pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
WOLLASTON, William descended of an ancient family in Staffordshire, was born at Coton Clanford on the 26th of March 1659. His father was a private gentleman of small fortune. In 1674, the son was admitted a pensioner of Sidney College, Cambridge, where, notwithstanding several disadvantages, he acquired a great degree of reputation. In 1681, he commenced A. M., having previously been an unsuccessful candidate for a fellowship. In 1682, seeing no prospect of preferment, he became assistant to the head-master of Birmingham school. Some time after, he obtained a small lecture about two miles distant, but did the duty the whole Sunday; which, together with the business of a great free-school for about four years, began to break his constitution. During this space he likewise underwent a great deal of trouble and uneasiness, in order to extricate two of his brothers from some inconveniences to which their own imprudence had subjected them. In 1688 affairs took a new turn. He found himself, by a cousin’s will, entitled to a very ample estate, and came to London that same year, where he settled, choosing a private, retired, and studious life. In 1722, he printed a few copies of his celebrated work, entitled “The Religion of Nature delineated.” It was printed for sale in 1725, and so great was its success, that more than 10,000 were sold in a very few years. He had scarcely completed his treatise when he unfortunately broke his arm; and this accident adding strength to distempers that had been growing upon him for some time, accelerated his death, which happened upon the 29th of October 1724. He was a tender, humane, and in all respects worthy man, but is represented to have had something of the irascible in his constitution and temperament. His “Religion of Nature delineated” exposed him to some censure, as if he had disparaged Christianity by laying so much stress, as he does in this work, upon the obligations of truth, reason, and virtue, and by making no mention of revealed religion. But this censure must have been the offspring of ignorance or envy, since it appears from the introduction to his work that he intended to treat of revealed religion in a second part, which he lived not to finish.
WOLOKOLAMSK, a circle of the Russian province of Moscow, bounded on the south-west by Smolensko, on the west and north by Twer, and on the other parts by Swenigorod, Rasa, and Moshaik. It extends over 924 square miles, comprehending one city, eighty-one parishes, and 152 hamlets, with 78,600 inhabitants, mostly occupied in agriculture. The soil is moderately fertile. The country is well watered by numerous brooks, and the surface is level and woody. The capital is the city of the same name, on the river Goro-denka, 440 miles from St Petersburg. It is slightly fortified, and has a castle, and contains five wooden and three stone churches, 290 houses, and 3500 inhabitants. It has some trade, from being on a great road. Long. 37. 50. E. Lat. 56. 10. N.
WOLSEY, THomas, is said to have been the son of a butcher at Ipswich. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he formed an acquaintance with the learned Erasmus; and in the year 1500 he became rector of Lymington in Somersetshire. He was afterwards made chaplain to King Henry VIII., and obtained several preferments. Having gradually acquired an entire ascendency over the mind of the king, he successively obtained several bishoprics, and at length was made archbishop of York, lord high chancellor of England, and prime minister, and was for several years the arbiter of Europe. Pope Leo X. created him cardinal in 1515, and made him legate a lutere; and the emperor Charles V. and the French king Francis I. loaded him with favours, in order to gain him over to their interest; but after having first sided with the emperor, he deserted him to espouse the interest of France. As his revenues were immense, his pride and ostentation were carried to the greatest height. He had 500 servants, among whom were nine or ten lords, fifteen knights, and forty esquires. His ambition to be pope, his pride, his exactions, and his political delay of Henry’s divorce, occasioned his disgrace. In the earlier part of his life he seems to have been licentious in his manners. It was reported, that soon after his preferment to the living of Lymington in Somersetshire, he was put into the stocks by Sir Amias Paulet, a neighbouring justice of the peace, for getting drunk and making a riot at a fair. This treatment Wolsey did not forget when he arrived at the high station of lord chancellor of England, but summoned his corrector up to London, and, after a severe reprimand, enjoined him six years close confinement in the Temple. Whatever may have been his faults, there can be no doubt of their having been aggravated both by the zealous reformers and by the creatures of Henry VIII., who was himself neither Papist nor Protestant. Wolsey was the patron of learned men, a judge and munificent encourager of the polite arts, and ought to be considered as the founder of Christ Church College, Oxford, where, as well as in other places, many remains of his magnificent ideas in architecture still exist. He died on the 28th of November 1530.
