pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CHRYSALIS, or Aurelia, in Natural History, astate of rest and seeming insensibility, which butterflies, moths, and several other kinds of insects, pass through before they arrive at their winged or most perfect state. See Entomology, Index.
CHRYSES, the priest of Apollo, and father of Chryseis. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among the conquerors, Chryseis fell to the share of Agamemnon; upon which Chryses went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration, and when his prayers proved fruitless, implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore Chryseis.
CHRYSIPPUS, a Stoic philosopher, born at Solos in Cilicia, was a disciple of Clean thus, successor of Zeno. He wrote many books, several of which related to logic. None of the philosophers dogmatised in stronger terms of the fatal necessity of every thing, or declaimed more pompously of the liberty of man, than the Stoics, particularly Chrysippus, who was held of so much importance among them, as to give rise to the proverbial remark, that but for Chrysippus, the Porch had never been. Yet the Stoics complained, as Cicero relates, that he had collected many arguments in favour of the sceptical hypothesis, which he could not answer himself, and had thus furnished Carneades, their antagonist, with weapons against them. There has been preserved an apophthegm of this philosopher, which does him honour. Being told that some persons spoke ill of him, “It is no matter,” said he; “I will live so that they shall not be believed.”
CHRYSOLITE (Peridot , Haüy; Olivin, Hausmann). When chrysolite is found in a crystallized state, and of considerable dimensions, it is a very beautiful mineral, and presents a fine grass-green colour, with a vitreous fracture, and perfect transparency. Such specimens are very rare, and the locality is quite unknown, but supposed to be Upper Egypt. It occurs also in minute but perfect crystals, along with other gems, in alluvial deposits at Expaillie. It it most commonly found in grains in trap-rocks, sometimes in large spheroidal masses, of an oil-green colour, in a state of granular concretions. It likewise enters into the composition of meteoric stones, and occurs imbedded in the native iron discovered by Pallas in Siberia, and also in the same substance, which has subsequently been found at Attacama. Chrysolite is the softest of all gems, being scratched by quartz, and yielding to the file. Its specific gravity is 3∙4; and, according to Vauquelin, it contains, of silica 38∙, magnesia 50∙5, and iron 9∙5.
CHRYSOPRASE, a name derived from the Greek, signifying a superior kind of prase. It occurs at Rose-mutz in Silesia, and also at New Fane, Vermont, North America. It is of an apple-green colour, more or less intense. It is translucent, with a fine-grained splintry fracture, nearly even, and occurs massive, in contemporaneous veins, traversing rocks of serpentine. Chrysoprase is nearly allied to calcedony, and derives its beautiful colour from an admixture of the oxide of nickel, as ascertained by the analysis of Klaproth.
CHRYSOSTOM, St John, a celebrated patriarch of Constantinople, and one of the most admired fathers of the Christian church, was born of a noble family at Antioch about the year 344 of our era. He studied rhetoric under Libanius, and philosophy under Andragathus,after which he spent some time in solitude in the mountains near Antioch; but the austerities which he practised having impaired his health, he returned to Antioch, where he was ordained as deacon by Meletius. Flavian, successor of Meletius, raised him to the office of presbyter five years after this; when he distinguished himself so greatly by his eloquence, that he obtained the surname of Chrysostom or Golden Mouth. Nec-tarius, patriarch of Constantinople, having died in 397, Chrysostom, whose fame had spread throughout the whole empire, was chosen in his room by the unanimous consent of both the clergy and the people. The emperor Arcadius confirmed this election, and caused him to leave Antioch privately, where the people were very unwilling to part with him., He was ordained as bishop on the 26th of February[7:6:685] 398, when he obtained an order from the emperor against the Eunomians and Montanists; reformed the abuses which existed amongst his clergy; retrenched a great part of the expenses in which his predecessors had lived, in order to enable him to feed the poor and build hospitals; and preached with the utmost zeal against the pride, luxury, and avarice of the great. But his great freedom of speech procured him many powerful enemies. He differed with Theophilus of Alexandria, who caused him to be deposed and banished; but he was soon recalled. After this, having declaimed against the dedication of a statue erected to the empress, he was banished into Cucusus in Armenia, a barren and inhospitable place; and afterwards, whilst they were removing him from Pe-tyus, the soldiers treated him so roughly that he died by the way, in the year 407. The best edition of his works, which are chiefly composed of Homilies on a great variety of subjects, is that published at Paris in 1718 by Montfau-çon. “Chrysostom,” says Fenelon, “seeks no false ornaments; all tends to persuasion. Every topic is disposed with this view. He knows well the Holy Scriptures, and the manners of men. He enters into the heart, and renders every thing sensible. He has high and solid thoughts, and throughout he is a great orator.” Dialog, sur l , Eloq.
