pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HEAD, the uppermost or foremost part of the body of an animal.

HEAD~Borow, or HEAn-Eσrouph, signifies the person who is the chief of the frank-pledge, and who had anciently the principal direction of those within his own pledge. He was also called burrow-head, burshoulder, now bors-holder, third-borrow, tything-man, chief-pledge, and borow-elder, according to the diversity of speech in different places. This officer is now usually called a high-constable. The head-borow was the chief of ten pledges; the other nine were called lιαηd-borrows, or pleaii manuales, and the like.

HEAD-Penxe, an exaction of a certain sum formerly collected by the sheriff of Northumberland from the inhabitants of that county, without any account to be made to the king. This was abolished by the statute 23 Henry VI. cap. 7.

HEAD-Dress, amongst the Jewish, Grecian, and Roman ladies, as amongst ourselves, was various, according to the different periods of time, and the fluctuation of fashion. In general, it consisted principally of their hair differently tricked out. It was usually divided before with a bodkin, into two equal parts; sometimes it was covered with a net, or put into a kind of purse,’ or tied behind in the form of a knot, or bound back and plaited with ribands. It was washed with great care; essence and perfumes were applied to it, and gold dust was sometimes made use of as powder. Pearls and jewels formed part of their ornaments; and pendants were worn in the ears.
HEALFANG, Healsfang, or Halsfang, in our ancient customs, signifies collistrigium, or the punishment of the pillory. The word is compounded of two Saxon words, halp, neck, and pangen, to contain: Poena scilicet qua alicui collum stringatur. The healfang, however, cannot signify a pillory in the charter of Canutus, De Porestis (cap. xiv.): Et pro culpa solvat regi duos solidos, quos Dani vocant halfehang.

Healfang is also taken for a pecuniary mulct in commutation of the punishment of the pillory; and is to be paid either to the king or the chief lord. Qui falsum testimonium dedit, reddat regi vel terree domino healfang.
HEALING, in its general sense, includes the whole process of curing or removing a disorder, and recovering health. In this sense medicine is defined the art of healing. In its more restricted sense, as used in surgery, healing denotes the uniting or consolidating the lips of a wound or ulcer.
HEALTH is a right disposition of the body, and of all its parts. The Greeks and Romans deified Health, representing it under the figure of a woman, whom they supposed to be the daughter of Aesculapius. We find the name of the Goddess Salus, or Health, on many medals of the Roman emperors, with different inscriptions; as, Salus Publica, Salus Reipublicae, Salus Augusti, and so on.
HEARING, the act or faculty of perceiving sounds. Hearing is reckoned among our external senses. Its organ is the ear, and particularly the auditory nerve diffused through the same; and its object, certain motions or vibrations of the air. Hence hearing may be more scientifically defined a sensation, by which, from a due motion impressed on the fibrillae of the auditory nerve, and communicated thence to the sensorium, the mind obtains the idea of sounds.
HEARSE, the name of a well-known carriage, used for conveying the dead to the grave. The word is also used by Shakspeare in his Henry VI. for a monument erected over a grave.
HEART. See Anatomy.
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HEAT, Animal. See Physiology.
HEATH, James, an English historian, was born in 1629, at London, where his father, who was the king’s cutler, then lived. He was educated at Westminster school, and became a student of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1616. In 1648 he was ejected by the parliamentary visitors, for his adherence to the royal cause; lived upon his patrimony till it was almost spent; then married, and was obliged to write books and correct the press in order to maintain his family. He died of a consumption and dropsy at London in August 1664, and left several children to the parish. His principal publications were, 1. A brief Chronicle of the late Intestine War in the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1661, 8vo, afterwards enlarged by the author, and completed from 1637 to 1663, in four parts, 1663, in 8vo; 2. Flagellum, or The Life and Death, Birth and Burial, of Oliver Cromwell, the late Usurper, 1663; 3. A new Book of Loyal English Martyrs and Confessors, who have endured the Pains and Terrors of Death, Arraignment, &c. for the Maintenance of the just and legal Government of these Kingdoms both in Church and State, 1663, 12mo.
HEAVEN literally signifies the expanse of the firmament surrounding our earth, and extending every way to an immense distance.

