pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FRAUSTADT, a town of the Prussian province of Posen, the capital of the circle of the same name, with 607 houses, and 6850 inhabitants, who carry on considerable trade in cloth, corn, wool, oil, and timber, and conduct distilleries and breweries.
FRAY literally signifies to fret; as cloth or stuff does by rubbing, or too much wearing. Among hunters, a deer is said to fray his head when he rubs it against a tree to cause the skins of his new horns to come off. Fray likewise signifies a battle, broil, or quarrel.
FREA, or Frigga, the wife of Odin, was, next to him, the most revered divinity among the Saxons, Danes, and other northern nations, during the reign of heathenism. As Odin was believed to be the father, Frea was esteemed the mother, of all the other gods. In the most ancient times, Frea was the same with the Ŗoddess Herthus, or Earth, who was so devoutly worshipped by the Angli and other German nations. But when Odin, the conqueror of the north, usurped the honours due only to the true Odin, his wife Frea usurped those which had been formerly paid to mother Earth. She was worshipped as the goddess of love and pleasure, who bestowed on her votaries a variety of delights, particularly happy marriages and easy child-births. To Frea the sixth day ol the week was consecrated, which still bears her name.
FREATS, or Freits, a term used in Scotland for il [7:10:227]omeiu, and sometimes denoting accidenta aupematurally unlucky.
FRECKLES, Lentigines, spots of a yellowish colour, of the size of a lentile seed, scattered over the face, neck, and hands.
FREDERICKSBURGH, a post-town of Virginia, in North America, and capital of a county. It is situated on the south-west side of the Rappahannoe, about a hundred and ten miles from its mouth, and filly-seven miles south-west of Washington. It is regularly laid out, well built, and contains eight public buildings and four churches. It is a great depot for grain, flour, and tobacco, and numerous flour mills are situated in the vicinity of the town. Being in the centre of a fertile and well-cultivated country, it is flourishing and healthy. The population in 1830 was 3307.
FREDERICKSHAM, one of the circles into which the province of Finland is divided. It extends over 798 square miles, and contains 25,029 inhabitants. It is on ' the Gulf of Bothnia, and generally a level district. The chief town has the same name, is built on an isthmus between the mouths of two rivers, is fortified, and contains 1270 inhabitants, who carry on foreign trade. Long. 26.58. E. Lat.60.35. N.
FREDERICKSTAD, a strongly fortified city of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuus and bailiwick of Mos. It stands at the mouth of the river Glommen. It contains 420 houses, with 2352 inhabitants, who carry on an extensive trade in deals and in other timber, and are extensively employed in the fisheries.
FREE, in a general sense, is used in opposition to whatever is constrained or necessitated. When applied to things endowed with understanding, it relates in a particular manner to the liberty of the will.

Free Bench signifies that estate in copyhold which the wife, being espoused a virgin, has, after the decease of her husband, for her dower, according to the custom of the manor.

Free or Imperial Citie», in Germany, are those not subject to any particular prince, but governed, like republics, by their own magistrates.

There were free cities (liberte civitates) even under the ancient Roman empire; such were those to which the emperor, by the advice or consent of the senate, gave the privilege of appointing their own magistrates, and governing themselves by their own laws.

Free Stone. See Mineralogy.
FREEBOOTER, or Flibuster, a name given to the pirates who scour the American seas, particularly such as make war against the Spaniards. It is also applied, in a general sense, to robbers and other plunderers.
FREEDOM, in general, the state or quality of being free.

Freedom of a Corporation, the right of enjoying all the privileges and immunities belonging to it.

Freedom of Conscience. See Toleration. Freedom of the WiU, that power or faculty of the mind by which it is capable of acting or not acting, choosing or rejecting, whatever it judges proper. See Metaphysics.
FREEHOLD, Frank Tenement (liberum tenementum), is land or tenement which a man holds in fee-simple, fee-tail, or for a term of life. Freehold is of two kinds, in deed and in law. The first is the real possession of land or tenement in fee, fee-tail, or for life; the other is the right a man has to such land or tenement before his entry or seizure.

