pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GANGOUTRI, α celebrated place of Hindoo pilgrimage, situated among the Himalaya Mountains, in the province of Serinagur, on the Ganges, which is here not above fifteen or twenty yards broad, with a moderate current, and not in general above three feet deep. The course of the river is here north by east; and on the bank near Gangoutri there is a small temple about eight or ten feet high, in which are two images representing the Ganges and Bhagirathi rivers. The bed of the river adjoining the temple is divided off by the Brahmins into three basins, where the pilgrims bathe. One of these portions is dedicated to Brahma, the other to Vishnu, and the third to Seva. The pilgrimage to Gangoutri is considered as a great achievement of Hindoo piety, and efficacious in washing away all the previous sins of the devotee, and ensuring him eternal happiness in the world to come. The water taken from this sacred spot is exported by pilgrims to India, and sold at a high price; it is drawn under the inspection of a Brahmin, to whom a trifling sum is paid for the privilege of taking it; and the vessels are then sealed. In 1808 Lieutenant Webb and his party approached within sixteen or eighteen miles distance of this consecrated spot. The pilgrims report that the current of the Ganges, only a few miles from this place, issues from under a bed of perpetual snow, where the roads are so bad, that few persons have been able to penetrate to the spot. Long. 78. 9. E. Lat. 31. 4. N.
GANGPOUR, a small district of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, situated about the twenty-second degree of north latitude, and bounded on the north by the British district of Chuta Nagpoor, in Bahar. It was annexed to the province of Allahabad during the reign of Aurungzebe, though it was only reduced under nominal subjection to that monarch. It is a barren, mountainous, and unproductive country, still inhabited by uncivilized tribes of Hindoos. The chief river is the Soank, and the principal towns are Gangpoor and Padah.
GAN-KING-FOO, a large city of China, situated on the great river Yang-tse-kiang, and capital of the province of Kiang-nan. It is a place of considerable trade. Great part of the space within the walls consists of gardens and cultivated ground. The eastern quarter is composed i chiefly of dwelling-houses, and the western of shops, which are well furnished, particularly with porcelain, horn lanterns, caps, drapers’ and mercers’ goods, &c. Long. 117, 20. E. Lat. 31. 30. N.
GANJAM, a town and sea-port of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, and capital of a district of the same name. It is situated on the north-eastern bank of a river, which is only navigable during the rainy season, when a great part of the surrounding country is inundated. It possesses a fort, which is a regular pentagon on plain ground, well fortified, and capable, when properly garrisoned, of making a respectable defence. Ganjam is one of the five districts into which the Northern Circars have been subdivided, and is the residence of a judge and collector. This port is much frequented by country vessels; and formerly the East India Company were provided with a large investment from it. But since the great improvements which have taken place in the cotton manufactures in England, the demand for India cotton goods has greatly decreased, and the establishment now scarcely pays its expenses. Long. 85. 19. E. Lat. 19. 23. N. The district of Ganjam is in Cicacole, and one of the Northern Circars.
GANTLET, or Gauntlet, a large kind of glove made of iron, and having the fingers covered with small plates. It was formerly worn by the cavaliers, when armed at all points. The word is derived from the French gantelet { and that from gand or gant, a glove. The casque and gauntlets were always borne in the ancient marches of ceremony. Gauntlets were not introduced until about the thirteenth century. The gauntlet was frequently thrown, like the glove, by way of challenge.
GANYMEDE, in Mythology, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother of Ilus; but, according to Lucian, he was the son of Dardanus. Jupiter having been charmed with him, carried him away, and made him his cup-bearer in the room of Hebe. Some say that the chief of the gods caused him to be carried away by an eagle, whilst others affirm that he was himself the ravisher under the form of that bird. He deified this youth; and, to comfort his father, presented him with some of those very swift horses upon which the gods indulged in equitation.
