pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DUNMOW, Great, a market-town of the hundred of the same name, in the county of Essex, thirty-seven miles from London, and situated on the river Roding. It is a town of very ancient date, supposed to be the Caesaro-magus of the Romans, and where remains of the road to Colchester, constructed by that people, arc still visible. It is governed by a corporation. The market is held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1828, in 1811 to 2015, in 1821 to 2409, and in 1831 to 2462. Near to it is Little Dunmow, remarkable for the ancient right which a happy couple have to demand a flitch of bacon at the end of a year from their marriage.
DUNSE, a market-town of Scotland, in the district of Merse, Berwickshire. It is situated on a rising ground in the middle of the shire, and though not the county town, is by far the largest and most respectable place in Berwickshire. It is a burgh of barony, and is governed by a bailie. The town is of great antiquity, and was frequently destroyed in the Border wars. As seen from any point around, Dunse has the appearance of a city, and on closer inspection it is found to possess a respectable proportion of good houses. In the market-place stands the townhouse, an elegant modern building, in the Gothic style. Besides a parish church, Dunse possesses two Seeeder meeting-houses and a Relief chapel. There is here a week ly market, and four fairs for sheep and three for horses and cattle annually. Dunse is considered as the birthplace of the famous John Duns Scotus. A mile south of the town is a well of mineral water, which is a powerful chalybeate. The population in 1821 amounted to 3773, and in 1831 to 3469.
DUNSTABLE, a market-town in the hundred of Mans-head, in the county of Bedford, thirty-three miles from London. This neighbourhood was celebrated formerly for the size of its larks, and for the great number of straw and chip hats made by the females, a trade which is still extensively carried on. It was a Roman station, the Ma-geoviniurn of Antoninus. There is here a weekly market, which is held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1296, in 1811 to 1616, in 1821 to 1831, and in 1831 to 2117.
DUNSTER, a borough-town in the hundred of Car-hampton, in Somersetshire, 163 miles from London. It is situated in a beautiful vale at the foot of the Quartoch Hills, about one mile from the Bristol Channel. It has ceased to send members to parliament for many years. The market is held on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 772, in 1811 to 868, in 1821 to 895, and in 1831 to 983.
DUNTEEWARAH, a town of Hindustan, belonging to independent chiefs, in the province of Gujerat. Long. 72. 45. E. Lat. 24. 55. N.
DUNUM, a Celtic term, denoting a hill or eminence, and often concurring to form the names of towns, as well as to indicate their elevated situation as places of strength or citadels; hills or eminences being adapted to such structures. See Dun.
DUNWICH, a small borough-town of the hundred of Blything, in Suffolk, once a city, and remarkable only from having sent two members to parliament, but it is now disfranchised. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 184, in 1811 to 208, in 1821 to 200, and in 1831 to 232.
DUPIN, Louis Ellies, doctor of the Sorbonne, and professor of philosophy in the Royal College, one of the greatest critics of his time, especially in ecclesiastical matters, was born at Paris in 1657. When he published the first volume of his Bibliothèque Universelle des Auteurs Ecclesiastiques , in 1686, the liberty with which he treated some ecclesiastical writers gave so much offence that M. de Harlay, archbishop of Paris, obliged Dupin to retract many of his propositions, and besides suppressed the work. Nevertheless he was suffered to continue it, by altering the title from Bibliothèque Universelle to Bibliothèque Nouvelle. This great undertaking, continued in successive volumes till it reached as many as fifty-eight, though sufficient to occupy the life of an ordinary man, did not prevent M. Dupin from obliging the world with other works. He was a man of prodigious reading, and had an easy, happy way of writing, with an uncommon talent for analyzing the works of an author; a quality which renders his Bibliothèque so valuable. M. Dupin was banished for a time from his chair in the Royal College, to Chatclherault, on account of the famous Cas de Conscience, but he was afterwards restored, and died in 1719.
DUPINASCHA, a city of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Kostendill. It stands at the foot of a mountain of it⅛own name, which is watered by the Isker, and contains about 6000 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the iron mines of the mountains near them.