Freehold is sometimes taken in opposition to villenage. Lambard observes, that land, in the time of the Saxons, was distinguished into bockland, that is, holden by book or writing; and folkland, that is, held without writing. The former, he says, was held on far better condition, and by the better sort of tenants, as noblemen and gentlemen, being such as we now call freehold ; the latter was for the most part in possession of peasants, being the same with what we now call at the will of the lord.
FREEW ILI. Islands, three small islands in the Eastern Seas, discovered by Captain Carteret in 1767, and almost entirely surrounded by a reef, except on the east, where there is a narrow passage that will admit a canoe. Long. 137. 51. E. Lat. 0. 50. S.
FREEZE, in Architecture. See Architecture.
FREEZING. See Cold and Congelation.
FREIBERG, a bailiwick in the circle of the Erzgeberg, in the kingdom of Saxony. It is combined with the bailiwick of Grillenburκ, and contains five cities, one markettown, eighty-one villages, with 55,000 inhabitants. It is a mountainous and woody district, watered by the Mulda, the Flohe, and various smaller streams. The chief support[7:10:231] of the population is mining and preparing the metals for use. Agriculture is also pursued, but does not produce sufficient food to supply the consumption. There is also much employment for females in making thread lace, and in weaving cotton goods. The capital of the bailiwick is a city of the same name. It is about 1200 feet above the level of the sea, in a most romantic district on the river Munzbach. It is surrounded with walls, contains five churches, 1377 houses, and about 13,000 inhabitants. The chief employment is mining; and the operations of extracting the several ores, of separating the valuable from the useless particles, and of adapting the machinery and the chemistry to the best purposes, have made this city a school whose pupils have benefited all mining countries. The mining academy is a valuable institution, conducted by six professors, and containing from 300 to 400 students, who have cabinets of minerals, a museum of models, and a public library. The silver mine of Himmelsfurst, in the valley of Mulda, yielded, between the years 1740 and 1801, 3,064,000 ounces of silver. Silver is however by no means the most valuable product of these mines, which yield more in lead, copper, iron, and vitriol. Long. 12. 21. £. Lat. 50. 55. Ń.
FREIGHT, in Navigation and Commerce, the hire of a ship, or a part of it, for the conveyance and carriage of goods from one port or place to another; or the sum agreed on between the owner and the merchant for the hire and use of a vessel.
FREIND, John, a learned English physician and writer of the eighteenth century, was born at Croton, Northamptonshire, in 1675. In 1696 he published, in conjunction with Mr P. Foulkes, an edition of two Greek orations, one of Aeschines against Ctesiphon, and the other of Demosthenes De Corona, with a new Latin version. In 1699 he wrote a letter concerning an Hydrocephalus, published in the Philosophical Transactions ; and another letter in Latin, De Spasmis rarior. Historia, printed in the same Transactions. In 1703 his Emmenalogia appeared, which gained him a high reputation. In 1704 he was chosen professor of chemistry in the university of Oxford. In 1705 he attended the Earl of Peterborough to Spain as physician to the army there; and, upon his return in 1707, published an account of the earl’s expedition and conduct. In 1709 he published his Chemical Lectures. In 1712 he attended the Duke of Ormond in Flanders as his physician. In 1716 he was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians in London. This year he published the first and third books of Hippocrates De Morbis popularibus, with a Commentary on Fevers. He sat member for the borough of Launceston, in Cornwall, in 1722, when he distinguished himself by his opposition to the administration. In March 1722 he was committed to the Tower on a charge of high treason; and, during his confinement, he wrote a Latin epistle to Dr Mead, De quibusdam Variolarum Generibus. He also commenced his History of Physic, the first part of which was published in 1725, and the second in 1726. Upon the accession of George II. to the throne, he was appointed physician in ordinary to the queen, who showed the utmost regard and esteem for him. He died at London in 1728. - His works were published in Latin at London in 1733, in folio, and dedicated to the queen.
FREISING, a bailiwick of the circle of the Isar, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 143 square miles. It contains one city, one market-town, 164 villages, and 151 hamlets, with 16,840 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name on the river Isar. It is a walled town, containing 534 houses and 3900 inhabitants. It is the seat of an archbishop. There is some trade in making beer, snuff, vinegar, and in refining saltpetre. Long. 12. 40. 8. E. Lat. 48. 23. 56. N.
FREJUS, a town on the shore of the Mediterranean, in the department of the Var, in France. It is in a district rich in citrons, oranges, figs, and pomegranates, but marshy and unhealthy. It was enlarged, if not built, by Julius Caesar, who gave it the name Forum Julii. It has been since celebrated as the landing-place of Bonaparte on his return from Egypt. It contained in 1837 a cathedral, and 2665 inhabitants, chiefly occupied in the Sardinia fishery. Long. 6. 38. E. Lat. 43. 25. N.
FRESCO Painting is a method of painting in relievo on walls. It is performed with water-colours on fresh plaster, or on a wall laid with mortar not yet dry. This species of painting has a great advantage by its incorporating with the mortar, and drying along with it; thus becoming very durable, and capable of resisting the weather. The Italians, from whom we borrow the term, call it fresco, because it is frequently used for walls, alcoves, and other buildings in the open air. Vitruvius, lib. vii. cap. 4, calls it udo tectorio.

