pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GRANADO, or Grenade (so called from being filled with grains of powder, as a pomegranate is with kernels), is, in war, a hollow ball or shell of iron or other metal, of about [7:10:706]two inches and a half diameter, which being filled with fine powder, is set on fire by means of a small fuse made of well-seasoned beech-wood driven into the fuse-hole, and is thrown by the grenadiers into places where men stand thick, particularly into the trenches and other lodgments effected by the enemy. As soon as the composition within the fuse gets to the powder in the grenade, it bursts into pieces, greatly to the damage of all who happen to be in its way. Grenades were first made about the time when shells were invented, and first used in 1594. They have now unaccountably sunk into disuse; but, in the opinion of some, there is nothing more proper than to have grenades to throw amongst the enemy who have jumped into the ditch. During the siege of Cassel under the Count de la Lippe, in the campaign of 1762, a young engineer undertook to carry one of the outworks with a smaller detachment than that which had been repulsed, and succeeded with ease from the use of grenades; which is a proof that they should not be neglected, either in the attack or defence of posts. There are two sorts of grenades, viz. grenades de rempart and grenades d main. Grenades de rempart are those which are rolled from the top of the parapet into the ditch, and which in calibre are equal to an eighteen, and sometimes to a thirty-two pounder. Grenades à main are thrown by the hand into the coveredway and trenches; their calibre is that of a four-pounder, and they weigh about two pounds. The ordinary thickness of grenades is four lines, or one third of an inch, throughout. There is also a sort of grenade which is thrown out of a mortar, and which is used for the purpose of annoying the besieging enemy,
GRANARD, a borough, market, fair, and post town, in the county of Longford, and province of Leinster, situated fifty-two miles from Dublin, and about sixteen north-east of Longford. Here is a remarkable hill or mount, called the Moat of Granard, supposed to be artificial, and the site of a Danish castle or fort, which commands from its summit a most extensive prospect.
GRANATE, or Granite, a species of mineral belonging to the siliceous genus. See Mineralogy.
GRAND, a term rather French than English, though used on many occasions in our language. It has the same import with great, being formed from the Latin grandis. In this sense we say, the grand-master of an order, as the grand-master of Malta and of the free-masons; the grand-signior and the grand-visier; grandfather, grandmother, and the like. Amongst the French there were formerly several officers thus denominated; as grand almoner,grand ecuyer, grand chambellan, grand voyer, and the like.

Grand Distress (districtio magna), in English Law, a writ of distress, so called on account of its extent, which reaches to all the goods and chattels of the party within the county.

Grand Gusto, amongst painters, a term used to intimate that there is something in the picture calculated to surprise, please, and instruct.
GRANDEE is a term applied to a lord of the first rank or highest quality. In Spain the name grandees is used absolutely to denote the great lords of the court, to whom the king has granted permission to remain covered in his presence. There are some grandees for life only, who are made by the king’s saying simply, “Be covered others are grandees by descent, and made by the king’s saying, “Be covered for thyself and heirs.” The latter are of course the higher and nobler grade.
GRANGE, an ancient term for a barn or place in which to lay up and thrash corn. The word is formed from the Latin granea or granum, grain or corn. Hence also granger or grangier, a grange-keeper or farmer. Grange is also used, in a more extensive sense, to signify a whole farm, with all the appendages of stables for horses, stalls for cattle, and the like.
GRANGER, James, a well-known biographer, who has himself been left without any memorial. The time and place of his birth, and the condition of his parents, are equally unknown. He studied, however, at Christ Church, Oxford, which he probabty left without taking a degree; and having entered into holy orders, was presented to the vicarage of Shiplake in Oxfordshire, which appears to have been his only preferment. In the dedication of his Biographical Dictionary, which was published in 1769, he informs us that his name and person were at that time known to few persons, as he had the good fortune to retire early to independence, obscurity, and contentment. In 1772 he published a sermon, entitled An Apology for the Brute Creation, in which he strongly censured cruelty to animals; but which, owing to the mention made in it of horses and dogs, [7:10:711]seems to have excited disgust amongst the purists of that time. In 1778 he presented to the public another sermon on the Nature and Extent of Industry, which, notwithstanding a strange dedication, was more favourably received. But his principal work, indeed that by which alone he is now known, is his Biographical History of England, from the time of Egbert the Great to the Revolution, a production of very considerable merit, which occupied him for many years, and of which he lived to see two editions sold. In this work he has only given biographies of those persoħs of whom some engraved portrait had been executed; and this circumstance, joined to the success which it met with, seems to have had the effect contemplated by the author, namely, to create a taste for collections of portraits. The Biographical History was first published in 1769, in four thin vols. quarto; but the second and subsequent editions have been published in octavo. On the 14th April 1776, whilst at the communion table in the act of administering the sacrament, Granger was seized with an apoplectic fit, and, notwithstanding he had the benefit of immediate medical assistance, died next morning. This affecting circumstance is alluded to in the following verses, written by a friend:

More happy end what saint e’er knew? To whom like mercy shown?