DUPLE, among mathematicians, denotes the ratio of 2 to 1. Thus the ratio of 8 to 4 is duple, or as 2 to 1.

Sub-duple ratio is just the reverse of the former, or as 1 to 2. Thus the ratio of 4 to 8, or 6 to 12, is sub-duple, or as 1 to 2.
DUPLICATE, among lawyers, denotes a copy of any deed, writing, or account. It is also used for the second [7:8:286]letters-patent granted by the Lord Chancellor in a case wherein he had done the same before. A second letter written and sent to the same party, and of the same tenor as a former one, from fear of the first miscarrying, is called a duplicate.
DUPLICATION, in general, signifies the doubling of any thing, or multiplying it by 2; also the folding of any thing back again on itself.
DUPLICATURE, among anatomists, is a term used to denote the folds of any membrane or vessel. Thus we say the duplicatures of the intestines, peritonaeum, and the like.
DUPONDIUS, in Antiquity, a weight of two pounds, or money of the value of two asses. See As.

Since the as at first weighed a pondo or libra, the dupondius must have weighed two; and hence the name. Though the weight of the as was afterwards diminished, and consequently that of the dupondius, yet they still retained the denomination. See Pound and Libra.
DUPPA, Brian, a learned English bishop, was born in 1589, at Lewisham, in Kent, of which place his father was then vicar. In 1634 he was constituted chancellor of the church at Sarum, and soon afterwards made chaplain to Charles I. He was appointed tutor to Charles prince of Wales, and his brother James duke of York; and about the same time nominated to the bishopric of Chichester. In 1641 he was translated to the see of Salisbury, but received no benefit from this preferment, owing to the suppression of episcopacy. Charles I. held him in high esteem, and is said to have derived assistance from him in composing the E∕κ,ωv Bα<r∕λ∕κη. After the restoration he was made bishop of Winchester, and lord high almoner. He died at Richmond in 1662, aged seventy-three.
DUPPAU, or Daupow, a town in the circle of Ellbogen, in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It is situated in a vale watered by the river Auboche, and has a castle, a monastery, and about 1200 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the cloth manufacture.
DUQUELLA, a province of Morocco, about seventy-five miles long and sixty broad. It is chiefly remarkable in an agricultural point of view for the production of a species of water melon, which grows to a prodigious size. Grain is also raised, but not in such quantities as in some other parts of the empire. Goats are bred in immense numbers, and their skins form one of the principal articles of export from Mogadore. Honey and wax are in great abundance. The inhabitants are industrious, and much inclined to commerce.
DURADSCH, the ancient Dyrrachium, a sea-port in Greece, in the country of the Arnauts. It is the sec of a Greek archbishop and of a Catholic bishop, is fortified, and contains 5000 inhabitants. There is a good harbour, whence both commerce and piracy have long been carried on. The air is most unwholesome.
DURAKAH, a small island in the Red Sea, about sixteen miles from the coast of Arabia. Long. 4L 31. E. Lat. 16. 48. N.
DURANDUS, William, one of the most learned lawyers of the thirteenth century, was born at Puimois-sion, in Provence. He was a pupil of Henry of Susa, and taught canon law at Modena. He was afterwards made chaplain and auditor of the sacred palace, legate of Gregory X. at the council of Lyons, and bishop of Mende in 1286. His works arc, 1. Speculum Juris, Rome, 1474, folio, whence he derived the name of Speculator ; 2. Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, Mentz, 1459, folio, scarce; 3. Repertorium Juris, Venice, 1496, folio.
DURATION, an idea obtained by attending to the succession of feelings and thoughts in the mind. Duration, as marked by certain periods and measures, is what we most properly call time.
DURBUNGAH, a town of Hindustan, province of Bahar, district of Tirhoot, fifty-five miles north-north-east from Patna. The inhabitants are chiefly Mahommedans, who support themselves by breeding horses. Long. 85.54. E. Lat. 25. 7. N.
DUREN, a circle in the Prussian government of Aix-la-Chapelle, extending over 122 square miles, and containing 38,048 inhabitants, in three cities, one market-town, and twenty-seven villages. The chief place, a city of the same name, is situated on the river Roer, and is a manufacturing place for fine cloths, blankets, paper, and ironmongery. It contains four churches, and 4938 inhabitants.
