pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CHART, or Sea-Chart, an hydrographical map, or a projection of some part of the earth’s superficies in plano, for the use of navigators.

Charts differ very considerably from geographical or land-maps, which are of no use in navigation. Nor are sea-charts all of the same kind; some being what we call plane charts, others Mercator charts, and others globular charts.

Plane Chart is a representation of some part of the superficies of the terraqueous globe, in which the meridians are supposed parallel to each other, the parallels of latitude at equal distances, and consequently the degrees of latitude and longitude everywhere equal to each other.

Mercators Chart is that where the meridians are straight lines, parallel to each other, and equidistant; the parallels are also straight lines, and parallel to each other; but the distance between them increases from the equinoctial towards either pole, in the ratio of the secant of the latitude to the radius.

Globular Chart, a meridional projection, in which the distance of the eye from the plane of the meridian, upon which the projection is made, is supposed to be equal to the sine of the .angle 45°. This projection comes the nearest of all to the nature of the globe, because the meridians[7:6:332] are placed at equal distances; the parallels also are nearly equidistant, and consequently the several parts of the earth have their proper proportion of magnitude, distance, and situation, nearly the same indeed as on the globe itself.

Hydrographic Charts, sheets of large paper, on which several parts of the land and sea are described, with their respective coasts, harbours, sounds, flats, rocks, shelves, sands, and so forth, together with the longitude and latitude of each place, and the points of the compass.

Selenographic Charts, particular descriptions of the spots, appearances, and maculae of the moon.

Topographic Charts, draughts of some small parts of the earth only, or of some particular place, without regard to its relative situation, as London, York, and so on.
CHARTER, in Law, a written instrument, or evidence of things acted between one person and another. The word charter comes from the Latin charta, anciently used for a public and authentic act, a donation contract, or the like, from the Greek γcLtrrr ∖ ς, thick paper, or pasteboard, on which public acts were wont to be written. Britton divides charters into those of the king and those of private persons. 1. Charters of the king, are those by which the king passes any grant to any person or body politic, as a charter of exemption, of privilege, &c.; charter of pardon, by which a man is forgiven a felony, or other offence committed against the king’s crown and dignity; charter of the forest, in which the laws of the forest are comprised, such as the charter of Canutus, &c. 2. Charters of private persons, are deeds and instruments for the conveyance of lands and hereditaments; and the purchaser of lands shall have all the charters, deeds, and evidences, as incident to the same, and for the maintenance of his title.

Charter-Party, in Commerce, denotes the instrument of freightage, or articles of agreement for the hire of a vessel.

The charter-party must be in writing, and be signed both by the proprietor or master of the ship, and the merchant who freights it. It must contain the name and burden of the vessel, the names of the master and the freighter, the price or rate of freight, and the time of loading and unloading, and the other conditions agreed on. lt is properly a deed, or policy, by which the master or proprietor of the vessel engages to furnish immediately a sound vessel, well equipped, and provided with anchors, sails, cordage, and all other furniture to make the voyage required, in consideration of a certain sum to be paid by the merchant for the freight.

