pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
RENFREW, the chief town of a shire or county of the same name, in Scotland, situated on the south bank of the river Clyde, about six miles below Glasgow, and three northeast of Paisley. It was made a burgh by David I., who began to reign in 1124, and is undoubtedly the most ancient town in Renfrewshire. In 1396 Robert III. raised it to the rank of a royal burgh, and it is the only place in the county which enjoys that distinction. The name is apparently derived from rhyn in the British, or rinn in the Gaelic, both meaning a point of land; and freu or frau, in the British, meaning a flow of water. This forms an apt description, the town being situated on a point of land near the conflux of the rivers Clyde and Cart. Assuming that the name Renfrew was anciently applied to the site of the burgh, it is easy to understand howit would be given to the burgh itself, and afterwards be extended first to the barony, and then to the sheriffdom.

Renfrew possesses considerable historical interest. Here Somerled, Lord of the Isles, who rose in rebellion against Malcolm IV., was defeated and slain in 1164. The family of Stewart had their common residence at this place before they were called to the throne. Even after that event Robert II., and probably also some of his successors, occasionally resided here. The mansion of the Stew arts no longer exists; but its site is still called “Castlehill,” and near it is “the King’s Meadow.” In former times the waters of the Clyde separated into two branches at Renfrew, and formed an insular piece of ground, or inch, on which there stood another ancient edifice, called “the Inch Castle.”

This town had once a little foreign trade. In a charter granted by James VI., in the year 1614, it is described as the principal port on the Clyde. A century later, its chief traffic was with Ireland. At present, some vessels in the inland trade load and unload at the harbour. About fifty years ago, a navigable canal was formed between tile town and the river; and at the mouth of this canal a commodious quay was built in 1835, at an expense of about L.800. Some salmon-fishings on the Clyde have long belonged to the burgh. The principal occupation of the inhabitants is hand-loom weaving, in which 561 persons were employed in the year 1836. That Renfrew has but little participated in the prosperity which commerce and manufactures have diffused all around, is evident from the fact, that the population of the parish, which in 1801 had amounted to 2031, had in 1831 increased to only 2833. It contains a constituency of ninety-five qualified voters, and is joined with Ruther-glen, Dumbarton, Kilmarnock, and Port-Glasgow, in sending a member to parliament.
RENNES, an arrondissement of the department of Ille and Vilaine, in France, extending over 532 square miles, and containing ten cantons, seventy-eight communes, and, in 1836, 130,838 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the junction of the two rivers which give name to the department. It is the seat of the departmental government, as it was of that of the province of Normandy in former times. It stands on a fine plain, and, excepting the suburbs, is well built; the parade being one of the finest squares in France. It has a cathedral and eight other churches, a fine exchange, and in 1836 the population was 35,552. There are extensive linen manufactures, especially of sail-cloth for the royal navy. Cottons are made and printed, and many stockings are woven. Many of theinhabitantsareemployed in building, equipping, and navigating vessels. Long. 1.45.7. W. Lat. 43.6. 50. N.
RENTERING, in the manufactories, the same with fine drawing. It consists in sewing two pieces of cloth edge to edge, without doubling them, so that the seam scarcely appears; and hence it is denominated fine drawing. It is a French word meaning the same thing, and is derived from the Latin retrahere, compounded of re, in, and trahere, because the seam is drawn in or covered.

