pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATORY, a place destined for observing the heavenly bodies, being generally a building erected upon some eminence, covered with a terrace for making astronomical observations. There are many such buildings; but the more celebrated are, the Greenwich observatory, built in 1676, by order of Charles II. at the solicitation of Sir Jonas Moore and Sir Christopher Wren, and furnished with accurate instruments; the Paris observatory, built by the order of Louis XIV. in the fauxbourg St Jacques; and Tycho Brahe’s observatory, which was situated in the little island of Ween, between the coasts of Schonen and Zealand, in the Baltic. This last was erected and furnished with instruments at the expense of Tycho, and called by him Uraniburg. Here he spent twenty years in observing the stars, the result of which was his catalogue. Pekin observatory Le Compte describes as a magnificent establishment, having been erected and furnished at the intercession of some Jesuit missionaries, principally Verbeist. Of the observatory at Benares, Sir Robert Barker gives a very full account in the Philosophical Transactions (vol. lxvii. p. 598).
OBSERVATORY Island, or Padevoua, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, near the north-east coast of New Caledonia. Long. 165. 41. E. Lat. 20. 18. S.
OBSIDIONALIS, an epithet applied by the Romans to a sort of∙crown, conferred on those who had distinguished themselves in the attack of fortified places.
OBY, or Ouby, a small island in the Eastern Seas, fifty miles long, and from twelve to twenty broad. The sovereignty of this island is claimed by the sultan of Bachian, who has a pearl fishery on its coasts. On this island live many runaway slaves, who cultivate cloves, which they sell to the Buggesses. The Dutch have a small fort on the western side of the island. Long. 124.56. E. Lat. I. 36. S. Little Oby is a small island near the west coast of the above island. Long. 127. 12. E. Lat. I. 26. S.
OCANA, a town of Spain, in the province of Toledo, the capital of a partida of the same name, about'thirty miles to the south-east of Madrid. It stands on a fertile plain, and is surrounded with an ancient and now a dilapidated wall, the buildings bearing more marks of antiquity than of beauty. It has four churches and eleven religious houses, and is adorned with two fountains, one of them of great beauty. The actual population does not much exceed 5000 persons, and the only occupations, besides that of cultivating the surrounding land, consist in making soap, tanning leather, and making a few silk goods. This place has been rendered remarkable by the great battle fought there in November 1809, when the Spanish army of 50,000 was defeated and dispersed by a French force of considerably less than half that number.
OCCIDENT, in Geography, the westward quarter of the horizon, or that part of the horizon where the ecliptic, or the sun therein, descends into the lower hemisphere. It it used in contradistinction to orient. Hence the word occidental signifies any thing belonging to the west; as occidental bezoar, occidental pearl, and the like.

Occident Estival, that point of the horizon where the sun sets at midwinter, when entering the sign Capricon.

Occident Equinoctial, that point of the horizon where the sun sets when he crosses the equinoctial, or enters the sign of Aries or of Libra.
OCCIPITAL, in Anatomy, a term applied to the parts of the occiput, or posterior part of the skull.
OCCULT, something hidden, secret, or invisible. The occult sciences are magic, necromancy, and some others. Occult qualities, in philosophy, were those qualities of body or spirit which baffled the investigation of philosophers, and for which they were unable to give any reason. Unwilling, however, to acknowledge their ignorance, they deceived themselves and the vulgar by an empty title, calling what they did not know occult. Occult, in Geometry, is used to signify a line that’is scarcely perceptible, drawn with the point of the compasses or a leaden pencil. These lines are used in several operations, as the raising of plans, designs of building, and pieces of perspective; and they are to be effaced when the work is finished.
OCCULTATION, ∖r∖ Astronomy, the time during which a star or planet is hid from our sight, by the interposition of the body of the moon or some other planet.
OCCUPANCY, in Law, is the taking possession of those things which before belonged to nobody. This, according to Blackstone, is the true ground and foundation of all property, or of holding those things in severalty, which by the law of nature, unqualified by that of society, were common to all mankind.
