of the heart, auricles, and arteries; and is opposed to the systole, or contraction of the same parts. See Anatomy. Diastole, in Grammar, a figure in prosody by which a syllable naturally short is made long.
DIASYRMUS, in Rhetoric, a kind of hyperbole, being an exaggeration of some low and ridiculous thing.
DIATESSARON, among ancient musicians, a concord or harmonic interval, composed of a greater tone, a less tone, and one greater semitone; its proportion in numbers is as 4: 3.
DIATONIC, in Music, a word compounded of the Greek preposition ð/α, signifying transition, and τοwς, tension, is indifferently applied to a scale or gammut, to intervals of a certain kind, or to a species of music, whether in melody or harmony, composed of these intervals. Thus we say the diatonic series, a diatonic interval, diatonic melody or harmony. The diatonic scale forms the system of diatonic music, and consists of diatonic intervals.
DIBBLE, or Dibber, a simple but useful instrument in gardening, used for planting all sorts of young plants or slips.
DICE, among gamesters, certain cubical pieces of bone or ivory, marked with dots on each of their faces, from one to six, according to the number of faces.

Sharpers have several ways of falsifying dice; first, by sticking a hog’s bristle in them, so as to make them run high or low as they please. Secondly, by drilling and loading them with quicksilver, which is found out by holding them gently by two diagonal corners, when, if false, the heavy sides will turn always down. Thirdly, by filing and rounding them. But all these ways fall very far short of the art of the dice-makers, some of whom are so dexterous this way that a gambling sharper will give any money for their work.
DICAEARCHUS, a scholar of Aristotle, who composed a great number of books, which were much esteemed. Cicero and his friend Pomponius Atticus valued him highly. He wrote a book to prove that men suffer more mischief from one another than from all evils besides; and the work which he composed concerning the republic of Lacedaemon was extremely honoured, and read every year before the youth in the assembly of the ephori. Geography was one of his principal studies, on which science there is a fragment of a treatise of his still extant, and preserved among the Veteris Geographice Scriptores minores. ∣
DICHOTOMY, a term used by astronomers for that phasis or appearance of the moon in which she is bisected, or shows just half her disk. In this situation the moon is said to be in a quadrate aspect, or to be in her quadrature.
DICKER, in old writers, denotes the quantity of ten hides of skins of which twenty made a last; also ten pairs of gloves, ten bars of iron, and the like, are sometimes expressed by the term dicher. ,
DICKINSON, Edmund, a celebrated English physician and chemist, was born in 1624. He studied and took his degrees at Merton College, Oxford; and in 1659 published his Delphi Phoenicizantes, in which he attempted to prove that the Greeks borrowed the story of the Pythian Apollo, and all that rendered the oracle at Delphos famous, from the Holy Scriptures, and particularly the book of Joshua; a work which procured him great reputation both at home and abroad. He practised physic first at Oxford; but removing to London in 1684, his good fortune in recovering the Earl of Arlington from a dangerous sickness procured his promotion as a physician in ordinary to Charles II. and to his household. As that prince understood and loved chemistry, Mr Dickinson grew into great favour at court, and was continued in his appointments under James II. After the abdication, he retired from practice, and died in 1707. He published many other things, Physica vetus et vera, containing a system of philosophy, chiefly framed on principles collected from the Mosaic history.
DICTATOR, a magistrate at Rome invested with regal authority. This officer was first chosen during the Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise forces for the defence of the state, because the plebeians refused to inlist if they were not discharged of all the debts which they had contracted with the patricians, the senate found it necessary to elect a new magistrate with absolute and uncontrollable power to take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six months, after which he was again elected if the affairs of the state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity was re-established, he generally resigned his power before the time had expired. He knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected to him. He was called dictator, because dictus, named by the consul, or quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus, because the people implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the night, viva voce, and his election was confirmed by the augurs. As his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them against an enemy, and disband them at his pleasure. He punished as he pleased, and from his decision there lay no appeal, at least till later times. He was preceded by twenty-four lictors with the fasces ; and during his administration, all other officers, except the tribunes of the people, were suspended. In short, he was the master of the republic. But amidst all this independence he was not permitted to go beyond the borders of Italy; he was always obliged to march on foot in his expeditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious marches without previously obtaining formal leave from the people. He was chosen only when the state was in imminent danger from foreign enemies or inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence a dictator was sometimes elected, as also in order to hold the comitia, or to celebrate the public festivals, or drive a nail into the capitol, by which superstitious ceremony the Romans believed that a plague could be averted or the progress of an enemy stopped. But this office, so [7:8:10]respectable and illustrious in the first ages of the republic, became excessively odious by the usurpations of Sylla and Julius Caesar; and after the death of the latter, the Roman senate passed a decree abolishing for ever the dictatorship in Rome. The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, who was called his master of horse, magister equitum. This officer was respectable; but he was totally subservient to the will of the dictator, and could do nothing without the express order of the latter. This subordination, however, was some time afterwards removed; and during the second Punic war the master of the horse was invested with a power equal to that of the dictator. A second dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome after the battle of Cannae. The dictatorship was originally confined to the patricians; but the plebeians were afterwards admitted to share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, in the year of Rome 253.
DICTYMNIA, or Djctinnia, in HIythology, were feasts celebrated atLacedaemon and in Crete, in honour of Diana Dictymnia or Dictynnia, or of a nymph taken for her, who, having plunged herself into the sea to escape the passion of Minos, was caught in a fisherman’s net or δ∕κτuβy, and hence the name.
DICTYS Cretensis, a very ancient historian, who served under Idomeneus, king of Crete, in the Trojan war, and wrote the history of that expedition in nine books. Tzetzes tells us that Homer formed his Iliad upon the plan of that history. It is, however, maintained that the Latin history of Dictys now extant is spurious.
DIDACTIC, in the schools, signifies the manner of speaking or writing adapted to teach or explain the nature of things. The word is formed from the Greek διδαΰχω, doceo, I teach.