Boyer says the word is derived from this, that per medium charta incidebatur, et sic fiebat charta partita; because in the time when notaries were less common, there was only one instrument made for both parties; and this they cut in two, giving each his portion; but they joined them together at their return, to know if each had done his part. This, he observes, was the practice in his time; agreeably to the method of the Romans, who in their stipulations used to break a staff, each party retaining a moiety thereof as a mark.
CHARTOPHYLAX, the name of an officer of the church of Constantinople, who attends at the door of the rails when the sacrament is administered, and gives notice to the priests to come to the holy table. He represents the patriarch upon the bench, tries all ecclesiastical causes, keeps all the marriage registers, assists at the consecration of bishops, and presents the bishop elect at the solemnity, [7:6:333]and likewise all other subordinate clergy. This office resembles in some shape that of the bibliothecarius at Rome.
CHARTRE, an arrondissement in the department of the Indre, in France, extending over 620 square miles. It is divided into five cantons, and these into sixty-five communes, with 42,475 inhabitants. The capital, which gives its name to the arrondissement, is a city on a hill, at whose foot the Indre flow's, which contains 520 houses, and 3926 inhabitants, who have some trade in cattle and in wool. Long. 1. 51. E. Lat. 46. 55. N.
CHARTRES, an arrondissement of the department of the Eure and Loire, in France, extending over 858 square miles. It is divided into eight cantons, and these into 166 communes, containing 98,350 inhabitants. The chief city bears the same name, and is situated in a fertile district, on the banks of the Eure. It is surrounded by walls; the houses are in an antique fashion, and the streets narrow and crooked. It contains 2000 houses and 13,000 inhabitants. There is much industry applied to the making of hats, hosiery, and in tanning leather; and a considerable trade is carried on in wheat and other corn. There is a fine cathedral of the Gothic architecture, with two towers, one of them 360 feet in height. Long. 1. 24. E. Lat. 48. 26. 54. N.
CHARTREUSE, or Chartreuse-Grand, a celebrated monastery, the capital of all the convents of the Carthusian monks, situated on a steep rock in the middle of a large forest of fir trees, about seven miles north-east of Grenoble, in the province of Dauphiny, in France. See Carthusians.

From this mother convent all the others of the same order took their name, among which was the Chartreuse of London, corruptly called the Charterhouse, now converted into an hospital, and endowed with a revenue of L.600 per annum.

Here were maintained eighty decayed gentlemen, not under fifty years of age; forty boys are also educated, and fitted either for the university or trades. Those sent to the university have an exhibition of L.20 a year for eight years, and an immediate title to nine church livings in the gift of the governors of the hospital, who are sixteen in number, all persons of the first distinction, and who take their turn in the nomination of pensioners and scholars.
CHARTULARY, Chartularius, a title given to an ancient officer in the Latin church, who had the care of charters and papers relating to public affairs. The chartulary presided in ecclesiastical judgments, in place of the p>ope. In the Greek church the chartulary was called chartophylax ; but his office was there much more considerable; and some even distinguished the chartulary from the chartophylax in the Greek church. See Charto- PHYLAX.
CHARYBDIS, in Ancient Geography, a whirlpool in the Straits of Messina, according to the poets, near Sicily, and opposite to Scylla, a rock on the coast of Italy. Thucydides makes it to be only a strong flux and reflux in the strait, or a violent reciprocation of the tide, especially if the wind sets south. But on diving into the Charybdis, there are found vast gulfs and whirlpools below, which produce all the commotion on the surface of the water.
CHATEAUBRIANT, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Loire, in France. It extends over 640 square miles, comprises seven cantons and thirty-seven communes, containing 49,066 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is on the river Chère, and contains 650 houses, with 2733 inhabitants. Long 1. 30. W. Lat. 47. 45. N.
CHATEAUDUN, an arrondissement of the department of the Eure and Loire, in France, extending over 576 square miles, divided into five cantons and ninety-one communes, and containing 53,994 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, is situated on a rising ground on the banks of the Loire. It has a fine market-place, and a castle from which the prospect is most delightful, lt contains 925 houses, and 6161 inhabitants, who make woollen blankets, and some thin stuffs. Long. 0. 13. 59. E. Lat. 48. 4. 12. N.
CHATEAULIN, an arrondissement in the department of Finisterre, in France. It is 775 square miles in extent, comprising seven cantons, fifty-nine communes, and a population of 82,432 persons. The chief place, of the same name, is a city situated on the banks of the Aulne. The city itself is small, and contains not more than 100 houses, but the parish is large, and the whole has 3172 inhabitants, who partly depend on the fishery for their occupation, and partly on some slate quarries near them.
CHATELLERAULT, an arrondissement of the department of the Vienne, in France, which extends over 460 square miles. It is divided into six cantons, and these into sixty-three communes, which contain 46,500 inhabitants. The chief city, which gives name to the department, is situated on the river Vienne, a little above the spot to which it is navigable. It contains 1575 houses, and 8193 inhabitants, many of whom are occupied in making cutlery goods, and some in linen and woollen manufactures, but the former have lately declined. Long. 0. 36. 59. E. Lat. 46. 49. 6. N.
CHATHAM, a large town in the hundred of Larkfield, of the county of Kent. It forms a continuous street between the city of Rochester and the town of Brompton. It is on the river Medway, in which, opposite the town, some of the largest ships of war are in ordinary. The defences are powerful, and are kept in good repair. The dock-yard, including the ordnance wharf, is nearly a mile in length, and some of the store-rooms arc 700 feet long, while the sail-loft is more than 200 feet long. The new rope-house, where cables are made 120 fathoms in length and twenty-two inches round, is 1140 feet long. In the yard are four docks for repairing and six for building the largest ships. The other remarkable public institutions are the victualling office, the marine barracks, and several [7:6:335]hospitals. The population amounted in 1811 to 14,640, in 1821 to 15,268, and in 1831 to 16,485.

