pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MAIDEN-NEWTON, a pleasantly situated town in the county of Dorset, 126 miles from London and seven from Dorchester. It has a fine old church, with a tower surmounted with battlements. Being a good hunting country, there are several hunting boxes in and around it. It stands on the river Frome. The population amounted in 1801 to 428, in 1811 to 428, in 1821 to 520, and in 1831 to 538.
MAIDSTONE, a town of the county of Kent, in the hundred of that name and lathe of Aylesford, thirty-one miles from London. It stands on the river Medway, in a district of great fertility, but peculiarly eminent for the production of hops. The river is navigable for small craft to its junction with the sea at Sheerness. The town is well built, consisting of four principal streets meeting at the market-cross, and some others of less note. It is the county-town, where the assizes and sessions are held, as well as the county elections. The prison is a large and appropriate building. The parish church is a very handsome and extensive pile, and the county courts are conveniently arranged. By the corporation reform bill of 1835 the town was divided into three wards, and is governed by six aidermen and twelve councillors, with justices of the peace. It has returned two members to the House of Commons ever since the reign of Edward VI., and will continue to do so under the new law. The chief manufacture is paper, which is of the finest writing kind, and employs several mills turned by water, to the excellence of which, in some measure, the whiteness of the paper is to be ascribed. There is a weekly market held on Thursday, and a monthly one on the third Tuesday of each month, at which business to a vast amount is transacted, especially in hops. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 8027, in 1811 to 9443, in 1821 to 12,508, and in 1831 to 15,387.
MAH Inductio, an ancient custom, in obedience to which the priest and people of country villages went in procession to some adjoining wood on a May-day morning, and then returned in a kind of triumph, with a May-pole, boughs, flowers, garlands, and other tokens of the spring. This May-game, or rejoicing at the coming of the spring, was for a long time observed, and still is. so, in some parts of England; but there was thought to be so much heathen vanity in it, that it was condemned and prohibited within the diocese of Lincoln by the good old Bishop Grostête or Greathead.
MAIL (maille), a term primarily applied to the meshes or holes in network.

Coat of Mail, called also a habergeon, was a sort of shirt composed of interlaced iron rings, and anciently worn under the waistcoat, to serve as a defence against swords and poniards. There were also gloves of mail.

Mail, or Mall, signifies a round ring of iron, and hence the play of pall-mall, from palla, a ball, and maille, the round ring through which it is to pass.

Mail, or Maille, in our old writers, a small kind of money. Silver halfpence were likewise termed mailles (9 Henry V.). By indenture in the mint, a pound weight of old sterling silver was to be coined into 360 sterlings or pennies, or 720 mails or half pennies, or 1440 farthings; and hence was derived the word mail, which is now vulgarly used in Scotland to signify an annual rent.
MAILCOTTA, a town of Hindustan, in the Mysore rajah’s territories, situated upon a rocky elevation, commanding a view of the valley watered by the Cavery. It is one of the most celebrated places of Hindu worship. The large temple is a square building of great dimensions, entirely surrounded by a colonnade, though a mean piece of architecture. There are about 400 houses in the town, occupied by Brahmins.
MAILLA, Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac de, a learned Jesuit, was born in the castle of MaiDac, in Bugey, on the borders of Savoy, and appointed a missionary to China, whither he proceeded in 1703. At the age of twenty-eight he had acquired such skill in the characters, arts, sciences, mythology, and ancient books of the Chinese, as to astonish even the learned men of the celestial empire. He was greatly beloved and esteemed by the Emperor Kham-Hi, who died in 1722, and, together with other missionaries, was employed by that prince to construct a map of China and Chinese Tartary, which was engraved in France in the year 1732. He likewise made separate maps of particular provinces of that vast empire; and the emperor was so pleased with these productions, that he fixed the author at his court. The Great Annals of China, as they are called, were also translated into French by Father Mailla, and his manuscript was transmitted to France in the year 1737. This work was published in thirteen volumes quarto, under the inspection of the Abbé Grosier, and is the first complete history of that extensive empire. The style, which was heavy and bombastical, has been revised by the editor; and the speeches, which were long and tedious, have been omitted. Father Mailla, after having resided forty-five years in China, died at Pekin on the 28th of June 1748, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. He was a man of a lively and gentle character, capable of the most persevering labour and the most unremitting activity.
