pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
STRASBOURG, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Rhine, in France. It is a rich district, extending over 523 square miles, is divided into 12 cantons, and these into 162 communes, with a population of 218,839 persons. The chief city, of the same name, is also the capital of the department. It is the see of a bishop, the seat of the Lutheran consistory, and of the courts of law. The city stands in a highly cultivated plain, at the distance of about one mile from the river Rhine, on the river Ill, a small but navigable river. Its waters are distributed in various small canals through the city, and connect it with the Rhine. The streets are narrow, and the buildings for the most part old and massive, many of them very lofty. Strasburg is strongly fortified, and defended by three powerful fortresses and a strong citadel. Even in the time of peace it usually contains a garrison of 10,000. The cathedral, one of the finest Gothic buildings in France, was begun in 1275 and finished in 1439. Its tower is a most imposing object, 445 feet in height, being the loftiest erection known except the largest of the Egyptian pyramids. Besides six Catholic, there are seven Lutheran, and one Calvinist church. The other public buildings are the royal palace, the prefecture, the town-hall, the mint, and two theatres. Strasburg is the seat of a university. The population, which in 1836 amounted to 7885, is chiefly of German origin, and most of the people speak that language. The industry of the inhabitants is much exercised in making sail-cloth and other linen goods, woollens of various kinds, and in spinning and weaving cottons. There are tanneries, distilleries, founderies, paper-mills, and glass-houses; and considerable trade is carried on with Switzerland on one side, and with Germany and Holland on the other. Long. 6. 39. 31. E. Lat. 48. 34. 56. N.
STRATA, the several beds or layers of different matters whereof the earth is composed. See Mineralogy and Geology.
STRATAGEM, in the art of war, any device for deceiving and surprising an enemy. The ancients dealt very much in stratagems, the moderns wage war more openly. Polyaenus and Frontinus, the former a Greek, the latter a Latin writer, have each left a treatise on stratagems of war.
STRATEGUS, ςϑατηγος , in Antiquity, an officer among the Athenians, whereof there were turn chosen yearly, to command the troops of the state. Plutarch avers there was one chosen from each tribe; but Pollux seems to say they were chosen indifferently from the people. The people themselves made the choice, on the last day of the year, in a place called Pnyx. The two strategi did not command together, but took their turns day by day, as we find from Herodotus and Cornelius Nepos. Constantine the Great, besides many other privileges granted to the city of Athens, honoured its chief magistrate with the title of M εγας ∑ ετϐατηγος , or the Great General.
STRATH, in the Scotish language, signifies a long narrow valley, along the centre of a river.
STRATHAVEN, a town in Lanarkshire, Scotland, sixteen miles from Glasgow. It is pleasantly situated at the end of a ridge of small eminences, on the banks of the Pomilion, which runs through it, and divides it into two parts. The original part of the town is old, as is shown by its being erected into a borough of barony in the year 1450, and is most irregularly built, the streets being crowded together, and intersected by long narrow lanes. The modern part is well laid out, and in it are many excellent houses. A number of neat small villas has also been erected in the neighbourhood, by the wealthier burgesses. The old castle of Strathaven overhangs the town, and, though now in ruins, adds considerably to its beauty. The inhabitants are an industrious, enterprising class of individuals; and from their business habits they are yearly[7:20:748] raising their town to greater importance. Considerable business is done in the cotton trade. In addition to the established church, there are chapels belonging to the Relief and United Secession bodies of dissenters. The markets for agricultural and commercial produce are well supplied. The streets and shops are lighted with gas; and in consequence of the Pomilion running through it, the supply of water has contributed greatly to its cleanliness and comfort. The population in 1821 amounted to 2866, and in 1831 it had increased to 3597, an increase caused principally by the flourishing state of its trade and manufactures.
STRATHMIGLO, a parish in Fifeshire, Scotland. In it is situated the borough of barony of the same name, erected into such in the year 1690, consisting principally of an irregular street, with lanes diverging from it at right angles, and having in the middle a town-house, with a neat tower and spire seventy feet in height. Besides a parish church, there is a place of worship belonging to the Secession body. The inhabitants are principally employed in weaving. In 1821 the population of the parish amounted to 1842, and in 1831 to 1940.
