pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CONVEXITY, the exterior surface of a convex, that is, gibbous and globular thing; in opposition to concavity, or the inner surface, which is hollow or depressed.

A convex lens is either convex on both sides, called a convexo-convex ; or it is plain on one side and convex on the other, called a plano-convex ; or concave on one side and convex on the other, called a convexo-concave, or concave-convex, as the one or the other surface prevails, that is, as this or that is a portion of a smaller sphere. All convex lenses inflect the rays of light in their passage, or send them out from their convex surface converging, so that they concur in a point or focus. Hence all convex lenses magnify, or represent the images larger than their objects; and they do this the more as they are portions of smaller spheres.
CONVICT, in Common Law, a person who is found guilty of an offence by the verdict of a jury.
CONVICTION, in Law. When a jury has given a verdict, upon trial, finding the prisoner guilty, he is said to be convicted of the crime of which he stands indicted.

Conviction, in Theology, expresses the first degree of repentance, in which the sinner becomes sensible of his guilt, of the evil nature of sin, and of the danger of his own ways.
CONVOCATION, an assembly of the clergy of England, by their representatives, to consult of ecclesiastical matters. It is held during the session of parliament, and consists of an upper and a lower house. In the upper sit the bishops, and in the lower the inferior clergy, who are represented by their proctors, consisting of all the deans and archdeacons, of one proctor for every chapter, and two for the clergy of every diocese, in all one hundred and forty-three divines; namely, twenty-two deans, fifty-three archdeacons, twenty-four prebendaries, and forty-four proctors of the diocesan clergy. The lower house chooses its prolocutor, whose business it is to take care that the members attend, to collect their debates and votes, and to carry their resolutions to the upper house. The convocation is summoned by the king’s writ, directed to the archbishop of each province, requiring him to summon all bishops, deans, archdeacons, and others qualified or entitled to sit therein.

The power of the convocation is limited by a statute of Henry VIII. They are not to make any canons or ecclesiastical laws without the king’s license; nor, when permitted to make any, can they put them in execution, except under several restrictions. They have the examining and censuring all heretical and schismatical books and persons; but there lies an appeal to the king in chancery, or to his delegates. The clergy in convocation, and their servants, have the same privileges as members of parliament.

Since the year 1665, when the convocation of the clergy gave up to the House of Commons the privilege of taxing themselves, they have seldom been allowed to do any business; and are generally prorogued from time to time till dissolved, a new one being generally called along with a new parliament. The only equivalent for giving up the privilege of taxing themselves, was their being allowed to vote at elections for members to the House of Commons, which they had not before.
CONVOLUTION, a winding motion proper to the trunks of some plants, as the convolvulus, or bind-weed, the claspers of vines, bryony, &c.
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CONVOY, in naval affairs, one or more ships of war, employed to accompany and protect merchant ships, and prevent their being insulted by pirates, or the enemies of the state in time of war.

Convoy, in military matters, a body of men who gnard any supply of money, ammunition, or provisions, conveyed by land into a town, army, or the like, in time of war.
COOCH BAHAR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, situated between the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh degrees of north latitude. It comprehends an area of 1300 square miles, and is bounded on the north by Bootan, on the south-west by Rungpoor, and on the east by Bootan and Rangamatty. This country towards the south is in a highly improved state, and very fertile. The betel nut, the semmel, and the banyan tree, thrive well, and attain to great luxuriance. In approaching the north towards the Bootan Mountains, the appearance of the country is most miserable; and the inhabitants are as stunted as the vegetable productions, being in general a poor-looking, puny race. They are thinly scattered over the country, which is not well cultivated, and extremely unhealthy, the land being low and marshy, interspersed with deep woods, and everywhere almost choked with a coarse vegetation of rank grass, reeds, and fern. The inhabitants are in such a state of poverty that they are in the practice of selling their children for slaves; and mothers are frequently seen dressing up their children in order to enhance their price.

