pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TIMAHET, a town of Hindustan, in the nizam’s territories, in the province of Boeder, fifty-four miles south-west from Hyderabad. Long. 78. 27. E. Lat. 16. 30. N.
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TIMBUCTOO, an African city, situated on the banks of the Joliba or Niger, in 17° 40' north latitude, and 2° 30' west longitude, being nearly the very latitude in which Ptolemy placed the town which he calls Cuphae; and it is very remarkable that the principal stream of the Niger, which passes to the south and to the eastward of Timbuctoo, is laid down by Ptolemy as passing in the same direction in regard to Cuphae.

This town, which has long been the object of European research, is greatly reduced from the magnitude and importance which it attained under the Arabian and Mahommedan power when triumphant in Africa. It now contains only about 13,000 inhabitants; but these are much superior to the inhabitants of the other African towns. According to Sidi Hamed, it is built on a plain surrounded on all sides with hills except on the south, on which side the plain extends to the river. About ten or twelve miles to the south of Timbuctoo stands Cabra, which is its port on the Joliba. De Caillé describes the city and its environs as dreary and desolate; but this may be accounted for by the circumstance of his having visited it at the close of the dry season; for other travellers have described the adjacent country as verdant and fruitful. Timbuctoo may be regarded as the principal mart for this part of Africa. It is the great central point to which the commercial travellers from Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis, Egypt, &c. resort. The Moors resident in Timbuctoo receive consignments of merchandise from Adrar, Taffilet, Towat or Twat, Ar-damas (Ghadames), Tripoli, &c.; and some of the shops are well stored with articles of European manufacture. The king or governor of Timbuctoo, who is a negro, is himself a merchant.

The city forms a sort of triangle, measuring about three miles in circumference. The streets are clean, and wide enough to allow three horsemen to pass abreast. It is principally inhabited by negroes of the Kissoor nation. The Moorish merchants, after having made what they consider a fortune, generally return to their own country to enjoy the fruits of their labours. Fire-wood is scarce, and the town is indifferently supplied with water, which is procured from reservoirs, which have been excavated to the depth of thirty-five or forty feet for the purpose of collecting the rain-water. The inhabitants are zealous Mahommedans. They are neat in their dress, and in the interior of their dwellings, but are represented to be very licentious in their manners. The Tooariks, a warlike nation spread over the Great Desert, render the inhabitants of this and the other towns their tributaries.
T1ME, a succession of phenomena in the universe, or a mode of duration marked by certain periods or measures, chiefly by the motion and revolution of the sun.

Time, in Music. See Music.
TIMERYCOTTA, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, district of Palnaud, seventy-seven miles S.S.E. from Hyderabad. Long. 79. 20. E. Lat. 16. 17. N.
TIMON the Sceptic, who is not to be confounded with Timon the Misanthrope, was a Phliasian, a disciple of Pyrrho, and lived in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He took so little pains to invite disciples to his school, that it has been said of him, that as the Scythians shot flying, Timon gained pupils by running from them. He was fond of rural retirement, and was so much addicted to wine that he had a successful contest with several celebrated champions in drinking. Like Lucian, he wrote with sarcastic humour against the whole body of philosophers. The fragments of his satirical poem Silli, often quoted by the ancients, have been carefully collected by Stephanus in his Poesis Philosophica, and by Brunck in his Analecta. Timon lived to the age of ninety years.

Τιμον, surnamed Misanthropes, or the Man-hater, was a famous Athenian, who lived about 420 b. c. He was one day asked, why he loved the young Alcibiades, while he detested all the rest of the human race; on which he replied, [7:21:311]“It is because I foresee that he will be the ruin of the Athenians.”
