pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AUTUMN, the third season of the year, when the harvest and fruits are gathered in. Autumn is represented tn painting by a man at perfect age, clothed like the verbal, and likewise girded with a starry girdle, holding in one hand a pair of scales equaliy poised, with a globe in each, and in the other a bunch of divers fruits and ∏ ls age denotes the perfection of this season; an the balance that sign of the zodiac which the sun enters when oui autumn begins.

Autumn begins on the day when the sun’s meridian distance from the zenith, being on the decrease, is a mean between the greatest and the least, which in these countries is supposed to happen when the sun enters Libra. Its end coincides with the beginning of winter. Several nations computed the years by autumns; the English Saxons, by winters. Tacitus tells us that the ancient Germans were acquainted with all the other seasons of the year, but had no notion of autumn. Lidyat observes of the beginning of the several seasons of the year, that

Dat Clemens hyemem, dat Petrus ver cathedratus, Aestuat Urbanus, autumnat Bartholomaeus.

Autumn has been reputed an unhealthy season. Tertullian calls it lentator valetudinum ; and the satirist speaks of it in the same light: Autumnus Libitinae questus occrbae.
AUTUMNAL Equinox, that time when the sun enters the autumnal point.

Autumnal Point is that part of the equinox from which the sun begins to descend towards the south pole.

Autumnal Signs, in Astronomy, are the signs Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, through which the sun passes during the autunm.
AUTUN, one of the arrondissements of the department of the Saône and Loire⅛ in France, extending over 647 square miles, or 414,080 acres. It is divided into eight cantons, and again into 87 communes, and contains 69,192 inhabitants. The chief city of the arrondissement bears the same name. It is built on the banks of the river Arroux, and contains 9310 inhabitants. During the revolution there was at Autun a vast foundery for cannon, and manufactories for other arms. At present the chief industry exercised consists in making cotton goods, hosiery, tanning, and paper mills. There are many Roman antiquities in the neighbourhood. Long. 4. 11. 50. E. Lat. 46. 56. 58. N.
AUVERNAS, a very deep-coloured heady wine, made of black raisins so called, which are produced near Orleans. It is not fit to be drunk before it is above a year old, but if kept two or three years it becomes excellent.
AUXERRE, an arrondissement in the department of the Yonne, in France. Its extent is 774 square miles, or 475,360 acres, divided into 12 cantons and 130 communes, with 102,122 inhabitants. The chief city of the arrondissement is of the same name. It is situated on the banks of the Yonne, in a district productive of wine; and is built in an antique fashion, with an ancient cathedral and a splendid palace. The inhabitants are 12,084, who, besides their trade in wine and in fire-wood, carry on manufactories of cloths, druggets, serges, cotton and woollen stockings, and some considerable tanneries. Long. 3. 28. 16. E. I at. 47. 47. 54. N.
AUXESIS, in Mythology., a goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Aegiua, and mentioned by Herodotus and Fausanias.

Auxesis, in Rhetoric, a figure whereby any thing is magnified too much.
AUXILIARY, whatever is aiding or helping to another.