DURER, Albert, descended of an Hungarian family, and born at Nuremberg in May 1471, was one of the best engravers and painters of his age. He was a man of letters and a philosopher, and an intimate friend of Erasmus, who revised some of the pieces which he published. He was a man of business also, and for many years the leading magistrate of Nuremberg. Though not the inventor, he was one of the first improvers of the art of engraving; and he bethought himself of working also in wood, on which he engraved the life and passion of Christin thirty-six pieces, which were very highly esteemed. In many of those prints which he executed on copper, the engraving is exceedingly elegant. His Hell scene particularly, which was engraved in the year 1513, is as highly finished a print as ever was engraved, and as happily executed. In his wooden prints too we are surprised to see so much meaning in so early a master; the heads being well marked, and every part admirably executed. This artist seems to have understood the principles of design. His composition, too, is often pleasing; and his drawing generally good. But he knew very little of the management of lights, and still less of grace; yet his ideas are purer and more elegant than we could have supposed from the awkward archetypes which his country and education afforded. In a word, he was certainly a man of very extensive genius; and, as Vasari remarks, he would have been an extraordinary artist if he had had an Italian instead of a German education. His prints arc very numerous, and were much admired and eagerly bought up in his own lifetime. He was rich, and chose rather to practise his art as an amusement than as a business. This eminent person died at Nuremberg, on the 6th April 1528, and was interred in St John’s Church, where an inscription was placed over his remains. Durer wrote several books in German, which were translated into Latin by other persons, and published after his death. Among these we may mention, 1. De Symmetria Partium in rectis formis Humanorum Corporum, Nuremberg, 1532, Paris, 1557, fol.; 2. Institutiones Geometricae, Paris, 1532; 3. De Urbibus, Arcibus, Castellisque condendis et muniendis, Paris, 1531; 4. De Varietate Figurarum, et flexuris Partium, et gestibus Imaginum, Nuremberg, 1534. (See lieliquien von Albrecht Dürer, seinen Verehrern geweiht, Taschenbuch [7:8:289]für DeutschlancÎ s Kunstfreunde, zu Albrecht Dürer s dritter Secular-fcier, Nürnberg, 1828.)
DURESSE, Hardship, in Law, is where a person is kept in prison or restrained of his liberty contrary to order of law; or is threatened to be killed, maimed, or beaten. In which case, if a person so in prison, or in fear of such threats, make any specialty or obligation, by reason of such imprisonment or threats, such deed is void in law; and in an action brought on such specialty, the party may plead that it was brought by duresse.
D’URFEY, Thomas, more generally known by the familiar name of Tom d’Urfcy, an English satirist and songster, of whom, though his name was as well known as that of any writer extant, yet few particulars have been collected. He was born in Devonshire; but when, where, or of what family, is uncertain. He was bred to the law, which he forsook for the more agreeable employment of writing plays and songs; and the latter he had so happy a talent both of writing and singing, that he received many favours from persons of quality on that account. Even crowned heads did not disdain his company. A writer of the Guardian (No. 67), tells us, he remembered to have seen Charles II. leaning on Tom d’Urfey’s shoulder more than once, and humming over a song with him. This indeed was not extraordinary in so merry a monarch; but even the phlegmatic King William could relax the rigour of his Dutch muscles on hearing Tom sing a song. He was certainly by all accounts a cheerful, honest, good-natured man; but as this character does not include prudence, D’Urfey became poor as he grew old; and having prevailed on the managers of the playhouse to act his comedy of the Plotting Sisters for his benefit, Mr Addison wrote the above-mentioned paper in the Guardian, with another (No. 82) representing him in a good-humoured light, in order to procure him a full house. He died at an advanced age, in 1723.
DURKHEIM, a city, the chief place of a canton in the circle of the Rhine, in the kingdom of Bavaria. It stands on the river Isenach, and contains 500 houses, with 3081 inhabitants, who grow much wine.