GAOL {Gaola, Fr. Geole, that is, Caveola, a cage for birds) is used metaphorically for a prison. See Prisons. Gaol Delivery. 'The administration of justice being originally vested in the crown, our kings in former times rode in person through the realm once in seven years, to judge of and determine crimes and offences; but afterwards justices in eyre were appointed, and since that time justices of assize and gaol delivery. A commission of gaol delivery is a patent in the nature of a letter from the king to certain persons, appointing them his justices, or two or three of them, and authorizing them to deliver his gaol, at such a place, of the prisoners in it; for which purpose it commands them to meet at such a place, at such time as they themselves shall appoint; and informs them, that for the same purpose the king has commanded his sheriff of the same county to bring all the prisoners of the gaol, and their attachments, before them at the day appointed.
GAONS, a certain order of Jewish doctors who appeared in the East after the closing of the Talmud. The word gaons signifies excellent or sublime; as in the divinity schools we formerly had irrefragable, sublime, resolute, angelic, and subtile doctors. The Gaons succeeded the Seburaeans, about the beginning of the sixth century. Chanan Meiscbtia was the head of the excellents, and [7:10:315]restored the academy of Pandebita, which had been shut up for thirty years.
GAP, an arrondissement of the department of the Upper Alps, in France, extending over 867 square miles. It is divided into fourteen cantons and 126 communes, and inhabited by 69,034 persons. The capital, a city of the same name,"is situated on the river Luie, on a kind of basin formed by hills, over which tower the snow-covered mountains of the Alps. It is an old and ill-built place, containing 7854 inhabitants, who are occupied in making linen and woollen cloths. There is in the city a museum, containing collections of the plants, minerals, birds, and antiquities of the Alps. Long. 5. 59. 42. E. Lat. 44. 33. 37. Ń.
GARAMOND, Claude, an ingenious letter-founder, was born at Paris, where he began, in the year 1510, to found printing types free from all the remains of the Gothic, or, as it is generally called, the black letter, and brought them to such perfection that he had the glory of surpassing aD who went before him, and of being scarcely excelled by any of his successors in that useful art. Ĳis types were prodigiously multiplied, both by the great number of matrices he struck, and the types formed in resemblance of his in all parts of Europe. Thus in Italy, Germany, England, and Holland, the booksellers, byway of recommending their books, distinguished the type by his name; and, in particular, the small Roman was by way of excellence known amongst the printers of these nations by the name of Garamond s small Roman. By the special command of Francis I. he founded three sizes of Greek types for the use of Robert Stephens, who by means of them printed all his beautiful editions of the New Testament, and other Greek authors. He died al Paris in 1561.
GARASSE, Francis, a remarkable writer, and also the author of that irreconcilable enmity which still subsists between the Jesuits and Jansenists, was born at Angoulême in 1585, and entered the Jesuits’ College in 1600. As he had a quick imagination, a strong voice, and a peculiar turn for wit, he became a popular preacher in the chief cities of France; but not content with this honour, he distinguished himself still more by his writings, which were bold, licentious, and produced much controversy. The most considerable in its consequences was entitled La Somme Théologique des Verilez capitales de la Religion Chrétienne, which was first attacked by the abbot of St Ċyran, who observing in it a prodigious number of falsifications of the Scriptures and of the fathers, besides many heretical and impious opinions, conceived that the honour of the church required him to undertake a refutation of it. Accordingly he published an answer, whilst Garasse’s book was also under examination of the doctors of the Sorbonne, by whom it was afterwards condemned. Garasse replied to St Cyran; but the two parties of Jesuits and Jansenists, of whom these were respectively the champions, gradually conceived such an implacable animosity against each other, that it is not even now likely to subside. The Jesuits were forced to remove their brother to a distance from Paris, where, weary of his inactive obscurity he begged leave of his superior to attend the sick, when the plague raged at Poit>ers in 1631, and in this charitable office he caught the prevailing distemper, and died.
GARAWAL, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and district of Chunar. It is the last town of any consequence on the frontier between the British provinces a × d th ° se ° f tl ' e raJał> ° f βerar, L0Dg ' 83 ' E ‘ Lat '
GARBE, in Heraldry, a sheaf of any kind of grain, borne m several coats of arms, and said to represent summer, as a bunch of grapes does autumn.
