pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CARACT, or Carat, the name of that weight which expresses the degree of fineness of gold. The word is also written carract, carrat, harract, and harrat. Its origin is contested; but the most probable opinion is that of Kennet, who derives it from carecta, a term which anciently denoted any weight, and came afterwards to be appropriated to that which expresses the fineness of gold and the gravity of diamonds.

These carats are not real determinate weights, but only imaginary. The whole mass, be the weight what it will, is conceived to be divided into twenty-four carats; and as many twenty-fourth parts as it contains of pure gold, it is called gold of so many carats, or so many carats fine. Thus, gold of eighteen carats is a mixture, of which eighteen parts are of pure gold, and the other six of an inferior metal. This is the common way of reckoning in Europe, and at the gold mines in the Spanish West Indies, but with some variation in the subdivision of the carat; for among us it is divided into four grains, among the Germans into twelve parts, and among the French, according to Mr Helot, into thirty-two. The Chinese reckon by a different division called touches, of which the highest number, or that which denotes pure gold, is a hundred; so that a hundred touches correspond to our twenty-four carats.

Caract is also a certain weight which goldsmiths and jewellers use for weighing precious stones and pearls. In thŉ sense the word is supposed by some to be derived from the Greek κigar∕ov, a fruit which the Latins call siliqua, and we carob bean, each of which may weigh above four grains of wheat; and hence the Latin siliqua has been used for the weight of four grains. This caract weighs four grains; but they are sometimes lighter than the grains of other weights. Each of these grains is subdivided into X 1 χ _ı_

2’ 4’ 8’ 1K> θit '∙ .
CARACTACUS, a renowned king of the ancient British people called Silures, inhabiting South Wales. Having valiantly defended his country seven years against the Romans, he was at length defeated; and, flying to Cartismunda, queen of the Brigantes (inhabitants of Yorkshire), was by her treacherously delivered up to the Romans, and led in triumph to the Emperor Claudius, then at York, where his noble behaviour, and heroic but pathetic speech, obtained him not only his liberty, but the esteem of the emperor, a. d. 52. See article Britain.
CARAGROUTH, in Commerce, a silver coin of the empire, weighing nine drachms. It passes at Constantinople for a hundred and twenty aspers. There are four sorts of them, which are all equally current, and of the same value.
CARAMAN, a town in the department of the Upper Garonne, in France, with 2286 inhabitants.

Caraman, a tow n of Asiatic Turkey, and the capital of Caramania. It is situated on a plain, and consists of low houses, almost all built of clay. It has manufactures of coarse w oollen cloth, and others of wool and cotton mixed for the usc of the inhabitants. On the neighbouring mountains are fed numerous goats and sheep, which afford an abundant supply of wool. A considerable trade is carried on with Smyrna, and generally with Asia Minor. The town contains 1100 houses, 1000 of which are occupied by Turks, and the remainder by Armenians.
CARAMANIA, an extensive province of Asia Minor. On the north and west it has Natolia for its boundary, on the south the Mediterranean, and its eastern boundary is not exactly ascertained. The coast is everywhere indented by bays and inlets, and in many parts is of a steep and rocky aspect, with promontories which rise to the height of 500 or 600 feet above the level of the sea, and penetrate to a great depth below the surface. In other parts the shore is barren and sandy. The country is well watered, though its rivers are in general narrow, shallow, and unfit for navigation. It contains also many lakes stored with fish. But this and other advantages are not improved by the indolent inhabitants. The aspect of the country is mountainous. It is intersected by long ranges of hills, from which diverge subordinate branches in every direction, with broad and fertile valleys intervening, and insulated rocks and mountains in the spacious plains. Some of the more lofty hills rise to the line of perpetual snow; and the lower ranges are covered with forests to [7:6:134] their very summit, in which are seen the oak, the pine a hundred feet in height, besides every other variety of forest trees. The soil in the valleys is remarkably fertile, and yields the finest wheat and other grain, besides all descriptions of fruit. Oranges, citrons, pomegranates, figs, grapes, &c. are produced in abundance; the vine and the fig tree exhibit the most luxuriant vegetation, and the laurel and myrtle, with innumerable odoriferous shrubs and plants, flourish in profusion. The poppy plant is extensively cultivated. This country, which was once so populous, and covered with flourishing cities, now lies desolate in many parts. The inhabitants, namely the Turcoman shepherds, are little better than a lawless banditti; and pirates frequently shelter themselves behind the promontories of the coast, in order to plunder the defenceless mariner. Among the principal cities known to Europeans, are enumerated Konieh, the residence of the pasha; Aphiom; and Adalia, which contains 8000 inhabitants. The Turks exercise a pernicious authority over the country, which is governed, or rather oppressed and plundered, by the pashas, who rule over it as the delegates of the grand signior. The ruins of cities once flourishing, containing the finest monuments of antiquity, are seen scattered over the plains, and attest, the former prosperity of this now comparatively desolate country.
CARAMANTA, a town of South America, in the province of Antioquia. It is situated on the Cauca, sixty-five leagues north-east of Popayan. Long. 75. 33. W. Lat. 5. 58. N.
CARAMNASSA, a small winding river of Hindustan, which separates the province of Batar from that of Benares. It is chiefly remarkable as it is so far different from other streams that the Hindus are forbidden to touch it; and they always cross it therefore with the utmost caution, as by touching it they lose the fruits of their former austerities and pilgrimages.
CARAT. See Caract.
CARAVACCA, a town of Spain, at the mouth of a river of the same name, in Segura, in the province of Murcìa, containing 8720 inhabitants. Lat. 38. 7. N.
CARAVAN, or Karavanne, in the East, signifies a company or assembly of travellers and pilgrims, and more particularly of merchants, who, for their greater security, and in order to assist each other, march in a body through the deserts, and other dangerous places, which are infested with Arabs or robbers.

