pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CELSUS, Aurelius Cornelius, a celebrated physician of the first century, who wrote in elegant Latin eight books on medicine. He was the Hippocrates of the Latins; and Quintilian pronounces a high eulogium upon him. The great Boerhaave tells us that Celsus is one of the best authors of antiquity for letting us into the true meaning and opinions of Hippocrates; and that, without him, the writings of this father of physic would often be unintelligible, and often misunderstood by us. He shows us also how the ancients eured distempers by friction, bathing, and the like. FIis eight books de Medicina have been several times printed. The Elzevir edition, in the year 1650, by Vander Linden, is the best, as being entirely corrected from manuscripts.

Celsus, an Epicurean philosopher of the second century. He wrote a work against the Christians, entitled The True Discourse ; to which Origen, at the desire of his friend Ambrose, wrote a learned answer. Lucian dedicated his Pseudomenos to this philosopher.
CELTIBERIA, in Ancient Geography, a country of Hither Spain, along the right or south-west side of the river Iberus or Ebro; though sometimes the greater part of Spain was called by the name of Celtiberia. ' The people were denominated Celtiberi, or the Celtae established on the Iberus. They were brave and warlike; and their cavalry in particular was excellent. They wore a black and rough cloak, the shag of which was like goats’ hair. Some of them had light bucklers like those worn by Gauls; others had hollow and round targes like those used by other nations. They all wore boots made of hair, and iron helmets adorned with crests of a purple colour. They used two-edged swords and poniards of a foot in length. Their arms were of an admirable temper, and are said to have been prepared of plates of iron buried under ground, where they remained till the rust had eaten the weakest part of the metal, and the rest consequently became hard and firm. Of iron thus prepared they made their swords, which were so strong and well tempered that neither buckler nor helmet could resist their edge. The Celtiberians were very cruel towards their enemies, and inflicted savage punishments on malefactors, but showed the greatest humanity towards their guests. They not only cheerfully granted hospitality to strangers who travelled in their country, but were desirous that such persons should seek protection under their roofs..
CEMENTATION, the act of corroding or otherwise changing a metal by means of a cement.
CEMETERY (Kοιματηξ ∣ οv, from Ko∕μαω, to sleep}, a place set apart or consecrated for the burial of the dead.

Anciently none was buried in churches or churchyards; it was even unlawful to inter in cities, and the cemeteries were without the walls. Among the primitive Christians these were held in great veneration. It appears from Eusebius and Tertullian, that, in the early ages, they even assembled for divine worship in the cemeteries. Valerian seems to have confiscated the cemeteries and other places of divine worship, but they were restored again by Gallienus. As the martyrs were buried in these places, the Christians chose them for sites of churches when Constantine established their religion; and hence some derive the rule which still obtains in the church of Rome, never to consecrate an altar without putting under it the relics of some saint. The practice of consecrating cemeteries is of some antiquity. The bishop walked round it in procession, with the crosier or pastoral staff in his hand, the holy-water pot being carried before, out of which the aspersions were made.
CENEDA, a city of Italy, in the delegation of Treviso, of the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy. It is situated on the river Maschio, and has, besides the cathedral, several other churches, and 4500 inhabitants, who are employed in woollen and in paper manufactories.
CENEGILL, in the Saxon antiquities, an expiatory mulet, paid by one who had killed a man, to the kindred of the deceased. The word is compounded of the Saxon cinne, cognatio, relation, and gild, solutio, payment.
CENOBITE. See Coenobite.
CENOTAPH, in Antiquity, an empty tomb, erected in honour of some person deceased, and distinguished from a sarcophagus, in which a coffin was deposited. Of these there were two sorts; one for those who had, and another for those who had not, been honoured with funeral rites in another place. The sign by which honorary sepulchres were distinguished from others was commonly the wreck [7:6:279]of a ship, to denote the decease of the person in some foreign country.
CENSER, in Antiquity, a vase containing incense to be used in sacrifices. Censer is chiefly used in speaking of the Jewish worship. Among the Greeks and Romans it is more frequently called thuribulum, λ ∣ ^avuτις, and accrra.

