pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
COTYS, a name common to several kings of Thrace, of Cappadocia, and of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. The most ancient of these was Cotys, king of Thrace, who, about the year 600 b. c. permitted Alyattes, king of Lydia, to carry a colony of Mysians. The kings of this family called themselves descendants of Eumolpus; and hence they always preserved an intimate connection with the Athenians, who granted to several of them the title of citizen. Cotys I. was the son of Pentheus, became king of a portion of Thrace about the year 380, and was assassinated in 356 B. c. Of Cotys II. little or nothing is known. Cotys III. was the son of Sadales, and reigned over the Odryses about the year b. c. 57. Two other princes bore the same name, and also a king of the Lesser Armenia, who was son of Cotys V.
COTYTTO, the goddess of debauchery. Her festivals, called cotyttia, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, and other races of people, during the night. Her priests were called baptae, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration of these festivals. A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital crime to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals, and Eupolis lost his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine.
COUCH, in Painting, denotes a lay or impression of colour, whether in oil or water, with which the painter covers the canvass, wall, wainscot, or other matter to be painted. The word is also used for a lay or impression on any thing, to make it firm and consistent, or to screen it from the weather.

Paintings are covered with a couch of varnish. A canvass to be painted must first have two couches of size before the colours be laid; and two or three couches of white lead are laid on wood before the couch of gold be applied. The leather-gilders lay a couch of water and the albumen of eggs on the leather, before they apply the gold or silver leaf.

The gold-wire drawers also use the word couch for the gold or silver leaf with which they cover the mass to be gilded or silvered before they draw it through the iron which gives it its proper thickness. The gilders use couch for the quantity of gold or silver leaves applied on the metals in gilding or silvering. Each couch of gold is about one leaf, or two at most, and each of silver three. If the gilding be hatched, there are required from eight to twelve couches, and only three or four if it be without hatching. To silver there are required from four to ten couches, according to the beauty of the work.
COUCHANT, in Heraldry, is understood of a lion or other beast when lying down, but with the head raised, so as to distinguish the posture of couchant from that of dormant, in which last he is supposed to be quite stretched out and asleep.
COUCHE, in Heraldry, denotes any thing lying along. Thus chevron-couche is a chevron lying sidewise, with the two ends on each side of the shield, although they should properly rest on the base.
COUERON, a market-town in the department of the Lower Loire, in France, on the banks of the Loire, containing 3834 inhabitants.
COULAN, a town of Hindustan, situated on the coast of Travancore. It is a very ancient place, having, according to tradition, been built in 825; and in confirmation of this event, the inhabitants commence their era at the period of its foundation. It was at this place that Alexius Menezes, the first archbishop of Goa, opened his conference with the Christians of St Thomas, when he induced them to renounce the principles of Nestorius, and embrace the doctrines of the Roman Catholic church, of which religion there are three churches in the town. Still the great majority of the people are Hindus; and the Brahmins possess here a very ancient temple dedicated to Mahadeva, or Siva. This place carries on a considerable trade, and is a great depot of goods, such as cotton, pepper, ginger, cardamums, and other articles of merchandise. Provisions are also very cheap, and there is abundance of fine fish. Long. 76. 48. E. Lat. 8. 51. N.
COULOMMIERS, an arrondissement in the department of the Seine and Marne, in France, extending over 465 square miles, and containing 50,243 inhabitants. The city which gives its name to the arrondissement is on the right bank of the great Morin, and contained 570 houses and 3530 inhabitants.
COUNSELLOR, in general, a person who advises another. Thus we say, a counsellor at law, a privy counsellor, and the like.

Privy Counsellor. See Privy Council.
COUNTORS, Countours, or Counters, has been used for serjeants at law retained to defend a cause, or to speak for their client in any course of law.

It is of these Chaucer speaks:

A sheriff had he been, and a countour,

Was nowhere such a worthy vavasour.

They were anciently called Serjeant countours.
COUNTRY, among geographers, is used indifferently to denote either a kingdom, province, or lesser district. But its most frequent use is in contradistinction to town.