It was about the year 1018 that the sultan Mahmood penetrated into the country of which Cooch Bahar formed a part. It was also frequently plundered by the Afghan governors of Bengal, but it always recovered its independence. In the year 1578 a Mogul army overran the country, and laid the rajah under contributions. About seventeen years afterwards, the prince voluntarily became a vassalof the Emperor Acbar. The district was notwithstanding overrun by the Mogul troops in 1638. During the reign of Aurungzebe, the rajah of Cooch Bahar not only threw off his allegiance, but actually wrested from the imperial yoke several districts. This insult was speedily avenged by the emperor, who sent his lieutenant, Meer Jumla, in 1661, into the country, who took the capital, and changed its name to Alumgeernagur; and at the same time the bigotry of the Mussulmans was so intense that they destroyed the Hindu temples, broke in pieces a celebrated image of Vishnu, and converted the son of the rajah. Strict justice, however, was administered under his government, and all plunderers and offenders were severely punished. From Cooch Bahar he proceeded to Assam, the conquest of which he attempted, but failed to accomplish it. In 1738 Cooch Bahar was invaded by Sayid Ahmed, military governor of Rungpore, and plundered. The rajah was compelled to take refuge in the mountains; and another portion of the country was annexed to Bengal. In 1765 this district devolved to the East India Company; and in 1772 it was invaded by the rajah of Bootan, who laid claim to it, and, meeting-with little resistance from the natives, rapidly gained possession of the country. Two battalions of native infantry were sent to the aid of the inhabitants; and the invaders were not only driven back, but the rajah, alarmed for his own safety by the advance of the Company’s troops, was soon compelled to sue for peace.
COOKERY, the art of preparing and dressing victuals for the table; an art, in its simplest and ordinary modes, sufficiently familiar to every housekeeper, and, in its luxurious refinements, copiously detailed in manuals and directories published for the purpose.
COOLOO, a mountainous and woody district of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, bounded on the east by the Sutledge river, on the west by the Ravey, and nearly divided into two by the Beyah river, dt is situated between the 33d and 34th degrees of north latitude. The chief town is of the same name, and is situated on the eastern side of the Bengal river, 155 miles north-east from the city of Lahore. Long. 75.48. E. Lat. 33. 20. N. There are also two other towns of Hindustan of this name; one belonging to the independent Zemindars, in the province of Orissa, ninety miles west by north from Cuttuck, in long. 84. 40. E. lat. 20. 40. N.; and the other in the province of Cuttuck, situated on the south side of the Mahanuddy river, sixty miles west-south-west from Cuttuck. This is a large village, and is of considerable trade, importing cotton from Berar, and returning to the interior loaded with salt.
COOLOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, and district of Moodgul, belonging to the Nizam. Long. 77. 2. E∙ Lat. 16. 4. Ń.
COOPANG, a town of the island of Timor, situated in a bay which forms an excellent harbour for shipping. This settlement was formed in 1630, and is now the only one in the island which the Dutch still retain. They have a fortified factory, which is placed close to the sea, with a Chinese village in the neighbourhood. A trifling commerce was formerly carried on with Batavia, from which place are imported piece goods, corn, cutlery, and opium. The returns consist of stones, sandal-wood, wax, and a little gold.
COOMASSIE, a large town of Africa, the capital of the Ashantee country. It stands upon the side of a large rocky hill, and is nearly surrounded by a marsh. It is built in an oblong form, and is about four miles in circumference, not including the suburbs, which are about half a mile distant, and were formerly connected by streets with the city. Four of the principal streets are half a mile long, and from fifty to an hundred yards broad. A long and wide street runs through the middle of the town; and here the palace and other residences of the royal family are situated. Mr Bowdich reckons that the town contains altogether twenty-seven streets. At the back of it there is a small grove, into which