STRATHMORE, or the Great Strath, is that district of Scotland which stretches across from the town of Stonehaven in Kincardineshire, on the east coast, to the district of Cowal in Argyleshire, on the west coast. The chain of the Grampian Mountains bounds it on the north, and the Sidlaw, Ochill, and Menteith or Lennox range of hills on the south. There is also a vale of the same name in the parish of Durness, Sutherlandshire.
STRATHSPEY is the vale of the river Spey, which runs through part of the counties of Inverness and Elgin.
STRATO, a philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and successor in the school of Theophrastus, about 248 years before the Christian era He applied himself with uncommon industry to the study of nature; and after the must ' mature investigations, he supported that nature was inanimate, and that there was no god but nature. He was appointed preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who revered his abilities and learning, and rewarded his labours with unbounded liberality. He wrote different treatises, none of which has been preserved.
STRATON, a town of Cornwall, in the hundred of its own name, 224 miles from London. It has a market on Tuesday and another on Saturday, though both are little frequented. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 960, in 1811 to 1094, in 1821 to 1580, and in 1831 to 1613.
STRAUBING, a town of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the circle of the Lower Danube, the capital of the bailiwick of the same name. It is finely situated on the bunks of the Danube, over which is a fine bridge. It contains seven churches, four hospitals, a gymnasium and several other schools, 760 houses, and 6800 inhabitants, who trade extensively by the river in corn and live cattle. Long. 11. 29. 28. E. Lat. 48. 52. 39. N.
STREATHAM, a town in the hundred of Brixton and county of Surrey, five miles from London, on the road to Croydon. The hamlet of Tooting is considered as a portion of it. Streatham is pleasantly situated, and contains many magnificent houses. Among others is one belonging to the duke of Bedford. The church is very neat, and was almost rebuilt in the year 1833. Near to it is a mineral spring, of aperient quality. The inhabitants amounted in 1861 to 2357, in 1811 to 2729, in 1821 to 3616, and in 1831 to 5068.
STRETCHING, in Navigation, is generally understood to imply the progression of a ship under a great surface of sail, when close-hauled.
STRETTA (Ital.), a musical term, often applied to the last allegro of a finale, &c. in an opera. It signifies also a kind of peroration or winding up of a piece of music, particularly of a fugue. See Music .
STRETTO, or più Stretto (Ital.), indicates an acceleration of the time of a piece of music.
STRIATED Leaf, among botanists, one that has a number of longitudinal furrows on its surface.
STRIKE, a measure of capacity, containing four bushels. Also an instrument used in measuring corn.
STROMBOLI, the most northern island of the Lipari group, in the Mediterranean, being a part of the kingdom of Naples. It was known to the ancients by the name of Strongyle; a name implying a conical mountain with an irregular base. The mountain is bifurcated, upwards of 2000 feet in height, and about nine miles in circumference, and is evidently a monstrous product of subterraneous fires. The crater of this mountain is on the north-west side, about two thirds of the whole height from the base; it is of a circular form, and about one hundred and seventy yards in diameter, and has a yellow efflorescence adhering to its sides, as to those of Mount Aetna. This crater has burnt without intermission from the earliest periods, and is supposed to be supported by oxygen, pyrites, and sulphur; but there are not any traces of the aid of bitumen. It appears to be not only the vent of all these islands, but likewise to have subterraneous communication with Sicily and Italy; for, previously to a severe earthquake taking place in those parts, Stromboli has been observed to be covered with dense clouds of smoke, and to emit with increased activity unusually ardent flames. The access to the summit, though fatiguing, is not dangerous. When a person approaches the crater, and the smoke clears away, as it does at intervals, he can observe an undulating igneous substance, which at short periods rises and falls with great agitation, and when swollen to the utmost height bursts with a violent explosion and a discharge of red-hot stones in a semi-fluid state, accompanied with showers of ashes, and a strong sulphureous smell. These masses are thrown up to the height of from sixty or seventy to three hundred feet, and some few even to a thousand. In the moderate ejections the stones in their ascent gradually diverge like a grand pyrotechnical exhibition, and fall again into the abyss, except on the side next the sea, where they roll down in quick succession to the water.