Auxiliary Verbs, in Grammar, are such as help to form or conjugate others; that is, are prefixed to them, to form or denote the modes or tenses thereof; as, to have and to be in the English; être and avoir in the French; ho and sono in the Italian, &c. In the English language the auxiliary verb am supplies the want of passive verbs.
AUXO, in Mythology, the name of one of two Graces worshipped by the Athenians. See Hegemone.
AUXONNE, a city in the arrondissement of Dijon and department of Côte d’Or, in France. It is on the Saône, and is strongly fortified. The inhabitants are 5280, who, besides their manufactures of cloth and serges, carry on by the river considerable traffic with Lyons. Long. 5.17. 4 E. Lat. 47. 11.24. N.
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AVADOUTAS, a sect of Indian Brahmins, who in austerity surpass all the rest. The other sects retain earthen vessels for holding their provisions, and a stick to lean on; but none of these are used by the Avadoutas; they only cover their nakedness with a piece of cloth, and some of them even dispense with that, going quite naked, and besmearing their bodies with cow-dung. When hungry', some enter into houses, and, without speaking, hold out their hands; eating on the spot whatever is given them. Others retire to the sides of holy rivers, and there expect the peasants to bring them provisions, which they generally do very liberally.
AVAL. See Bahrein.
AVALANCHES, a name given to prodigious masses of consolidated snow, which, disengaged from the summits or more elevated peaks, frequently roll down the sides of the Alps. See the article Alps.
AVÀLLON, an arrondissement in the department of the Yonne, in France, extending over 456 square miles, or Ml,810 acres,and comprehending five cantons, divided into seventy communes, with 43,295 inhabitants. The capital of the arrondissement is of the same name. It is situated θ n a bθd of granite, at the foot of which the river Voisen ows. It has some manufactures of cloth, hats, hosiery, ea +θ r , a ∏d paper, and a considerable traffic in fire-wood, w uch, by the Voisen and the Eure, is conveyed into the f ίοοθ’· an d fl° a ted to Paris. It contains 1830 houses and 0483 inhabitants. Long. 3. 46. E. Lat. 47. 28. N.
AVEIRO, a town of Portugal, in the province of Beira, containing a population of 7000 inhabitants. It has a thriving trade in oil, salt, and fish. Long. 8. 34. W. Lat. 40. 40. N.
AVEIRON or Aveyron, a department so called from the river of the same name, which runs through it from east to west. It is bounded on the north by the department of Cantal, on the north-cast by that of Lozère, on the east by that of the Gard, on the south-east by that of Hérault, on the south-west by that of the Tarn, and on the west by that of Lot. It extends over 3740 square miles, or 2,393,000 acres. The face of the country is mountainous and woody; and hence, though corn and wine are produced, and much cattle fed, the chief productions are fish, game, and wood. It contains mines of copper, iron, lead, alum, sulphur, and coal. The capital is Rodez. The population at the last census amounted to 327,424, and it sends to the legislative assembly three representatives.
AVELGHEM, a market-town on the left bank of the Scheld, in the circle of Courtray and province of West Flanders, in the Netherlands. It contains 3780 inhabitants.
AVELLA, a town of Naples, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, in a fine situation, and commanding most extensive prospects. It is distant about 15 miles from the city of Naples, and contains 5050 inhabitants.
AVELLINO, a large town of the Principato-Ultra, in [7:4:250] the kingdom of Naples, about 25 miles to the eastward of the metropolis. It is the see of a bishop, and contains many churches, though with nothing peculiarly striking except some most grotesque ornaments. It is a manufacturing town of some consequence, and eminent for its blue cloth, the dyeing of which forms the patrimony of a princely family. The soil around is fertile, and provisions of all kinds are very abundant. The population amounts to 13,460 persons.
AVE-MARIA, the angel Gabriel’s salutation to the Virgin Mary, when he brought her the tidings of the incarnation. It is become a prayer or form of devotion in the Romish church. The chaplets and rosaries are divided into so many ave-marias and so many pater-nosters, to which the Papists ascribe a wonderful efficacy.
AVENCHES, a circle of the Canton Waadt or Vaud, in Switzerland, divided into two arrondissements, containing 3760 inhabitants. It is situated on the borders of the Murten Lake. The chief town is of the same name, and contains 1100 inhabitants, who cultivate fruits and tobacco.
AVENOR, an officer belonging to the king’s stables, who provides oats for the horses. He acts by warrant from the master of the horse.
AVENTINE, John, author of the Annals of Bavaria, was born in the year 1466, at Abensperg, in the country just named. He studied first at Ingoldstadt, and afterwards in the university of Paris. In 1503, he privately taught eloquence and poetry at Vienna, and, in 1507, he publicly taught Greek at Cracow in Poland. In 1509, he read lectures on some of Cicero’s works at Ingoldstadt, and, in 1512, was appointed preceptor to Prince Louis and Prince Ernest, sons of Albert the Wise, duke of Bavaria, and travelled with the latter of these princes. After this he undertook to write the Annals of Bavaria, being encouraged by the dukes of that name, who settled a pension upon him, and gave him hopes that they would defray the charges of the book. This work, which gained its author great reputation, was first published in 1554, by Jerome Zieglerus, professor of poetry in the university of Ingoldstadt; and afterwards at Basil, in 1580, by Nicholas Cisner. He died in 1534, aged 68.
AVENTINUS Mons, one of the seven hills on which ancient Rome stood. The origin of the name Aventinus is uncertain; but this hill was also called Murcius, from Murcia, the goddess of sloth, who had a little chapel there; and Collis Dianae, from the temple of Diana; likewise Remonius, from Remus, who wanted to build the city, and who was buried there. It was taken within the compass of the city by Ancus Martius. To the east it had the city walls, to the south the Campus Figulinus, to the west the Tiber, and to the north Mons Palatinus; in circuit two miles and a quarter.
AVENUE, in Gardening, a walk planted on each side with trees, and leading to a house, garden-gate, wood, &c. and generally terminated by some distant object. The trees most proper for avenues with us are the English elm, the lime, the horse-chestnut, the common chestnut, the beech, and the abele. The English elm will do in all grounds, except such as are very wet and shallow; and this is preferred to all other trees, because it will bear cutting, heading, or lopping in any manner, better than most others. The rough or smooth Dutch elm is approved by some, because of its quick growth. This is a tree which will bear removing very well; it is also green almost as soon as any plant whatever in spring, and continues so as long as any; it makes an incomparable hedge, and is preferable to all other trees for lofty espaliers. The lime is valued for its natural growth and fine shade. The horse-chestnut is proper for all places that are not too much exposed to rough winds. The common chestnut will do very well in a good soil, and rises to a considerable height when planted somewhat close, though when it stands single it is rather inclined to spread than to grow tall. The beech is a beautiful tree, and naturally grows well with us in its wild state; but it is less to be chosen for avenues than the before-mentioned, because it does not bear transplanting well, and is very subject to miscarry. Lastly, the abele is fit for any soil, and is the quickest grower of any forest tree. It seldom fails in transplanting, and succeeds very well in wet soils, in which the others are apt to fail. The oak is but little used for avenues, because of its slow growth.