are thrown the bodies of all the victims sacrificed in the barbarous rites of the Ashantee superstition. The town is supplied with water from the marsh, which contains springs; but this bog is otherwise highly injurious to the place. It gives rise to a putrid exhalation, which morning and evening envelopes the town in a dense fog, thereby engendering disease. There are excellent markets in Coomassie, which are open from eight in the morning till sunset, and in these there is always a plentiful supply of the various necessaries of life. With regard to the population of this place, the Ashantees entertain a preposterous notion, believing it to contain a hundred thousand inhabitants when the whole are collected. This, according to Mr Bowdich, is a gross exaggeration, and he sets down the number at fifteen thousand as a near approximation to the truth.
COORG, a mountainous and woody district of Southern India, among the western Ghauts, situated between the province of Mysore and the British province of Malabar. This country is considered as extending from the Tambacherry Pass on the south, to the confines of the Bed-nore country on the north. The mountains produce sandal wood of the very best species, teak timber, rice, pepper, and some other spices. The woods also abound with elephants and ferocious animals, especially tigers. It contains scarcely any towns, and of late years the rajah and his family have resided in the fortress of Mercara. The rajahs of Coorg are of the Nair caste of Hindus. They are mentioned in history as early as the year 1583, and the present family have reigned since 1632. They retained their independence till the year 1773, when Hyder Ali, who had in vain attempted to subdue them, found an opportunity for interfering in a dispute about the succession, and, by the destruction of one of the parties, and the captivity of the other, took possession of the country. Upon Tippoo’s accession to the sovereignty he ordered the royal family to be removed from Bednore to the fort of Periapatam, whence having made his escape in the year 1778, his faithful subjects crowded to his standard, and drove the armies of Tippoo from his dominions. In the war which the British declared against Tippoo in the year 1791 they found the rajah of Coorg a useful auxiliary, and it was insisted by Lord Cornwallis as one of the primary articles of peace, that he should be rendered independent of Tippoo’s authority, and that Coorg shoμld be one of the ceded territories. In the year 1799, on the downfal ol Tippoo, the rajah of Coorg was rewarded by the free and uncontrolled management of his own territories. The country has recently enjoyed a state of tranquillity; it is fast recovering from the calamities of war, and now exports considerable quantities of grain to Mysore. The river Cavery has its source in Coorg, but does not attair to any magnitude until it enters the province of Mysore.
COOSERAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar. Itformerly possessed one of those strong forts which are so common, and which enabled the Zemindars to def; the authority of government. It is forty-eight miles S.E from Patna. Long. 85. 47. E. Lat. 28. 6. N.
COOTRA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, situated on the south side of the river Betwah. sixty-four miles N. by W. from Chatterpoor. In 1807 the districts of Cootra and Puway were restored by the British government to their legitimate owner, Rajah Bukht Sing, a Bundelcund chief. Long. 79. 28. E. Lat. 25. 45. N.
COPARCENARY, the share or quota of a coparcener.
COPARCENERS (from con, together, and particeps, partner) or Parceners, such as have equal portions in the inheritance of their ancestor.
COPE, an ecclesiastical ornament, usually worn by chanters and subchanters when they officiate on solemn occasions. It reaches from the shoulders to the feet. The ancients called it Pluviale. The word is also used to signify the roof or covering of a house.
COPENHAGEN, the capital of the Danish dominions. It is situated on the Baltic Sea, on both sides of the narrow strait which separates the island of Arnack from Zealand. It contains a population of 103,166 individuals, including 2442 Jews, and the military, amounting to 4000. It is probably an ancient city, but there arc no notices of it earlier than 1043, when it came into the hands of a bishop, whose successors, in 1168, formed the haven and fortified it.

