pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DEMOIVRE, Abraham, an eminent mathematician, was born at Vitry, in Champagne, on the 26 th of May 1667. The revocation of the edict of Nantz, in 1685, determined him to fly into England rather than abandon the religion of his fathers. Having laid the foundation of his mathematical studies in France, he perfected himself at London, where a mediocrity of fortune obliged him to employ his talents in this way, and to read public lectures for his support. The Principia Mathematica of Newton, which chance threw in his way, made him comprehend at once how little he had advanced in the science which he professed. But he fell to work with vigour; succeeded as lie went along; and soon became connected with and distinguished among the first-rate mathematicians. His eminence and abilities opened to him an entrance into the Royal Society of London, and afterwards into the academies of Berlin and Paris. His merit was so well known and acknowledged by the Royal Society, that they judged him a fit person to decide the famous contest between Newton and Leibnitz concerning the invention of fluxions. The collection of the academy of Paris contains no memoir of this author, who died at London on the 27th of November 1754, soon after his admission into that body; but the Philosophical Transactions of London contain several of his papers, all of them interesting. He also published some excellent works, such as Miscellanea Analytica, de Seriebus et Quadraturis, 1730, in 4to. But perhaps he has been more generally known by his Doctrine of Chances, or Method of calculating the Probabilities of Events at Play. This work was first printed in 1618, in 4to, and dedicated to Sir Isaac Newton; it was reprinted in 1738, with great alterations and improvements; and a third edition was afterwards published with additions. He likewise" gave to the world a Treatise on Annuities, 1724. in 8vo, dedicated to Lord Carpenter.
DEMONSTRABLE, a term used in the schools to signify that a thing may be clearly proved. Thus it is demonstrable that the three angles of a plane triangle are equal to two right ones.
DEMONSTRATION, in Logic, a series of syllogisms, whose premises are either definitions, self-evident truths, or propositions already established. See Logic.
DEMONSTRATIVE, in Grammar, a term given to such pronouns as serve to indicate or point out a thing. Of this number are hie, hac, hoc, and ille, illa, illud, among the Latins; and this, that, these, those, in English.
DEMONTE, a town of Italy, in the province of Coni, in the kingdom of Sardinia. It stands on the river Stura, and contains 6000 inhabitants. Near to it are some mines of lead, which are extensively worked.
DEMSTER, or Deemster. See Deemster.
DEMULCENTS, among physicians, medicines for removing or counteracting acrimonious humours. Such are the roots of marsh-mallows, white lilies, liquorice, and viper-grass, and the five emollient herbs.
DEMURRAGE, in Commerce, an allowance made to the master of a ship by the merchants, for staying in a port longer than the time first appointed for his departure.
DEMURRER, in Law, a stop put to any action upon some point of difficulty which must be determined by the court before any further proceedings can be had in the suit.
DENAICOTT, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Coimbetoor, seventy-two miles south by east from Seringapatam. Long. 77. 11. E. Lat. 11. 28. N.
DENARIUS, in Roman antiquity, the chief silver coin among the Romans, worth in our money about sevenpence three farthings. As a weight it was equal to the seventh part of a Roman ounce.

Denarius is also used in our law-books for an English penny.
DENBIGH, a town, the capital of the county of that name, in North Wales, 218 miles from London. It stands at the foot of a craggy elevation near the centre of the beautiful Vale of Clwyd. The town is well built, and the views around it are very delightful, especially from the ruins of an ancient castle demolished in the year 1646. It is a corporate town; and, conjointly with Ruthin, Wrexham, and Holt, returns one member to parliament. There is a good market on Thursdays. The only manufactures are shoes, leather, and gloves, which employ one third of the population. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2391, in 1811 to 2714, in 1821 to 3195, and in 1831 to 3786.
DENDERA, a town of Egypt, on the western side of the Nile. Near it are very magnificent ruins, supposed to be those of an ancient temple of Serapis. It is 48 miles southsouth-east of Girge, and 242 south of Cairo. Long. 31. 40. E. Lat. 26. 10. N.
DENDERMONDE, sometimes called Termonde, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of East Flanders, in the Netherlands. It is at the junction of the Dender with the Scheldt, is strongly fortified, and can be defended by flooding the vicinity. It contains 1200 houses, with 5796 inhabitants.
DENDRACHATES, in Natural History, the name given to certain agates containing delineations of trees, mosses, sea-plants, and the like, so elegantly represented that many have erroneously taken them for real plants included in the substance of the stone.
DENDROMETER (from διvδgov, a tree, and 1 α∑τρsω, I measure), an instrument invented by Duncombe and Whittel, for which they obtained a patent, and so called from its use in measuring trees. It is fitted to a theodolite, and may be used either with or without it, as occasion requires.

