pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ANTHROPOL ATRIA, the paying of divine honours to a man: supposed to be the most ancient kind of idolatry.
ANTHROPOLITES, a term denoting petrifactions of the human body, as those of quadrupeds are called zoo- lites. See Petrifaction.
ANTHROPOLOGY, a discourse upon human nature. It is sometimes applied to designate the speculations and inquiries that have obtained concerning the varieties of the human race. See Man. Anthropology, among divines, denotes that manner of expression by which the inspired writers attribute human parts and passions to God.
ANTHROPOMANCY, a species of divination, performed by inspecting the entrails of a human creature.
ANTHROPOMORPHA, a term formerly given to the primates of that class of animals which have the greatest resemblance to the human kind.
ANTHROPOMORPHISM, among ecclesiastical writers, denotes the heresy or error of the Anthropomorphites. 5>cc the next article·
ANTHROPOMORPHITES, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of ancient heretics, who, taking every thing spoken of God in Scripture in a literal sense, particularly that passage of Genesis in which it is said God made man after his own image, maintained that God had a human shape. They are likewise called Audeans, from Audeus their leader.
ANTHROPOMORPHOUS, something that bears the figure or resemblance of a man. Naturalists give instances of anthropomorphous plants, anthropomorphous minerals, &c. These generally come under the class of what are called lusus naturoe, or monsters.
ANTHROPOPATHY, a figure or expression by which some passion is ascribed to God, which properly belongs only to man.
ANTHROPOSCOPIA (from av0ζω<πος, and ffκmω, I consider), the art of judging or discovering a man’s character, disposition, passions, and inclinations, from the lineaments of his body; in which sense anthroposcopia seems of somewhat greater extent than physiognomy or metoposcopy. Otto has published an Anthroposcopia, sive judicium hominis de homine ex lineamentis externis.
ANTHROPOTHYSIA, the inhuman practice of offering human sacrifices. See Sacrifice.
ANTHYPOPHORA, in Rhetoric, a figure of speech, being the counterpart of an hypophora. See Hypophora.
ANTI, a Greek preposition, which enters into the com-, position of several words, both Latin, French, and English, m different senses. Sometimes it signifies before, as an antichamber; and sometimes opposite or contrary, as in the names of these medicines, anti-scorbutic, anti-venereal.
ANTIBAÇĊHIUS, in Ancient Poetry, a foot consisting of three syllables, the first two long, and the last one short: such is the word āmbīrĕ.
ANTIBES, a seaport town of France, in the department of Var, with a strong castle. Its territory produces excellent fruit; and the town stands opposite to Nice, in i the Mediterranean. Long. 7. 9. E. Lat. 43. 42. N.
ANTICHRIST, among ecclesiastical writers, denotes a great adversary of Christianity, who is to appear upon the earth towards the end of the world. Some place his capital at Constantinople, others at Jerusalem, others at Moscow, and some few at London; but the generality at Rome, though these last are divided. Grotius and some others suppose Rome Pagan to have been the seat of Antichrist; most of the Lutheran and reformed doctors contend earnestly for Rome Christian under the papal hierarchy. In fact, the point having been maturely debated at the council of Gap, held in 1603, a resolution was taken thereupon to insert an article in the Confession of Faith, whereby the pope is formally declared to be Antichrist. Pope Clement VIII. was stung to the quick with this decision; and even King Henry IV. of France was not a little mortified to be thus declared, as he said, an imp of Antichrist.

Μ. Leclerc holds that the rebel Jews and their leader Simon, whose history is given by Josephus, are to be reputed as the true Antichrist. Lightfoot and Vanderhart rather apply this character to the Jewish Sanhedrim. Hippolitus and others held that the devil himself was the true Antichrist; that he was to be incarnate, and make his appearance in human shape before the consummation of all things. Others among the ancients held that Antichrist was to be born of a virgin by some prolific power imparted to her by the devil.

Hunnius and some others assert that there is to be .both an eastern and a western Antichrist. Father Mal-venda, a Jesuit, published a large work entitled Antichristo, in which this subject is amply discussed.

