pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CAXTON, William, memorable for having first introduced the art of printing into his native country, was born in Kent about the year 1410. Having served an apprenticeship to a mercer, Caxton on his demise went to the Netherlands as agent for the mercer’s company, in which situation he continued about twenty-three years. Whilst abroad he became acquainted with the newly-discovered art of printing, and in 1471 printed at Cologne a work entitled “The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, by Raoul le Fleure.” This book is very valuable, as being the earliest specimen of typography in the English language. After this he printed several works abroad, and at length returned to his native country, furnished with materials for practising the art. The first work he printed after his arrival, was the “Game and Playe of the Cliesse,” the first book executed in England. Caxton continued to exercise this new vocation for about twenty years, during which time he produced between fifty and sixty volumes, most of which were composed or translated by himself. His books are printed on a sort of vellum paper, and the errors of the press are corrected in red ink with his own hand, what are technically termed errata being then unknown. The life of Caxton has been written by the Rev. John Lewis, minister of Margate in Kent, London, 1737, one volume large 8vo; and the reader may also consult Middleton’s “Dissertation on the Origin of Printing in England.” He died in 1492, and was interred, according to some, in Campden, Glamorganshire; whilst others state that his remains were deposited in St Margaret’s, Westminster.
CAYAGAN Sooloo Isles, a group of islands in the Eastern Seas, lying off the north-east coast of Borneo. The largest is about twenty miles in circumference, of a middling size. The soil is rich and luxuriant, and it is covered with trees. In 1774 it was dependent on Sooloo, and was much frequented by pirates. Long. 118. 50. E. Lat. 70. N.
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CAYENNE, an island of South America, in French Guiana, abcut eighteen miles in length by ten in breadth. It has the Atlantic Ocean on the north and east, and is separated from the main land of Guiana by the rivers Cayenne and Ouya. The soil is fertile, and that part which faces the north is pleasant and healthy. To the south the country is lower, and abounds in meadows, which arc inundated by the periodical rains. The most noted production is Cayenne pepper; coffee, sugar, cotton, cocoa, indigo, maize, cassia, and vanilla, are also raised.

Cayenne, the capital of the above island, is situated upon its north point, at the mouth of the Cayenne. It possesses a large and convenient port, and contains about two hundred houses. Long. 52. 16. W. Lat. 4. 56. N.