TIMOR, East, the largest and southernmost of the Molucca Isles, intersected by the ninth degree of south latitude, and extending obliquely in a north-east and south-east direction. In length it is 250 miles, and from thirty to sixty in breadth. It is mountainous in the interior, the ridge by which it is intersected rising as high as the Peak of Teneriffe; while the south-east shores are exceedingly low, and overrun with mangroves. Gold, washed down from the mountains, is said to be found in the streams; but the natives are represented as extremely jealous of the researches of Europeans; and a body of Dutch sent into the interior on an exploring expedition was cut off by them. The chief products of the island are sandal-wood and bees’ wax. Another article of export is biche de mer or sea-slug, which is partly procured near the island, and partly fished on the coast of New Holland, and brought to this island for sale. The bread-fruit tree grows here in great luxuriance, as does also mountain rice. Sandal-wood, bees’ wax, honey, and slaves, are exported; and rice, arrack, sugar, tea, coffee, betel-nut, and the manufactures of China, with some from India and Europe, are received in return. The Dutch established themselves in this island at Coepang in 1630. Their territory did not extend beyond four or five miles round Fort Concordia. During the war which terminated in 1801, the communication with Batavia was interrupted, and the town was taken by the English. When Captain Flinders visited the island in 1803, he saw only two European residents at Coepang, besides the soldiers and the governor. The original inhabitants retain the mountains of the interior, to which they have been driven by the Malays, who possess the sea-coast. Some attempts have been made by the Dutch to establish Christianity, but with little success, the inhabitants remaining mostly in their original ignorance. Long, of the extreme south-west point of Timor, 123. 29. E. Lat. 10. 22. S.

Τιμοr Laut, an island in the Eastern Seas, about seventy miles long by twenty-five in average breadth. It is situated between the 7th and 8th degrees of south latitude, and the 132d and 133d of east longitude. Nothing further is known of it.
TIMPANI (Ital.), kettle-drums. See Music.
TINDAL, Matthew, a well-known English writer, was the son of the Rev. John Tindal of Beer-Ferres in Devonshire, and was born about the year 1657. He studied at Lincoln College in Oxford, whence he removed to Exeter, and was afterwards elected fellow of All Souls. In 1685 he took the degree of LL. D. In the reign of James II. he declared himself a Roman Catholic, but soon renounced that religion. After the revolution he published several pamphlets in favour of government, and the liberty of the press. His principal works are theological and ecclesiastical, but some of them are more connected with his character as a civilian. One of these is “An Essay concerning the Law of Nations and the Rights of Sovereigns.” Another consists of “Discourses on the Obedience to the Supreme Powers, and the Duty of Subjects in all Revolutions.” His “Rights of the Christian Church asserted,” exposed him to a violent contest with the high church clergy; and his treatise entitled “Christianity as old as the Creation,” published in 1730, made much noise, and was answered by several writers, particularly by Dr Conybeare, Dr Foster, and Dr Chapman. Its tendency was evidently deistical. Dr Tindal retained his fellowship till his death, which took place at London on the 10th of August 1733. He left in manuscript a second volume of his “Christianity as old as the Creation,” the preface to which has been published.
TINDAL, Nicholas, the nephew of Dr Tindal, was born in 1687, and educated at Exeter College, Oxford, where he took the degree of A. Μ. in 1713. He became a fellow of Trinity College, and obtained several pieces of preferment in the church. In 1738 he was appointed chaplain of Greenwich Hospital; and here he died on the 27th of June 1774, at the age of eighty-seven. He was the author or translator of several works, but is chiefly remembered for his translation and continuation of Rapin’s History of England.
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TINE, an island of Turkey, on the western side of the Archipelago, separated from Andros by a channel three quarters of a mile across. It is about ninety square miles in extent, and contains about 16,000 inhabitants, who cultivate the land with great care. It yields corn, pulse, cheese, and fruits; but the product which affords the greatest employment is the breeding of silk-worms and the winding of silk. Although naturally sterile and rocky, it is more productive than any of the islands in its vicinity. Long. 25. 14. E. Lat. 37. 50. N.
