pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MOHAWK, a large branch of the Hudson, or North River, of the state of New York, in North America. It rises in the north-east part of Oneyda county, about twenty miles north of Rome, to which place it runs in nearly a south direction, and then turns eastward towards the Hudson, which it enters by several mouths between Troy and Waterford, after a course of about one hundred and thirty-five miles. The stream of the Mohawk is unequal, having many breaks and rapids, and two considerable falls. With the aid of canals, however, it is rendered navigable from Schenectady to Rome; but it chiefly serves the purposes of navigation by supplying water to the canals in its immediate vicinity. It is remarkably well adapted for supplying water-power for all manufacturing purposes. The land upon its borders is rich, and fitted for all agricultural purposes. The banks of this river were originally peopled by the Mohawks, an Indian tribe remarkable for courage and ferocity.
MOHURBUNGE, a district of Orissa, in the province of Hindustan, situated between the 21st and 33d degrees of N. lat. It is a hilly, unfertile district, and derives its revenues chiefly from the Hindu pilgrims who visit the temple of Juggernaut.
MOIDORE, a Portuguese gold coin, of the value of L.l. 7s. sterling.
MOIRA, a post-town of Ireland, in the county of Down, ninety miles north from Dublin. It has a handsome church, two dissenting meeting-houses, and a free school. Moira Castle is situated in the vicinity of the town. Long. 6. 6. W. Lat. 54. 27. N.
MOISSAC, an arrondissement of the department of the Tarn and the Garonne, in France, 372 square miles in extent. It comprehends six cantons, which are divided into sixty-seven communes, with a population of 61,800 persons. The capital is the city of the same name, situated in a fertile district, through which flows the Tarn, which soon after joins the Garonne. It contains 9800 inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in trading with Bordeaux, to which city it conveys flour, oil, wool, wine, and a great deal of saffron, for the trade with the colonies. Long. 1. 17. E. Lat. 44. 8. N.
MOIVRE, Abraham de, a very learned mathematician, was born in the year 1667, at Vitry in Champagne, in France, where his father was a surgeon. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he proceeded to England. Before he left France, he had commenced the study of the mathematics; and having perfected himself in that science in London, he was obliged, by necessity, to teach it. But Newton’s Principia, which accidentally fell into his hands, showed him how little progress he had made in a science of which he thought himself master. From this work he acquired a knowledge of the geometry of infinites with as great facility as he had learned the elementary geometry; and in a short time he was enabled to rank with the most celebrated mathematicians. His success in these studies procured him a seat in the Royal Society of London, and in the Academy of Sciences at Paris. His merit was so well understood in the former, that he was thought capable of deciding in the famous dispute between Leibnitz and Newton concerning the differential calculus. He published a Treatise on the Doctrine of Chances in 1738, and another on Annuities in 1752, both extremely accurate. The Philosophical Transactions contain many interesting memoirs of his composition. Some of these treat of the method of fluxions; others of the lunula of Hippocrates; others of physical astronomy, in which he resolved many important problems; and others of the analysis of games of chance, in which he followed a different course from that of Montmort. Towards the close of his life he lost both his sight and his hearing; and the demand for sleep became so great that he required twenty hours of it in a day. He died at London in 1754, aged eighty-seven. His knowledge was not confined to the mathematics; and he retained to the last a taste for polite literature. He was intimately acquainted with the best authors of antiquity, and was frequently consulted about difficult passages in their works. Rabelais and Molière were his favourite French authors; indeed <he had them by heart, and one day observed to an acquaintance, “that he would rather have been Molière than Newton.” He recited whole scenes of the Misanthrope, with that delicacy and force with which he remembered to have heard them recited at Paris seventy years before, by Molière’s own company. The character, indeed, was somewhat similar to his own. He judged severely of mankind, and could never conceal his disgust at .ihe conversation of a fool, or his aversion to cunning and dissimulation. He was free from the affectation of science, and no one could have known that he was a mathematician except from the accuracy of his thoughts. His conversation was general and instructive. Whatever he said was well digested and clearly expressed. His style possessed more strength and solidity than ornament and animation; but he was always correct, and he bestowed as much pains on his sentences as on his calculations. He could never endure any bold assertions or indecent witticisms against religion.
MOLA, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Bari. It stands on the sea-shore, but has no good haven. It contains 7664 inhabitants, many of whom are occupied in the fisheries, and others in the cultivation of vines and olive trees.

Mola Salsa, in Antiquity, was barley parched, and afterwards ground to meal or flour, after which it was mixed with salt and frankincense, with the addition of a little water. Thus prepared, it was sprinkled between the horns of the victim before it was killed in sacrifice. This act was called immolatio, and was common to both Greeks and Romans; with this difference, that the mola of the Romans was of wheat.