Heaven, amongst Christian divines and philosophers, is considered as a place in which the omnipresent Deity condescends to afford a nearer and more immediate view of himself, and a more sensible manifestation of his glory, than in the other parts of the universe. This is often called the empyrean, from that splendour with which it is supposed to be invested; and of this place the inspired writers give us the most noble and magnificent descriptions. The ancients considered heaven as the residence only of the celestial gods, into which no mortals were admitted after death, unless they were deified. As for the souls of good men, they were consigned to the Elysian fields.

Heaven, amongst astronomers, called also the ethereal and starry heaven, is that immense region in which the stars, planets, and comets are disposed.

Heaven is more particularly used in astronomy for an orb, or circular region, of the ethereal heaven.
HEBDOMADARY, Hebdomadarius, or Hebdoma-dius, a member of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to officiate in the choir, to rehearse the anthems and prayers, and to perform the usual functions which the superiors perform at solemn feasts, and other extraordinary occasions. The word is formed from the Greek tChομaς, which signifies a week, from ⅛rα, seven.

The hebdomadary generally collated to the benefices which became vacant during his week, though this was usually looked upon as an abuse. In cathedrals, the hebdomadary was a canon or prebendary, who had the peculiar care of the choir, and the inspection of the offices for his week. In monasteries, the hebdomadary is he who waits at table for a week or other stated period, and directs and assists the cook.
HEBDOME, a solemnity of the ancient Greeks, in honour of Apollo, in which the Athenians sung hymns to his praise, and carried in their hands branches of laurel. The word signifies the seventh day, this solemnity being observed on the seventh day of every lunar month.
HEBE, the daughter of Jupiter and Juno (Apollodor. L 3), the goddess of youth, and cup-bearer of the gods, was succeeded in her office by Ganymede, considered by some only as another name of Hebe (Paus. ii. 13). She was, also called Dia (Strab. viii, 382), and was married to Hercules, when he was raised to the rank of a god; and had by him Alexiares and Anicetus (Apollodor. ii. 7, 7).
HEBRON, a town of Palestine, so named from a very remote antiquity. It is a place of great resort for pilgrims, both Mahommedan and Christian. Its situation is on a hill, near the plain of Mamre, which is fertile, and planted with excellent vineyards. Here Constantine built a church, of which the walls still remain. It is twenty-seven miles south-west of Jerusalem.
HEBRUS, now Maritza, a river of Thrace, rising in Mount Scomius (Thucyd. ii. 96), or Rhodope (Plin. iv. 11), and falling into the Aegean Sea near Aenos, forming at its mouth the Palus Stentoris (Herodot. vii. 58). It is joined on the left bank by the Artiscus (Bujuk-déré), by the Agrianes (Ergene), which receives the Contadesdus (Saradjala), and this last the Tearus (Tekedéré). It was at the source of this river that Darius erected a pillar with an inscription to the effect that its waters were the purest and best, as he was the fairest of men. (Herodot. iv. 89- 92.) v
HECATE, daughter of Perses and Asterie, or of Night, an ancient symbol of the moon, appearing in the Orphic hymns as the first and oldest divinity. She is there called the Almighty Queen of Heaven, the bearer of the keys of the world. As the goddess of fortune, she was the protectress of merchants and highways (Trivia). Hers was the name applied to the new moon, and therefore one of the names of Diana. (See Diana.) She was commonly represented with three bodies, and was worshipped by the Greeks on the 30th day of every month, when the mullet and anchovy were offered to her.
HECATESIA, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. The Athenians also paid particular worship to this goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children. From this circumstance the statues of the goddess were erected before the doors of the houses; and at every new moon a public supper was provided at the expense of the richest people, [7:11:205]and set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted to retire and feast upon it, whilst they reported that Hecate had devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings, to supplicate the goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the heads of the public.
HECATOMB, in Antiquity, a sacrifice of a hundred beasts of the same kind, at a hundred altars, and by a hundred priests or sacrificers. The word is formed from the Greek naτομZr ∖ , which properly signifies a sumptuous or magnificent sacrifice. Some, however, derive it from the Greek ixam , centum, an hundred, and ∕3ouς, bos, bullock, from which the hecatomb should be a sacrifice of a hundred bullocks; whilst others derive it from i×aτοv and <!rους, pes, foot, and on that principle maintain that the hecatomb might consist of only twenty-five four-footed beasts. They add, that it did not matter what kind of beasts were chosen as victims, provided the contingent of feet was complete.

