pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
OVERBURY, Sir Thomas, a learned Englishman, was born in 1581, an’d studied at Queen’s College, Oxford, after which be removed to the Middle Temple, London. He then travelled for some time, and returned a most accomplished person; after which he contracted an intimate acquaintance with Sir Robert Carr, knight of the Bath, who being soon afterwards taken into his majesty’s favour, procured Overbury the honour of knighthood. Sir Thomas perceiving the familiarity which subsisted between his patron Carr, now Viscount Rochester, and the Lady Frances, the wife of Robert Earl of Essex, was so much displeased at it that he endeavoured to dissuade Lord Rochester from keeping her company, and from proceeding in the base design he had formed of having her first divorced from her husband, and then marrying her. The viscount, resenting this honest advice, told all he had said to the lady, who was as remarkable for her wickedness as for her beauty; upon which they immediately resolved to effect his destruction. About this time, the king having occasion to send an ambassador abroad, Rochester recommended Sir Thomas Overbury. His majesty approved the choice, and the viscount imparted the king’s intentions to Sir Thomas; but, under a treacherous show of friendship, dissuaded him from accepting of that employment, as it might hinder him from a better way of advancement, promising that he would prevent his majesty from being displeased at his refusal. The viscount then went to the king, and having artfully' incensed his majesty against Sir Thomas for refusing to obey his commands, the latter was, on the 21st of April 1613, committed for contempt to the Tower, where he continued a prisoner till he was despatched by poison .on the 15th of September following. About two years afterwards the whole contrivance of his death was discovered. On this several persons were condemned and executed; but though Carr, now Earl of Somerset, and the Lady Frances, his countess, were condemned to death for contriving the murder, and hiring the persons who were concerned in it, the king only banished them from court, and afterwards pardoned them. Sir Thomas Overbury obtained considerable reputation as an author, both in prose and in verse; but it is probable that the compassion excited by his unhappy end may have at first imparted to his works a degree of popularity which they have not since retained. The principal are, 1. The Wife, a long poem, filled with sentiments, maxims, and observations, such as considerable experience and a correct judgment of mankind could alone supply; and, 2. Characters and Descriptions of the Properties of Sundry Persons, which afford a favourable specimen of his prose style.
OVERHAULING, the act of opening and extending the several parts of a tackle, or other assemblage of ropes, communicating with blocks or dead eyes. It is used to remove those blocks to a sufficient distance from each other, that they may again be placed in a state of action, so as to produce the effect required.

Overhauling is also vulgarly employed to signify an examination or inspection of the condition of a person or thing.
OVERRAKE, a nautical term. When a ship riding at anchor so overbeats herself into a high sea that she is· washed by the waves breaking in upon her, then it is said that the waves overrake her.
OVERT, the same with open. Thus an overt act signifies an act which in law must be clearly proved; and such must be alleged in every indictment for high treason.
OVERTON, a town of Flintshire, in North Wales, in the hundred of Maylor, 183 miles from London and eight from Wrexham. It stands on the river Dee. In 1801 the population amounted to 1233, in 1811 to 1563, in 1821 to 1668, and in 1831 to 1746.