MAILLEZAY, a town of France, in the department of Vendée and arrondissement of Fontenay. It is situated on an island formed by the rivers Autise and Sèvre-Niortaise, and is somewhat unhealthy, but contains 1450 inhabitants.
MAIM, Maihem, or Mayhem, in Law, a wound by which a person loses the use of a member that might have been a defence to him; as when a bone is broken, a foot, hand, or other member cut off, or an eye put out; though the cutting off an ear or nose, or breaking the hinder teeth, was formerly held to be no maim. It was enacted by the statute 22 and 23 Car. II. that if any person, from malice aforethought, should disable any limb or member of any of the king’s subjects, with an intent to disfigure him, the offender, with his aiders and abettors, should be guilty of felony without benefit of clergy; but no such attainder was to corrupt the blood, or to occasion forfeiture of lands. By Lord EHenborough’s act, cutting and maiming to the danger of life or limb is made a capital felony.
MAIMONIDES, Moses, a celebrated rabbi, called by the Jews the Eagle of the Doctors, was descended of an illustrious family at Cordova in Spain in 1131. The early [7:14:43]part of his education was undertaken by his father, who afterwards placed him under the tuition of Rabbi Joseph, the son of Megas, a person on whose profound learning he has bestowed the highest praise; and, according to Leo Africanus, he had also amongst his tutors the learned Arabians Ibn Thophail and Averroes. He is commonly named Moses Aegyptius, because he settled in Egypt, where he spent his whole life in quality of physician to the sultan. Here he opened a school, which was soon filled with pupils from all parts, especially from Alexandria and Damascus, and their proficiency under his tuition spread his fame all over the world. He was no less eminent in philosophy, mathematics, and divinity, than in medicine. Casaubon affirms of him, as Pliny said of Diodorus Siculus, that he was the first of his tribe who ceased to be atrifler. It would be tedious to enumerate all the works of Maimonidès; some of them were originally written in Arabic, but are now extant only in Hebrew translations. Those who desire to learn the doctrine and the canon law contained in the Talmud, may read Maimonides’s compendium of that collection, entitled Jad i written in good Hebrew; and in which they will find great part of the fables and absurdities in the Talmud entirely discarded. But the More Nevochim is the most valued of all his works, being designed to explain the obscure words, phrases, metaphors, and allusions in Scripture, which, when literally interpreted, have no meaning, or appear to have an absurd one. Besides the Jad and the More Nevocliim, he wrote Peruschim i or Commentaries on the Misna, and a great many tracts upon theology, philosophy, logic, and medicine, some of them in Arabic, and others in Chaldaic or in Greek.
MAIN-SAC, a market-town of France, in the department of Creuse and arrondissement of Aubusson, containing 245 houses and 1540 inhabitants.
MAIRAN, Jean Jacques d’Ortous de, descendet from a noble family at Béziers, was born in that city ir 1678, and died at Paris on the 20th of February 1771, al the age of ninety-three. He was one of the most illustrious members of the Academy of Sciences and of the Frenel Academy. Being early connected with the former, he, ir the year 1741, succeeded Fontenelle in the office of secretary[7:14:46]. This station he filled with distinguished success till the year 1744, and, like his predecessor, possessed the faculty of placing the most abstract subjects in the clearest light ;.a talent which is very rare, but which appears conspicuous in all his works. These are, 1. Dissertation sur les Variations du Baromètre, 1715, in 12mo; 2. Dissertation sur la Cause de la Lumière des Phosphores et des Noctiluques, 1717, in 12mo; 3. Dissertation sur la Glace, 1719, in 12mo; 4. Lettre à Μ. l’Abbe Bignon sur la Nature des Vaisseaux, 1728, in 4to; 5. Traité Physique et Historique de l’Aurore Boréale, 1733, in 4to; 6. Dissertation sur les Forces Motrices des Corps, 1741, in 12mo; 7. Lettre à Madame du Châtelet sur la question des Forces Vives, 1741, in 12mo; 8. Eloges des Académiciens de l’Academie des Sciences morts en 1741, 1743, et 1747, in 12mo; 9. Lettre au Père Parennin, contenant diverses Questions sur la Chine, in 12mo. Mairan was much admired in society as a lively and agreeable as well as an intelligent and instructive companion.
MAIRE, Streights le, a passage to Cape Horn, situated between Terra del Fuego and Staten Island, which, being discovered by Le Maire, obtained his name. It is now, however, less made use of than formerly, ships going round Staten Island as well as Terra del Fuego.
