pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LICHTENSTEIN, a sovereign principality, one of the smallest in Germany. It is situated on the frontier of Switzerland and the Tyrol, and borders on the Rhine. It is fifty-five square miles in extent, and contains 1207 houses, in two towns and nine villages, with 5800 inhabitants. The revenue is said to be about L.2000 annually; but the prince has other territory, which has been mediatized, the income of which far exceeds that of the independent sovereign state.
LICHTERVELDE, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of West Flanders, and arrondissement of Bruges. It contains 4250 inhabitants, who are employed in linen manufactures.
LICINIUS Stolo, a Roman tribune, styled Stolo on account of a law he made, whilst tribune, that no Roman citizen should possess more than 500 acres of land; alleging,-that when they occupied more, they could not cultivate it with care, nor pull up the useless shoots (stolones) which grow from the roots of trees. He is remembered also for having enacted, that one of the consuls should always be of a plebeian family. He lived about 362 b. c.
LICNON, in the Dionysiae solemnities, the mystical van of Bacchus, a thing so essential to all the solemnities of this god, that they could not be duly celebrated without it.
LICNOPHORI, in the Dionysiae solemnities, those who carried the licnon.
LICODIA, a city of the island of Sicily, in the kingdom of Naples, and province of Noto. It stands on a steep rock, rising above the river Dirillo, known as the Euboea of Strabo. It is in a healthy situation, and contains 6950 inhabitants.
LICOLA, or Lago di Licola, a lake in the kingdom of Naples, anciently famous for excellent fish; but, in the year 1538, an explosion of a volcano changed one part of it into a mountain of ashes, and the other into a morass. It was anciently known by the name of the Lucrine Lake, the oysters of which are highly commended by Horace.
LIE, in morals, denotes a criminal breach of veracity. Archdeacon Paley, in treating of this subject, observes, that there are falsehoods which are not lies, that is, which are not criminal; and that there are lies which are not literally and directly false.
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Cases of the first class are those, 1. where no one is deceived; as, for instance, in parables, fables, novels, jests, tales to create mirth, or ludicrous embellishments of a story, in which the declared design of the speaker is not to inform, but to divert; compliments in the subscription of a letter; a prisoner’s pleading not guilty; an advocate asserting the justice, or his belief of the justice, of his client’s cause. In such instance no confidence is destroyed, because none was reposed; no promise to speak the truth is violated, because none was given or understood to be given. 2. Where the person you speak to has no right to know the truth, or, more properly, where little or no inconvenience results from the want of confidence in such cases; as where you tell a falsehood to a madman for his own advantage; to a robber, to conceal your property; to an assassin, to defeat or to divert him from his purpose. It is upon this principle that, by the laws of war, it is allowable to deceive an enemy by feints, false colours, spies, false intelligence, and the like; but by no means in treaties, truces, signals of capitulation or surrender. The difference is, that the former suppose hostilities to continue, whilst the latter are calculated to terminate or suspend them.

