pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CANDIA, a city, the capital of the island and province of the same name, in the Mediterranean. It is the residence of a pasha, and of the Greek archbishop, who is called Archbishop of Gortyna, and primate of Kirid or Candia. It stands on a point of land in a bay, before which the island of Sandia is a protection to the harbour, which, though formerly good, is now nearly choked with mud. It is fortified with high walls, deep ditches, and several outworks, which are kept in good order. The streets are regular and level, and the houses well built. There are fourteen mosques, a Greek cathedral and church, an Arminian church, and a Catholic monastery, with its chapel. The inhabitants consist of about 12,000 Turks, 3000 Greeks, and 1000 other persons. The principal fabric is soap, the preparation of which consumes the greater part of the oil which the island yields. There are, besides, some silk and cotton goods made; much rosin is prepared here; and there are several distilleries for brandy.

Candia, an island in the Mediterranean, south from the Grecian Archipelago, the ancient Crete. It is situât-ed[7:6:77] between the longitude 22. 45. and 26. 50. E. and the latitude 34. 50. and 35. 55. N., and extends over 3130 square miles, or 2,003,200 English acres. According to Olivier, the inhabitants were 240,000 individuals, half Greeks and half Turks; but Savary estimates the Turks at 200,000, and the Greeks at 150,000. It is probable that the first‘calculation is nearest the truth, although in ancient times the population must have been much more dense.

The island is for the most part mountainous. A lofty ridge runs from east to west, in the centre of which are the highest peaks, some upwards of 7000 feet in height, in certain parts of which snow is always to be found, as is generally the case at Mount Ida, now called Psiloriti. Between the mountains are some most delightful valleys, of great natural fertility, but ill cultivated, and producing less than is sufficient for the wants of its scanty population. Candia commonly draws a part of its corn from Salonica, the Morea, or Egypt. For raising wheat the land is merely once scratched with the plough; and barley is sown on the wheat stubble without ploughing. The land produces abundance of esculent vegetables and choice fruits; but the chief production is oil, by the exportation of which, and of the soap made with it, the inhabitants are enabled to procure commodities of various kinds from other countries. There are none but domestic manufactures. The island is governed by a pasha of three tails, and is divided into three districts, viz. Candia, Retimo, and Canea, each of which is ruled by a pasha of two tails.

Candia, a town of Italy, in the province of Ivrea, and kingdom of Sardinia, with 2650 inhabitants.
CANDIAC, John Louis, a premature genius, born at Candiac, in the diocese of Nismes in France, in 17I¾. In the cradle he distinguished the letters of the alphabet; at thirteen months old he knew them perfectly; at three years of age he read Latin, either printed or in manuscript; at four he translated from that tongue; at six he read Greek and Hebrew, knew the principles of arithmetic, history, geography, heraldry, and the science of medals, and had read the best authors on almost every branch of literature. Candiac attracted the attention of the learned at Nismes, Montpellier, Grenoble, Lyons, and Paris; and it was for his benefit that the typographic board was contrived by Μ. Dumas, who devoted himself to the instruction of this young prodigy. He died of a complication of disorders, at Paris, in 1726.
CANDIDATE, a person who aspires to some public office. In the Roman commonwealth candidates were obliged to wear a white gown during the two years spent by them in soliciting a place. This garment, according to Plutarch, they wore without any other clothes, that the people might not suspect them of concealing money for purchasing votes, and also that they might the more easily show to the people the scars of those wounds which they had received when fighting in defence of the commonwealth. The candidates usually declared their pretensions a year before the time of election, which they spent in making interest and gaining friends. Various arts of popularity were practised for this purpose, and frequent circuits made round the city, and visits and compliments paid to all sorts of persons; and this was called ambitus.