CHUBB, Thomas, a noted polemical writer, born at East Harnham, a village near Salisbury, in 1679. He was put as apprentice to a glover at Salisbury, and afterwards entered into partnership with a tallow chandler. Being a man of strong natural parts, he employed all his leisure in reading; and, though a stranger to the learned languages, became tolerably conversant in geography, mathematics, and other branches of science. His favourite study was divinity; and he formed a little society for the purpose of debating upon religious subjects, about the time that the trinitarian controversy was so warmly agitated between Clarke and Waterland. This subject, therefore, falling under the cognizance of Chubb’s theological assembly, he, at their request, drew up and arranged his sentiments upon it in a kind of dissertation, which was afterwards published under the title of Tlic Supremacy of the Father asserted. He published afterwards a quarto volume of tracts, which, Mr Pope informs his friend Gay, he had “read through with admiration of the writer, though not always with approbation of his doctrine.” He died a single man, in the sixty-eighth year of his age.
CHUDLEIGH, a market-town of the hundred of Ex-minster, in Devonshire, 182 miles from London. It is situated on the river Teign, and has considerable woollen manufactures. The market is held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1832, in 1821 to 2053, and in 1831 to 2278.
CHULMLEIGH, a market-town of the hundred of Witheridge, in Devonshire, 193 miles from London, on the river Tow. There are some woollen manufactures here. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1340, in 1821 to 1506, and in 1831 to 1573.
CHUMBUL, or the Sumbul, a river of Hindustan, which has its rise in the centre of the province of Malwah, within fifteen miles of the Nerbuddah. From thence its course is due north, until it passes the city of Kotah; after which, being augmented by many smaller streams, it turns more to the east, and falls into the Jumna twenty miles from Etaweh. The course of this river is computed at 446 miles, and the breadth of its channel at the ford Kyteree, near Dhoolpoor, is three quarters of a mile. This river is supposed by Major Rennell to be the Sambus of Arrian. It is now the boundary between the British territories and those of Sindia to the south.
CHUMPANEER, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, situated principally between the 22d and 24th degrees of north latitude, and bounded on the east by the province of Mai wall. It has two very large boundary rivers, the Nerbuddah and the Mahy; and is, besides, traversed by many smaller streams. It is chiefly occupied by the Mahrattas, or by chiefs tributary to them.

Chumpaneer, the ancient capital of the above district, situated sixty miles north-east from Broach. Chumpaneer is a large mountain, or rather rock, rising 2500 feet above the plains of Gujerat, one of the most level provinces of Hindustan. To the northward of the mountain are the remains of an ancient city, the ruins of which extend several miles on each side of the mountain, and are at present covered with an impenetrable jungle, the abode of tigers and bheels, a race of mountaineers who are much addicted to plunder. The town is inclosed within a small space of an oblong figure, by a stone wall of good workmanship, which is three fourths of a mile long, and three furlongs broad. The mountain is strengthened by two forts; the upper deemed impregnable by the natives, and containing a Hindu temple, while the defences of the lower part are extensive, and the whole of difficult approach. In 1812 the town of Chumpaneer contained four hundred houses, of which not more than one half were inhabited, principally by emigrants from other parts of Gujerat. It is supposed to have been the capital of an ancient principality long before the Mahommedan conquest; and it was taken about the end of the fifteenth century, by Mahmoud VII. after a siege or blockade of twelve years. In 1534, it was taken by the Mogul emperor Humayon. In 1582, it is described as a place of considerable strength, surrounded by extensive ruins, Hindu as well as Mahommedan. It was taken by the Mahrattas, who always considered it as a strong place, and had a good garrison in it. It was taken from Sindia by the British in 1803, but was restored to him the following year. It is 55 miles cast by north from Cambay. Long. 73. 37. E. Lat 22. 31. N.
