pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DUUMVIRI, in Roman antiquity, a general appellation given to magistrates, commissioners, and officers, where two were joined together in the same functions.

Duumviri Capitales were the judges in criminal causes. From their sentence it was lawful to appeal to the people, who alone had the power of condemning a citizen to death. These judges were taken from the body of the decuriones, and had great power and authority; they were members of the public council, and had two lictors to walk before them.

Duumviri Municipales were two magistrates in some cities of the empire, answering to the consuls at Rome. They were chosen out of the body of the decuriones, and their office commonly lasted five years, upon which account they were frequently termed quinquinales magistratus. Their jurisdiction was of great extent. They had officers who walked before them, carrying a small switch in their hands; and some of them assumed the privilege of having lictors carrying axes and the fasces or bundles of rods before them.

Duumviri Navales were the commissaries of the fleet, first created at the request of M. Decius, tribune of the people, in the time of the war with the Samnites. The duties of their office consisted in giving orders for the fitting out of ships, and issuing their commissions to the marine officers, &c.

Duumviri Sacrorum were magistrates created by Tarquinius Superbus for the performance of the sacrifices, and for keeping the sibyls' books. They were chosen from among the patricians, and held their office during life; they were exempted from serving in the wars, and from the offices imposed on the other citizens; and without them the oracles of the sibyls could not be consulted.
DWAL, in Heraldry, the herb nightshade, used by such as blazon with flowers and herbs, instead of metals and colours, for sable or black.
DWARACA, a town and celebrated temple of Hindustan, province of Gujerat, situated at the south-west extremity of the peninsula. There are twenty-one villages belonging to Dwaraca, containing 2500 houses, and, on the most accurate calculation, 100,000 inhabitants. The inhabitants were formerly much addicted to piracy, but of late years have been restrained by a treaty with the British. The temple is fabled to have been the residence of Krishna, at which 15,000 pilgrims annually pay their devotions, which is an abundant source of wealth to the Brahmins. Long. 69. 15. E. Lat. 22. 21. N.
DYNASTY, among ancient historians, signifies a race or succession of kings of the same family or line. Such were the dynastics of Egypt. The word is formed from the Greek δυναΰτίΐα., of δυνατιω, to he powerful.
DYSAE, in Mythology, inferior goddesses among the Saxons, being the messengers of the great Odin, whose province it was to convey the souls of such as died in battle to his abode, called Valhalla or the hall of slaughter, where they were to drink, with him and their other gods, cerevisia, a kind of malt liquor, in the skulls of their enemies. The Dysce conveyed those who died a natural death to Hela, the goddess of hell, where they were tormented with hunger, thirst, and every kind of evil.
DYSART, a royal burgh of Scotland, in the county of Fife, is situated on the coast of the Frith of Forth, about a mile to the eastward of Kirkaldy. It consists of three narrow streets, with a species of square in the centre. In the principal street there are a number of antique houses, the fronts of which are generally decorated with inscriptions and dates. Formerly this town enjoyed a considerable trade, and on this account was ennobled with the popular name of “Little Holland.” The state of trade now, however, is far from corresponding with that ambitious title. The principal article manufactured is salt, which, together with coal, is exported in quantities. The weaving of checks, ticks, and similar fabrics, is also carried on, and affords employment to a number of the inhabitants. The harbour of the town is tolerably good. Dysart was erected into a royal burgh in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and is at present governed by two bailies, a treasurer, and twenty-two councillors. Besides the parish church, there is a congregation connected with the Relief body. The town possesses a news-room and a mechanics’ institution. The population of the burgh and parish amounted in 1821 to 6529, and in 1831 to 7104.
DYSCRASY, among physicians, denotes an ill habit or state of the humours, as in the scurvy, jaundice, and other diseases.
DYSENTERY, in Medicine, a diarrhoea or flux, wherein the stools are mixed with blood, and the bowels miserably tormented with gripes. See Medicine.
DYSOREXY, among physicians, denotes a want of appetite, proceeding from a weakly stomach.
DYSPEPSY, a difficulty of digestion.
DYSPNOEA, a difficulty of breathing, usually called asthma.
DYVOUR, in Scotch Law, otherwise Eαre-man, a person who, being involved in debt, and unable to pay the same, makes cession of his effects in favour of his creditors. The word is used in the same sense as Bankrupt.
E, the second vowel, and fifth letter of the alphabet. This letter is most probably derived from the old character in the ancient Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets, reversed by the Greeks to this position, E, not from the Hebrew rr, as some have supposed. From the same origin is also derived the Saxon e, which is the first letter in their alphabet that differs from the Latin one. It is formed by a narrower opening of the larynx than the letter A; but the other parts of the mouth are used nearly in the same manner as in that letter. E has a long and short sound in most languages. The short sound is audible in bed, fret, den, and other words ending in consonants; the long sound is produced by a final e, or an e at the end of words, as in glebe, here, hire, scene, sphere, interfere, revere, sincere, and the like, in most of which it sounds like ee. In some other cases, this letter, by coming after i, is long, as in believe, chief, grief reprieve ; and sometimes the long sound is expressed by ee, as in bleed, beer, creed, and so on. Sometimes the final e is silent, and only serves to lengthen the sound of the preceding vowel, as in rag, rage, stag, stage, hug, huge. The sound of e, however, is obscure in the following words: oxen, heaven, bounden,fire, massacre, maugre, and other words. The Greeks have their long and short e, which they call epsilon t, and éta t ∣ . The French have several kinds of e; the Latins have likewise a long and short e. In some instances the latter also write e instead of a, as dicem for dicam ; and this is no doubt the reason why a is so often changed into e in the preter-perfect tense, as ago, egi ; facio, feci, and the like.