MAISON-BLANCHE, a town of the department of the Saone and Loire, and arrondissement of Macon, in France, on the verge of the department of the Rhone, containing 2200 inhabitants.
MAISSY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ba-hore and district of Battiah, fifty-four miles north from Patna. Long. 85. 7. E. Lat. 26. 20. N.
MAISTRE, Louis Isaac le, better known by the name of Sacy, formed from that of Isaac, was born at Paris in 1613. After a course of study under the direction of the Abbé de Saint Cyran, he was admitted to the priesthood in 1648, and soon afterwards chosen director of the religious house of Port Royal des Champs. But this establishment being accused of Jansenism, its enemies were furnished with a pretence for persecuting the inmates of the house. In 1661 the director was obliged to conceal himself, and in 1666 he was committed to the Bastille. During his confinement he composed his book entitled Figures de la Bible, in which, according to the Molinists, allusions are made to the sufferings endured by the Jansenists. To Sacy’s confinement the public are also indebted for a French translation of the Bible. This work was finished in 1668, the evening before the feast of All Saints; on which day he recovered his liberty, after an imprisonment of two years and a half. He was presented to the king and the minister; and all the favour he asked from them was, that they would send several times a year to examine the state of the prisoners in the Bastille. Le Maistre continued in Paris till 1675, when he retired to Port Royal, which he was obliged to leave in 1679. He then went to settle at Pompone, where he died on the 4th of January 1684, at the age of seventy-one. His works are, 1. La Traduction de la Bible, Paris, 1682; 2. Une Traduction des Psaumes selon l’Hebreu et la Vulgate, in 12mo; 3. Une version des Homélies de St Chrysostome sur St Matthieu, in three vols. 8vo; 4. La Traduction de l’imitation de Jesus Christ (sous le nom de Beuil, prieur de Saint-VaD, Paris, 1663, 8vo; 5. Celle de Phèdre (sous le nom de Saint-Aubin), 12mo; 6. De trois Comédies de Térence, in 12mo; 7. Des Lettres de Bongars (sous le nom de Brianville); 8. Du Poème de St Prosper sur les Ingrates, en verse et en prose, 12mo; 9. Les Enluminures de l’Al-roanach des Jésuites, 1654, 12mo, reprinted in 1733; 10. Heures de Port-Royal, 12mo; 11. Lettres de Piété, Paris, 1690, 2 vols. 8vo.
MAITEU, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, supposed to have been first discovered by Quiros in 1606.

The island is in subjection to the sovereign of Otaheité. Long. 148. 12. W. Lat. 17. 53. S.
MAIXENT, St, a city of France, of the department of the Deux Sevres and arrondissement of Niort, situated on the navigable river Sèvre-Niortaise. Though it suffered much in the Vendécan war, it has been re-established, and contains 610 houses, with 4200 inhabitants, who are occupied in making serges, hats, and hosiery.
MAIZE, or Indian Corn. See Botany.
MAJESTY, a title given to kings, which frequently serves as a term of distinction. The word seems composed of the two Latin words, major, greater, and status, state. The emperor is called Sacred Majesty, Imperial Majesty, and Caesarean Majesty; the king of Hungary is styled His Apostolic Majesty; the king of Spain is termed His Most Catholic Majesty; and the king of Portugal His Most Faithful Majesty. The king of France used to be called His Most Christian Majesty; but he was afterwards called simply King of the French, which style and title were revived after the revolution of July 1830. Napoleon Bonaparte assumed the title of Emperor and King of France. With respect to other kings, they are described from their kingdoms, as His Britannic Majesty, His Prussian Majesty, and the like. Formerly princes were more sparing in giving titles, and more modest in claiming them. Before the reign of Charles V. the king of Spain had only the title of Highness ; and before that of Henry VIII. the kings of England were only addressed by the titles of Grace and Highness.

Under the Roman republic, the title of Majesty (majestas') belonged to the whole body of the people, and to the principal magistrates; so that to diminish or wound the majesty of the commonwealth was to be wanting in respect to the state or its ministers. But when the power afterwards passed into the hands of a single person, the appellation of majesty was transferred to the emperor and the imperial family. Pliny compliments Trajan on his being contented with the title of Greatness, and speaks very invidiously of those who affected that of Majesty. Yet this last appears to be the most modest title that can be attributed to sovereigns, since, taken strictly, it signifies no more than the royalty or sovereign power.
