pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CHANCAY, a province of Peru, in the department of Lima. That part of the district which lies amongst the mountains is subjected to a cold temperature, but that towards the sea enjoys a warmer climate. The province is exceedingly fertile in sugar and maize, with which large quantities of pigs are fattened for the markets of Lima. In the centre of this district, and on the coast, are some fine salt mines or pits. The capital is situated in a beautiful valley, a few miles distant from the river Passamayo. It has a tolerable port, well frequented by trading vessels. Lat. 11. 30. S.
CHANCE, a term we apply to events, to denote that they happen without any necessary or foreknown cause. Our aim is to ascribe those things to chance which do not necessarily follow as the natural effects of any sufficient cause; but our ignorance and precipitancy often lead us to attribute effects to chance which proceed from a determinate cause. When we say a thing happens by chance, we really mean no more than that its cause is unknown to us; not, as some vainly imagine, that chance itself can be the cause of any thing. The case of the painter, who, unable to express the foam at the mouth of a horse which he had painted, threw his sponge in despair at the piece, and by chance did that which he could not before do by design, is an eminent instance of the force of chance ; yet it is obvious all we mean by chance here is, that the painter did not fore-calculate the effect, or that he did not throw the sponge with a view to produce it.

Chance is frequently personified and erected into a chimerical being, whom we conceive as acting arbitrarily, and producing all the effects the real causes of which do not appear to us; in which sense the word coincides with the τυ∙χp, fortuna, of the ancients.

Chance is also used for the manner of deciding things, the conduct or direction of which is left at large, and not reducible to any determinate rules or measures, or where there is no ground for preference, as at cards, dice, lotteries, and the like.

The ancient sortilege or chance, Μ. Placette observes, was instituted by God himself; and in the Old Testament we find several standing laws and express commands which prescribed its use on certain occasions. Hence the Scripture says, “The lot or chance fell on Matthias,” when it was in question who should fill Judas’s place in the apostolate; and hence also arose the sortes sanctorum, or method of determining things, amdng the ancient Christians, by opening some of the sacred books, and pitching on the first verse the eye rested on as a sure prognostic of what was to happen. The sartes Homericae, Virgilianoe, Proenestinoe, and the like, used by the heathens, were resorted to with the same view, and in the same manner. St Augustin seems to approve of this method of determining things future, and owns that he had practised it himself, grounding his doing so on the principle that God presides over chance.