GARD, a department of the south-east of France, formed in part of the ancient province of Nismes, and of Uzes and Alais, formerly portions of Languedoc. It is bounded on the north by the departments of Lozère and Ardêche, on the east by Vaucluse, on the south-east by the Mouths of the Rhone, on the south by the Mediterranean Sea, on the south-west by Hérault, and on the west by Aveiron. It extends over 2082 square miles, containing, according to the Statistique de la France, 592,108 hectares. It is divided into four arrondissements, thirty-eightcantonβ, 342 communes, and contains 366,259 individuals, of whom about one third profess the Protestant religion. There is great variety in the face of the country. The southern part, which extends to the sea, and was probably once covered by it, is a level plain, with many morasses, lakes, and dykes. The northern parts are higher, and some of them mountainous. The range of the Cevennes Hills passes through these portions, and from them issue the rivers Allier towards the north, the Lot and the Tam towards the west, the Hérault and the Bedourle towards the south, and the Ardêche and the Gardon towards the east, abundantly watering the valleys on both sides. The soil is generally either calcareous or schistose, resting on a bed of granite, and better adapted for the growth of olives, grapes, and other fruits, than tor com. The climate, especially to the south, is mild; snow rarely falls, and quickly disappears; but, on the other hand, the summers are excessively hot, and the air arid.

Although some good wheat is grown near Nismes, yet it is insufficient for the few who eat it, and the greater part of the inhabitants are fed with rye, oats, and buck-wheat, and during a great part of the year with chestnuts. This latter, amongst the peasantry, furnishes a meal three times a day, either boiled or fried in olive oil; and when a bad year for them happens, the sufferings of the poor are excessive.

The chief products of the department are wine, brandy, and oil; but large quantities of silk are made in some districts. The yearly production at present is calculated to be 150,000 pounds of raw silk; before the Revolution it was 350,000 pounds. The horses and cows have no distinguishing properties, but the sheep are an excellent race, producing good wool, milk that is made into cheese, and very savoury meat. The manufacturing industry is not considerable, consisting of the fabrication of cloth, silks, hats, glass, earthenware, and perfumery.

The trade of the department is confined to the export of wine, brandy, raisins, chestnuts, capers, liquorice, coal, salt, and wool.
GARDA, a beautiful lake in the Austrian dominions in Italy, called by the ancients Benacus. It is situated at the foot of the Tyrolean Alps, and formed by numerous rivulets, chiefly issuing out of the province of Styria. It forms a river at Peschiera, then called by the name of the Mincio. It is about thirty-five miles in length, varying in its breadth, but nowhere more than fourteen miles across. In the centre it is said to be three hundred feet deep. A small town of the same name is situated on the eastern side of the lake, which, in the ancient civil wars, was a port of some importance. On the banks of this lake Bonaparte defeated the Austrians commanded by Wurmser: in 1796.
GARDANT, or Guardant, in Heraldry, denotes any beast full faced, and looking right forward.
GARDELEGEN, a city of the Prussian province of Saxony, the capital of a circle of the same name. It is situated on the river Milde, is surrounded with walls, and contains 540 houses, with 4650 inhabitants, who carry on linen, woollen, and cotton manufactures, as well as breweries and distilleries. Long. 14. 15. E. Lat. 52. 32. N.
GARGARISM (from γaζyoζ ∣ ζ<A, to wash the mouth), a gargle. Its use is to cleanse the mouth and throat with, when affected with inflammations, ulcerations, and the like.
GARLAND, a sort of chaplet made of flowers, feathers, and sometimes precious stones, and worn on the head in the manner of a crown. The word is formed from the French guirlande, and that of the barbarous Latin gaτ-landa, or ha\\&n ghirlanda. Menage traces its origin from gyrus through gyrulus, to gyrulare, gyrlandum, ghirlan-dum, and at length ghirlanda and guirlande ; but Hick rejects this derivation, and brings the word from gardel han-da, which in the northern languages signify a nosegay artfully wrought with the hand.
GARNET, in Natural History, a beautiful gem, of’ a red colour, with an admixture of blue. See Gem and M t-NERΛLOGY.
