pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MONGOLIA, an extensive tract of country in Central Asia, to the north and north-west of Asia. This vast country is not separated from the adjacent countries by any definite line of demarcation. The limits are vague, and the whole space is traversed by the nomadic tribes which, under the name of Mongols or Tartars, have had so deep a share in all the political revolutions of Asia. The various pastoral tribes which from time immemorial have been scattered over the plains of that continent, being united under Zengis Khan, extended their ravages from sea to sea, and were at one time possessed not only of the finest regions of the continent, but a great part of Europe. In later times the conquests of Timour were achieved by the same union of these tribes. The Mongol tribes are at present split into a number of petty states, dependent on the great empires of China and Russia. They still retain their roaming and pastoral habits, but since the invention of fire-arms they are no longer formidable in war. Mongolia, as far as its limits can be defined, is bounded on the east by the country of the Mantcheous, on the west by a chain of mountains continued northwards from the Beloor, and on the south by China. The whole of this country is one vast level plain, which borders on the Altai, and other mountain chains bounding Asiatic Russia on the north. This includes a considerable portion of the great desert of Shamo or Cobi, which is composed entirely of pastorage. In this country are the heads of some of the greatest rivers which water the Russian and Chinese empires, the Hoangho, the Amour, and even the Irtisch. The great disadvantage under which it labours is a scarcity of water. The Mongols, the inhabitants of this region, are of the middlesize, being muscular and strongly built; they have broad, square, and flat faces, with low and flat noses; and small oblique black eyes, thick lips, a short chin, with very little beard, complete their physiognomy. Their habits are pastoral; and, like all the Tartars, they are addicted to intemperance. They are nominally subject to the empire of China; but their internal government is regulated by their native princes. The Kalkas, the Eluths, and the Buriats, with other nations of Asiatic Russia, derive their origin from the Mongols.
MONISHWAR, a considerable town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, with a good market. It is thirty miles south-west from Poonah. Long. 74. 25. E. Lat. 18. 16. N.
MONJOUS, a people inhabiting the interior of Eastern Africa, in a north-easterly direction from Mozambique. They occupy a portion of that space which, in our early maps, is allotted to the empire of Monumugi. They are negroes of the ugliest description, of a deep shining black, with high cheek-bones, thick lips, and small knots of woolly hair on their heads. Their only weapons are bows and arrows, in the use of which they are dexterous. With regard to the extent of country over which they are spread, no correct estimate can be formed.
MONKWEARMOUTH, a town of the county of Durham, in the ward of Chester, 275 miles from London. It is divided from Bishopswearmouth by the river Wear, over which there is a bridge made wholly of cast iron, except the pins binding the parts together, which are of wrought iron. It is sufficiently high to admit of ships passing under it without lowering their topmasts. An ancient monastery stood here, from which its name is in part derived. The population amounted in 1801 to 1103, in 1811 to 1091, in 1821 to 1278, and in 1831 to 1498. Adjoining to it is the populous district or suburb, but comprised in the same parish, Monkwearmouth Stone. It is chiefly inhabited by sailors, and by a numerous class called keelmen, who are employed in conveying coals in barges, provincially called keels, from the interior of the country to the larger vessels.
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The population of this district amounted in 1801 to 4239, in 1811 to 4264, in 1821 to 4924, and in 1831 to 6051.
MONMOUTH, James Duke of, son of Charles II. by Mrs Lucy Walters, was born at Rotterdam in 1649. Upon the Restoration, he was called over to England, where the king received him with all imaginable joy, and created him Earl of Orkney, which was changed into that of Monmouth; and he took his seat in the House of Peers in the ensuing session of parliament. He married Anne, the heiress of Francis earl of Buccleuch; and hence it came to pass that he had also the title of Buccleuch, and took the surname of Scott, according to the custom of Scotland. In 1668 his father made him captain of his life-guard of horse; and in 1672 he attended the French king in the Netherlands, and gave proofs of bravery and conduct. In 1673 the king of France appointed him lieutenant-general of the army with which he appeared before Maestricht; and he behaved with great gallantry in the attack of that place, being the first who entered it in the assault. He returned to England, and havingbeen received withall possible respect, wasappointed chancellor of the university of Cambridge. After this he wenttoassist the Prince of Orange to raise the siege of Mons, and contributed not a little towards the success of the enterprise. He again returned to England, and was sent, in quality of general, to quell an insurrection in Scotland, which he effected; but soon afterwards he fell into disgrace; for, being a Protestant, he was deluded into ambitious schemes, upon the hopes of the exclusion of the Duke of York. He conspired against his father and the duke; and when the latter came to the throne by the title of James II. he openly appeared in arms, encouraged by the discontent that prevailed; but coming to a decisive battle before he had sufficient force to oppose the royal army, he was defeated, made prisoner, tried for high treason, condemned, and beheaded, in 1685, at the age of thirty-six.