The Jewish censer was a small sort of chafing dish, covered with a dome, and suspended by a chain. Josephus tells us that Solomon made twenty thousand golden censers for the temple of Jerusalem, to offer perfumes in, and fifty thousand others to carry fire in.
CENSIO, in Antiquity, the act or office of the censor. Censio included both the rating or valuing of a man’s estate, and the imposing of mulcts and penalties.

Censio Hastaria, a punishment inflicted on a Roman soldier for some offence, as laziness or luxury, and so called because his hasta or spear was taken from him, and consequently his wages and hopes of preferment were stopped.
CENSITUS, a person censed or entered in the tables of the census. In an ancient monument found at Ancyra, containing the actions of the Emperor Octavius, we read,
Quo lustro civium Romanorum
Censita sunt capita quadragies
Centum millia et sexaginta tria:

From which we learn that the number of Roman citizens, entered in the censor’s rolls, was then upwards of four millions.

Censitus is also used in the civil law for a servile sort of tenant, who pays capitation to his lord for the lands he holds of him, and is entered as such in the lord’s rent-roll; in which sense the word is equivalent to capite census, or eapite censitus. See Capite Censu
CENSORINUS, a grammarian and philosopher of the third century, well known by his treatise De Die Natali. This treatise, which was written about the year 238, Gerard Vossius calls a little book of gold, and pronounces it a most learned work, of the highest use and importance to chronologers, as connecting and determining, with great exactness, some of the principal eras in pagan history. The great work of Censorinus, with two fragments by unknown authors, entitled Indigitamenta and De Naturali Institutione, was first printed at Bologna in 1497, folio. It was next printed at Cambridge, with the notes of Lindenbrokius, in 1695. But the best edition is that of Havercamp, Leyden, 1743, 8vo, which was reprinted in 1767, and contains fragments of the Satires of Lucilius. The last edition is that of Gruber, Nuremberg, 1805, in 8vo.
CENSURE, a judgment which condemns some book, person, or action, or more particularly a reprimand from a • superior. Ecclesiastical censures are penalties, by which, for some remarkable misbehaviour, Christians are deprived of the communion of the church, or prohibited from exercising the sacerdotal office.
CENSUS, in Roman antiquity, an authentic declaration made before the censors, by the several subjects of the empire, of their respective names and places of abode. This declaration was registered by the censors, and contained an enumeration in writing of all the estates, lands, and inheritances they possessed; including quantity, quality, place, wives, children, domestics, tenants, slaves. In the provinces the census served not only to discover the substance of each person, but where, and in what manner and proportion, taxes might be best imposed. The census at Rome is commonly thought to have been held every five years; but Dr Middleton has shown that both census and lustrum were held irregularly and uncertainly at various intervals. The census was an excellent expedient for ascertaining the strength of the state, inasmuch as by it they discovered the number of the citizens, how many were fit for war, and how many were qualified for offices of other kinds, as well as how much each was able to pay in taxes and imposts. It extended to all ranks of people, though under different names; that of the common people was called census ; that of the knights, census, recensio, recognitio ; that of the senators, lectio, relectio. Hence also census came to signify a person who had made such a declaration; in which sense it was opposed to incensus, a [7:6:280]person who had not given in his estate or name to be registered. The census, according to Salmasíus, was peculiar to the city of Rome. That in the provinces was properly called professio and a~ογtaφr l . But this distinction is not everywhere observed by the ancients themselves.

The term has, in Britain and other modern countries, been applied to those enumerations and classifications of the people which have at different times been ordered by government. See England. Census Senatorius, the patrimony of a senator, which was limited to a certain value, being at first rated at 800,000 sesterces, but afterwards, under Augustus, enlarged to 1,200,000.

Census Equester, the estate or patrimony of a knight, rated at 400,000 sesterces, which was necessary to qualify a person for that order, and without which no virtue or merit was available.

Census Dominicatus, in writers of the lower age, denotes a rent due to the lord.

Census Duplicatus, a double rent or tax paid by vassals to their lord on extraordinary or urgent occasions, as expeditions to the Holy Land, and the like.