GARNET DENNIS, an island in the Eastern Seas, about forty-two miles in circumference, and inhabited by blacks. Long. 151. 25. E. Lat. 2. 30. N.
GARONNE, Upper, a department in the south-west of France, formed out of the ancient district Toulousain, a part of Upper Languedoc, and the district of Comminges, a portion of Gascony. It is bounded on the north by the department of Tarn-Garonne, on the east by those of the Tarn and the Aude, on the south-east by that of Arriege, on the south by Spain, and on the west by the departments of the Upper Pyrenees and the Gers. The extent is 2175 square miles, or, according to the Statistique de la France, 618,558 hectares. The civil divisions are [7:10:344]four arrondissements, thirty-nine cantons, and 599 com- ' munes, inhabited by 454,727 individuals.

The face of the country, in by far the greatest portion of the northern division of the department, consists of low hills, and broad valleys between them; but the southern part is a mountain district, which rises gradually towards the Spanish frontier, where some of the elevations attain the height of 10,000 feet. In the northern part the land is generally fertile; but in the southern it is sterile, and, in the valleys, is better adapted for pasture than for tillage. The chief river, which gives name to the department, is navigable for boats above Toulouse, to Cazĕres for small boats, and below that city to the sea for variously-sized larger vessels. In the Pyrenees are some small lakes: from one of them, the Seculego, is a waterfall into another, the Espingo, which is near 800 feet high, and the latter lake is 4500 feet above the level of the sea. In no part of the world is there a greater variety of picturesque scenery than the Pyrenees present within this department.

The inhabitants, like the others in these southern departments, speak a peculiar patois, in which many Latin and Spanish words are intermixed. In some parts of the Pyrenees, especially in the Valley of Luchon, are found the Cretins, there called Cagots, with large and indistinct articulation, and a great degree of stupidity, who reside in dwellings separated from the other inhabitants, by whom all connection with them is viewed with abhorrence. The singularity is, that none of this race are found on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees.

The agriculture, except on the mountains, is well conducted, and the harvests, especially of wheat, are very abundant; besides which, much maize is occasionally grown. The neighbourhood of Toulouse is one of the most fruitful of France, as well in corn as in pasture for cattle. Much fruit is produced, and the vineyards are extensive, yielding wine of a medium quality, most of which is consumed at home, or converted into brandy. The woods yield some ship-timber and fuel, but suffered much during the Revolution.

There are no mines worked except of iron upon a small scale, though copper and lead are to be found in several parts. The manufacturing industry is almost confined to Toulouse, the capital, where linen, woollen, and silk goods are fabricated extensively, as well as snuff, starch, china, paper, hats, hose, and some other articles. In the Pyrenees there is a considerable contraband trade carried on with Spain.
GARRISON, in the art of war, a body of forces, disposed in a fortress, to defend it against the enemy, or to keep the inhabitants in subjection, or even to be subsisted during the winter season. Hence garrison and winter quarters are sometimes used indifferently for the same thing, whilst at other times they denote different things. In the latter case, a garrison is a place in which forces are maintained to secure it, and where a regular guard is kept, as a frontier town, a citadel, castle, tower, and the like. The garrison should be always stronger than the townsmen. Du Cange derives the word from the corrupt Latin gamisio, which the later writers use to signify all manner of munition, arms, victuals, and the like, necessary for the defence of a place and sustaining a siege.
GARROWS, a mountainous district of Hindustan, on the north-east frontier of Bengal, tributary to the British. It is situated between the 25th and 26th degrees of north latitude. Its boundaries are said to be Rangamutty on the north and Assam on the east, though its limits have never been exactly ascertained. The country is mountainous, but fertile and tolerably well inhabited. The chief rivers which flow from the hills are the Nati, the Maharishi, the Sumaserry, and the Mahadeo. The rivers are of a sandy, gravelly bottom, and contain limestone and iron ore. In the bed of the Mahadeo is found abundance of coals: these might be a valuable article of import into Bengal; but the inhabitants, still in a barbarous state, are ignorant of the art of mining. The people arc of a stout make, vigorous and athletic, but ill looking. They are not so dark as those in Bengal. They go nearly naked; and although calling themselves Hindoos, eat all kinds of food, and drink spirituous liquors. They worship Mahadeva; and at Banjam, a pass in the hills, they worship the sun and moon. They are poor and barbarous in their habits. Their houses are of the rudest description, being raised on piles three or four feet from the ground. The houses of the better classes are more neatly executed. They are said to be cheerful in their dispositions and mild in their manners. At the foot of the Garrow Hills reside a tribe of people called Haĵins, who are more like the Hindoos, and who will not kill a cow.