Overton, a town of the hundred of that name, in the division of Kingsclere, in the county of Hampshire, fifty-three miles from London. It was formerly a borough, and sent two members to parliament, but has long lost its charter. In 1801 the population amounted to 1130, in 1811 to 1178, in 1821 to 1341, and in 1831 to 1507.
OVERTURE, in Music, a piece of instrumental music which precedes an opera, a ballet of action, a cantata, &c. Amongst the finest modern overtures are Mozart’s to “Il Flauto Magico” and to “Don Giovanni ;” also some of Cherubini’s and Beethoven’s. Some of Rossini’s, Weber’s, and Spohr’s have likewise great merit.
OVERYSSEL, one of the provinces of the kingdom of the Netherlands. It extends in east longitude from 5. 44. to 6. 59∙, and in north latitude from 52. 6. to 53. 52., and covers 1342 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Friesland and Drenthe, on the east by Hanover and Prussian Westphalia, on the south by Guelders, and on the west by Guelders and the Zuyder Zee. The face of the country is level, and the land sandy, a great part being covered with heaths, and other parts fertile land for grazing cattle, but marshy. The climate is foggy. This province is watered by the river Yssel and other smaller streams; and its productions are oats, buck-wheat, potatoes, apples, plums, flax, hemp, and turf for fuel. It breeds good horses. In 1831 the inhabitants amounted to 178,980, of whom 117,130 were Protestants, 59,360 Catholics, and the rest Jews. Zwolle is the capital.
OVILIA, or Septa, in ancient Rome, a place in the Campus Martins, at first railed in like a sheep-pen, but afterwards adorned with marble, and beautified with walks, galleries, and a tribunal or seat of justice. Within this precinct or enclosure the people were called to give their suffrages for the election of magistrates. The ascent into the ovilia was not by stairs, but by pontes, or narrow boards, laid there for the occasion. On this account, de ponte dejici signified to be deprived of the privilege of voting; and persons thus dealt with were called depontani.
OVIPAROUS, a term applied to such animals as bring forth their young from eggs; as birds, insects, and others.
OVOLO, or Ovum, in Architecture, a round moulding, the profile or sweep of which, in the Ionic and Composite capitals, is usually a quadrant of a circle; and hence it is also commonly called the quarter-round. It is usually cut with representations of eggs and arrow-heads or anchors placed alternately.
OWHYHEE, the easternmost, and by far the largest, of the Sandwich Islands. See the article Polynesia.
OWLAH, a city of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi and district of Bareilly. It is pleasantly situated on the western bank of the Harowly River, and, with the adjoining district, came into the possession of the British in 1802. It is an ancient town, and was fixed upon in the early part of the last century by Aly Mohammed, one of the Rohilla chiefs, as the capital of his territories. On his death Owlah fell to the share of Futtch Khan, superintendent of the household, and after the death of the latter his son Ahmed Khan resided there. It was also the residence of many of the chiefs and their families, which conduced greatly to its grandeur and extent. But on the cruel extermination of the Rohilla nation by Snjah ud Dowlah, aided by the British, in 1774, it was forsaken by its principal inhabitants; and it has now fallen into decay and ruin. It is about sixteen miles north-west from the town of Bareilly. Long. 79. 35. E. Lat. 28. 10. N.
OWLING, so called from its being usually carried on in the night, is the offence of transporting wool or sheep out of this kingdom, to the detriment of one of its staple manufactures.
OWRAM, North, a township in the parish of Halifax, in the west riding of Yorkshire, J 97 miles from London, where the inhabitants are chiefly employed in making woollen goods. In 1801 the population amounted to 4887, in 1811 to 5306, in 1821 to 6841, and in 1831 to 10,184.

Owram, South, a township in the parish of Halifax, only half a mile distant from North Outram, and, like it, chiefly occupied in the woollen manufacture. In 1801 the population amounted to 3148, in 1811 to 3615, in 1821 to 4256, and in 1831 to 5751.
OXGANG, or Oxgate, is generally taken, in our old law-books, for fifteen acres, or as much ground as a single ox can plough in a year.
OXYCRATE, an old term in Pharmacy, denoting a mixture of vinegar and water, proper to assuage, cool, and refresh. The usual proportion is one spoonful of vinegar to five or six spoonfuls of water.
OXYDE, or Oxide, in Chemistry, is the term employed to denote a very numerous class of bodies formed by the union of certain bases with a smaller proportion of oxygen than what is necessary for their conversion into acids. See Chemistry.
OXYDATION, or Oxidation, is a term employed to express the process by which bodies are converted into oxides. See Chemistry.
OXYGEN, a term adopted in the chemical nomenclature to express the acidifying principle, and formed from οξύ;, acid, and γινομαι, to generate. It is not found naturally in a separate state, but always in combination with some other substance. In its aeriform or elastic state it is called oxygenous gas, and is the same as the dephlogisticated air of Priestley and Cavendish, the empyreal air of Scheele, and the vital or pure air of other chemists. See Chemistry.
OYER, in law-books, seems to have been anciently used, for what is now called assizes. See Assize.
OYES, a corruption of the French Oyez, Hear ye; a term or formula frequently used by the criers in our courts on making proclamations, or to enjoin silence.
OYOLA, one of the larger Navigators’ Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, separated from Maouna or Massacre Island by a strait nine miles wide. It is mountainous towards the centre, from which the land slopes with a gentle declivity to the sea. Long. 171. 25. W. Lat. 14. S.
OYSTER Harbour, a bay on the south-west coast of New Holland, and north part of King George the Third’s Sound, discovered by Vancouver in 1791. Long. 118.15.E. Lat. 34. 58. S.