Hia Saviour’s death in rapturous view, And unperceived his own.
GRANI, in our ancient writers, moustaches or whiskers of a beard. The word seems to have been formed from the ancient British or Irish greann, a beard. It is stated as a reason why the cup is refused to the laity, Quia barbati, et prolixos habent granos, dum poculum inter epulas sumunt, prius liquore pilos injiciunt, quam on infundunt.
GRANICUS, a small river near the Hellespont, in Asia Minor, remarkable for the first victory gained by Alexander the Great over the armies of Darius.
GRANITE, one of the primitive rocks. See Mineralogy.
GRANIT l’LLO, or Granitel, a name given by some mineralogists to a particular species or variety of granite, which sometimes contains hornblende.
GRANIVOROUS, an appellation given to animals which feed on corn or seeds, and which are principally of the bird kind.
GRANT, in Law, a conveyance in writing of such things as cannot pass or be conveyed by word only.

Grant, Francis, an eminent Scottish lawyer and judge, known in the latter capacity under the title of Lord Cullen, was descended from a younger branch of the family of the Grants of Grant, and was born about the year 1660. When he commenced advocate, he made a distinguished figure at the Revolution, by opposing the opinions of the old lawyers, who warmly maintained the inability os the convention of estates to make any disposition of the crown. The abilities which he discovered in favour of the Revolution introduced him to extensive practice. When the union between the two kingdoms was in agitation, Queen Anne created him a baronet, with the view of securing his interest in favour of that measure; and she soon afterwards appointed him a judge, or one of the Lords of Session. He died on the 16th March 1726. His character is drawn at great length, in the style of an eloge, in the Biographia Britannica, from which we shall only extract the following notice of his literary labours: “He was so true a lover of learning, and was so much addicted to his studies, that, notwithstanding the multiplicity of his business while at the bar, and his great attention to his charge when a judge, he nevertheless found time to write various treatises on very different and important subjects; some political, which were remarkably well timed, and highly serviceable to the government; others of a most extensive nature, such as his essays on law, religion, and education, which were dedicated to George II. when prince of Wales, by whose command his then secretary, Mr Samuel Molyneaux, wrote him a letter of thanks, in which were many gracious expressions, as well in relation to the pfece as to its author. He composed, besides these, many discourses on literary subjects, for the exercise of his own thoughts, and for the better discovery of truth; which went no farther than his own closet, and, from a principle of modesty, were not communicated even to his most intimate friends.” The Essays above mentioned were published at Edinburgh, in one volume octavo, in 1715.
GRANTHAM, a borough-town of the county of Lincoln, in the liberties of Grantham Soke, and parts of Kesteven. It is on the great north road, distant from London 112 miles, on the river Witham, in a healthy and fertile district. It is a corporate town, with a mayor and aiderman, and returns two members to parliament. The church is a fine object, with a tower, one of the loftiest in the kingdom, being 246 feet in height. There are two charity schools in the town, at one of which Sir Isaac Newton received his first lessons. It is a place of very little trade, but has a good market on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 3301, in 1811 to 3646, in 1821 to 4148, and in 1831 to 4590.
GRANVILLE, George, Lord Lansdowne, was descended from a very ancient family, derived from Rollo the first duke of Normandy. At the age of eleven he was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained five years; but at thirteen he was admitted to the degree of master of arts, having, before he was twelve, spoken a copy of verses of his own composition before the Duchess of York, at his college, when she paid a visit to the University of Cambridge. In 1696 his comedy called the She-Gallants was acted at the theatre-royal in Lincoln’s-inn Fields, as his tragedy called Heroic Love was in the year 1698. In 1702 he translated into English the second Olynthiae of Demosthenes. He was member for the county of Cornwall in the parliament which met in 1710; and afterwards became secretary of war, comptroller of the. household, then treasurer, and a member of the privy council. In the year following He was created Baron Lansdowne. On the accession of King George I. in 1714, he was removed from the office of treasurer; and the next year he entered his protest against the bills for attainting Lord Bolingbroke and the Duke of Ormond. He entered deeply into the scheme for raising an insurrection in the west of England; and being seized as a suspected person, was committed to the Tower, where he continued two years. In 1719 he delivered a speech in the House of Lords against the bill to prevent occasional conformity. In 1722 he withdrew to France, and continued abroad nearly ten years. At his return in 1732 he published a fine edition of his works in two vols. quarto, and died in 1735, leaving no male issue.