OCEAN, the vast mass of salt water which encompasses all parts of the globe, and by means of which, in the present improved state of navigation, an easy intercourse subsists between places the most distant. The ocean is distinguished into three grand divisions; the Atlantic Ocean, which divides Europe and Africa from America, and is generally about three thousand miles wide; the Pacific Ocean, or South Sea, which divides America from Asia, and is generally about ten thousand miles over; and the Indian Ocean, which separates the East Indies from Africa, and is three thousand miles across. The other seas which are called oceans are only parts or branches of these, and usually receive their names from the countries which they border on. See Physical Geography.
OCEANIDES, in fabulous history, sea-nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from whom they received their names, and of the goddess Tethys or Thetis.
OCEANUS, in pagan mythology, the son of Coelus and Terra, the husband of Thetis, and the father of the rivers and fountains. The ancients called him the “father of all things,” imagining that he was produced by Humidity, which, according to Thales, was the first principle whence every thing was produced. Homer describes Juno as visiting him at the remotest limits of the earth, and acknowledging him and Thetis as the parents of the gods. He was represented with a bull’s head, as an emblem of the rage and bellowing of the ocean when agitated by storms or tempests.
OCELLUS the Lucanian, an ancient Greek philosopher of the school of Pythagoras, who lived before Plato. His work τrεp του ∏αντος, or the Universe, is the only production of his which has come down entire to us; it was written originally in the Doric dialect, but has been translated by another hand into the Attic. William Christian, and after him Louis Nogarola, translated this work into Latin; and there are several editions of it, both in Greek and in Latin.

OCHLOCRïACY, that form of government in which the populace have the chief administration of affairs.
OCHRIDA, a town of Greece, in the province of Albania, the capital of a district of the same name, which it has derived from a lake near it, known to the ancients as the Lychnidus. It is situated on the declivity of Mount Maniana Petrin, on the great road formerly leading from Pella to Dyracchium; and near to it runs the river Drino. The inhabitants are descended from a Bulgarian colony, and they adhere to the Greek church, of which religion there is an archbishop in this place. In the vicinity there are mines of sulphur and of silver, the working of which forms the chief occupation of the population, which amounts, to about 4500 persons.
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OCHUS, a king of Persia, and son of Artaxerxes. He was cruel and avaricious, and, in order to strengthen himself on his throne, murdered all his brothers and sisters. His subjects revolted; but he reduced them to obedience, and added Egypt to his other dominions. Bagoas, his favourite eunuch, poisoned him for the insults which be had offered to Apis, the god of the Egyptians, gave his flesh to be eaten by cats, and caused handles for knives to be made with his bones.
OCKLEY, Simon, an eminent orientalist, and professor of Arabic in Cambridge, was born at Exeter in 1678. He was educated at Cambridge, and distinguished himself by uncommon skill in the oriental languages. Having taken a degree in divinity, he was, in 1705, presented by Jesus College with the vicarage of Swavesey, and in 1711 he was chosen Arabic professor of the university. He had a large family, and his latter days were rendered unhappy by pecuniary embarrassments. He died in the year 1720. The principal works of Ockley are, 1. Introductio ad Linguas Orientales, a small volume; 2. The History of the Jews throughout the World, from the Italian of Leo Modena; 3. The Improvement of Human Reason, from the Arabic; 4. The History of the Saracens, in 2 vols. 8vo. This last work is justly valued for its accuracy and erudition.
OCKZAKOFF, or Oczakow, a city, once of great importance and much historical interest, in European Russia, belonging to the government of Cherson. It stood on the Black Sea, and, from its commanding the navigation of the rivers Bug and Dnieper, it was strongly fortified by the Turks, and considered as an important barrier against the advancing progress of the Russians in that portion of their territory. The citadel connected with the town was of prodigious strength, and surrounded with a wall twenty-five feet in height. It was, however, unable to resist the military force with which the Russians attacked it in 1737. The siege was obstinate, but at length it was taken by assault, after a bloody contest, in which the victorious Russians lost more than 18,000 men. In the following year, the Turks, eager to retake the place, advanced with an army of 70,000 men; but they were repulsed with the loss of more than 20,000 of their number. Having accomplished and secured the conquest, the Russians razed the fortifications, and abandoned the spot. The Turks in 1743 constructed once more the works of defence, and maintained a powerful garrison within it till the year 1788, when the Russians again attacked it. The latter, commanded by Suwaroff, besieged it for a long time, and ultimately carried it by storm, with a tremendous loss of life to both armies. By the peace of 1791, the whole district was ceded to Russia, upon which the fortifications were demolished. The establishment of Odessa within thirty miles of Ockzakoff has reduced the place to insignificance; though, from its position on the two navigable rivers, it is favourably situated for commerce, having good anchorage within the bar of the river Bug. Long. 32. 39. 10. E. Lat. 46. 59. 0. N.