MOLD, or Mould, a town of the county of Flint, in North Wales, in the hundred of its own name, 207 miles from London. It consists of one long and wide street, and has a market on Saturday. It is an ancient borough, and, in conjunction with Rhyddlan, Overton, Caerwis, Caergwr-ley, St Asaph, and Holywell, returns one member to the House of Commons. Of late extensive cotton-works have been established at this place. The population amounted in 1801 to 4235, in 1811 to 5083, in 1821 to 6268, and in 1831 to 8086.
MOLFETTA, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Bari. It is situated on the sea-shore, and has a harbour, which is fit only for the reception of small vessels, but from it an extensive fishery is carried on. It is a place of various manufactures, each upon a small scale. The most considerable is the refining of saltpetre on account of the government, which yields about 10,000 quintals yearly. This city is the seat of a bishop, who has a handsome cathedral. There are six other churches and five monasteries, and also a collegiate institution for the education of the clergy. The population amounts to 11,496.
MOLINISTS, in ecclesiastical history, a sect in the Roman Catholic church, who follow the doctrine and sentiments of the Jesuit Molina, respecting sufficient and efficacious grace. He taught that the operations of divine grace were entirely consistent with the freedom of human will; and he introduced a new kind of hypothesis to remove the difficulties attending the doctrines of predestination and liberty, and to reconcile the jarring opinions of Augustines, Thomiste, Semi-Pelagians, and other polemical divines. He affirmed that the decree of predestination to eternal glory was founded upon a previous knowledge and consideration of the merits of the elect; that the grace, from the operations of which these merits are derived, is not efficacious by its own intrinsic power only, but also by the consent of our own will, and because it is administered in those circumstances in which the Deity, by that branch of his knowledge which is called scientia media, foresees that it will be efficacious. The kind of prescience denominated in the schools scientia media, is that foreknowledge of future and contingent events which arises from an acquaintance with the nature and faculties of rational beings, the circumstances in which they shall be placed, the objects which shall be presented to them, and the influence which these circumstances and objects must exert on their actions.
MOLINOSISTS, a sect amongst the Roman Catholics who adhere to the doctrine of Molinos. These are the same with those otherwise called Quietests, whose chief principle is, that men ought to annihilate themselves in order to be united to God, and afterwards remain in quietness of mind, without being troubled for what shall happen to the body. Molinos, the author of these opinions, was a Spanish priest, and was born in the year 1627. His sixty-eight propositions were examined in 1687, by the pope and the inquisitors, who decreed that his doctrine was false and pernicious, and that his books should be burned. He was obliged to recant his errors publicly in the Dominican church, and was condemned to perpetual imprisonment. He was then sixty years of age, and had been spreading his doctrine twenty-two years before this time. He died in prison in 1692.
MOLISE, a province of the kingdom of Naples, which extends in east longitude from 14. 7. to 15. 5., and in north latitude from 4L 18. to 41. 51., being 1261 square miles in extent. It is divided from the province of Terra di Lavoro by the snowy mountains of Matese, the highest chain of the Apennines, whence the principal rivers, the Biferno, the Trigno, and the Tammaro, have their sources. The province comprises nine cities, sixteen market-towns, and seventy-seven villages, with 206,670 inhabitants, chiefly subsisting by agricultural labour, and having few manufactures and little commerce. Molise produces sufficient corn, oil, and wine for the consumption; and of the first it forms a kind of granary for Campania. Hemp, flax, and silk are also produced, but in small quantities. The capital is the city of Campobasso.
MOLITERNO, a city of Naples, in the province of Principato Citeriore. It is situated between, two branches of the river Maglio, on an elevation, with a suburb extending into the valley of Diana. It contains 5176 inhabitants.
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MOLOCH, a false god of the Ammonites, who dedicated their children to him, by making them pass through the fire, as the Scriptures express it. There are various opinions concerning this method of consecration. Some think that the children leaped over a fire sacred to Moloch; others are of opinion that they passed between two fires; and others conceive that they were really burned in the fire by way of sacrifice to this god. There is some foundation for each of these opinions. For, in the first place, it was usual amongst the Pagans to lustrate or purify with fire; and next, it is expressly said, that the inhabitants of Sepharvaim burned their children in the fire to Anamelech and Adramelech, deities similar to the Moloch of the Ammonites.

Moses, in several places, forbids the Israelites to dedicate their children to this god, as the Ammonites did, and threatens death and utter extirpation to such persons as should commit this abominable idolatry. There is great probability that the Hebrews were much addicted to the worship of this deity; since Amos, and after him St Stephen, reproaches them with having carried along with them into the wilderness the tabernacle of their god Moloch.