WOLSINGHAM or Walsingham, a market-town of the county of Durham, in the ward of Darlington, 260 miles from London, and fourteen from Durham. It stands on the river Wear, and has a market on Tuesday. The population amounted in 1821 to 2197, and in 1831 to 2239.
WOLTSCHANSK, a circle of the Russian government of Ukraine. It extends in north latitude from 49° 48’ to 50° 32', and in east longitude from 36° 22' to 37° 38'. It comprehends one city and 110 towns, besides villages, with 88,400 inhabitants, in a space of 1254 square miles. It has many small rivers, which empty their waters into the Donez. The soil is generally fertile and the climate temperate. The capital is a city of the same name as the circle, and as the river on which it is built. It contains 410 houses, two churches, and 2850 inhabitants. It is 990 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 37. 8. E. Lat. 50. 25. N.
WOMAT Ροιντ, a rocky projection of Cape Barren island, between Van Diemen’s Land and the south-west coast of New Holland.
WOOD, Αντηονυ, a well-known literary historian, was the son of Thomas Wood, bachelor of arts and of the civil law, and was born at Oxford on the 17th of December 1632. He studied at Merton College, and in 1655 took the degree of master of arts. He wrote, 1. The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford; which was afterwards translated into Latin by Mr Wase and Mr Peers, under the title of Historia et Antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis, 2 vols. folio. 2. Athence Oxonienses; or an exact Account of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their education in the University of Oxford, from the year 1500 to 1600, 2 fols, folio; which was enlarged in a second edition published in 1721 by Bishop Tanner. This work, which is highly valuable as a collection of materials, has been greatly improved by Dr Bliss. Upon its publication, the author was attacked by the university in defence of Edward earl of Clarendon, lord high chancellor of England, and chancellor of the university, and was likewise animadverted upon by Bishop Burnet; upon which he published a Vindication of the Historiographer of the University of Oxford. He died at Oxford on the 29th of November 1695.

Wood , a substance of which the trunks and branches of trees consist. See Planting, Timber , and Vegetable Physiology. Wood , Fossil. Fossil wood, or whole trees, or parts of them, are very frequently found buried in the earth, and that in different strata; sometimes in stone, but more usually in earth, and sometimes in small pieces loose among the gravel. These, according to the time they have lain in the earth, or the matter they have lain among, are found differently altered from their original state; some of them having suffered very little change, and others being so highly impregnated with crystalline, sparry, pyritical, or other extraneous matter, as to appear mere masses of stone, or lumps of the common matter of the pyrites, &c. of the dimensions, and more or less of the internal figure, of the vegetable bodies into the pores of which they have made their way. See Geology.
WOODAH, a long curved island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, on the west coast, extending about thirteen miles in length. Lat. of its northern point, 13. 22. S.
WOODBRIDGE, a market-town of the county of Suffolk, in the hundred of Loes, eight miles from Ipswich and seventy-eight from London. It is situated on the navigable river Deben, and has some ship-building, and some trade by sea with London, Newcastle, and Hull. The principal streets are well built and well paved. The parish church is a fine structure, built of black flints, and has a tower 180 feet in height, which serves as a sea-mark. There is a large market on Wednesday, chiefly for corn. The population amounted in 1821 to 4060, and in 1831 to 4769.
WOODCHESTER, a town of the county of Gloucester, in the hundred of Longtrees, 104 miles from London. It is a manufacturing place for broad cloths, but the trade is on the decline. There is an endowed grammar school; and near to it is the magnificent scat of Lord Ducie. The population amounted in 1821 to 929, and in 1831 to 885.