Country- Dance is of English origin, though now transplanted into almost all the countries and courts of Europe. There is no established rule for the composition of tunes to thΓs dance, because there is in music no kind of time whatever which may not be measured by the motions common in dancing; and there are few song tunes of any note within the last century which have not been applied to country dances.
COUNTY, in Geography, originally signified the territory of a count or earl, but now it is used in the same sense with shire; the one word coming from the French, the other from the Saxon. In this view, a county is a circuit or portion of the realm; and the whole of England and Wales is divided, for its better government and the more easy administration of justice, into fifty-two counties.

For the execution of the laws in the'several counties, excepting Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Durham, every Michaelmas term officers are appointed under the denomination of sheriffs. The other officers of the several counties are, lord-lieutenant, who has the command of the militia of the county, custodes rotulorum, justices of peace, bailiffs, high constable, and coroner.

Of the fifty-twò counties, there are three of special note, which are therefore termed counties palatine, as Lancaster, Chester, and Durham.
COUPAR, or Cupar, of Angus. See Cupar of Angus. Coupar, or Cupar, of Fife. See Cupar of Fife.
COUPLET, a division of a hymn, ode, song, or the like, in which an equal number or equal measure of verses is found in each part. The divisions in odes are called strophes. Couplet, by an abuse of the word, is frequently made to signify a couple of verses.
COURANT, a French term synonymous with current, and properly signifying running. Sec Current. Courant is also a term in music and dancing, being used to express both the tune or air and the dance. With regard to the first, courant or currant is a piece of music in triple time; and the air of the courant is ordinarily noted in triples of minims, the parts to be repeated twice. It begins and ends when he who beats the measure falls his hands, in contradistinction to the saraband, which ordinarily ends when the band is raised. With regard to dancing, the courant was, long the most common of all the dances practised in England. It consists essentially of a time, a step, a balance, and a coupee, though it also admits of other motions. Formerly dancers leaped their steps; in which point the courant differed from the low dance and pavades. There are simple courants and figured courants, all danced by two persons.
COURAYER, Peter Francis, a Roman Catholic clergyman, distinguished for great moderation, charity, and temper concerning religious affairs, as well as for learning, was born at Vernon, in Normandy, in 1681. While canon regular and librarian of the abbey of St Genevieve at Paris, he applied to Archbishop Wake for the resolution of some doubts concerning the episcopal succession in England, and the validity of our ordinations; having been encouraged to this by the* friendly correspondence which had passed between the archbishop and M. Dupin of the Sorbonne. The archbishop sent him exact copies of the proper records; and on these he built his Defence of English Ordinations, which was published in Holland in 1727. This exposed him to a prosecution in his òwn country; he therefore took refuge in England, where he whs well received, and presented the same year by the'university of Oxford with a doctor’s degree. As it is somewhat uncommon for a Roman Catholic clergyman to be admitted to degrees in divinity by Protestant universities, the curious will find the diploma,’ with the doctor’s letter of thanks, in The present State of the Republic of Letters, for June 1728. In 1736 he translated into French and published Father ’Paul’s History of the Council of Trent, in 2 vols. folio, and dedicated it to Queen Caroline, who augmented to L.200 a pension of L.100 a year, which he had previously obtained from the court. The learned Jeremy Markland, in a letter to his friend Bowyer, in September 1756, says, “Mr Clarke has given me F. Courayer’s translation of the History of the Council of Trent, with whose preface I am so greatly pleased, that if he be no more a papist in other tenets than he is in those he mentions, which are many, and of the most distinguishing class, I dare say there are very few considerate Protestants who are not as good Catholics as he is.” His works are many, and all in French. He translated Sleidan’s History of the Reformation. Courayer died in 1776, after two days’ illness, at the age of ninety-five, and was buried in the cloister of Westminster Abbey. In his will, dated 3d February 1774, he declares that he “dies a member of the Catholic church, but without approving of many of the opinions and superstitions which have been introduced into the Romish church, and taught in their schools and seminaries, and which they have insisted on as articles of faith, though to him they appear to be not only not founded in truth, but also to be highly improbable.” And his practice was conformable to this declaration; for at London he constantly went to mass, and at Ealing, in the country, whither he often retired, he as constantly attended the service of the parish church, declaring at all times that he had great satisfaction in the prayers of the church of England.
COURIER (from the French courir, to run), a messenger sent post, or express, to carry dispatches.