Solomon built a temple to Moloch upon Mount Olivet; and Manassch, long afterwards, imitated his impiety by making his son pass through the firc in honour of Moloch. It was chiefly in the valley of Tophet and Hinnom, to the east of Jerusalem, that the Israelites paid their idolatrous worship to this false god of the Ammonites.

There arc various sentiments concerning the relation which Moloch bore to the other Pagan divinities. Some believe that he was the same with Saturn, to whom it is well known that human sacrifices were offered; others suppose him to be Mercury; others confound him with Mars, Mithras, and Venus; and others, again, take Moloch for the Sun, or the king of heaven. Moloch was likewise called Milcom, as appears from what is said of Solomon, that he went after Ashtaroth the abomination of the Zidonians, and Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites.
MOLOSSES, Molasses, or Mêlasses, the gross fluid matter of sugar remaining after refining, and which no boiling will bring to a consistence more solid than that of syrup. Properly, molasses are only the sediment of one kind of sugar called Chypre, or brown sugar, which is the refuse of other sugars, and cannot be whitened or reduced into loaves. Molasses are much used in Holland for the preparation of tobacco, and also amongst poor people instead pf sugar. There is a kind of brandy or spirit made of molasses; but it is held by some to be exceedingly unwholesome.
MOLOSSI, a people of Epirus, who inhabited that part of the country which was called Molossia, from Molossus, a son of Pyrrhus and Andromache, the king of the country. Molossia had the Bay of Ambracia as its boundary on the south, and the country of the Perrhaebeans on the east. The dogs of this country were famous, and received the name of Molossi amongst the Romans. Dodona was the capital of the country, according to some writers; but others think that it was the chief city of Thesprotia.
MOLTON, South, a town of the county of Devon, in the hundred of its own name, 179 miles from London. It stands on the river Mole or Mould, and has some trade in making serges, shalloons, and other woollens. It is an ancient corporation, and formerly sent two members to parliament. It has a well-supplied market, which is held on Saturday, and also five fairs. The population amounted in 1801 to 2753, in 1811 to 2739, in 1821 to 3314, and in 1831 to 3826. About two miles from it is the parish or town of North Molton, the population of which amounted in 1801 to 1541, in 1811 to 1526, in 1821 to 1847, and in 1831 to 1937.
MOLUCCA ISLES. These islands were formerly understood to signify all the islands situated to the east of the Molucca passage, in longitude 126° east, particularly those of Gilolo; but in general the term has been restricted to the Spice Islands, namely, Amboyna, Banda, Ceram, Ternate, Tidore, and Batchian. These islands, which are famous for the production of spices, particularly nutmegs and cloves, were first, in 1510, visited by the Portuguese, who took possession of them, and whose right was contested by the Spaniards. They succeeded, however, in acquiring possession of them, but were conquered by the Dutch in 1607. These islands were taken from the Dutch by the British during the French revolutionary war, but restored at the peace.
MOMUS, in fabulous history, was the god of raillery, or the jester of the celestial assembly, who ridiculed both gods and men. Being chosen by Vulcan, Neptune, and Minerva, to give his judgment concerning their works, he blamed them all; Neptune for not making his bull with horns before his eyes, in order that he might give a surer blow; Minerva for building a house which could not be removed in case of bad neighbours; and Vulcan for making a man without a window in his breast, that his treacheries might be seen. For the freedom of his reflections upon the gods, Momus was expelled from heaven. He is generally represented as raising a mask from his face, and holding a small figure in his hand.
MONA, in Ancient Geography, is a name applied to two islands in the sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The one, described by Caesar as situated in the middle passage between both islands, called Monaoeda, Monapia, or Monabia, is supposed to be the Isle of Man. But there was [7:15:379]another Mona, an island more to the south, separated from the coast of the Ordovices by a narrow strait. This was the ancient seat of the Druids, and is now called Anglesey, the island of the Angles or English.
MONA and Monita, that is, The Monkey and his Cub, two islands of the West Indies, in the middle of the great passage between Hispaniola and Porto Rico The Mona Isle measures seven miles one way and two another; and, although once in good cultivation, is now only the solitary range of wild goats.
MONACO, a province of Sardinia, but formerly an independent principality, now reduced to the condition of a mediatized state, to the prince of which his rents are preserved. It extends over fifty-five square miles, and contains two cities, with about 6000 inhabitants. The district is sheltered from cold winds, which makes the climate like that of the tropics; and the productions of the soil are similar, fruit being abundant, but corn deficient,' and flesh rather more so. It was seized by France in 1792, and added to one of her departments; but, by the congress of Vienna in 1815, it was transferred to Sardinia. The chief place, of the same name, is situated on a tongue of land running into the sea. The walls and gates are dilapidated. It contains 1250 inhabitants, employed in petty trade. Long. 7. 23. E. Lat. 43. 44. N.