Upon the whole, the Antichrist mentioned by the apostle John in his First Epistle, ii. 18, and more particularly described in the book of Revelation, seems evidently to be the same with the Man of Sin, &c. characterized by St Paul in his Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, chap. ii.; and the entire description literally applies to the excesses of papal power. Had the right of private judgment, says an excellent writer, been always adopted and maintained, Antichrist could never have been; and when that sacred right comes to be universally asserted, and men follow the voice of their own reason and conscience, Antichrist can be no more.;
ANTICHRISTIANISM, a state or quality in persons or principles which denominates them antichristian, or opposite to the kingdom of Christ. Μ. Jurieu takes the idea of the unity of the church to have been the source of Antichristianism. Had not mankind been infatuated with this, they would never have stood in such awe of the anathemas of Rome. It is on this that the popes erected their monarchical power.
ANTICHTHONES, in Ancient Geography, an appellation given to the inhabitants of opposite hemispheres.
ANTICOSTE, a barren island lying in the mouth of the river St Lawrence, in North America. Long. 64.16. W. Lat. 49. 40. N.
ANTIDICOMARIANITES, ancient heretics who pretended that the Holy Virgin did not preserve a perpetual virginity, but that she had several children by Joseph after quγ Saviour’s birth.
ANTIDORON, in ecclesiastical writers, a name given by the Greeks to the consecrated bread, out of which the middle part, marked with the cross, wherein the consecration resides, being taken away by the priest, the remainder is distributed after mass to the poor. On the sides of the antidoron are impressed the words Jesus Christus vicit. The word is formed from δωgoν, donum, a gift, as being given away loco muneris, or in charity. The antidoron is also called panis praesanctificatus.
ANTIDOSIS, in Antiquity, denotes an exchange of estates, practised by the Greeks on certain occasions with peculiar ceremonies, and first instituted by Solon.

When a person was nominated to an office, the expense of which he was not able to support, he had recourse tõ the antidosis; that is, he was to seek some other citizen of better substance than himself, who was free from this and other offices; in which case the former was excused. In case the person thus substituted denied himself to be the richest, they were to exchange estates after this manner[7:3:250]: the doors of their houses were shut up and sealed, that nothing might be conveyed away; then both took an oath to make a faithful discovery of all their effects, except what lay in the silver mines, which by the laws were exempted from all imposts. Accordingly, within three days, a full discovery and exchange of estates was made.
ANTIGRAPHUS, in Antiquity, an officer of Athens, who kept a counterpart of the apodecti, or chief treasurer’s accounts, to prevent mistakes, and keep them from being falsified.

Antigraphus is used by writers in the middle ages for [7:3:251] I a secretary or chancellor. He is thus called, according to the old glossarists, on account of his writing answers to the letters sent to his master. The antigraphus is sometimes also called archigraphus, and his dignity antigra-pliia or archigraphia. Antigraphus is also applied by ecclesiastical writers to an abbreviator of the papal letters·; in which sense the word is used by Pope Gregory the Great in his register.
ANTIGUA, one of the Antilles or Caribbee Islands, situated 20 leagues east of St Christophers, in long. 61. 45. W. and lat. 17. 6. N. It is about 50 miles in circumference, and is reckoned the largest of all the British leeward islands. This island having no rivers, and but few springs, or such as are brackish, the inhabitants arc obliged to preserve the rain-water in cisterns. The air here is not so wholesome as in the neighbouring islands, and it is more subject to hurricanes; but it has excellent harbours, particularly English Harbour, which is capable of receiving the largest man-of-war in the navy. The principal trade, however, is carried on in the harbour of St Johns, the capital, situated in the north-west part of the island, and which has water sufficiently deep for merchant vessels. The island, according to Edwards, contains 59,838 acres of land, of which about 34,000 are appropriated to the growth of sugar, including those which are annexed as pasture grounds. The other staples are cotton, ginger, and tobacco.