Rentering, in tapestry, is the working new warp into a piece of damaged tapestry, whether eaten by the rats or otherwise destroyed, and on this warp restoring the ancient pattern or design. The warp must be of woollen, not linen. Amongst the titles of the French tapestry-makers is included that of renterers. Fine drawing is particularly used for a rent or hole, which happens in dressing or preparing a piece of cloth artfully sewed up or mended with silk. All fine drawings are reckoned defects or blemishes, and should be allowed for in the price of the piece.
RENVERSE, Inverted, in Heraldry, is when anything is set with the head downwards, or contrary to its natural way of Staniling. Thus, a chevron renverse is a chevron with the point downwards. The same term is also used when a beast is laid on its back.
REOUNZEIK, a town of the Birman empire, situated on the western bank of the Irrawaddy. It carries on a very considerable trade with Rangoon, the chief article being teak timber. Long. 95. 25. E. Lat. 17. 45. N.
REPENTANCE, in general, means sorrow for anything past. In theology it means such a sorrow for sin as produces a change of life, or such a conviction of the evil and danger of a sinful course as is sufficient to produce shame and sorrow in the review of it, and effectual resolutions of amendment.
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REPRESENTATIVE, one who personates or supplies the place of another, and is invested with his right and authority. Thus the House of Commons is composed of the representatives of the people in parliament. (See Parliament.)
REPRIEVE, in Criminal Law (from reprendre, to take back), is the withdrawing of a sentence for an interval of time, by which means the execution is suspended.
REPRISALS, a right which princes claim of taking from their enemies anything equivalent to what the latter unjustly detain from them or their subjects. For as the delay of making war may sometimes be detrimental to individuals who have suffered by depredations from foreign potentates, our laws have in some respects armed the subject with power to impel the prerogative, by directing the ministers of the crown to issue letters of marque and reprisal upon due demand; the prerogative of granting which is nearly related to, and plainly derived from, that of making war, the former indeed being only an incomplete state of hostilities, and generally ending in a formal denunciation of war. These letters are grantable by the law of nations, whenever the subjects of one state are oppressed and injured by those of another; and justice is denied by that state to which the oppressor belongs. In this case letters of marque and reprisal (words used as synonymous, and signifying, the latter a taking in return, the former the passing the frontiers in order to such taking) may be obtained, in order to seize the bodies or goods of the subjects of the offending state, until satisfaction be made, wherever they happen to be found. And indeed this custom of reprisals seems dictated by nature herself; for which reason we find in the most ancient times very notable instances of it. But here the necessity is obvious of calling in the sovereign power to determine when reprisals may be made, else every private sufferer would be a judge in his own cause. In pursuance of this principle, it is with us declared by the statute 4 Henry V. c. 7, that if any subjects of the realm are oppressed in time of truce by any foreigners, the king will grant letters of marque in due form to all who feel themselves aggrieved. The form to be observed is thus prescribed: The sufferer must first apply to the lord privy-seal, and he shall make out letters of request under the privy-seal; and if, after such request of satisfaction made, the party required do not within a convenient time make due satisfaction or restitution to the party aggrieved, the lord chancellor shall make him out letters of marque and reprisal under the great seal; and by virtue of these he may attack and seize the property of the aggressive nation, without hazard of being condemned as a robber or a pirate.
REPROBATION, in Theology, means the act of aban-doning, or state of being abandoned, to eternal destruction, and is applied to that decree which God has made from all eternity to punish sinners who shall die in impenitence; in which sense it is directly opposed to election. When a sinner is so hardened as to feel no remorse or misgiving of conscience, it is considered as a sign of reprobation; which by the casuists has been distinguished into positive and negative. The first is that by which God is supposed to create men with a positive and absolute resolution to damn them eternally. This opinion is countenanced by St Augustin and other Christian Fathers, and is a peculiar tenet of Calvin and most of his followers. The Church of England, in the Thirty-nine Articles, teaches something like it; and the Church of Scotland, in the Confession of Faith, maintains it in the strongest terms. But the notion is generally exploded, and is believed by no rational divine in either church, being totally injurious to the justice of the Deity. Negative or conditional reprobation is that by which God, though he has a sincere desire to save men, and furnishes them with the necessary means, so that all, if they will, may be saved, yet sees that there are many who will not be saved by the means, however powerful, which are afforded them; though by other means which the Deity sees, but will not afford them, they might be saved-Reprobation respects angels as well as men.