CHUNAR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, situated between the 25th and 26th degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the north by the Ganges, on the east by Caramnassa, on the south by the Soane, and on the west by the Tonse. It was formerly part of the zemindary of Benares, and was ceded to the English in 1775, along with the whole province. The northern and eastern parts are the most fertile, and carry on a flourishing commerce and manufactures. Towards the south, where the country is penetrated by the Vindhy chain of hills, which extend so far across Hindustan, to the north of the Nerbuddah, it is mountainous, woody, and uncultivated. The chief towns are Chunar, Mirzapore, Catrah, Luteefgur, and Bidzigur, which last is now in ruins.
CHUNARGHUR, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad and district of Chunar, situated on the south bank of the Ganges. The first is built on the top of a solid rock, which rises abruptly from the plain, and projects into the river. It is fortified all round with a stone wall and small towers, and is a place of great strength; but its chief defence against escalade is a number of large round stones, which are piled round the rampart, ready to be hurled down on any rash assailant. It has a small citadel, two good houses for the commandant, and extensive magazines. This fortress has been sometimes used as a state prison; but the rays of the sun reflected from the rock render it very hot and unhealthy. The town of Chunar consists of a straggling collection of native huts and European dwellings. The batteries completely command the navigation of the river, so that no vessel can pass without inspection. Chunarghur is a very ancient fortress, and there is no record of its original foundation. The first time it is mentioned in Mahommedan history is [7:6:686]in the year 1491, when it was in possession of Sing Joan-pore. In 1530 it was the residence of Shere Khan, the Afghan who expelled the emperor Humayon from Hindustan. In 1575 it was recovered by the emperor Akbar, after a siege of six months. In 1763 it belonged to the nuwab Shuja Addowleh; and it was then attacked by the English, who were repulsed by the garrison rolling down large stones on the storming party; but it was soon after delivered up to the British without a siege, and has ever since been garrisoned by their troops. The hills, which approach very near the town, contain quarries of excellent freestone, which is in great demand at Benares and other towns down the river. From these quarries a handsome revenue arises to government. Since the British frontier has been extended farther north, Chunarghur has been superseded by Allahabad as a military depot. The travelling distance from Calcutta by Moorshedabad is 574 miles, by Birboom 469 miles.
CHUPMESSAHITES, a sect among the Mahommedans, who believe that Jesus Christ is God, and the true Messiah, the Redeemer of the world, but without rendering him any public or declared worship.
CHUPPARAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, situated on the Bein Gunga river. It is subject to the Mahrattas; but having been assigned as a jaghire to a chief of that nation, in reward for military service, it is now chiefly inhabited by Afghans. There are iron mines in its vicinity, which yield a valuable produce, great part of which is carried into the British provinces. It is eighty-seven miles north from Nagpoor. Long. 80. 2. E. Lat. 22. 22. N.
CHUPRAH, a large town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, and chief town of the district of Sarun, situated on the north bank of the Ganges. It was first entered in 1757 by the British, in pursuit of a French detachment under Mr Law, which had entered into the service of Shuja Addowleh. It is thirty-two miles west-northwest from Patna. Long. 84. 46. E. Lat. 25. 46. N.
CHUQUISACA, the capital city of Bolivia, in the department of Chuquisaca, is situated at an elevation of 9331 feet above the level of the sea. It stands upon a plain, and is surrounded by a chain of eminences, which shelter it from the winds. The climate is mild and healthy, the temperature throughout the year presenting no great variation; but in winter heavy storms are not unfrequent, and the rains continue a considerable time. The vegetation of the surrounding district is rich and luxuriant, and accordingly it is looked upon as one of the gardens of Bolivia which supply the necessaries of life to those inhabiting higher and less prolific regions. Chuquisaca formerly was named La Plata, from its contiguity to silver mines. It was founded in 1539 by one of Pizarro’s captains. In 1551 it was erected into a bishopric, and in 1608 was raised to an archbishopric. The best houses are only one story high, but they are roomy, and in general all have gardens planted with European fruit trees. The public buildings of this city are, a royal university, a large and handsome cathedral, a parochial church, five monastic establishments, all spacious buildings, with splendid churches, a conventual hospital, and three nunneries. The population, which consists of Creoles and Indians, amounts to about 18,000. Lat. 19. 31. N.