MONADELPHIA (from μονος, alone, and αδsλp∕α, a brotherhood) , a single brotherhood, the name of the sixteenth class in Linnaeus’ sexual system, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers; in which all the stamina are united below into one body or cylinder, through which passes the pistillum. See Botany.
MONANDRIA (from μονος, alone, and άνη g , a man or husband), the name of the first class in Linnaeus’ sexual system, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers, which have only one stamen.
MONAS l’EREVAN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, situated on the river Barrow, which here intersects the Grand Canal. It is thirty-eight miles south-west from Dublin. Long. 7. 5. W. Lat. 53. 8. N.
MONASTIC, something belonging to monks, or the monkish life. The monastic profession is a kind of civil death, which in all worldly matters has the same effect as the natural death. The council of Trent fix sixteen years as the age at which a person may be admitted into the monastic state.

St Anthony was the person who, in the fourth century, first established monastic institutions; as St Pachomius, in the same century, is said to have first set on foot the coenobitic life, or regular communities of religious. In a short time the deserts of Egypt became inhabited with a set of solitaries, who took upon them the monastic profession. St Basil carried the same spirit into the East, where he composed a rule, which afterwards obtained throughout a great part of the West.

In the eleventh century the monastic discipline had become very remiss. St Odo first began to retrieve it in the monastery of Cluny; that establishment, by the conditions of its erection, was put under the immediate protection of the holy see, with a prohibition to all powers, both secular and ecclesiastical, to disturb the monks in the possession of their effects or the election of their abbot. In virtue of this they pleaded an exemption from the jurisdiction of the bishop, and extended this privilege to all the houses dependent on Cluny. This made the first congregation of several houses, under one chief immediatelv subject to, the pope, so as to constitute one body, or, as it is called, one religious order. Till then, each monastery was independent, and subject to the bishop.
MONAVAR, a Spanish town in the province of Valen∙ cia, containing 8000 inhabitants; it has a manufacture of linen, and several medicinal baths.
MONDOVI, a province of Piedmont, in the Sardinian dominions. It extends over seven hundred and sixty-two square miles, and comprises four cities, eighty-one towns and villages, and ninety-six rural establishments, with 136,954 inhabitants. Although the Apennines form a part of the southern division of the province, it is on the whole fruitful in corn, wine, hemp, and silk. It has some mines of iron, and several valuable marble quarries. The capital is the city of the same name situated on the river E∏ero. It is fortified, is the seat of a bishop, and contains a cathedral, five parish churches, four convents of nuns and eleven of monks, 4000 houses, and 22,570 inhabitants. It is a place of considerable manufacturing industry, making both printed cottons, cloth, silks, and paper. It was the birth-place of the celebrated Beccaria. Long. 7. 45. E. Lat. 44. 23. N.
MONETARIUS, or Moneyer, a name which antiquaries and medallists give to those who struck the ancient coins or moneys. Many of the old Roman coins have the name of the monetarius, either written at length, or at least the initial letters of it. See the article Medals.
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MONFALOUT, or Manfalout, a town of Upper Egypt, situated on the left bank of the Nile, about a mile from the river, in a fertile and beautiful country. It is well built, of considerable magnitude, and carries on an extensive commerce in every species of grain. There is likewise a large manufactory of cloth here. Long. 31. 36. E. Lat. 27. 42. N.
MONFIA, one of the Querimba Islands, which are situated north from Mozambique, off the western coast of Africa. It is described as nearly 100 miles in length from north to south, but seldom more than eight or ten in breadth. It is formed of coral, and has a low, flat surface, covered with a soil remarkably productive in grain and sugar. It is partly independent, and partly subject to the imam of Muscat. Lat. 7. 30. S.
MONFLANQUIN, a city of France, in the department of the Lot and Garonne, and arrondissement of Villeneuve d’Agen. It is situated in a stony, barren district, and is ill built, but contains 698 houses and 5450 inhabitants.
MONGHIR, a large district of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, situated between the twenty-sixth and twenty-eighth degrees of north latitude. The town and fortress of Monghir is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. It was the residence of Sultan Sujah during his government of the Bengal province, and was strengthened by him during his rebellion against his father, Shah Jehan. The fortifications have been for many years quite neglected, and the only part which remains is a small citadel, containing an arsenal and store-rooms. It is still surrounded by a wall and deep ditch, and is a place of considerable antiquity. It was an object of contention between the kings of Bahar and Bengal in the early part of the sixteenth century. In 1762 it was the residence of Cossim Aly Khan, and was taken by the British the following year. The travelling distance from Calcutta is 300 miles. Long. 86. 38. E. Lat. 25. 23. N.