Copenhagen is chiefly built upon land which has been recovered from the sea, and is consequently a flat place, and has canals navigable for large vessels, which extend to the centre of the city. The trade is considerable with most .parts of the world; and it is the naval arsenal where ships of war are built and repaired, and where the national military and marine stores are kept. It is a beautiful city, [7:7:308]with large squares, broad streets, and respectable buildings, both public and private. Being situated in a fertile and highly cultivated district, the markets are well and cheaply supplied with every necessary of domestic produce. It is well supplied with fresh water, which is conveyed by pipes from two reservoirs near the city, and another about two miles distant. The institutions for the poor, for education, for medical instruction, and for quarantine, are well planned; and the police is well regulated. The university of Copenhagen numbers upwards of thirty professors, and from seven to eight hundred students. It is well endowed with estates, as well as with funded property, from which stipends are paid, and money issued to pay the expenses of travellers in distant countries.

It has a botanical garden, an astronomical observatory, a surgical and veterinary school, an academy for the fine arts, and a large and valuable library. There are, too, different societies for the promotion of different branches of knowledge. The collections of various kinds are very respectable; and the royal library consists of nearly 400,000 volumes. The museums of natural history, of anatomy, of geography, of mineralogy, of antiquities, and of ancient coins, are rich in their respective kinds of treasures. There are several collections of paintings, among which those in the palace are by the first foreign, and some excellent ones by Danish artists. The collection of copperplates in the royal library consists of 2G7 volumes, containing more than 81,000 impressions.

The royal palace in the centre of the city, begun after the fire in 1794, is not yet quite completed. It is a magnificent pile, being a square of 370 feet, 114 feet in height, built on a foundation of 10,000 piles. The church within it is a most beautiful place of worship. Many of the churches, and most of the official buildings, display much taste and knowledge of architecture. If it were not for the climate, which is variable in an uncommon degree, few of the capital cities of Europe would form a more desirable place of residence. The winter is sometimes ‘excessively cold. Long. 12. 30. 54. E. Lat. 55. 51. 4. N.
COPERNICAN, in general, any thing belonging to Copernicus. Hence Copernican System or Hypothesis, that system of the world in which the sun is supposed to be at rest in the centre, and the planets, with the earth, to move in ellipses round him.
COPHIT, Copti, or Copiits, a name given to the Christians of Egypt, who are of the sect of Jacobites, or rather Cobites, and descended from the ancient native population of the country.

The critics are much divided as to the origin and orthography of the word. Some write it Cophti or Copti, others Cophtites, Cophtitae, Copts, and so on. Scaliger derives the name from Coptos, anciently the metropolis of the Thebaid. Kireher, however, maintains that the word originally signifies “cut” or “circumserįþed,” and that it was given to these people because of their practice of eir-cumeising; which is evidently absurd, as circumcision could neither be a distinction nor a reproach in a country where the rite was generally practised. Scaliger afterwards changed his opinion, and derived the word from A/yucrro¢ (quasi dicas Aι-l’OΠ-τoς) Egypt, by retrenching the first syllable; and this is the true etymology, GOP or KOP being manifestly the basis or root of the word which the Greeks wrote A∕yυττos, and probably at .first A/yoffro¢. For an account of the state of the Coptic population of Egypt, see the article Egypt.
COPHTIC, or Coptic, the language of the Cophts, being the language of the ancient Egyptians, mixed with a little Greek, and written in letters which are chiefly Greek, though fashioned on the model of the enchorial, demotie, or civil characters of the country. It has a form and construction peculiar to itself, having no inflections of the nouns or verbs, but expressing number, ease, gender, person, mood, and tense, and forming the possessive pronouns by means of letters and particles prefixed.

Kireher is the first who published a grammar and vocabulary of the Cophtic. The only books extant in the Cophtie are translations of the Seriptures, or of ecclesiastical offices, and others that relate thereto, as grammars and dictionaries.

