pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ABUNDANT Number, in Arithmetic, is a number, the [7:2:48]sum of whose aliquot parts is greater than the number itself. Thus, the aliquot parts of 12 being 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, they make, when added together, 16. An abundant number is opposed to a deficient number, or that which is greater than all its aliquot parts taken together; as 14, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, and 7, which makes no more than 10; and to a perfect number, or one to which its aliquot parts are equal, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, and 3.
ABUNDANTIA, a heathen divinity, represented in ancient monuments under the figure of a woman with a pleasing aspect, crowned with garlands of flowers, pouring all sorts of fruits out of a horn which she holds in her right hand, and scattering grain with her left, taken promiscuously from a sheaf of corn. On a medal of Trajan she is represented with two cornucopiae.
ABUS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Britain, now the Humber.
ABUSAID, Ebn Aljaptu, sultan of the Moguls, succeeded his father anno 717 of the Hegira. He was the last monarch of the race of Jenghis Khan, who held the undivided empire of the Moguls; for after his death, which happened the same year that Tamerlane was born, it became a scene of blood and desolation, and was broken into' separate sovereignties.
ABÛSIR, a town of Egypt, twelve hours to the west of Alexandria. It is in a ruinous condition, with remains of an ancient temple, and many scattered vestiges of former extent and population.
ABUSUMBOL, or Ebsambul, or Ipsambul, a town on the Nile, in Nubia, to the south of the island of Kogos, in Lat. 22. 20. 11. N. and Long. 31. 40. 57. E. About twenty feet above the river is a temple hewn out of the perpendicular face of the rock. At the entrance are six colossal figures of young persons, in bas-relief, and the space between them filled with hieroglyphics which denote a very high antiquity.
ABU-TEMAN, an Arabian poet, of whom, though but little can be said, it would be improper altogether to omit, because he was held to be the prince of Arabian poets, during the best periods of Arabian literature. He was born about the year 787; and, happily for him, under sovereigns whose love and patronage of literature made poetical eminence an unfailing road to wealth and honour. Part of his early life was passed in Egypt, in the servile capacity of administering drink to those who frequented a mosque. It is also said, that he was for some time employed in the trade of a weaver at Damascus. But his talents for poetry soon lifted him from this humble sphere, and removed him to Bagdad, where the caliphs loaded him with presents, and treated him with the greatest respect. If we are to believe the Arabian historians, a single poem sometimes procured for him many thousand pieces of gold. So highly was he esteemed by his countrymen, that it was said “no one could ever die whose name had been praised in the verses of Abu-Teman !” His own life was very short, for he died in his fortieth year; “the .ardour of his mind,” says one of his contemporaries, “having wasted his body, as the blade of an Indian scimitar destroys its scabbard.” Besides being a great original poet, he was the compiler of three collections of select pieces of the poetry of the East; the most esteemed of which collections is that called the Hamasa. Sir William Jones speaks of it as a very valuable compilation. Many of the elegant specimens of Arabian poetry contained in Professor Carlyle’s well-known work, were translated from pieces contained in this miscellany. A large portion of it, with a Latin version, was annexed by Schultens to his edition of Erpenius’s Arabic Grammar, published at Leyden in 1748; and there are also many extracts from it in the collection entitled Anthologia Arabica, published at Jena in 1774.
ABUTILON, in Botany, the trivial name of several species of the sida.
ABUZOW, a town of Russia, in the circle of Sergatsch, and government of Rishegorod.
ABYDOS, in Ancient Geography, anciently a town built by the Milesians, in Asia, on the Hellespont, where it is scarce a mile broad, opposite to Sestos, on the European side. It was famous for Xerxes’s bridge, and for the loves of Leander and Hero (Musaeus, Ovid); celebrated also for its oysters (Ennius, VirgiD. The old castle of the Dardanelles, built by the Turks, lies a little southward of Sestos and Abydos.
ABYDUS, in Ancient Geography, an inland town of Egypt, between Ptolemais and Diospolis Parva, famous for the palace of Memnon and the temple of Osiris.
ABYLA (Ptolemy, Mela), one of Hercules’s pillars, on the African side, called by the Spaniards Sierra de las Monas, opposite to Calpe in Spain, the other pillar; supposed to have been formerly joined, but separated by Hercules, and thus to have given entrance to the sea now called the Mediterranean ; the limits of the labours of Hercules. (Pliny.)
ABYSS, in a general sense, denotes something profound, and, as it were, bottomless. The word is originally Greek, αζυσσος; compounded of the privative α, and βυσσος, q. d. without a bottom.