The island contains about 1200 inhabitants. The principal places are St Bartolo and St Vincenzo. The soil is a black mold, very fertile, consisting of argilaceous tufa, scoriae, puzzolana, and sand. Stromboli produces some good wine, with excellent wheat, barley, cotton, rasins, currants, and figs. The church of St Bartolo is in long. 15. 13. 10. E., and lat. 38. 48. 12. N.
STROMNESS, a town in the parish of the same name in the island of Pomona, Orkney, in long. 3. 38. W. and lat. 58. 58. N. The town is situated on the western side of the island, and was formerly an insignificant village, dependent on the borough of Kirkwall, which kept it completely under; but by a decision of the House of Lords, Stromness and all other villages were declared free from being assessed, and otherwise independent of royal boroughs. The present town consists of one long rambling street, built round the bay on which it is placed. The greater portion of the houses are built so close on the water that they require to be defended by bulwarks, jetties, and quays, to keep them from being overwhelmed by[7:20:780] the sea. At these small vessels load and unload. The harbour is formed by the bay, which is about a mile in length, and half of that in breadth. It forms one of the most secure harbours in the north of Scotland, and affords safe anchorage for vessels of 1000 tons burden; and it is the chief resort for shipping in the northern isles. The wealth of the inhabitants is chiefly derived from the Greenland whalers, which touch here to complete their crews from the sailors belonging to the place, as well as to supply the vessels with provisions and stores. The Hudson Bay vessels also touch here. A number of ships and boats are built at Stromness; and the manufacture of straw-plait is carried on to a considerable extent. It was erected into a borough of barony in the year 1817, and it is governed by two bailies and nine councillors. The population in 1831 amounted to 2182.
STROPHE, in ancient poetry, a certain number of verses, including a perfect sense, and making the first part of an ode.
STROUD, a town of the hundred of Shamwell, in the lathe of Aylesford and county of Kent, twenty-nine miles from London. It stands on the river Medway, over which is a bridge connecting it with Rochester, so as in appearance to make it merely a suburb to that city. It consists of a single long street. The church is a fine old building, which formerly belonged to the Knights Templars, who had a palace near this town. The ruins of it are still visible on the banks of the river. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1172, in 1811 to 1394, in 1821 to 1461, and in 1831 to 1549.

Stroud, a town in the hundred of Bisley and county of Gloucester, 102 miles from London. It stands on a hill near the Stroud water, which empties itself into the Severn. The Stroud is brought into communication with the Thames by means of a canal. It is a considerable clothing town, especially esteemed for the excellence of its dark-blue cloths. It was created a borough by the act of 1832, and returns two members to the House of Commons. It has a well frequented market on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 5422, in 1811 to 5321, in 1821 to 7097, and in 1831 to 8607.
STRYPE, John, a most industrious and meritorious labourer in the department of ecclesiastical and literary history, was born at Stepney on the first of November 1643. His father, John van Stryp, was a native of Brabant, and sought refuge in England on account of his religion. He was a merchant and silk-thrower. The son received his early education at St Paul’s school, where he remained for six years. In 1662 he proceeded to Jesus College, Cambridge, from which he was transferred to Catherine Hall. In 1665, he there took the degree of A.B., and that of A.M. four years afterwards. He was appointed to the perpetual curacy of Theydon-Boys, in the county of Essex, in 1669; but he only retained it for a few months, having been appointed minister of Low Leyton, in the same county. He was elected by the parishioners, whom the patrons had left to make their own choice of a spiritual guide. His emoluments were not secured to him in the usual way, but by a bond for his maintenance entered into by his parishioners. Their annual subscriptions amounted to sixty-nine pounds sterling. Five years after his appointment to that parish, he was licensed by the bishop of London to preach the word of God in Low Leyton; and the bishop’s license was the only credential which he had to produce. This undisturbed enjoyment of questionable rights may be attributed to the favour which the ecclesiastical dignitaries felt for a man who had made many valuable additions to the annals of the church. When far advanced in life, Strype was presented by Archbishop Tenison to the sinecure of Terring in Sussex. He was also appointed to the lectureship of Hackney, which he resigned in 1724. At Hackney he resided, in his old age, under the roof of Mr Harris, an apothecary, who was mar ried to his grand-daughter. In his house he died on the 11th of December 1737, at the patriarchal age of ninety-four.