A settlement was first attempted in Antigua by Sir Thomas Warner, about the same time with those in St Christophers and Nevis; but no establishment then took place. It was afterwards granted by Charles II. to Lord Willoughby, then governor of Barbadoes, who settled a colony upon it in the space of a few years. The imports in 1810 amounted to L.285,000, and the exports to L.182,000. According to Young (West India CommonPlace Book), the population is 40,000, of whom 36,000 are slaves; but the free population has increased, and the negroes diminished, since his work was published. See Malte-Brun’s Geography, vol. v. p. 588-9 (English translation).
ANTIGUGGLER is a crooked tube of metal, so bent as easily to be introduced into the necks of bottles, and used in decanting liquors without disturbing them.
ANTILLES, the French name for the Caribbee Islands.
ANTILOGARITHM, the complement of the logarithm of a sine, tangent, or secant; or the difference of that logarithm from the logarithm of 90 degrees.
ANTILOGY, in matters of literature, an inconsistency between two or more passages of the same book.
ANITMENSIUM, a kind of consecrated table-cloth, occasionally used in places where there is no proper altar.

Antimensium, in the Greek church, answers to the altare portabile, or portable altar, in the Latin church. They are both only of late invention, though Habertus would have them as old as St Basil. But Durant and Bona do not pretend to find them in any author before the time of Bede and Charlemagne.— Antimensia is also applied to other tables used in offices of religion, besides those whereon the eucharist is administered: such, e. g. are those whereon the host is exposed, &c.
ANTIMERIA, in Grammar, a figure whereby one part of speech is used for another: e. g. velle suam cuique est, for voluntas sua cuique est ; also populus late rex, for populus late regnans. Antimeria, in a more restrained sense, is a figure where the noun is repeated instead of the pronoun. The antιmeria is frequent in the Hebrew, and is sometimes retained in our version of the Old Testament accordingly ∙ e. g. Hear mg voice, ye wives of Lantech, for my wives,
ANTIMETABOLE, in Rhetoric, a figure which sets two things in opposition to each other. The word is Greek, compounded of am, against, and μvraZο7.τ ∣ from 1 usταCαλλω, I shift or transfer, i. e. shifting, or setting two things over against each other.
ANTIMETATHESIS, in Rhetoric, is the inversion of the parts or members of an antithesis. Such is that of Cicero in Verrem, lib. iv. cap. 52: “Compare this peace with that war; the arrival of this governor with the victory of that general; his profligate troops with the invincible army of the other; the luxury of the former with the temperance of the latter: you will say that Syracuse was founded by him who took it, and taken by him who held it when founded.”
ANTIMONY, a blackish mineral substance, staining the hands, full of long, shining, needle-like striae, hard, brittle, and considerably heavy. It is found in different parts of Europe, as Bohemia, Saxony, Transylvania, Hungary, France, and England; commonly in mines by itself, intermixed with earth and stony matters. Sometimes it is blended with the richer ores of silver, and renders the extraction of that metal difficult, by volatilizing a part of the silver, or, in the language of the miners, robbing the ore. Antimony is the stibium of the ancients; by the Greeks called ΰτιμμι. The reason of its modern denomination, antimony, is usually referred to Basil Valentine, a German monk, who, as the tradition relates, having thrown some of it to the hogs, observed that, after purging them violently, they immediately grew fat upon it. This made him think, that by giving his fellow-monks a like dose, they would be the better for it. The experiment, however, succeeded so ill, that they all died of it; and the medicine thenceforward was called antimony, q. d. anti-monh. Antimony at first was used only in the composition of paint. Scripture describes it as a sort of paint with which the women blackened their eyebrows. Its modern uses are very numerous and important. It is a common ingredient in specula or burning concaves, serving to give the composition a finer texture. It makes a part in bell-metal, and renders the sound clearer. It is mingled, with tin to make it harder, whiter, and more sonorous; and with lead, in the casting of printers’ letters, to render them smoother and firmer. It is also a general help in the melting of metals, and especially in the casting of cannon-balls. It is likewise made use of for purifying and heightening the colour of gold. For a long time this mineral was esteemed poisonous. In 1566 its use was prohibited in France by an edict of parliament; and in 1609 one Besnier was expelled the faculty for having administered it. The edict was repealed in 1650, antimony having a few years before been received into the number of purgatives. In 1668 a new edict came forth, forbidding its use by any but doctors of the faculty. It is now universally allowed that pure antimony in its crude state has no noxious quality, and that though many of its preparations are most virulently emetic and cathartic, yet, by a slight alteration or addition, they lose their virulence, and become mild in their operation. Its virtues in the diseases of animals are greatly extolled.
ANTINOEIA, in Antiquity, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games in - memory of Antinous the Bithyniam They were instituted at the command of Adrian, the Roman emperor, at Mantinea in Arcadia, where Antinous was honoured with a temple and divine worship.
ANTINOMIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, certain heretics who maintain that the law is of no use or obligation under the gospel dispensation, or who hold doctrines that clearly supersede the necessity of good works and a virtuous life. The Antinomians took their origin from John Agricoa about the year 1538, who taught that the law is [7:3:252] nowise necessary under the gospel; that good works do not promote our salvation, nor ill ones hinder it; that repentance is not to be preached from the decalogue, but only from the gospel.

