pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LITHARGE, a preparation of lead, usually in form of soft flakes, of a yellowish-red colour. If calcined lead be urged with a hasty fire, it melts into the appearance of oil, and on cooling concretes into litharge. The greater part of the litharge met with in the shops is produced in the purification of silver from lead, and the refining of gold and silver by means of this metal. According to the degree of fire and other circumstances, it proves of a pale or deep colour. The first has been commonly called litharge of silver, the other litharge of gold.
LITHGOW, William, a Scotchman, whose sufferings by imprisonment and torture at Malaga, and whose travels on foot over Europe, Asia, and Africa, seem to raise him almost to the rank of a martyr and a hero. He published an account of his peregrinations and adventures. Though , the author deals much in the marvellous, the account of the strange cruelties which he gives us has yet an air of truth. Soon after his arrival in England from Malaga, he was carried to Theobald’s upon a feather-bed, that King James might be an eye-witness of his “martyred anatomy,” by which he means his wretched body, mangled, and reduced to a skeleton. The whole court crowded to see him, and his majesty ordered him to be taken care of, and he was twice sent to Bath at his expense. By the king’s command he applied to Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, for the recovery of the money and other things of value which the governor of Malaga had taken from him, and for L.1000 for his support. He was promised a full reparation for the damage he had sustained; but the perfidious minister never performed his promise. When he was upon the point of leaving England, Lithgow upbraided him with the breach of his word, in the presence-chamber, before several gentlemen of the court. This occasioned their fighting upon the spot; and the ambassador, as the traveller oddly expresses it, had his fistula, with which disorder he was afflicted, contrabanded with his fist. The unfortunate Lithgow, who was generally condemned for his spirited behaviour, was sent to the Marshalsea, where he continued a prisoner during nine months. At the conclusiorrof the octavo edition of his Travels, he informs us, that in his three voyages, “his painful feet have traced over, besides passages of seas and rivers, 36,000 and odd miles, which draweth near to twice the circumference of the whole earth.” Here the marvellous seems to rise to the incredible, and to place him, in point of veracity, below Coryat, whom it is nevertheless, certain that he far outwalked. His description of Ireland is whimsical and curious. This, together with the narrative of his sufferings, is reprinted in Morgan’s Phoenix Britannicus.
LITHOMANTIA, in Antiquity, a species of divination performed with stones. Sometimes the stone called siderites was used. This they washed in spring-water in the night by candle light; and the person who consulted it was purified from all manner of pollution, and had his face covered. This being done, he repeated divine prayers, and having placed certain characters in an appointed order, the stone then moved of itself, and in a soft, gentle murmur, or, as some say, in a voice like that of a child, returned an answer. By a stone of this nature Helenus is reported to have foretold the destruction of Troy.
LITHONTRIPTICS (from "lJ0ος, a stone, and ¾υ ι rrω, to break), an epithet applied to medicines that are supposed to break or dissolve the calculus in the bladder.
LITHOSTROTON, amongst the Romans, was a pavement of mosaic work, consisting of small pieces of cut marble of different kinds and colours, and first used in the time of Sylla, who caused one to be formed at Praeneste, in the temple of Fortune, and afterwards in private houses. They were brought to such perfection, that they exhibited representations of nature with all the accuracy of the finest painting.
LITHOTOMY, in Surgery, the operation of cutting for the stone. See Surgery.
LITHUANIA, an extensive province of Poland, now annexed to Russia. See the article Russia.
LITINA, a circle of the Russian province of Podolia, extending in north latitude from 49. 5. to 49. 45., and [7:13:387]in east longitude from 27. 45. to 28. 31. It is watered by the Bug, and has a rich and productive soil. The chief place, of the same name, is 1028 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 27. 4. E. Lat. 49. 19. N.
LITMUS, in the arts, is a blue pigment, formed from archil. It may be prepared by adding quicklime and putrified urine, or spirit of urine distilled from lime, to archil previously bruised by grinding. The mixture being cooled, and the fluid suffered to evaporate, becomes a mass of the consistence of a paste, and is laid on boards to dry in square lumps. It is only used in miniature paintings, but cannot be much depended on, because the least approach of acid changes it instantly from blue to red.