TINGANO, a small river on the eastern coast of Malacca, which falls into the sea of China. Long. 103. 9. E. Lat. 5. 27. N.
TINGI, a cluster of small islands in the Chinese Sea, near the eastern coast of Malacca. Long. 104. 21. E. Lat. 2. 23. N.
TINGORAN, a small island in the Chinese Sea, near the eastern coast of Malacca. Long. 103. 33. E. Lat. 4. 8. N.
TINGTCHEOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Fokien, situated among the mountains which separate it from Kiangsee. Long. 116. 4. E. Lat. 25. 48. N.
TINIAN, one of the Ladrone Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, about forty-two miles in circumference, first discovered by a Manilla ship, which was cast away here in 1638. The author of Anson’s Voyage gives a most pleasing and romantic description of this island, as found by the crew of the Centurion in the year 1742. Commodore Byron, who visited this island in 1762, gives a description in every respect the reverse of that of Anson. He found it overgrown with weeds, and forests impenetrable, owing to a thick growth of underwood; the climate moist and sultry, and extremely unhealthy, owing to the violent and incessant rains; in addition to which it is infested with musquitoes and other venomous insects, as well as centipedes and scorpions. Tinian was visited in 1767 by Wallis, in 1787 by Captain Portlock, in 1788 by Captain Sever, and afterwards by other navigators, who all confirm the account given of it by Commodore Byron.
TINNEVELLŸ, an extensive district of the south of India, in the province of the Carnatic, 150 miles in length by fifty in breadth, situated principally between the 8th and 10th degrees of north latitude, and occupying the south-east extremity of what is called the peninsula. It is bounded on the north by Madura and Mara was; on the south-east it is separated from Ceylon by the Gulf of Manaar; and on the west it is bounded by Travancore. It is, generally speaking, an open and level country, though it contains some woods and several hills, and is tolerably well cultivated thirty miles north of the town of Tinnevelly. It contains no ruins of magnitude; but is watered by many streams flowing from the western mountains, and in favourable seasons yields abundant crops of rice and cotton, the latter of an excellent quality. The chief towns are Tinnevelly, Tutecoria, Vypaur, Callacand, Natradacotta, and Coil-patam. Towards the southern and eastern extremities are many salt marshes. Owing to their low situations, an inundation some years ago broke into them from the sea, and did much mischief, rendering the soil unfit for cultivation. The population consists chiefly of Hindoos, who retain much of their primitive customs and manners. During the first wars in which the British were engaged in this country, it abounded with petty chiefs, called polygars, who were constantly quarrelling with each other, and plundering the country. They resided in fortresses in the midst of woods, where it was extremely difficult to follow them with a regular force. In this disorderly state the country continued till the year 1792, when it was taken possession of by the British, who reduced to obedience a number of their chieftains. When the war commenced in 1799 with Tippoo Sultan, those polygars took advantage of the absence of the army, and broke into rebellion. As soon as a sufficient number of troops could be spared, a large force was sent against them, and before 1803 they were all subdued; and this occasion was taken for disarming them, demolishing their forts and strongholds, and reducing them immediately to the civil authority of the Company. The rents were raised from 70,000 pagodas in 1803, to 569,315 pagodas, or to L.190,000.

Tinnevelly, the capital of the above district, is situated about twenty-five miles east of a range of mountains, and is large and populous. On three sides it is surrounded by extensive rice-fields, and on the west by rocky ground. The situation is not healthy, owing to the exhalations from the fields. Long. 71. 1. E. Lat. 8. 48. N.
TINNING, the covering or lining any thing with melted tin, or tin reduced to a very fine leaf. Looking-glasses are foliated or tinned with plates of beaten tin, the whole extent of the glass. They are applied or fastened by means of quicksilver.
