pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TITHES, in ecclesiastical law, are defined to be the tenth part of the increase yearly arising and renewing from the profits of lands, the stock upon lands, and the personal industry of the inhabitants; the first species being usually called predial, as of corn, grass, hops, and wood; the second mixed, as of wool, milk, pigs, &c., consisting of natural products, but nurtured and preserved in part by the care of man; and of these the tenth must be paid in gross; the third personal, as of manual occupations, trades, fisheries, and the like; and of these only the tenth part of the clear gains and profits is due. We cannot precisely ascertain the time when tithes were first introduced into this country. Possibly they were contemporary with the planting of Christianity among the Saxons by Augustin the monk, about the end of the sixth century. But the first mention of them which we have met with in any written English law, is in a constitutional decree, made in a synod held a.d . 786, by which the payment of tithes in general is strongly enjoined. This canon or decree, which at first bound not the laity, was effectually confirmed by two kingdoms of the heptarchy, in their convention of estates, respectively consisting of the kings of Mercia and Northumberland, the bishops, dukes, senators, and people. This was a few years later than the time when Charlemagne established the payment of them in France, and made that famous division of them into four parts; one to maintain the edifice of the church, the second to support the poor, the third the bishop, and the fourth the parochial clergy. The next authentic mention of them is in the Foedus Edwardi et Guthruni, or the laws agreed upon between King Guthrun the Dime, and Alfred and his son Edward the Elder, successive kings of England, about the year 900. This was a kind of treaty between those monarchs, which may be found at large among the Anglo-Saxon laws. As Guthrun was a pagan, it was necessary to provide for the subsistence of the Christian clergy under his dominion; and accordingly we find the payment of tithes not only enjoined, but a penalty added upon non-observance. This law was seconded by the laws of Athelstan, about the year 930.
TITHING (Tithinga, from the Saxon, Theothunge, i.e. Decuria), a number or company of ten men, with their families, knit together in a kind of society, and all bound to the king for the peaceable behaviour of each other. Anciently no man was suffered to abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in some tithing. One of the principal inhabitants of the tithing was annually appointed to preside over the rest, being called the tithing· mum, the head-borough, and in some countries the borseholder, or borough’s calder, being supposed the discreetest man in the borough, town, or tithing. The distribution of England into tithings and hundreds is ascribed to King Alfred.
TITLE, an appellation of dignity or rank given to princes and persons of distinction. Titles were not so common among the ancient Greeks or Romans as they are in modem times. Till the reign of Constantine, the title of Illustrious was never given except to those who were distinguished in arms or letters; but at length it became hereditary in the families of princes, and every son of a prince was illustrious. The title of Highness was formerly given only to kings. The kings of England before the reign of Henry VIII. were addressed by the title of your Grace. That monarch first assumed the title of Highness, and afterwards that of Majesty. The title of majesty was first given him by Francis I. in their interview in 1520. Charles V. was the first king of Spain who assumed the same title. Princes, nobles, and clergy, generally have one title derived from their territories and estates, and another derived from their rank, or from some other remarkable circumstance. The pope has the title of Holiness. A cardinal is saluted by the name of Eminent, or most Emittent. An archbishop, besides being named from his diocese, is called his Grace and most Reverend. A bishop is also distinguished by the name of his diocese, and has the title of hit Lordship and right Reverend. Inferior clergymen are denominated Reverend.