Respecting. the origin of hecatombs, Strabo relates, that there were a hundred cities in Laconia, and that each city used to sacrifice a bullock every year for the common safety of the country; whence the institution of the celebrated sacrifice of a hundred victims, called hecatombs. Others refer the origin of hecatombs to a plague, with which the hundred cities of Peloponnesus were afflicted, and for the removal of which they jointly contributed to so splendid a sacrifice.

Julius Capitolinus relates, that for a hecatomb they erected a hundred altars of turf, and on these sacrificed a hundred sheep and a hundred hogs; and he adds, that when the emperors offered sacrifices of this kind, they sacrificed a hundred lions, a hundred eagles, and a hundred other beasts or animals.
HECATOMBAEON was the first month of the Athenian year, consisting of thirty days; beginning on the first new moon after the summer solstice, and consequently answering to the latter part of our June and the beginning of July. It had its name from the great number of hecatombs sacrificed in it.
HECATOMPOLIS, in Ancient Geography, a surname of the island of Crete, from its containing an hundred cities. The territory of Laconia also had anciently this name for the same reason; and the custom of these hundred cities was to sacrifice a hecatomb annually.
HECHINGEN, a city, the capital of the principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, in Germany. It is the residence of the prince, and, besides his palace, contains 550 houses, and 2310 inhabitants, who depend chiefly on the court, but make a few woollen cloths. It has three churches and some monasteries. Long. 8. 52. 58. E. Lat. 48. 21. 15. N.
HECLA, a volcano of Iceland, situated in the southern part of the island. See Iceland or Island.
HECTOR, the eldest son of Priam and Hecuba, and heir to the throne, was the most valiant defender of Troy. He was married to Andromache, daughter of Eetion, to whom he was tenderly attached, and bad by her Astyanax and Laodamas or Amphineus. He had the chief command of the troops during the Trojan war, and the valour which he displayed showed how well qualified he was to discharge that important office. He fought in single combat with Ajax, and obliged Diomede to fly; but Achilles was his natural enemy, though it was not till the tenth year of the siege that they met in battle. Hector took advantage of the absence of Achilles, who was indignant with Agamemnon for having taken Briseis from him, and, approaching the camp of the Greeks, began to set fire to the ships. Patroclus appeared in the armour of Achilles, and fell by the hands of Hector. This drew forth Achilles, who proceeded to the field of battle, and, pursuing Hector through the plain, put him to death. He then dragged his dead body thrice round the walls of the city, and, not satisfied with this, declared that the body should be given as a prey to birds and dogs. The following night, however, the tears of the aged Priam induced him to change his resolution, and the body of Hector was committed to the flames within the walls of his native city. Such is the scene which terminates rather abruptly the poem of the Iliad. Hector had a monument at Thebes, to which the Thebans maintained that his bones had been removed from Troy. (Homer, Iliad ; Pausanias, ix. 18.)
HECUBA, the daughter of Dymas (Hom. II. ii. 718), or of Cisseus (Eurip.), or of the river Sangarius and Metope (Apollodor. iii. 12, 5), married Priam, and had by him nineteen sons and a great number of daughters. Of the sons, the most celebrated were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Helenus, Polydorus, Troilus; and of the daughters, Polyxena, Cassandra, Creüsa, and Laodice. When Hecuba was pregnant of Paris, she dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch, which reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. This dream was interpreted to mean that the son she should bring into the world would prove the destruction of bis country. To avoid this, she exposed Paris as soon as he was born; but he was saved by shepherds, and afterwards acknowledged by his parents. During the Trojan war she witnessed the death of nearly all her children, and at last saw her husband murdered before her eyes. ( Virg. Aen. ii.) When Troy was taken, Hecuba fell to the lot of Ulysses, who was not particularly satisfied with his share of the booty. They set sail and landed in the Thracian Chersonnesus, where Hecuba learned that her son Polydorus had been murdered by Polymnestor, the ancient friend of the Trojans, to whom Priam had sent him. She proceeded with some Trojan women to the house of Polymnestor, and having torn out his eyes, put to death two of his sens. Having been deprived of her senses, Hecuba traversed the whole of Thrace, and made it resound with her fury and despair. In pity for her misfortunes, the gods changed her into a bitch. (Hygin. iii.; Ovid. Net.') Some, however, say that she was carried to Lycia by Apollo. (Paus. x. 27.)
HEDINGHAM Castle, a town of the county of Essex, in the hundred of Hinchford, forty-seven miles from London, whose inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1065, in 1811 to 1052, in 1821 to 1163, and in 1831 to 1220. Within half a mile of it is another town, Sible Hedingham, whose population amounted in 1801 to 1865, in 1811 to 1702, in 1821 to 2060, and in 1831 to 2194.
HEDON, or Heydon, a borough town of Holderness. in the east riding of Yorkshire, situated on a creek connected with the river Humber. It is governed by a mayoι and aldermen; and returned two members to parliament til the disfranchisement of 1832. The inhabitants amountee in 1801 to 592, in 1811 to 780, in 1821 to 902, and ir 1831 to 1080.