TINTERN, a village of the county of Monmouth, in the hundred of Ragland. It stands on the banks of the river Wye, in a most picturesque situation, about five miles above Chepstow. Tintern is much visited on account of the remains of its abbey, which present, in good preservation, a view of the ecclesiastical architecture of the twelfth century. It was founded for Cistertian monks in the year 1131, and the ruins of its church still show a most striking view of beauty and grandeur. Its appearance by moonlight is peculiarly enchanting. In 1831 the village contained 313 inhabitants, who are employed in making iron wire. The excursion by water on the Wye to this place is very pleasing, either from Monmouth or from Chepstow.
TIPERAH, an extensive district of Bengal, situated on the eastern side of the Brahmapootra or Megna river, and between the 22d and 24th degrees of north latitude. On the north it is bounded by Silhet and Dacca; on the south by Chittagong and the sea; on the west it has the river Megna; and on the east it is divided from A va or the Birman dominions by mountains and impervious woods, abounding with wild elephants and other ferocious animals. It is estimated to contain about 7000 square miles; a considerable portion of it is wild and desolate, and thinly inhabited by the Kookies, a savage race. The eastern division is productive, yielding abundant crops of rice and cotton; and a quantity of salt is also manufactured on the sea-coast on account of government. It devolved to the British in 1765, along with the rest of Bengal. Population 750,000, in an equal proportion of Hindoos and Mahommedans.
TIPSTAFF, an officer who attends the judges with a kind of staff tipped with silver, and takes into his charge all prisoners who are committed or turned over at a judge’s chambers.
TIPTON, a large village of the hundred of Offley in the county of Stafford, 127 miles from London. It has become a place of importance, from the extension of the potteries which are carried on there. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 1 1,546, and in 1831 to 14,951.
TIRANAS and Tonadillas (Spanish) are Spanish national melodies in ¾ time, and of a moderate movement, sung with an accompaniment for the guitar only. The Spanish dance-tunes, such as the Fandangos, the Boleros, and the Seguidillas, formerly much in vogue in Spain, were played on the guitar, often accompanied by the voice, and by castanets. The Bolero, a modification of the Seguidilla», is said to have derived its name from a dancing-master of Murcia, named Bolen.
TIREH, a town of Anatolia, in Asia Minor, on the Mein-der, which has some manufactures. It was besieged by Timor in 1402, when the inhabitants redeemed their lives by a sum of money. Thirty-two miles S. S. E. of Smyrna.
TIREY, one of the Hebrides Islands, situated in long. 6° 52' W. and lat. 56° 32' N. Its length is twelve miles, and its greatest breadth about four and a half miles; and it contains about 13,000 Scotch acres, of which nearly 4000 are considered as arable. Its nearest distance from Mull, at Kilninian, is fourteen miles, and from Iona eighteen miles. Tirey consists of gneiss, composed of hornblende, quartz., and felspar; but from the inconsiderable elevation of the rocks, the course of the beds cannot be stated. The marble wrought in the island is remarkable for the fineness of its quality. The island in its general surface is flat, and so low that it is scarcely elevated twenty feet above the high-water mark. There are no streams in it except two, which issue from two small lakes, one at its southern, and the other at its western side. Water is however easily procured, by digging within a few feet of the surface. The soil of Tirey is in general light, and consists of calcareous sand mixed with peat-earth, which, together with quartz, contains a large proportion of shells. These, with the constant and regular moisture which it derives from its climate, render the island remarkable for the richness of its natural pasturage. There is not a single tree in the island, and it is entirely destitute of fuel, even of peat-moss, so that the inhabitants have to supply themselves, at much personal risk, expense, and labour, with this necessary article, from the island of Mull. They generally employ their capital in the rearing of black cattle; but the width of the ferries, and the risk and expense of freight, make a serious deduction from the value of their stock. Potatoes are cultivated to a great extent, and this has had a beneficial effect in the cultivation of much peat-land. Sheep have also been introduced with success. The population of the island is too great for its productiveness, and the inhabitants begin to feel the necessity of emigration. In 1831 they amounted to 4453.