There are four regular caravans which go yearly to Mecca; the first from Damascus, composed of the pilgrims from Europe and Asia; the second from Cairo, composed of the Mahommedans of Barbary; the third from Zibith, a place near the mouth of the Red Sea, where those of Arabia and India meet; the fourth from Babylon, where the Persians assemble. Most of the inland commerce of the East is carried on by caravans. The Czar Peter the Great established a trade between Russia and China by means of a caravan. M. Bougnon, geographer to the Duke of Lorrain, published a treatise of the caravans of merchants in Asia; in which he shows of what they are composed, how many sorts there are, the several uses of the different sorts of animals in them, the prices given for them, the officers and men appointed to conduct them, and the pay of each, with their manner of marching, halting, fighting, retreating, and the like. Caravans of this kind are large convoys of armed men, merchants, and travellers, with diverse sorts of animals for the carriage of their provisions. There are commonly four chief officers of a caravan, viz. the caravan bachi, or chief, the captain guide, captain of rest, and captain of distribution. The first has absolute command over all the rest; the second is absolute in the march; the office of the third only commences when the caravan stops and makes a stay; to the fourth belongs the disposition of every part of the corps in case of an attack or battle, and he has also the inspection of the distribution of provisions, which is made under him by several distributors, who give security to the master of the caravan, and have each of them a certain number of persons, elephants, dromedaries, &c. to take care of at their peril. The treasurer of the caravan is a fifth officer, who has under him several agents and interpreters, who keep journals of all that passes, for the satisfaction of those concerned in fitting out the caravan. Any dealer is at liberty to form a company in order to make a caravan. He in whose name it is raised is considered as the caravan bachi, or chief of the caravan, unless he appoint some other person in his place. If there are several merchants equally concerned, they elect a caravan bachi; after which they appoint officers to conduct the caravan, and decide all controversies that may arise during the journey.

There are also sea caravans, established on the same footing, and for the same purpose; such is the caravan of vessels from Constantinople to Alexandria.
CARAVANSERAI, or Kara vansera, a place appointed for receiving and loading the caravans. It is commonly a large square building, in the middle of which there is a very spacious court; and under the arches or piazzas that surround it there runs a bank, raised some feet above the ground, where the merchants and those who travel with them in any capacity take up their lodgings as well as they can, the beasts of burden being fastened to the foot of the bank. Over the gates that lead into the court there are sometimes little rooms, which the keepers of the caravanserais let out at a very high price to such as have a mind to be private.