HEGIRA, in Chronology, a celebrated epoch among the Mahommedans. The word is Arabic, formed from man, hagirah, flight, from Ί3Π, to fly, to quit one’s country, family, and friends. The event which gave occasion to this epoch was Mahommed’s flight from Mecca. The magistrates of that city, fearing that his impostures would raise a sedition, resolved to expel him; and this, accordingly, they effected, in the year of our Lord 633, on the evening of the 15th or 16th of July. To render this epoch more creditable, the Mahommedans affect to use the word hegira in a peculiar sense for an act of religion, by which a man forsakes his country, and gives way to the violence of persecutors and enemies of the faith; and they add, that the Corashites, being then the strongest party in the city, obliged their Prophet to fly, because they were not able to endure his abolishing idolatry. This flight was not the first of Mahommed’s, but it was the most famous. It happened in the fourteenth year after he had assumed the character of Prophet, and promulgated his new religion. The orientals do not agree with us as to the time of the hegira. Among the Mahommedans, f Amasi fixes it to the year of Christ 630, and from the death of Moses 2347; and Ben Cassem to the year of the world 5800. According to the Greek computation, among the Christians, Said Ebn Batrik refers the hegira to the year of Christ 614, and of the creation 6114. Khondemir relates that it was Omar, the second caliph, who first established the hegira as an epoch, and appointed the years to be numbered from it. At the time he passed this decree, seven years had already elapsed. This establishment was made in imitation of the Christians, who, in those times, reckoned their years from the persecution of Diocletian. But there is another hegira, and that earlier too, though of less eminence. Mahommed, in the fourteenth year of his mission, was obliged to relinquish Medina. The Corashites had all along opposed him very vigorously, as an innovator and disturber of the public peace; and many of his disciples, not enduring to be reputed followers of an impostor, desired leave of him to abandon the city, from an apprehension of being obliged to renounce their religion. This retreat forms the first hegira. These two hegiras the Mahommedans, in their language, call hegiratan. The years of the hegira consist only of 354 days. To reduce these to the Julian calendar, or to find what Julian year a given year of the hegira answers to, reduce the year of the hegira given into days, by multiplying by 354, divide the product by 365, and from the quotient subtract the intercalations, that is, as many days as there are four years in the quotient; and lastly, to the remainder add 622.
HEIDELBURG, a city of the duchy of Baden, in Germany, in the circle of the Neckar, and capital of the bailiwick which takes its name from the city. It is situated on the river Neckar, over which is a bridge 700 feet in length. It is in a most romantic situation, the interest of which is heightened by a number of antique buildings and ruins in its vicinity, the most striking of which are the Geisberg with its lofty cupola, the Kaiserstahle on the right bank of the Neckar, the Heiligenburg, with the ruins of the castle and of the monastery, and Schloss in which is the celebrated wine cask, now in a dilapidated state. The city is walled, has a good high street, and four open places or markets; contains two Lutheran, one Reformed, and one Catholic church, a synagogue, four hospitals, and, including the suburbs, 1192 houses, with 10,500 inhabitants. It is the seat of a most respectable university, with forty-five teachers of different branches, and 600 pupils, to which belongs a library of 30,000 volumes; and several institutions for professional branches of education. It is not a place of much commerce; but some linen and woollen goods are made, and various kinds of leather are prepared. It has several breweries, and some builders of barges and boats, and a considerable fishing, especially of white fish, whose scales are valued as being formed here into artificial pearls. Long. 8. 36. 18. E. Lat. 49. 24. 43. N.
HEIDENHEIM, a town of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, in the circle of Jaxt, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, which extends over 208 square miles, and contains 26,500 inhabitants. The town is situated on the river Brentz, and has 300 houses, with 2320 inhabitants, occupied in cotton manufactures, ironmongery, and cutlery.
HEILBRON, a city of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, in the circle of the Neckar, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, situated on the river Neckar, over which is a covered wooden bridge. It is surrounded with high walls and ditches, contains three Lutheran and two Catholic churches, a council-house, an hospital, an orphan-house, 934 dwelling-houses, and 7350 inhabitants. There is a considerable gymnasium, with a library of 12,000 volumes. Around the city are nearly 1600 acres of land occupied as vineyards, which produce very good wine. It is a place of manufacturing industry, preparing snuff, white lead, [7:11:207]brandy, oil, vinegar, paper, cloth, and articles of gold and silver, and jewellery. Long. 9. 3. 25. E. Lat. 48. 7. 48. N. Near the city is a hunting seat of the king, formerly a fortress.
HEILIGENSTADT, a town of the province of Lower Ens, in Austria, a few miles distant from Vienna. It contains some manufactories of paper, silks, cotton twist, and oil refining. There is an hospital or school for the daughters of the officers of the army. The inhabitants are 2650.

