pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FONTENAY, an arrondissement of the department of Vendée, in France, extending 1116 square miles. It is divided into eleven cantons, and subdivided into 161 communes, and contains 117,524 houses. The capital is a city called Fontenay Le Comte, situated in a valley through which the Vendée runs. It is an ill-built, old-fashioned town, distinguished only by its lofty tower on the mother church, which is 294 feet in height, and very beautifìd. It contains 1485 houses, and 6615 inhabitants. It has some trade in linen and woollen goods. It has not yet recovered from the effects of the revolution. Long. 2. 3. W. Lat. 36. 40. N.
FONTENOY, a village of the Netherlands, in the province of Hennegau, and circle of Tournay, containing 580 inhabitants. It is memorable for the battle fought there in 1745, in which the allies commanded by the Duke of Cumberland were defeated by the French under Marshal Saxe.
FONTEVRAUD, or Fontrvraux, Order of, in Ecclesiastical History, a religious order, instituted about the latter end of the eleventh century, and taken under the protection of the holy see by Pope Pascal II. in 1106, confirmed by a bull in 1113, and invested by his successors with very extraordinary privileges. The chief of this order was a female, appointed to inspect both the monks and nuns. The order was divided into four provinces, which were those of France, Aquitaine, Auvergne, and Bretagne, in each of which they had formerly several priories.
FONTINALIA, or Frontanalia, in Antiquity, a religious feast held amongst the Romans in honour of the deities who presided over fountains or springs. Varro observes that it was the custom to visit the wells on certain days, and to cast crowns into fountains. Scaliger, in his conjectures on Varro, supposes that this was not a feast of fountains in general, as Festus insinuates, but of die fountain which had a temple at Rome, near the Porta Capena, called also Porta Fontinalis ; and he adds, that it is of this fountain Cicero speaks in his second book De Legibus. The Fontinalia were celebrated on the 13th of October.
FOOSHT, an island in the Red Sea, situated, according to the observations of Mr Bruce, in lat. 13. 59. 43. N. It is described by him as about five miles in length from north to south; and it is low and sandy in the southern part, but in the north rises a black hill of inconsiderable height.
FOOT, a part of the body of certain animals, on which they stand, walk, or run. See Anatomy. Foot, in the Latin and Greek poetry, a metre or measure, which is composed of a certain number of long and short syllables.

Of metrical feet, which are commonly reckoned twenty-eight, some are simple, consisting of two or three syllables, and therefore called dissyllabic or trisyllabic feet ; and others are compound, consisting of four syllables, from which circumstance they are called tetrasyllable feet.

The dissyllabic feet are four in number; the pyrrichius, spondeus, iambus, and trocheus. The trisyllabic feet are eight in number; the dactylus, anapaestus, tribrachys, molossus, amphibrachys, amphimacer, bacchius, and antibacchius. The tetrasyllable are sixteen in number; the proceleusmaticus, dispondeus, choriambus, antispastus, diambus, dichoreus, ionicus a majore, ionicus a minore, epitritus primus, epitritus secundus, epitritus tertius, epitritus quartus, paeon primus, paeon secundus, paeon tertius, and paeon quartus.

Foot is also a long measure consisting of twelve inches. Geometricians divide the foot into ten digits, and the digit again into ten lines.

Foot Square is the same measure both in breadth and length, containing 144 square superficial inches.