WOODWARD, John, was born in Derbyshire, on the 1st of May 1665. He was educated at a country school, where he learned the Latin and Greek languages, and was afterwards sent to London, where he is said to have been put apprentice to a linen-draper. He was not long in that station till he became acquainted with Dr Barwick, an eminent physician, who took him under his tuition and into his family. Here he prosecuted with great vigour and success the study of philosophy, anatomy, and physic. In 1692, Dr Stillingfleet quitting the place of professor of physic in Gresham College, Woodward was chosen to succeed him, and the year following was elected F. R. S. In 1695 he was created M.D. by Archbishop Tenison, and in the following year he was admitted to the same degree at Cambridge. His principal work is entitled “An Essay towards a Natural History of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies, especially Minerals.” Lond. 1695, 8vo. A Latin translation of it appeared at Zürich in 1704; and in 1714 he published “Naturalis Historia Telluris illustrata et aucta.” He wrote many other pieces, which were well received by the learned world. He founded and endowed a professorship of natural history in the university of Cambridge; and this chair was first occupied by the celebrated Dr Middleton. Dr Woodward died in Gresham College, on the 25th of April 1728.
WOODY Head, a high cape on the coast of New Zealand, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 37. 42. S.

Woody Island, an island in the Eastern Seas. Long. 106. 5. E. Lat. 1. 46. N.
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WOOLER, a small town in the east division of Glendale, in the ward of Coquetdale and county of Northumberland. It stands on a gentle eminence, on the eastern declivity of the Cheviot Hills, at the foot of which runs the river Wooler, which falls into the Till about a mile below. It is a town of considerable antiquity; but all that now remains of its ancient state is a fragment or two of the castle walls. This vicinity is considered as healthy, and at one time was much frequented by invalids, many of whom were accustomed to drink goats’ milk. The sole trade of Wooler depends on the articles required for the consumption of its inhabitants and those of the neighbourhood. Near to it are the remains of Roman and Scotish camps. It possesses a plain church, and several places of worship for Presbyterians. There is also a dispensary, with two subscription libraries. The market-day is on Thursday. The population in 1821 amounted to 1830, and in 1831 to 1926.
WOOLSTON, Thomas, was born at Northampton in 1669, and educated at Sidney College, Cambridge. He was chosen a fellow, and proceeded to the degree of B. D. His first appearance in the learned world was in 1705, in a work entitled “The old Apology for the Truth of the Christian Religion, against the Jews and Gentiles, revived.” He afterwards wrote many pieces; but what made the most noise were his six Discourses on the Miracles of Christ, which occasioned a great number of books and pamphlets upon the subject, and raised a prosecution against him. At his trial in Guildhall, before the lord chief justice Raymond, he spoke several times himself; and urged, that “he thought it very hard that he should be tried by a set of men who, though otherwise very learned and worthy persons, were no more judges of the subjects on which he wrote, than himself was a judge of the most crabbed points of the law.” He was sentenced to a year’s imprisonment, and to pay a fine of L.100. He purchased the liberty of the rules of the king’s bench, where he continued after the expiration of the year, being unable to pay the fine. The greatest obstruction to his deliverance from confinement was the obligation of giving security not to offend by any future writings, he being resolved to write again as freely as before. While some supposed him to have written with the settled intention of subverting Christianity under the pretence of defending it, others believed him disordered in his mind; and many circumstances concurred which gave countenance to this opinion. He died January 27, 1732-3, after an illness of four days; and, a few minutes before his death, uttered these words: “This is a struggle which all men must go through, and which I bear not only patiently, but with willingness.” His body was interred in St George’s church-yard, Southwark.