There are many words which are only used in the didactic and dogmatic way; and there are also many works, ancient and modern, both in prose and verse, written after this method. Such are the Georgies of Virgil, Lucretius’s poem De Perum Natura, and Pope’s Essays on Criticism and on Man.
DIDIER, St, a city of the department of the Upper Loire, in France, with 3203 inhabitants, who are employed chiefly in the silk manufacture.
DIDO, called also Elisa, a daughter of Belus, king of Tyre, who married Sichaeus or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Sichaeus in order to obtain possession of the immense riches which he had acquired; and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of her husband, whom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a settlement with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the tyrant had become odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of her husband which Pygmalion so greedily desired; and by this artifice compelled the ships which had come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichaeus to join in her flight. During her voyage Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away fifty women who had prostituted themselves on the seashore, and gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be covered by a bull’s hide cut into thongs. Upon this piece of ground she built a citadel called Byrsa ; and the increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects, soon obliged her to enlarge her city and extend the boundaries of her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained her many admirers; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry Iarbas, king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer; and during that time she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing by a solemn sacrifice to appease the manes of Sichaeus, to whom she had promised eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in presence of her people; and by this uncommon action obtained the name of Dido, or valiant woman, instead of Elisa. According to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden departure of Aeneas, of whom she had become deeply enamoured, and whom she could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents Aeneas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of nearly 300 years. Dido left Phoenicia 247 years after the Trojan war, or the age of Aeneas; that is, about 953 years before Christ. This chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets, but it is supported by the authority of Horace.

Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge.