Painting in fresco is a very ancient art, having been practised in the earliest ages of Greece and Rome. It is chiefly performed on walls and vaults newly plastered with lime and sand; but the plaster is only to be laid in proportion as the painting goes on, no more being to be executed at one time than the painter can dispatch in a day, while it dries. Before he begins to paint, a cartoon or design is usually made on paper, to be chalked and transferred to the wall about half an hour after the plaster is applied.

The ancients painted on stucco; and we may remark in Vitruvius what infinite care they took in making the incrustation or plastering of their buildings, to render them beautiful and lasting; though the modern painters find a plaster of lime and sand preferable to it, both because it does not dry so hastily, and because, being a little brownish, it is fitter to lay colours on than a ground so white as stucco.

In this kind of painting, all the compound and artificial colours, and almost all the minerals, are set aside, and scarcely any thing is used but earths, which are capable of preserving their colour, defending it from the burning of the lime, and resisting its salt, which Vitruvius calls its bitterness.

For the work to come out in all its beauty, the colours must be laid on quick, while the plaster is still moist; nor should they ever be retouched dry with colours mixed up with the white of an egg, or size, or gum, as is sometimes done; because such colours grow blackish, and soon tarnish.

The colours used are white made of lime slaked some time previously, and white marble dust, ochre, both red and yellow, verditer, lapis lazuli, black chalk, and other similar substances. These only reauire to be ground and mixed up with water, and then laid on.

The brushes and pencils for this work ought to be long and soft, otherwise they will rake and raise the painting. The colours should be full and flowing from the brush, and the design perfect; for in this work you cannot alter or add upon any colour. See Painting.
FRESHES, in sea language, denotes the impetuosity of an ebb tide, increased by heavy rains, and flowing out into the sea, often discolouring it to a considerable distance, and forming a line that separates the two colours, and which may be distinctly perceived for a great length along the coast.
FRESNOY, Charles Alphonse du, a poet and painter, was born at Paris in 1611. He was instructed by Perrier and Simon Vouet in painting; but he did not long adhere to Vouet’s manner of colouring; for as soon as he had fixed himself at Rome, he made the works of Titian the models for his imitation. He was, however, more celebrated as a poet than as a painter, and gave more [7:10:232]attention to the theory than to the practice of the pencil. Accordingly he is better known by his celebrated poem De Arte Graphica than byhis performances on the canvass; ' and on this work he bestowed so much labour that he died in 1665, before it was published. It was printed afterwards with a French prose translation and notes by Μ. de Piles, and was translated into English by Dryden, who prefixed to it an original preface containing a parallel between painting and poetry.
FRET, or Frette, in Architecture, a kind of knot or ornament, consisting of two lists or small fillets variously interlaced or interwoven, and running at parallel distances equal to their breadth.