LITTER (lectica'), a kind of vehicle borne upon shafts, anciently esteemed the most easy and genteel way of carriage. Du Cange derives the word from the barbarous Latin lecteria, straw or bedding for beasts; but others conceive that it comes from lectus, a bed. Pliny calls the litter the traveller s chamber ; it was much in use amongst the Romans, and was borne by slaves kept for that purpose. The Roman lectica made to be borne by four men was called tetraphorum ; that borne by six, hexaphorum ; and that borne by eight, octaphorum. The invention of litters, according to Cicero, was due to the kings of Bithynia.

Litter also denotes a parcel of dry old straw put on the floor of a horse’s stall, for him to lie down and rest upon.
LITTLETON, Sir Thomas, a judge of the common pleas, was the eldest son of Mr Thomas Westcote, of the county of Devon, by Elizabeth, sole heiress of Thomas Littleton of Frankley in Worcestershire, at whose request he took the name and arms of that family. He was educated at one of the universities, probably at Cambridge, and thence removed to the Inner Temple, where he became one of the readers. He was afterwards made steward or judge of the court of the palace, or marshalsea of the king’s household, to Henry VI. In 1455, being the thirty-third of that reign, he was appointed king’s sergeant, and travelled the northern circuit as judge of assize, ln 1462, the second of Edward IV., he obtained a pardon from the crown; and, in 1466, was appointed one of the judges of the common pleas, and went the Northamptonshire circuit. In the year 1474 he was, with many of the first nobility, created knight of the bath. He died in 1481, and was buried in the cathedral church of Worcester, where a marble tomb, with a statue on it, was erected to his memory. As to his character as a lawyer, it is sufficient to state, that he was the author of the treatise upon tenures, on which Sir Edward Coke wrote a comment, well known by the title of Coke upon Littleton. Littleton, Adam, descended from an ancient family in Shropshire, was born in 1627, educated at Westminster school, and entered at Oxford as a student of Christ Church, whence he was ejected by the parliamentary visitors in 1648. Soon afterwards he became usher of Westminster school, and in the year 1658 was made second master of that institution. After the Restoration he taught a school at Chelsea in Middlesex, and was admitted rector of the church of that place in the year 1664. In 1670 he obtained his degree in divinity, being then chaplain in ordinary to his majesty. In 1674 he became prebendary of Westminster, of which church he was afterwards sub-dean. Besides the well-known Latin and English Dictionary, he published several other works. He died in the year 1694, and was interred at Chelsea.
LITURGY denotes all the ceremonies in general belonging to divine service. The word comes from the Greek, λs∕rowy∕α, service, public ministry, forrnea from λf∕- rος, public, and ⅜yoy, work. In a more restricted signification, liturgy is used amongst the Roman Catholics to signify the mass, and amongst the Episcopalians it is used to signify the common prayer.

In the primitive days divine service was exceedingly simple, being clogged with but few ceremonies, and consisting of only a small number of prayers; but by degrees the number of external ceremonies was increased, and new prayers were added, to make the office look more venerable to the people. At length things were carried to such a pitch, that regulation became necessary; it was,found proper to put the service, and the manner of performing it, into writing; and this was what was called a liturgy.

In the early ages of the church every bishop had the power to form a liturgy for his own diocese; and if he kept to the analogy of faith and doctrine, all circumstances were left to his own discretion. Afterwards the practice was for the whole province to follow the metropolitan church, which also became the general rule of the church; and this Lindwood acknowledges to be the common law of the church, intimating, that the use of several services in the same province, which was the case in England, had no warrant except by long custom.

The liturgy of the church of England was composed in the year 1547, and established in the second year of Edward VI. (2 and 3 Edw. VI. cap. 1.) In the fifth year of this king it was reviewed, because some things were contained in that liturgy which showed a compliance with the superstition of the time, and various exceptions were taken against it by some learned men at home, and by Calvin abroad. Certain alterations were made in it, which consisted in adding the general confession and absolution, and the communion to begin with the ten commandments. The use of oil in confirmation and extreme unction was left out; prayers for souls departed, and what tended to a belief of Christ’s real presence in the eucharist, were also omitted. This liturgy, so reformed, was established by the act 5 and 6 Edward VI. cap. 1. But it was abolished by Queen Mary, who enacted that the service should stand as it was most commonly used in the last year of the reign of Henry VIII. The liturgy of 5 and 6 Edward VI., however, was re-established with some few alterations and additions by 1 Elizabeth, cap. 2. Some further alterations were introduced, in consequence of the review of the com mon-prayer book, by order of James I. in the first year of his reign, particularly in the office of private baptism, in several rubrics, and other passages, with the addition of five or six new prayers and thanksgivings, and all that part of the catechism which contains the doctrine of the sacraments. The book of common prayer, so altered, remained in force from the first year of James I. till the fourteenth of Charles II. The last review of the liturgy was made in the year 1661, and the last act of uniformity enjoining the observance of it is 13 and 14 Car. II. cap. 4.