TITULAR denotes a person invested with a title, in virtue of which he holds an office or benefice, whether he performs its functions or not.
TITUS VESPASIANUS, the Roman emperor, the son of Vespasian; of whom it is related, that not being able to recollect any good action which he had done on a certain day, he exclaimed, “I have lost a day !” He might truly be called the father of his people; and though Rome laboured under various public calamities during his reign, such was his equitable and mild administration, that he constantly preserved his popularity. He was a great lover of learning, and composed several poems. He reigned but two years; and it is thought Domitian, his brother, poisoned him, a. D. 81, aged forty-one.
TIVERTON, a town of the hundred of the same name, in the county of Devon, 163 miles from London. It stands on the river Exe, where the Leman joins that stream, and by the two the town is nearly surrounded. They are rapid streams, and well calculated for turning large machinery. The town was much enriched by its woollen trade; and since that has been on the decline, powerful engines have been framed for making lace, a trade that is carried on to a vast extent at present. There is a school founded by Richard Blundell, who was a clothier of this town, of great celebrity. It has four exhibitions or scholarships at Oxford, and the same number at Cambridge. The school-house is a very fine pile of building. Tiverton is a place of great antiquity, has been long incorporated, and now elects two members to the House of Commons. For municipal purposes, the town is divided into three wards, and is governed by a mayor, six aldermen, and seventeen councillors. There are markets on Tuesday and Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 8651, and in 1831 to 9766.
TIVOKEA, a low sandy island in the South Pacific Ocean, of an elliptical form, and eighteen miles in its longest diameter. Long. 144. 56. W. Lat. 14. 28. S.
TIVOLI, a city of the papal dominions, the capital of a district of the same name, on the river Teverone, on the side of a hill. It is the seat of a bishop, has a fine market-place, a cathedral, ten parish and fourteen conventual churches, with 5550 inhabitants, but is an old and ill-built place. It is, however, much visited on account of the cascades of the Teverone, which present most exciting groups of objects. Near to it are the remains of the consular road, the remains of the Villa Adriana, the ruins of the gate of the villa of Maecenas, and those of the house of Quintilius Varus, with the temple of Vesta and the grotto of Neptune. Long. 13. 11. E. Lat. 41. 57. 49. N.
TIZE, a seaport of Persia, in the province of Mekran, once important, but now reduced to a miserable village of fifty or sixty huts. It is ten miles south from Churbar.
TJIDANEE, or Tangerang, a river of the island of Java, which runs a northerly course, and falls into the Java Sea in the bay of Bantam.
TOBAGO, the most southerly of the Carribbee Islands, lies in 60° 30' west longitude, and 11° 16' north latitude. It is about twenty-two miles long, and from four to nine miles broad. This island was discovered by Columbus in 1496, and received its name from the herb which was smoked by the inhabitants. Sir Robert Dudley visited it in 1580; and in 1608 James I. claimed its sovereignty, though no effectual attempts were then made to colonize it. In 1628 Charles I. made a grant of the isle to the earl of Pembroke; but it continued almost deserted till 1632, when [7:21:320]some merchants of Zealand sent over 200 emigrants, and founded a colony, to which they gave the name of New Walcheren; but before they were able thoroughly to establish themselves, they were attacked by the Spaniards of Trinidad, aided by the Indians, and the colony was utterly destroyed. Tobago remained deserted till 1654, when two opulent merchants of Flushing, named Lampsin, again colonized it, and raised it to be one of the most thriving commercial emporiums in the West Indies. About the same time the duke of Courland, to whom James I. had given a grant of the island, carried about a hundred families from Courland, and settled them on one of the most beautiful parts of the island, which was named after the founder. The island experienced various vicissitudes till it was taken by the British in 1793, in whose possession it has continued ever since.