The principal use of this instrument is for measuring the length and diameter of any tree, perpendicularly or obliquely to a horizontal plane, or in any situation of the plane on which it rests, or of any figure, whether regular or irregular, and also the length and diameter of the boughs, by mere inspection; and the inventors of it calculated tables, by the help of which the quantity of timber in a tree may be obtained without calculation or the use of the sliding rule.

Dendrometer, an instrument for measuring distances by a single observation, proposed by Mr Pitt of Pende-ford, near Wolverhampton. See Repertory of Arts, vol. i.
DENDROPHORIA, in Antiquity, the carrying of boughs or branches of trees; a religious ceremony, so called because certain priests, thence called dendrophori or tree-bearers, marched in procession, carrying the branches of trees in their hands in honour of some god, as Bacchus, Cybele, and Sylvanus. The college of the dendrophori is often mentioned on the ancient marbles; and we frequently see in basso-relievos the bacchanals represented as men carrying little shrubs or branches of trees.
DENEB, an Arabic term signifying tail, and used by astronomers to denote several fixed stars. Thus, deneb elect signifies the bright star in the lion’s tail, and deneb adigege that in the swan’s tail.
DENIA, a small city of Spain, in the province of Valencia. It has a tolerable port, and is fortified with a castle and batteries sufficient to protect it. The country around is prolific in vines, and considerable quantities of the grapes are dried here, and exported to England, and various parts of the northern continent, amounting to about 3000 hundredweight annually. It contains 2000 inhabitants, five poor-houses, and two monasteries. Manufactures of linen and woollen cloth are carried on here.
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DENIER, a small French copper coin, of which twelve make a sol. There are two kinds, the one tournois, the other parisois, the latter of which was worth a fourth part more than the former.
DENIZEN, in Law, an alien made a subject by the king’s letters patent; otherwise called donaison, because his legitimation proceeds ex donatione regis, “ from the king’s gift.”

À denizen is a kind of middle state between an alien and a natural-born subject, and partakes of both. He may take lands by purchase or devise, which an alien may not; but he cannot take by inheritance, for his parent, through whom, he must claim, being an alien, had no inheritable blood, and therefore could convey none to the son; and, upon a like defect of blood, the issue of a denizen born before denization cannot inherit, but his issue born after may. A denizen is not excused from paying the alien’s duty, and some other mercantile burdens. No denizen can be of the privy-council, or either house of parliament, or hold any office of trust, civil or military, or receive any grant of lands, &c. from the crown.
DENIZLEY, or Degnizla, a town of Asia Minor, in the province of Natolia, pleasantly situated on a low hill, towards the southern part of a spacious plain, amidst vineyards, the produce of which is partly converted into raisins, and partly affords a syrup resembling treacle, which is substituted on all occasions for sugar. Lofty mountains appear in the horizon covered with snow. About the year 1715 it was visited by a dreadful earthquake, in which 12,000 of the inhabitants perished. It is 108 miles eastsouth-east from Smyrna. Long. 29. 13. E. Lat. 37. 51. N.
DENOMINATION (from denomino, compounded of de, and nomen, a name), a name imposed upon any thing, and usually expressive of some quality predominant therein.
DENOMINATOR, in Arithmetic, a term used in speaking of fractions.