Cayenne Pepper is the produce of several varieties of the capsicum, an annual plant, and a native of both the Indies. The best, which is brought home from the West Indies ready prepared, is made from the capsicum baccatum, or bird pepper. It has an aromatic, extremely· pungent, acrimonious taste, inflaming the mouth, and leaving an impression on the palate which continues for a considerable time.
CAYSTER, or Caystrus, in Ancient Geography, a river of Ionia, the embouchure of which Ptolemy places between Colophon and Ephesus. It is commended by the poets for its swans, which it had in great numbers. Its source was in the Montes Cilbiani. After many windings through the plains of Ephesus, it becomes deeper, and flows smoothly into the sea near that city. At the foot of Mount Gallesus it is crossed by an ordinary bridge of three arches. It is sometimes called by the Turks Little Meendras, after the river Meander, which it resembles in its windings. Caÿstrius Campus was part of the territory of Ephesus. The Campi Caÿstriam of Lydia were plains lying in the middle between the inland parts and Mount Tmolus.
CAZIC, or Cazique, a title given by the Spaniards to the petty kings, princes, and chiefs, of the several countries of America.
CEBES, of Thebes, a Socratic philosopher, author of the admired Tablet of Cebes ; or, Dialogzιes on the Birth., Life, and Death of Manhind. He flourished about 405 years before Christ. The above piece is mentioned by Lucian, Diogenes Laertius, Tertullian, and Suidas; but of Cebes himself we have no account, save an accidental notice by Plato, and another by Xenophon. The former says in his Phaedo, that Cebes was a sagacious investigator of truth, and never assented without the most convincing reasons; the latter, in his Memorabilia, ranks him among the few intimates of Socrates who excelled the rest in the innocence of their lives. The Tabzda of Cebes is usually printed with the Manuale of Epictetus.
CECILIA, St, the patroness of music, has been honoured as a martyr ever since the fifth century. Her story, as delivered by the Notaries of the Roman Catholic church, and thence transcribed into the Golden Legend and other books of the like kind, says that she was a Roman lady, born of noble parents about the year 295; that, notwithstanding she had been converted to Christianity, her parents married her to a young Pagan nobleman named Valerianus, who, going to bed to her on the wedding night, was given to understand by his spouse, that she was nightly visited by an angel, and that he must forbear to approach her, otherwise the angel would destroy him. Valerianus, somewhat troubled at these words, desired that he might see his rival the angel; but his spouse told him that was impossible, unless he would consent to be baptized and become a Christian. This he consented to, after which, returning to his wife, he found her in her closet at prayer, and by her side, in the shape of a beautiful young man, an angel clothed with brightness. After some conversation with the angel, Valerianus told him that he had a brother named Tiburtius, whom he greatly desired to see a partaker of the grace which he himself had received. The angel answered that his desire was granted, and that they should be both crowned with martyrdom in a short time. Upon this the angel vanished, and was not long in showing that he had kept his word; for Tiburtius was converted, and both he and his brother Valerianus were beheaded. Cecilia was offered her life upon condition that she would sacrifice to the deities of the Romans, but she refused; upon which she was thrown into a caldron of boiling water, and scalded to death. Others say, that she was stifled in a dry bath, or an enclosure from which the air had been excluded, heated by a slow fire underneath; a kind of death which was sometimes inflicted by the Romans upon women of quality who were criminals. Upon the spot where her house stood is a church, said to have been built by Pope Urban L, who administered baptism to her husband and his brother. This church is that of St Cecilia at Trastevere; [7:6:270]and within it is a most curious painting of the saint, as also a stately monument, with a cumbent statue having the face downwards. There is a tradition of St Cecilia that she excelled in music, and that the angel who had become enamoured of her was drawn from the celestial regions by the charms of her melody; and this has been deemed sufficient authority for making her the patroness of music and musicians. The legend of St Cecilia has given frequent occasion to painters and sculptors to exercise their genius in representations of her playing on the organ, and sometimes on the harp. Raphael has painted her in the
attitdue
of singing with a regal in her hand, and Domenicliino and Mignard in that of singing and playing on the harp.
CECROPS, the founder and first king of Athens, supposed to have been contemporary with Moses the lawgiver of the Hebrews. He was the first who established civil government, religious rites, and marriage among the Greeks; and he died after a reign of fifty years. See Athens and Attica.
CEDRENUS, George, a Grecian monk, who lived in the eleventh century, and wrote Annals, or an abridged History, from the beginning of the world to the reign of Isaac Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, who succeeded Michael IV. in 1057. This work is no more than a compilation from several historians. There is an edition of it printed at Paris in 1647, with the Latin version of Xylander, and the notes of Father Goar, a Dominican.
CEFALU, a city of Italy, in the intendancy of Palermo, in the island of Sieily. It stands on the sea-shore, is surrounded with walls, and contains 1460 houses, and 8937 inhabitants, who subsist chiefly by the fisheries, and by carrying on a coasting trade.
CEILING, in Architecture, the top or roof a lower room; or a covering of plaster over laths nailed on the bottom of the joists which support the floor of the upper room, or, where there is no upper room, on joists for the purpose, hence called ceiling joists. The word ceiling answers pretty accurately to the Latin lacunar, meaning every thing over head.
CEIMELIA, from κιιμα ∣ , to be laid up, in Antiquity, denotes choice or precious pieces of furniture or ornaments, reserved or laid up for extraordinary occasions and uses. In this sense sacred garments, vessels, and the like, are reputed of the ceimelia of a church. Medals, antique stones, figures, manuscripts, records, and the like, are the ceimelia of men of letters.
CEIMELIARCHIUM, the repository or place where ceimelia are preserved.
CEIMELIOPHYLAX (from zi∕∕xηλ∕ov and poaαrrω, I keep), the keeper or curator of a collection of ceimelia, sometimes also denoted ceimeliarcha. The ceimeliarcha, or ceimeliophylax, was an officer in the ancient churches or monasteries, answering to what was otherwise denominated chartophylax and custos archivorum.
CELARENT, among logicians, a mode of syllogism, in which the major and the conclusion are universal negative propositions, and the minor a universal affirmative.
E. gr. cE None whose understanding is limited can be omniscient.
IΑ Every man’s understanding is limited.
rEnt Therefore no man is omniscient.
CELASTRUS. In Senegal the negroes use the powder of the root of this plant as a specific against gonorrhoeas, which it is said to cure in eight, and sometimes in three days. An infusion of the bark of a species of staff-tree, which grows in the Isle of France, is said to possess the same virtues.
CELERES, in Roman antiquity, a regiment of bodyguards belonging to the Roman kings, established by Romulus, and composed of three hundred young men, chosen out of the most illustrious Roman families, and approved by the suffrages of the curiae of the people, each of which furnished ten. The name was given them because of their promptness to obey the king.

