pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
APPENZELL, one of the cantons of Switzerland. It is a mountainous district, surrounded by the canton of St Gall. Three chains of hills, continuations of the Alps, with valleys between them, form the chief part of the surface. The highest point of the hills is 7671 feet. In these are some extraordinary natural excavations, particularly the Ziegerloch and the Wildkirchlein. The climate is raw and cold, little calculated for agriculture, but adapted in some degree for breeding cattle, and for the dairy. The extent has been variously reported: it is probably about 220 square miles. The number of inhabitants, by the last estimate, is about 58,000, who are divided into 22 communes or parishes. The outer part of the canton was occupied by manufacturers of cotton and linen goods, and by calico printers; but of late years these fabrics have declined, and much distress has followed. The poverty thus produced has led to extensive emigrations to the western world. The constitution is a pure [7:3:309]democracy, each individual above 16 years having a vote. About one third of the inhabitants are Catholics, the remainder Protestants of the Calvinistic confession. The canton is formed into two divisions, each with its respective capital: Herisau is the capital of the outer division, and Appenzell of the inner. . . ...

Appenzell, a city, t ^ ιe ca pi trd °f thθ i nner division of the canton of that name in Switzerland. It stands on the river Sitter, in a beautiful valley. It contains one church of Gothic architecture, a capuchin monastery, a nunnery, with several chapels, and about 3000 inhabitants, who chiefly subsist by linen weaving and bleaching.
APPETITE, in a general sense, the desire of enjoying some object, supposed to be conducive to our happiness. This term is applied particularly to hunger, thirst, and the appetite of sex. Considered as principles of action, the appetites are distinguished by the following circumstances :—1. They take their rise from the body, and are common to us with the brutes. 2. They are not constant, but occasional. 3. They are accompanied with an uneasy sensation, which is strong or weak in proportion to the strength or weakness of the appetite. See Stewart’s Philosophy of the Active Powers, book i. chap. i.
APPIA Via, a way reaching from Rome through Capua to Brundusium, between 330 and 350 miles long. Appius Claudius, surnamed Caecus, in the year of the city 441, carried it from the Porta Capena to Capua. (Livy, Frontinus.) It was afterwards carried on to Brundusium, but by whom, or when, is uncertain. It was laid with very hard stone, brought from a great distance, large, and squared (Diodorus); and it was so wide that several waggons could go abreast. Statius calls it the queen of roads. Its course is described by Horace, Strabo, and Antonine.
APPIAN, an eminent writer of the Roman history in Greek, under the reigns of Trajan and Adrian. He was of a good family in Alexandria in Egypt; whence he went to Rome, and there distinguished himself so well as an advocate, that he was chosen one of the procurators of the empire, and the government of a province was committed to him. He did not complete the Roman history in a continued series, but wrote distinct histories of all nations that had been conquered by the Romans, in which he placed every thing relating to those nations in the proper order of time. Of all this voluminous work there remains only what treats of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, with those against Hannibal, the civil wars, and the wars in Illyricum, and some fragments of the Celtic or Gallic wars. An excellent edition of Appian was published by Schweighaeuser in Greek and Latin, at Leipsic, in 1785, in 3 vols. 8vo. The extracts from the lost books, preserved by various authors, have been collected in this edition.
APPIUS Claudius, a Sabine by birth, one of the principal inhabitants of Regillum. His shining merit having drawn the envy of his fellow-citizens upon him, he retired to Rome with all his family. Appius was admitted into the senate, and was made consul with Publius Servilius Priseus in 258 from the building of Rome; but he was hated by the plebeians, being an austere opposer of their clamours and seditions. The Claudian family continued long one of the most illustrious of the patrician families in Rome, and several in succession of the name of Appius supported the same stern character that distinguished their first founder.
APPLAUSE, an approbation of something, signified by clapping pre hands, still practised in theatres. Applause, m antiquity, differed from acclamation, as the latter was articulate and performed with the voice, the former with the hands. Among the Romans, applause was an artificial kind of noise made -by the audience or spectators to express their satisfaction. There were three species of applause, denominated from the different noises made in them, viz. Bombus, Imbrices, and Testae ; the first a confused din, made either by the hands or the mouth; the' second and third, by beating on a sort of sounding vessels placed in the theatres for this purpose. Persons were instructed to give applause with skill; and there were even masters who professed to teach the art. The proficients in this way let themselves out for hire to the vain-glorious among the poets, actors, &c., and were properly disposed to support a loud applause. These they called Laudicceni, and Σοβοκλί/;. At the end of the play a loud peal of applause was expected, and even asked of the audience, either by the chorus or the persons who spoke last. The formula was Spectatores plaudite, or Vakte et plaudite. The plausores or applauders were divided into chori, and disposed in theatres opposite to each other, like the choristers in cathedrals, so that there was a kind of concert of applauses.
APPLE. See Horticulture.
APPLEBY, a small market and borough town in the county of Westmoreland, 269 miles from London, 14 from Penrith, and 32 from Carlisle. It is on the river Eden, which nearly surrounds it. The assizes and the election of county members are held here. It returns two members to parliament. There is a corn market held on Saturday. The population in 1801 was 711; in 1811, 815; and in 1821, 999.
APPLICATION, in a general sense, is the laying of two things together, in order to discover their agreement or disagreement.