Chatham Island. There are three islands of this name. The first is about two miles long and half a mile broad, situated in a bay of the larger Andaman Island, in tjιe Bay of Bengal. The second is an island in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1791 by Lieutenant Broughton, of which, or its products, very little is known. Long. 183. 2. E. Lat. of the most northern point of the island 43. 43. S. The third is another island in the South Pacific Ocean, beautifully diversified with hill and dale, and of a large size. Long. 172. 18. W. Lat. 13. 32. S∙
CHATILLON, an arrondissement in the department of Côte d’Or, in France. It extends over 820 square miles, and is divided into six cantons, and these into 116 communes, containing 48,170 inhabitants. The chief place, which is of the same name, but, to distinguish it, has the addition “sur Seine,” contains a population of 3900 persons. It carries on a moderate trade in cloth, serges, hosiery, and cotton spinning. Long. 4. 23. E. Lat. 47. 23. N.

Chatillon les Dombes, a city of the department of the Ain, in France, on the river Chalaronne, containing 375 houses and 3194 inhabitants.
CHATTELS, a Norman term, under which were anciently comprehended all movable goods, those immovable being termed fief or fee. Chattels, in the modern sense of the word, are all sorts of goods, movable or immovable, except such as are in the nature of freehold.
CHATTERIS, a town in the Isle of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, seventy-two miles from London. It is near the great drain from the Bedford level. It stands in a marshy but not unhealthy situation. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 2399, in 1821 to 3283, and in 1831 to 4177.
CHATTERPOOR, a city of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and district of Bundelcund. This is a very ancient town, which was founded by a rajah named Chuttersal, and was occasionally his residence. It was in consequence a very flourishing city, and an important commercial mart, being a great entrepôt of trade between Benares and the Deccan, and at a very short distance from the diamond mines of Pannah. It was once an extensive town and well built, the houses being of stone; but it is now comparatively desolate. On the conclusion of the last peace with the Mahrattas it came into the possession of the British, before which it was occupied, along with a large portion of the surrounding territory, by a petty chief, who, assisted by others, had rendered the country a perpetual scene of disturbance. The travelling distance from Agra is 212 miles, from Calcutta 698, and from Bombay 747 miles. Long. 79. 53. E. Lat. 24. 57. N.
CHAUD Medley, in Law, is of much the same import with Chance Medley. The former in its etymology signifies an affray in the heat of blood or passion; the latter, a casual affray. In Scotch law it is Chaude Melle.
CHAUMONT, an arrondissement of the department of the Upper Marne, in France, extending over 1015 square [7:6:339]miles, divided into ten cantons, and containing 78,804 inhabitants in 198 communes. The city which gives name to the district is situated on the acclivity of a hill, between the rivers Suize and Marne. It contains 1100 houses, and 6504 inhabitants, whose chief employment consists in making woollen stuffs, gloves, hosiery, and serges. Long. 4. 49. 55. E. Lat. 48. 6. 13. N.
CHAUNY, a city in the department of the Aisne, in France. It is situated on the river Oise, which is navigable, and, by means of a canal, is united to the Somme. It contains 816 houses and 3500 inhabitants. There are some of the largest-sized plate glasses and mirrors made here.
CHAUVIN, Stephen, a celebrated minister of the reformed religion, born at Nismes, left France at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and retired to Rotterdam, where he began a new Journal des Sçavansyanå, afterwards removing to Berlin, continued it there three years. At this last place he was made professor of philosophy, and discharged that office with much honour and reputation. His principal work is a philosophical dictionary in Latin, which he published at Rotterdam in 1692, and gave a new edition of it, much augmented, at Lewarden, in 1703, in folio. He died in 1725, aged eighty-five.