REPRODUCTION, is usually understood to mean the restoration of a thing before existing, and since destroyed. It is very well known that trees and plants may be raised from slips and cuttings; and there are some animals which have the same property of being reproduced.
REPTON, an ancient market-town of the county of Derby, situated in the hundred of Repton cum Gresley, four miles from Burton-on-Trent, and 124 from London. It is a place of great antiquity, having been the residence of the Saxon kings of Mercia during the heptarchy, several of whom are buried in the church, which is still a handsome Gothic building, with a lofty spire. It had once a market, but it is now fallen into neglect. The population amounted in 1801 to 1424, in 1811 to 1648, in 1821 to 1802, and in 1831 to 1758.
REQUENA, a city of Spain, in the province of Cuença, and the capital of a district of the same name. It stands on a height in a valley watered by the river Magro, which is fertile as regards meadows, and produces great quantities of rich fruits. The city contains three churches, seven monasteries, and 6500 inhabitants, who make silk goods from the worms fed on the mulberries growing in the vicinity.
RESENTMENT, means a strong perception of good or ill, generally a deep sense of injury, and may be distinguished into anger and revenge.
RESHD or Resht, a town of Persia, and the capital of the province of Ghilan. It is a large town, with a considerable trade, and well-furnished shops and warehouses. It is so enveloped in trees, that no idea can be formed of it taken in any one point of view. Exclusive of the bazaars, which occupy a considerable space in the centre of the town, it is composed of small compartments, divided for the most part by narrow and obscure alleys. There are not many principal streets; and only some of them are paved, whilst others have merely a little gravel thrown in the centre for the water to run on, and some are left unfashioned in any way, except in having a raised pathway at the sides for foot-passengers, which is of great convenience in wet weather. The bazaars or shops, of which there are said to be 1200, are extensive, regular, clean, and well kept. They are well paved, but not entirely covered in from the weather. Instead of arched or domed roofs, extending from one side of the street to the other, the roofs only project nearly to the centre of the street, covering the shops and foot-passengers. There is in this town a bustle and hum of business, more than is seen in most of Persian towns. Natives of various countries are seen passing and repassing on the pavement below; and persons of every occupation, busily follow ing their several callings, animate the scene, and enliven it with their gay costumes. This town swarms with beggars of all descriptions, beyond what can easily be conceived. They are covered with leprosy, and cutaneous disorders the roost revolting. The opium-eaters are among the most miserable of these objects. The religious mendicants, or fakeers and dervishes, are also very numerous, and the most impudent of all. There were formerly Russians, Armenians, and Jews in this city; but they were forced away by the bigotry and intolerance of the inhabitants, who reviled every foreigner that professed a different creed from their own. Reshd is one of the most considerable entrepôts on the Caspian for exchanging the commodities of Persia with those of Astracan, and is the chief mart for silk, the staple produce of the province. The rate of interest for money is from tour to twelve per cent, per month; but this last rate is seldom paid. Fraser, who visited this place in 1822, was at pains to ascertain the amount of the population; and from every inquiry he could make, he estimated the male inhabitants at between thirty and forty thousand; and, considering other circumstances, the appearance of the markets and other public places, he estimates the whole population at eighty thousand. Reshd is an inland town, and all its maritime trade is carried on through the port of Ezellee. Long. 49. 50. E. Lat. 37. 20. N.
RESIDUAL, Analysis, a calculus invented by Mr Landen, and proposed as a substitute for the method of fluxions. The design of it was to avoid introducing the idea of motion, and of quantities infinitely small, into mathematical investigation. The residual analysis accordingly proceeds by taking the difference of the same function of a variable quantity in two different states of the said variable quantity, and denoting the relation of this difference to the difference between the two states of the said variable quantity. This relation being first generally expressed, is next considered in the case when the difference of the two states of the variable quantity is = 0; and by that means it is obvious that the same thing is done as when the function of a variable quantity is assigned by the ordinary methods.