Application, in Geometry, is used either for division; for applying one quantity to another, whose areas, but not figure, shall be the same; or for transferring a given line into a circle or other figure, so that its ends shall be in the perimeter of the figure.

Application, in Theology, is particularly used by some divines for the act whereby our Saviour transfers or makes over to us what he had earned or purchased by his holy life and death. Accordingly it is by this application of the merits of Christ that we are to be justified and entitled to grace and glory. The sacraments are the ordinary means or instruments whereby this application is effected.
APPOLLONIA, a considerable kingdom in Africa, about 100 miles in length, situated on the Gold Coast, from the western extremity of which it extends to the river Ancobra. The territory being intersected by numerous small streams which overflow their banks during the rainy season, is very well adapted for the growth of rice and the sugar-cane. The coast affords neither harbour nor creek; but goods are conveyed on shore in canoes, which are managed by the natives with great dexterity. The government is monarchical; the people are honest, courteous, and hospitable; and the trader, in dealing with them, finds his person and property quite secure. The ports are Appollonia, Assince, Great and Little Bassam; at each of which may be obtained gold and ivory, the former of rather superior quality. The British had formerly a fort at Appollonia, which they have now withdrawn.
APPOLONIA, a town of Austrian Italy, in the delegation of Brescia, in the government of Venetian Lombardy. It is in a lofty situation, and contains 1386 inhabitants, who are mostly employed in making gun-locks, bayonets, swords, and other implements of war.
APPOSITION, in Grammar, the placing of two or more substantives together, in the same case, without any copulative conjunction between them; as Ardebat Alexim, delicias domini.
APPRAISER (from ad, to, and pretium, value), one who rates or sets a value upon goods, &c. He must be [7:3:310]a skilful and honest person. It is not a business of itself, but is practised by brokers of household furniture, to which set of men the word is chiefly applied; yet upholsterers and other brokers are employed, or even any “person or persons who are supposed to be skilled in the commodities to be appraised or valued.
APPREHENSION, in Logic, denotes the simple attention of the mind to an object presented either to our sense or our imagination, without passing a judgment or making an inference.