'CANDIDATI Milites, an order of soldiers among the Romans, who served as the emperor’s body-guards, to defend him in battle. They were the tallest and strongest of the whole army, and the most proper to inspire terror by their appearance. They were called candidati, because clothed in white, either that they might be more conspicuous, or because they were considered as in the way of preferment.
CANDLEMAS, a feast of the church held on the second day of February, in honour of the purification of the Virgin Mary. It is borrowed from the practice of the ancient Christians, who on that day used abundance of lights both in their churches and processions, in memory, as is supposed, of our Saviour’s being on that day declared by Simon to be a light to lighten the Gentiles. In imitation of this custom, the Roman Catholics on this day consecrate all the tapers and candles which they use in their churches during the whole year. At Rome, the pope perforins that ceremony himself, and distributes wax-candles to the cardinals and others, who carry them in procession through the great hall of the pope’s palace. This ceremony was prohibited in England by an order of council in 1548.

Candlemas, the second of February, is one of the four terms of the year for paying or receiving rents or borrowed money, and the like. In the courts of law Candlemas term begins 15th January and ends 3d February.
CANDLESTICK, an instrument to hold a candle, made in different forms and of all sorts of materials.

The golden candlestick was one of the sacred utensils which Moses caused to be placed in the Jewish tabernacle. It was made of hammered gold, a talent in weight, and consisted of seven branches, adorned at equal distances with six flowers like lilies, and with as many bowls and knobs placed alternately, and it was supported by a base or foot-stand. Upon the stock and six branches of the candlestick were the golden lamps, which were immovable, and filled with oil and cotton.

These seven lamps were lighted every evening, and extinguished every morning. The lamps had their tongs or snuffers with which to draw the cotton in or out, and dishes underneath them to receive the sparks or droppings of the oil. This candlestick was placed in the antichamber of the sanctuary, on the south side, and served to illuminate the altar of perfume and the tabernacle of the shew-bread. When Solomon had built the temple of the Lord, he placed in it ten golden candlesticks of the same form as that described by Moses, five on the north and five on the south side of the holy of holies; but after the Babylonish captivity, the golden candlestick was again placed in the temple, as it had been before in the tabernacle by Moses. Upon the destruction of the temple by the Romans, this sacred utensil was lodged in the temple of Peace built by Vespasian; and the representation of it is still to be seen on the triumphal arch at the foot of Mount Palatine, on which Vespasian’s triumph is delineated.
CANDYING, the act of preserving simples in substance, by boiling them in sugar. The performance of this originally belonged to the apothecaries, but it has now become a part of the business of the confectioner.
CANE denotes a walking stick. It is, or rather was, customary to adorn it with a head of gold, silver, agate, or other substances. Some are without knots, and very smooth and even; others are full of knots about two inches distant from one another, and have but little elasticity.

Canes of Bengal are the most beautiful of those brought into Europe. Some of them are so fine, that people work them into bowls or vessels, which being varnished over in the inside with black or yellow lacca, arc capable of containing liquors as well as glass or china ware, and the Indians use them for that purpose.

Cane, a small river of Hindustan, which has its source on the north side of the Vendhya Mountains, in the province of Malwah, and, after a winding course of about 250 miles, falls into the Jumna in the district of Currah.
CANEA, one of the circles into which the island of Candia is divided, comprehending the western part of the island. Though hilly, the plains yield oil, flax, honey, corn, silk, and much fruit. The chief city, of the same name, is situated on the north const of the island, is fortified with strong walls and deep ditches, has several mosques and churches, and contains 4000 Turks, 3000 Greeks, and several Jew and Frank inhabitants. Among the latter are respectable mercantile houses, who carry on much commerce with Trieste, Venice, and other places, in oil, soap, and other articles. The harbour has a mole, defended by a fort, but is only adapted to the reception of small vessels.
CANELLI, a town of Italy, in the province of Asti, of the kingdom of Sardinia, containing 3200 inhabitants, who produce some excellent wine.
CANEPHORAE, in Grecian Antiquity, virgins who, when they became marriageable, presented certain baskets full of little curiosities to Diana, in order to procure leave to quit her train, and change their state of life.
CANEPHORIA, in Grecian Antiquity, a ceremony which formed part of a feast celebrated by the Athenian virgins on the eve of their marriage-day. At Athens the canephoria consisted in this, that the maid, conducted by her father and mother, went to the temple of Minerva, carrying with her a basket full of presents, to engage the goddess to make the married state happy; or, as the scholiast of Theocritus has it, the basket was intended as a kind of honourable amends made to that goddess, the protectrix of virginity, for abandoning her party; or, perhaps, as a ceremony to appease her wrath. Šuidas calls it a festival in honour of Diana.