CiīANĆE-ïlZed’Zey, in Law, is where one is doing a lawful act, and a person is thereby accidentally killed; for if the act be unlawful, it is felony. Thus, if a person, not intending harm, cast·a stone, which happens to hit one, and he dies of the blow, or a schoolmaster in correcting his scholar, or an officer in whipping a criminal in a reasonable manner, happens to occasion his death, this is chance-medley, and misadventure.
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CHANCEL is properly that part of the choir of a church between the altar or communion-table and the •balustrade or rail that incloses it, where the minister is placed at the celebration of the communion. The word comes from the Latin cancellus, which in the lower Latin is used in the same sense, from the cancelli, lattices or cross bars, with which the chancels were anciently encompassed, as they now are with rails. The right of a seat and a sepulchre in the chancels is one of the privileges of founders.
CHANCERON, in Natural History, a name given by the French writers to the small caterpillar that eats the corn, and does vast mischief in granaries. See the article CoRN-PUtterfly.
CHANDAH, a large district of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, subject to the Nagpoor Mahrattas, situated principally between the 20th and 21st degrees of N. lat. It is a champaign country compared with the Goand Hills to the north, and produces chiefly rice and small quantities of pulse and sugar-cane. The inhabitants possess numerous herds of goats and sheep. Cotton is exported to the Northern Circars. This district was annexed, during the reign of Aurungzebe, to the soubah of Berar. It is inhabited by a savage tribe of Goands, who refuse to have any intercourse with Europeans.
CHANDAHNEE, a small district and town of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, situated between the 33d and 34th degrees of N. lat. The town is neat and populous, pleasantly situated on the brow of a hill, with a rapid stream running at the foot of it. It is 122 miles north by east from the city of Lahore. Long. 74. 41. E. Lat. 33. 24. N.
CIIANDERNAGORE, the principal settlement of the French in Bengal, in a healthy situation on the western bank of the Hooghly or Bhagarutty river. It is about three quarters of a mile long, and is a very neat town, surrounded by a small territory, which extends on the bank of the river, and one mile inland. The height of the houses is generally two stories; they have colonnades in front, and green Venetian windows, and are built of brick and mortar, plastered over with fine chunam, both inside and out. They have generally flat roofs, on which their proprietors sit in the evening and receive company. The French having obtained this situation for their factory in 1676, they afterwards fortified it, and the factory continued to flourish till the year 1757, when it was attacked by Admiral Watson and Colonel Clive, who, having forced it to surrender, dismantled its fortifications. Having remained since that period without protection, it has been quietly taken possession of by the English in every successive war, and as constantly restored at the peace. It was delivered over to the French governor on the 4th of December 1816. Long. 88. 26. E. Lat. 22. 49. N.
CHANDGHERRY, a town of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, and capital of a district of the same name. The citadel is built on the summit of a stupendous rock, at the foot of which is the town. It is seventy-two miles W.N.W. from Madras. Long. 79. 25. E. Lat. 13. 33. N.
CHANDPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, and district of Tipperah, situated on the great river Megna. It is celebrated for the excellence of its’ oranges. Long. 90. 31. E. Lat. 23. 17. N. There are various other towns in Bengal of this name. Chand being the Bengal word for the moon, one of the Hindu deities, numerous places are dedicated to it.
CHANDRAGIRI, a large square fort of Hindustan, in the province of South Canara, situated on a river of the same name, which bounds Malabar on the north, and is at low water shallow, but very wide. Long. 75. 8. E. Lat. 12. 27. N.
CHANDRAGUPTI, a town and fort of Hindustan, at the north-west extremity of the Mysore. It was formerly a place of great celebrity, but is now reduced to about a hundred houses. The first is situated on a lofty peaked, hill, concerning which the natives have many absurd traditions. Three miles to the south is a hill which produces iron ore. Long. 75. 8. E. Lat. 14. 23. N.
CHANDREE, the name of a town and district of Hindustan, in the province of Malwa. The town is situated on the west side of the river Betwah. It is of ancient date, and at one time contained 14,000 houses; but it is now much decayed. It is ninety miles west by south from Chatterpoor. An extensive manufacture of fine cotton .cloth is still carried on here, which is held in great estimation all over India. Long. 78. 25. Ľ. Lat. 24. 50. N. The district is situated about the twenty-fifth degree of north latitude, and is intersected by the river Sinde.
CHANG, an extensive province of Thibet, extending along the north side of the Himalaya Mountains, and situated between the twenty-eighth and thirtieth degrees of north latitude. All that we know of this extensive region is, that it is intersected by the great river Brahmapootra.
CHANGLEE, two villages of Asiatic Turkey, on the west coast of Natolia, situated on a stream formerly named Gessus, which is rapid after the rains. It is nine miles south-west from Scala Nova.
CHANG-TONG, a province of China, bounded on the east by the province of Pe-tche-li and part of Honan, on the south by that of Kiang-nan, on the east by the Eastern Sea, and on the north partly by the Gulf of Pe-tche-li. The aspect of the country is mountainous. A great ridge, 170 miles in length, traverses the northern portion of it, while in the south the country is filled with mountains and swamps, and large tracts of peatmoss. From the city of Tsy-ho-hien, for sixty leagues, the country is a continued plain. The soil is in some parts light, in other parts it is dry and of a better quality. This province is tolerably well watered, containing several rivers and lakes. It is also intersected by the grand canal, which greatly contributes to the extension of its trade. In the north the inhabitants are mostly agricultural, in other parts they derive a precarious subsistence from fishing. The whole province is liable to suffer from drought. Its principal products are coarse silk, wheat, mullet, and indigo. The province is divided into six districts, which contain six cities of the first class, and a hundred and fourteen of the second and third. The capital is Tsi-nan, situated on the river Tsi, or Tsing; and among the others of larger size are Yen-tcheou, Tong-chang-tsin, and Kin-kieng. The population has been estimated on rather vague data at twenty-four millions.
CHANNA, in Zoology, the name of a fish caught in great plenty in the Mediterranean, and brought to market in Italy and elsewhere, among the sea perch, which it so nearly resembles, that it would not be distinguishable, were it not that the sea perch is bigger, and has only broad transverse lines on its back, whereas the channa has both transverse and longitudinal lines.
CHANSI, one of the smallest provinces in the Chinese empire, bounded on the east by the province of Pe-tche-li, by Honan on the south, by Chensi on the west, and on the north by the Great Wall. It is exceedingly mountainous, and in many parts the country is wild, rugged, and uninhabited; but in other parts the mountain districts are cut into terraces, and carefully cultivated from top to bottom. It is admirably 7 adapted, from its unequal surface, for the cultivation of the vine; and excellent grapes are accordingly 7 produced, which are dried and exported. The country 7 also produces wheat, millet, and rice, though not in equal abundance with the other kinds of grain. On the hills are table-lands, which are equal in fertility to the plains. The most valuable mineral produced among the mountains is coal, which is very abundant. Iron is also found, lapis lazuli, variously coloured jaspers, porphyry, crystal, and marble. A great quantity of salt is produced from a lake, the waters of which are said to be salter than the sea. Within the jurisdiction of Chansi are included five cities of the first class, and eighty-five of the second and third. Tai-yuen-fou, an extensive and ancient city, is its capital. Ping-yang, and Fuen-tcheou-fou, on the banks of the Fuen, distinguished by its hot baths, are among its most celebrated cities. The populationis estimated at 27,000,000.
CHANT (cantus) is used for the vocal music of churches. In church history we meet with divers kinds dì chants or songs. The first is the Ambrosian, established by St Ambrose; the second is the Gregorian, introduced by Pope Gregory the Great, who established schools of chanters, and corrected the church song. This is still retained in [7:6:319]the church under the name of plain song ; at first it was called the Homan song. The plain or Gregorian chant is where the choir and people sing in unison, or all together in the same manner.
CHANTER, a singer of a choir in a cathedral. The word is almost grown obsolete, chorister or singing-man being commonly used instead of it. All great chapters have chanters and chaplains to assist the canons, and officiate in their absence.