Heiligenstadt, a city, the capital of the circle of the same name, in the province of Saxony, in Prussia. It stands at the junction of the rivers Geislade and Leine. It is surrounded with walls, contains four churches, 560 houses, and 4530 inhabitants, who are employed in the woollen trade, and in distilleries.
HEILSBERG, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of East Prussia, situated on the river Alle. It is the residence of the Catholic bishop of Ermeland, contains two Catholic and one Lutheran church, with 348 houses, and 2850 inhabitants. Long. 20. 37. 50 E. Lat. 54. 3. 50. N.
HEIR, in Law, signifies the person who succeeds another by descent.

HΕin-Apparent is a person so called in the lifetime of his ancestor, at whose death he is heir-at-law.

IlEiR-Presumptive, is one who, if the ancestor should die immediately, would, in the present circumstances of things, be his heir; but whose right of inheritance may be defeated by the contingency of some nearer heir being born.
HEIRSHIP Moveables, in Scotch Law, the best of certain kinds of moveables, which the heir of line is entitled to take, besides the heritable estate.
HEISTER, Laurence, an eminent physician, surgeon, and anatomist, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, in the year 1683. After being educated in the universities of Germany, he prosecuted the study of anatomy and surgery at Amsterdam in 1706; next year acted as surgeon in the Dutch camp in Brabant; and afterwards studied medicine at Leyden under the celebrated Boerhaave, at the expiration of which he took his degrees. In 1709 he was appointed physician-general to the Dutch military hospitals, by which means he acquired vast experience, both in medicine and surgery. In 1710 he was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery at Altdorf, where he acquired great celebrity by his lectures and writings. In 1720 he removed to the university of Helmstadt, where he continued during the remainder of his life. The Czar Peter invited him to Russia; but the esteem in which he was held by different sovereigns induced him to remain in Germany. His death happened in the year 1758, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. Dr Heister was uncommonly industrious, and wrote a prodigious number of books; but his reputation was principally derived from his singular skill and success in surgery. He is particularly known by his Compendium Anatomicum, which has been frequently reprinted, and translated into different languages. His chief surgical publication is his Institutions of Surgery, which was long considered as a standard book of the kind, till it was superseded by more modern systems. As a physician his principal works are, 1. Observationes Medicomiscellaneae, Theoreticae et Practicae; 2. De Medicinae Mechanicae Praestantia; 3. Compendium Institutionum et Fundamentorum Medicinae. A collection of Medical, Chirurgical, and Anatomical Observations was published after his death, in two volumes quarto.