Denominator of a Patio is the quotient arising from the division of the antecedent by the consequent. Thus 6 is the denominator of the ratio 30 to 5; because 30 divided by 5 gives 6. This is otherwise called the exponent of the ratio.
DENSITY of Bodies is that property directly opposite to rarity, by which they contain a certain quantity of matter under a certain bulk. Accordingly, a body is said to have double or triple the density of another body, when, the bulk being equal, the quantity of matter in the one is double or triple the quantity of matter in the other.
DENTATUS, Curius, a renowned and highly disinterested Roman general, whose virtues render him more memorable than even his great military reputation, flourished 272 years ß. c. He was thrice consul; he conquered the Samnites, Sabines, and Lucanians; and he gave each citizen forty acres of land, reserving no more for himself. The ambassadors of the Samnites having paid him a visit, found him boiling turnips in a pipkin, upon which they offered him gold to come over to their interest; but he told them that his design was not to grow rich, but to command those who were so. He defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum, and received the honour of a triumph.
DENTIFRICE, in Medicine, a remedy or preservative for the teeth.
DENTTLES, or Dentils, in Architecture, an ornament in cornices, bearing some resemblance to teeth, and particularly used in the Ionic and Corinthian orders.
DENITSCALPRA, in Surgery,ŭn instrument for scouring yellow, livid, or black teeth, which being applied near the gums, scrapes off the foul morbid crust.
DENTITION, the breeding or cutting of the teeth in children.
D’ENTRECASTEAUX’S Channel, a strait on the

I south-east coast of Van Diemen’s Land, from which it separates Bruny’s Isle. It is about thirty or forty miles in length, but of little breadth. It contains several harbours and three islets.
DENUNCIATION, a solemn publication or promulgation of any thing.
DEOBSTRUENTS, in Pharmacy, such medicines as open obstructions.
DEODAND, in our customs, a thing given or forfeited as it were to God, for the pacification of his wrath in a case of misadventure, by which a Christian comes to a violent end without the fault of any reasonable creature.

For example, if a horse strike his keeper and kill him; if a man, in driving a cart, fall so that the cart-wheel runs over him and presses him to death; if one be felling a tree, and give warning to the Standers by to look to themselves, yet a man is killed by the fall thereof; in the first case, the horse; in the second, the cart-wheel, cart, and horses; and in the third, the tree, is Deo dandus, to be given to God, that is, to the king, to be distributed to the poor by his almoner, for expiation of this dreadful event. “Omnia quae movent ad mortem sunt deodanda.” This law seems to be in imitation of that promulgated in Exodus, (chap, xxi.), “If an ox gore a man or a woman that they die; then the ox shall be surely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit.” Fleta says the deodand is to be sold, and the price distributed to the poor, for the soul of the king, his ancestors, and all faithful people departed this life.
DEODHUR, a town of Hindustan, situated on the northwest frontier of Gujerat. It consists of about a thousand houses, inhabited principally by Rajpoots and Coolies, who subsist principally by plundering their neighbours. It possesses a citadel 150 yards square, which is well fortified, and is surrounded by a wall and deep ditch. The town labours under a great deficiency of water, and is hemmed in by the jungle, which comes up close to the houses. It is the property of a Rajpoot chief, who has eight other villages under his authority, and who frequently lays his neighbours and travellers under contribution. Deodhur is 173 miles from Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 32. E. Lat. 26. 59. N.
DEOGIRE, or Deogur, an ancient city and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Berar. It has fallen into decay since the Mahratta conquest and the removal of the seat of government to Nagpore. Long. 79.12. E. Lat. 21. 55. N.
DEOGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, at which place multitudes of pilgrims are seen carrying the water of the Ganges to the western side of India. In this article a considerable trade is carried on. Long. 86. 40. E. Lat. 24. 30. N.
DEONELLA, or Deoniiully, a town and fort of Hindustan, in Southern India, belonging to the rajah· of Mysore. The inhabitants have an extraordinary custom, by which every mother, on the marriage of her eldest daughter, is bound to amputate two of her fingers. Some say that it was the birth-place of Hyder Ali, and that it was here where he made his first essay in arms. It was taken by Lord Cornwallis in 1791. It is nineteen miles N.N.E. of Bangalore. Long. 77. 54. E. Lat. 13. 15. N.
DEOPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, and district of Monghir, forty miles west by south from Moorshedabad. Long. 86. 33. E. Lat. 24. 4. N.
DEOSIR, a small district of Hindustan, in the province of Cashmere, extending along the north side of the Jel-lum, or Colhumah, between the 34th and 35th degrees of north latitude.
DEPHLEGMATION is an operation by which the superabundant water of a body is drawn off, and it is principally[7:7:733] effected by means of evaporation or distillation. Dephlegmation is also called Concentration·, particularly when acids are the subject.
DEPHLOGISTICATED, in Chemistry, any thing deprived of the phlogiston supposed to be contained in it.