Cubic or Solid Foot, is the same measure in all the three dimensions of length, breadth, and depth or thickness, containing 1728 cubic inches.
FOP, probably derived from the vappa of Horace, applied in the first satire of his first book to the wild and extravagant Naevius, is used amongst us to denote a person who cultivates to excess a regard to adventitious ornament and beauty.
FORAGE, in the military art, denotes hay, oats, barley, wheat, grass, clover, and the like, brought into the camp by the troopers for the sustenance of their horses.
FORCE, in Philosophy, denotes the cause of the change in the state of a body, when, from being at rest, it begins to move, or has a motion which is either not uniform or not direct. Whilst a body remains in the same state, either of rest or of uniform and rectilinear motion, the cause of its remaining in such a state is in the nature of the body, and it cannot be said that any extrinsic force has acted on it. This internal cause or principle is called inertia. See Mechanics and Physics.
FORCEPS, in Surgery, a pair of scissors for cutting off, or dividing, the fleshy membranous parts of the body, as occasion requires.
FORCER, in Mechanics, is properly a piston, without a valve. For by drawing up such a piston, the air is drawn up, and the water follows; and by pushing the piston down again, the water, being prevented from descending by the lower valve, is forced up to any height by means of a side branch.
FORCHEIM, a bailiwick of the circle of the Upper Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over eighty-eight square miles. It contains one city, one market-town, and forty-one villages, with 11,500 inhabitants. It is an undulating country, productive in corn and pasture, and yielding some wine. The capital, of the same name, is a city situated on the river Regnitz, and containing 396 houses, with 3230 inhabitants, who have large breweries, paper-mills, glass-houses, tanneries, and iron forges at work.
FORDINGBRIDGE, a market-town of Hampshire, in the hundred of its own name, ninety-two miles from London. It is situated on the river Avon, on the borders of the New Forest. There are some manufactures of printed linen and calico. The market is held on Friday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2335, in 1811 to 2259, in 1821 to 2444, and in 1831 to 2611.
FORECASTLE of a Ship, that part where the foremast stands. It is divided from the rest by a bulkhead.
FOREIGN, something extraneous, or that comes from abroad. The word is formed from the Latiniores, doors; or forts, out of doors; or forum, the market-place.
FOREIGNER, the natural-born subject of some foreign prince. Foreigners, though made denizens, or naturalized, are disqualified from bearing any office in government, being of the privy council, or members of parliament, &c. This is by the acts of the settlement of the crown.
FOREJUDGER, in Law, signifies a judgment by which one is deprived or put by a thing in question.
FORELAND, or Foreness, in Navigation, a point of land jutting out into the sea.

North Foreland, in the Isle of Thanet, Kent, of which it is the north-eastern point, is the promontory ascertained by act of parliament to be the most southern part of the port of London, which is thereby extended north in a right line to the point called the Nase on the coast of Essex, and forms what is properly called the Mouth of the Thames. A sea-mark was erected here by the Trinity-house corporation, at the public expense. All vessels which pass on the south side of this head-land are said to enter the Channel; and all the towns or harbours between London and this place, whether on the Kentish or Essex shore, are called members of the port of London.

South Foreland, in Kent, a head-land forming the eastern point of the Kentish shore; and called South, in respect to its bearing from tire North Foreland, which is about six miles to the north. Its situation is a great security to the Downs, the road between both, which would be very dangerous for ships, did not this point break off the sea, which would otherwise come rolling up from the west to the Flats; so that these two capes breaking all the force of the sea on the south-east and south-west, make the Downs be accounted a good road, excepting when the wind blows excessively hard from south-east, east-by-north, or east-northeast, when ships in the Downs are driven from their anchors, and often run ashore, or are forced on the sands, or into Sandwich Bay, or Ramsgate Pier.
FORE-LOCKS, in nautical language, little flat wedges made of iron, used at the end of bolts, to keep them from flying out of their holes.
FOREMAST of a Ship, a large round piece of timber, placed in her fore part or forecastle, and carrying the foresail and fore-top-sail yards. Its length is usually eight ninths of the main-mast, and the fore-top-gallant mast is half the length of the fore-top.
FORESTALLING, in Law, buying or bargaining for ’ any corn, cattle, victuals, or merchandise, when on the way i to fairs or markets to be sold, before they get thither, with an intent to sell the same again at a higher price.
FORESTER, a sworn officer of the forest, appointed by the king’s letters patent, to walk the forest at all hours, and watch over the vert and venison; also to make attachments and true presentments of all trespasses committed within the forest.
FORFEITURE originally signifies a transgression or offence against some penal law. The word is formed from the base Latin forisfactura, whence forfaitura and forfaic-tura, and the French forfait. Forisfactura comes from fo-risfacere, which, according to Isidore, signifies to hurt or offend, facere contra rationem ; and is not improbably derived from forts, out, and facere, to do, an action out of rule, or contrary to the rules. Borel thinks forfait is derived from the using of force or violence; and Lobineau, in his glossary, supposes forisfacta properly to signify a mulct or amend, not a forfeit, which latter he derives from the Bas-Breton, forfeit, a penalty. But with us it is now more ⅛equently used for the effect of such transgression, as the losing some right, privilege, estate, honour, office, or effects, in consequence thereof, than for the transgression itself. Forfeiture differs from confiscation in this, that the former is more general; whilst confiscation is particularly applied to such things as become forfeited to the king’s exchequer; and goods confiscated are said to be such as nobody claims. See Treason.
FORFEX, in Roman antiquity, was a method of drawing up an army in the form of a pair of sheers, and intended to receive the cuneus or wedge, if the enemy should make use of that formation.
FORFICULA, the Earwig, a genus of insects belonging to the order of coleoptera. See Entomology.
FORGE properly signifies a small furnace, in which smiths and other artificers of iron, steel, or other metals, heat these metals red hot, in order to soften them and render them more malleable and manageable on the anvil.