OCRA, a viscous vegetable substance well known in the West Indies, where it is used to thicken soup, particularly pepper pot, as well as for other purposes.
OCRISIA, in fabulous history, the wife of Corniculus, and one of the attendants of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus.
OCTAETERIS, a cycle or term of eight years, in the Grecian chronology, at the conclusion of which three entire lunar months were added. The cycle was in use till Melon’s invention of the golden number or cycle of nineteen years.
OCTAGON, or Octogon, in Geometry, is a figure of eight sides and angles. When all the sides and angles are equal, it is called a regular octagon, or one that may be inscribed in a circle.
OCTAHEDRON, or Octaedron, in Geometry, one of the five regular bodies, consisting of eight equal and equilateral triangles.
OCTANT, the eighth part of a circle.
OCIAPLA, in matters of sacred literature, denotes a Polyglot Bible, consisting of eight columns, and as many different versions of the sacred text.
OCTATEUCH, an appellation given to the first eight books of the Old Testament.
OCTAVE, in Music. See Interval.
OCTAVIA, the daughter of Cains Octavius, and sister of Augustus Caesar. She was one of the most illustrious ladies of ancient Rome, being equally conspicuous for virtue and beauty. The death of Marcellus, her son by her first husband Claudius Marcellus, constantly preyed upon her mind, and shedied of grief or melancholy, about eleven years before the Christian era. Her brother paid great honours to her memory, and pronounced her funeral oration. The Roman people also showed their respect for her virtues, by wishing to pay her divine honours.
OCTOBER, in Chronology, the eighth month of Romulus’s year, as the name implies; but the tenth in the calendar of Numa, Julius Caesar, &c. The senate gave this month the name of Faustinus, in compliment to Faustina, the wife of the Emperor Antoninus; Commodus wished it to be called Invictus ; and Domitian named it Domitianus ; but in spite of all these attempts it still retains its original name. This month was sacred to Mars, and under his protection.

October Equus, a horse annually sacrificed to Mars in the month of October, either because the horse is a warlike animal, or in order to punish him for the taking of Troy. A race was run with chariots, drawn by two horses, previously to the sacrifices, and he that ran fastest was adjudged to be the victim.
OCTOSTYLE, in the ancient architecture, is the face of an edifice adorned with eight columns.
ODDLY Odd. A number is said to be oddly odd when an odd number measures it by an odd number. Thus 15 is a number oddly odd, because the odd number 3 measures it by the odd number 5.
ODE, in Poetry, is a song or composition oroper to be sung.
ODENATUS, a celebrated prince of Palmyra, who very early inured himself to bear fatigues, and, by hunting leopards and wild beasts, accustomed himself to the labours of a military life. He was a faithful friend to the Romans; and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner by Sapor king of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested himself in his cause, and solicited his release, by writing to the conqueror, and by sending him presents. The king of Persia was offended at this liberty of Odenatus; he tore the letter, and ordered the presents which were offered to be thrown into a river; and to punish Odenatus, who had the impudence, as he called it, to pay homage to so great a ^nonarch as himself, he commanded him to appear before him, on pain of being devoted to instant destruction with ill his family if he dared to refuse. But Odenatus despised the haughty summons of Sapor, and opposing force )y force, obtained some considerable advantages over the .roops of the Persian king, took his wife prisoner, and, betides, obtained a great and rich booty. These services were )bserved with gratitude by the Romans; and Gallienus, hen emperor, named Odenatus his colleague on the throne, ,ιnd gave the title of Augustus to his children, and to his I rife the celebrated Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new I power, resolved to signalize himself more conspicuously, by

Onquering the barbarians of the north; but he perished py the dagger of one of his own relations, whom he had lightly offended at a domestic entertainment. He died ∣t Emessa, about the 267th year of the Christian era. Ze-ιobia succeeded to his titles and honours.