AVENWEDDE, a town on the Dalke, with 2880 inhabitants, in the circle of Wiedenbruck and government of Menden, in the Prussian province of Westphalia.
AVENZOAR, Abu Merwan Abdalmalec ebn Zohr, an eminent Arabian physician, who flourished about the end of the eleventh or the beginning of the twelfth century. He was of noble descent, and born at Seville, the capital of Andalusia, where he exercised his profession with great reputation. He was contemporary with Averroes, who, according to Leo Africanus, heard his lectures and learned physic of him. This seems the more probable, because Averroes more than once gives Avenzoar very high and deserved praise, calling him admirable, glorious, the treasure of all hnowledge, and the most supreme in physic from the time of Galen to his own. Avenzoar, notwithstanding, is by the generality of writers reckoned an empiric; but Dr Freind observes that this character suits him less than any of the rest of the Arabians. He wrote a book entitled The Method of Preparing Medicines and Diet, which was translated into Hebrew in the year 1280, and thence into Latin by Paravicius, whose version has passed through several editions.
AVERDUPOIS. See Avoirdupois.
AVERNES, or AVENNES, a small but well-fortified town in Hainault, on the frontier of France towards the Netherlands. It is the head of an arrondissement in the department of the North, and contains a population of 2700. Long. 4. E. Lat. 50.7. N.
AVERROES, one of the most subtile philosophers that ever appeared among the Arabians, flourished at the end of the eleventh and beginning of the twelfth century. H e was the son of the high-priest and chief judge of Cordoba in Spain; and, educated in the university of Morocco, he studied natural philosophy, medicine, mathematics, law, and divinity. He died at Morocco in the year 1206. He was excessively fat, though he ate but once a day. He spent all his nights in the study of philosophy, and when he felt fatigued, amused himself with reading poetry or history. He was extremely fond of Aristotle’s works, and wrote commentaries on them; whence he was styled [7:4:255]the commentator by way of eminence. He likewise wrote a work on the whole art of physic, besides many amatory verses; but when he grew old, he very wisely threw these last into the fire.
AVERROISTS, a sect of Peripatetic philosophers, who appeared in Italy some time before the restoration of learning, and attacked the immortality of the soul. They took their denomination from Averroes, from whom they borrowed their distinguishing doctrine. The Averroists held that the soul was mortal, according to reason or philosophy, yet pretended to submit to the Christian theology, which declares it immortal. But the distinction was accounted suspicious; and this divorce of faith from reason was rejected by the doctors of that time, and condemned by the last council of the Lateran under pope Leo X.
AVERRUNCI (Dei), certain gods, whose business it was, according to the Pagan theology, to avert misfortunes. Apollo and Hercules were of the number of these gods among the Greeks, and Castor and Pollux among the Romans.
AVERSA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and a bishop’s see. It is situated in a very fine plain, in long. 14. 20. E. lat. 4L 0. N.
AVES, one of the Carribbee Islands, 451 miles south of Porto Rico with a good harbour for the careening of ships. It is so called from the great number of birds that frequent it. There is another of the same name lying to the northward of this, in lat. 15. 0. N.; and a third near the eastern coast of Newfoundland, in lat. 50. 5. N.
AVESBURY, Robert, an English historian, of whom little more is known than that he was keeper of the registry of the court of Canterbury in the reign of Edward III. and consequently that he lived in the fourteenth century. He wrote Memorabilia gesta magnifici regis Angliae domini Edwardi Tertii post Conquoestum, procerumque ; tactis primitus quibusdam gestis de tempore patris sui domini Edwardi Secundi, quae in regnis Angliae, Scotiae, et Franciae, ac in Aquitania et Britannia, non humana sed Bei potentia, contigerunt. This history ends with the battle of Poictiers, about the year 1356. It continued in manuscript till the year 1720, when it was printed by Hearne at Oxford, from a manuscript belonging to Sir Thomas Sea-bright.
AVEZZANO, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, containing about 2700 inhabitants. Long. 13. 32. E. Lat. 41. 58. N.
AVIARY, a place set apart for feeding and propagating birds. It should be so large as to give the birds some freedom of flight; and turfed, to avoid the appearance of foulness on the floor.
AVIGLIANO, a small town of Piedmont in Italy. Long. 7. 5. E. Lat. 44. 40. N.
AVIGNON, an arrondissement in the department of Vaucluse, in France, the extent of which is 174 square miles, or 117,360 acres. It comprehends five cantons, divided into 21 communes, containing 52,504 inhabitants. The capital of the arrondissement is of the same name, and situated in a beautiful valley on the left bank of the Rhone. The city is surrounded by walls planted with trees, which form an agreeable promenade. The houses are old but large, the streets narrow and crooked, but some of the public edifices are magnificent. The dwellings at the last census were 2800, and the inhabitants 23,789. The chief object of industry is the preparation of silk and the manufacture of goods dependent on that substance. There are, besides, manufactures of paper, leather, hats, jewellery, and some other articles. Up to the French revolution the city belonged to the papal see, and was the residence of the several popes from 1303 to 1376. By an act of atrocious injustice it was seized by the republicans, and after some barbarous proceedings was at length united to France. Long. 4. 52. 20. E. Lat. 43. 56. 58. N.
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AVILA, one of the four provinces into which Old Castile in Spain is divided. It is the least of the four, and most thinly peopled. The extent is 215 square leagues, and the population 118,061 souls. The high ridge of the mountains of Guadarrama separates it from the province.of Madrid. The principal river which waters it is the Adaja, on which the capital Avila, a small and insignificant city, though the see of a bishop, is built. This province, once flourishing, has gradually declined in wealth and population during the last two centuries, and the exertions of industry have not been directed of late to improvement. The principal production is the wool of the Merino sheep, a great number of which are shorn in this province; and the fleeces, after being washed and sorted, are sent to the northern ports to be shipped to the different countries where they are consumed. It contains one city, 82 towns, 202 villages, 299 parishes, 28 monasteries, and 19 nunneries. The inhabitants obtain of wine 150,000, of brandy 2000, and of oil 3000 arobas, and of silk 300 cwt. It is situated between long. 4. 14. and 5. 55. W. and lat. 30. 48. and 4L 18. N.