The caravanserais in the East are something of the nature of the inns in Europe; only that you meet with little accommodation either for man or beast, but are obliged to carry almost every thing with you. There is no caravanserai without a well or spring of water. The existence of these buildings is chiefly owing to the charity of the Mahommedans; and they are esteemed as sacred dwellings, where it is not permitted to insult any person, or to pillage any of the effects that are deposited there. There are also caravanserais where most things may be had for money; and as the profits of these are considerable, the magistrates of the cities to whose jurisdiction they belong take care to store them well. There is an inspector, who, at the departure of each caravan, fixes the price of the night’s lodging, from which there is no appeal.
CARAVANSERASKIER, the steward or keeper of a caravanserai. He keeps an account of all the merchandises that are sold upon trust, and demands the payments of the sums due to the merchants for what has been sold in the caravanserai, on the seller’s paying two per cent.
CARBON. See Chemistry.
CARBONARA, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Principato-Ulteriore, with 2747 inhabitants.
CARBUNCLE, a name formerly given to garnet.

Carbuncle, in Heraldry, a charge or bearing, consisting of eight radii, four of which make a common cross, and the other four a saltier. Some call these radii buttons or staves, because they are round, and enriched with buttons, or pearled like pilgrims’ staves, and frequently tipped or terminated with fleurs-de-lis; others blazon them, royal sceptres, placed in saltier, pale and fesse.
CARCASSONNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Aude, in France, extending over 830 square miles. It is divided into 12 cantons and 141 communes. The population amounts to 89,139 persons. The chief place, from which the arrondissement takes its name, is a city [7:6:135]on the Aube, which divides it into two parts. That which is situated on the left bank is a well-built and rather modern city, with a fine square, from which streets lead in different directions. The part on the right bank is more antique and less handsome. Carcassonne contains 1604 houses and 15,000 inhabitants, who are occupied in various manufactures, particularly thin woollen, for the trade of the Levant. Long. 2. 14. 35. E. Lat. 43. 12. 51. N.
CARCAXENTE, a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, containing 5900 inhabitants. There are mills here for making silk thread; and oranges and pomegranates are cultivated in the neighbourhood. Lat. 39. 11. N.
CARCERES, in the ancient Circensian games, were inclosures in the circus, wherein the horses were restrained till the signal was given for starting, when, by an admirable contrivance, they all at once flew open.
CARDASS, a sort of card, proper for carding flocks of silk, to make cappadine of it. It is also the name which the French give to those flocks of silk.

Cardass is also the name which, in the cloth manufactories of Languedoc, they give to a sort of large card, which is used for carding the dyed wool designed for making cloth of mixed colours.
CARDERS, in the woollen manufactory, are persons who prepare wool, &c. for spinning.
CARDIAC, in a general sense, signifies all medicines beneficial to the heart, whether applied internally or externally. The word comes from the Greek word κaξδ ∣ a, cor ; the heart being reputed the immediate seat of their operation.

Cardiacs, in a more particular sense, denote medicines which raise the spirits and give present strength and cheerfulness; these are the same with what are properly called cordials.
CARDIFF, a market-town of Glamorganshire, South Wales, where the assizes and sessions are held. It consists of two parishes, though it has but one church. It is watered by the river Taaf, which is connected by means of a canal with the distant parts of the country, by which a vast quantity of iron is brought from the founderies and furnaces in the interior, to be shipped at the port of Cardiff, about three miles below the town. The same conveyance [7:6:137]is used for the large number of boxes of tin plates which the country supplies. The borough unites with Swansea, Loughor, Neath, Aberavon, and Ken-fig, in returning a member to parliament. It has markets on Wednesday and Saturday, and is distant from London 160 miles. The population amounted in 1811 to 2458, in 1821 to 3521, and in 1831 to 6187.
CARDIGAN, a town in South Wales, the capital of the county of the same name, on the Irish Channel. It is a borough sending one member to parliament in eon-junction with Aberystwith, Lampeter, and Adpar. It has two markets weekly, on Tuesday and Saturday. The river Tivey runs by it to the sea. The castle, once an extensive pile, is now dilapidated. It is 233 miles from London. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 2129, in 1821 to 2397, and in 1831 to 2795.
CARDIOID, in the higher geometry, an algebraical curve, so called from its resemblance to a heart.
CARDITO, a town of Italy, in the province Terra di Lavoro, of the kingdom of Naples, with 3501 inhabitants.
CARDONA, a town of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, with 2400 inhabitants. It is situated on the banks of the river Llobregat, and is remarkable for a mountain of rock salt, destitute of any covering, at the foot of which it is built. This extraordinary mountain is one Spanish league, or four miles, in circumference, and from 400 to 500 feet in height. Its depth below the surface has not been ascertained, and consequently the substance on which it rests, though a most important desideratum to geologists, is unknown. The rock is as transparent as crystal; and pieces cut from it are worked, by artists in Cardona, into images, crucifixes, and many articles of ornamental furniture. It is in latitude 4L 57. N.
CAREENING, in naval language, the bringing a ship to incline on one side, in order to trim and caulk the other side.