The ancients, too, had their couriers. We meet with two kinds; first, those who ran on foot, called by the Greeks hemerodromi, or couriers of a day, regarding whom Pliny, Cornelius Nepos, and Caesar mention that some of them would run twenty, thirty, thirty-six. and in the circus even forty leagues per day; second, riding couriers (w∙ sores equitantes), who changed horses as the modern couriers do. ,

Xenophon attributes the first couriers to Cyrus. Herodotus says they were very common among the Persians, and that there was nothing in the world more swift than these kind of messengers. That prince, says Xenophon, examined how far a horse w ould go in a day, and built stables, at such distances from each other, where he lodged horses, with persons to take care of them; and at each place, he kept a person always,ready to take the packe*, mount a fresh horse, and forward it to the next stage, and thus quite through his empire.

But it does not appear that either the Greeks or Romans had any regular fixed couriers till the time of Augustus.
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Under that prince they travelled in cars, though it would appear that they afterwards went on horseback. Under the western empire they were called viatores ; and under that of Constantinople cursores, whence the modern name. See Post.
COURLAND, a province of Russia, on the Baltic Sea. It was a Dutch dependent on Poland till 1795, when it fell under the power of Russia, but still retained its old name, and most of its laws, manners, and religion. It extends from north to south from the latitude 55° 37' to that of 57° 33', and from east to west from longitude 20° 48' to 26° 5', covering about 9950 square miles. It contains eleven cities, seven market-towns, and 756 villages. The last calculation makes the number of inhabitants amount to 568,690; but as that was made twenty-two years ago, they have probably since increased. The greater part of the inhabitants are of the German race, and adhere to the Lutheran church, but about one third are of the Roman Catholic persuasion. The old nobility, who are chiefly Germans or Poles, retain the exclusive privileges they enjoyed under their former government.