Avila, a town of Spain, in the province of Old Castile. It is situated on the banks of the river Adaja, which running towards the north and joining the Arevalillo, empties itself into the Duero. The town is situated on a plain, and the fields around it are highly productive in fruits and grain. It is the seat of a bishop, and has one cathedral, eight parish churches, sixteen monasteries, five hospitals, 1000 houses, and 4200 inhabitants. Long. 4.59. W. Lat. 40. 43. N.
AVIO, a market-town with 2045 inhabitants, employed chiefly in the silk manufactory. It is situated on the river Etsch, in the Italian confines of Roveredo, in the Austrian principality of Tyrol.
AVIS, a walled town of Portugal, situated on the river of the same name in Alentejo, and containing about 1500 inhabitants. It is nine miles north-west of Estremoz.
AVISON, Charles, organist of Newcastle, and a disciple of Geminiani, was the author of an essay on musical expression, published in the year 1752, in which are some judicious reflections on music in general. Throughout his book he celebrates Marcello andGeminiani; the latter frequently to the prejudice of Mr Handel. In the year 1753 came out Remarks on Mr Avison’s Essay on Musical Expression, the author whereof first points out sundry errors against the rules of composition in the works of A vison. In the same year Avisen republished his essay, with a reply to the author of the remarks; and a letter, containing a number of loose particulars relating to music, collected in a course of various reading, unquestionably written by Dr Jortin. Avison promoted and assisted in the publication of Marcello’s music to the Psalms, adapted to English words. Of his own composition there are extant five collections of concertos for violins, forty-four in number, and two sets of sonatas for the harpsichord and two violins, a species of composition little known in England till his time. The music of Avison is light and elegant, but it wants originality; a necessary consequence of his too close attachment to the style of Geminiani, which in a few particulars only he was able to imitate.
AVLONA, a Turkish European paschalic, comprehending a part of the ancient Albania, and a province on the sea-coast. It is bounded on the north and north-east by the paschalic of Ilbessan, on the south-east by Yanina, on the south by Delonia, and on the west by the Adriatic Sea. I he climate and soil resemble that of the south of France, and the productions are similar. The woods abound with game, and the rivers and coasts with fish. The chief trade is the export of corn, salt, and pitch, with some live cattle. The inhabitants amount to about 250,000, of whom two thirds are Arnauts and Greeks of the Greek church, and one third Arnauts and Turks of the Mahommedan faith. The Kimariots are few in number, but lead a wild life among the mountains, in a kind of savage republican state of equality. Most of them are of the Greek faith, but some are Mahommedans. It extends from long. 19. 38. to 20. 25. E. and from lat. 39. 50. to 40. 51. N.