A ship is said to be brought to the careen when, the most of her lading being taken out, she is hulled down on one side by a small vessel, as low as necessary, and there kept by the weight of the ballast, ordnance, &c. as well as by ropes, lest her masts should be strained too much, in order that her sides and bottom may be trimmed, her seams caulked, or any thing that is faulty under water mended. Hence, when a ship lies on one side when she sails, she is said to sail on the careen.
CAREER, in the manege, a place inclosed with a barrier, wherein they run the ring. The word is also used for the race or course of the horse itself, provided it do not exceed 200 paces. In the ancient circus, the career was the space which the bigae or quadrigae were to run at full speed in order to gain the prize.

Career, in falconry, is a flight or tour of the bird, about 120 yards. If she mount more, it is called a double career ; if less, a semi-career.
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CAREGLIO, a town of Italy, in the province Coni, of the kingdom of Sardinia. It is built on the river Grana, and contains 5200 inhabitants, who are employed chiefly in raising silk.
CARENTAN, a small city in the department of La Manche, in France. It is fortified, and strong from its situation amidst marshes. It has a small tide harbour, which admits light vessels to the city. The inhabitants are 2717. Long. 1. 20. 25. W. Lat. 49. 18. 17. N.
CARENTOIRE, a small town, in a large parish in the department of Morbihan in France, in the neighbourhood of which many crystals are found. The population is 5467.
CARET, among grammarians, is a character marked thus λ, signifying that something is added on the margin, or interlined, which ought to come in where the caret stands.
CAREY, Harry, a man distinguished both in poetry [7:6:141]and music, but perhaps more so by a certain facetiousness, which made him agreeable to everybody. He published in 1720 a little collection of poems, and in 1732 six cantatas, written and composed by himself. He also composed sundry songs for modern comedies, particularly those in the Provoked Husband; he wrote a farce called The Contrivances, in which were several little songs set to very pretty airs of his own composition; and he also composed two or three little dramas for Goodman’s Fields Theatre, which were very favourably received. In 1729 he published by subscription his poems much enlarged, with the addition of one entitled Namby Pamby, in which Ambrose Philips is ridiculed. Carey’s talent, says his historian, lay in humour and satire without malevolence. To ridicule the rant and bombast of modern tragedies, he wrote one, to which he gave the strange title of Chrononhotonthologos, acted in 1734. He also wrote a farce called The Honest Yorkshireman. Carey was a thorough Englishman, and had an insurmountable aversion to the Italian opera and the singers in it; he wrote a burlesque opera on the subject of the Dragon of Wantley, and afterwards a sequel to it, entitled the Dragoness, both which were esteemed a good burlesque of the Italian opera. His qualities being of the entertaining kind, he was led into more expenses than his finances could bear, and thus was frequently in distress. His friends, however, were always ready to assist him by their little subscriptions to his works; and encouraged by these, he republished in 1740 all the songs he had ever composed, in a collection entitled The Musical Century, in a hundred English Ballads, and in 1743 his dramatic works in a small volume 4to. With all his mirth and good humour, he seems to have been at times deeply affected with the malevolence of some of his own profession, who, for reasons that no one can guess at, were his enemies; and this, with the pressure of his circumstances, is supposed to have occasioned his untimely end; for about 1744, at his house in Warner Street, Cold Bath Fields, he, in a fit of desperation, put a period to a life which, Sir John Hawkins says, was without reproach. It is to be noted, and it is somewhat singular in such a character, that in all his songs and poems on wine, love, and such kinds of subjects, he seems to have manifested an inviolable regard for decency and good maimers.
CARGADORS, a name which the Dutch give to those brokers whose business is to find freight for ships outward bound, and to give notice to the merchants, who have commodities to send by sea, of the ships that are ready to sail, and of the places for which they are bound.
CARGO denotes all the merchandises and effects which are laden on board a ship.