Dephlogisticated Air is the same with oxygen gas in the modern chemistry. See Chemistry.
DEPILATORY Medicines are those applied in order to take off the hair. Such are known to be the effects of lime and orpiment.
DEPONENT, in Latin grammar, a term applied to verbs which have active significations, but passive terminations or conjugations.
DEPOPULATION, the act of diminishing the number of people in any country, whether by war, disease, or political causes.
DEPORTATION, a sort of banishment used by the Romans, by which some island or other place was allotted to a criminal as the place of his abode, with a prohibition not to stir therefrom upon pain of death.
DEPOSIT, among civilians, something that is committed to the custody of a person, to be kept without any reward, and to be returned again on demand.
DEPOSITARY, in Law, a person intrusted as keeper or guardian of a deposit.
DEPOSITION, in Law, the testimony given in court by a witness upon oath.

Deposition is also used for the sequestrating or depriving a person of his dignity and office.

This deposition only differs from abdication, in that the latter is supposed to be voluntary, and the act of the dignitary or officer himself; whereas the former is compulsory, being the act of a superior power, whose authority extends thus far. Some say the deposition, and some the abdication, of King James II.

Deposition does not differ from deprivation. We say, indifferently, a deposed or deprived bishop, official, or the like. Deposition differs from suspension, in that it absolutely and for ever divests a priest or other person of all dignity, office, or trust; whereas suspension only prohibits or restrains the exercise of such functions. Deposition only differs from degradation, in that the latter is more formal, and attended with more circumstances, than the former; but in effect and substance they are the same, those additional circumstances being only matter of show, first set on foot out of zeal and indignation, and kept up by custom, but not warranted by the laws or canons.
DEPRECATION, in Rhetoric, a figure by which the orator invokes the aid and assistance of some one, or prays for some great evil or punishment to befall him who speaks falsely, whether that person be himself or his adversary.
DEPRECATORY, or Deprecative, in Theology, a term applied to the manner of performing some ceremonies in the form of prayer. The form of absolution is deprecative in the Greek church, being conceived in these terms, May God absolve you ; whereas it is in the declarative form in the Latin church, and in some of the reformed churches, 1 absolve you.
DEPRESSION of the Pole. When a person sails or travels towards the equator, he is said to depress the pole, because as many degrees as l ’.e approaches nearer the equator, so many degrees will the pole be nearer the horizon. This phenomenon arises from the spherical figure of the earth.

Depression of a Star, or of the Sun, is its distance below the horizon, which is measured by an arc of a vertical circle, intercepted between the horizon and the place of the star.

Depression of the Visible Horizon, or Dip of the Horizon, denotes its sinking or dipping below the true horizontal plane, by the observer’s eye being raised above the surface of the sea, in consequence of which, the observed altitude of an object is by so much too great.
DEPRIVATION, in the common law, is the act of bereaving, divesting, or taking away a spiritual promotion or dignity; as when a bishop, vicar, prebend, or the like, is deposed or deprived of his preferment, for some matter or fault, in fact or in law. See Deposition.

Deprivation is of two kinds, namely, a beneficio, and ab officio. Deprivation a beneficio is, when for some great crime a minister is wholly and for ever deprived of his living or preferment; which differs from suspension, in that the latter is only temporary.