Granville, a sea-port town of France, in Lower Normandy, partly situated on a rock and partly on a plain. Long. 1. 32. W. Lat. 48. 50. N.
GRANULATED, something which has undergone granulation, or has been reduced to grains.
GRANULATION, ip Chemistry, an operation by which metallic substances are reduced into small grains, for the purpose of facilitating their combination with other substances.
GRAPE, the fruit of the vine. See Vine and Wine. G rape- Shot, in artillery, is a combination of small shot, put into a thick canvass bag, and corded strongly together, so as to form a kind of cylinder, the diameter of which is equal to that of the ball adapted to the cannon. The number of shot in a bag varies according to the service or size of the guns. In the naval service, for instance, nine is always[7:10:712] the number; but by land it is increased to any number or size from an ounce and a quarter in weight to three or four pounds. In the naval service the bottoms and pins are made of iron, whereas those used by land are of wood.
GRAPHOMETER, a mathematical instrument,otherwise called a semicircle, the use of which is to observe any angle, the vertex of which is at the centre of the instrument in any plane (though it is most commonly horizontal, or nearly so), and to find how many degrees it contains.
GRAPNEL, or Grafling, a sort of small anchor, fitted with four or five flukes or claws, and commonly used to ride a boat or other small vessel.

Fire-GRΛPPLrNθ, an instrument nearly resembling the former, but differing in the construction of its flukes, which are furnished with strong barbs at their points. These machines are usually fixed on the yard-arms of a ship, in order to grapple an adversary whom it is intended to board.
GRASS, in Botany, a plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, a husky calyx called gluma, and the seed single.
GRASSE, La, an arrondissement of the department of the Var, in France, extending over 506 square miles. It is divided into seven cantons, and sixty-three communes, and contains 56,818 inhabitants. The capita) is a city of the same name, situated on the declivity of a hill, in a district which abounds in citrons, oranges, lemons, figs, and pomegranates, and in flowers used by the perfumers. It contains 2000 houses, and 12,620 inhabitants, who are much occupied in preparing liqueurs, perfumery, scented soaps, and confectionery. Near it much marble and alabaster is found. Long. 6. 50. 40. E. Lat. 43. 39. 19. N.
GRATES for Fires are composed of ribs of iron placed at small distances from one another, so that the air may have sufficient access to the fuel, and the accumulation of the ashes, which would choke the fire, may be prevented. Grates seem peculiarly adapted to the use of pitcoal, which requires a greater quantity of air to make it burn freely than other kinds of fuel.

The hearths of the Britons seem to have been fixed in the centre of their halls, as is yet practised in some parts of Scotland, where the fire is nearly in the middle of the house, and the family all sit around it. Their fire-place was perhaps nothing more than a large stone, depressed a little below the level of the ground, and thereby adapted to receive the ashes. About a century ago, the fireplace was on the floor of the room, with the addition of a bank or hob of clay. But amongst gentlemen this was changed for a portable fire-pan,, raised upon low supporters, and fitted with a circular grating of bars.
GRATIAN, the son of Valentinian the First by his first wife, was declared Augustus by his father at the city of Amiens in 365, and succeeded him in 367. This prince was equally extolled for his wit, eloquence, modesty, chastity, and zeal against heretics. He associated Theodosius with him in the empire, and advanced the poet Ausonius to the consulate. He made a great slaughter of the Germans near Strasburg; and was hence surnamed Alemanntcus. ~ He was the first emperor who refused the title of Pontifex Maximus, upon the score of its being a pagan dignity. He was assassinated by Andragathius in 375, in the twenty-fourth year of his age.