Whilst Virgil, in a beautiful episode, describes the desperate love of Dido, and the submission of Aeneas to the will of the gods, he at the same time gives an explanation of the hatred which existed between the republics of Rome and Carthage; and informs his reader that their mutual enmity originated from their very foundation, and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jealousy and rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido after her death was honoured as a deity by her subjects.
DIDYMUS of Alexandria, an ecclesiastical writer of the fourth century, w ho, though he is said to have lost his eyes at five years of age, when he had scarcely learned to read, yet applied so earnestly to study, that he attained all the philosophic arts in a high degree, and was thought worthy to fill the chair in the famous divinity school at Alexandria. He was the author of a great number of works; but all which we have now remaining are, a Latin translation of his book upon the Holy Spirit, in the works of St Jerome, who was the translator; short strictures on the Canonical Epistles; and a book against the Manicheans.
DIE, an arrondissement in the department of the Drome, in France, 946 square miles in extent. It is divided into nine cantons and 117 communes, and contains 60,518 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, is situated on the right bank of the Drome. It has some silk mills and cloth manufactures, and contains 3421 inhabitants. Near to it is one of the wonders of Dauphiné, the inaccessible mountain, whose base and summit are of the same extent. Long. 5. 13. E. Lat. 44. 44. N.
DIEBURG, a city in the grand duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, once a small sovereignty of the Counts Lerchenfelds, but now mefliatised. It contains 408 houses, and 2216 inhabitants.
DIEKIRCH, a city, the capital of the department of the same name, in the duchy of Luxemburg. The department is divided into six cantons, and contains a population of 47,074 persons. The city is situated on the river Eure, and contains 2627 inhabitants, who live by preparing gypsum, and by tanning leather.
DIEMEN’S Land. See Australasia.
DIEMERBROEK, Isbrand, a learned professor of physic and anatomy at Utrecht, was born at Montfort, in Holland, in 1609, where he acquired great reputation by his lectures and his practice, and died at Utrecht in the year 1674. He wrote a treatise on the plague, and several works on anatomy and medicine, which were printed at Utrecht in 1685, folio.
DIEPENDEEK, a town in the province of Limburg, in the Netherlands, on the river Demer, with 2136 inhabitants.
DIEPHOLZ, a county, forming with Hoya one of the provinces of the kingdom of Hanover. It extends over 266 square miles, or 170,240 acres, and contains 14,200 inhabitants. One part of it, called Auburg, was transferred in 1815 from Hesse Cassel. The only industry except agriculture is applied to the spinning and weaving of flax. The chief place of the same name is situated oh the river Hunte, and contains 353 houses, with 2068 inhabitants.
DIEPPE, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Seine, in France. It is 490 square miles in extent, [7:8:17]and contains eight cantons, divided into 222 communes, with a population of 104,207 persons. The chief place is the city of the same name on the Seine, at the mouth of the river Arques. It is fortified on the sea and land sides, and is in the shape of an irregular triangle, whose longest side is towards the sea. It contains 3000 houses, and about 20,000 inhabitants, chiefly dependent on the commerce of the port. Being the best inlet for Paris, it is the great depot for colonial goods, and the resort of foreign ships, cspccially of those from America. There are many manufactures, but principally of the kind connected with the equipment of ships; and, besides these, some sugar and salt refineries. From this port William the Conqueror sailed with his forces for England. Long. 0. 59. 7. E. Lat. 49. 55. 17. N.
DIERDORF, a town in the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, formerly in the principality of Neuwied, and now belonging to the mediatised prince of that name, whose palace is there. It is situated on the river Holtz-bach, and contains 1150 inhabitants.
DIES Marchiae was the day of congress or meeting of the English and Scotch, annually appointed to be held on the marches or borders, in order to adjust all differences between them.
DIESIS, in Music, is the division of a tone less than a semitone; or an interval consisting of a less or imperfect semitone. Diesis is the smallest and softest change or inflexion of the voice imaginable; it is called a faint, and expressed by a St Andrew’s cross or saltier.
DIESPITER, in Antiquity, a name given to Jupiter, and signifying dici pater, father of the day. St Augustin derives the name from dies, day, and partus, production or bringing forth, it being Jupiter who brings forth the day; and Servius and Macrobius were of the same opinion; the former adding, that in the language of the Osci they called him Lucencius, which means the same as Diespiter in Latin.
DIESSENHOFEN, a circle in the canton of Thurgau, in Switzerland, including the town of that name, in which are 1200 inhabitants, and a few villages.
DIEU et mon Droit, God and my Eight, the motto of the royal arms of England, first assumed by King Richard I. to intimate that he did not hold his empire in vassalage of any mortal. It was afterwards assumed by Edward III. and was continued without interruption to the time of King William, who used the motto Je maintiendray, though the former was still retained upon the great seal. After him Queen Anne used the motto Semper eadem, which had been before used by Queen Elizabeth; but ever since the time of Queen Anne, Dieu et mon Droit continues to be the royal motto.
DIEY, an arrondissement of the department of Vosges, in France, extending over 530 square miles, divided into nine cantons, and containing a population of 83,712 persons, in 109 communes.

Diey, St, a city in the department of the Vosges, in France, the capital of the arrondissement, and situated in a mountainous and woody district on the banks of the Meurthe. It contains 830 houses and 5346 inhabitants. Long. 7.1. E. Lat. 48. 20. N.
DIEZ, a bailiwick in the duchy of Nassau, in Germany, extending over about 35,000 English acres, and containing a population of 11,487 inhabitants, in two cities and thirty-eight villages. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Lahn, with an industrious population of 2300 persons.
DIFF is the name of an instrument of music among the Arabs, serving chiefly to beat time to the voice; it is a hoop, sometimes with pieces of brass fixed to it to make a jingling, over which a piece of parchment is distended. It is beat with the fingers, and is the true tympanum of the ancients.
DIFFARREATION, among the Romans, a ceremony by which the divorce of their priests was solemnized. The word comes from the preposition dis, which is used, in composition, for division or separation, and farreatio, a ceremony with wheat, from far, wheat or corn.

Diffarreation was properly the dissolving of marriages contracted by confarreation, which were those of the pontifices or priests. Festus says it was performed with a wheaten cake; but Vigenère maintains that confarreation and diffarreation are the same thing.