pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MORGHEN, Raphael, one of the most distinguished engravers that ever lived, was born at Naples in 1758. His father followed the profession of engraver, and from him young Morghen received his earliest instructions; but, in order more profoundly to initiate him in the art, he was afterwards placed as a pupil under the celebrated Volpato. He assisted this great master in engraving the famous pictures of Raffaelle in the Vatican, and the print which represents the miracle of Bolsena is inscribed with his name. He married the daughter of his master, and being invited to Florence to engrave the masterpieces of the Florentine gallery, he removed thither with his wife in 1782. All the works which he produced on this occasion were admirable; one in particular, the copy of Raffaelle’s Madonna della Seggiola, is considered not only as the most excellent in the collection, but as a chef-d’oeuvre of art. His reputation now became so great as to induce the artists of Florence to recommend him to the grand duke as a fit person to engrave Leonardo da Vinci’s noble composition of the Last Supper, which adorns the wall of the refectory in the Dominican Convent at Milan. This picture is not only itself dilapidated, but the drawing which was made for Morghen being unworthy of the great original, the print of our artist, although an admirable production, fails to convey a correct idea of the style and merit of Leonardo. His fame, however, soon extended over Europe; and the Institute of France, as a mark of their admiration of his talents, chose him as an associate in 1803. In 1812, Napoleon invited Morghen to Paris, and paid him the most flattering attentions. A list of this great artist’s works was published at Florence in 1810; the number comprised two hundred compositions, but subsequently to this period he produced a considerable variety of admirable prints. Amongst the most remarkable of Morghen’s productions, besides those already mentioned, may be noticed the Transfiguration, from Raffaelle; a Magdalen, from Murillo; a Head of the Saviour, from Da Vinci; the Car of Aurora, from Guido; the Hours, from Poussin; the Prize of Diana, from Domenichino; the Monument of Clement XIII. from Canova; Theseus vanquishing the Minotaur; portraits of Dante, Petrarca, Ariosto, Tasso, and a number of other eminent individuals. Some remarks on the style and general merits of this artist will be found in the article Engraving. Morghen died in 1833, at the advanced age of seventy-five.
MORISON, Robert, physician and professor of botany at Oxford, was born at Aberdeen in 1620. "He was bred at the university of that place, where he taught philosophy for some time; but having a strong inclination to botany, he made great progress in that science. The civil wars obliged him to leave his country, but he did not take this step until he had first signalized his zeal for the interest of the king, and his courage, in a battle which was fought between the inhabitants of Aberdeenand the Presbyterian troops,on the bridge of Aberdeen, in which he received a dangerous woundon the head. As soon as he was cured, he proceeded into France; and having settled at Paris, applied assiduously to the study of botany and anatomy. He was introduced to the Duke of Orleans, who committed to him the direction of the royal gardens at Blois. This office he exercised till the death of that prince, and afterwards came over to England in the year 1660. Charles II., to whom the Duke of Orleans had presented him at Blois, sent for him to London, and gave him the title of his physician, and that of royal professor of botany, with a pension of L.200 per annum. The Praeludium Botanicum, which he published in 1669, procured him so much reputation, that the university of Oxford offered him the professorship of botany, which he accepted, and acquitted himself with great ability in the discharge of his duty. He died at London in 1683, aged sixty-three. He published a second and third part of his History of Plants, in two volumes folio, under the title of Plantarum Historia Oxomensis Universalis. The first part of this excellent work has not been printed, and it is not known what has become of it.
MORITZ, St, a small town of the canton of the Grisons, in Switzerland, in the Upper Engadin, where there are celebrated mineral springs of similar efficacy to those of Spa, Pyrmont, and Schwaíbach, though less visited by invalids, from the insufficiency of the means of accommodation. It is situated 6060 feet above the level of the sea, in a wild and romantic district on the side of a lake at the foot of the granite mountain of Rozatsch; and the promenades offer prospects of the most exciting nature, amongst which are the cascade of the river, the lake of Silvaplana, and the extensive woods of Arvenwald. The visitors are chiefly from Italy, but some are from Germany, and from the other parts of Switzerland, and repair to the springs from June till the end of August; but in those months, from the great elevation, and from the glaciers around, warm clothing is found necessary. The permanent inhabitants do not exceed 500 persons.
MORLACHIA, a mountainous country of Dalmatia. The inhabitants, who are called Morlacks or Morlaccìà, inhabit the pleasant valleys of Koter, along the rivers Kerha, Cettina, Narenta, and amongst the inland mountains of Dalmatia. They are by some said to be of Walachian extraction, as is indicated by their name, Morlachia being a contraction of Mauro Walachia, that is, Black Walachia ; and the Walachians are said to be descendants of the ancient Roman colonies planted in these countries. This, however, is denied by the Abbé Fortis, who published a volume of travels in that country. He informs us that the origin of the Morlacchi is involved in the darkness of barbarous ages, like that of many other nations, resembling them so much in customs and language that they may be taken for one people, dispersed throughout the vast tracts extending from the Adriatic Sea to the Frozen Ocean.