The celeres always attended near the king’s person, to guard him, to be ready to carry his orders, and to execute them. In war they formed the van-guard in the engagement, which they always began; in retreats they formed the rear-guard. Though the celeres were a body of horse, yet they usually dismounted and fought on foot. Their commander was called tribune or prefect of the celeres. They were divided into three troops of a hundred each, commanded by a captain called centurio, and their tribune was the second person in the kingdom. Plutarch says that Numa broke the celeres. If this be true, they were soon reestablished; for we find them under most of the succeeding kings. Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, was tribune of this corps delite.
CELERI, the English name of a variety of the Apium Graveolens. See Horticulture.
CELERITY, in Mechanics, the swiftness of any body in motion. It is also defined to be an affection of motion, by which any movable body runs through a given space in a given time.
CELESTINS, a religious order, so called from their founder Peter de Meuron, afterwards raised to the pontificate under the name of Celestin V. This Peter, who was born of mean parents at Ifernia, a little town in the kingdom of Naples, in the year 1215, retired, while very young, to a solitary mountain, in order to dedicate himself wholly to prayer and mortification. The fame of his piety attracted several, from curiosity, to see him; some of whom, charmed with his virtues, renounced the world in order to join him in his solitude. With these he formed, in the year 1254, a kind of community, which was approved by Pope Urban IV. ten years afterwards, and erected into a distinct order, called the Hermits of St Damim. Peter de Meuron governed this order till 1286, when his love of solitude and retirement induced him to quit the charge. In July 1294, the great reputation of his sanctity raised him, though much against his will, to the pontificate. He then took the name of Celestin V. and his order that of Celestins from him. By his bull he approved of their constitutions, and confirmed all their monasteries to the number of twenty. But he occupied too short time the chair of St Peter to do many great things for his order; for having governed the church five months and a few days, he considered that the great burden he had taken upon himself was one to which he was no longer equal, and solemnly renounced the pontificate in a consistory held at Naples.

After his death, which happened in 1296, his order made great progress, not only in Italy, but likewise in France whither the then general, Peter of Tivoli, sent twelve religious persons, at the request of King Philip the Fair, who gave them two monasteries; one in the forest of Orleans, and the other in the forest of Compiegne at Mount Chartres. This order likewise passed into several provinces of Germany. They have about ninety-six convents in Italy, and twenty-one in France, under the title of priories.

The Celestins rise two hours after midnight to say matins. They eat no flesh at any time, except when they arc sick. They fast every Wednesday and Friday, from Easter to the feast of the exaltation of the holy cross; and, again, from that feast to Easter, every day. Their habit consists of a white gown, a capuche, and a black scapulary. In the choir, and when they go out of the monastery, they wear a black cowl with the capuche: their shirts are of serge.
CELETES, or Celetae (from κι ∖ ης, a race-horse), in Antiquity, denote single or saddle-horses, by way of contradistinction from those which were yoked or harnessed together, and called bigarii, quadrigarii, &c. The same denomination is also given to the cavaliers, or riders on horseback; and hence some deduce celeres, the name of Romulus’s guard.
CELEUSMA, or Celeuma, in Antiquity, the shout or cry of the seamen, by which they animated each other in their work of rowing. The word is formed from κsasuε∕r, to call, or give the signal. Celeusma was also a kind of song or formula, rehearsed or played by the master or others, to direct the strokes and movements of the mariners, as well as to encourage them to labour.
CELEUSTES, in ancient navigation, the boatswain or officer appointed to give the rowers the signal when they were to pull, and when to stop, He is also denominated epopius, and by the Romans portisculus, sometimes simply hortator.
CELIBACY, the state of unmarried persons. Scaliger derives the word from the Greek κοίτη, hed f and λe ∣ πω, linquo, I leave; others say it is formed from coeli beatitudo, that is, the blessedness of heaven.