Copthic Liturgies. Of these there are three; one attributed to Basil, another to St Gregory, and a third to Cyril. They have been translated into Arabic, for the use of the priests and people.
COPIAPO, the most northern province of Chili, in South America. It contains an area of 18,750 square miles. It has a dry and sterile aspect, except in those places where streams irrigate and .fertilize the soil, giving birth to luxuriant vegetation. The rains are here of rare occurrence, and the showers which do fall are so trifling, and so soon exhaled by solar influence, that vegetation derives but little permanent good from them. There are mines of gold in this province; but the richest are those of silver and copper, the ores of which generally contain sulphur, lead, arsenic, and other mineral substances. The copper mines are much the most numerous; but only those whose ores yield half their weight of metal are accounted worthy of being wrought. Copiapo, the capital city of this province, is situated on a river of the same name, about twelve leagues from the Pacific Ocean. It is the seaport of the district, and here the products of the latter are shipped. Copiapo contains about 10,000 inhabitants.
COPIATA, under the western empire, a grave-digger. In the first ages of the church there were clerks destined for this employment. In the year 357, Constantine made a law in favour of the priests copiatae, or of those who had the care of interments, exempting them from the lustral contribution, which all other traders paid. It was under him also that they first began to be called copiatae, or clerks destined for bodily labour, from κcσcς, or κcσω, seindo, caedo, ferio, I cut, I beat, &c. Before that time they were called decani and lecticarii; probably because they were divided into decades or tens, each of which had a bier or litter for the carriage of dead bodies. Their place among the clerks was the next in order before the chanters.
COPPERAS, a name given to the factitious sulphate of iron.
COPPICE, or Copse, the produce of a wood or plantation which is cut down at stated periods, and used for firing and making charcoal, once in sixteen or seventeen years. In Westmoreland and other copse countries these rotations are denominated falls, and are accordingly calculated in the valuation of lands.
COPRAJA, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, between the extremity of Corsica and the island of Elba. It is of volcanic origin, but yields wine, pulse, honey, and wax, by trading in which articles the inhabitants, who are 1500, procure subsistence. The chief town is Tratozzio. Long. 9. 42. 52. Ľ. Lat. 43. 0. 18. N∙
COPTOS, in Ancient Geography, a trading town of th⅜ Thebais, at some distance from the Nile, inhabited by Egyptians and Arabs; now Kypt.
COPY, in a law sense, a transcript of a writing or instrument, made for the use and satisfaction of some of the parties concerned, or in order to preserve the document itself.

Copy is also used for an imitation of any original work,, particularly a painting, draught, figure, or the like.

Copy, among printers, denotes the manuscript or original of a book put into the hands of the compositor.
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COQUES, Gonzalez, a painter of portraits and conversations, was born at Antwerp in 1618, and was a disciple of David Ryckaert the elder, under whose direction he applied himself diligently to cultivate the promising talents which he possessed; not only by practising the best rules administered to him by his instructor, but also by studying nature with singular attention. He was a great admirer of Vandyck; and, fixing on the manner of that great artist as his model, he had the happiness of so far succeeding, that, after him, he was esteemed equal to any other painter of his time. In the school of Ryckaert he had been accustomed to paint conversations, and he frequently composed subjects of fancy, like Teniers, Ostade, and his master; a habit by which he introduced a very agreeable style of portrait painting. In this way he composed several fine pictures for King Charles I., the Archduke Leopold, and the Prince of Orange; and the latter, as a mark of respect, presented Coques with a rich gold chain, and a gold medal, on which his bust was impressed. Coques died in 1684. He had an excellent pencil; his portraits were well designed, with easy, natural attitudes; he disposed the figures in his composition so as to avoid confusion or embarrassment; he gave an extraordinary clearness of colour to his heads and hands; and his touch was free, firm, and broad, a circumstance very uncommon in works of a small size.
COQUIMBO, a province of Chili, in South America, is bounded on the north by Copiapo, on the east by the Andes, on the south-east by Aconcagua, on the southwest by Quillota, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. This province suffers for want of rain, and is by no means so fertile as many other parts of Chili. It presents frequent contrasts of sterility and luxuriance, but the latter predominates where rivers and streams traverse the country. Like the neighbouring province of Copiapo, Coquimbo contains gold mines; but those of silver and copper are the most valuable. A few years ago a vein of silver in a -metallic state was discovered, but it proved to be of very limited extent. Mines of quicksilver are also said to exist in this province. Coquimbo, the capital, is situated upon a river of the same name, about a quarter of a league from the sea. It is the seaport of the province; and the harbour is considered as one of the best in Chili, and is much frequented. The streets of the city are built in a line from north to south and from east to west, and the number of houses is estimated at between three and four hundred. It has been calculated that of late from one to two billions of dollars have been annually exported from Coquimbo. Tjιe province is 13,300 square miles in extent, and contains 20,000 inhabitants.