As there may be falsehoods which are not lies, so there may be lies without literal or direct falsehood. An opening is always left for this species of prevarication, when the literal and grammatical signification of a sentence is different from the popular and customary meaning. It is the wilful deceit that makes the lie; and we wilfully deceive when our expressions arc not true in the sense in which we believe the hearer apprehends them. Besides, it is absurd to contend for any sense of words, in opposition to usage; for all senses of all words are founded upon usage, and upon nothing else. A man may also act a lie; as by pointing his finger in a wrong direction, when a traveller inquires of him his road; or when a tradesman shuts up his windows, to induce his creditors to believe that he is abroad; for to all moral purposes, and therefore as to veracity, speech and action are the same, speech being only a mode of action.
LIEFKENSHOEK, a strong fortress of the Netherlands, in the province of East Flanders. It stands on the left bank of the Scheldt, opposite Lillo, and with it forms the chief defence of that river. It has four bastions, two ravelins, a ditch, and counterscarp, with only one gate towards the water; and the whole country on the land side can be laid under water when the defence requires it.
LIEGNITZ, one of the governments into which the Prussian province of Silesia is divided, comprising the north-western part of Upper Silesia, and a part of Upper Lausatia. It extends over 4158 square miles. It comprises thirty-five cities or walled towns, and 1383 smaller [7:13:321]towns and villages, and 713,362 inhabitants, of whom the Protestants and Catholics are nearly equal in number. The chief products are corn, fruit, and culinary vegetables, with much excellent flax. Of late years there are large flocks of sheep, the fineness of the wool of which has been improved by crosses of the better breeds. The chief industry is spinning. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Katsbach, where the Blackwater falls into that stream. It is surrounded with walls, but for a promenade rather than defence; and has four gates, with an old castle. It contains two Lutheran and four Catholic churches, several hospitals and courts of law, and a gymnasium, with 780 houses, and about 11,500 inhabitants. It is a place of active manufacturing industry, producing cotton goods of various kinds, camlets, serges, and other woollens, leather, Prussian blue, lace, starch, and musical instruments, and has several breweries and distilleries. This place is remarkable for a battle fought in 1760, in which the Austrians were defeated by the Prussians. Long. 16. 7. 1. E. Lat. 51. 12. 30. N.
LIER, or Lierre, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of Antwerp, and arrondissement of Mechlin. It stands at the junction of two small streams, which, when united, form the river Neethe. It contains 10,500 inhabitants, who are industriously occupied in distilleries, breweries, oil-mills, salt-works, and in printing calicoes. Long. 4. 26. E. Lat. 51. 9. N.
LIEVENS, John or Jan, a celebrated painter, was born at Leyden in 1607. He discovered an early inclination for the arts, and was the disciple, first of Joris van Schooten, and afterwards of Peter Lastman. He excelled principally in painting portraits, but he also executed several historical subjects with great success. He came over to England, where he resided three years, and painted the portraits of Charles I., the queen, the prince of Wales, and several of the nobility; after which he returned to Antwerp, where he met with full employment for his pencil. We have several etchings by this master, which are performed in a slight but masterly manner. The chiaro scuro is very skilfully managed in them, so as to produce a most powerful effect. His style of etching bears some resemblance to that of Rembrandt; but it is in general coarser, and less finished.
LIEOU-KIEOU, or Loo-Choo. See Loo-Choo.
LIEUTAUD, Joseph, counsellor of state and first physician at the court of France, was born at Aix, in Provence, and resided principally there till he took the degree of doctor of physic. After this he prosecuted his studies for some years at Montpellier, and having returned to Aix, he soon acquired extensive practice, and became eminent for literary abilities. He resided there till the year 1750, when he was invited to act as physician to the royal infirmary at Versailles. There he practised with such reputation and success, that he soon arrived at the head of his profession; and in the year 1774, upon the death of Μ. Senac, he was appointed chief physician. His extensive engagements in practice did not prevent him from cultivating the science of physic in all its branches, and from freely communicating to others the result of his own studies. He published many valuable works, amongst which the following may be accounted the most remarkable, viz. 1. Elementa Physiologiae; 2 Precis de la Médecine; 3. Precis de la Matière Médicale; 4. Essais Anatomiques; 5. Synopsis universae praxeos Medicinae; 6. Historia AnatomicoMedica. He died at Versailles in 1780, aged seventy-eight.
LIEUTENANT, an officer who supplies the place and discharges the office of a superior in his absence. Of these, some are civil, as the lord-lieutenants of kingdoms, and the lord-lieutenants of counties; and others are military, as the lieutenant-general, lieutenant-colonel, &c.

Lord-LiEUTENANT of Ireland is properly a viceroy, and has all the state and grandeur of a king of England, except being served upon the knee. He has the power of bestowing all the offices under the government, of dubbing knights, and of pardoning all crimes, except high treason.