Oyster Island, an island situated in the Bay of Bengal, and extremely dangerous to vessels, as it rises very little above the level of the sea, and is surrounded by rocks. It abounds with small rock-oysters, which the natives of the opposite coast catch with hammers and carry to Chittagong, whence they are conveyed to Dacca and Calcutta. It is nine miles south-south-west of the north point of the Arracan River.
OZELL, John, a well-known translator, who received the rudiments of his education in the free school at Ashby de la Zouch, and completed his grammatical studies at Christ’s Hospital, where he acquired a considerable knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. It was the intention of his friends to send him to Cambridge; but, averse to the confinement of a college life, and perhaps disinclined to the clerical profession, he solicited and obtained employment in a public office of accounts, a situation for which he had been at much pains to qualify himself. His attention to business, however, did not divert his thoughts from literature. He made himself master of the principal modern languages, especially French, Italian, and Spanish; and from all these, as well as from the Latin and the Greek, he favoured the world with translations, which, if not remarkable for elegance, are generally pretty faithful to the originals. Ozell, though evidently a prudent man, had nevertheless a more exalted notion of his own abilities than the world was disposed to entertain; and this vain conceit probably led Pope to give him a place in the Dunciad, a species of distinction which seems to have annoyed him excessively. He died in the year 1743. (a.)
OZIERI, a city of the island of Sardinia, the capital of the diocese of the same name. It stands on a beautiful slope, in a healthy district, in which excellent wheat is raised and large flocks of sheep are pastured. Besides the cathedral, it contains several nunneries and monasteries, an hospital, and 7200 inhabitants.
OZERNAIA, a fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Orenburg, on the Oural, and so named from the lakes by which it is surrounded. The village contains a church and 200 houses.
OZOLAE, or Ozoli, a people who inhabited the eastern part of Aetolia, called Ozolea. This tract of territory lay at the northern extremity of the bay of Corinth, and extended about twelve miles. The name Ozolae, on account of its indelicate signification, was highly disagreeable to the inhabitants; and they therefore exchanged it for that of Aetolians.
P, THE fifteenth letter and eleventh consonant of the alphabet. The sound of it is formed by expressing the breath somewhat more suddenly than in forming the sound of b; but in other respects these two sounds are pretty much alike, and hence are often confounded. When p stands before t or s, its sound is lost; as in the words psalms, psychology, Ptolemaic, ptisan, and the like; but when placed before h, then both together have the sound f as in philosophy, physic, and many other words. P and B are so like each other, that Quintilian declares, that in the word obtinuit, his reason required him to put a b, but that his ears could hear nothing but a p, optinuit ; and hence, in ancient inscriptions and old glossaries, it appears that these two letters have often been confounded. Several nations still pronounce one for the other; the Welch and Germans particularly, who say, ponum vinum, for bonum vinum. Plutarch observes, that it was usual for those of Delphi to say βατειν for οrατειν, βικξον for n/xgov; and amongst the Latins, as often as an 5 followed, the b was changed into a p, as scribo, scripsi.

As an abbreviation, P stands for Publius, Pondo, &c. PA. DIG. for Patricia Dignitas ; P. C. for Patres Conscripti ; P. F. for Publii Filius; P. P. for 'Propositum, or Propositum publicum; P. R. for Populus Romanus; P. R. S. for Praetoris sententia; P. R. S. P. for Praeses provinciae. P. Μ. amongst Astronomers, is frequently used for post meridiem, or afternoon; and sometimes for post mane, after the morning, that is, after midnight. P was also used amongst the ancients as a numeral letter, signifying the same with the G, viz. a hundred, according to the verse of Ugutio,

P similem cum G numerum monstratur habere; though Baronius is rather inclined to think that it stood for seven. When a dash was placed on the top of p, it stood for four hundred thousand.