Abyss, in a more particular sense, denotes a deep mass or fund of waters. In this sense, the word is particularly used in the Septuagint, for the water which God created at the beginning with the φrth, which encompassed it round, and which our translators render by deep. Thus it is that darkness is said to have been on the face of the abyss.

Abyss is also used for an immense cavern in the earth, in which God is supposed to have collected all those waters on the third day: which, in our version, is rendered the seas, and elsewhere the great deep. Dr Woodward, in his Natural History of the Earth, asserts, that there is a mighty collection of waters inclosed in the bowels of the earth, constituting a huge orb in the interior or central parts of it; and over the surface of this water he supposes <he terrestrial strata to be expanded. This, according to him, is what Moses calls the great deep, and what most authors render the great abyss. — The different arguments concerning this subject may be seen collected and amplified in Cockburn’s Inquiry into the Truth and Certainty of the Mosaic Deluge, p. 271, &c.

Abyss is also used in Heraldry to denote the centre of an escutcheon. In which sense a thing is said to be borne in abyss, en abysme, when placed in the middle of the shield, clear from any other bearing: He bears azure, a fleur-de-lis, in abyss.
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ACA, Ace, or Acon, in Ancient Geography, a town of Phoenicia, on the Mediterranean; afterwards called Ptolemais ; now Acre.
ACACALOTI, the Brazilian name of a bird called by some corvus aquaticus, or the water raven: properly, the pelicanus carbo, or corvorant.
ACACIANS, in ecclesiastical history, the name of several sects of heretics; some of which maintained, that the Son was only a similar, not the same, substance with the Father; and others, that he was not only a distinct but a dissimilar substance. Two of these sects had their denominations from Acacius, bishop of Caesarea, who lived in the fourth century, and changed his opinions so as, at different times, to be head of both. Another was named from Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, who lived in the close of the fifth century.
ACACIUS, surnamed Luscus, because he was blind of one eye, was bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, and succeeded the famous Eusebius: he had a great share in the banishment of Pope Liberius, and bringing Felix to the see of Rome. He gave name to a sect, and died about the year 365. He wrote the life of Eusebius, which is lost, and several other works.

Acacius, Saint, bishop of Amida in Mesopotamia, in 420, was distinguished by his piety and charity. He sold the plate belonging to his church, to redeem seven thousand Persian slaves who were perishing with hunger. He gave each of them some money and sent them home. Veranius, their king, was so affected with this noble instance of benevolence, that he desired to see the bishop; and this interview procured a peace between that prince and Theodosius I.