Strype’s principal works are, The Life of Archbishop Cranmer, 1694, fol.: The Life of Sir Thomas Smith, 1698, 8vo: The Life of Dr John Aylmer, bishop of London, 1761, 8vo: The Life of Sir John Cheke, 1705, 8vo: Annals of the Reformation, 4 vols.; vol. i. 17Ô9, reprinted 1725; vol. ii. 1725; vol. iii. 1728; vol. iv. 1731: The Life of Archbishop Grindal, 1710, fol.: The Life and Letters of Archbishop Parker, 1711, fol.: The Life of Archbishop Whitgift, 1718, fol.: Ecclesiastical Memorials, 1721, 3 vols. fol.

The writings of Strype were for many years neglected, but they are now held in deserved estimation; and they have all been reprinted at the Clarendon press. He is not remarkable for the methodical arrangement of his materials, nor did he ever attain to much proficiency in the art of composition; bût no one ever denied him the praise of diligence and fidelity. Beside these works, he published Lessons for Youth and Old Age, 1699, 12mo. He likewise published the second volume of Dr Lightfoot’s Works, in 1684; and an elaborate edition of Stow’s Survey of London, 1720, 2 vols. fol.
STUD, in the manège, a collection of breeding horses and mares.
STUDY (Ital. Studio), a piece of instrumental music composed for the purpose of familiarizing the player with some of the difficulties of his instrument. Thus we have studies for the violin by Fiorillo, Kreuzer, Rode, Spohr, Paganini; and for the pianoforte by Clementi, Cramer, Kalkbretmer, and others.
STUDDING-SAILS, certain light sails, extended, in moderate and steady breezes, beyond the skirts of the principal sails, where they appear as wings upon the yardarms.
STUFF, in commerce, a genera] name for all kinds of fabrics of gold, silver, silk, wool, hair, cotton, or thread, manufactured on the loom; of which number are velvets, brocades, mohairs, satins, taffetas, cloths, serges, &c.
STUHLWEISSENBURG, a city of the kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Farther Danube, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands in a marshy situation on the river Sarvitz, is the seat of a Catholic bishop, and of several inferior courts of judicature. Besides a cathedral, it has several Catholic churches, and one for the United Greeks, and likewise two monasteries. It contains 1330 houses, with 12,380 inhabitants, who are chiefly dependent on agriculture, especially on vineyards, but are also employed in manufacturing flannel and other woollen goods. Long. 18. 10. 25. E. Lat. 47. 11. 34. N.
STUPOR, a numbness in any part of the body, whether occasioned by ligatures obstructing the blood’s motion, by the palsy, or the like.