Apprehension, in Law, signifies the seizing of a criminal in order to bring him to justice. .
APPROACHING, in fowling, a term used to express such devices as are contrived for the getting within shot of shy birds. It is principally used in marshy low places. The best method of approaching is by means of three hoops tied together at proper distances, according to the height of the man that is to use it, and having boughs of trees tied all round it, with cords to hang it over his shoulders. A man getting into this conceals himself, and approaches by degrees towards his game in the form of a moving bush. Geese, ducks, and teal, quit the waters in the evening, and pass the night in the fields; but at the approach of morning they return to the water, and even when on the water they will retire to great distances on the approach even of a horse or cow, so that the business of the stalking-horse is of little use; but this device of approaching by the moving bush is more successful.
APPROBATION, a state or disposition of the mind, wherein we put a value upon, or become pleased with, some person or thing.
APPROPRIATION, in the Canon Law, a severing of a benefice ecclesiastical to the proper and perpetual use of some religious house.
APPROVER, in Law, one who, professing felony in himself, appealeth or impeacheth another or more of his accomplices. He is so called from the French approuver, comprobare, because he must prove what he hath alleged in his appeal. This proof was anciently either by battle or by the country, at the choice of the appellee, and the form of this accusation may be found in Crompt. Just. 250.
APPROXIMATION, in Arithmetic and Algebra, the coming nearer and nearer to a root, or other quantity sought, without expecting ever to find it exactly.
APPULSE, in Astronomy, the approach of any planet to a conjunction with the sun or a star. It is a step towards a transit, occultation, conjunction, eclipse, &c.
APRIES, son of Psammis, king of Egypt, the same with Pharaoh Hophrah in Jeremiah and Ezekiel. He ruined Sidon, and some say he put Jeremiah to death. He thought neither God nor man could dethrone him, which yet was easily done by Amasis, and he himself was strangled by the Egyptians.
APRIL, the fourth month of the year, according to the common computation; but the second according to that of the astronomers. It contains 30 days. The word is derived from Aprilis, of aperio, I open, because the earth in this month begins to open her bosom for the production of vegetables.
APRON, in Naval Architecture, is a piece of curved timber fixed behind the lower part of the stern, immediately above the foremost end of the keel.
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Apron is also a name given to a platform or flooring of plank, raised at the entrance of a dock, against which the dock-gates are shut.

Apron, in Gunnery, a piece of lead which caps or covers the vent or touch-hole of a great gun.
APSIS, in ecclesiastical writers, denotes an inner part in the ancient churches, wherein the clergy sat, and where the altar was placed. It is supposed to have been thus called because covered with an arch or vault of its own, by the Greeks called aψ∕ς, by the Latins absis. Apsis, in this sense, amounts to the same with what is otherwise called choir, concha, camera, and presbyterium ; and stands opposed to the nave or body of the church.

Apsis is more particularly used for the bishop’s seat in ancient churches. This was peculiarly called apsis gradata, because raised on steps above the ordinary stalls. It was also denominated exedra, and in latter times tribune. Apsis is-also used for a reliquary or case, wherein the relics of saints were anciently kept. It took the name apsis from its being round or arched at the top, or perhaps from the place where it was kept. The apsis was commonly placed on the altar; it was usually of wood, sometimes also of gold and silver, with sculptures, &c.

Apsis, in Astronomy, a term used indifferently for either of the two points of a planet’s orbit, where it is at the greatest or least distance from the sun or earth; and hence the line connecting those points is called the linc of the apsides. The word is Greek, and derived from α<ιrrο>, I connect. The apsis, at the greatest distance from the sun, is called the aphelion, and at the greatest distance from the earth the apogee; while that at the least distance from the sun is termed the perihelion, and at the least distance from the earth the perigee.
APT, an arrondissement in the department of Vaucluse in France, extending over 500 square miles, or 380,000 acres. It is divided into four cantons, and those into fifty communes, containing 52,553 inhabitants.

Apt, a city, chief of the arrondissement of the same name in France, situated on the river Calavon. It has a cathedral, and the inhabitants amount to 5374, who find employment in making cotton and silk goods, in distilleries, china manufactories, and especially in extracting essences from lavender, thyme, and other plants. It is in long. 5. 17. 47. E. and lat. 43. 52. 29. N.