There have been several other eminent persons of the same name; particularly, a martyr under the Emperor Decius; a patriarch of Antioch, who succeeded Basil in 458, and died in 459; a bishop of Miletum in the fifth century; a famous rhetorician in the reign of the Emperor Julian; and a patriarch of Constantinople in the fifth century, who was ambitious to draw the whole power and authority of Rome by degrees to Constantinople, for which he was excommunicated by Pope Felix II. He in his turn passed sentence of excommunication against the pope. Still, however, he held his patriarchate till his death in 488.
ACAD, or Achad, in Ancient Geography, the town in which Nimrod reigned, called Archad by the Seventy; situated in Babylonia, to the eastward of the Tigris.
ACADEMICS, or Academists, a denomination given to the cultivators of a species of philosophy originally derived from Socrates, and afterwards illustrated and enforced by Plato, who taught in a grove near Athens, consecrated to the memory of Academus, an Athenian hero; from which circumstance this philosophy received the name of Academical. Before the days of Plato, philosophy had in a great measure fallen into contempt. The contradictory systems and hypotheses which had successively been advanced were become so numerous, that, from a view of this inconstancy and uncertainty of human opinions, many were led to conclude, that truth lay beyond the reach of our comprehension. Absolute and universal scepticism was the natural consequence of this conclusion. In order to remedy this abuse of philosophy and of the human faculties, Plato laid hold of the principles of the academical philosophy; and, in his Phaedo, reasons in the following manner: “If we are unable to discover truth,” says he, “it must be owing to two circumstances: either there is no truth in the nature of things; or the mind, from a defect in its powers, is not able to apprehend it. Upon the latter supposition, all the uncertainty and fluctuation in the opinions and judgments of mankind admit of an easy solution: Let us therefore be modest, and ascribe our errors to the real weakness of our own minds, and not to the nature of things themselves. Truth is often difficult of access: in order to come at it, we must proceed with caution and diffidence, carefully examining every step; and, after all our labour, we will frequently find our greatest efforts disappointed, and be obliged to confess our ignorance and weakness.”