WOOLWICH, a large town and parish of the county of Kent, in the lathe of Sutton and the hundred of Black-heath, eight miles from London. It stands on the banks of the river Thames, and contains buildings of great extent connected with the public service, both naval and military. The dock-yard is well calculated for building and equipping ships of war of the largest size. It has attached to it an extensive rope-walk; the building called the Red House, for curing meat for the use of the navy; the government bake-house, a most extensive gun-yard, and magazines for securing in time of peace, and for arranging for immediate service, every thing requisite for fitting out a large fleet in a few days. The barrack for the artillery is a vast and magnificent pile of building, and near to a large field called the Warren, in which cannon and mortars are exercised, and experiments made in the practice of gunnery.
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In an adjoining yard is the laboratory, where the several kinds of fire-working are carried on, and the most destructive projectiles are prepared. There is also the Royal Academy, with its appropriate professors and masters, in which the officers of the engineers and artillery receive their professional instructions. Woolwich has a good parish church; and the weekly market, on Friday, is well supplied. The population amounted in 1821 to 17,008, and in 1831 to 17,661.
WOOTTON-BASSET, a market-town in the county of Wilts and hundred of Kingsbridge, eighty-nine miles from London. It stands on a gentle eminence, which commands an extensive view, and consists of one long street. It is a poor place, with mean houses, and has an inconsiderable market on Friday. Until 1832, it returned two members to parliament. The population amounted in 1821 to 1701, and in 1831 to 1896.

Wooten-under-Edge , a town of the county of Gloucester, in the hundred of Berkeley, 108 miles from London. It is well built and pleasantly situated, and has a handsome church, in which are several monuments to members of the Berkeley family. It has a good market on Friday. Some of the finer cloths are made here. The population amounted in 1821 to 5004, and in 1831 to 5482.
WORCESTER, Edward Somerset, Marquis of, was a distinguished political character in the time of Charles I., by whom he was created earl of Glamorgan, while heir apparent to the marquis of Worcester. This nobleman flourished chiefly in the reign of Charles I., and seems to have been a most zealous adherent to the cause of that unfortunate monarch, on whose account it is said that he and his father wasted an immense sum. Of this the king was so sensible, that he granted to the earl a most extraordinary patent, the chief powers of which were, to make him generalissimo of three armies, and admiral with nomination of his officers; to enable him to raise money by selling his majesty’s woods, wardships, customs, and prerogatives; and to create by blank patents, to be filled up at Glamorgan’s pleasure, from the rank of marquis to that of baronet. If any thing, says Lord Orford, could justify the delegation of such authority, besides his majesty having lost all authority when he conferred it, it was the promise with which the king concluded, of bestowing the princess Elizabeth on Glamorgan’s son. This patent was given up by the marquis to the House of Peers after the restoration. He died in 1667, after he had published his celebrated work entitled “A Century of the Names and Scantlings of such Inventions as at present I can call to mind to have tried and perfected, which (my former notes being lost) I have, at the instance of a powerful friend, endeavoured now, in the year 1655, to set these down in such a way as may sufficiently instruct me to put any of them in practice.” Some of the inventions referred to in this work are the following. A ship-destroying engine, a coach-stopping engine, a balance water-work, a bucket fountain, an ebbing and flowing castle-clock, a tinder-box pistol, a pocket ladder, a most admirable way to raise weights, a stupendous water-work. For the last contrivance the marquis procured an act of parliament in 1663, for the sole benefit arising from it, one tenth of it being appropriated to Charles II. and his successors.

Various and very opposite opinions have been held with regard to the title of this nobleman to be considered as a mechanical genius. Lord Orford has pronounced his work an amazing piece of folly; and Mr Hume, speaking of his political conduct, says, “that the king judged aright of this nobleman’s character, appears from his Century of Arts, or Scantling of Inventions, which is a ridiculous compound of lies, chimeras, and impossibilities, and shows what might be expected from such a man.” It may be fairly presumed, that neither Lord Orford nor Mr Hume was qualified to judge of the marquis’s work, otherwise a more temperate or more modified opinion would have been given. By others, its author has been regarded as one of the greatest mechanical geniuses; and he is considered as the inventor of the steam-engine, which he denominates a stupendous water-work. See Steam-Engine.