Census Ecclesioe Romanae, was an annual contribution voluntarily paid to the see of Rome by the several princes of Europe.
CENT signifies properly a hundred, being an abridgment of the word centum ; but it is often used in commerce to express the profit or loss arising from the sale of any commodity; so that when it is said there is ten per cent, profit, or ten per cent, loss, upon any merchandise which has been sold, it is to be understood that the seller has either gained or lost L.10 on every L.100 of the price at which he bought that merchandise, which is ⅛ of profit, or ⅛ of loss, upon the total of the sale.
CENTAUR, in Astronomy, a part or moiety of a southern constellation, in form half man and half horse, usually joined with the wolf.
CENTAURS, in Mythology, a kind of fabulous monsters, half men and half horses. The poets pretended that the Centaurs were the sons of Ixion and a cloud, the reason of which fancy is, that they retired to a castle called wpsaj], which signifies a cloud. This fable is variously interpreted. Some suppose the Centaurs to have been a body of shepherds and herdsmen, rich in cattle, who inhabited the mountains of Arcadia, and to whom is attributed the invention of bucolic poetry. Palaephaetus, in his book of wonders, relates, that under the reign of Ixion, king of Thessaly, a herd of bulls on Mount Thessaly ran mad and ravaged the whole country, rendering the mountains inaccessible; and that some young men who had found out the art of taming and mounting horses, undertook to clear the mountains of these animals, which they pursued on horseback, and thence obtained the appellation of Centaurs. This success rendering them insolent, they insulted the Lapithae, a people of Thessaly; and because when attacked they fled with great rapidity, it was supposed they were half horses and half men.
CENTELLO, a town of Italy, in the province of Coni, of the kingdom of Sardinia, containing 3600 inhabitants.
CENTENARIUS, or Centenario, in the middle ages, an officer who had the government or command, with the administration of justice, in a village. The centenarii as well as vicarii were under the jurisdiction and command of the court. We find them among the Franks, Germans, Lombards, Goths, and other nations.

Centenarius was also used to signify an officer who had the command of one hundred men, most frequently called a centurion.

Centenarius, in monasteries, was an officer who had the command of one hundred monks.
CENTESIMA Usura means a rate of interest which in a hundred months became equal to the principal, that is, where the money is laid out at one per cent, per month, answering to what in our style would be called twelve per cent. The Romans reckoned their interest not by the year, but by the month.
CENTESIM ATION, a milder kind of military punishment[7:6:294] than decimation in cases of desertion, mutiny, and the like, when only every hundredth man is executed.
CENTILOQUIUM denotes a collection of a hundred ’sentences, opinions, or sayings. The centiloquium of Hermes contains a hundred aphorisms, or astrological sentences, supposed to have been written by some Arab, falsely fathered on Hermes Trismegistus. It is only extant in Latin, in which it has been several times printed. The centiloquium of Ptolemy is a famous astrological piece, frequently confounded with the former, consisting likewise of a hundred sentences or doctrines, divided into short aphorisms, entitled also in Greek xagnoς, as being the fruit or result of the former writings of that celebrated astronomer, namely, his quadripartitum and almagestum ; or rather, because the use of astrological calculations is therein explained.
CENTLIVRE, Susanna, a celebrated confie writer, was the daughter of Mr Freeman of Holbeach, in Lincolnshire; and exhibited such an early turn for poetry, that it is said she wrote a song when she was only about seven years old. Before she was twelve years of age, she could not only read Molière in French, but enter into the spirit of all the characters. Her father dying, left her to the care of a stepmother, whose treatment not being agreeable to her, she determined, though almost destitute of money and every other necessary, to go up to London to seek a better fortune than that which she had hitherto experienced. As she was proceeding on her journey on foot, she was met by a young gentleman from the university of Cambridge, afterwards the well-known Anthony Hammond, Esq. who was so extremely struck with her youth and beauty that he fell instantly in love with her; and inquiring into the particulars of her story, soon prevailed upon her inexperienced innocence to accept the protection which he offered her, and go with him to Cambridge. After some months cohabitation, he persuaded her to proceed to London, where in a short time she was married to a nephew of Sir Stephen Fox. That gentleman, however, did not live above twelve months; but her wit and beauty soon procured her a second husband, whose name was Carrol, an officer in the army. This union was also of short duration; and Carrol having had the misfortune to be killed in a duel about a year and a half after their marriage, she became a second time a widow. For the sake of support she now applied to her pen, and became a votary of the muses; and it is under the name of Carrol that some of her earlier pieces were published. Her first attempt was in tragedy, in a play called the Perjured Husband ; yet natural vivacity leading her afterwards to comedy, we find but one more attempt of this kind, among eighteen dramatic pieces which she afterwards wrote. In 1706 she became known to Mr Joseph Ccntlivre, principal cook to her majesty, who married her; and, after passing several years happily with this person, she died at his house in Spring Garden, Charing-cross, in December 1723. ?»Irs Centlivre for many years enjoyed the intimacy of Sir Richard Steele, Mr Rowe, Budgell, Farquhar, Dr Sewell, and other persons of note; and very few authors received more tokens of esteem and patronage from the great. With regard to her merit as a writer, it must be allowed that her plays do not abound with wit, and that the language of them is sometimes even poor, enervate, incorrect, puerile; but her plots are busy and well conducted, and her characters in general natural and well marked.
CENTO, in Poetry, a work wholly composed of verses or passages promiscuously taken from other authors, only disposed in a new form and order.