LITUUS, amongst the Romans, was the staff made use of by the augurs in quartering the heavens. It was crooked at one end, and thickest in the curved part, according to Aulus Gellius. Upon medals we frequently meet with a representation of it, amongst other pontifical instruments. It was called Lituus Quirinalis, from Quirinus, a name of Romulus.

Lituus was also an instrument of music in use in the Roman army. It was straight, excepting that it had a little bending at the upper end, like a lituus or sacred staff of the augurs; and from the similitude it derived its name.
LIVADIA, an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, and capital of a province of the same name in Greece. It is a large and populous place, situated on the Gulf of Lepanto, about twenty-five miles from the city of that name. It has now a considerable trade in woollen stuffs and rice. Anciently it was celebrated for the oracle of Trophonius, which inhabited a cavern in a hill above the town. Long. 23. 29. Ľ. Lat. 38. 40. N.
LIVER. See Anatomy [7:13:388]
LIVERY, in matters of dress and equipage, a certain colour and form of dress, by which noblemen and gentlemen choose to distinguish their servants. Liveries are usually taken from fancy, or continued in families by succession. The ancient cavaliers, at their tournaments, distinguished themselves by wearing the liveries of their mistresses. Thus people of quality make their domestics w ear their livery. Father Menestrier, in his Treatise of Carousals, has given a very ample account of the mixtures of colours in liveries. Dion tells us that Oenomaus was the first who invented green and blue colours for the troops which, in the circus, were to represent land and sea fights. The Roman Catholic church has also her several colours and liveries; white, for confessors and virgins, and in times of rejoicing; black, for the dead; red, for the apostles and martyrs; blue or violet, for penitents; and green, in times of hope. Formerly, great men gave liveries to several who were not of their family or servants, in order to engage them in their quarrels for that year.
LIVERYMEN of London, are a number of men chosen from amongst the freemen of each company. Out of this body the common council, sheriff, and other superior officers for the government of the city, are elected; and until the passing of the reform act they alone had the privilege of giving their votes for members of parliament, from which the rest of the citizens were excluded. See London.
LIVONIA, a province or stadtholderate in European Russia. A part of Esthonia is now included in it, viz. Dorpat and the island of Oesel. It extends over 20,636 square miles, between 56.34. and 59. 3. north latitude, and 23. 29. and 27.32. east longitude. Though a great part of the province is sandy, and contains much woody, swampy, and heathy land, yet there are many portions of good soil, very productive in corn, hemp, and flax, which form the principal exports from Riga, and the several small ports along the shore of the Baltic. The inhabitants are about 800,000, the greater part of whom are of German origin, amongst whom the ancient tribes, the Letts and the Esthonians, are much mingled, though their original language has nearly disappeared. About two thirds of the population adhere to the Lutheran religion; the rest are Greeks, Catholics, or Jews. The trade is extensive in the export of native products; and in some seasons the quantity of corn grown beyond that consumed causes a brisk trade in grain, as well as in the spirits distilled from it, and pays for the salt, iron, lead, wine, and articles of luxury which the country does not yield.
LIVONICA Terra, a kind of fine bole used in the shops of Germany and Italy. It is found in Livonia, from which it derives its name. It is in the form of little cakes.
LIVORNO, a town of the province of Vercelli, in Piedmont, [7:13:402]containing 3640 inhabitants, who subsist by cultivating rice and breeding silk worms.
LIVRE, a French money of account, containing twenty sols or sous. See Money.