ODENSEE, a city of Denmark, the capital of the island ∣fFunen. It is situated on a canal connecting it with lake, and in connection with the sea in the Gulf of

>tegestrand. It is tolerably built, with good streets, and ∣as a cathedral and seven other churches. It contains bout 800 houses, with 6500 inhabitants, who are chiefly engaged in internal trade. Long. 11. 20. 4. E. Lat. 55. 23. 35. N.
ODER, a river of Germany, which has its source near a town of the same name in Silesia, and upon the confines of Moravia. It runs northward through that province, and then into the marche of Brandenburg and Pomerania, where it forms a large lake, and afterwards falls into the Baltic Sea by three mouths, between which lie the islands of Usedom and Wolin. It passes by several towns, as Ratibor, Oppeln, Breslau, Glogau, and Grossen, in Silesia; Francfort, Lebus, and Custrin, in Brandenburg; and Gartz, Stettin, Cammin, Wallin, Usedom, and Wolgast, in Pomerania.
ODEUM, in Grecian antiquity, a theatre for music built by Pericles, the inside of which was filled with seats and ranges of pillars, and on the outside the roof descended shelving downwards from a point in the centre, with many bendings, in imitation of the king of Persia’s pavilion. Here the musical prizes were contended for; and here, also, according to Aristophanes, there was a tribunal.
ODIHAM, a market-town of the county of Hants, in the hundred of its own name, forty-two miles from London, and twenty-four from Winchester. It has a market, which is held on Saturday, and but little trade except what arises from its wharf on the Basingstoke Canal. A mile from it are the remains of an ancient castle, in which David king of Scotland is said to have been kept a prisoner. The population amounted in 1801 to 1058, in 1811 to 1104, in 1821 to 2423, and in 1831 to 2647.
ODIN, in Mythology, called also, in the dialect of the Anglo-Saxons, Woden or Wodan, a name given by the ancient Scythians to their supreme god, and assumed, about seventy years before the Christian era, by Sigge, a Scythian prince, who conquered the northern nations, made great changes in their government, manners, religion, and had even divine honours paid him. According to the account given of this conqueror by Snorro, the ancient historian of Norway, and his commentator Torfaeus, Odin was [7:16:324]a Scythian, who withdrew himselfby flight, alongwith many others in his train, from the vengeance of the Romans, under the conduct of Pompey; and having officiated as a priest in his own country, he assumed the direction of the religious worship as well as the civil government of the nations which he had conquered. Having subdued Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, he retired to Sweden, where he died. There is nothing certain in this account; but it is probable that the god whose prophet or priest this Scythian pretended to be, was named Odin, and that the ignorance of succeeding ages confounded the deity with his priest, composing out of the attributes of the one and the history of the other the character of the northern conqueror. He deluded the people by his enchantments and his skill in magic. Having cut off the head of one Mimer, who in his lifetime enjoyed great reputation for wisdom, he caused it to be embalmed, and persuaded the Scandinavians that he had restored it to the use of speech, and caused it to pronounce whatever oracles he wanted. The Icelandic chronicles or sagas represent Odin as the most eloquent and persuasive of men; they ascribe to him the introduction of the art of poetry amongst the Scandinavians, and likewise the invention of the Runic characters. He had also the address to persuade his followers that he could run over the world in the twinkling of an eye; that he had the direction of the air and the tempests; that he could transform himself into all sorts of shapes, raise the dead, foretell things to come, deprive his enemies by enchantment of health and vigour, and discover all the treasures which were concealed in the earth. They add, that by his tender and melodious airs he could make the plains and mountains open and expand with delight; and that the ghosts, thus attracted, would leave their infernal caverns, and stand motionless about him. Nor was he less dreadful and furious in battle; changing himself into the shape of a bear, a wild bull, or a lion, and amidst ranks of enemies committing the most horrid devastation, without receiving any wound in return.