STURM, John, better known by the name of Sturmius, a learned philologer and rhetorician, was born at Schleiden in Eissel, near Cologne, on the 1st of October 1507. He studied at first in his native country with the sons of Count von Manderscheid, whose receiver his father was. He afterwards pursued his study at Liege, in the college of St Jerome, and then went to Louvain in 1524. He there spent five years, three in learning and two in teaching. He set up a printing-press with Rudger Rescius, professor of the Greek tongue, and printed several Greek authors. In 1529 he went to Paris, where he was highly esteemed, and read public lectures on the Greek and Latin writers, and on logic. There he married, and kept a great number of boarders: but as he was inclined to what were called the new opinions, he was more than once in danger; and this undoubtedly was the reason why he removed to Strasburg in 1537, in order to take possession of the place offered him by the magistrates. The year following he opened a school, which became famous, and by his means obtained of Maximilian II. the privileges of a university in the year 1566. He was very well skilled in polite literature, wrote Latin with great purity, and was an able teacher. His talents were not confined to the school; for he was frequently intrusted with deputations in Germany and foreign countries, and discharged these employments with great honour and diligence. He showed extreme charity to the refugees on account of religion: he not only laboured to assist them by his advice and recommendations, but he even impoverished himself for them. He died on the 3d of March 1589, in the eighty-second year of his age, after he had been for some time blind. Although he was thrice married, he left no children. He was a learned writer, and published various works, which were found to be useful and important by his contemporaries. One of these was an edition of Cicero in nine vols. 8vo. He bestowed much labour in elucidating the rhetorical works of Aristotle, Hermogenes, and Cicero. With the view of improving the system of education, he published several treatises; one of which was frequently reprinted. It is entitled “De Literarum Ludis recte aperiendis liber.” Argent. 1538, 4to. F. A. Hallbauer edited a collection of his tracts, under the title “De Institutione Scholastica Opuscula omnia.” Jenae, 1730, 8vo. The name of Sturmius is familiar to the reader of Ascham’s epistles. He must not be confounded with John Sturm, a native of Mechlin, and physician and professor of mathematics at Louvain, who also wrote several works.
STURMINSTER-MARSHAL, a town of the hundred of Cogdean and county of Dorset, 104 miles from London. It has a large church, and had formerly a market, which has of late years been disused. It stands on the river Stour. The number of inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 604, in 1811 to 662, in 1821 to 715, and in 1831 to 803.
STURMINSTER-NEWTON, a town in the hundred of the same name in the county of Dorset, 111 miles from London. It stands on the river Stour, and had once a considerable trade in making flannels, baize, and blankets; but of late it has declined. The buildings are indifferent, but it has a fine church, lately repaired. The market is held on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1406, in 1811 to 1461, in 1821 to 1612, and in 1831 to 1831.
STUTTGART, the capital of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, stands in a beautiful valley, and is surrounded on every side with hills of very moderate elevation, which are clothed to the tops with vineyards. The valley is watered by a clear and rapid but not copious river, which meanders through the walks at the extremity of the city. A great part of the city is composed of fine and modern buildings, and those streets are clean, well paved, and light. The royal palace is an extensive and magnificent pile of building; and the theatre, opera-house, the gymnasium, and the Catholic church, are fine specimens of architecture. Though there are no fortifications, the entrance to the city is through handsome gates, and one of them of most imposing beauty. Besides the gymnasium, there are other institutions for instruction; and the collection of ancient paintings, and the workshop of the sculptor Daneker, will be a treat to an amateur of the fine arts. The inhabitants amounted in 1817 to 26,016, and in 1831 had increased to 31,500. It is a place of little trade beyond what arises from supplying the court and the nobility that resort to it. Long. 9. 5.33. E. Lat. 46. 48. 32. N.
STYLE, a word of various significations, originally deduced from stylos, a kind of bodkin wherewith the ancients wrote on plates of lead, or on wax, &c. and which is still used to write on ivory leaves and paper prepared for that purpose.

Style, in language, is the peculiar manner in which a man expresses his conceptions. It is a picture of the ideas which rise in his mind, and of the order in which they are there produced. See Rhetoric. Old Style, the Julian method of computing time, as the New Style is the Gregorian method of computation. See Chronology.
STYLITES, Pillar Saints, in Ecclesiastical History, an appellation given to a kind of solitaries, who stood motionless upon the tops of pillars raised for this exercise of their patience, and remained there for several years, amidst the admiration and applause of the stupid populace. Of these we find several mentioned in ancient writers, and even as low as the twelfth century, when they were totally suppressed. The founder of the order was Simeon Stylites, a famous anchoret in the fifth century, who first took up his abode on a column six cubits high, then on a second of twelve cubits, a third of twenty-two, a fourth of thirty-six, and on another of forty cubits, where he thus passed thirty-seven years of his life. The tops of these columns were only three feet in diameter, and were defended by a rail that reached almost to the girdle, but did not permit the votary to lie down. The faquirs, or devout people of the east, imitate this insane mode of life to the present day.