F ret- Work, that which is adorned with frets. It is sometimes used to fill up and enrich flat empty spaces, but it is mostly practised in roofs which are fretted over with plaster work.
FRETTS, in Mineralogy, a term used by our miners to express the worn side of the banks of the rivers in mine countries, where they search for the shoad stones or grewts washed down from the hills, in order to trace out the running of the shoad up to the mine.
FREUDENBURG, a market-town, now of the province of Hoya, in Hanover, being, with the canton around it, recently acquired by exchangé with Hesse-Cassel. The canton contains about 4500 inhabitants. The capital has 250 houses and 1560 inhabitants.
FREUDENSTADT, a bailiwick in the circle of the Neckar, in the province of the Black Forest, belonging to Wirtemburg, extending over 204 square miles, comprehending two cities, three market-towns, and sixty-six villages, with 21,005 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is on the river Murg, contains 299 houses, with 3164 inhabitants, who make nails, cloth, and potash, aquafortis, and some other chemicals. Long. 8. 20. 2. E. Lat. 48. 27. 7. N.
FREYBURG, a bailiwick of the circle of the Treisam, in the grand duchy of Baden, comprehending one city and eighteen villages, with 1650 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is in the Black Forest, on the river Treisam. It contains 980 dwelling-houses and 8535 inhabitants. It is the seat of a university with eighteen professors and betwixt 300and 400 students, and of other well endowed institutions of education. It is a considerable manufacturing place for every kind of clothing, and of domestic articles and handicraft tools, as well as for musical and mathematical instruments, and many smaller articles. The cathedral is an object of great attention to the admirers of Gothic architecture.
FRIABLE, among naturalists, an appellation given to bodies that are easily crumbled to pieces, such are pumice and all calcined stones.
FRIAR, or Frier, by the Latins called frater, the Italians fra, and the French frire, that is, brother. It is a term common to the monks of all orders, founded on the circumstance that there is a kind of fraternity or brotherhood presumed between the several religious persons of the same convent or monastery. Friars are generally distinguished into these four principal branches: 1. Minors, grey friars, or Franciscans; 2. Augustines; 3. Dominicans, or black friars; 4. White friars, or Carmelites. In these four the rest of the orders originated.

Friar, in a more peculiar sense, is restrained to such monks as are not priests; for those in orders are usually dignified with the appellation of father. Friars Observant (fratres observantes') were a branch of the Franciscans; so called because they are not combined together in any cloister, convent, or corporation, as the conventuals are; but they only agree among themselves to observe the rules of their order more strictly than the conventuals did, from whom they separated out of a singularity of zeal, living in certain places of their own choosing.
FRICASSEE, a dish or mess hastily dressed in a frying pan, and seasoned with butter, oil, or the like. The word is French, formed of the Latin frixatura, frying.
FRICTION, the act of rubbing or grating the surface of one body against another. It is likewise called attrition. Friction, in Mechanics, denotes the resistance which a moving body meets with from the surface on which it moves. Friction arises from the roughness or asperity of the surface of the body moved on and that of the body moving; for such surfaces consisting alternately of eminences and cavities, either the eminences of the one must be raised over those of the other, or they must be both broken and worn off*; but neither can happen without motion, nor can motion be produced without a force impressed. Hence the force applied to move the body is either wholly or partly spent on this effect; and consequently there arises a resistance or friction, which will be greater, coeterisparibus, according as the eminences are the greater and the substance the harder; and as the body, by continual friction, becomes more and more polished, the friction diminishes. See Mechanics.
FRIDAY, the sixth day of the week, so named from Freya, a Saxon deity. By the Romans it was called dies
FRIDERICA, a fortified city of Denmark, in the province of Jutland, on a promontory on the Little Belt, where a toll is collected on such vessels as pass through that strait. It contains 600 houses, and about 3700 inhabitants. The harbour is only calculated for small vessels, and the commerce is considerable. Long. 9. 41. E. Lat. 55. 32. N.
FRIDSTOL, mentioned, in our ancient writers, among the immunities granted to churches, signifies a seat, chair, or place of peace and security, where criminals might find safety and protection. Of these there were many in England; but the most celebrated were that at Beverley, and that in St Peter’s church at York, granted by charter of Henry I.
FRIEDBERG, a bailiwick in the circle of the Upper Danube, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 178 square miles. It contains one city, eight towns, and 111 villages and hamlets, with 14,949 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, stands on the Acha, with 330 houses, and 1871 inhabitants, among whom are watchmakers and ribbon weavers.
FRIEDLAND, a town of the province of East Prussia, in the circle of the same name. It stands on the river Alle, contains 263 houses, and 1916 inhabitants employed in tanning and weaving. It is celebrated for the battle fought near it in June 1807, between the united Russian and Prussian troops and the French. Long. 20. 55. 40. E. Lat. 54. 27. N.
FRIEDRICHSBORG, a small city of Denmark, in the northern part of the island of Zealand. It is surrounded with extensive woods, and stands on the border of a lake of the same name. It contains 1600 inhabitants; but is only remarkable for the royal palace built on an island on the lake, which is a fine specimen of the architecture of the seventeenth century.
FRIENDLY Islands, a cluster of islands io the Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Cook in the year 1773, on account of the friendship which appeared to subsist among the inhabitants, and from their courteous behaviour to strangers. Abel Jansen Tasman, an eminent Dutch navigator, first landed on these islands in 1643, and gave names to most of them. Captain Cook explored the whole cluster, which he found to consist of above sixty. See Polynesia.
FRIESLAND, one of the provinces of the Netherlands, bounded on the north by the German Ocean, extending over 1027 square miles, comprehending eleven cities and 337 towns and villages, with a population, in 1835, of 217,882 inhabitants, the greater part of whom are Protestants. It is a low, flat district, below the sea at high-water mark, but preserved by embankments from inundation, and drained by numerous sluices and wind-mills. It has a great abundance of canals, which serve the purpose of roads, and in some degree assist in draining. The soil is rich, admirable for cows, and the produce of the dairy is one of the chief sources of its annual wealth. The inhabitants, descended from the ancient Frisii, speak a dialect distinct from the Dutch and the German, and in sound approaching nearer to the English. The corn land does not produce grain equal to the consumption. In the cities are many manufactories, and extensive labour is applied to the fisheries. The province is divided into three circles and nineteen bailiwicks.