As a numeral, E stands for 250, according to the verse,
E, quoque ducentos et quinquaginta tenebit.

In music it denotes the tone e-la-me; in the calendar it is the fifth of the dominical letters; and in sea charts it distinguishes all the easterly points. In ancient contractions and abbreviations E represents Est, Ennius, Edilis; L’B, Ejus Bona; ED, Ejus Domus; EE, Ejus Aetas ; EF, Ejus Filius ; and so on.
EACHARD, John, an English divine of great learning and wit in the seventeenth century, was bred at Cambridge, and was the author of The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy and Religion inquired into, 1670. In 1675 he was chosen master of Catharine Hall upon the decease of Dr John Lightfoot; and the year following was created doctor in divinity by royal mandate. He died in 1697.

Eachard, Laurence, an eminent English historian of the eighteenth century, was nearly related to Dr John Eachard. He was the son of a clergyman, who, by the death of his elder brother, became master of a good estate in Suffolk. He was educated in the university of Cambridge, entered into holy orders, and was presented to the living of Welton and Elkington in Lincolnshire, where he spent above twenty years of his life, and distinguished himself by his writings, especially his History of England, which was attacked by Dr Edmund Calamy and by Mr John Oldmixon. His General Ecclesiastical History, from the Nativity of Christ to the first Establishment of Christianity by Human Laws under the Emperor Constantine the Great, has passed through several editions. He was installed as archdeacon of Stowe and prebendary of Lincoln in 1712. He died in 1730.
EAGLET, a diminutive of eagle, properly signifying a young eagle. In heraldry, when there are several eagles on the same escutcheon, they are termed eaglets.
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EALDERMAN, or Ealdorman, among the Saxons, was of the same import with earl among the Danes. The word was also used for an elder, senator, or statesman; and hence, at this day, we call those functionaries aidermen who are associates to the chief officer in the common council of a city or corporate town.
EALING, a town of the county of Middlesex, five miles and a half from London, divided into two parts, distinguished by the names of East and West Ealing. It is in the hundred of Ossulston, and the parish includes the town of Old Brentford. It contains a handsome modern church, and several chapels for separatists, with some elegant villas. The population amounted in 1801 to 5035, in 1811 to 5361, in 1821 to 6608, and in 1831 to 7783.
EAR. (See Anatomy.) The ear has its beauties, which a good painter ought by no means to disregard; and where it is well formed it would be an injury to the head were it hidden. Suetonius insists particularly on the beauty of Augustus’s ears; and Aelian, describing the beauties of Aspasia, observes that she had short ears. Martial also ranks large ears amongst the number of deformities. Amongst the Athenians it was a mark of nobility to have the ears bored or perforated; but amongst the Hebrews and Romans this was a type of servitude.