Lord-LiEUTENANrs of Counties are officers who, upon any invasion or rebellion, have power to raise the militia, and to give commissions to colonels and other officers, and to arm and form them into regiments, troops, and companies. Under the lord-lieutenants, are deputy-lieutenants, who possess the same power; these are chosen by the lord-lieutenants, out of the principal gentlemen of each county, and presented to the king for his approbation.

Lieutenant, in the land service, is the second commissioned officer in every company both of foot and horse, next to the captain, and who takes the command upon the death or absence of the captain.

Lieutenant of a Ship of War, the officer next in rank and power to the captain, in whose absence he is accordingly charged with the command of the ship, as also the execution of whatever orders he may have received from the commander relating to the king’s service. See Navy.
LIFE is peculiarly used to denote the animated state of living creatures, or the time during which the union of the soul and body lasts. See Physiology. Life, Duration of. See Mortality.
LIGATURE, in Surgery, is a cord, band, or string, or the binding any part of the body with a cord, band, fillet, &c. whether of leather, linen, or any other matter. See Surgery. Ligature is also used to signify a kind of bandage or fillet, tied round the neck, arm, leg, or other part of the bodies of men or beasts, to divert or drive off some disease, accident, &c.

Ligature, in the Italian music, signifies a tying or binding together of notes. Hence syncopes are often called ligatures, because they are made by the ligature of many notes. There is another sort of ligatures for breves, when there are many of these on different lines, or on different spaces, to be sung to one syllable.
LIGATURES, amongst printers, are types consisting of two letters or characters joined together; as φ, ff,fl, fi. The old editions of Greek authors are extremely full of ligatures; but the ligatures of Stephens are by much the most beautiful. Some editions have been printed without any ligatures at all; and there was a design to explode them quite out of printing. Had this succeeded, the finest ancient editions would in time have grown useless; and the reading of old manuscripts would have been rendered almost impracticable to the learned themselves.
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LIGHTER, a large, open, flat-bottomed vessel, generally managed with oars, and employed to carry goods to or from a ship when she is to be laden or delivered. There are also some lighters furnished with a deck throughout their whole length, in order to contain those merchandises which would be damaged by rainy weather. These are usually called close lighters. ∣∙j
LIGHTNING, a bright and. vivid flash of fire, suddenly appearing in the atmosphere, and commonly disappearing in an instant, sometimes attended with clouds and thunder, and sometimes not.