CHURCHYARD, a piece of ground adjoining to a church, and set apart for the interment of the dead.

In the church of Rome such grounds are blessed or consecrated with great solemnity. If a churchyard which has been thus consecrated shall afterwards be polluted by any indecent action, or profaned by the burial of an infidel, a heretic, an excommunicated or unbaptized person, it must be reconciled ; and the ceremony of the reconciliation is performed with the same solemnity as that of the blessing or consecration. ∙

Churchyard, Thomas, a poet who flourished in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth. He was born at Shrewsbury, and inherited a fortune which he soon exhausted in a fruitless attendance on the court, by which he only gained the favour of being retained as a domestic in the family of Lord Surrey; when, by his lordship’s encouragement, he commenced poet. Upon his patron’s death, he betook himself to arms, and was present in many engagements, in which he was frequently wounded, and was twice made prisoner. He published twelve pieces, which he afterwards printed together in one volume, under the title of Churchyard’s Chips; and also the tragedy of Thomas Moubray, Duke of Norfolk. He died in 1570.
CHUWAL, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Guierat, situated between the 23d and 24th degrees of [7:6:690]north latitude, and about the 72d degree of east longitude. The Banass river bounds it on the north-west; and the district adjacent to this river is low-marshy land, and subject to inundation. The country beyond this has been but imperfectly explored, and very little is known concerning it. It is possessed by different independent chiefs.
CHYMOLOGI, an appellation given to such naturalists as have employed their time in investigating the properties of plants from their taste and smell.
CHYTLA, in Antiquity, a liquor made of wine and oil, and sometimes used in divination.
CHYTRI, among the Athenians, a festival in honour of Bacchus and Mercury, which was kept on the 13th of the month Anthesterion.
CIBBER, Colley, a celebrated comedian, dramatic writer, and poet-laureat to George IL, was born at London in 1671. His father, Caius Gabriel Cibber, was a native of Holstein, and a skilful statuary, who executed the basso relievo on the pedestal of the Monument, and the two admired figures of lunatics over the piers of the gate to Bethlehem Hospital in Moorfields. Colley, who derived his Christian name from the surname of his mother’s family, was intended for the church, but betook himself to the stage, for which he conceived an early inclination; but it was some time before he acquired any degree of notice, or even a competent salary. His first essay in writing was the comedy of Loves Last Shift, acted in 1695, which met with success, as did his own performance of the character of the fop he had delineated. From that time, as he says himself, “My muse and my spouse were so equally prolific, that the one was seldom the mother of a child, but in the same year the other made me the father of a play. I think we had a dozen of each sort between us; of both which kinds some died in their infancy, and near an equal number of each were alive when we quitted the theatre.” The Careless Husband, acted in 1704, met with great applause, and is reckoned his best play; but none was of more importance to him than the Nonjuror, acted in 1717, and levelled against the Jacobites. This laid the foundation of the misunderstanding between him and Mr Pope, raised him to be the hero of the Dunciad, and made him poet-laureat in 1730. He then quitted the stage, except a few occasional performances, and died in 1757. Cibber neither succeeded in writing nor in acting tragedy; and his odes were not thought to partake of the genius or spirit which he showed in his comedies. His Life, written by himself, is an exceedingly amusing work, and has often been reprinted, in two vols. 8vo. The best edition of his works is that of 1760, in five vols. 12mo.
CIBORIA, in Antiquity, the large husks of Egyptian beans, which are said to have been so large as to serve for drinking-cups; whence they had their name ciborium, signifying a cup in the Egyptian language.
CIBORIUM, in ecclesiastical writers, the covering for the altar. This covering is supported by four high columns, and forms a kind of tent for the eucharist in the Catholic churches. Some authors call it turris gestatoria, and others pyxis ; but the pyxis is properly the box in which the eucharist is preserved.