LIWNY, a circle of the Russian province of Orel, which extends in north latitude from 52. 49. to 53. 30. and in east longitude from 37. 16. to 38. 20. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Sosna, 720 miles from Petersburg. It contains ten churches, 750 houses, and 6800 inhabitants. It is in latitude 53. 10. N. and longitude 37. 45. E.
LIXIVIOUS, an appellation given to salts obtained from burned vegetables by pouring water on their ashes.
LIXIVIUM, in Pharmacy, a ley obtained by pouring some liquor upon the ashes of plants. It is more or less powerful in proportion as it has imbibed the fixed salts contained in the ashes.

Lizard, in Geography, a cape or promontory of Cornwall, situated, according to the most common computation, in long. 5. 47. W. and lat. 49. 50. N.
LJUBIM, a circle of the province of Jaroslaw, in Russia, extending between 57. 49. and 59. 2. north latitude, and 40. 10. and 40. 43. east longitude. It comprehends one city and 620 villages, which are divided into thirty parishes, each having a church. The inhabitants are 57,584. It depends wholly on agriculture and the breeding of cattle. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the river Obnora, 620 miles from St Petersburg. It contains four churches, 531 houses, and 1590 inhabitants. Long. 4L 1. E. Lat. 58. 6. N.
LLANBADARN VAWR, a market-town of Wales, in the county of Cardigan and hundred of Isar, 204 miles from London, and situated on the river Rydal. It is said to have been once a large city, the see of a bishop, and called Mauritania. Near to it, on the road to Aberystwith, are the remains of an extensive pile of buildings, which, according to tradition, was the castle of Owen Glendower. It is a corporate town, with a market, which is held on Tuesday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1228, in 1811 to 1373, in 1821 to 1479, and in 1831 to 1634.
LLANBEBLICK, a large parish of Wales, in the county of Carnarvon and hundred of Irwigfai, 250 miles from London. The town of Carnarvon forms part of this parish, and the population of the whole amounted in 1801 to 3626, in 1811 to 4595, in 1821 to 5788, and in 1831 to 7642.
LLANBEDER, or LLAMPETER, a market-town of Wales, in the county of Cardigan and hundred of Modwyn, 204 miles from London. It is situated on a fertile vale on the river Teife, over which a bridge, built by the king of that name, gives the town the addition of Pont Stephen. It is an ancient borough, having, with Cardigan, Aberystwith, and Aspar, formerly returned a member to parliament, and by the recent law it enjoys the same privilege. There is a market on Tuesday, and five fairs are held in the course of the year. The population amounted in 1801 to 1037, in 1811 to 750, in 1821 to 937, and in 1831 to 1317.
LLANDAFF, a small city, but so classed because it is the see of a bishop. It is in the hundred of Kibbon, of the county of Glamorgan, Wales, 162 miles from London, and is situated on the river Taff’. The cathedral is an ancient building, of the architecture of various ages, and of most discordant styles, but containing some admirable monuments. The palace of the bishop may be traced by remains of ancient walls, and the building itself is reported to have been destroyed by the Welsh prince, Owen Glendower. Llandaff, though a city, has no market. It has a small harbour on the north bank of the Severn, two miles from Cardiff. The population amounted in 1801 to 860, in 1811 to 960, in 1821 to 1138, and in 1831 to 1299.
LLANDILLO VAWR, a market-town of South Wales, in the county of Carmarthen and hundred of Perfydd, 202 miles from London, situated on the river Towy, which abounds in fish, especially salmon. It has a well-supplied market on Saturday. The population of the town amounted in 1801 to 647, in 1811 to 776, in 1821 to 1019, and in. 1831 to 1268; but the whole parish at the last census contained 5149 inhabitants.
LLANDOVERY, a market-town of South Wales, in the county of Carmarthen and hundred of Derlis. It stands on the river Towy, 188 miles from London. Near to it are the remains of an ancient castle, now covered with ivy. It has a market on Friday, and several fairs. It is not a parish, but forms part of the parish of Landingal. The population amounted in J.801 to 1395, in 1811 to 1442, in 1821 to ]820, and in 1831 to 2242.