St Jerome, treating of Daniel, observes, that the Hebrews had no P, but that the ph served them instead of it; adding, that there is but one word in the whole Bible read with a P, viz. apadno. The Greek w signifies 80. On the French coins, P denotes those that were struck at Dijon.

In the Italian music, P stands for piano, or softly; and P∙ P∙ P. for pianissimo, or very softly. Amongst physicians, P stands for pugil, or the eighth part of an handful; P. AE. partes acquales, or equal parts of the ingredients; P. P. signifies pulvis panium, or Jesuits’ bark in powder; and ppt. preparatus or prepared.
PABULUM, amongst natural philosophers, is the same with Fuel.
PACAJES, a province of Bolivia, in South America, in the department of La Paz. It lies in the vicinity of the great lake of Titicaca, but its dimensions cannot be exactly stated. Being in the neighbourhood of the Andes, its climate is cold, and its soil not very productive. The inhabitants, who are distributed in about fifteen small settlements, consist chiefly of Indians, and are employed for the most part in tending cattle and sheep, with which the province abounds, being well adapted for grazing. Several mines of silver and emeralds were formerly worked here, but this pursuit is now abandoned. There is a mine of talc, however, which supplies the whole of Bolivia and

Peru with plates of that substance, which is used as a substitute for window-glass. Pacajes, the capital of the province, is situated eighty miles south-west of La Paz, in a variable climate. Its chief commerce consists in the sale of cattle to the neighbouring towns.
PACCALONGAN, a small European town and fort on the northern coast of the island of Java. It is the seat of the resident, and is chiefly peopled by natives and Chinese, though there are a few Dutch families. It is situated on the great road across the island, and near a forest, which is remarkably unhealthy. It is 282 miles east from Batavia.
PACE, a measure taken from the space between the two feet of a man in walking, being usually reckoned two feet and a half, and in some men a yard or three feet. The geometrical pace is five feet; and 60,000 such paces make one degree on the equator.

Pace, in the manège, is of three kinds, viz, walk, trot, and gallop; to which may be added an amble, because some horses have it naturally. Horses which go shuffling, or with mixed paces between the walk and amble, are for the most part of no value. This commonly proceeds from their fiery temper, but sometimes from a weakness in their reins or legs.
PACEM, a town on the north coast of the island of Sumatra, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, dependent on Acheen. It contains above 500 families, and is 120 miles south-east of Acheen.
PACHAMAC, a valley of Peru, in South America, ten miles south of Lima. It is celebrated for its pleasantness and fertility, but still more on account of a magnificent temple built by the Incas of Peru, in honour of their gods. When the Spaniards conquered Peru they found immense riches in this temple.
PACIFIC Ocean, the vast ocean which separates Asia from America. It is called Pacific, from the moderate weather which the first mariners who sailed in it experienced between the tropics; and it was called South Sea, because the Spaniards crossed the isthmus of Darien from north to south when they first discovered it, though it is properly the Western Ocean with regard to America.
PACKANGA, a town on the eastern coast of the Malay peninsula, situated on the river of the same name. It has now lost much of its former importance, though it is still conveniently situated for trade. Lat. 3. 32. N.
PACKET, or Packet-Boat, a vessel appointed to carry by sea, in the most expeditious manner, the mail of letterpackets, and expresses, from one kingdom to another.
PACTOLUS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Lydia, rising in Mount Tmolus, and also called Chrysorlioas, from its rolling down golden sand. From this river Croesus is thought to have derived all his riches.
PACUVIUS, Marcus, of Brundusium, in Calabria, a tragic poet of high reputation, who flourished about the year of Rome 600. He was nephew of Ennius; published several theatrical pieces, of which only some fragments remain; and died at Tarentum at above ninety years of age.
PADAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwanch, and district of Gangpoor, situated on the east side of the Soanke River, and belonging to an independent Hindu chief. Long. 84. 45. E. Lat. 22. N.
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PADANG, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the west coast of Borneo. Long. 109. 21. E. Lat. 0. 33. S.
PADANG-GUCHI, a small river of Sumatra, which runs into the sea on the western coast, between the 4th and 5th degrees of south latitude.