Ear, in Music, denotes a kind of internal sense, by which we perceive and judge of harmony and musical sounds. In music we seem universally to acknowledge something like a sense distinct from the external one of hearing, and call it a good ear ; and a similar distinction we should probably acknowledge in other affairs, if we had distinct names by which to denote these powers of perception. Thus a greater capacity of perceiving the beauties of painting, sculpture, and architecture, is culled a Jìne laste.
EARING, in nautical language, is that part of the bolt rope which at the four corners of the sail is. left open, in the shape of a ring. The two uppermost parts are put over the ends of the yard-arms, and so the sail is made fast to the yard; and into the lowermost carings the sheets and tacks are seized or bent at the clew.
EARL, a British title of nobility, next below a marquis, and above a viscount. The title is so ancient, that its origin cannot now be clearly traced out. It seems tolerably certain, however, that amongst the Saxons they were called caldormen, elder men, a word of the same signification with senior or senator among the Romans; and also schiremen, because they had each of them the civil government of a civil division or shire. On the irruption of the Danes they changed their names to eorels, which, according to Camden, had the same signification in their language. In Latin they are called comites, a title first used in the empire, from being the king’s attendants; a societate nomen sumpserunt, reges enim tales sibi associant. After the Norman conquest they were for some time called counts, from the French; but they did not long retain that name themselves, though their shires are thence denominated counties to this day. It is now become a mere title, the holders of which have nothing to do with the government of the county, that being now entirely devolved on the sheriff, the earl’s deputy or vicecomes. In writs, commissions, and other formal instruments, the king, when he mentions any peer of the degree of an earl, usually styles him trusty and well-beloved cousin; an appellation as ancient as the reign of Henry 1V., who being, either by h⅛ wife, his mother, or his sisters, actually related or allied to every earl in the kingdom, artfully and constantly acknowledged that connection in all his letters and other public acts; whence the usage descended to his successors, though the reason has long ago failed.
EARNEST (Arrhae), money advanced in order to bind the parties to the performance of a verbal bargain. By the civil law, he who recedes from his bargain loses his earnest, and if the person who received the earnest give back, he must return the earnest double. But with us, the person who gives it is in strictness obliged to abide by his bargain; and in case he decline it, he is not discharged uj>on forfeiting his earnest, but may be sued for the whole money stipulated.
EARTH, amongst ancient philosophers, owe of the four elements of which the whole system of nature was believed to be composed.

Earth, in Astronomy and Geography, one of the primary planets, bci□g the terraqueous globe which we inhabit. (See the articles Figure of the Earth, and Geology.)
EARTHS, in Chemistry. These bodies will be found described in the article Chemistry, under the heads Alkaline Bases and Earthy Bases.
EASEL Pieces, among painters, such small pieces, whether portraits or landscapes, as are painted on the easel, or frame whereon the canvass is laid. They are thus denominated in order to distinguish them from larger pictures drawn on walls, ceilings, and the like.
EASING, in the sea language, signifies the slackening of a rope or the like. Thus, to ease the bow line, or sheet, is to let them go slacker; to ease the helm, is to let the ship go more large, more before the wind, or more larboard.

L’ASINGWOLD, a market-town in the north riding of the county of York, 208 miles from London and 11 from York. It is in the wapentake of Bulmer. It has a market on Friday, where much butter and bacon, cured in the neighbourhood, are disposed of for distant places. The population amounted in 1801 to 1467, in 1811 to 1576, in 1821 to 1912, and in 1831 to 2381.
EAST, one of the four cardinal points of the world, being that point of the horizon where the sun is seen to rise when in the equinoctial. The word east is Saxon. In Italy, and throughout the Mediterranean, the east wind is called the levante; in Greek, αvαroan and aπr l - λιωτη;, because it comes from the side of the rising sun, or ⅛λrtu, in Latin Eurus.
EASTBOURNE, a town on the coast of Sussex, in the hundred of that name, within the rape of Pavensey. It is 63 miles from London, and is one of those places which, from the prevalence of sea-bathing, has within the last fifty years been raised from a fishing village to be a large and populous town. It is situated in a chasm between two cliffs, through which runs a small stream. One of these, Beachy Head, is the loftiest headland on the English Channel. It consists of three distinct parts, each near half a mile from the other. The resident population amounted in 1801 to 1668, in 1811 to 1806, in 1821 to 2607, and in 1831 to 2726; but the visitors are said to be much more numerous during the bathing season.
EAST Island, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the coast of Palawan. Long. 118. 36. Ľ. Lat. 8. 40. N. Also a small island on the east coast of Borneo. Long. 109. 38. E. Lat. 2. 40. N. Likewise an island in the South Pacific Ocean, on the coast of New Zealand, near Cape East.
EASTER, a festival of the Christian church, observed in memory of our Saviour’s resurrection. The Greeks call it pasgn, the Latins pascha, from a Hebrew word signifying passage, applied to the Jewish feast of the passover. It is called Easter in English, from the goddess Eoβtre, who was worshipped by the Saxons with peculiar ceremonies in the month of April. The Asiatic churches kept their Easter upon the very same day on which the Jews observed their passovtr, and others on [7:8:392]the first Sunday after the first full moon in the new year. This controversy was determined in the council of Nice, when it was ordained that Easter should be kept upon one and the same day, which should always be a Sunday, in all Christian churches in the world.