Tobago consists of a mass of rocks, the highest part of which is towards the north-eastern extremity, where it rises to about 900 feet; it gradually descends towards the south-west, with small and delightful valleys interspersed. It is well cultivated where the rocks are not too steep. It has several good harbours, chiefly on the northern coast. The climate is considered unhealthy, the average mortality of the white troops having been ascertained to be at the rate of fifteen per cent. annually. The principal town is Scarborough, which is situated at the sea-shore, on the south coast.

By the census of 1835, the population consisted of,—

Males. Females. Total. Whites 250 30 280

Free coloured and blacks ... 3,000

Apprenticed labourers 4,515 5,290 9,805

13,085

The experts of Tobago amounted in 1836 to L.196,974, of which L.166,333 were for sugar and molasses, and L.29,960 for rum; thus showing that the sugar-cane produces almost the sole exportable commodities of the island. The imports during the same period amounted to L.73,947, consisting chiefly of wood and lumber, fish, corn, and British manufactures.

In 1836 there were four free schools in the island, with 347 scholars; and four private schools, one of which is connected with the Moravians, and two with the Methodists. The local legislature consists of the lieutenant-governor, a legislative council of nine, and a house of assembly of sixteen members.
TOBERMORY. See Mull.
TOBOL, a considerable river of Asiatic Russia, which has its rise near the northern extremity of the Oural Mountains. It joins the Irtysch near Tobolsk, after a course of nearly 400 miles. Its shores are generally flat, and liable to inundation. Its upper course is traversed by wandering bands of Tartars, but in its lower course the country is more cultivated.
TOBOSA, a town, or rather a large village, of Spain, in the province of La Mancha and the partido de Infantes. It stands on the great road from the province to Madrid, and contains about 2200 inhabitants; and is only remarkable from being the supposed residence of the imaginary Dulcinea of Don Quixote.
TOCAT, or Tokat, a large and commercial city of Asia Minor, in the pachalic of Sivas. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, and is situated in a deep valley on the banks of the Jekil Irmak, the ancient Iris. The streets, though steep, from the unevenness of the ground, are well paved. Several manufactures are carried on in the place, namely, of vessels of copper, kettles, candlesticks, with which it supplies the neighbouring provinces; also of blue morocco and silk stuffs. It is a commercial mart of some note to and from all parts of Asia Minor. The population, amounting, according to Kinneir, to 60,000, consists chiefly of Turks, a considerable number of Armenians, who have seven churches, and a few Greeks, who have only one church. The trade is carried on by means of caravans, which arrive in eighteen days from Diarbekir, in six from Sinope, in twenty from Boursa, and in twenty-seven from Smyrna. Tocat is the ancient Berisa. Forty miles north-west of Sivas. Long. 36. 30. E. Lat. 39. 35. N.
TOCCATA (Ital.), an old-fashioned piece of music of considerable difficulty, generally written for the harpsichord or the organ, but sometimes for the violin. Clementi’s modern toccata for the pianoforte is an admirable study for that instrument.
TOCKENBURG, a long and narrow valley of the canton of St Gall, in Switzerland. The length of this valley is thirty-six miles; and through the whole of it the river Thur rushes with impetuous force, from its source on the western side of the Sentis, to its entrance into the Rhine at Elken, in the canton of Zurich. A range of lofty and picturesque mountains, forming a rampart round this valley, separates it from the Rhinthal and the lake of Wallenstadt. the valley contains 50,000 inhabitants, who adhere to the reformed religion. The weaving of linen forms one part of their occupation. The chief place is the small town of Lichtenseig.
TODDINGTON, a town of the county of Bedford, in the hundred of Mamshead, thirty-seven miles from London and four from Dunstable. It had formerly a market, but it has gradually declined, and at length disappeared; but the town still has four well-attended annual fairs. The population amounted in 1801 to 1143, in 1811 to 1182, in 1821 to 1665, and in 1831 to 1926.
TOGA, in Roman antiquity, a wide woollen gown or mantle, which seems to have been of a semicircular form, without sleeves; differing both in richness and largeness, according to the circumstances of the wearer, and used only upon occasion of appearing in public. Every body knows that the toga was the distinguishing mark of a Roman. Hence the jus togae, or privilege of a Roman citizen, i.e. the right of wearing a Roman habit, and of taking, as they explain it, fire and water through the Roman empire.
TOKA, a town of some consequence, in Hindustan, province of Aurungabad. Long. 75. 10. E. Lat. 19. 25. N.
TOKAY, or T okai, a town of the Austrian kingdom of

