pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DIPPOLDISWALDE, a bailiwick in the kingdom of Saxony, in the circle of Meissen, extending over fifty-five square miles, or 35,200 acres, and containing 9800 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is situated on the river Weisseritz, and contains 246 houses and 1400 inhabitants, occupied in distilleries, in weaving cloth, and in bleaching linen yarn.
DIPSAS, a sort of serpent, the bite of which produces such a thirst as proves mortal; and hence its name dipsas, which signifies thirsty. In Latin it is called situla, a pail.
DIPTERA (from luς, and ¢m£ov, wing), in Zoology, an order of insects which have only two wings, and under each wing a style, or oblong body, terminated by a protuberance or head, and called a balancer. See Entomology, Index.
DIPTOTES, in Grammar, are such nouns as have only two cases, as suppetiae, suppetias, and so on.
DIRAE, the general name of the three furies in the Pagan system of mythology. They were so called, as being quasi deorum iroe, the ministers of divine vengeance in punishing guilty souls after death. They were accounted the daughters of Night and Acheron.
DIRECT, in Arithmetic, is when the proportion of any terms or quantities is in the natural or direct order in which they stand, being the opposite inverse, which considers the proportion in the inverted order of the terms. So, 3: 4 :: 6: 8 directly; or 3: 4 :: 8: 6 inversely.
DIRECTION, in Mechanics, signifies the line or path of a body’s motion, along which it endeavours to proceed according to the force impressed upon it.

Direction, in Astronomy, the motion and other phenomena of a planet when direct.

Direction, in Astrology, is a kind of calculus, by which it is pretended to find the time in which any notable accident shall befal the person whose horoscope is drawn.
DIRECTOR, in commercial policy, a person who has the management of the affairs of a trading company. Thus we say, the directors of the India Company.
DIRIBITORES, among the Romans, officers appointed to distribute tablets to the people at the comitia.
DIRIGENT, or Directrix, a term in geometry, signifying the line of motion along which the describing line or surface is carried in the genesis of any plane or solid figure.
DIS, an inseparable article prefixed to various words, the effect of which is either to give them a signification contrary to what the simple words have, as disoblige, disobey ; or to signify a separation or detachment, as disposing, distributing.

Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul supposed themselves descended from that deity.
DISABILITY, in Law, is when a man is disabled, or made incapable to inherit any lands, or take that benefit which otherwise he might have done; and this may happen four ways; by the act of an ancestor, or of the party himself, by the act of God, or by that of the law. 1. Disability by the act of the ancestor is where the ancestor is attainted of high treason, which corrupts the blood of his children, so that they may not inherit his estate. 2. Disability by the act of the party is where a man binds himself by an obligation, that, upon surrender of a lease, he will grant a new estate to a lessee; and afterwards he grants over the reversion to another, which puts it out of his power to perform it. 3. Disability by the act of God is where a man is non sanae memories, by which he is incapable of making any grant, &c.; so that, if he pass an estate out of him, it may after his death be made void: but it is a maxim in law, “that a man of full age shall never be received to disable his own person.” 4. Disability by the act of the law, is where a man by the law, without any thing by him done, is rendered incapable of the benefit of the law; as an alien born, or the like.
DISAPPOINTMENT, Islands of, a cluster of islands in the Southern Pacific Ocean, so named by Commodore Byron, who discovered them in 1765. The island seen by Lord Byron had a beautiful appearance. The middle of this cluster of islands lies in long. 145.4, W. lat. 14. 5. S.
DISC, in Antiquity, a quoit made of stone, iron, or copper, five or six fingers broad, and more than a foot long, inclining to an oval figure, which they hurled in form of a bowl to a vast distance, by the help of a leathern thong tied round the person’s hand who threw it, and put through a hole in the middle. Homer has made Ajax and Ulysses great artists at this sport.

İ, Disc, in Astronomy, the body and face of the sun and moon, such as they appear to us on the earth; or the body and face of the earth, such as it appears to a spectator in the moon.