ΑΡΤΉΑΝΕ, a title anciently given to the higher degrees of nobility in Scotland. See Thane.
APTOTE, among grammarians, an indeclinable noun, or one which has no variation of cases.
APULEIUS, Lucius, a Platonic philosopher, well known by his performance entitled the Golden Ass. He lived in the second century, under the Antonines, and was born at Madaura, a Roman colony in Africa. He studied first at Carthage, then at Athens, and afterwards at Rome, where he learned the Latin tongue without the help of a master. He was a man of a curious and inquisitive disposition, especially in religious matters. This prompted him to take several journeys, and to enter into several societies of religion. ‘He spent his whole fortune almost in travelling; so that at his return to Rome, when he was about to dedicate himself to the service of Osiris, he had not money enough to defray the expense attending the ceremonies of the reception, and was obliged to pawn his clothes to raise the necessary sum. He supported himself afterwards by pleading causes; and as he was a great master of eloquence, and of a subtile genius, many considerable causes were trusted to him. But he benefited himself more by marrying a rich widow named Pu- dentilla. This marriage, however, drew upon him a troublesome law-suit. His wife’s relations, pretending he made use of sorcery to gain her heart and money, accused him of being a magician, before Claudius Maximus, proconsul of Africa. Apuleius found no great difficulty in making a successful defence. His Apology, which is still extant, contains some very curious details. Apuleius was indefatigable in his studies, and composed many works, some in verse, and others in prose; but most of them have been lost. He took great pleasure in declaiming, and was heard generally with applause. The citizens of Carthage erected a statue to him, and several other cities did him the same honour. There have been upwards of forty editions of his works; of which the first and rarest was published at Rome in 1469, the last and best at Leyden in 1786-1823, in 3 vols. 4to. This edition was begun by Oudendorp, and published after his death by Ruhnkenius and Bosscha. His principal pieces, besides the celebrated fiction of the Golden Ass, are his Apology, entitled Oratiο deMagia; fragments of speeches, entitled Florida; three books of philosophy, entitled De Habitudine Doctrinarum a Nativitate Platonis ; and a curious treatise, DeDeo Soeratis.
APYCNI Suoni, in Music, sounds distant one or more octaves, and yet concord.
APYCNOS, in Music, is said of the diatonic genus, on account of its having spacious intervals, in comparison of the chromatic and enharmonic.
APYREXY, among physicians, denotes the intermission of a fever.
APYROUS, a word applied to denote that property of∣ some bodies, by which they resist the most violent fire without any sensible alteration. Apyrous bodies ought to be distinguished from those which are refractory. Refractory substances are those which cannot by violent heat be fused, whatever other alteration they may sustain. But a body, properly speaking, apyrous, can neither be fused by heat, nor undergo any other change. Diamonds were long thought to be possessed of this property; but experiments have shown that diamonds maybe entirely dissipated or evaporated by heat, and are therefore not entitled to be ranked among apyrous substances. Perhaps there is no body in nature essentially and rigorously apyrous. But it is sufficient that there be bodies apyrous relatively to the degree of fire which art can produce, to entitle them to that name.
AQUAMBOE, a large kingdom in the interior of the Gold Coast of Africa, extending 20 miles along the banks of the Rio Volta, which separates it from Aquapim, and reaching 100 miles inland. About a century ago it was considered the most powerful kingdom on all this coast, and the king held all the neighbouring potentates as his subjects or tributaries. His despotism gave rise to a proverbial saying, that “there are only two ranks of men m Aquamboe, the royal family and slaves.” The natives are haughty, turbulent, and warlike; and their territory, though fertile, is indifferently cultivated. Like all the countries in the interior from the Gold Coast, it is now entirely subject to the preponderant power of the king of Ash an t ee.
AQUAPENDENTE. See Fabricius.
AQUAPIM, a kingdom of considerable extent in the interior of the Gold Coast of Africa, immediately behind Aera, and having on the other side Aquamboe. This country is said to vie in beauty and fertility with any in the world. It is finely diversified with wooded hills and highly cultivated valleys, the former having usually towns nd villages situated on their summits. The people are obedient to their chiefs, mild and gentle; they are chiefly employed in agriculture, which they practise with considerable diligence.
AQUARIANS, Christians in the primitive church who consecrated water in the eucharist instead of wine. This they did under pretence of abstinence and temperance, or because they thought it universally unlawful to eat flesh or drink wine. Epiphanius calls them Encratites, from their abstinence; St Austin, Aquarians, from their use of water; and Theodoret, who says they sprang from Tatian, Hydroporastatae, because they offered water instead of wine. Besides these, there was another sort of Aquarians, who did not reject the use of wine as unlawful; for they administered the eucharist in wine at evening service; but in their morning assemblies they commonly used water, lest the smell of wine should discover them to the heathens.
AQUARIUS, the Water-bearer, in Astronomy, the 11th sign of the zodiac. It is marked thus, χχ. The poets feign that Aquarius was Ganymede, whom Jupiter ravished under the shape of an eagle, and carried away into heaven to serve as a cup-bearer in the room of Hebe and Vulcan; whence the name. Others hold that the sign was thus called because, when it appears in the horizon, the weather usually proves rainy.
AQUILA, or Aquila and Antinous, the Eagle, in Astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, usually joined with Antinous. In Bode’s description of the constellations Aquila contains 276 stars, four of which are double, and three nebulous.