WORGAUM, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, situated twenty miles west of Poonah.
WORK, in the manege. To work a horse, is to exercise him at pace, trot, or gallop, and ride him at the manege. To work a horse upon volts, or head and haunches in or between two heels, is to passage him, or make him go sideways upon parallel lines.

To Wore, in sea-language, is to direct the movements of a ship, by adapting the sails to the force and direction of the wind.
WORK-HOUSE, a place where indigent, vagrant, and idle people are set to work, and supplied with food and clothing. Work-houses are of two kinds, or at least are employed for two different purposes. Some are used as prisons for vagrants or sturdy beggars, who are there confined and compelled to labour for the benefit of the society which maintains them; whilst others, sometimes called poor-houses, are charitable asylums for such indigent persons as through age or infirmity are unable to support themselves by their own labour. See Poor-Laws.
WORKINGTON, a market-town of the county of Cumberland, in the ward of Allerdale, 311 miles from London. It stands on the sea-shore, where the rivers Derwent and Cocker enter the ocean. The coal-mines near it are the chief source of the trade, as they supply annual loading to hundreds of ships. There are also a considerable salmon fishery, and some works for refining salt. The population of the town amounted in 1821 to 6439, and in 1831 to 6415; but the parish contains other four townships, and the collective number of inhabitants at the census of 1831 was 7196.
WORKSOP, a market-town in the county of Nottingham and hundred of Bassetlaw, 143 miles from London. It stands in a pleasant valley near the source of the river Ryton. Here was formerly an Augustinian monastery, the chapel of which, in the cathedral form, is used as the parish church. Adjoining to the town there was formerly a magnificent seat belonging to the duke of Norfolk. There is a market on Wednesday. The population amounted in 1821 to 4567, and in 1831 to 5566.
WORM, Olaf, or Olaus Wormius, a learned Danish physician, was born on the 13th of May 1588, at Arhusen in Jutland. After beginning his studies at home, he resided in several foreign universities, and travelled to various parts of Europe for improvement. After having taken the degree of M. D. at Basel, he returned to his native country in 1613, and was made professor of polite literature in the university of Copenhagen. In 1615, he was translated to the chair of the Greek professor; and in 1624 to the professorship of physic, which he held till his death. These occupations did not hinder him from practising in his profession, and from being the fashionable physician: the king and court of Denmark always employed him; and Christian IV., as a recompense for his services, conferred on him a canonry of Lund. He published some pieces on subjects relating to his profession; several works in defence of Aristotle’s philosophy; and several concerning the antiquities of Denmark and Norway; for which latter he is principally regarded, as they are very learned, and contain many curious particulars. He died on the 7th of September 1654.

Worm, in Gunnery, a screw of iron, to be fixed on the end of a rammer, to pull out the wad of a firelock, carabine, or pistol, being the same with the wad hook, only the one is more proper for small arms, and the other for cannon.
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Worm, in Chemistry, is a long winding pipe, placed in a tub of water, to cool and condense the vapours in the distillation of spirits.
WORMS, an ancient city of Germany, now in the principality of Hesse-Darmstadt and province of the Rhine, and the capital of the bailiwick of its own name, ft stands on the Rhine, where the Eisbach falls into that river. It is surrounded with ancient and untenable fortifications, and is much reduced from the condition it once exhibited when it was an imperial city. It contains two Catholic, two Lutheran, and one reformed church, 910 houses, and 8100 inhabitants. It has some trade by the river and at its fairs, but chiefly in the products of the district. It is more remarkable for its antiquities and the historical recollections which it recalls. It was the seat of frequent diets of the empire. Long. 8. 15. 7. E. Lat. 49. 37. 49. N.