Disc, in Optics, is the width of thς aperture of telescope glasses, whatever their form be, whether plane, convex, concave, &c.
DISCIPLE, one who learns any thing from another; and hence the followers of. any teacher, philosopher, &c. are called disciples. In the Christian sense, they were followers of Jesus Christ in general; but in a more restrained sense, the disciples denote those alone who were the immediate followers and attendants on his person, of which there were seventy or seventy-two. The names disciples and apostles are often used synonymously in the gospel history; but sometimes the apostles are distinguished from disciples, or persons selected out of the number of disciples, to be the principal ministers of his religion. Of these last there were only twelve. The Latins kept the festival of the seventy or seventy-two disciples on the 15th July, and the Greeks on the 4th January.
DISCIPLINE, in a general sense, denotes instruction and government, as military discipline, ecclesiastical discipline, and the like.

Ecclesiastical discipline consists in putting those laws in execution by which the church is governed, and inflicting the penalties enjoined by them against the several sorts of offenders who profess the religion of Jesus. The primitive church never pretended to exercise discipline upon any but such as were within her pale, in the largest sense, by some act of their own profession; and even upon these she never pretended to exercise her discipline so far as to cancel or disannul their baptism ;—all that she pretended to was to deprive men of the benefits of external communion, such as public prayer, receiving the eucharist, and other acts of divine worship. The church discipline was only confined to the admonition of the [7:8:40]party, and to the lesser and greater excommunication. As to the objects of ecclesiastical discipline, they were all such delinquents as fell into great and scandalous crimes after baptism.

Discipline, in a more peculiar sense, is used to signify the chastisements or bodily punishments inflicted on a religious person of the Roman Catholic church who has been found a delinquent; or even to indicate that which religious persons voluntarily undergo or inflict on themselves by way of mortification.

Booh of Discipline, in the history of the church of Scotland, is a common order, drawn up by the assembly of ministers in 1650, for the reformation and uniformity to be observed in the discipline and policy of the church. In this book the government of the church by prelates is set aside; church sessions are established; the superstitious observation of fast days and saints’ days is condemned; and other regulations for the government of the church are determined. This book was approved by the privy council, and is called the First Book of Discipline.
DISCOUNT, in commerce, a term among traders, merchants, and bankers. It is used by the two former on occasion of their buying commodities on the usual term of credit, with a condition that the seller shall allow the buyer a certain discount at the rate of so much per cent, per annum for the time for which the credit is generally given, upon condition that the buyer pays ready money for such commodities, instead of taking the ordinary credit. Traders and merchants also frequently take promissory notes for monies due payable to them or their order at a certain time, and, sometimes having occasion for money before the time is elapsed, get these notes discounted or cashed by bankers before the time of payment. Bills of exchange are also discounted by bankers; and in this consists one article of the profits of banking.
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DISCRETE or Disjunct Proportion is when the ratio of two or more pairs of numbers or quantities is the ’same, but when there is not the same proportion between all the four numbers. Thus, if the numbers 3 ∙. 6 :: 8: 16 be considered, the ratio between 3: 6 is the same as that between 8: 16, and therefore the numbers are proportional; but it is only discretely or disjunctly, for 3 is not to 6 as 6 to 8; that is, the proportion is broken off between 8 and 3, and is not continued as in the following continual proportionals, 3: 6 :: 12: 24.

Discrete Quantity is such as is not continued and joined together. Sueh, for instance, is any number.
DISCRETION, the prudence or knowledge necessary to govern one’s self properly.

There are many more shining qualities in the mind of man, but there is none so useful as discretion. It is this indeed which gives a value to all the rest, which sets them at work in their proper times and places, and turns them to the advantage of the person who is possessed of them. Without discretion learning is pedantry, and wit impertinence; virtue itself looks like weakness; and the best parts only qualify a man to be more sprightly in errors, and active to his own prejudice.