An ordinary forge is nothing but a pair of bellows, the nozzle of which is directed upon a smooth area, on which coals are placed. The nozzle of a pair of bellows may also be directed to the bottom of any furnace, to excite the combustion of the coals placed there, by which a kind of forge is formed. In laboratories there is generally a small furnace consisting of one cylindrical piece, open at top, which has at its lower side a hole for receiving the nozzle of a double bellows. This kind of forge furnace is very convenient for fusions, as the operation is quickly performed, with a small expenditure of fuel. In its loyver part, two inches above the hole for receiving the nozzle of the bellows, may be placed an iron plate of the same diameter, supported upon two horizontal bars, and pierced near its circumference with four holes diametrically opposite to each other. By this disposition, the wind of the bellows, pushed forcibly under this plate, enters at these four holes; and thus the heat of the fire is equably distributed, and the crucible in the furnace is surrounded by it. This contrivance is used in the forge-furnaces for smelting copper; with this difference only, that these furnaces are square, which, however, is a matter of little consequence.

As the wind of bellows strongly and rapidly excites the action of the fire, a forge is very convenient when a great heat is to be applied quickly; but it is not suitable when the heat is to be gradually increased.

Forge is also used for a large furnace, in which iron ore, taken out of the mine, is melted down; or it is more properly applied to another kind of furnace, in which the iron-ore, melted down and separated in a former furnace, and then cast into sows and pigs, is heated and fused over again, and beaten afterwards with large hammers, and thus rendered softer, purer, more ductile, and better fitted for use. See Furnace.
FORGING, in smithery, the beating or hammering iron upon an anvil, after having first made it red hot in the forge, in order to extend it into various forms, and fashion it into various works.