Easter Island, an island in the South Sea, lying in Long. 109. 46. W. Lat. 27. 5. N. See the article Polynesia.
EASTON, a post-town and burgh of Pennsylvania, and capital of the county of Northampton, United States. It is situated on the Delaware, at the junction of the Lehigh River and Canal, and also near the western end of the Morris Canal, which connects it with New York. It is regularly laid out, handsomely built, and possesses a considerable trade. In the vicinity of this place there are several valuable mills. The situation of the town is low, and it is surrounded by considerable eminences. Here there is a bridge across the Delaware, 570 feet in length. The population in 1820 amounted to 2370. and has since increased. It is distant 60 miles north of Philadelphia, and 73 west of New Y'ork.
EASTPORT, a post-town and sea-port of Maine, in the county of Washington, situated at the most eastern limit of the United States, on Morse Island, in Passamaquoddy Bay. It is a flourishing commercial place, and is very well situated for trade, having ample facilities for communication with the interior, by means of two rivers which flow into the bay. Its harbour is very capacious, and of safe entrance, and is considered as one of the best in the United States. About 1500 tons of shipping belong to it. The exports consist of lumber, and provisions of various kinds. The population in 1820 amounted to 1937. Long. 66. 56. W. Lat. 44. 54. N.
EAUZE, an ancient city of the department of Gers, in France, said to have been taken by the Saracens in 722. It is situated on the river Selise, was formerly called Elusa, and is the chief place in Aquitain. It now contains 3220 inhabitants. Long. 0. 3. W. Lat. 43. 56. N.
EAVES, in Architecture, the margin or edge of the roof of a house, being the lowest tiles, slates, or the like, which hang over the walls, in order to throw off water to a distance from the foundations.

Esr es- Droppers, are such persons as stand under the eaves or walls and windows of a house, by night or by day, to hearken after news, and carry it to others, and thereby cause strife and contention in the neighbourhood. They are called by the Stat, of West. i. c. 33, evil members of the commonwealth.
EBDOMARIUS, or Hebdomarius, in ecclesiastical writings, an officer formerly appointed weekly to superintend the performance of divine service in cathedrals, and prescribe the duties of each person attending in the choir, as to reading, singing, praying, and the like. For this purpose the hebdomary, at the beginning of his week, drew up in form a bill or writing of the respective persons, and their several offices, called tabula, and the persons there entered ¶vere styled intabulati.
EBDOME, E∕3io, u,η, in Antiquity, a festival kept on the seventh of every lunar month, in honour of Apollo, to whom all seventh days were sacred, because one of them was his birth-day; and hence he was sometimes called Ebdomagenes.
EBERBACH, a bailiwick in the circle of the Neckar, in the duchy of Baden, in Germany, comprehending one city and nineteen villages, with 7b90 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the Neckar, and has 2843 inhabitants.
EBERN, a bailiwick of the circle of the Lower Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over seventy-one square miles. It contains one city, one market-town, and 11,400 inhabitants. It is watered by the river Baunach, has excellent pasture, and moderate c< .. land. The capital, of the same name, contains 207 houses, and 1100 inhabitants employed in making glass and porcelain wares.
EBERSBACH, a town of the circle of Lausatia, in the kingdom of Saxony. It contains 700 houses and 5400 inhabitants, who have more than 1500 looms at work making linen.
EBERSBERG, a bailiwick in the circle of the Isar, of the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 240 square miles. It contains three market-towns, 148 villages, and 3436 houses, with 16,187 inhabitants. The chief town is of the same name, and contains 176 houses and 940 inhabitants.
EBERSDORF, a market-town of the principality of Reuss of the Branch. It contains the prince’s castle, and 1270 inhabitants, of whom about 400 are industrious Hern-butters or Moravians. It is the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, which comprehends one other town and fourteen villages. There is a town of the same name in Austria, but very small, and known as the lodging of Bonaparte the night before the battle of Aspern.

L’BESFALVA, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of Magyaren and circle of Kohel-burg. It is well built, and contains an Arminien, a Greek, and a Calvinist church, with 4200 inhabitants, employed in manufactures and trade. Long. 13. 30. 16. Ľ. Lat. 46. 11. 48. N.

L’BHER, a town of Persia, in the province of Irak, situated on a river of the same name, in a fertile country. It contains 1000, or, as some say, 2500 houses, and has mosques, caravanserais, bazars, and other public edifices. It is thirty miles west of Casbin.
EBINGEN, a city of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the province of the Black Forest and circle of Bahlingen. It stands on the river Schmeica, and contains 4350 inhabitants, the most industrious manufacturers of woollen goods, hosiery, hats, and leather of any in that kingdom. Most of the goods made by them are disposed of at the fairs of Frankfort and of Zurzach. Long. 10. 58. E. Lat. 48. 13. 40. N.
EBION, the author of the heresy of the Ebionites, was a disciple of Cerinthus, and successor to that person. He improved upon the errors of his master, and added to them new absurdities of his own. He began his preaching [7:8:394]in Judea; and he taught in Asia, and even at Rome. Ĳis tenets infected the isle of Cyprus. St John opposed both Cerinthus and Ebion in Asia; and it is thought that this apostle wrote his gospel in the year 97 in order to overthrow this heresy.