Nor does discretion only make a man master of his own parts, but of other men’s. The disereet man finds out the talents of those he converses with, and knows how to apply them to proper uses. Accordingly, if we look into particular communities and divisions of men, we may observe that it is the discreet man, not the witty, nor the learned, nor the brave, who guides the conversation, and prescribes measures to the society. A man with great talents, but void of discretion, is, like Polyphemus in the fable, strong and blind, endued with an irresistible force, which for want of sight is of no use to him. Though a man have all other perfections, and yet want discretion, he will be of no great consequence in the world; but if he have this single talent in perfection, and but a common share of other endowments, he may do what he pleases in his particular station of life.

It is proper, however, to distinguish between discretion and cunning ; the latter being the accomplishment only of little, mean, ungenerous minds. Discretion points out the noblest end to us, and pursues the most proper and laudable methods of attaining them; cunning has only private and selfish aims, and it sticks at nothing which may make them sueceed. Discretion has large and extensive views, and, like a well-formed eye, commands a whole horizon; cunning is a kind of short-sightedness, which discovers the minutest objects that are near at hand, but is not able to discern things at a distance. Discretion, the more it is discovered, gives the greater authority to the person who possesses it; cunning, when it is once detected, loses its whole force, and makes a man incapable of bringing about even those events which he might have done had he passed only for a plain man. Discretion is the perfection of reason, and a guide to us in all the duties of life; cunning is a kind of instinct, which only looks out after our immediate interest and welfare. Discretion is only found in men of strong sense and good understanding; cunning is often to be met with even in brutes themselves, and in persons who are but few removes from them. In short, cunning is only the mimic of discretion, and may pass upon weak men for that which it imitates; in the same maimer as vivacity is often mistaken for wit, and gravity for wisdom.
DISCUSSION, in matters of literature, signifies the clear treating or handling of any particular point or problem, so as to shake off the difficulties with which it is embarrassed. Thus we say, such a point was well discussed, when it was properly treated and cleared up.
DISCUTIENTS, in Medicine, are such remedies as, by their subtilty, dissolve a stagnating or coagulate fluid, and dissipate the same without an external solution of continuity.
DISDIACLASTIC Crystal, in Natural History, a name given by Bartholine and some others to a mineral substance, more usually called, from the place whence it was first brought, Iceland crystal. See Mineralogy.
DISDIAPASON, or Bisdiapason, in Music, a compound concord, described by Parran, in the quadruple ratio of 4: 1, or 8: 2.

Disdiapason Diapente, a concord in a sextuple ratio of 1:6.

Disdiapson Semi-Diapente, a compound concord in the proportion of 16: 3.

Disdiapason Ditone, a compound consonance in the proportion of 10: 2.