Monmouth, the capital of the county of the same name, 132 miles from London. It is situated at the junction of the river Munnow with the Wye, and there are bridges over both streams. It is indifferently well built, has a townhall in the market-place, built on pillars, which form a handsome colonnade, ornamented with a statue of King Henry V., who was born in this town. At the extremity of the town is the county gaol and court-house, commodiously arranged, and the former well regulated. It is incorporated, and governed by a mayor, recorder, two bailiffs, and fifteen common councilmen. It has long returned one member to the House of Commons, and continues to do so under the recent law. As the river Wye is navigable from Chepstow, some trade arises from that communication. The country around, but especially on the banks of the Wye, is highly picturesque and beautiful. Near it are several objects of antiquity, which are much visited. The population amounted in 1801 to 3345, in 1811 to 3503, in 1821 to 4164, and in 1831 to 4916.
MONOCEROS, Unicon, in Astronomy, a southern constellation, formed by Hevelius, and consisting, in his catalogue of nineteen stars, but in the Britannic catalogue, of thirty-one stars.
MONOCHORD, an instrument by which the several proportions of musical sounds and intervals, as well in the natural as in the tempered scales, are tried. Originally it had, as its name implies, only one string; but it is better constructed with two; for, by means of the additional string, an opportunity is afforded of judging of the harmony of two tempered notes in every possible variety of temperament.
MONODY, in ancient poetry, a mournful kind of song, sung by a person all alone, to give vent to his grief. The word is derived from μονος, alone, and αδω, I sing.
MONOGAMY, compounded of μονος, alone, and γαμος, marriage, the state or condition of those who have only married once, or who are restrained to a single wife. See Polygamy.
MONOGRAM, a character or cipher, composed of one, two, or more letters interwoven, being a kind of abbreviation of a name, anciently used as a seal, badge, arms, &c.
MONOMOTAPA. See Motapa.
MONOPHYSITES (from μονος, solus, and <f>υσις, natura), a general name given to all those sectaries in the Levant who only own one nature in Jesus Christ, and who maintain that the divine and human natures of Christ were so united as to form only one nature, yet without any change, confusion, or mixture of the two natures.

The Monophysites, however, properly so called, are the followers of Severus, a learned monk of Palestine (who was created patriarch of Antioch in 513), and of Petrus Ful-lensis. The Monophysites were encouraged by the Emperor Anastasius, but depressed by Justin and succeeding emperors. However, this sect was restored by Jacob Baradeus, an obsure monk, insomuch that when he died bishop of Edessa, in the year 588, he left it in a most flourishing state in Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and other countries. The laborious efforts of Jacob were seconded in Egypt and the adjacent countries by Theodosius bishop of Alexandria, and he became so famous that all the Monophysites of the East considered him as their second parent and founder, and were called Jacobites, in honour of their new chief. The Monophysites are divided into two sects or parties; the one African, the other Asiatic. At the head of the íatter is the patriarch of Antioch, who resides for the most part in the monastery of St Ananias, near the city of Merdin; the former are under the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Alexandria, who generally resides at Grand Cairo, and are subdivided into Copts and Abyssinians. From the fifteenth century downwards, all the patriarchs of the Monophysites have taken the name of Ignatius, in order to show that they are the lineal successors of Ignatius, who was bishop of Antioch in the first century, and consequently the lawful patriarchs of Antioch. In the seventeenth century a small body of the Monophysites in Asia abandoned for some time the doctrine and institution of their ancestors, and embraced the communion of Rome. But the

African Monophysites, notwithstanding that poverty and ignorance which exposed them to the seductions of sophistry and gain, remained firm in their principles, and made an obstinate resistance to the promises, presents, and attempts employed by the papal missionaries to bring them under the Roman yoke; and in the eighteenth century, those of Asia and Africa have persisted in their refusal to enter into the communion of the Catholic church, notwithstanding the earnest entreaties and alluring offers which have from time to time been made by the pope’s legates to conquer their inflexible constancy. The Monophysites propagate their doctrine in Asia with zeal and assiduity, and have at length gained over to their communion a part of the Nestorians, who inhabit the maritime coast of India.