Hungary, in the division of Semplin. It is situated on the river Theiss, at the point where the waters of the Bodrog fall into that stream. It was once considered an important military post; and was then the great store-cellar of the wine of Prince Bagotzky. Tokay contains 3200 inhabitants, of the Lutheran, Calvinistic, and Catholic confessions, each of which has its church. From this town the celebrated wine produced in the vicinity has received its name in most parts of Europe, though at home, ever since 1741, it is more commonly denominated Theresienberg, from the name of a hilly district. The best is produced on the hills of Mada, Tarckzal, and Zomba, which are connected with the Carpathian range of mountains. The whole quantity of this wine which is yearly produced does not on an average amount to more than 110,000 cimers, a measure equal to twenty English gallons.
TOKEN Besseys, a cluster of very small isles situated off the east coast of the island of Booton. Long. 123. 35. E. Lat. 5. 40. S. These islands are all connected by narrow straits, between which run very rapid currents, that render the navigation dangerous.
TOLAND, J ohn, a well-known writer, was born near Londonderry, in Ireland, in 1670, and educated in the Popish religion, but at sixteen years of age embraced the principles of the Protestants. He studied three years in the university of Glasgow; took the degree of A. M. in that of Edinburgh; and afterwards completed his studies at Leyden, where he resided two years. He then went to Oxford, where, having the advantage of the public library, he collected materials upon various subjects, and composed some pieces; among which was, a dissertation to prove the received history of the tragical death of Atilius Regulus, the Roman consul, to be a fable. He began likewise a work of greater consequence, in which he undertook to show that there are no mysteries in the Christian religion. He published it in 1696, at London, under the title of Christianity not Mysterious. This book gave great offence, and was attacked by several writers. He afterwards wrote in favour of the Hanoverian succession, and many other pieces. In 1707 he went into Germany, where he visited several courts; and in 1710 he was introduced to Prince Eugene, who bestowed upon him several marks of his generosity. Upon his return to England, he was for some time supported by the liberality of the earl of Oxford, lord-treasurer, and kept a country house at Epsom; but soon losing his lordship’s favour, he published several pamphlets against that minister’s measures. During the last four years of his life he lived at Putney, but used to spend most part of the winter in the metropolis. He died at London in 1722. He was a man of uncommon abilities, published a number of curious tracts, and was perhaps the most learned of all the infidel writers; but his private character was far from being an amiable one, for he was extremely vain, and wanted those social virtues which are the chief ornaments as well as duties of life. Four years after his death, appeared “A Collection of several Pieces of Mr John Toland, now first published from his original manuscripts: with some memoirs of his life and writings.” Lond. 1726, 2 vols. 8vo. The memoirs were written by Des Maizeaux. The first volume includes a History of the Druids, extending to 228 pages.
TOLLO, or Tolour Bay, a great bay on the east coast of the island of Celebes, very broad at the entrance.
TOLOUR Isle, the largest of the Salibabo Isles, named Kercolang by Captain Hunter. It is a well-cultivated and populous island. The inhabitants are chiefly Mahomme [7:21:324]dans, who exhibit a considerable degree of cultivation. It is fertile, every part being covered with trees and verdure. It is about eighty or a hundred miles in circumference, and lies between the 4th and 5th degrees of north lat. and about 126. 30. east long.
TOLSTONOSKOI, a fort of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, on the Yenisei, 280 miles northnorth-west of Turuchansk.
TOMBUCTOO. See Timbuctoo.
TOMINIE Bar, a bay which deeply indents the north-east quarter of the island of Celebes, and abounds with small rocky islets and rocky shoals. It is often called Gonong Teliu Bay.
TOMOGUY, a small island in the Eastern Seas, about two miles round. Long. 127. 4. E. Lat. 0. 15. S.
TOMPION, a sort of bung or cork used to stop the mouth of a cannon. At sea this is carefully encircled with tallow or putty, to prevent the penetration of the water into the bore, whereby the powder contained in the chamber might be damaged or rendered incapable of service.