The ancient Romans used all means imaginable to discourage celibacy. Nothing was more usual than for the censors to impose a fine on bachelors. Dionysius Halicarnasseus mentions an ancient constitution by which all persons of mature age were obliged to marry. But the first law of that kind of which we have any certainty is that under Augustus, called lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus. It was afterwards denominated Papia Poppaea, and more usually Julia Papia, in regard of some new sanctions and amendments made to it under the consuls Papius and Poppaeus. By this law various prerogatives were given to persons who had many children; while penalties were imposed on those who lived a single life, such as being declared incapable of receiving legacies exceeding a certain amount or proportion.
CELIDOGRAPHIA, the description of the spots which appear on the surfaces or discs of the sun and planets.
CELINDRO, or Chelindrch, a small sea-port and bay of Asia Minor, on the coast of Caramania, where the couriers from Constantinople embark for the island of Cyprus. It has several remains of antiquity near it, and it is supposed to be the ancient Celenderis of Strabo. It is fifty-four miles north of Cerino, in the island of Cyprus.
CELL (Cella), in ancient writers, denotes a place or apartment, usually under ground, and vaulted, in which were stored up several kinds of necessaries, as wine, honey, and the like; and according to which it was called Celia Vinaria, Ollearia, Mellaria, &c. The word is formed from the Latin celare, to conceal.

Cella was also used for the lodge or habitation of a common prostitute, as being anciently under ground, and hence also denominated fornix. Cella was also applied to the bed-chambers of domestics and servants, probably as being low and narrow. Cicero, inveighing against the luxury of Antony, says, the beds in the very cellae of his servants were spread with pompous purple coverlets.

Cella is further applied to the members or apartments of baths. Of these there were three principal ones, called frigidaria, tepidaria, and caldaria, to which may be added a fourth, called cella assa, and sometimes sudatoria. Cella likewise signified the adyta or most retired parts of temples, in which the images of the gods to whom the edifices were consecrated were preserved. In this sense we meet with cella Jovis, cella Concordiae. Cella is also used for a lesser or subordinate sort of monastery dependent on a great one, by which it was erected, and continues still to be governed. The great abbeys in England had most of them cells in places distant from the mother abbey, to which they were accountable, and from which they received their superiors. The alien priories in England were cells to abbeys in Normandy, France, or Italy. The name of cell was also given to rich and considerable monasteries not dependent on any other.

Cell signifies also a small apartment or chamber, such as those in which the ancient monks, solitaries, and hermits, lived in retirement. Some derive the word from the Hebrew xŉ, meaning a prison, or place where any thing is shut up. The same name is still retained in different monasteries. The dormitory is frequently divided into so many cells or lodges. The Carthusians have each a separate house, which serves them as a cell. The hall in which the Roman conclave is held is divided by partitions into different cells, for the several cardinals to lodge in.
CELLAR (Cellarium), in ancient writers, denotes the same with cella, namely, a conservatory of provisions or liquors. Cellar differs from vault, as the latter is supposed to be deeper, while the former is frequently but little below the surface of the ground. Cellarium also differed from pemis, inasmuch as the former was only a storehouse for a short time, while the latter was one for a long time. Hence the Bactroperatae, a sort of ancient Cynics, are said by St Jerome to carry their cellar about with them.

Cellarium also denoted an allowance of bread, wine, oil, or other provision, furnished out of the cella, for the use of the governor of the province and his officers and dependents. In this sense the word amounts to nearly the same with annona.