MONOPOLI, a city of the province of Bari, in the kingdom of Naples, on the spot where formerly stood the Roman city of Egnatia. It is situated on the sea-shore, between three hills, and has a small harbour, whence extensive fisheries are carried on. It suffers much at times from a scarcity of water, as there are neither brooks nor springs, the only supply being from rain. It is the seat of a bishop, and, besides the cathedral, contains fourteen churches, nine of which appertain to as many convents and monasteries. It contains 15,500 inhabitants.
MONOPOLY. See on this head Commerce and Political Economy.
MONOSYLLABLE, in Grammar, a word which consists only of one syllable, and is composed either of one or more letters pronounced at the same time.
MONOTHELITES (compounded of μονος, single, and ⅜ε ∖ ημα, will, from 3eλω, volo, I wilD, an ancient sect, which sprung out of the Eutychians, and were so called from allowing only one will in Jesus Christ. The opinion of the Monothelites took its rise in 630, and had the Emperor Heraclius for an adherent; it was the same with that of the Acephalous Severians. They allowed of two wills in Christ, considered with regard to the two natures, but reduced them to one, by reason of the union of these natures, thinking it absurd that there should be two free wills in one and the same person. They were condemned by the sixth general council in 680, as being supposed to destroy the perfection of the humanity of Jesus Christ, by depriving it of will and operation. Their sentiments were afterwards embraced by the Maronites.
MONOTONY, an uniformity of sound, or a fault in pronunciation, when a long series of words is delivered in one unvaried tone.
MONREALE, a parliamentary city of the kingdom of Naples, in the island of Sicily and province of Mazzara, situated on the side of a hill, at the foot of which the river Ammiraglo flows, four post miles from Palermo. It is the seat of an archbishop, is both healthy and fertile, and has a cathedral, a palace, several monasteries, with 12,770 inhabitants, who depend chiefly on agriculture, and whose most valuable product is abundance of almonds.
MONS, an arrondissement in the province of Hennegau, in the Netherlands, comprehending nine cantons, divided into 141 communes, with 151,500 inhabitants. The city of the same name is the capital both of the province and the arrondissement. It is situated on the river Trouille, and is strongly fortified; it is well built, and its environs are adorned with tasteful walks. It contains 4600 houses, and about 20,000 inhabitants. Near to it are found millstones, and abundance of coal. The trade is considerable, consisting of cotton and woollen goods, ironmongery, soap, china, and refined sugar. Long. 3. 52. E. Lat. 50. 27. N.
MONSEIGNEUR, in the plural Messeigneurs, a title of honour and respect used by the French in writing to persons of superior rank or quality.

Dukes, peers, archbishops, bishops, and presidents à mortier, were complimented with the title of Monseigneur. In the petitions presented to the sovereign courts, they used the term Messeigneurs. Monseigneur, absolutely used, was a title applied to the dauphin of France. This custom was unknown till the time of Louis XIV. before which the dauphin was styled Monsieur le Dauphin.
MONSIEUR, in the plural Messieurs, a term or title of civility, used by the French in speaking to their equals, or those a little below them.

Monsieur, absolutely used, was a title appropriated to the second son of France, or the king’s brother. The king was also called Monsieur, but that only by the children of France.
MONSOON, a regular or periodical wind, in the East Indies, blowing constantly in the same direction during six months of the year, and contrariwise during the remaining six.

In the Indian Ocean, the winds are partly general, blowing all the year round the same way, as in the Ethiopic Ocean; and partly periodical, that is, blowing half the year one way, and the other half year on the opposite points; and those points and times of shifting differ in different parts of this ocean. These latter are what have been called monsoons.