The evolutions of the functions, considered in this very general view, require the aid of a new theorem, discovered by Mr Landen, and remarkable for its simplicity and great extent. It is, that if x and v are any two variable quantities

A→ 1 +^ + g + g+......( w ) - — χ n y-

XV m 2m 3m

-+er÷e)'÷er......<∙> where m and n are any integer numbers.

This theorem is the basis of tile calculus, and from the m m expressions x n — v", and x — v having the form of what algebraists denominate residuals, the inventor gave to his method the name of the residual analysis.

Mr Landen published the first account of this method in 1758, which he denominated a Discourse concerning the Residual Analysis. The first book of the analysis appeared in 1764, and contained an explanation of the principles of the new calculus, with its application to problems of the direct method of fluxions; the second book, which solved several problems of the inverse method, was never published.

Residual Figure, in Geometry, the figure remaining after the subtraction of the less from the greater.

Residual Root is a root composed of two members only connected by the sign — or minus. Thus, β— b, or 5 — 3, is a residual root; and is so called, because its true value is no more than the residue or difference between the parts a and b or 5 and 3, which in this case is 2.
RESINA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, on the sea-shore. It is situated near to Portici, and is built on the ruins of Herculaneum, at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, and in the way by which it is commonly ascended. It contains about 7700 inhabitants, who are mostly cultivators of vines, and produce the wine lachryma Christi.
RESOLUTION, in Music. To resolve a discord or dissonance, says Rousseau, is to carry it according to rule into a consonance in the subsequent chord. There is for that purpose a procedure prescribed, both for the fundamental bass of the dissonant chord, and for the part by which the dissonance is formed.

Resolution Bay, a bay on the west coast of Christina, one of the Marquesas Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. It is so called from Captain Cook’s ship the Resolution having anchored in it in the year 1771. Long. 130. 8. W. Lat. 9. 53. S.

Resolution Island, one of the Society Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, about four miles long. It is very flat, and is covered with wood. Long. 111. 39. W. Lat. 17. 21. S.
RESORT, a French word, sometimes used by English authors to signify the jurisdiction of a court, and particularly one from which there is no appeal. Thus it is said, that the House of Lords judge en dernier ressort, or in the last resort.
RESOULABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, district of Etaweh, seventy-two miles west by south from Lucknow. Resoul signifies messenger, a title which belongs to Mahommed; and a number of small places in the East are called after him.
RESPONDENT, in the schools, one who maintains a thesis in any art or science; who is thus called from his being required to answer all the objections proposed by the opponent.
REST, the continuance of a body in the same place, or [7:19:188]its continual application or contiguity to the same parts of the ambient or contiguous bodies. It is therefore opposed ,to motion.

Rest, in Poetry, is a short pause of the voice in reading, being the same with the coesura, which, in Alexandrine verses, falls on the sixth syllable, but in verses of ten or eleven syllables, on the fourth.
REST-HARROW or Cammock, the Ononis Arvensis. A decoction of this plant has been much recommended for horses labouring under a stoppage of urine. It is the pest of some corn-fields; but in its younger state, before the plant has acquired thorns, it is a most acceptable food for sheep.
RESTAURATION, the act of re-establishing or setting a thing or person in its former state.
RESTITUTION, in a moral and legal sense, is restoring a person to his right, or returning something unjustly taken or detained from him.