Lightning was looked upon as sacred both by the Greeks and Romans, and was supposed to be sent to execute vengeance on the earth. Hence persons killed with lightning, being considered as hateful to the gods, were buried apart by themselves, lest the ashes of other men should receive pollution from them. Some say they were interred upon the very spot where they died; others think that they had no interment, but were suffered to rot where they fell, because it was unlawful for any man to approach the place. For this reason the ground was hedged in, lest any person should unawares contract pollution from it. All places struck with lightning were carefully avoided and fenced round, from an opinion that Jupiter had either taken offence at them, and fixed upon them the marks of his displeasure, or that he had, by this means, pitched upon them as sacred to himself. The ground thus fenced about was called by the Romans bidental. Lightning was much observed in augury, and was a good or bad omen, according to the circumstances attending it.
LIGULATED, amongst botanists, is an appellation given to such flosculesas have a straight end turned downwards, with three indentures, but not separated into segments.
LIGURIA, in Ancient Geography, a country of Italy, bounded upon the south by the Mediterranean Sea, upon the north by the Appenine Mounta⅛s, upon the west by part of Transalpine Gaul, and upon the east by Etruria. There is a great disagreement amongst authors concerning the origin of the Ligurians, though most probably they were descended from the Gauls. Some carry back their origin as far as the fabulous heroes of antiquity; whilst others trace them from the Ligyes, a people mentioned by Herodotus as having attended Xerxes in his expeditions against Greece. These Ligyes were by some ancient geographers placed in Colchis, and by others in Albania. According to Diodorus Siculus, the Ligurians led a very wretched life; their country being entirely overgrown with woods, which they were obliged to pull up by the roots, in order to cultivate their land, which was also encumbered with great stones, and, being naturally barren, made but a very poor return for their labour. They were much addicted to hunting; and, by a life of continual exercise and labour, became so strong, that the weakest Ligurian was generally an overmatch for the strongest and most robust amongst the Gauls. The women are said to have been almost as strong as the men, and to have borne an equal share in all laborious enterprises. With all their bravery, however, they were not able to resist the Roman power, but were subdued by that warlike nation about 211 b. c.
LILBURNE, John, an enthusiastic demagogue, who was tyrannically punished by the star-chamber court, being put in the pillory, whipped, fined, and imprisoned, for importing and publishing seditions pamphlets, printed in Holland, and which chiefly reflected on the church of England and its bishops. He suffered imprisonment in 1637, and in jail was doubly loaded with irons. In 1641, he was released by the long parliament; and from this time he had the address to make himself formidable to all parties, by his bold and aspiring genius. He signalized himself in the parliament army; and was at one time the secret friend and confidant of Cromwell, and at another his avowed enemy and accuser; so that, in 1650, Cromwell found it to be his interest to silence him, by a grant of some forfeited estates. But after this he grew outrageous against the protector’s government; became the chief of the levellers; and was twice tried for high treason, but acquitted by the juries. The last trial of Lilburne was for returning from exile without a pass, after having been banished by the parliament. He died in 1657, aged eighty-eight.
LILIACEOUS, in Botany, an appellation given to such flowers as resemble those of the lily.
LILLO, George, an excellent dramatic writer, was born at London in 1693. He was a jeweller by profession, and followed his business for many years in that neighbourhood with a fair reputation. He was at the same time strongly attached to the muses, yet seemed to have laid it down as a maxim, that the devotion paid to them ought always to tend to the promotion of virtue, morality, and religion. In pursuance of this aim, Lillo was happy in the choice of his subjects, and showed great power of affecting the heart, by working up the passions to such a height as to render the distresses of common and domestic life equally interesting to the audiences with those of kings and heroes, and the ruin brought on private families by an indulgence of avarice, lust, and other passions, with the havoc made in states and empires by ambition, cruelty, or tyranny. His George Barnwell, Fatal Curiosity, and Arden of Feversham, are all planned on common and well-known stories; yet they have perhaps more frequently drawn tears from audientes than the more pompous tragedies of Alexander the Great, All for Love, and others of the same stamp. In the prologue to Elmeric, which was not acted till after the author’s death, it is said, that when he wrote that play, he was depressed by want and afflicted by disease; but in regard to the former particular, there appears to be evidently a mistake, as he died possessed of an estate of L.60 a year, besides other effects to a considerable amount. His death happened in 1739, in the forty-seventh year of his age. His works have been collected and published, with an account of his life, in two vols. 12mo.
LILYBAEUM, in Ancient Geography, a city of Sicily, situated on the most westerly promontory of the island, and said to have been founded by the Carthaginians on their expulsion from Motya by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. It is remarkable for the three sieges it sustained; one by Dionysius the tyrant, another by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and the third by the Romans. The first two failed in their attempts, but the Romans with great difficulty made themselves masters of it. No remains of this once stately city are now to be seen, except some aqueducts and temples.
LILYE, William, a grammarian, was born in the year 1466 at Oldham in Hampshire, and in 1486 admitted a serai-commoner o. Magdalen College, Oxford. Having taken the degree of bachelor of arts, he left the university, and travelled to Jerusalem. Returning thence, he continued five years in the island of Rhodes, where he studied the Greek language, several learned men having retired thither after the taking of Constantinople. From Rhodes he travelled to Rome, where he improved himself in the Greek and Latin languages, under Sulpitius and Sabinus. He then returned to London, where for some time he taught a private grammar-school, being the first person who taught Greek in the metropolis. When Dr Colet founded St Paul’s school, 1510, Lilye was appointed the first master; at which time, it seems, he was married, and had many children. In this employment he had laboured twelve years, when, being seized by the plague, which then raged in London, he died in February 1523, and was buried in the north yard of St Paul’s. He had the character of an excellent grammarian, and a successful teacher of the learned languages. His principal work is Brevissima Institutio, seu ratio Grammatices cognoscendae, London, 1513, reprinted times without number, and commonly called Lilye’s Grammar. The English rudiments were written by Dr Colet, Dean of St Paul’s; and the preface to the first edition, by Cardinal Wolsey. The English syntax was written by Lilye, and also the rules for the genders of nouns, beginning with propria quae maribus, and those for the preterperfect tenses and supines, beginning with As in presenti. The Latin syntax was chiefly the work of Erasmus. (See Ward’s preface to his edition of Lilye’s Grammar, 1732.)
LIMASSOL, or Limisso, a town of Cyprus, in the south of the island. Of the ancient city, nothing but ruins now remain, though it was a celebrated place, even under the government of the dukes. King Richard, the conqueror of the last of these vassals of the empire, razed it in 1191, and it was never afterwards rebuilt. This city was originally the same as Amathus or Amathonte, so famous for its temple erected in honour of Venus and Adonis. Amathus was the residence of the first nine kings of the island, and amongst others of Onelistus, who was afterwards subdued by the arms of Artabanes, the Persian general. This city, erected into an archbishopric in the time of the Christians, has produced a number of personages celebrated for their knowledge and the sanctity of their lives. Richard, king of England, having destroyed Amathonte, Guy de Lusignan, in the twelfth century, laid the foundation of the new city which the Greeks called Neopoleos. The family of Lusignan, who continued to embellish and fortify it, built there palaces, besides Greek and Latin churches, and made it the seat of a bishop. When the island was taken by the Turks in 1570, the Ottoman army entered this city on the 2d of July, and ravaged it without mercy. It was then destroyed by fire.
LIMB, in general, denotes the border or edge of a thing. Thus we say, the limb of a quadrant, of the sun, t of a leaf, and so forth.