This sect sprung up in England during the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, and extended their system of libertinism much farther than Agricoa, the disciple of Luther. Some of their teachers expressly maintained, that as the elect cannot fall from grace, nor forfeit the divine favour, the wicked actions they commit are not really sinful, nor are to be considered as instances of their violation of the divine law; and that, consequently, they have no occasion either to confess their sins or to break them off by repentance. According to them, it is one of the essential and distinctive characters of the elect, that they cannot do any thing which is either displeasing to God or prohibited by the law.

The doctrine of Agricoa was in itself obscure, and perhaps represented worse than it really was by Luther, who wrote with acrimony against him, and first styled him and his followers Antinomians. Agricoa stood on his own defence, and complained that opinions were imputed to him which he did not hold. Nicholas Amsdorf fell under the same odious name and imputation, and seems to have been treated more unfairly than even Agricoa himself.
ANTINOUS, the favourite of Adrian, was born at Bithynus in Bithynia. His beauty engaged the heart of Adrian in such a manner, that there never was a more boundless and extravagant passion than that of this emperor towards this youth. After his death the emperor ordered divine honours to be paid him, and he also erected a city which he named after him.
ANTIOCHIAN Sect or Academy, a name given to what was called the fifth academy. It took the denomination from its being founded by Antiochus, a philosopher contemporary with Cicero. The Antiochian academy succeeded the Philonian. As to doctrine, the philosophers of this sect appear to have restored that of the ancient academy, except in the article of the criterion of truth. Antiochus was really a Stoic, and only nominally an Academic.

ANTiociHAn Epocha, a method of computing time from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch about the time of the battle of Pharsalia.
ANTIOCHUS of Ascalon, a celebrated philosopher, the disciple of Philo of Larissa, the master of Cicero and the friend of Lucullus and Brutus. He was founder of a fifth academy. See Antiochian Sect.
ANTIOPE, in fabulous history, the wife of Licus, king of Thebes, who being deflowered by Jupiter in the form of a satyr, brought forth Amphion and Zethus. Another Antiope was queen of the Amazons, and, with the assistance of the Scythians, invaded the Athenians, and was vanquished by Theseus.
ANTIPAEDOBAPTISTS, (derived from αvr∕, against, ι Jraις, ναιδος, child, and βa∙τr~ιζω, I baptize, whence βa ι ZτιGτr ∣ ς), is a distinguishing denomination given to those who object to the baptism of infants; because they say infants are incapable of being instructed, and of making that profession of faith which entitles them to this ordinance, and an admission into church communion.
ANTIPAROS, an island in the Archipelago, opposite’ to Paros, from which it is separated by a strait about Seven miles over. It is the Oleares or Oliaros mentioned by Strabo, Pliny, Virgil, Ovid, &c.; and was, according to Heraclides Ponticus, as quoted by Stephanus, first peopled by a Phoenician colony from Sidon. According to Mr Tournefort’s account, it is about 16 miles in circumference, and tolerably fertile.

This island is remarkable for a subterraneous caverm or grotto, accounted one of the greatest natural curiosi-· ties in the world. It is 300 fathoms below the surface of the earth, and appears to be about 40 fathoms high’ and 50 wide, penetrating far into the bosom of the island. It is full of large and beautiful stalactites. There have been many descriptions of this celebrated grotto, of which that by Tournefort is supposed to be very complete and exact. (^Relation d’un Voyage du Levant.)
ANTIPAS Herod, or Herod-Antipas, the son of Herod the Great, by one of his wives called Cleopatra, a [7:3:254]native of Jerusalem. Herod the Great, in his first will, appointed Antipas his successor in the kingdom; but afterwards altering that will, he named his son Archelaus his successor, giving to Antipas the title only of tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea.