RESTITUTION of Medals, or Restored Medals, is a term used by antiquaries for such medals as were struck by the emperors, to retrieve the memory of their predecessors. Hence, in several medals, we find the letters rest. This practice was first begun by Claudius, who struck afresh several medals of Augustus. Nero did the same; and Titus, imitating his father’s example, struck restitutions of most of his predecessors. Gallienus struck a general restitution of all the preceding emperors on two medals; the one bearing an altar, the other an eagle without the letters rest.
RESTIVE, in the manège, a stubborn, unruly, ill-broken horse, that stops, or runs back, instead of advancing forward.
RESTORATION, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, on the east coast of New Holland, discovered by Captain Bligh in 1789. Oysters are plentiful on the shore, and there is also abundance of water.
RESURRECTION, in Theology, is arising again from the state of the dead; in other words, is that event, the belief of which constitutes one of the principal articles in the Christian creed. See Theology.
RESUSCITATION, the same with resurrection and revivification. The term resuscitation, however, is more particularly used by chemists for the reproducing a mixed body from its ashes; an art to which many have pretended, as to reproduce plants, &c. from their ashes.
RETFORD, East, a market-town of the county of Nottingham, in the hundred of Bassetlaw, 145 miles from London. It is situated on the river Idle, which runs into the Trent, is well built, has a town-hall, and good market-place well attended every Saturday. It is a corporate town, governed by four aldermen and twelve councillors. It returns two members to the House of Commons; but on account of prevalent bribery, the right of voting for the borough has been extended to all the freeholders of the county in which it stands. In the neighbourhood are many hop plantations. The chief trade is what arises from the great road. The population amounted in 1801 to 1948, in 1811 to 2030, in 1821-to 2461, and in 1831 to 2491.
RETHEL, an arrondissement of the department of the Ardennes, in France, extending over 472 square miles. It comprehends six cantons, composed of 108 communes, and contains 67,341 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the right bank of the Aisne. In 1836 it contained 6771 inhabitants, chiefly employed in making coarse woollen goods. Long. 3. 20. E. Lat. 40. 35. N.
RETICULA or Reticule, in Astronomy, a contrivance for measuring very nicely the quantity of eclipses. This instrument, which was introduced by the Academy of Sciences at Paris, is a little frame composed of thirteen fine silken threads, parallel to and at equal distances from each other, placed in the focus of object-glasses of telescopes; that is, in the place where the image of the luminary is painted in its full extent. The diameter of the sun or moon is consequently thus seen divided into twelve equal parts or digits; so that, in order to ascertain the quantity of the eclipse, there is nothing more to do than to number the parts that are dark, or that are luminous. As a square reticule is only proper for the diameter of the luminary, not for the circumference of it, it is sometimes made circular, by drawing six concentric, equidistant circles, which perfectly represent the phases of the eclipse. But it is obvious, that whether the reticule be square or circular, it should be perfectly equal to the diameter or circumference of the sun or star, such as it appears in the focus of the glass, otherwise the division cannot be just. Another imperfection in the reticule is, that its magnitude is determined by that of the image in the focus, and of course it will only fit one particular magnitude. But a remedy for these inconveniences was discovered by M. de la Hire, who contrived that the same reticule might serve for all telescopes, and all magnitudes of the luminary in the same eclipse. If two object-glasses be applied against each other, having a common focus, and forming an image of a certain magnitude, this image will increase in proportion as the distance between the two glasses is increased, at least to a certain limit. If therefore a reticule be taken of such a magnitude as just to comprehend the greatest diameter the sun or moon can ever have in the common focus of two object-glasses applied to each other, it is only necessary to remove them from each other, as the star becomes less, in order to have the image still exactly comprehended in the same reticule. As the silken threads are apt to deviate from the parallelism, by the different temperature of the air, another improvement is, to make the reticule of a thin looking-glass, by drawing lines or circles upon it with the fine point of a diamond.
RETICULUM, is a Latin word, signifying a little net or casting net. It was applied by the Romans to a particular mode of constructing their buildings. In the city of Salino may still be seen remains of some walls, evidently of Roman origin, from the reticulum. This structure consists of small pieces of baked earth, cut lozenge-wis e, and disposed with great regularity on the angles, so as to exhibit to the eye the appearance of cut diamonds; and it was called reticular, from its resemblance to fishing-nets. The Romans always concealed it under a regular coating of other matter; and Mr Houel informs us, that this was the only specimen of it which he saw in his travels through Sicily, Malta, and the Lapari Islands. It appears to be the remains of some baths, which had been built for the convenience of sea-bathing.
RETIRADE, in Fortification, a kind of retrenchment made in the body of a bastion or other work, which is to be disputed, inch by inch, after the defences are dismantled. It usually consists of two faces, which form a re-entering angle. When a breach is made in a bastion, the enemy may also make retirade or new fortification behind it.