MAJORI, a sea-port town of the kingdom of Naples, in the province Principato Citeriore, containing four churches and five monasteries, with 2668 inhabitants. There is much coarse paper made here, which gives employment to fifteen mills.
MAKARIEW, a circle of the Russian province Kostroma. It extends from 58.7. to 59. north latitude, and from 43. 10. to 44. 4. east longitude. It is a poor district, and affords very little corn, but some flax and hemp. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the river Unsha, which is navigable but a few months in the year. It is 633 miles from St Petersburg, and contains three churches, a monastery, 520 houses, and 2840 inhabitants. Long. 45. 15. E. Lat. 57. 40. N.

Makariew, a circle of the Russian province of Nishegorod, extending from 44. 43. to 45. 40. east longitude, and from 55. 30. to 56. 49. north latitude. It is a woody district, but produces some good flax. The inhabitants amount to 82,500, of whom 25,000 are slaves. The capital, a city of the same name, stands on the river Wolga, 840 miles from St Petersburg. It was once a place of more importance than at present, having declined, from losing a great fair held at it. It contains 260 houses, and 1450 inhabitants. Long. 42. 35. E. Lat. 55. 33. 40. N.
MAKEWARA, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi and district of Sirhind, within four and a half miles distance of the Sutleje river.
MAKHNOWKA, a circle of the Russian province of Kiew, extending in north latitude from 49. 22. to 49. 56. and in east longitude from 38. 20. to 39. 33. It has a most excellent soil, with rich fattening meadow land. The capital, a city of the same name, is situated on the river Gnilopiat, 975 miles from St Petersburg. It contains 410 houses, with 2830 inhabitants, amongst whom are many Jews. Long. 28. 35. E. Lat. 49. 33. N.

ΜΑΚΟ, a town of the circle of Esanod, in the province of Farther lheiss, in Hungary. It is situated on the river Maros, is the seat of the Bishop of Esanod, and contains about 7000 inhabitants. It is the seat of the several boards of provincial government, and the place of assembly of the states. Long. 30. 21. 58. E. Lat. 46. 13. 12. N.
MALACA, in Ancient Geography, surnamed Foederatorum by Pliny, a maritime town of Baetica (a Carthaginian colony according to Strabo), so called from malaclι, signifying salt; now Malaga, a port of Granada in Spain. Long. 4. 45. W. Lat. 36. 40. N.
MALACHI, or the prophecy of Malachi, a canonical book of the Old Testament, and the last of the twelve lesser [7:14:53]prophets. Malachi prophesied about 300 years ^before Christ, reproving the Jews for their wickedness after their return from Babylon, charging them with rebellion, sacrilege, adultery, profaneness, and infidelity; condemning the priests for being scandalously careless in their ministry; and at the same time not forgetting to encourage the pious few, who, in that corrupt age, had maintained their integrity. This prophet distinctly points at the Messiah, who was suddenly to come to his temple, and to be introduced by Elijah the prophet, that is, John the Baptist, who came in the spirit and power of Elias or Elijah.
MALACIA, a languishing disorder incident to pregnant women.
MALACOPTERYGEOUS, in Ichthyology, an appellation given to fishes having the rays of their fins bony at the extremities, but not pointed like those of acanthop-terygeous fishes.
MALACOSTOMOUS Fishes, those destitute of teeth in the jaws, called in English leather-mouthed, as the tench, carp, bream, and the like.
MALAMOCCO, a town of Italy, in the delegation of [7:14:54] Venice. It is situated on a tongue of barren land, but has a spacious and secure haven, defended by two forts. Near to this place was formerly celebrated the ceremony of the marriage of the Doge of Venice with the Adriatic Sea. It contains 1140 inhabitants.
MALATIA, a town of Asia Minor, situated in a fine plain, about fifteen miles west of the Euphrates. It stands between that river and the Melas, on the site of the ancient Mclitene, now in ruins. The modern town is populous. It is situated ninety miles west-north-west of Diarbekir.
MALATIVOE, a town and fortress of Ceylon, advantageously situated on the bank of a small river. The inhabitants are chiefly fishers, or traders in cattle, sheep, and poultry, which they dispose of to the garrison, and Europeans settled at Trincomalee∙ Long. 81. 7. E. Lat. 9. 17. N.