Cento, a city of Italy, in the papal delegation Bologna. It is a well-built place, and contains 4000 inhabitants.
CENTONARII, in Antiquity, certain of the Roman army, who provided different sorts of stuff called centones, made use of to quench the fire which the enemy’s engines threw into the camp. These centonarii kept with the carpenters and other officers of artillery.
CENTORBI, a town of the intendancy of Catania, in the island of Sicily, on a rugged mountain, but in a healthy situation, containing 4000 inhabitants.
CENTRAL Forces, the powers which cause a moving body to tend towards, or recede from, the centre of motion.
CENTRIFUGAL Force, that force by which all bodies that move round any other body in a curve endeavour to fly off from the axis of their motion in a tangent to the periphery of the curve, and that in every part of it.
CENTRIPETAL Force, that force by which a body is everywhere impelled, or anyhow tends, towards some point as a centre.
CENTUMVIRI, in Roman Antiquity, judges appointed to decide common causes among the people. They were chosen three out of each tribe; and, though five more dian a hundred, were nevertheless called centumviri, from the round number centum, a hundred.
CENTURION, among the Romans, an officer in the infantry, who commanded a century, or a hundred men. In order to have a proper notion of the centurions, it must be remembered, that every one of the thirty manipuli in a legion was divided into two ordines, or ranks; and consequently the three bodies of the hastati, principes, and triarii, into twenty orders and ten manipuli each. Now, every manipulus was allowed two centurions, or captains, one to each order or century; and, to determine the point of priority between them, they were created at two different elections. The thirty who were first made always took the precedence of their fellows; and therefore commanded the right-hand orders, as the others did the left. The triarii, οχ pilani, so called from their weapon the pilum, being esteemed the most honourable, bad their centurions elected first, next to them the principes, and afterwards the hastati; whence they were called primzis et secundus pilus, primus et secundus princeps, primus et secundus hastatus, and so on. Here it may be observed, that primi ordines is sometimes used in historians for the centurions of these orders; and the centurions arc sometimes styled principes ordinum, and principes centurionum. See Army.
CENTURY, in a general sense, any thing divided into, or consisting of, a hundred parts.

Century, in Antiquity. The Roman people, when they were assembled for electing magistrates, enacting laws, or deliberating upon any public affair, were always divided into centuries, and voted by centuries, in order that their votes might be the more easily collected, and hence these assemblies were called comitia centuriata. The Roman cohorts were also divided into centuries.