ODOACER, according to Ennodius, was meanly born, and only a private man in the guards of the Emperor Augustulus, when, in the year 476, under the consulship of Basilicus and Armatus, the barbarians chose him for their leader. The barbarians thought that, as they often defended Italy, they had a right to at least part of it; but upon demanding this they were refused, and the consequence was a revolt. Odoacer is said to have been a man of uncommon parts, capable alike of commanding an army or of governing a state. Having left his own country when he was very young, to serve in Italy, he was admitted amongst the emperor’s guards, and continued in that station till the above year; when, putting himself at the head of the barbarians in the Roman pay, who, although of different nations, had unanimously chosen him to be their leader, he marched against Orestes, and his son Augustulus, who still refused to share any of the lands in Italy. The Romans were inferior both in numbers and in valour, and were, therefore, easily conquered. Orestes was ordered to be slain; but the Emperor Augustulus was spared, and, although stripped of his dignity, was treated with humanity, and allowed a liberal sum for his own support and for that of his relations. Odoacer was proclaimed king of Italy, but assumed neither the purple nor any other mark of imperial consequence. He was afterwards defeated and slain by Theodoric the Ostrogoth.
ODOMETER, an instrument used for measuring the distance passed over in travelling.
ODOROUS, or Odoriferous, appellations given to whatever smells strongly, whether they be fetid or agreeable, but chiefly to things the smell of which is brisk and pleasant.
OECONOMICS, the art of managing the affairs of a family or community; and hence the person who takes care of the revenues and other affairs of churches, monasteries, and the like, is termed oeconomus.
OECUMENICAL signifies the same with general or universal ; as, oecumenical council, bishop, and the like.
OEDENBURG, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Farther Danube. It is the capital of a circle of the same name (called also Soprony-Barmegye in Hungarian), which extends over 1269 square miles, and comprehends three cities, forty-one markettowns, and 200 villages, with 185,700 inhabitants. It stands on the river Ikva, and is a well-built town, with one Lutheran and two Catholic churches, a monastery and a nunnery, 820 houses, and 12,650 inhabitants, of whom about 5000 are Protestants. It is an industrious place, with manufactures of cotton, woollen, silk, and linen goods, besides glass-houses, sugar refineries, and iron forges; and the neighbourhood yields some good wine. Long. 17. 28.11. E. Lat. 47. 40. 36. N.
OEDIPUS, an unfortunate king of Thebes, whose history is partly fabulous. He flourished about 1266 before Christ. It is said he was given by his father to a shepherd, who was ordered to put him to death, in order to prevent the misfortunes with which he was threatened by an oracle. But the shepherd, being unwilling to kill him with his own hands, tied him by the feet to a tree, that he might be devoured by wild beasts. The infant was however found in this situation by another shepherd named Phorbas, who carried him to Polybus king of Corinth, whose queen, having no children, educated him with as much care as if he had been her own son. When he had grown up, he was informed that he was not the son of Polybus; upon which, by order of the oracle, he went to seek for his father in Phocis; but scarcely had he arrived in that country when he met his father on the road, and killed him without knowing him. A short time afterwards, having delivered the country from the monster called the Sphinx, he married Jocasta, without knowing that she was his mother, and had four children by her; but afterwards, being informed of his incest, he quitted the throne, and, thinking himself unworthy of the light, put out his eyes. Eteocles and Polynices, both celebrated amongst the Greeks, were the issue of this incestuous marriage.
OEGWA, a town on the Gold Coast of Africa, situated upon the brow of an eminence, which rises by a gentle ascent to a considerable height, and is defended by rocks, against which the waves beat with the utmost violence.
OEHRINGEN, a city of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, in the circle of the Jaxt, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the territories of the mediatized Prince of Hohenlohe-Oehringen. It stands on the river Ohra, is the residence of the prince, and contains, besides the palace, 480 houses, with 3327 inhabitants, who are occupied in making jewellery and gold and silver articles, also in the cotton manufacture, and in growing wine.