Disdiapāson Semi-Ditone, a compound coneord in the proportion of 24: 5.
DISEASE has been variously defined by physicians, almost every founder of a new system having given a definition of it, differing in some respects from his predecessors. See Medicine.
DISEMBOGUE. When a ship passes out of the mouth of some great gulf or bay, this is called disemboguing. It is usual also to say of a river, that at such a place, or after it has run so many leagues, it disembogues itself into the sea.
DISFRANCHIZING, among civilians, signifies the depriving a person of the rights and privileges of a free citizen or subject.
DISGUISE, a counterfeit habit. Persons doing unlawful acts in disguise are by our statutes sometimes subjected to severe penalties, and even declared felons. Thus, by an act commonly called the black act, persons appearing disguised and armed in a forest or grounds enclosed, or hunting deer, or robbing a warren or a fish-pond, are declared felons.
DISH, in mining, is a trough made of wood, about twenty-eight inches long, four inches deep, and six inches wide, by which all miners measure their ore. If any be taken selling their ore, not having first measured it by the bar-master’s dish, and paid the king’s duty, the seller forfeits his ore, and the buyer forfeits for every such offence forty shillings to the lord of the field or farmer.
DISJUNCTIVE, something which separates or disjoins. Thus, or, neither, &c. which, in connecting a discourse, yet separate the parts of it, are called disjunctive conjunctions.
DISLOCATION, the putting a bone out of joint by some violence, usually called by the physicians luxation.
DISNA, a circle of the Russian government of Minsk. The river Diina affords the means of conveying wood, which is its chief produce, to Riga. It grows corn for its consumption, and some flax, which is aíso sent to Riga. The chief town, of the same name, stands at the junction of the river Dina with the Düna. Long. 27. 35. E. Lat. 54. 34. N.
DISPART, in Gunnery, is the setting a mark upon the muzzle ring, or thereabouts, of a piece of ordnance, so that a sight-line taken upon the top of the base ring against the touch-hole, by the mark set on or near the muzzle, may be parallel to the axis of the concave cylinder. The common way of doing this is to take the two diameters of the base ring, and of the place where the dispart is to stand, and divide the difference between them into two equal parts, one of which will be the length of the dispart which is set on the gun with wax or pitch, or fastened there with a piece of twine or marlin. By means of an instrument it may be done with all possible nicety.
DISPATCH, a letter on some affair of state or other business of importance, sent with care and expedition, by a courier express. The business of dispatches is conducted by the secretaries of state and their clerks. The king gives directions to his ministers abroad by dispatches. The word is also used for the packet or mail containing such letters. The French, during the reign of Louis XIV., had a conseil des dépêches, or council of dispatches, held in the king’s presence, at which the dauphin, the Duke of Orleans, the chancellor, and four secretaries of state, assisted.
DISPAUPER. A person suing in forma pauperis is said to be dispaupered, if, before the suit be ended, he have any lands or other estate fallen to him, or if he have done any thing to make him lose his privilege.
DISPENSARY, or Dispensatory, denotes a book containing the method of preparing the various kinds of medicines used in pharmacy. Such are those of Bauderon, Quercctan, Zweiter, Charas, Bate, Mcsue, Salmon, Lemery, Quincy, and others; but the latest and most esteemed, besides the London and Edinburgh pharmacopoeias, is the Edinburgh New Dispensatory, being an improvement upon that of Dr Lewis.

Dispensary, or Dispensatory, is likewise a magazine or office for selling medicines at prime cost to the poor. The College of Physicians maintain three of these in London; one at the College itself in Warwick Lane, another in St Peter’s Alley, Cornhill, and a third in St Martin’s Lane. Dispensaries have also been established in several of the principal towns in Scotland and England.
DISPLAYED, in Heraldry, is understood of the position of an eagle, or any other bird, when it is erect, with its wings expanded or spread forth.
DISPONDEE, in the Greek and Latin poetry, a double spondee or foot, consisting of four long syllables; as concludentes.
DISQUISITION (from dis, and quarro, I inquire), an inquiry into the nature, kinds, and circumstances of any problem, question, or topic; in order to gain a right notion of it, and to discourse clearly concerning it.
DISS, a market-town in the hundred of the same name, in the county of Norfolk, ninety miles from London. It is built on one of the upper branches of the river Wavency. There is a good market, which is held on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2246, in 1811 to 2590, in 1821 to 2764, and in 1831 to 2934.
DISSECTION, in Anatomy, the cutting up a body with a view of examining the structure and use of the parts. Legendre observes that the dissection of a human body, even dead, was held as a sacrilege until the time of Francis 1. And the same author assures us he has seen a consultation held by the divines of Salamanca, at the request of Charles V. in order to settle the question whether or not it were lawful in point of conscience to dissect a human body in order to learn the structure thereof.
DISSEISIN, in Law, an unlawful dispossessing a person of his lands or tenements.
DISSENTERS, separatists from the service and worship of any established church.
DISSIDENTS, a denomination applied in Poland to those of the Lutheran, Calvinistic, and Greek professions.
DISSIMULATION, the act of dissembling, by means of false appearances or pretensions.
DISSIPATION, in Physics, an insensible loss or consumption of the minute parts of the body, or that flux by which they escape and are lost.