Gratian, a famous Benedictine monk of the twelfth century, was born at Chiusi in Tuscany. He employed above twenty-four years in composing a work entitled Decretum, vel Concordantia Discordantium Canonum, because he there endeavoured to reconcile the canons which seemed contradictory to each other. This work was first printed at Menu in 1472. But as the learned Benedictine has frequently fallen into mistakes, both in regard to the canons and the fathers, and has often cited false decretals, several authors have endeavoured to correct his errors; particularly Anthony Augustin, in his excellent work entitled De Emendatione Gratiani. To the decretals of Gratian the popes principally owed the great authority which they exercised in the thirteenth and succeeding centuries.
GRATINGS, in a ship, are small edges of sawed plank, framed one into another like a lattice or prison grate, placed on the upper deck, between the main-mast and fore-mast, and serving as a defence in a close f⅛ht, as well as contributing to the convenience of the ship’s company.
GRATITUDE, a virtue disposing the mind to an inward sense and outward acknowledgment of benefits received. See Moral Philosophy.
GRATIUS, Faliscus, a Roman poet, the contemporary of Ovid, and from his name probably a slave or freedman, but respecting whose life we have no particulars. A poem of his on hunting has been preserved, entitled Cynegeti-eon, in 540 hexameters; but its conclusion has been lost. The language is pure, and worthy of the age in which he lived, though in some passages he is obscure. Gratius seems to have imitated the work of Xenophon on the same subject, though it also contains much which can be found nowhere else. ( Burmann, Poet. Lal. Min. tom. i.; Wernsdorf, Poet. Lat. Min. tom. i., in the preface “De Gratio et Nemesiano et utriusque CynegeticoProoemium.” Gratius Faliscus, Cynegelicon, &c. Mitau, 1775.)
GRATZ, a circle of the Austrian province of Steyermark. It extends over 2134 square miles, and contains six cities, thirty market-towns, 976 villages, with 56,362 houses, and 286,442 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is also the capital of the province. It stands on the river Mur, in a valley of great fertility and beauty. It is fortified, and contains 2621 houses; but the greater number of them are in the suburbs. The inhabitants are now about 40,000, having rapidly increased within the last twenty years. There are several religious houses, many churches and chapels, and a lyceum, with twenty-six professors of the various branches of science, a library of 70,000 volumes, and an observatory. There are manufactures of silk and cotton goods, and of fine articles in steel and iron, as well as of paper and hats. Long. 15.20. 40. E. Lat. 47. 49. N.
GRAUDENZ, a city of the province of West Prussia, and government of Dantzic. It is strongly fortified, and stands on the Vistula, where there is a bridge of boats. It contains 575 houses, and, including the military in the citadel, 7572 inhabitants. It has establishments of various kinds of a charitable nature and for education, and some trade in brewing, in distilling, and in corn. Long. 18. 33. 25. E. Lat. 33. 27. 30. N.
GRAUNT, John, the author of Observations on the Bills of Mortality, and the founder of Political Arithmetic, was born at London on the 24th of April 1620, bred up in all the strictness of puritan principles, and, being designed for trade, received no more education than was barely necessary for that purpose. At an early age he was put as apprentice to a haberdasher in the city, whose trade he afterwards followed; and when he entered into business on his own account, he gained the esteem and confidence of his fellow citizens, passed with reputation through all the offices of his ward, and was first captain and then major of the trained bands. But his genius at length prompted him to seek distinctions of a higher kind, and enabled him to overcome all the disadvantages of a confined education, to form a new and noble design, and to execute it with a degree of ability equal to the sagacity he had displayed in forming it. It is not known at what precise time he first began to collect and digest the Bills of Mortality; but it appears, from his own statement, that he had directed his attention to the subject several years before he had any design of publishing the discoveries which rewarded his researches. His book, entitled Observations on the Bills of Mortality, was [7:10:715] published in 1661, 4to, and met with so favourable a reception that a second edition was called for the succeeding year, and others followed. Immediately after its publication, Louis XIV., by a royal ordonnance, provided that a more exact register of births and burials should be kept in Paris; and Charles II. conceived so high an opinion of his abilities, that, at the institution of the Royal Society, he recommended Graunt to the choice of the members, with this Additional charge, that if they found any more such tradesmen, they should be sure to admit them. Graunt appears to have changed his religion, and become Roman Catholic, some time before his death, which took place on the 18th of April 1674. He left his papers in charge to Sir William Petty, who had all along befriended him, and who took care to adjust and insert them in a fifth edition of his work published in 1676, 8vo. The observations of Graunt may be considered as having formed the elements of that useful science afterwards styled Political Arithmetic, which, therefore, he is entitled to the honour of having founded; and whatever merit may be ascribed to Sir William Petty, Mr Daniel King, Dr Davenant, and others, there can be no doubt that the Observations on the Bills of Mortality served as the model, if not as the basis, of all their investigations. (a.)
GRAVE, in Grammar, a species of accent opposed to acute. The grave accent is expressed thus('); and shows that the voice is to be depressed, and the syllable over which it is placed to be pronounced in a low deep tone.

Grave, in Music, is applied to a sound which is in a low or deep tone. The thicker the chord or string, the graver the tone or note will be, and the smaller the more acute. Notes are supposed to be grave in proportion as the vibrations of the chord are less frequent.

Grave, in the Italian music, serves to denote the slowest movement.

Grave is also used to signify a tomb, in which a person defunct is interred. Graves, amongst the Jews, were generally without the city, though we meet with instances of their interring the dead in towns. Frequent mention is made of graves upon mountains, in highways, in gardens, and even in private houses; so that nothing on this head seems to have been fixed by any invariable usage. The same thing may be observed with respect to the Greeks. The Thebans had a law that every person who built a house should provide a burial ground. Men who had distinguished themselves were frequently buried in the public forum. The most general custom, however, was to bury without the city, chiefly by the side of the highway. The Romans were forbidden by the law of the Twelve Tables to bury or burn the dead in the city; but some, we find, had their sepulchres in Rome, though they paid a fine for this indulgence.
GRAVER, in the art of engraving, α tool by which all the lines, scratches, and shades are cut in copper, &c. See Engraving.