Antipas took a great deal of pains in adorning and fortifying the principal places of his dominions. He married the daughter of Aretas king of Arabia, whom he divorced about the year of Christ 33, to marry his sister-in-law Herodias, wife to his brother Philip, who was still living. St John the Baptist exclaiming continually against this incest, was, by order of Antipas, imprisoned in the castle of Machaerus. Josephus says that Antipas caused St John to be laid hold of because he drew too great a concourse of people after him; and that he was afraid lest he should make use of the authority which he had acquired over the minds and affections of the people to induce them to revolt. But the evangelists, who were better informed than Josephus, as being eye-witnesses of what passed, and acquainted in a particular manner with St John and his disciples, assure us that the true reason of imprisoning St John was the aversion which Herod and Herodias had conceived against him for the liberty he had used in censuring their scandalous marriage. The virtue and holiness of St John were such that even Herod feared and respected him; but his passion for Herodias would have induced him to kill that prophet, had he not been restrained by his apprehensions of the people, who esteemed John the Baptist as a prophet. (Matt. xiv. 5, 6.) One day, however, while the king was celebrating the festival of his birth with the principal persons of his court, the daughter of Herodias danced before him, and pleased him so well, that he promised with an oath to give her whatever she should ask of him. By her mother’s advice she asked the head of John the Baptist; upon which the king commanded John to be beheaded in prison, and the head to be given her. Aretas, king of Arabia, to revenge the affront which Herod had offered to his daughter, declared war against him, and overcame him in a very obstinate engagement. Herod being afterwards detected as a party in Sejanus’s conspiracy, was banished by the emperor Caius to Lyons in Gaul, whither Herodias accompanied him. The time when he died is not known; however, it is certain he died in exile, as well as Herodias.
ANTIPATER, the disciple of Aristotle, and one of Alexander the Great’s generals, was a man of great abilities, and a lover of the sciences; but was accused of poisoning Alexander. He subdued the revolted Thracians, relieved Megalopolis, and overthrew the Spartans there. He died 321 years before the Christian era.

Antipater, an Idumean of illustrious birth, and possessed of great riches and abilities, taking advantage of the confusion into which the two brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus plunged Judea by their contest for the office of high priest, took such measures as to gain for Hyrcanus that office, and under his government to obtain the absolute direction of all affairs; while his great abilities and application to business made him so considerable, that he was honoured as much as if he had been invested with the royal authority in form: but he was at last poisoned by a Jew named Malachus, 43 years before the Christian era. He left, among his other children, the famous Herod, king of the Jews.

Antipater, Caelius, a Roman historian, who wrote a history of the Punic war, much valued by Cicero. The emperor Adrian preferred him to Sallust.

Antipater of Sidon, a Stoic philosopher, and likewise a poet, commended by Cicero and Seneca. He flourished about the 171st Olympiad. We have several of his epigrams in the Anthologia.
AŃTIPELARGIA, among the ancients, a law whereby children were obliged to furnish necessaries to their a^ed parents. The cicoia, or stork, is a bird famous for the care it takes of its parents when grown old; hence, in some Latin writers, this is rendered lex cicoiaria, or the stork’s law.
ANTIPHONARY, Antiphonarium, a service-book, which contained all the invitatories, responsories, collects, and whatever else was sung or said in the choir, except the lessons. This is otherwise called responsorium, from the responses contained therein. The author of the Roman antiphonary was Pope Gregory the Great. We also find mention of nocturnal and diurnal antiphonaries, for the use of the daily and nightly offices; summer and winter antiphonaries! also antiphonaries for country churches, &c. By the provincial constitutions of Archbishop Winchelsea, made at Merton A. d∙ 1305, it is required that one of these should be found in every church within the province of Canterbury. The use of these and many other popish books was forbid by the 3d and 4th of Edward VI. c. 10.