The greater part of the province is sandy, and for the most part level, and far from fertile; but some spots are highly productive of rye, barley, and oats, with small portions of wheat, peas, and tobacco. The cultivation is easy, as most of the land is ploughed with a single horse. A considerable quantity of flax and hemp is grown, and these articles form the chief exports. There are few manufactures, except such as are carried on by the proprietors on their own lands, for their own use, and by their own workmen, who furnish the nobles with clothing, furniture, and instruments of industry. The chief city is Mittau, where the few colonial goods that are consumed are imported.
COURPIERE, a city of the department of the Puy de Dôme, in France, with 304 houses, and 3168 inhabitants.
COURTHEZON, a city of the department of Vaucluse, in France, where are some silk mills, and 2364 inhabitants, and near to which are some natural salt springs, forming a lake from which common salt is made.
COURTRAY, a city of West Flanders, the capital of a circle of the same name. It is situated on the river Lys, and contains 2000 houses, with 13,980 inhabitants, who are industriously employed in various manufactures. The finest linen is woven by the peasantry in the neighbouring villages, and brought to the city to be bleached and finished. Some of the finest lace-making threads are spun here, and much lace is made. There are also extensive works for printing calicoes, besides refineries for sugar, distilleries, tanneries, breweries, and dyeing houses. The councilhouse, the exchange, and some of the churches, are much distinguished, particularly the church of Notre Dame and of St Martin.
COUSIN, a term of relation between the children of brothers and sisters, who in the first generation are called cousins-german, in the second generation, second cousins, and so on. If sprung from the relations by the father’s side, they are denominated paternal cousins; if on the mother’s, maternal. The word is commonly derived from consan-guineus ; though Menage deduces it from congenius, or congeneus, q. d. ex eodem genere.
COUTANCES, an arrondissement of the department of La Manche, in France. It extends over 575 square miles. The division is into ten cantons, which are subdivided into 139 communes; and the inhabitants amount to 140,587. The capital, a city of the same name, is situated at the confluence of the rivers Bulsard and Soulle, on a declivity. It contains a cathedral, considered as a masterpiece of Gothic architecture, three other churches, 1150 houses, and 7874 inhabitants, who find employment in woollen manufactures, and in thread-lace. Near to it is an aqueduct considered as the work of the Romans. Long. 1. 32. 20. W. Lat. 49. 2. 50. N.
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COUTHUTLAUGH, from the Saxon couth, knowing, and utlaugh, outlaw, he who wittingly receives a man outlawed, and cherishes or conceals him; for which offence he was in ancient times subject to the same punishment with the outlaw himself.
COUTRAS, a city of the department of the Gironde, in France, situated at the influx of the Dronne into the Isle, which thus becomes navigable. It contains 658houses, and 3060 inhabitants. Long. 0. 13. W. Lat. 45. 4. N.
COVE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, beautifully situated on Cork harbour, which lies eleven miles from the city. From an obscure fishing village it has risen to be a populous and flourishing town. It consists of one main street and several minor ones, ranking one above the other on the side of a steep hill, and overhanging the grand basin called the Cove of Cork. The harbour is spacious, completely land-locked, and capable of permitting the whole navy of Britain to ride at anchor together in perfect safety and shelter. Vessels of the largest class can ride safely close to the shores; and the advantageous position of the asylum for ships in the West Indian trade is fully appreciated. It is to the advantage of its cove that Cork city owes its greatness and wealth, and to the same cause it is likely to owe a still greater commercial rank.
COVELONG, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the south of India, on the coast of the Carnatic, twenty-five miles south of Madras. It was built by Anwar ud Deen Khan, within a musket shot of the sea, near the ruins of another belonging to the Imperial East India Company of Ostend, whose principal factory is at this place. In 1750 it was taken possession of by the French, and it was again taken by the English in 1752, when its fortifications were demolished. Long. 80. 21. Ľ. Lat. 12. 44. N.
COVENANT, in ecclesiastical history, denotes the contract or convention agreed to by the Scotch in the year 1638, for maintaining their religion against innovation. In 1581 the General Assembly of Scotland drew up a confession of faith, or national covenant, condemning episcopal government, under the name of hierarchy, which was signed by James I. and enjoined upon all his subjects. It was again subscribed in 1590 and 1596. The subscrip-tion was renewed in 1638, and the subscribers engaged by oath to maintain religion in the same state in which it existed in 1580, and to reject all innovations introduced since that time. This oath annexed to the confession of faith received the name of the Covenant; as those who subscribed it were called Covenanters.

Covenant, in Theology, is much used in connection with other terms. The Covenant of Grace is that which is made between God and those who believe the gospel, by which they declare their subjection to him, and he declares his acceptance of and favour for them. The gospel is sometimes denominated a covenant of grace, in opposition to the Mosaic law. Covenant of Redemption denotes a mutual stipulation, tacit or express, between Christ and the Father, relating to the redemption of sinners by him previously to any act on Christ’s part in the character of Mediator. Covenant of Works signifies, in the language of some divines, any covenant by which God requires of his creatures perfect obedience, in such a manner as to make no express provision for the pardon of offences to be committed against the precepts of it on the repentance of such supposed offenders, but pronounces a sentence of death upon them. Such, they say, was the covenant made with Adam in a state of innocence, and also that made with Israel at Mount Sinai.