Friesland, East, one of the provinces of the kingdom of Hanover, on the sea-shore. It was formerly subject to its native independent sovereigns, on whose extinction, in the middle of the eighteenth century, it came under the government of Prussia, and was finally ceded to Hanover by the congress of Vienna in 1815. It is bounded on the north and north-east by the German Ocean, on the east by Oldenburg, on the south by Meppen, on the west by the Netherlands, and on the north-west by the Dollart. It extends over 1134 square miles, exclusive of the islands .Juist, Norderney, Baltrum, Longeroog, Spiteroog, and Wangeroog, which belong to it. It contains four cities, seven market-towns, 145 parishes, and 200 hamlets, and in 1833, the population amounted to 152,408. The land is marshy, but rich on the border. It gradually decreases in fertility towards the centre, till it becomes a poor sandy heath, unfit for cultivation. The good land comprehends seven tenths of the whole. That part is lower than the sea at high water, but below it at low water, and is drained by sluices, as is practised in Holland, which the province much resembles; and the embankments are said to have been formed more than ten centuries ago. The chief produce is oats, of which large quantities are exported. Some wheat also is raised. Many horses and cows are bred, and butter and cheese are made extensively. There are few large estates; but most of the occupiers are proprietors of their land, in portions varying from thirty to seventy English acres. There is a scarcity of wood, and turf is used for fuel. The city of Aurich is deemed the capital; but more of the business of government is conducted at Emden than in that place.
FRIGATE, a ship of war usually of two decks, light built, designed for swift sailing. Frigates mount from twenty to forty-four guns, and are esteemed excellent cruisers. The name was formerly known only in the Mediterranean, and applied to .a long kind of vessel navigated in that sea with sails and oars. The English were the first who appeared on the ocean with these ships, and equipped them for war as well as for commerce.

Frigate-BuİU denotes the disposition of the decks of such merchant ships as have a descent of four or five steps from the quarter-deck and forecastle into the waist; in contradistinction to those whose decks are on a continued line for the whole length of the ship, which are called galley-built. See Ship-Building.
FRIGATOON, a Venetian vessel, commonly used in the Adriatic, built with a square stern, and without any foremast, having only a main-mast, mizen-mast, and bowsprit.
FRIGID (frigidue), in a general sense, denotes the quality of being cold.

Frigid Zone. See Geography.
FRIGIDITY, in Medicine, the same with Impotence.