With regard to the etymology of the name, the abbé observes, that the Morlacchi generally call themselves, in their own language, Vlassi ; a national term of which no vestige is found in the records of Dalmatia until the thirteenth century. It signifies powerful men, or men of authority; and the denomination of Moro-Vlassi, corruptly Morlacchi, as they are now called, may perhaps point out the origin of the nation. This word probably signifies the “conquerors who came from the sea moor, mor, or maur, in all the dialects of the Sclavonian language, signifying the sea.
MORLAIX, an arrondissement of the department of Finisterre, in France, extending over 605 square miles. It is divided into ten cantons and fifty-eight communes, [7:15:502]and contains 120,000 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the junction of the Jaclot and Offen, which form a haven, with a well-defended entrance. A considerable trade is carried on from this place with Spain and Portugal, to which are exported the linens well known by the names of Creas and Eretagnias ; but of late years this trade has diminished. The city contains 1500 houses, and 10,000 inhabitants. It was the birthplace of the celebrated General Moreau. Long. 3.53. 35. W. Lat. 48. 33. N.
MORNING, the beginning of the day, or the time of the sun rising. The astronomers reckon morning, mαηe, from the time of midnight to that of mid-day.

Morning Star, the planet Venus when a little to the westward of the sun; that is, when she rises a little before him. In this situation she is called by the Greeks Phosphorus, and by the Latins Lucifer.
MORNINGTON ISLE, one of the group of islands which Captain Flinders calls Wellesley’s Islands. It is situated on the north coast of New Holland, at the head of the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is thirty-five miles long and ninety in circumference; and is inhabited, though nothing is known of the natives. Long, of Cape Van Diemen, its eastern point, 139. 49½. E. Lat. 16. 32. S.
MORPETH, a town in the county of Northumberland, in the western division of the ward of its own name, 292 miles from London, situatedon the banks of the river Wens-bech, in the course of the great road from London to Edinburgh. The town can boast of remote antiquity, and is well built, consisting chiefly of two wide streets, in the centre of which is the market-place, which, though conveniently situated, is not sufficiently capacious for the large droves of cattle which are here exposed for sale. From the year 1553 till 1832 the town returned two members to parliament, elected by the bailiffs and free burgesses; but since the passing of the reform bill it returns only one. Before 1832 the number of voters was estimated at about 200; at the last general election (1835) there were 336 electors registered as qualified to vote. By the late municipal corporations bill, the borough is placed under the municipal government of four aidermen and twelve councillors. Morpeth has been twice destroyed by fire, first in 1215, on which occasion, Camden says, it was burned down by its inhabitants, out of hatred to King John; but the chronicle of Melrose assigns a more probable cause, asserting that this and many other towns were destroyed by the barons, with the view of distressing that monarch on his march to punish their revolt. It was burned down a second time by accident in 1689, when nearly the whole buildings were destroyed. Besides the parish church (a very plain structure), there is a Catholic chapel, and a Presbyterian and a Methodist meeting-house, in the town. Edward VI. founded and endowed a grammar school here: there is likewise an English free school. In 1829 there was erected a new county jail, house of correction, courthouse, &c. The town-house was erected at the expense of the Earl of Carlisle, in 1714. OfMorpeth Castle, which was situated on an eminence in the neighbourhood, few vestiges remain. It was built by William Lord Greystock in 1358, and is said to have been of some extent and consequence as a baronial mansion. The population of the town amounted in 1801 to 2951, in 1811 to 3244, in 1821 to 3415, and in 1831 to 3890; but the whole parish, which contains seven other townships, appears by the last census to have had 4797 inhabitants. In the borough of Morpeth there are 560 inhabited houses, 897 families, fifty-five of whom are chiefly employed in agriculture, 353 in trade, manufactures, and handicraft, and 489 not comprised in either of these classes: the males amounted to 1851, and the females to 2039.
MORPHEUS, in fabulous history, the god of sleep, or, according to others, one of the ministers of Somnus. He caused drowsiness, and represented the forms of dreams.

Ovid styles him the kindest of the deities; and he is usually described in a recumbent posture, crowned with poppies.
MORRHINA or Murrhina Vasa, were a sort of cupsor vases made use of by the ancients. Authors are not agreed as to the substance of which they were made. Some say they were of stone; others assert that they were made of a fluid condensed by being buried under ground. All that we know concerning the matter is, that this kind of cup was known by the name of murrha, and that Heliogabalus’s chamber-pot was made of it. The word is sometimes written myrrhina.
MORRISE-Dances. See Moresque-Dances.