Century, in Chronology, the space of a hundred years. This method of computing by centuries is generally observed in church history, commencing from the time of our Saviour’s incarnation.
CEORLES, the name of one of the classes or orders into which the people weic distinguished among the Anglo-Saxons.
CEOS, Cea, Cia, or Cos, in Ancient Geography, one of the Cyclades, lying opposite to the promontory of Achaia, called Sιιnium, and fifty miles in compass. This island is commended by the ancients for its fertility and the richness of its pastures. The first silk stuffs, if Pliny and Solinus are to be credited, were wrought here. Ceos was particularly famous for the excellent figs it produced. It was first peopled by Aristaeus, the son of Apollo and Cyrene, who being grieved for the death of his son Actaeon, retired from Thebes, at the persuasion of his mother, and [7:6:295]went over with some Thebans to Ceos, at that time uninhabited. Diodorus Siculus tells us that he retired to the island of Cos; but the ancients, as Servius observes, called both these islands by the name of Cos. Be that as it may, however, the island of Ceos became so populous, that a law prevailed there, commanding all persons upwards of sixty to be poisoned, that others might be able to subsist; so that none above sixty were to be seen in the island, all persons, after they arrived at that age, being obliged either to submit to the law or abandon the country, together with their effects. Ceos had, in former times, four famous cities, Julis, Carthaea, Coressus, and Pracessa. The two latter were, according to Pliny, swallowed up by an earthquake; the other two flourished in Strabo’s time. Carthaea stood on a rising ground at the end of a valley, about three miles from the sea. The situation of it agrees with that of the present town of Zea, which gives name to the whole island.
CEPHALIC, in a general meaning, signifies any thing belonging to the head. Cephalic medicines are remedies for disorders of the head.
CEPHALONIA, or Cephallenia, the largest of the islands constituting the Ionian republic. It was known in Homer’s time by the name of Samos and Epirus Melaena; and is about forty miles in length, from ten to twenty in breadth, and a hundred and fifty in compass. It had anciently four cities, one of which bore the name of the island. Strabo tells us, that in his time there were only two cities remaining; but Pliny speaks of three, adding, that the ruins of Same, which had been destroyed by the Romans, were still in being. Same was the metropolis of the island, and is supposed to have stood in the place which the Italians call Porte Guiscardo. See Ionian Isles. Cephalonia, a town on the above island, is situated on a mountain, and forms, united with Zante, the see of a bishop, whose jurisdiction extends over the whole island. Long. 20. 59. E. Lat. 38. 20. N.
CERAM, a large island in the Eastern Seas, between 160 and 180 miles in length, and about forty in breadth. It extends from the 128th to the 130th degree of east longitude, and is situated between the third and fourth degrees of south latitude. The island is very mountainous in its aspect, being intersected longitudinally from east to west with a lofty chain about 700Ó feet high, with fertile valleys interposed. The island is of a singular form; the peninsula of Little Ceram is joined to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, and it formerly produced large quantities of cloves and nutmegs. But the trees were extirpated by the Dutch in 1657. Forests of the sago tree, as well as plantations of other curious kinds of wood, are found here. On the shores are beautiful shells. Wild hogs and deer are numerous, as well as birds of paradise. The natives, described as a wild, ferocious race, still exist in the interior. They are taller and stronger than the people dwelling on the shores, and also of a fairer complexion. Their habits are completely those of savages. They go almost naked, and have many barbarous and bloody rites. The chiefs who have territories along the shores formerly acknowledged the rule of the Dutch. An attack was made on one of these chiefs by the British during the last war, but without success, and some loss was sustained. (Stavorinus , Voyages, with Notes ; Labillardière’s Voyage in search of La Perouse ; Bougainville’s Voyage round the WorldV)
CERAMLAUT Isles, a cluster of small islands in the Eastern Seas, lying off the east end of the island of Ceram. The principal island is about five miles long, and is mountainous and uninhabited. Long. 131. 20. E. Lat. 3. 30. S.
CERAMI, a town of the intendancy of Catania, in the island of Sicily, on a hill of the Modonia range of mountains, and very healthy, with 3400 inhabitants.
CERATION, the name given by the ancients to the small seeds of ceratonia, used by the Arabian physicians as a weight to adjust the doses of medicines; as the grain weight with us took its rise from a grain of barley.

Ceration, or Ceratium, was also a silver coin, equal to one third of an obolus.