CHAVES, a fortified town of Portugal, in the province Entre-Duero-e-Minho. It is situated on the northern frontier, towards Galicia, distant three leagues from Monterrey, and near the banks of the Tamaga, over which there is a bridge of Roman construction, with sixteen arches, and whose strength shows the antiquity of its date. It possesses 3650 inhabitants. Lat. 41. 46. N.
CHAUX de Fonds, a town in the canton of Ncufchatel, in Switzerland, the capital of a district of the same name. It stands in an elevated situation, 1750 feet above the level of the sea, and it contains 559 palace-like houses, and 5900 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the jewellery and watchmaking trade, and in the preparation of various instruments in metals. It is in longitude 6. 44. 35. E. and latitude 47. 6. 5. N.
CHAYANTA, a province of Bolivia, in the department of Potosi. It produces in abundance maize, wheat, and other European grain. It abounds in cattle of all sorts, and contains several gold mines. The population is about 100,000.
CHAZELLES, Jean Mathieu, a celebrated French mathematician and engineer, was born at Lyons in 1657. Μ. Duhamel, with whom he got acquainted, finding his genius incline towards astronomy, presented him to M. Cassini, who employed him in his observatory. In 1684 the Duke of Mortemar made use of Chazellcs to teach him mathematics, and, the year after, procured him the preferment of hydrographic professor for the galleys of Marseilles, where he set up a school for young pilots designing to serve aboard the galleys. In 1686, the galleys made four little campaigns, or rather four courses, purely for exercise. Chazelles went on board every time with them, kept his school upon the sea, and showed the practice of what he taught. In the years 1687 and 1688 he made two other naval campaigns, in which he drew a great many plans of ports, roads, towns, and forts, which were lodged with the ministers of state. At the beginning of the war which ended with the peace of Ryswick, some marine officers, and Chazelles among the rest, fancied that the galleys might be so contrived as to live upon the ocean; that they might serve to tow the men of war when the wind failed or proved contrary, and also help to secure the coast of France. Chazelles was sent to the west coasts in July 1689 to examine the practicability of this scheme; and in 1690 fifteen galleys, newly built, set sail from Rochefort, and cruised as far as Torbay, in England, and proved serviceable at the descent upon Tinmouth. After this he digested into order the observations he had made on the coasts of the ocean, and drew distinct maps, with a portulan to them, namely, a large description of every haven, of the depth, the tides, the dangers and advantages discovered, and so forth. These maps were inserted in the Neptune Français, published in 1692, in which year Chazelles acted as engineer at the descent at Oneille. In 1693, Monsieur de Ponte∙hartrain, then secretary of state for the marine, and afterwards chancellor of France, resolved to get the Neptune Français carried on to a second volume, which was to include the hydrography of the Mediterranean. Chazelles desired that he might have a year’s voyage on this sea for making astronomical observations; and the request being granted, he passed through Greece, Egypt, and other parts of Turkey, with his quadrant and telescope in his hand. When he was in Egypt, he measured the pyramids; and finding that the angles formed by the sides of the largest were in the precise direction of the four cardinal points, he concluded that this position must have been intended, and also that the poles of the earth and meridians had not deviated since the erection of these colossal structures. Chazelles likewise made a report of his voyage in the Levant, and gave the academy all the satisfaction they desired concerning the position of Alexandria; upon which he was made a member of the academy in 1695. He died in 1710.
CHAZINZARIANS, a sect of heretics who appeared in Armenia in the seventh century. The word is formed of the Armenian chazus, cross. They were also called staurolatrce, which in Greek signifies the same as Chazin-zarians in Armenian, namely, adorers of the cross, because they were charged with paying adoration to the cross alone. In other respects they were Neotorians, and admitted two persons in Jesus Christ. Nicephorus ascribes other singularities to this sect, particularly their holding an annual feast in memory of the dog of their false prophet Sergius, which they called artzibartzes.