Super-CARGo, a person employed by merchants to go a voyage, oversee the cargo, and dispose of it to the best advantage.
CARIA, in Ancient Geography, a country of Asia Minor, whose limits are extended by some, while they are contracted by others. Mela and Pliny extend the maritime Caria from Jasus and Halicarnassus to Calynda and the borders of Lycia. The inland Caria Ptolemy extends to the Meander and beyond. Car, Cariâtes, Cariatis, Carissa and Caris, and Caira, are the gentilitious names; Carius and Cŉncws the epithets. In Care periculum was a proverbial saying respecting a thing exposed to danger, but of no great value. The Cares being the Swiss of those days, were hired and placed in the front of the battle. Cum Care Carissa denoted the behaviour of clowns. The Cares came originally from the islands to the continent, being formerly subject to Minos, and called Leleges. This the Cretans affirmed, and the Cares denied, making themselves aborigines. They were of a common origin with the Mysi and Lydi, having a common temple, of a very ancient standing, at Melassa, a town of Caria, called Jovis Carii Delubrum. Homer calls the Carians barbarians in language.
CARIACO, a sea-port town of Colombia, in the province of Cumana. It is situated to the east of the Gulf of Cariaco, near the mouth of the river of the same name, on a large plain covered with plantations. The climate is hot and unhealthy. The principal trade of this place consists in cotton, which is of excellent quality. Cocoa, and some sugar, are also raised. The population is 6500. Long. 63. 39. W. Lat. 10. 30. N.
CARIBBEE Islands, a cluster of islands which stretch from Anguilla on the north to Tobago on the south, and form the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea. The name has been vaguely applied to the whole of the West India islands; but it strictly means that archipelago which extends somewhat in the form of a crescent, from Porto Ricoto the coast of South America, and lies between the 58th and 63d degrees of west longitude, and between the I Ith and I9th degrees of north latitude. They are divided into Leeward and Windward Islands, or into the Great and Little Antilles, though the limits of these respective divisions have never been accurately fixed. The following are the principal of the Caribbees :—Santa Cruz, Som-buca, Anguilla, St Martin, St Bartholomew, Barbuda, Saba, St Eustatia, St Christopher, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadaloupe, Deseada, Mariagalante, Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent, Barbadoes, Grenada, and Tobago.
CARICATURA, in painting, denotes the concealment of real beauties, and the exaggeration of blemishes, but still so as to preserve a resemblance of the object. The word is Italian, formed of carica, a load, burden, or the like.
CARICOUS, an epithet given to such tumours as resemble the figure of a fig. They are frequently found in the piles.
CARIGNANO, a city of Italy, in the province of Turin, in the kingdom of Sardinia, on the left bank of the river Po. The royal family name is derived from this place. It contains 7220 inhabitants. Long. 7. 35. E. Lat. 44. 45. N.
CARILLONS, a species of chimes, frequent in the Low Countries, particularly at Ghent and Antwerp, and played on a number of bells in a belfrey, forming a complete series or scale of tones and semitones, like those on the harpsichord or organ. There are pedals communicating with the great bells, upon which the carillaneur with his feet plays the bass to sprightly airs, performed with the two hands upon the upper species of keys. These keys are projecting sticks, wide enough asunder to be struck with violence and velocity by either of the hands edgewise, without the danger of hitting the neighbouring key. The player is provided with a thick leather covering for the little finger of each hand, to guard against the violence of the stroke. These carillons are heard through a large town.