DURLACH, a circle in the grand duchy of Baden, containing one city, two market-towns, and twelve villages, with 12,626 inhabitants. The capital is of the same name, situated on the river Pfing. It contains 471 houses, and 3873 inhabitants employed in making linen cloth, China ware, and other goods, and in growing fruit and wine.
DUROCHSKOI, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Irkutsk, on the confines of China, near the Argun, 160 miles south-south-east of Nertchinsk.
DURON, an island in the Straits of Malacca, about twelve miles in length and three in breadth. Long. 103. 30. E. Lat. 0. 42. N.
DUROTRIGES, an ancient British nation, established [7:8:292] in that part of the country which is now called Dorsetshire. Their name is derived from the two British words dur, water, and trigo, to dwell; and it seems pretty evident that they obtained their name from the situation of their country, which lies along the sea coast. It is not very certain whether the Durotriges formed an independent state under a prince of their own, or were united with their neighbours the Danmonii; for they were reduced by Vespasian under the dominion of the Romans, at the same time and with the same ease as the latter, and never afterwards revolted. The peaceable disposition of the inhabitants was probably the reason why the Romans had so few towns, forts, and garrisons in this pleasant country. Dorchester, its present capital, seems to have been a Roman city of some consideration, though our antiquaries are not agreed about its Roman name. It is most probable that it was the Durnovaria in the twelfth Iter of Antoninus. Many Roman coins have been found at Dorchester. The military way, called Jeening Street, passed through it; and some vestiges of the ancient stonewall with which it was encompassed, and of the amphitheatre with which it was adorned, are still visible. The country of the Durotriges was included in the Roman province called Flavia Coesariensis, and was governed by the president of that province as long as the Romans maintained any footing in these parts.
DUROUR'S Island, in the East Indian Ocean, discovered by Captain Carteret in 1767. Long. 143. 21. E. Lat. 1. 15. S.
DURRAJAH, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the Mahrattas, in the province of Malwah, twenty-five miles north-west from Bopal. Long. 77. 9. E. Lat. 23. 28. N.
DURRAMPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, fifty miles south-south-east from Surat. Long. 73. 23. E. Lat. 20. 34. N.
DURRESTEIN, a town of Austria, in the province of the Lower Fins, and circle of Upper Manhartsberg. It is situated on the banks of the Danube, and belongs to Count Staremburg. Above it are the ruins of a castle in which Richard king of England was kept a prisoner. Near to it are extensive quarries of millstones and grindstones. The inhabitants are about 1000.
DURSLEY, a market-town of the hundred of Berkeley, in the county of Gloucester, 108 miles from London. It is a corporate town, but has long ceased to elect members of parliament. A considerable quantity of broad cloth is made, chiefly for the China trade. A market, held on Thursday, is well supplied. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2379, in 1811 to 2580, in 1821 to 3186, and in 1831 to 3226.
DURY, Joh N, a Scotch divine, who travelled much, and laboured with great zeal to reunite the Lutherans with the Calvinists. His discouragements in this scheme started another still more impracticable, namely, to reunite all Christians by means of a new explication of the Apocalypse, which he published at Frankfort in 1677. He there enjoyed a comfortable retreat in the country of Hesse; but the time of his death is unknown. His letter to Peter du Moulin, concerning the state of the churches of England, Scotland, and Ireland, was printed at London in 1658, under the superintendence of Du Moulin, and is esteemed curious.
DUSKY Bay, on the west coast of Tarai Poenammoo, one of the islands of New Zealand. It is of considerable extent, and affords good anchorage in coves and harbours near the shore. In other parts of it the water is very deep. This bay was discovered by Captain Cook in 1769. Long. 166. 48. E. Lat. 45. 40. S.
DUSSARA, a fortified town of Hindustan, province of Gujerat,- which contains about 1300 houses, which are chiefly possessed by Kurbatties; the remainder of the population being Coolees, Rajpoots, and other castes, besides a few Banyans. This place, with twelve surrounding villages, is the property of a Mahommedan zemindar, of Arabian descent, one of whose ancestors, about the year 1209, was put to death for killing a cow, and he has since been considered as a martyr, and his tomb is held in high esteem. The military force of the chief is estimated at 2000 horsemen and 100 infantry.