Chanters, in the temple of Jerusalem, were a number of Levites, employed in singing the praises of God, and playing upon instruments before his altar. They had no habits distinct from the rest of the people; yet in the ceremony of removing the ark to Solomon’s temple, the chanters appeared dressed in tunics of byssus or fine linen.
CHANTILLY, a market-town of the department of the Oise, in France, with 1600 inhabitants, some of whom are employed in the linen manufacture, and in making lace and cotton goods. Near to it was once the most magnificent palace in France, with stables and a park of great celebrity. These premises have, however, suffered much from neglect. It is situated on the great road from Calais to Paris.
CHANTRY, or Chauntry, was anciently a church or chapel endowed with lands, or other yearly revenue, for the maintenance of one or more priests, daily saying or singing mass for the souls of the donors, and such others as they appointed. Hence chauntry-rents arc rents paid to the crown by the tenants or purchasers of chauntry-lands.
CHAO-TCHEOU-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Canton. It is of the second rank, and comprehends, according to the policy of that empire, six others under its jurisdiction. It is situated on a navigable river, which is crossed by two bridges of boats, and is divided in the neighbourhood into two branches. The city is surrounded by ancient walls, and is irregularly built; its garrison, which is considerable, is armed with matchlocks, bows, and arrows. The town is not healthy, the inhabitants being liable to a contagious disorder which is fatal to many. There is a celebrated monastery in the neighbourhood, the founder of which was as noted for austerity as his successors have been for the laxity of their manners. There is here a manufacture of nankeen; but the chief commerce consists in a kind of oil extracted from the tcha-tchou, which resembles the tea plant. It is estimated to contain 10,000 families, and is 232 miles from Canton.
CHAOLOGY, the histpry or description of the chaos.
CHAOS, that confusion in which matter lay when newly produced out of nothing at the beginning of the world, before God, by his almighty word, had put it into the order and condition which it assumed after the six days creation. Chaos is represented by the ancients as the first principle, ovum, or seed of nature and the world. All the sophists, sages, naturalists, philosophers, theologues, and poets, held that chaos was the eldest and first principle, rο aρχa ∣ w χuος. The Barbarians, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Persians, and many other nations, all refer the origin of the world to a rude, mixed, confused mass of matter. The Greeks, Orpheus, Hesiod, Menander, Aristophanes, Euripides, and the writers of the Cyclic Poems, all speak of the first chaos; while the Ionic and Platonic philosophers built the world out of it. The Stoics held, that as the world was first made of a chaos, it shall at last be reduced to a chaos; and that its periods and revolutions in the mean time arc only transitions from one chaos to another. Lastly, the Latins, as Ennius, Varro, Ovid, Lucretius, Statius, &c. were all of the same opinion. Nor is there any sect or nation whatsoever that does not derive their ĉ/a-xos ’, ⅛ηΛi, the structure of the world, from a chaos.