Deprivation ab officio is, when a minister is for ever deprived of his order, which is the same, in reality, with what we otherwise call deposition and degradation. Deprivation is usually awarded for some heinous crime deserving death, and is performed by the bishop in a solemn manner. See Degradation.
DEPTFORD, a large town, consisting of two parishes, in the hundred of Blackheath, in the county of Kent, but with a small part of one of the parishes in the county of Surrey. It is divided intoUpper and Lower Deptford by the Ravensbourn, which falls here into the Thames. There is here a royal dockyard for the construction and repair of ships of war, which was originally founded in the reign of Henry VIII. There is also the storehouse called the Red House, for providing victuals for the navy. The Trinity House, for the general regulation of the pilots’ buoys, beacons, and lighthouses, is another of the establishments of this town. There are also several private dockyards for the building of merchant vessels, together with numerous block, sail, and mast makers. There are two charitable foundations for decayed masters of vessels and for pilots, and for the widows of both, which are well endowed and regulated by the elder brethren of the Trinity House. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 17,548, in 1811 to 19,833, in 1821 to 19,862, and in 1831 to 19,795. Deptford is only four miles from London.
DEPURATION is the freeing of any fluid from heterogeneous matter or feculence. It is of three kinds: first, by decantation, which is performed by letting the liquor to be depurated stand for some time in a pretty deep vessel, till the gross sediment has fallen to the bottom, after which the clear fluid is poured off; secondly, by despumation, which is performed by means of the whites of eggs, or other viscid matter, and is also called clarification; and, thirdly, by filtration, which is effected by passing the fluid through cloth or porous paper.
DEPUTATION, a mission of select persons, out of a company or body, to a prince, or other person or persons, to treat of matters in their name.
DEPUTY, a person employed to manage a particular business by some community or individual in authority.

Deputy is also one who exercises an office in another’s right; and hence the forfeiture or misdemeanour of such deputy causes the person whom he represents to lose his office.
DEPUTATUS, among the ancients, a name applied to persons employed in making armour, and likewise to brisk active people, whose business it was to take care of the wounded in engagements, and carry them off the field.
DERBEND, a town of Persia, and capital of the province of Daghestan, and also of a small principality of the same name. It is situated in the province of Schirvan, on the western shore of the Caspian Sea, and contains about 650 houses, and 4000 inhabitants, who are Armenians, Mahommedans, Jews, and Russians. It is built in the form of a parallelogram, and extends on a declivity from the very margin of the shore west to the foot of a lofty mountain, [7:7:734]and is considered as the gate of Persia, its name signifying an impassable place, or, more strictly, a door locked. It is surrounded by strong walls, rising out of the sea, and defended by about sixty towers; and the highest part of the hill or rock is crowned by the citadel, which, however, is at too great a distance either to protect the city or to cover the harbour. Part of the celebrated wall of Gog and Magog, said to have extended to the Black Sea, is still to be seen near this fortress. It is of great solidity, and runs in a western direction over high and inaccessible mountains. Many of the stones used in the construction of the walls are cubes of six feet, but the ramparts are so narrow that cannon are only mounted on the towers, and the entrance to the town is through a single antique iron gate. The town was formerly supplied with water by magnificent aqueducts built by the Arabs; but these are now in ruins, and the inhabitants are under the necessity of using water from wells i ∙so that the supply afforded is barely sufficient for the consumption of the inhabitants. It has little trade, owing to the poverty of the surrounding countries, but very fine saffron is cultivated in the neighbourhood. The harbour is one of the worst on the Caspian Sea. It had formerly a quay, which is now sunk under water. Derbend is a place of great antiquity; the celebrated caliph Haroun-alRaschid lived here at different times, and brought the town into great repute, by promoting commerce and the arts. In the convulsions of this part of Asia it has frequently changed masters. It was taken possession of by the Russians in 1722, who retained possession of it until 1735, when it was restored to the Persians. In the war with Persia which commenced in 1796, it surrendered to the Russians, and has ever since remained in their possession. Long. 48. 58. E. Lat. 41. 52. N.