Circle of Dissipation, in Optics, is used for that circular space upon the retina, which is taken up by one of the extreme pencils of rays issuing from an object. ∙∖
DISSOLVENT, in general, whatever dissolves or reduces a solid body into such minute parts as to be sustained in a fluid. i ∙ ∙ . .' f ' <
DISSOLUTION, in Physics, a discontinuation or analysis of the structure of a mixed body, by which what was one and contiguous is divided into parts, either homogeneous or heterogeneous. ' z “t

Dissolution, then, is a general name for all reductions of concrete bodies into their smallest parts', without any regard either to solidity or fluidity; though, in the usual acceptation of the word among authors, it is restricted to the reduction of solid bodies into a State of fluidity; but this is more properly expressed by solution, as a branch of dissolution.
DISSONANCE, in Music. See Discord. . U
DISSYLABLE, among grammarians, a word consisting of only two syllables; such as nature, sciences.
DISTAFF, an instrument about which flax is tied in order to be spun.
DISTANCE, in general, an interval between two things, with regard either to time or place.

Accessible Distances, in Geometry, are such as may be measured by the chain. ι Inaccessible Distances are such as cannot be measured by the chain, by reason of some river, or the like, which obstructs the passage from one object to another.

Distance, in Astronomy. The distance of the sun, planets, and comets, is found only from their parallax, as it cannot be found either by eclipse⅛ or their different phases; for, from the theory of the motions of the earth and planets, we know, at any time, the proportion of the distances of the sun and planets from us; and the horizontal parallaxes are in a reciprocal proportion to these distances.
DISTASTE properly signifies an aversion or dislike to certain kinds of food, and may be either constitutional, or owing to some disorder of the stomach. ,«
DISTEMPER, among Physicians, the same with Disease. Distemper, in Painting, a term used for the working up of colours with something besides water or oil. If the colours are prepared with water, that kind of painting is called limning ; and if with oil, it is called painting in ail, and simply painting. If the colours are mixed with size, whites of eggs, or any such glutinous or unctuous matter, and not with oil, then it is said to be done in distemper.
DISTENSION, in general, signifies the stretching or extending a thing to its full length or breadth.
DISTICH, a couplet of verses making complete sense. Thus hexameter and pentameter verses are disposed in distichs. There are excellent morals in Cato’s distichs.
DISTICHIASIS, in Surgery, a disease of the eyelids, when under the ordinary eye-lashes there grows another extraordinary row of hairs, which frequently eradicates the former, and, pricking the membrane of the eye, excites pain, and brings on a defluxion. It is cured by pulling out the second row of hairs with nippers, and cauterizing the pores out of which they are extracted.
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DISTINCTION, in Logic·, is an assemblage of two or more words, by means of which disparate things or their conceptions arc denoted.
DISTORTION, in Medicine, is when any part of the human body remarkably deviates from its natural shape or position. Distortions of different parts may arise either from a convulsion or a palsy; though sometimes distortion in the shape of the whole body has arisen merely from carelessness and ill habits.
DISTRIBUTION, in a general sense, the act of dividing a thing into several parts, in order to the disposing each in its proper place.

Distribution, in Architecture, the dividing and disposing of the several parts and pieces which compose a building, as the plan directs.

Distribution, in Rhetoric, a kind of description, by which an orderly division and enumeration is made of the principal qualities of the subject. David supplies us with an example of this kind, when, in the heat of his indignation against sinners, he gives a description of their iniquity: “Their throat is an open sepulchre; they flatter with their tongues; the poison of asps is under their lips; their mouth is full of cursing and lies; and their feet are swift to shed blood.”

Distribution, in Printing, the taking a form asunder, separating the letters, and disposing them in the cases again, each in its proper cell.
DISTRICT, in Geograplry, a part of a province, distinguished by peculiar magistrates, or certain privileges; in which sense it is synonymous with hundred.
DISTRINGAS, in Law, a writ commanding the sheriff or other officer to distrain a person for debt to the king, &c. or for his appearance at a certain day.

Distringas Juratores, a writ directed to the sheriff, by which he is commanded to distrain upon a jury to appear and to return issues on their lands, &c. for non-appearance. This writ of distringas juratores issues for the sheriff to have their bodies in court at the return of the writ.
DITCH, a common fence or inclosure in marshes, or other wet land where there are no hedges.

Ditch, in Fortification, called also fosse and moat, a trench dug round the rampart or wall of a fortified plaec between the searp and counterscarp.