The opinion first arose among the Barbarians, from whom it spread to the Greeks, and from the Greeks to the Romans and other nations. Hr Burnet observes, that besides Aristotle and a few pscudo-Pythagoreans, nobody ever asserted that our world was always from eternity of the same nature, form, and structure, as at present; but that it had been the standing opinion of the wise men of all ages, that what we now call the earth was originally an unformed, indigested mass of heterogeneous matter called chaos, and no more than the rudiments and materials of the present world.

It does not appear who first broached the notion of a chaos. Moses, the eldest of all writers, derives the origin of this world from a confusion of matter, dark, void, deep, without form, which he calls tohu bohu, which is precisely the chaos of the Greek and Barbarian philosophers. Moses goes no farther than the chaos, nor tells us whence it took its origin, or whence arose its confused state; and where Moses stops, there precisely do all the rest. Dr Burnet endeavours to show, that as the ancient philosophers who wrote of the cosmogony acknowledged a chaos as the principle of the world, so the divines, or writers of the theogony, derive the origin or generation of their fabled gods from the same principle.
CHAPEAU, in Heraldry, an ancient cap of dignity worn by dukes, being scarlet-coloured velvet on the outside, and lined with fur. It is frequently borne above a helmet instead of a wreath, under gentlemen’s crests.
CHAPEL, a place of divine worship. The word is derived from the Latin capella. In former times, when the kings of France were engaged in war, they always carried St Martin’s hat into the field, which was kept in a tent as a precious relic; and hence the place was called capella, and the priests who had the custody of the tent capellani. Afterwards the word capella came to be applied to private oratories. t ,

In Britain there are several sorts of chapels. 1. Parochial chapels, which differ from parish churches only in name; they are generally small, and the inhabitants within the district few. If there be a presentation ad ecclesiam instead of capellam, and an admission and institution upon it, it is no longer a chapel, but a church. 2. Chapels which adjoin to and form part of the church. These were formerly built by honourable persons, as burying-places for themselves and their families. 3. Chapels of ease, which are usually built in very large parishes, where all the people cannot conveniently repair to the mother or parochial church. 4. Free chapels, such as were founded by kings of England. They are free from all episcopal jurisdiction, and only to be visited by the founder and his successors, which is done by the lord chancellor; yet the king may license any subject to build and endow a chapel, and by letters patent exempt it from the visitation of the ordinary. 5. Chapels in the universities, belonging to particular colleges. 6. Domestic chapels, built by noblemen or gentlemen for the private service of God in their families.

Chapel is also a name given to a printer’s workhouse, because, according to some authors, printing was first actually performed in chapels or churches; or, according to others, because Caxton, an early printer, exercised the art in one of the chapels in Westminster Abbey. In this sense they say, the order ar laws of the cliapel, the secrets of die chapel, and so forth.