Labour and caution in the researches, in opposition to rash and hasty decisions, were the distinguishing characteristics of the disciples of the ancient academy. A philosopher possessed of these principles will be slow in his progress, but will seldom fall into errors, or have occasion to alter his opinion after it is once formed. In his essay on the academical or sceptical philosophy, Mr Hume has confounded two very opposite species of philosophy. After the days of Plato,’ the principles of the first academy were grossly corrupted by Arcesilaus, Carneades, &c. This might lead Mr Hume into the notion, that the academical and sceptical philosophy were synonymous terms. But no principles can be of a more opposite nature than those which were inculcated by the old academy of Socrates and Plato, and the sceptical notions which were propagated by Arcesilaus, Carneades, and the other disciples of the new academical school.
ACADIE, or AĆAny, in Geography, a name formerly given to Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, in America.
ACAENA, in antiquity, a Grecian measure of length, being a ten feet rod, us⅛d’in measuring their lands.
ACAMANTIS, the ancient name of the island of Cyprus, taken from one of its promontories situated to the west, and called Acamas. Teos in Ionia was also called thus from Acamas the founder.
ACAMAS, son of Theseus, followed the rest of the Grecian princes to the siege of Troy; and was deputed, with Diomedes, to the Trojans, in order to get Helen restored. Laodice, Priam’s daughter, fell in love with, and had a son by him, called Munitus. He was one of the heroes who concealed themselves in the wooden horse. One of the tribes of Athens was called Acamantides from him, by the appointment of the oracle; and he founded a city in Phrygia Major, called Acamantium. Homer mentions two other heroes of this name: one a Thracian prince, who came to succour Priam; another a son of Antenor.
ACANGIS, that is, Ravti/jers or Adventurers ; a name which the Turks give their hussars or light troops, who are generally sent out in ‘detachments to procure intelligence, harass the enemy 1 ,‘ or ravage the country.
ACANTHA, in Rotany, the prickle of any plant: in Zoology, a term for the spine or prickly fins of fishes.
ACANTHABOLUS, ¾ι Surgery, an instrument for pulling thorns, or the like, out of the skin.
ACANTHINE, any thing resembling or belonging to the herb acanthus. Ac⅛Jithme garments, among the ancients, are said to be made^0f the down of thistles; others think they were garments embroidered in imitation of the acanthus.
ACANTHROPTE ĭtYGIOUS Fishes, a term used by Linnaeus and others for those fishes whose back fins are hard, osseous, and prickly.
ACANTHUS, in Architecture, an ornament representing the leaves of the Acanthus, used in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders.
ACAPALA, or Acapula, a town in the province of Chiapa, in New Spain, which is situated on Tabasco river, about five leagues north-west from Chiapa.
ACAPAM, a town of Asia, on the Euxine Sca.
ACAPULCO, a considerable town and port in Mexico on a bay of the South Sea, distant from the city of Mexico south-east 210 miles. It has a remarkably fine harbour, from whence a ship annually sails to Manilla in the Philippine islands in Asia; and another returns annually from thence with all the treasures of the East Indies, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and other precious stones; the rich carpets of Persia; the camphire of Borneo; the benjamin and ivory of Pegu and Cambodia; the silks, muslins, and calicoes, of the Mogul’s country; the gold dust, tea, china ware, silk, and cabinets, of China and Japan; besides cinnamon, cloves, mace, nutmegs, and pepper; insomuch that this single ship contains more riches than many whole fleets. The goods brought to Acapulco are carried to the city of Mexico by mules and pack-horses. Acapulco is but a small place, containing about 4000 inhabitants, mostly people of colour; who are increased to 9000 by the resort of strangers to the annual fair, held when the Manilla galleon arrives. A wretched fort, with 31 pieces of cannon, defends the harbour, which is equally extensive, safe, and commodious. The basin which constitutes this harbour is surrounded by lofty mountains, which are so dry that they are even destitute of water. The air here is hot, heavy, and unwholesome; to which none can habituate themselves except certain negroes that are born under a similar climate, or some mulattoes. Upon the arrival of the galleons, traders flock hither from all the provinces of Mexico The value of. the precious metals exported in the galleon amounts in general to about L.200,000 or L.250,000, the value of the goods to about L.300,000 or L.400,000, according to Humboldt. Long. 99. 46. W. Lat. 16. 50. N.
ACARAI, a town of Paraguay in South America, built by the Jesuits in 1624.
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ACARAUNA, a small American fish, called by our sailors the old wife.
ACARNANIA, a country of Free Greece, or Greece Proper, bounded on the north by the Sinus Ambracius, and separated from Aetolia by the river Achelous on the east, and on the west by the Ionian Sea. This country was famous for an excellent breed of horses; so that Azasνανικjος 'ι<κπος is a proverbial saying for any thing excellent in its kind. It now forms the western part of Livadia.
ACARON, or Accaron, a town of Palestine, called Ekron in Scripture. It was the boundary of the Philistines to the north; stood at some distance from the sea, near Bethshemesh; and was famous for the idol of Baal-zebub.
ACASTUS, in classic history, the son of Pelias, king of Thessaly, and one of the most famous hunters of the time, married Hippolita, who falling desperately in love with Peleus her son-in-law, and he refusing to gratify her wishes, she accused him to her husband of a rape; on which he slew them both.
ACATALECTIC, a term in ancient poetry for such verses as have all their feet or syllables, in contradistinction to those that have a syllable too few. The first verse of the two following from Horace is acatalectic or complete, the last catalectic or deficient.
Solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favonî,
Trahuntque siccas machinae carinas.
ACATALEPSY signifies the impossibility of comprehending something. The distinguishing tenet of the Pyrrhonists was their asserting an absolute acatalepsy in regard to every thing.
ACATERY, or AcCatry, anciently an officer of the king’s household, designed for a check betwixt the clerks of the kitchen and the purveyors.
ACATHARSIA, m’Medicine, an impurity of the blood or humours.
ACATHISTUS, the name of a solemn hymn or vigil, anciently sung in the Greek church on the Saturday of the fifth week of Lent, in honour of the Virgin, for having thrice delivered Constantinople from the invasions of the barbarous nations. It was denominated ακα∂ιστος, i. e. without sitting, because, in the celebration of the praises of the Virgin, the people stood all night singing.
ACATIUM, in Ancient Navigation, a kind of boat or pinnace used for military purposes. The acatium was a species of those vessels called naves actuariae, i. e. such as were wrought with oars. It was sometimes made use of in battle. Strabo describes it as a privateer or pirate sloop, and Suidas as a fishing vessel.
ACAULIS, in Potany, a term applied to certain plants, the flowers of which have no pedicle or stalk to support them, but rest immediately on the ground, such as the carline thistle, &c.
ACCA, Saint, bishop of Hagustaldt, or Hexham, in Northumberland, succeeded Wilfrid in that see in 709. He ornamented his cathedral in a most magnificent manner; furnished it with plate and holy vestments; and erected a noble library, consisting chiefly of ecclesiastical learning, and a large collection of the lives of the saints, which he was at great pains to procure. He was accounted a very able divine, and was famous for his skill in church music. He wrote several books', particularly Passiones Sanctorum, and Pro illustrandis Scripturis, ad Pedam. He died in 740, having enjoyed the see of Hexham 31 years, under Egbert king of the Northumbrians.
ACCALIA, in Roman antiquity, solemn festivals held in honour of Acca Laurentia, Romulus’s nurse: they were otherwise called Lauf ent alia.
ACCAPITARE, in Law, the act of becoming vassal of a lord, or of yielding him homage and obedience. Hence,
ACCAPITUM signifies the money paid by a vassal upon his admission to a feu.