LLANELLY, a town which had formerly a market, in South Wales, in the hundred of Carnwallen and county of Carmarthen. It is 220 miles from London. It stands on a creek running out of the Severn, called the Bury, at the mouth of which is an island, on which formerly stood the monastery of Machunis. The chief trade consists in the shipment of coals for Bristol, and the several towns of the north of Somerset and Devon. This commerce has increased the population, which, including the whole parish, amounted in 1801 to 2972, in 1811 to 3891, in 1821 to 5649, and in 1831 to 7646.
LLANGADDOCK, a town of South Wales, in the county of Carmarthen and hundred of Perfydd, 184 miles from London. It stands between the rivers Brane and Swathy. It has some manufactures of woollen stockings and coarse cloth. It contains three hamlets. There is an ancient castle, now in ruins. The market is held on Thursday. The population of the parish amounted in 1801 to 1821, in 1811 to 1964, in 1821 to 2484, and in 1831 to 2476.
LLANGOLLEN, a town of Wales, in the county of Denbigh and hundred of Chirck, 192 miles from London. It is in a most romantic situation on the river Dee, and on the great post road from London to Dublin. The bridge is an object of great curiosity. About two miles from it are the striking remains of Valle Cruces Abbey, and not far from it those of one of Owen Glendower’s castles. It has a market, which is held on Saturday. The population of the whole parish amounted in 1801 to 2658, in 1811 to 2897, in 1821 to 3535, and in 1831 to 4498.
LLANOS, San Juan de los, a province in that part of the republic of Colombia which formerly constituted the viceroyalty of New Granada, being bounded on the north by Meridas and Varinas, on the east by Varinas, on the south by Quixos, and on the west by Bogota. Its limits are somewhat vague, the name signifying province of the plains, which extend their dreary surfaces from 200 to 300 leagues in length, and about the same in breadth. It is watered by many large rivers, the principal being the Rio Meta, the Casanare, the Vichada, and the Orinoco. The soil is fertile, and perfectly level: not a hill nor any other inequality is to be seen as far as the eye can reach. But the appearance of the plains is totally changed at different seasons of the year. During the rainy season they are covered with fine grass, on which numerous herds of cattle graze; and in the time of extreme drought, vegetation being destroyed by the excessive heat of the sun, they appear but a sandy desert. Upon the banks of the rivers, however, vegetation is at all times so profuse and often so thick as to be almost impenetrable. The climate is immoderately hot, and very unhealthy. In some parts the air is pure, and in others vaporous, and full of fine dust raised from the dried mud of the rivers.

The northern portion of this province has been recently separated into a distinct district called Casanare, which name is now often applied to the whole. In this territory, cacao, maize, yucas, plantains, &c. are produced; and the lakes and rivers furnish abundance of fish for the [7:13:403]support of the inhabitants. Its principal town is Pore, situated in an unhealthy climate, about 133 miles northeast of Bogota, and containing 500 inhabitants. On the banks of the rivers there are many missionary and other villages, instituted for the conversion of the scattered tribes of Indians who roam through the country between the Orinoco and the Andes. These tribes are termed Llaneros, or inhabitants of the plains, whose chief employment consists in attending to the herds of cattle which feed on the pastures. The principal commodity of the plains is the peltry of animals manufactured by the inhabitants. The population, including Casanare, is about 20,000.

Llanos, San Juan de los, the capital of the above province, is situated in longitude 73. 55. 30. west, and latitude 3. 11. north, about fifty miles east-south-east of Bogota. It was founded in 1555, and was celebrated for the gold found in its neighbourhood, but now contains very few inhabitants, who live in great poverty.
LLAN-RHAIDAR-YN-MOCHNANT, a large parish of Wales, in the county of Denbigh and hundred of Chirck. It is situated in a deep hollow, and surrounded on every side by lofty mountains. It is much frequented by visitors, who go to it to get a view of the celebrated water-fall of Pistell-Raiadr. It is 224 miles from London. The population amounted in 1801 to 1869, in 1811 to 1974, in 1821 to 2229, and in 1831 to 2344.
LLANTRISSANT, a borough and market town of South Wales, in the county of Glamorgan and hundred of Miskin, 170 miles from London. In the neighbourhood are valuable lead mines. It has a market, which is held on Friday. In conjunction with Cardiff and Cowbridge, it will in future elect one member to parliament. The population amounted in 1801 to 1715, in 1811 to 2122, in 1821 to 2585, and in 1831 to 2789.