Solemn League and Covenant was established in the year 1643, and formed a bond of union betwixt Scotland and England. It was sworn and subscribed by many in both nations, who thereby solemnly abjured popery and prelacy, and combined together for their mutual defence. It was approved by the parliament and assembly at Westminster, and ratified by the general assembly of Scotland in 1645. King Charles I. disapproved of it when he surrendered himself to the Scottish army in 1646; but in 1650 Charles II. by a solemn oath declared his approbation both of this and of the national covenant; and in August the same year he made a further declaration at Dunfermline to the same purpose, which was also renewed on the occasion of his coronation at Scone in 1651. The covenant was ratified by the parliament this year, and the subscription of it required by every member; it being declared that without such subscription the constitution of the parliament was null and void. This is not the place to enter into any details respecting the troubles and distractions which subsequently arose, and were ascribed by the ruling party to the Covenant, which was accordingly declared illegal, and prohibited by 14 Car. II. c. 4.
COVENTRY, an ancient city in the county of Warwick, ninety-two miles from London. The streets are narrow and ill built, and the whole has a very gloomy appearance. There are some handsome churches, especially St Michael’s, the spire of which is an object of great admiration. The inhabitants are occupied in manufactories, of which that of ribbons is the most extensive. Other silk goods are also made, and several thousand watches of gold and silver are annually produced. It has several charitable institutions, which are under the management and patronage of the corporation. It was strongly fortified in ancient times, but the defences have been destroyed. The market is held on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 17,923, in 1821 to 21,242, and in 1831 to 27,070.
COVERIPANK, a town in the south of India, in the Carnatic, nine miles east of Arcot. A victory was there gained by the British over the French and their allies in 1754. Long. 79. 37. E. Lat. 12. 52. N.
COVERIPORAM, a fortress of the south of India, in the district of Coimbetoor, and on the western bank of the Cavery river. Long. 77. 54. E. Lat. 11. 49. N.
COVERT, in Law. Femme Covert or Couverte, denotes a woman married, and so under the coverture or protection of her husband.

Covert Way, in Fortification, is a space of five or six fathoms on the border of the ditch towards the country, and covered by a rising ground which has a gentle slope towards the field. The slope is called the glacis of the covert way.
COVERTURE, in Law, is applied to the state and condition of a married woman, who is under the power of her husband, and therefore called femme couverte.
COVIN, a deceitful compact or agreement between two or more to deceive or prejudice a third person. Thus, if a tenant for life conspire with another, that this other shall recover the land which the tenant holds in prejudice of him in reversion, this is covin. Dr Skinner supposes the word to be a corruption of the Latin conventum, and therefore writes it coven.
COVING, in building, is when houses are built projecting over the ground plot, and the turned projection arched with timber, lathed, and plastered.
COVINUS, among the ancients, a kind of chariot, in which the Gauls and Britons used to fight in battles.
COWARD, in Heraldry, a term given to a lion borne in an escutcheon, with his tail doubled, or turned in between his legs.
COWBRIDGE, a town of the county of Glamorgan, in South Wales, 172 miles from London. It consists of one well-built street, on the acclivity of a hill. It was formerly a much more extensive place, and had a monastery, afterwards[7:7:435] converted into a university, and some strong castles. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 759, in 1811 to 850, and in 1821 to 1107. It has a market, which is held on Thursday.
COWEL, Dr John, a learned civilian, was born about the year 1554. In 1607 he compiled a Law Dictionary, which gave great offence to Sir Edward Coke and the common lawyers, who first accused him to James I. of asserting that the king’s prerogative was in some cases limited; and when they failed in this attempt, complained of him to the House of Commons, as a betrayer of the rights of the people, by asserting that the king was not bound by the laws; for which he was committed to custody, and his book publicly burnt. He also published Institutiones Juris' Anglicani, in the manner of Justinian’s Institutes; and died in the operation for the stone, in 1611.
COWES, West, a market and sea-port town of the Isle of Wight, in Hampshire, pleasantly situated on the shore, near the mouth of the river Medina. In time of war, being the common rendezvous for merchant ships waiting for convoy, it is very flourishing. At present it is mainly supported by company resorting to it for the purpose of seabathing. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2771, in 1811 to 3325, and in 1821 to 3579.