CIBUS Ferialis, in Antiquity, an entertainment peculiar to a funeral; for which purpose beans, parsley, lettuce, bread, eggs, lentils, and salt were in use.
CICACOLE, the largest and most northern division of the country lying on the western side of the Bay of Bengal, called the Northern Circars. It was anciently called Kulling or Calinga, and extends hetween the 17th and 20th degrees of north latitude, though it is not above one degree in breadth. It is subdivided into two districts, one of which lies between the river of Sellaveram on the south, and that of Poondy on the north; while the cross hills approaching the sea near both extremities form a kind of amphitheatre, inclosing a semicircular territory which extends along the coast 180 miles, and stretches inland to the high mountainous region on the west about sixty miles. It comprises an area of 4400 square miles. The second subdivision of this province is oľa triangular figure, of which the longest side stretches along the shore about eighty miles from Poondy to Moland, the southern frontier of Cuttack, and the shortest to the angle at Goomsur. It contains an area of about 1600 miles, exclusively of that portion of territory which in this district, as well as in all others southward to the Godavery, extends in variable breadths to the great ridge of inaccessible mountains on the west. The climate of Cicacole, which forms so large a portion of the Northern Circars, will be more particularly described in the account of that country. In the mean time, it may be observed that it is much more temperate in the hot season than to the south of the Godavery. This country produces rice, bajarry, and maize, as well as other species of grain.

The northern division of Cicacole, with a better soil than is found in other parts of the Circar, is watered by four rivers, which have their outlets in the respective ports of Vizagapatam, Bimlipatam, Cicacole, and Calinga-patam, besides many lesser streams, which, though inconsiderable at other times, overflow during the season of the rains. In advancing northward, and in the territory of Je-hapore, the river Ganjam, swelled by the union of various streamsand small rivers, fertilizes the country. The province of Cicacole is encroached upon by the hilly districts from the west. It has few extensive plains, and its hills increase in frequency and magnitude as they approach the vast range of mountains that bounds this and other districts to the north-west. This district was ceded to the French by the nabob Salabut Jung, subahdar of the Deccan, in the year 1753; at this time it extended from the river Godavery to the Chilca Lake. It was conquered by the British in 1759, to whom it was confirmed in 1765 by a grant from the Great Mogul.
CICIANO, a town of Italy, in the province Terra di Lavoro, and kingdom of Naples, containing 3156 inhabitants.
CICISBEO, an Italian term, which in its etymology signifies a whisperer ; a term bestowed in Italy both on lovers, and on those who to outward appearance act as such, waiting on married ladies with as much attention and respect as if they were their lovers. This Italian custom has been spoken of very reproachfully by some writers; but Mr Baretti has taken great pains to vindicate it. He ascribes it to a spirit of gallantry, derived from the age of chivalry, and much heightened and refined by the revival of the Platonic philosophy in Italy about the thirteenth century, and by the verses of Petrarch to Laura, and by his numerous imitators.
CICLUT, or Cicluch, a strong frontier town of Dalmatia, situated on the river Narentha, in longitude 18. 22. east, latitude 43. 29. north. It is surrounded with walls built in the ancient manner, and it was taken by the Venetians from the Turks in 1694.
CIDARIS, in Antiquity, the mitre used by the Jewish high priests. The rabbin say that the bonnet used by priests in general was made of a piece of linen cloth sixteen yards long, which covered their heads like a helmet or turban; and they allow no difference between the high priest’s bonnet and that of other priests, except that the one is flat, and in the form of a turban, whereas the one worn by ordinary priests was somewhat {leaked.
CIGLIANO, a town of Italy, in the province Bercelli and kingdom of Sardinia, on the canal of Santhea∙ It contains 3100 inhabitants.
CIGNANI, Carlo, an Italian painter, was born at Bologna in 1628. He was the disciple of Albani, and was esteemed by Pope Clement XI. who nominated him prince of the academy of Bologna, and loaded him with favours. Cignani died at Forli in 1719. The cupola of La Madonna del Fuoco at Forli, in which he represented Paradise, is an admirable work. His principal pictures are to be found at Rome, Bologna, and Forli.