Aquila, a city of the kingdom of Naples, and chief of the province Abruzzo Ulteriore Second. It is situated on the Atemo, in the vale of Aquila and Pescara. It has no less than 24 parish and 29 monastic churches, besides the cathedral, though the population in 1818 amounted only to 7525 persons. There are some manufactures of linen and paper, and some trade in corn, cattle, saffron, and the other products of the vicinity. Long. 14. 5. 47. E. Lat. 42. 25. N.
AQUILICIUM, or Aquiliciana, in Roman Antiquity, sacrifices performed in times of excessive drought, to obtain rain of the gods.
AQUILUS, among the ancients, a dark or dusky colour approaching to black. Hence some of the heathen gods were called dii aquili, q. d. nigri.
AQUIMINARIUM, in Antiquity, a kind of lustral vessels, wherein the Romans carried their holy water for expiation and other religious offices.
AQUINAS, St Thomas, styled the Angelical Doctor, was of the ancient and noble family of the counts of Aquino, descended from the kings of Sicily and Arragon; and was born in the castle of Aquino, in the Terra di Lavora in Italy, in the year 1224 or 1225. He entered into the order of the Dominicans; and, after having taught school divinity in most of the universities of Italy, at last settled at Naples, where he spent the rest of his life in study, in reading lectures, and in acts of piety; and was so far from views of ambition or profit, that he refused the archbishopric of that city, when it was offered him by Pope Clement IV. He died in 1274, leaving an amazing number of writings, which were printed at Venice in 17 vols. folio, in the year 1490. He was canonized by Pope John XXII. in the year 1323; and Pius V. who was of the same order with him, gave him, in 1567, the title of the Fifth Doctor of the church, and appointed his festival to be kept with the same solemnity as those of the other four doctors. His authority has always been great in the schools of the Roman Catholics. Lord Herbert, in his life of Henry VIII., tells us that one of the principal reasons which induced that king to write against Luther was, that the latter had spoken contemptuously of Thomas Aquinas.
AQUINO, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and Terra di Lavora; a bishop’s see, but ruined by the emperor Conrade, and now consisting of about 35 houses. It was the birthplace of the poet Juvenal, and of Thomas Aquinas. Long. 14. 30. E. Lat. 41. 32. N.
ARA, or Ara Thuribuli, the altar of incense, in Astronomy, a southern constellation, not visible in our horizon. It consists, according to Bode, of 81 stars.
ARABESQUE, or Arabesk, something done after the manner of the Arabians. Arabesque, ' Grotesque, and Moresque, are terms applied to paintings and ornaments where there are no human or animal figures, but which consist wholly of foliages, plants, stalks, &c. The words take their rise from hence, that the Moors, Arabs, and other Mahometans, use these kinds of ornaments; their religion forbidding them to make any images or figures of men or other animals.
ARABICI, a sect who sprung up in Arabia about the year 207, whose distinguishing tenet was, that the soul died with the body, and also arose again with it. Eusebius (lib. vi. c. 38) relates that a council was called to stop the progress of this rising sect; and that Origen assisted at it, and convinced them so thoroughly of their error that they abjured it.
ARABISM, Arabismus, an idiom or manner of speaking peculiar to the Arabs or the Arabic language.
ARABIST, a person curious of and skilled in the learning and language of the Arabians: such were Erpenius and Golius. The surgeons of the 13th century are called Arabists by Severinus.
ARACAN. See Arracan.
ARACHNE, in fabulous history, a young maid of Lydia, said to have been' the inventress of spinning. She is fabled to have been so skilful in this art as to challenge Minerva at it, who tore her work, and struck her; which disgrace driving her to despair, she hanged herself. Minerva, from compassion, brought her to life, and transformed her into a spider, which still employs itself in spinning.
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