TOMSK, a large city, capital of an extensive district in Asiatic Russia. It is situated on the Tom, about twenty-five miles from its junction with the Obi. Like most of the Siberian cities, it was originally a small wooden fort; but being consumed by fire, it was rebuilt on a larger scale in 1648. It is built on remarkably irregular and broken ground; especially the old part of the town, where the streets are narrow and winding, and the houses out of all line or order. But the town being built mostly of wood, and liable to frequent fires, an opportunity was given of erecting houses and streets on a regular plan. Within the circuit of the Kremlin, a fortress constructed in the seventeenth century, and now almost entirely in ruins, are the cathedral church, the tribunals, the treasury, with the magazine of furs collected as tribute. In the other part of the city is the church of the resurrection, the principal edifice; and there are two convents, the one of monks, the other of nuns. The place is very advantageously situated for commerce, by which the inhabitants chiefly subsist, being on the great line of rivers which connects Tobolsk with the Chinese frontier and the eastern parts of Siberia. It is also the centre of the trade in spirits, which are brought thither from the distilleries on the Tobol and the Iset, and thence distributed to the countries eastward. The inhabitants are not so civilized as those of Tobolsk and Irkoutsk, and they are much addicted to intoxication. Pallas mentions that, prevalent as this vice is in Siberia, he never saw any town where it was so common as at Tomsk. The population, amounting to upwards of 11,000, consist, besides Russians, of a great number of Tartar, Bucharian, and Kalmuck merchants. Tomsk has been erected into the capital of a government, which comprehends a great part of the countries situated on the Obi, and most of those on the Yenisei. Long. 84. 10. E. Lat. 56. 80. N.
TONDI, a seaport town in the south of India, province of the Carnatic, district of Mara was. Long. 76. 5. E. Lat. 9. 43. N.
TONE, in Music. See Music.
TONG, a city of China, of the second rank, in Pe-che-lee, on the river Peiho, ten miles east of Pekin. Long. 116. 20. E. Lat. 40. 56. N.
TONGA Islands. See Friendly Islands .
TONGATABOO Island, one of the Friendly Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, about sixty miles in circuit. It was first discovered by Tasman. Long, of the middle of the island 175. W. Lat. 21. 11. S.
TONG-GIN, a city of China, of the first rank, on the borders of Houquang, in the environs of which are mines of gold and silver. 850 miles south-south-west of Pekin. Long. 106. 37. E. Lat. 27. 39. N.
TONGHO, a celebrated fortress and capital of a district of the same name in the Birman empire. The district is situated about the nineteenth degree of north latitude, and the ninety-eighth degree of east longitude. It is fertile and extensive, and constitutes the principality of one of the king’s sons. The town is built of wood, and is surrounded by a deep ditch and a stockade. Long. 96. 49. E. Lat. 18. 50. N.
TONG-TCHANG, a city of China, of the first rank, on the grand canal. It carries on an extensive trade in grain and fruits. It is 212 miles south of Pekin. Long. 115. ‘10. E. Lat. 86. 34. N.
TONG-TCHOUEN, a city of China, of the first rank, in Sechuen, strongly fortified, being on the Tartar frontier. Long. 103. 2. E. Lat. 26. 20. N.
TONK RAMPOORAH, a rajpoot town, in the province of Ajmeer, sixty miles south by east of Jyenagur. Long. 75. 68. E. Lat. 26. 7. N.
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TONNAGE and Poundage, an ancient duty on wine and other goods, the origin of which seems to have been this. About the 2lst of Edward III. complaint was made that merchants were robbed and murdered on the seas. The king thereupon, with the consent of the peers, levied a duty of 2s. on every ton of wine, and 12d. in the pound on all goods imported; which was treated as illegal by the commons. About twenty-five years after, the king, when the knights of shires were returned home, obtained a like grant from the citizens and burgesses, and the year after it was regularly granted in parliament. These duties were sometimes diminished and sometimes increased; at length they seem to have been fixed at 3s. tonnage and 1s. poundage. They were at first usually granted only for a stated term of years, as, for two years in 5 Ric. IL; but in Henry VI.’s time they were granted him for life by a statute in the 3lst year of his reign; and again to Edward IV. for the term of his life also: since which time they were regularly granted to all his successors for life, sometimes at the first, sometimes at other subsequent parliaments, till the reign of Charles I., when, as Clarendon expresses it, his ministers were not sufficiently solicitous for a renewal of the legal grant. And yet these imposts were imprudently and unconstitutionally levied and taken, without consent of parliament, for fifteen years together; which was one of the causes of those unhappy discontents. The king found it expedient to pass an act, whereby he renounced all power in the crown of levying the duty of tonnage and poundage, without the express consent of parliament; and also all power of imposition upon any merchandises whatever. Upon the restoration, this duty was granted to King Charles II. for life, and so it was to his two immediate successors; but by three several statutes, 9 Ann. c. 6, 1 Geo. I. c. 12, and 3 Geo. I c. 7, it is made perpetual, and mortgaged for the debt of the public.
TONNEINS, a city of France, in the department of the Lot and the Garonne, and in the arrondissement of Mar-mande. It is on a fertile plain on the right bank of the Garonne, along which its broad well-built streets extend to a great length. The inhabitants amounted in 1836 to 6494. They cultivate much tobacco and hemp, but the city has now very few manufactures.