Limb, in Anatomy, an appellation given to the extremities of the body, as to the arms and legs.

Limb, Limbus, Limbo, in the church of Rome, is used in two different senses. The limbo of the patriarchs is said to be the place where the patriarchs waited the redemption of mankind, and where they suppose our Saviour’s soul continued from the time of his death till that of his resurrection. The limbs of infants dying without baptism, is a place supposed to be distinct from both heaven and hell; since they hold that children dying innocent of any actual sin, do not deserve hell, and, by reason of their original sin, cannot be admitted into heaven.
LIMBAT, the name of a periodical wind, common in the island of Cyprus, and of great service in moderating the heats of the climate, which would otherwise be intolerable.
LIMBORCH, Philip, a learned writer amongst the Remonstrants, was born at Amsterdam in 1633. After having made great proficiency in his studies, he was, in 1655, admitted to preach in public, which he did first at Haerlem. His sermons had in them no affected eloquence, but were solid, methodical, and edifying. He was chosen minister of Gouda, whence he was called to Amsterdam, where he held the professorship of divinity, in which he acquitted himself with great reputation till his death, which happened in 1712. He had many friends of distinction in foreign parts, as well as in his own country. Some of his letters to Mr Locke are printed along with those of that celebrated author. He had all the qualifications suitable to the character of a sincere divine, lived an example of every virtue, and preserved the vigour of his body and mind till a considerably advanced age. He wrote many estimable works, the principal of which are, 1. Amica Collatio de veritate religionis Christianae cum erudito Judeco, in 12mo; 2.
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a Complete Body of Divinity, according to the opinions and doctrines of the Remonstrants; and, 3. a History of the Inquisition, which was translated into English by Dr Samuel Chandler. Limborch also published the works of the famous Episcopius, who was his great-uncle by the mother’s side.