MALAUCENE, a town of France, in the department of Vaucluse and arrondissement of Orange, situated on the river Grauze. It contains 520 houses, and 2680 inhabitants, who spin silk, extract much olive oil, and carry on manufactures of cloth and leather.
MALAVILLY, a town, or rather a large mud fort, of Hindustan, in the territory of Mysore, and separated into two portions by a transverse wall. About two miles southwest is a reservoir, where Tippoo was defeated in an action with General Harris. He afterwards destroyed this place, and only about 500 houses have been re-built. It is thirty-five miles east from Seringapatam. Long. 77. 16. E. Lat. 12. 23. N.
MALCHIN, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in the province of Gustrow, on the river Peene. It is surrounded with walls, and contains 424 houses, with 2640 inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in the manufacture of linens.
MALDA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal and district of Rajemahal, situated on a river which communicates with the Ganges. It is a place of great trade, and produces much silk. It is fifty-six miles north by west from Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 4. E. Lat. 25. 3. N.
MALDEGHEM, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of East Flanders and arrondissement of Eccloo. It is situated on the river Eede, and contains 470C inhabitants.
MALDON, a town of the hundred of Dengey, in the county of Essex, thirty-seven miles from London. It stands in a low but pleasant district, upon the river Blackwater, at the spot where another river joins it, and where they form a harbour for small vessels. In the former of these rivers many oysters are taken and sent to the London markets. It is an ancient corporate town, and, by the corporation reform law of 1835, chooses four aidermen and twelve councillors, and a justice of the peace. It returns two members, and has about 740 electors. In this town the custom known by the name of borough-english still exists, the land descending to the youngest son. There is a good market for corn on Saturdays. The population, within the limits of the borough, amounted in 1801 to 2358, in 1811 to 2679, in 1821 to 3198, and in 1831 to 3831.
MALE, the principal of the Maidive Islands, in the Indian Ocean, situated nearly in the centre of them, and about four miles in circumference. It is the most fertile of the whole, and contains a town, which is the residence of the prince. Long. 73. 10. E. Lat. 6. 20. N.

Male, amongst zoologists, that sex of animals which has the parts of generation situated externally. (See Physiology and Sex.) The term male has also, from some similitude to that sex in animals, been applied to several inanimate things; thus we say, a male flower, a male screw, and the like.
MALHERBE, François de, a celebrated French poet of his time, was born at Caen about the year 1556, being descended of a noble and ancient family. He quitted Normandy at the age of seventeen, and went into Provence, where he attached himself to the family of Henry of Angoulême, the natural son of Henry II., and was in the service of that prince till he was killed by Altoviti in 1586. At length Cardinal du Perron, being informed of his merit and abilities, introduced him to Henry IV. who took him into his service. After the death of that monarch, Mary de’ Medicis settled a pension of five hundred crowns upon our poet, who died at Paris in 1628. The best and most complete edition of his poetical works is that of 1666, with Menage’s remarks. Malherbe so far excelled all the French poets who preceded him, that Boileau considers him as the father of French poetry; but he composed with great difficulty, and put his mind on the rack in correcting what he wrote. He was a man of singular humour, and somewhat blunt in his behaviour. When the poor used to promise him that they would pray to God for him, he answered them, that “he did not believe they could have any great interest in heaven, since they were left in such a bad condition upon earth; and that he should be better pleased if the Duke de Luyne, or some other favourite, had made him the same promise.” During his last illness he was with great difficulty persuaded to confess to a priest, for which he gave this reason, that “he never used to confess but at Easter.” And a few moments before his death, when he awaked from a lethargy, he on a sudden reproved his landlady, who waited on him, for using a word that was not good French; saying to his confessor, who reprimanded him for it, that [7:14:57]“he could not help it, and he would defend the purity of the French language to the last moment of his life.”
MALICE, in Ethics and Law, is a deliberate preconceived design of doing mischief to another; and hence it differs from hatred. In murder it is malice that constitutes the crime; and if a man, having a malicious intent to kill another, in the execution of his malice kills a person not intended, the malice will be connected to his person, and he will be adjudged a murderer. ∕
MALICORNE, a market-town of France, in the department of the Sarthe and arrondissement of La Flèche. It is situated on the banks of the Sarthe, which is navigable as far as the town. The population amounts to 1250. There is a manufactory of china ware carried on extensively.