There are two ways of forging and hammering iron. The first is by the force of the hand, in which there are usually several persons employed, one turning the iron and likewise hammering, and the rest only hammering. The other way is by the force of a water-mill, which raises and works several huge hammers beyond the force of man, under which the workmen place large lumps or pieces of iron, which are sustained at one end by die anvils, and at the other by iron chains fastened to the ceiling of the forge. This last way of forging is only used in the largest works, as anchors for ships, which usually weigh several thousand pounds. For the lighter works a single man is sufficient to hold, heat, and turn with one hand, whilst he hammers with the other.
FORISFAMILIATION, in Law. When a child, upon receiving a portion from his father, or otherwise, renounces his legal title to any further share of his father’s succession, he is said to be forisfamiliated.
FORK, a well-known instrument, consisting of a handle and blade, divided at the end into two or more points or prongs. The table-fork did not come into use in England till the reign of James I., as we learn from a remarkable passage in Coryat. The reader will probably smile at the solemn manner in which this important discovery or innovation is related: “Here I will mention a thing that might have been spoken of before in discourse of the first Italian townes. I observed a custom in all those Italian cities and townes through the which I passed, that is not used in any other country that I saw in my travels, neither do I thinke that any other nation of Christendome doth use it, but only Italy. The Italians, and also most strangers that are commorant in Italy, doe always at their meals use a little forke when they eat their meate; for while with their knife, which they hold in one hand, they cut the meate out of the dish, they fasten the forke, which they hold in the other hand, upon the same dish, so that whatsoever he be that sitting in the company of any others at meale shall unadvisedly touch the dish of meat with his fingers from which all the table doe cut, he will give occasion of offence unto the company as having transgressed the lawes of good manners, insomuch that for his error he shall be at least browbeaten, if not reprehended in wordes. This form of feeding I understand is generally used in all parts of Italy, their forkes for the most part being made of yronn, steele, and some of silver, but those are used only by gentlemen. The reason of this their curiosity is, because the Italian cannot by any mean⅛ indure to have his dish touched with fingers, seeing all men’s fingers are not alike cleane.. Hereupon I myself thought good to imitate the Italian fashion by this forked cutting of meate, not only while I was in Italy, but also in Germany, and often times in England since I came home: being once quipped for that frequently using my forke, by a certain learned gentleman, a familiar friend of mine, Mr Lawrence Whitaker, who in his merry humour doubted not to call me a table furcifer, only for using a forke at feeding, but. for no other cause.”
FORLI, one of the delegations of the papal dominion, in Italy, 1232 square miles in extent. It contains six cities, nineteen market-towns, and a great number of villages, [7:9:749]with 150,930 inhabitants. It extends from the foot of the Appennines to the sea-shore, and is watered by several streams descending from those mountains, one of which, but not accurately ascertained, is the celebrated Rubico. On the sea-shore are many morasses which generate malaria, but the remainder of the province is tolerably healthy, and highly fertile. The chief city, of the same name, is situated on the Via Aemilia, between the rivers Mentone and Ronco. It contains nine parish churches, sixteen monasteries, and seven nunneries. The population is 15,520. It has fabrics of silks, refineries for salt and for sulphur, linen weaving, and wax bleaching. Long. 12. 18. 5. E. Lat. 44. 13. 25. N.
FORLIMPOPOLI, an open city of the delegation Forli, in the papal dominions, in Italy, which, united with Bertinoro, forms a bishopric. It contains 5806 inhabitants.
FORLORN HOPE, in the military art, signifies men detached from several regiments, or otherwise appointed, to make the first attack in day of battle; or, at a siege, to storm the counterscarp, mount the breach, or the like. They are so called from the great danger to which they are unavoidably exposed.
FORMALITY, as defined in the schools, is any manner in which a thing is conceived; or a manner in any object, importing a relation to the understanding by which it may be distinguished from another object-Thus animality and rationality are formalities. The Scotists made great use of formalities, in opposition to the virtualities of the Thomists.

Formalities, in matters of law, are frequently used for the formulas themselves, or the rules prescribed for judicial procedure. In contracts of strict law all the formalities must be strictly observed, as an omission of the least may ruin the whole convention.
FORMATION, in Philosophy, an act by which something is formed or produced.

Formation, in Geology. See Mineralogy. Formation, in Grammar, signifies the manner of forming one word from another. Thus accountantship is formed from accountant, and this last from account.
FORMEDON, in Law (breve de forma donationis), a writ that lies for a person who has a right to lands or tenements, by virtue of any entail, arising from the statute of Westminster.
FORMENTERA, one of the Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to the crown of Spain. It lies to the south of Ivica, is twelve miles in length, in some parts eight miles, and in others, from great indentations, not more than half a mile in breadth. Its name is derived from the abundant crops of wheat which are produced on the western part of the island, whilst the eastern part is almost wholly covered with thick woods. There is no town on the island; but it is peopled by 1500 inhabitants, who live in villages or sequestered cottages. It is separated from Ivica by a strait two miles across, in the middle of which is the small island Espalmado.
FORMICA, the Ant. See Entomology.
FORMING is used for the act of giving being or birth to any thing. The word is also simply used for giving figure to any thing. The potter forms his vessels as he pleases. Geometry teaches how to form all kinds of figures.