Knights of the Chapel, called also Poor Knights of Windsor, were instituted by Henry VIII. in his testament. Their number was at first thirteen, but it has been since augmented to twenty-six. They assist in the funeral services of the kings of England; they are subject to the office of the canons of Windsor, and live on pensions assigned[7:6:320] them by the order of the Garter. They wear a blue or red cloak, with the arms of St George on the left shoulder.

Chapel-en-le-Frith, a market-town in the hundred of High Peake, in Derbyshire, on the borders of Chester, five miles from Buxton, and 166 from London. The market is held on Thursday. There are some cotton manufactures carried on in the town, and some lead mines near it. The population amounted in 1821 to 3234, and in 1831 to 3220.

Chapel-Hill, a post-town of North America, in Orange county, North Carolina, situated near the head of New Hope Creek, a branch of the Haw. This is the seat of the university of North Carolina, which was incorporated in 1793. The college buildings consist of a chapel, two spacious edifices for the accommodation of students, and a president’s house. The town is distant twenty-eight miles west-north-west from Raleigh. Long. 79. 3. W. Lat 35. 40. N.
CHAPELAIN, John, an eminent French poet, born at Paris in 1595, and often mentioned in the works of Balzac, Ménage, and other learned men. He wrote several works, and distinguished himself by a heroic poem called La Pucelle, ou France Délivrée, which employed him several years, and which, the expectation of the public being greatly raised, was as much decried by some as it was extolled by others. He was one of the king’s counsellors, and died in 1647. Besides his Pucelle, published in 1656, folio, Chapelain translated the Spanish romance of Guzman d' Alfarache, and wrote Paraphrase sur le Miserere, 1636, 4to; several Odes; and Melanges de Littératures, including Mémoire de [sur] quelques gens vivans en 1662, drawn up by order of Colbert.
CHAPELLE, Claudius Emanuel Luillier, the natural son of Francis Luillier, took the name of Chapelle from a village between Paris and St Denys, where he was born. He distinguished himself by writing small pieces of poetry, in which he discovered great delicacy, an easy turn, and an admirable felicity of expression. He was the friend of Gassendi and Molière, and died in 1686.
CHAPERON, Chaperonne, or Cnaperoon, properly signifies a sort of hood or covering for the head, anciently worn both by men and women, the nobles and the populace, and afterwards appropriated to the doctors and licentiates in colleges. Hence the name passed to certain little shields, and other funeral devices, placed on the foreheads of horses which drew the hearses in pompous funerals, and which are still called chaperoons or shafferoons, because such devices were originally fastened on the chaperonnes or hoods worn by those horses with their other coverings of state.
CHAPLAIN properly signifies a person provided with a chapel, or who discharges the duty thereof.

Chaplain is also used for an ecclesiastical person in the bouse of a prince, or a person of quality, who officiates in their chapels, and performs other clerical duties.

In England there are forty-eight chaplains to the king, who wait four each month, preach in the chapel, read the service to the family, and to the king in his private oratory, and say grace in the absence of the clerk of the closet. While in waiting they have a table and attendance, but no salary. In Scotland the king has six chaplains, with a salary of L.50 each, three of them having in addition the deanery of the chapel-royal divided among them, making up above L.100 to each. The only duty at present is to say prayers at the election of representative peers for Scotland.

Chaplains of the Pope are the auditors or judges of cause in the sacred palace; so called, because the pope anciently gave audience in his chapel, for the decision of causes sent from the several parts of Christendom. He summoned hither as assessors the most learned lawyers of his time, who hence acquired the appellation of capellani, chaplains. It is from the decrees formerly pronounced by these assessors that the body of Decretals is composed: Pope Sixtus IV. reduced their number to twelve. Some say the shrines of relics were covered with a kind of tentcape, or capella, that is, little cape; and that hence the priests, who had the care of them, were called chaplains. In time these relics were deposited in a little church, either contiguous to a larger, or separate from it; and the same name, capella, which was given to the cover, was also applied to the place where it was lodged; and hence the priest who superintended it came to be called chaplain.