GARSTANG, a market-town of the county of Lancaster, 228 miles from London. It is situated on the bank of the Wye, is mean in appearance, and irregularly built. The chief business is in hats and sacking. Besides the parish church, there are several places of worship for dissenters. The population amounted in 1821 to 936, and in 1831 to 929.
GARTH, Sir Samuel, an English poet and physician, was descended from a good family in Yorkshire. He was admitted into the college of physicians at London in 1663. He at that time zealously promoted and encouraged the erecting of the dispensary for the relief of the sick poor, by giving them advice gratis, and medicines at low rates. This work of charity having exposed him and many other physicians to the envy and resentment of several persons of the same faculty, as well as apothecaries, he ridiculed them, with peculiar spirit and vivacity, in a poem called the Dispensary, in six cantos, which is highly esteemed. He was one of the most eminent members of the famous society called the Kit Kat Club, which consisted of noblemen and gentlemen distinguished by excellent parts, and affection to the house of Hanover. Upon the accession of George I. he was knighted, and made physician in ordinary to his majesty, and physician general to the army. Nor were these more than just rewards of his merit as a physician. He had gone through the office of censor of the college in 1702; and had practised with great reputation, and a strict regard to the honour and interest of the faculty, never stooping to prostitute the dignity of his profession, through mean and sordid, views of self-interest, to any, even the most popular and wealthy characters. In a steady adherence to this noble principle, he concurred with the celebrated Dr Radcliffe, with whom he was also frequently joined in physical consultations. He had a most extensive practice, but was very moderate in his views of advancing his own fortune; his humanity and good nature inclining him more to make use of the great interest he had with persons in power, for the support and encouragement of other men of letters. He chose to live with the great in that degree of independence and freedom which became a man possessed of a superior genius, of which he was daily giving fresh proofs to the public. One of his last performances in polite letters was his translation of the fourteenth book, and the story of Cinnus in the fifteenth book, of Ovid’s Metamorphoses. These, together with an English version of the rest, were published in 1717; and he has prefixed to the whole an excellent preface, in which he not only gives an idea of the work, and points out its principal beauties, but shows the uses of the poem, and how it may be read to most profit. The distemper which seized him the ensuing year, and terminated his life, caused a general concern, which was particularly testified by Lord Lansdowne, a brother poet. He died, after a short illness, which he bore with great patience, in January 1719.
GAS, in Chemistry, a general name for all permanently elastic fluids, which are obtained by chemical processes, as azotic gas, muriatic acid gas, nitrous gas. It is derived from the German gascht or gast, signifying the ebullition attending the expulsion of elastic fluids from substances in a state of effervescence.
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GASCOIGNE, George, an English poet of some name in the early part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was born at Walthamstow in Essex, of an ancient family, and educated at both universities, but principally at Cambridge. From thence he removed to Gray’s Inn, and commenced student of the law; but having a genius too volatile for that study, he travelled in foreign parts, and for some time served in the army in the Low Countries. He afterwards went to France, where, it is said, he became enamoured of a Scottish lady, and married her. At length being, as Wood says, weary of vanities, he returned to England, and settled once more in Gray’s Inn, where he wrote most of his dramatic and other poems. The latter part of his life he spent in his native village of Walthamstow, where he died in the year 1578. He had the character of a polite gentleman, an eloquent and witty companion, et vir inter poetas sui seculi proestantissimus. His plays, first printed separately, were afterwards, with several other poems, reprinted in two volumes 4to; the first of which appeared in 1577, the second in 1587.