Accapitum, in our Ancient Law, was used also to express the relief or fee payable on the entry of an heir to the chief lord.
ACCEDAS ad curiam, in English Law, a writ used where a man has received, or fears, false judgment in an inferior court. It lies also for justice delayed, and is a species of the writ Recordare.
ACCENDENTES, a lower order of ministers in the Romish church, whose office is to light and trim the candles.
ACCENDONES, in Roman antiquity, a kind of gladiators, whose office was to excite and animate the combatants during the engagement. The orthography of the word is contested: the first edition of Tertullian, by Rhenanus, has it accedones ; an ancient manuscript, accendones. Aquinas adheres to the former, Pitiscus to the latter. The origin of the word, supposing it accendones, is from accendo, I kindle; supposing it accedones, from accedo, I accede, am added to. The former places their distinguishing character in enlivening the combat by their exhortations and suggestions: the latter supposes them to be much the same with what among us are called seconds, among the Italians, patroni; excepting that these latter only stand by to see the laws of the sword duly observed, without intermeddling to give advice or instruction.
ACCENSI, in the Roman armies, certain supernumerary soldiers, designed to supply the place of those who should be killed or anywise disabled. They were thus denominated, quia accensebantur, or ad censum adjiciebantur. Vegetius calls them supernumerarii legionum. Cato calls them ferentarii, in regard they furnished those engaged in battle with weapons, drink, &c. Nonnius suggests another reason of that appellation, viz. because they fought with stones, slings, and weapons, quae feruntur, such as are thrown, not carried in the hand. They were sometimes also called velites, and velati, because they fought clothed, but not in armour; sometimes adscriptitii, and adscriptivi ; sometimes rorarii. The accensi, Livy observes, were placed in the rear of the army, because little was expected from them: they were taken out of the fifth class of citizens.

Accensi, in antiquity, denotes aŉ inferior order of officers, appointed to attend the Roman magistrates, somewhat in the manner of ushers, serjeants, or tipstaves among us. They were thus called from accire, to send for; one part of their office being to call assemblies of the people, summon parties to appear and answer before the judges, &c.

Accensi was also an appellation given to a kind of adjutants, appointed by the tribune to assist each centurion and decurion; in which sense accensus is synonymous with optio. In an ancient inscription, given by Torre, we meet with Accensus Equitum Romanorum ; an office nowhere else heard of. That author suspects it for a corruption; and instead thereof reads, A Censibus.
ACCENSION, the action of setting a body on fire: thus the accension of tinder is effected by striking fire with flint and steel.
ACCEPTER, or Acceptor, the person who accepts a bill of exchange, &c.
ACCEPTILATION, among civilians, an acquittance or discharge given by the creditor to the debtor without the payment of any value.
ACCESSION, in Law, is a method of acquiring property, by which, in things that have a close connection or dependence upon one another, the property of the principal thing draws after it the property of the accessory: thus, the owner of a cow becomes likewise the owner of the calf. It sometimes likewise signifies consent or acquiescence.