Cellars, in modern building, are the lowest apartments in a house, the ceilings of which are usually on a level with the surface of the ground upon which the house is built; or they arc situated under the pavement before the house, especially in streets and squares.

Cellars, and other places vaulted under ground, were called by the Greeks hypogaea ; and the Italians still denominate them fundi delli case.
CELLARER, or Cellerer (Cellerarius or Cellarius), an officer in monasteries, to whom belonged the care and procurement of provisions for the convent. The denomination is said to have been borrowed from the Roman law, where cellarius denotes an examiner of accounts and expenses. Ulpian defines it thus: “Cellerarius, id est, ideo praepositus ut rationes salvae sint.”

The cellerarius was one of the four ohedientiañi, or great officers of monasteries. Under his orders were the pistrinum or bakehouse, and the bracinum or brewhouse, ln [7:6:273]the richer houses there were particular lands set apart for the maintenance of his office, called in ancient writings ad cibum monachorum. The cellerarius was a great man in the convent; and his whole office in ancient times had respect to its origin. He was bound to see his lord’s corn got in, and laid up in granaries; and his appointment consisted in a certain proportion of grain, usually fixed at a thirteenth part of the whole, together with a furred gown. The office of cellarer then differed only in name from those of bailiff and minstrel, excepting that the cellarer had the receipt of his lord’s rents throughout the whole extent of his jurisdiction.

Cellarer was also an officer in chapters, to whom belonged the care of the temporals, and particularly the distribution of bread, wine, and money, to canons, on account of their attendance in the choir. In some places he was called cellarer, in others burser, and in others currier.
CELLARIUS, Christopher, was born in 1638, at Smalcalde, in Franconia, of which town his father was minister. He was successively rector of the colleges at Weimar, Zeitz, and Mcrsburg; and the king of Prussia having in 1693 founded a university at Halle, he was prevailed on to become professor of eloquence and history there, where he composed the greater part of his works. His great application to study hastened the infirmities of old age; for it is said he was accustomed to spend whole days and nights together at his books, without any attention to his health, or even to the calls of nature. His works relate to grammar, geography, history, and the oriental languages; and the number of them is amazing. ' The principal are, 1. Historia Antiqua, Jena, 1698, 12mo; 2. Orthographia Latina ex Vetustis Monumentis, the best edition of which is that of Harles, Altenburg, 1768, 8vo; 3. Antibarbarus, seu de Latinitate Mediae ct lnfιmce Aetatis Liber, Jena, 1695; 4. Curoe posteriores de Barbarismis et Idiotismis Sermonis Latini, ibid. 1700, 12mo; 5. Breviarium Antiquitatum Romanarum, Halle, 1710, 8vo; 6. Notitia Orbis Antiqui, 2 vols. 4to, Leipsie, 1701, 1706. Cellarius died in 1707.
CELLBRIDGE, or Kiłdrought, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare. It is situated upon the river Liffey, over which there is a fine stone bridge. The town consists chiefly of two broad avenues, intersecting each other at right angles, and presenting a regular appearance. Manufactures of woollen cloths and of chip hats have been occasionally carried on here. The population amounts to about 1300. It is distant fourteen miles west by south from Dublin.
CELLERFELD, a bailiwick in the kingdom of Hanover, in the Hartz Forest, 56 square miles, or 35,840 English acres, in extent, comprehending four towns, three villages, and several insulated establishments, with 7753 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is 1740 feet above the level of the sea. It contains 3208 inhabitants, depending chiefly on the mines.
CELLINI, Benvenuto, an eminent statuary, who was bred a jeweller and goldsmith, but seems to have had an extraordinary genius for the fine arts in general. He was contemporary with Michel Angelo and Julio Romano, and was employed by popes, kings, and other princely patrons of sciences and arts, which were so highly cultivated in the days of Leo X. and Charles V. Some of his productions were esteemed as equally exquisite in design and execution. He lived to a very considerable age; and his life, almost to the last, was a continued series of adventures, persecutions, and misfortunes. He wrote the history of his own life, which, however, was not published till the year 1730, probably on account of the excessive freedom with which he had treated many distinguished personages of Italy and other countries. There are several English translations of this curious work.