Padang, one of the principal Dutch settlements on the west coast of Sumatra, and to which all the other factories, as Pulo Chinco, Priaman, and Adjerhadja, were formerly subordinate. The town, with the fort, which is a square with four bastions of stone, is situated one mile up the river. There are on the opposite side mountains which command the fort at the distance of about 300 yards. Some pepper, camphor, and benzoin, are furnished; but since the establishment of the English at Bencoolen the quantity collected has been small. Padang was first visited by the English East India ships in 1649; it was then in possession of the Dutch, who retained it till 1781, when it was taken by the British, but given up at the peace of 1783. These settlements were again taken in 1794, but were given up to the Dutch at the general peace of 1814.
PADDINGTON, one of those parishes in the county of Middlesex which, by the increase of building in the vicinity of the metropolis, may be considered as a part of London, with which it is in contact on the north-east part. This in some measure accounts for its rapid growth, which has also been accelerated by the Grand Junction Canal terminating in a capacious basin furnished with storehouses for goods of all kinds. The parish-church is in the centre of a small green, and is an elegant object; and some new churches are in progress. In 1801, the population amounted to 1881, in 1811 to 4609, in 1821 to 6476, and in 1831 to 14,540.
PADDOC, or Paddoc-Course, a piece of ground encompassed with pales or a wall, and taken out of a park, for exhibiting races with greyhounds, for plates, wagers, and the like.
PADERBORN, a city of the Prussian province of Westphalia, in the government of Minden, and the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 108 square miles, and comprehends two cities, two towns, and thirty-eight villages, with 26,500 inhabitants. The city is built on the river Pader, and contains one Lutheran and four Catholic churches, two ancient monasteries now secularised, and one nunnery. It has 900 houses built in a very antique style, and a population of 6200 persons, chiefly Catholics. It was celebrated for a peculiar kind of linen, to which it gave its name. There are now some extensive breweries and distilleries. Long. 8.38. 21. E. Lat. 52.45. 32. N.
PADIHAM, a township and chapelry in the parish of Whalley, in the hundred of Blackburn, of the county of Lancaster, 213 miles from London. In 1801 the population amounted to 2118, in 1811 to 2556, in 1821 to 3060, and in 1831 to 3529.
PADSTOW, a seaport and market-town of Cornwall, in the hundred of Pydar, 243 miles from London, and thirty from Launceston. It is situated on the left bank of the river Alan or Camel, where there is a harbour which is rather difficult to enter, but secure within, and containing water for vessels of five hundred tons burden. It has a considerable pilchard fishery; and in summer it is resorted to for sea-bathing. The market is held on Saturday. In 1801 the population amounted to 1332, in 1811 to 1498, in 1821 to 1700, and in 1831 to 1822.
PADUA, a delegation of the Austrian province of Milan, in Italy, bounded on the north by Treviso, on the east by Venice, on the south by Polesina, and on the west by Verona and Vicenza. It extends over 837 square miles, is divided into twelve districts, containing 104 communes, and has a population of 296,000 persons. The land, except on the west side, is an extended plain. It is drained by the rivers Etsch, the Brenta, and the Musone; and it has numerous canals, which serve, many for irrigation, and some for navigation. The agriculture is well conducted, and yields abundantly wheat, maize, rice, and all kinds of horticultural products. Fruit is in superfluity, and much wine is made. Olives, hemp, flax, and silk are copiously grown, and afford employment to manufacturers, who fabricate various kinds of goods.

Padua, a city, the capital of the delegation of the same name, in Italy. It is built on the river Baglioni, which is connected by a canal with the several lagunes. It is surrounded with walls and ditches, and defended by several bastions. It has several fine squares, but the streets are narrow, and in general filthy, though they contain some very magnificent buildings, especially the palace or statehouse, the university, and the theatre. Besides the cathedral, it contains ninety-six churches and chapels, sixteen hospitals, and 6000 houses, with 46,300 inhabitants. Its university is an establishment of great celebrity, and has at present upwards of forty professors, though only about three hundred pupils. There are depending on it an observatory, an anatomical theatre, a library with 60,000 volumes, and similar institutions. It is a place of some trade in the manufacturing of woollen goods, which, however, are chiefly of the coarser kinds. There are also silk and linen manufactures, a trade in wine, oil, and leather, and a transit commerce by the canal. Long. 11. 46. 38. E. Lat. 45. 23. 40. N.