DUSSAULX, John, a French writer, best known as the translator of Jzwenal, was born at Chartres, on the 28th of December 1728. He studied first at La Fleche, and afterwards at Paris; and having obtained the situation of a commissary in the gendarmerie, he served under the Marshal de Richelieu, in Hanover, during the seven years’ war. At the age of twenty-one he was admitted a member of the academy at Nanci; and in 1770 he published his translation of Juvenal. This work procured him admission into the Academy of Inscriptions; and he was also appointed ordinary secretary to the Duke of Orleans.

For some years he quietly prosecuted his literary occupations at Paris; but, upon the breaking out of the Revolution, his enthusiastic disposition led him to adopt its principles; and he took part in the debates of the legislative assembly. He spoke and voted, however, at all times for moderate measures; and, on several occasions, he was employed to calm the passions of the people during public tumults. At the memorable sitting of the convention of the 15th of January 1793, he voted that the king should be detained in custody during the war, and banished on the return of peace. It is rather remarkable, that when the committee of public safety wished to send him to the scaffold, his pardon was obtained by Marat, who represented him as an old dotard, incapable of becoming dangerous. He became president of the council of ancients in the month of July 1796, but left it in 1798. At the sitting of the 27th of April, he took leave of the assembly in a speech which was ordered to be printed. He died on the 16th of March 1799, after a long and painful illness.

Dussaulx was a man of considerable literary attainments, and amiable, upright, and disinterested in his conduct. His translation of Juvenal is esteemed the best version of that poet in the French language. His other works are, Mémoires sur les Satiriques Latins; Lettres et Deflexions sur la fureur dit Jeu, auxquelles on a joint une autre Lettre Morale, Paris, 1775; Discours sur la Passion du Jeu dans les différents Sieeles; De la Passion du Jeu, depuis les temps anciens jusqu a nos jours, 1779, 8vo; Fie de l’ Abbé Blanchet, prefixed to the Apologues and Tales of that author, Paris, 1784, 8vo; De l’Insurrection Ρari∙ sicnne, et de la prise de la Bastille, Paris, 1790; Lettre au Citoyen Freron, 1796, 8vo; Voyage a Barrege, et dans les Hautes- Pyrenees, Paris, 1796, 2 vols. 8vo; De mes Rapports avec Jean-Jacques Bousseau, &c. Paris, 1798, 8vo, a curious work, which throws considerable light on the character of that celebrated man.

Marie-Jeanne Lieutau, the widow of Dussaulx, published memoirs of his life, which are exceedingly interesting. See also Palissot, Mémoires sur la Littérature; and Biographie Universelle.
DUSSELDORF, a circle of the Prussian province of Westphalia, on the right bank of the Rhine. Its extent is 144 square miles, and it comprehends three cities, two market-towns, and thirty-four villages, with a population of 28,500 inhabitants.

Dusseldorf, a city, the capital of the circle of the same name, in the Prussian dominions. It stands where the river Dussel falls into the Rhine. It is one of the finest cities of Germany; and, though deprived of the [7:8:293]splendour it exhibited under its aneient dukes, has become a flourishing place by the introduction of various manufactures. The former fortifications are converted into extensive and prolific gardens. It contains three Catholic, one Lutheran, one reformed church, and ten chapels, with a house of industry, penitentiary, and an hospital, with appropriate institutions for education. The houses are 1387, and the inhabitants, including the military, in 1817 were 18,084. Long. 6. 40. 35. E. Lat. 51. 14. 12. N.
DUST, or Dustee, a river of Persia, flowing from the interior through the province of Mekran, from the southern shore of which it is discharged into the Indian Oeean. Its course is supposed to extend, under different appellations, about 1000 miles.
DUTCHY. See Duchy.
DUTY, in general, denotes any thing that one is obliged to perform.
[7:8:294]

Duty, in commerce, signifies an impost laid on merchandise, at importation or exportation, commonly called the duties of customs; also the taxes of excise, stamp duties, &c. See Political Economy, and Taxation.