Forming of a Siege, is the making lines of circumvallation, to fortify the camp, and disposing things for the attack of a place in form.

Forming the Line, is drawing up infantry, cavalry, and artillery, in order of battle.

Forming is also used in grammar, in speaking of certain tenses of verbs, which are made from others by a change of certain letters. The present tense is formed from the infinitive. Compound and derivative words, also, and even all that have any etymology, are said to be formed.
FORMOSA, a large island in the Eastern Seas, more properly called Tywan. It is about 180 miles in length by 50 in breadth, is distant 100 miles from the south-east coast of China, and lies between the twenty-third and twenty-sixth degrees of north latitude. The Dutch at an early period established a settlement on this island; and it was long subject to their authority. In 1625 the viceroy of the Philippine Islands sentan expedition against Formosa, with a view to expel the Dutch, and to propagate the Roman Catholic religion in the island. But after erecting fortifications, the Spaniards abandoned the island. About the middle of the seventeenth century it afforded a retreat to 20,000 or 30,000 Chinese, from the fury of the Tartar conquest. These refugees were, according to the usual habits of the Chinese, very industrious; and they carried on a lucrative trade with their countrymen in China, which proved the source of an abundant revenue to the Dutch government. A profitable trade was also carried on by the Dutch with Japan. In 1653 a conspiracy of the Chinese inhabitants against the Dutch was discovered and suppressed; and soon after this, Coxinga, the governor of the maritime Chinese province of Tehichiang, applied for permission to retire to the island, which was refusied by the Dutch governor; on which he fitted out an expedition consisting of 600 vessels, and made himself master of the town of Formosa and the adjacent country, and afterwards besieged and took Fort Zealand, when the Dutch were all allowed to embark and leave the island. The loss of this convenient station and entrepôt of trade was severely felt by their East India Company. Coxinga afterwards engaged in a war with the Chinese and the Dutch, in which he was defeated and slain. But they were not able to obtain possession of the island, which was bravely defended by the posterity of Coxinga; and it was not till the year 1683 that the island was voluntarily surrendered by the reigning prince to the emperor of China, and it has ever since remained in possession of the Chinese. In 1676 the English had a factory at Formosa, the chief object of which was to carry on a trade with Japan. In 1805, through the weakness of the Chinese government, the Ladrone pirates had acqmred possession of a great part of the south-west coast of Formosa.
FORMULA, or Formulary, a rule or model, or certain terms prescribed or decreed by authority, for the form and mannet of an act, instrument, proceeding, or the like.
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Formula, in Ecclesiastical History and Theology, signifies a profession of faith.

Formula, in Medicine, imports the constitution of medicines, either simple or compound, both with respect to their prescription and their consistence.

Formula, a theorem or general rule or expression, for solving certain particular cases of some problem; so į í -ļ. ⅜ d is a general formula for the greater of two quantities whose sum is s, and difference d ; and ⅜ s — įd is the formula or general value for the less quantity. Also Vdx — x ’ is the formula or general value of the ordinate to a circle whose diameter is d and absciss x.
FORMULARY, a writing containing the form or formula of an oath, declaration, attestation, or abjuration, to be made on certain occasions. There are also formularies of devotion, of prayers, and the like. Liturgies are formularies of the public service in most churches.
FORNACALIA, or Fornicalia, in Roman antiquity, a festival instituted by Numa, in honour of Fornax, the goddess of ovens, in which certain cakes were made, and offered in sacrifice before the ovens.