The shifting of these monsoons does not take place all at once. In some places the time of the change is attended with calms, but in others with variable winds; and those of China, when they cease to be westerly, are liable to become tempestuous; indeed such is their violence, that they seem to be of the nature of the West India hurricanes, and render the navigation of those seas very unsafe at the time of the year when they prevail. These tempests the seamen call the breaking up of the monsoons.

Monsoons, then, are a species of what we otherwise term trade winds. They take the denomination of monsoon from an ancient pilot, who first crossed the Indian Sea by means of them; though others derive the name from a Portuguese word signifying motion or change of wind and sea.
MONTACUTE, a small town of Somersetshire, in the hundred of Tintinhull, 123 miles from London. It has near it a singular mound or sharp hill, covering twenty acres at the base, on which a castle was built by Moreton, brother of William the Conqueror, who named it from his friend Drogo de Montacute. It was afterwards converted into a monastery and a borough. The inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in making gloves and sail-cloth, amounted in 1801 to 827, in 1811 to 857, in 1821 to 973 and in 1831 to 1028.
MONTAGNANO, a city of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Padua. It is situated on the Fiumecello, and is surrounded with walls. It contains a conventual and several other churches, with 8275 inhabitants, who are [7:15:423]occupied in woollen manufactures, in tanneries, and in making hats. It is situated in longitude 11. 25. 30. E. and latitude 45.13. 3. N.
MONTANISTS, certain Christian heretics, who sprang up about the year 171, in the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. They were so called from their leader, the heresiarch Montanus, a Phrygian by birth; and hence they are sometimes styled Phrygians and Cataphrygians. Montanus, it is said, embraced Christianity in hopes of rising to the dignities of the church. He pretended to inspiration, and gave out that the Holy Ghost had instructed him in several points, which had not been revealed to the apostles. Priscilla and Maximilia, two enthusiastic women of Phrygia, presently became his disciples; and in a short time he had a great number of followers. The bishops of Asia being assembled together, condemned his prophecies, and excommunicated all those who dispersed them. The Montanists, finding themselves exposed to the censure of the whole church, formed a schism, and set up a distinct society under the direction of those who called themselves prophets. Montanus, in conjunction with Priscilla and Maximilia, was at the head of the sect. These sectaries made no alteration in the creed. They only held that the Holy Spirit appointed Montanus his organ for delivering a more perfect form of discipline than that which had been delivered by the apostles. They refused communion for ever to those who were guilty of notorious crimes, and believed that the bishops had no authority to reconcile them. They held it unlawful to fly in time of persecution. They condemned second marriages, allowed the dissolution of marriage, and observed three lents. The Montanists afterwards became separated into two branches; one of which consisted of the disciples of Proclus and the other of those of Aeschines. The latter are charged with following the heterodoxy of Praxes and Sabellius concerning the Trinity.
MONTARGIS, an arrondissement of the department of the Loiret, in France. It is 671 square miles in extent, is divided into seven cantons and ninety-five communes, and contains 62,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name. It stands on a hill at whose feet is the river Loing and the canal of Briare; adjoining is the forest of Montargis. It contains 1240 houses, and 6500 inhabitants, who are employed in making cloth, paper, and cutlery. Long. 2. 38. 33. E. Lat. 47. 39.58. N.
MONTAUBAN, an arrondissement of the department of the Tarn and the Garonne, in France, 632 square miles in extent. It comprehends eleven cantons, which are divided into eighty-three communes, and contain 108,600 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, and the seat of a bishop, stands on both sides of the river Tarn, which is navigable, and receives the water of another river near it. It is a well-built city, surrounded with walls and ditches, and is the seat of a Protestant university, which [7:15:427]has a library of valuable books, and an astronomical observatory. It contains 4000 houses, and 26,500 inhabitants, who are occupied in various manufactures, chiefly of woollen goods, which alone give employment to 15,000 persons. This city was distinguished during the civil wars on account of religion, by its bravery and its sufferings. Long. 1. 15. 46. E. Lat. 44. 0. 50. N.