CHECKY, in Heraldry, is when the shield or a bordure is chequered, or divided into chequers or squares, in the manner of a chess-board. This is one of the most noble and most ancient figures used in armory; and a certain author says that it ought to be given to none but great warriors, in token of their bravery; for the chessboard represents a field of battle; and the pawns placed on both sides represent the soldiers of the two armies, and move, attack, advance, or retire, according to the will of the gamesters, who are the generals. This figure is always composed of metal and co]our; but some authors are disposed to reckon it as a sort of fur.
CHEDUBA, an island in the Bay of Bengal, lying off the coast of Arracan. It is distant from the main land about ten miles. It is the most westerly of a cluster of inhabited islands, and produces such abundance of rice, that it is exported in great quantities. The channel between this island and the mainland is navigable for boats, but not for large vessels. Cheduba was taken from the Burmese in 1824, by a British detachment. It was of little advantage in furnishing supplies, and it proved very fatal to the garrison, most of whom died. It was retained by the British at the treaty of peace.
CHEEK, in Anatomy, that part of the face situated below the eyes on each side. See Anatomy. Cheeks, a general name among mechanics for almost all those pieces of their machines and instruments that are double and perfectly alike. Thus the cheeks of a printing pros are its two principal pieces: they are placed perpendicularly, and parallel to each other, serving to sustain the three sommers, viz. the head, shelves, and winter, which bear the spindle and other parts of the machine.
CHEESAPANY, a town and small fort in the Nepaul [7:6:340] territories. The fortress stands upon a perpendicular rock, 530 yards in height. The natural strength of its position is its chief defence, as it is not capable of containing more than 100 men. The village contains twenty houses; and there is here a custom-house, at which all goods passing from the British territories pay a duty. From a position about 120 yards above the fort the great Himalaya range is to be seen towering amid the regions of eternal snow. Long. 85. 30. E. Lat. 27. 23. N.
CHEESE, a sort of food prepared of curdled milk purged from the serum or whey, and afterwards dried for use. See Agriculture and Dairy.
CHEKWALL, a town of the Sikk territories, in the province of Lahore. About ten miles to the south of this place are pits which yield salt, alum, and sulphur. 107 miles north-west from Lahore. Long. 72. 16. Ľ. Lat. 32. 39. N.
CHELIDONIAS, according to Pliny, an annual or etesian wind, blowing at the appearance of the swallows, and otherwise called Favonius or Zephyrus.
CHELIDONIUS Lapis, in Natural History, a stone said by the ancients to be found in the stomachs of young swallows, and greatly esteemed for its virtues in the falling sickness.
CHELMSFORD, a town in the hundred of the same name, in the county of Essex. It is twenty-nine miles from London, on the junction of the rivers Cann and Chel-mer. It is well built, and situated in a fine country, but has little trade. The assizes and sessions are held here, and the jail, of modern erection, is in this town. The market is held on Friday, and is well supplied. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 4649, in 1821 to 4994, and in 1831 to 5435.
CHELSEA, a parish in Middlesex, adjoining to London, which has grown to be more populous than many cities. It contains the hospital for invalid soldiers, the military asylum, a noble institution for the orphan children of soldiers, three churches, two of recent erection, and the botanic garden. A bridge across the Thames connects it with the county of Surrey. The palace of the Bishop of Winchester, which stood here, has been lately taken down. There are several extensive nursery-grounds and gardens, and some large floor-cloth manufactories. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 18,262, in 1821 to 26,860, and in 1831 to 32,371.