TIRHOOT, an extensive district of Hindustan, province of Bahar, situated principally between the 27th and 28th degrees of north latitude. It is generally well cultivated, and productive of grain, sugar, indigo, tobacco, opium, and of late years has bred numbers of horses and cattle. Towards the northern frontier it possesses extensive forests, but unfortunately no rivers to float the timber to the Ganges. It came into the possession of the British in 1765. Its population is estimated at 2,000,000, in the proportion of three Hindoos to one Mahommedan.
TIHLEMONT, a city of the Netherlands in the province of South Brabant and circle of Louvain. It has been fortified, but its walls are dilapidated. It stands on the river Geete, has a very fine market-place, and contains 8400 inhabitants, who carry on breweries and distilleries, and make some woollen cloths and hosiery. It is on the great road from Brussels to Liege. Long. 4. 48. E. Lat. 50. 49. N. A railroad from Brussels is nearly completed to this place, and is intended to proceed to Liege to join the Meuse.
TIROLESE (Ital.), a kind of waltz-tune, mingled with triplet passages, in ¾ time, and of a moderate movement. The Tyrolese songs have a similar melody, and are generally performed in a singular fu!setto voice.
TITAN, in fabulous history, the son of Coelus and Terra, [7:21:317]and the elder brother of Saturn, suffered the latter to enjoy the crown, on condition that he should bring up none of his male issue, by which means the crown should at length revert to him. But Jupiter being spared by the address of Rhea, Saturn’s wife, Titan and his children were so enraged at seeing their hopes frustrated, that they took up arms to revenge the injury; and not only defeated Saturn, but kept him and his wife prisoners till he was delivered by Jupiter, who defeated the Titans; when from the blood of those Titans slain in the battic, proceeded serpents, scorpions, and all venomous reptiles. Such is the account given by the poets of this family of Grecian and Roman gods. From the fragments of Sanchoniatho, however, and other ancient writers, many learned men have inferred that the Titans were an early race of ambitious heroes, who laid the foundation of that idolatry which quickly overspread the world; and that by assuming the names of the luminaries of heaven, they contrived to get themselves everywhere adored as the Dii major urn gentium. That the word Titan signifies the sun, there can indeed be very little doubt. Every one knows that such was its signification in the Aeolic dialect; and as it is evidently compounded of Ti, which in some oriental tongues signifies bright or clear, and Tan, which signifies a country, or the earth, it may be safely concluded that Titan was the name of the sun before the word was imported into Greece. But the great question among antiquaries is, of what country was that race which, assuming to themselves the names of the heavenly bodies, introduced into the world that species of idolatry which is known by the appellation of Hero-worship? Pezron, in “L’Antiquité des Terns,” maintains that the Titans were a family of Sacae or Scythians, who made their first appearance beyond Media and Mount lmaus, in the upper regions of Asia; that they were the descendants of Gomer the son of Japheth and grandson of Noah; and that after conquering a great part of the world, upon entering Upper Phrygia, they quitted their ancient name of Gomerians or Cimmerians, and assumed that of Titans, All this, he says, happened before the birth of Abraham and the foundation of the Assyrian monarchy; and he avers that Uranus, their second prince in the order of succession, conquered Thrace, Greece, the island of Crete, and a great part of Europe. Uranus was succeeded by Saturn, and Saturn by Jupiter, who flourished, he says, 300 years before Moses, and divided his vast empire between himself, his brother Pluto, and his cousin-german Atlas, who was called Telamon. For the truth of this genealogy of the Titans, Pezron appeals to the most approved Greek historians; but, unluckily for his hypothesis, these writers have not a single sentence by which it can be fairly supported. Others, taking the fragment of Sanchoniatho’s Phoenician History for their guide, have supposed the Titans to have been the descendants of Ham. Of this opinion were Bishop Cumberland and some other writers.