MONTBELLIARD, an arrondissement of the department of the Doubs, in France. It extends over 490 square miles, is divided into seven cantons, and subdivided into 148 communes, containing 48,500 inhabitants. The capitalisa city of the same name, situated on the river Leine. It contains 700 houses, with 3750 inhabitants, who are employed, some in making hosiery, and some as watchmakers. Long. 6. 55. E. Lat. 47. 38. N.
MONTBRISON, an arrondissement of the department of the Loire, in France, extending over 815 square miles. It comprehends nine cantons, which are divided into 139 communes, and contain 105,500 inhabitants. The capital of the arrondissement, as well as of the department, is a city of the same name, situated on the river Bizey, a small stream which joins the Loire. It is an ill-built town, with narrow and crooked streets, and contains four churches, 880 houses, and 4800 inhabitants. The chief occupation is making cotton goods and paper hangings. Long. 3. 57. E. Lat. 45. 32. N.
MONTCONTOUR, a town of the arrondissement of Loudon and department of the Vienne, in France, on the river Dive, containing 150 houses, and 1100 inhabitants. It is remarkable for the battle fought at it in 1569, when Henry III. defeated the army of the Hugonots. Long. 0. 10. W. Lat. 46. 50. N.
MONT DE MARSAN, an arrondissement of the department of Les Landes, in France, 2180 square miles in extent. It contains twelve cantons, which are divided into 136 communes, and a population of about 83,000 persons. The capital is a city of the same name, situated at the junction of the rivers Midou and Douze, which, united, run to the Adour. It contains 4200 inhabitants, who subsist by trading in the few productions of the soil. Long. 0. 49. W. Lat. 44. 0. N.
MONTDIDIER, an arrondissement of the department of the Somme, in France. It is 386 square miles in extent, and divided into five cantons, which are subdivided into 165 communes, containing 64,500 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on a hill, at the foot of which flows the river Dorn. It contains 850 houses, and 4300 inhabitants, many of whom are employed in making hats, caps, and hosiery goods. Long. 2. 28. 46. E. Lat. 49. 38. 57. N.
MONTECHIARO, a considerable town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Mantua. It is situated on the river Mella, in a fertile district, and contains three churches, a hospital, and 5978 inhabitants, who are employed, some in spinning and weaving silk, and others in manufacturing woollen goods.
MONTEGO Bay. See Jamaica.
MONTEGULIANO, a parliamentary city of the island of Sicily, in the kingdom of Naples, and province of Mazzara. It was the Lryx of the ancients, where formerly stood the temple dedicated to Venus, the most sensual of all the heathen establishments, of which no trace now remains. The city contains 8172 inhabitants, who produce some excellent wine.
MONTELEONE, a city of the province of Calabria Ulteriore, in the kingdom of Naples, the capital of a district bearing the title of a dukedom. It was destroyed by the earthquake of 1783, but has been since re-established, and now contains 6650 inhabitants, who furnish large quantities of oil and of silk, and weave silk goods.
MONTELIMART, an arrondissement of the depart ment of the Dome, in France, 510 square miles in extent. It comprehends five cantons, divided into sixty-cight communes, and contains 51,300 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the junction of the river Abron with the Roubrion. It is regularly built, with wide streets, and contains an old castle, about 1000 houses, and 5900 inhabitants, the greater part of whom are Protestants, and have been so for a long period, as in this district the doctrine of John Calvin was first introduced, and thence rapidly spread in France. There are some extensive tanneries, and also several mills for spinning both silk and cotton; and the trade in wine, olives, oil, and raw silk, is extensive. Long. 4. 40. E. Lat. 44. 33. 38. N.
MONTELLA, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in the province Principato Ulteriore. It contains eight churches and a large Franciscan convent, and has 5750 inhabitants.
MONTE MAGGIORE, a town of the kingdom of Naples, in the island of Sicily, and province of Mazzara, thirty-six miles from Palermo.; It is situated on the river Torto, on the declivity of a fine mountain, and is moderately healthy. It contains 6100 inhabitants.
MONTE PELOSO, a city, the seat of a bishop, in the province of Basilicata, of the kingdom of Naples, with a cathedral, four churches, four monasteries, and 5834 inhabitants. ,,