MORS, Death, one of the infernal deities, born of Night without a father, and worshipped by the ancients with great solemnity. Death was not represented as an actually existing power, but as an imaginary being; and Euripides, in one of his tragedies, introduces this deity upon the stage. The moderns represent death as a skeleton armed with a scythe and a scimitar.
MORSHANST, a circleof the Russian province of Tambow, extending from east longitude 4L 17. to 43. 27., and from north latitude 53. 14. to 53. 55.; containing 1958 square miles, with 104,870 inhabitants. The soil is good, and produces a surplus of corn and cattle, and a sufficiency of wood. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Zna, 828 miles from St Petersburg, lt contains 609 houses, with 5500 inhabitants, who find employment in making sail-cloth, twine, ropes, and in melting tallow. Long. 4L 55. E. Lat. 53. 25. N.
MORTAGNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Orne, in France, extending over 806 square miles, and containing a population of 122,000 persons. It is divided into eleven cantons, and these again into 171 communes. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on a hill, at the base of which flows the river Chyppe. It is a well-built town, surrounded with walls, containing 910 houses, and 5750 inhabitants, who make some linen and cotton goods, and carry on some twist spinning. Long. 0. 27.14. E. Lat. 48. 31. 18. N.
MORTAIN, an arrondissement in the department of La Manche, in.France, extending over 357 square miles, and containing a population of 74,300 persons. It is divided into eight cantons, and these into seventy-three communes. The capital is the town of the same name, situated on the river Cance, between two steep rocks. The inhabitants amount to 2440 persons, who are employed in making earthenware, and the females in making thread lace. Long. 1. 7. W. Lat. 48. 57. N.
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MORTAR, a preparation of lime and sand mixed with water, which serves as a cement, and is used by masons and bricklayers in building walls of stone and brick.

Mortar, a chemical utensil, very useful for the division of bodies, partly by percussion and partly by grinding. Mortars have usually the form of an inverted bell. The matter intended to be pounded is put into them, and there struck and bruised by a long instrument denominated a pestle. The motion given to the pestle ought to vary according to the nature of the substances to be pounded. Those which are easily broken, or which are apt to fly out of the mortar, or which are hardened by the stroke of the pestle, require that this instrument should be moved circularly, rather by grinding or bruising than by striking. Those substances which are softened by the heat occasioned by rubbing and percussion require to be pounded very slowly. Lastly, those which are very hard, and which are not capable of being softened, are easily pounded by repeated strokes of the pestle; they require no bruising but when they are brought to a certain degree of fineness. But these things are better learned by habit and practice than by any directions.

Mortar, in the military art, is a short cannon of a large bore, with chambers; it is made of brass or iron, and its use is to project hollow shells, filled with powder, called bombs, and sometimes also carcasses. (See Artillery.) The mortars used at sea are fixed in bomb-vessels, which are constructed for their reception; they are made somewhat longer and much heavier than those employed on land. See Gunnery.
MORTARA, a province of the duchy of Piedmont, in the continental dominions of Sardinia. It extends over 378 square miles, and comprehends one city, eighty-four towns and villages, and 56,840 inhabitants. It was formerly a part of Milan, and then was denominated Lumel-lina. It is a level district, watered by the Po, the Ticino, and the Sesia, with their tributary streams, which irrigate the land abundantly, and cause it to yield much rice, which, with silk, forms the chief product. The capital is a city of the same name, and is surrounded with walls. It is situated in a most insalubrious district, much affected by miasmata, and contains only 2850 inhabitants. Long. 9. 11. E. Lat. L5. 16. N.
MORTIER, an ensign of dignity, which was borne by the chancellor and grand presidents of the parliament of France. That borne by the chancellor consisted of a piece of cloth of gold, edged and turned up with ermine; that borne by the first president was a piece of black velvet edged with a double row of gold lace.
MORTISE, or Mortoise, in carpentery, &c. a kind of joint wherein a hole of a certain depth is made in a piece of timber, which is intended to receive another piece called a tenon.
MORTLAKE, a parish of the county of Surrey, in the hundred of Brixton, seven miles from London. It is beautifully situated on the south bank of the Thames, and includes several splendid houses, and a part of the royal park of Richmond., The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1748, in 1811 to 2021, in 1821 to 2484, and in 1831 to 2698.
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MORTON HAMPSTEAD, a town of the county of Devon, in the hundred of Teignbridge, 184 miles from London. It. stands in a picturesque situation at the foot of Dartmoor Hills. It is an ancient corporate town, and has a market on Saturday, with some natural curiosities worthy of observation, especially by the geologist. The population amounted in 1801 to 1768, in 1811 to 1653, in 1821 to 1932, and in 1831 to 1864.
MORUNG, a district of Northern Hindustan, tributary to the rajah of Nepaul, situated about the 27th degree of north latitude, and bounded on the south by Bengal. It is a mountainous country, being in some parts 7000 feet higher than Bengal; and it produces very fine timber, but is yet imperfectly explored.
MORWARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, governed by a Rajpoot chief. The surrounding country is frequently plundered by the Coolies. It is thirty miles south-south-west from Theraud.
MOS, a bailiwick of the province of Aggerhuus, in Norway, containing 19,800 inhabitants. The chief town, of the same name, is situated on the Bay of Christiania, and contains 400 houses, with 1408 inhabitants, who make much bar, rod, and cast iron.
MOSALSK, a circle of the Russian province of Kaluga, extending in east longitude from 36. 13. to 37. 3., and in north latitude from 53. 58. to 54. 48. The soil is generally poor; and though the circle comprehends 2310 square miles, the inhabitants are only 170,500. It contains several lakes, some of them extensive. The capital, of the same name, 614 miles distant from St Petersburg, is situated on the river Mosalka, and has 343 houses, and 1640 inhabitants. Long. 34. 45. E. Lat. 53. 35< N.
MOSCHUS, a Grecian poet of antiquity, usually coupled with Bion, and both of them contemporaries with Theocritus. In later times, all the ancient idyllia were collected and attributed to Theocritus; but the claims of Moschus and Bion to some few little pieces have been admitted, and this is sufficient to make us inquisitive about their characters and story; yet all that can now be known about them must be collected from their own remains.

Moschus, by composing his delicate elegy on Bion, has given the best memorials of Bion’s life. Moschus and Theocritus have by some critics been supposed to be the same person; but there are irrefragable evidences against such an hypothesis. Others, proceeding upon the authority of Suidas, maintain that he as well as Bion lived later than Theocritus, whilst others again suppose him to have been the scholar of Bion, and probably his successor in the government of the poetical school; which, from the elegy of Moschus, does not seem unlikely. Their remains are to be found in all the editions of the Poetae Minores. Of the separate editions, some are very valuable, particularly the rare and curious one of Mekerchus, printed at Bruges, 1565, in 4to; and those of Schwebelius, Venice, 1746, in 4to, of Heskin, Oxford, 1748, in 8vo, and of Gilbert Wakefield, 1795, in 8vo.
MOSELLE, a department in the north-east of France, formed out of the district of Messin, of French Luxembourg, and of a part of German Lorraine. It extends in east longitude from 5. 20. to 7. 45., and in north latitude from 48. 55. to 49. 30. It is bounded on the north by the department of the Lower Rhine and the duchy of Luxembourg, on the east by that duchy and the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, on the south by the department of the Meurthe, and on the west by that of the Meuse. It extends over 2473 square miles, or 609,000 hectares, which are apportioned in the following manner, viz. 278,920 arable, 48,490 meadows and pastures, 151,365 woods and forests, 4940 vineyards, 10,216 gardens, and the remainder consisting of the course of rivers and roads, the site of towns and villages, and utterly uncultivated land, which latter constitutes nearly one fourth of the whole department. The subsoil is generally calcareous, often covered with a heavy clay difficult to plough, but in some parts mixed with sand or stone; and its power of production varies from moderate fertility to absolute barrenness. It produces some good wheat and rye, but the corn does not equal the consumption, though the culture of potatoes has been much extended of late years. The chief river, the Moselle, which begins to be navigable at Metz, and falls into the Rhine at Coblentz, receives the waters of the smaller streams. It is a rapid river, often causing great damage by the overflowing of its banks. Besides the common grain, much flax and some hemp are grown. The vine is much cultivated, but the wine is not of a good flavour, as most of that known by the name of Moselle wine throughout Europe grows on the banks of that river after it has quitted the French territory. The hills around Metz have their sides covered with vines, but the grapes are more used for the purposes of making vinegar and brandy than wine. There are [7:15:570]some mines of iron worked, and the material is converted into heavy articles for the use of ships, and for casting cannon. Some linen and woollen cloths are made, and there are fabrics of paper, glass, and earthenware. The population amounts to 350,000 persons, who are mostly of the Catholic religion, though there are some few Calvinists, Anabaptists, and Jews, mostly in Metz. The French language is commonly spoken only in the cities. In the villages a patois called Lorraine is most prevalent; but in the eastern part a corrupted German prevails, and the inhabitants have the marks of that nation in their dress, countenances, and manners. The department sends four deputies to the legislative body. It is divided into four arrondissements, 27 cantons, and 834 communes.
MOSHAISK, a circle of the province of Moscow, in Russia, extending over 630 square miles, and comprehending one city, one market-town, and 264 villages, with 56,530 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the Moshaiska. It is fortified, and has a strong citadel. It was burned down on the retreat of the French in 1812, but has been since rebuilt and improved. It contains seven churches, a monastery, 670 houses, and 4240 inhabitants. Long. 27. 50. E. Lat. 55. 40. N.