Avlona, or Valona, a city, the chief place of the province of the same name, deriving its name from the bay on which it is situated. The harbour is sheltered from all winds, and the anchorage is good, with never less than fifteen nor more than twenty-three fathoms in depth. It has about 5000 inhabitants, many of whom are employed in making arms of different kinds to supply the Arnauts. It is the seat of a Greek bishop.
AVOIRDUPOIS. This was formerly the weight used for the larger and coarser commodities, such as groceries, cheese, wool, lead, &c. The proportion of a pound avoirdupois to a pound troy is as 17 to 14.
AVOLA, a city of Sicily, in the intendancy of Sara-gosa, on the sea-coast, with 6780 inhabitants. There are some sugar plantations near it, but from their unprofitableness they are nearly abandoned.
AVOSET. See Ornithology.
AVRANCHES, an arrondissement in the department of Calvados, in France, the extent of which is 475 square miles, or 304,000 acres. It is divided into nine cantons, and these into 127 communes, containing 106,144 inhabitants. The capital of the arrondissement is of the same name. It stands on a hill, at the foot of which the river Seez flows, which at high tide is navigable from the sea, about three miles distant. It has some trade in corn, cider, and salt. The number of inhabitants is 6144. Long. 1. 25. E. Lat. 48. 4L N.
AVSTA, a mining village in the barony of Rasgard and province of Storakopparber (formerly Dalcarleia), in Sweden. It suffered by fire in 1803, but has since been rebuilt and increased. It contains 115 houses and 600 inhabitants, all employed in the various mineral products of the vicinity. There is a mint for coining copper money.
AWA, in Japan, the capital of a province on the south coast of the island of Niphon, 85 miles south of Jeddo. Long. 140. 4. E. Lat. 34. 24. N.
AWARD, in Law, the judgment of an arbitrator, or of one who is not appointed by the law a judge, but chosen by the parties themselves for terminating their difference.
AWASI, or Awadsi, an island of Japan, about 60 miles in circumference. It is situated near the south coast of Niphon. Long. 133. 44. E. Lat. 34. 30. N.
AWL, among shoemakers, an instrument wherewith holes are bored through the leather to facilitate the stitching or sewing of the same. The blade of the awl is usually a little flat and bended, and the point ground to an acute angle.
AWME, or Aume, a Dutch liquid measure, containing eight steckens or twenty verges or verteels, equal to the tierce in England, or to one sixth of a ton in France.
AX, a carpenter’s instrument for hewing wood. It ιs furnished with a long handle or helve, for the purpose of being used with both hands.