Canepnoria is also the name of a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated particularly by the Athenians, on which occasion the young maids carried golden baskets full of fruit, and covered, to conceal the mystery from the uninitiated.
CANES, otherwise called Khans, in Egypt and other eastern countries, a poor sort of buildings for the reception of strangers and travellers. People are accommodated in these with a room at a small price, but with no other necessaries; so that, excepting the room, there are no greater accommodations in these houses than in the deserts, only that there is a market near.

Canes and Canciies, a province of Peru, bounded on the cast by the province of Cardbaya, on the south-east by that of Lampa, on the south by Cailloma, and on the west by Chumbivilca. It is thirty leagues in length from north to south, and fifteen in breadth; and being on an elevated situation, and containing numerous ridges covered with snow, its climate is cold. Its inhabitants amount to about 18,000.

Canes Venatici, in Astronomy, the Greyhounds, two constellations, first established by Hevelius, between the tail of the Great Bear and Bootes’s arms, above the Coma Berenices. The first is called asterion, being that next the Bear’s tail; the other chara.
CANET de Mar, a Spanish sea-port town, in the province of Catalonia, with 2800 inhabitants, many of whom are employed in the fisheries. Long. 2.30. E. Lat. 41.36. N.
CANETO, a market-town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Mantua. It is built on the river Oglio, and contains 3160 inhabitants.
CANEVA, a town of Italy, in the delegation Udine of Austrian Lombardy, with 2590 inhabitants.
CANGI, Ceangi, or Cangani, anciently a people of Britain, concerning whose situations antiquaries have been much perplexed. These various names indicate the same people. Camden discovered some traces of them in many different and distant places, as in Somersetshire, Wales, Derbyshire, and Cheshire; and he might have found as plain vestiges of them in Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Essex, Wiltshire, &c. Mr Horsley and others are perplexed and undetermined in their opinions on this subject. But Mr Baxter seems to have discovered the true cause of their perplexity, by observing that the Cangi or Ceangi were not a distinct nation seated in one particular place, but such of the youth of many different nations as were employed in pasturage, in feeding the flocks and herds of their respective tribes. Almost all the ancient nations of Britain had their ceangi, Ú\Cvr pastoritia pubes, the keepers of their flocks and herds, who ranged about the country in great numbers, as they were invited by the season and plenty of pasture for their cattle. This is the reason that, vestiges of their name are to be found in so many different parts of Britain, but chiefly in those parts which are most fit for pasturage. These ceangi of the different British nations, naturally brave, and rendered still more hardy by their way of life, were constantly armed for the protection of their flocks from wild beasts; and these arms they occasionally employed in the defence of their country and their liberty.
CANGIAGIO, or Cambiasi, Ludovico, one of the most eminent of the Genoese painters, was born in 1527. His works at Genoa are very numerous; and he was employed by the king of Spain to adorn part of the Escurial. He died in 1585.
CANGOZIMA, or Cangoxuma, a town of Japan, in the southern extremity of the island of Ximio. It is watered by a river which descends into an artificial canal, and is afterwards discharged with great rapidity into the sea. On the side of the river stands a custom-house, a fine edifice, at which passengers paya second duty in addition to that levied from them in passing a strong castle at the entrance of the port. At the mouth of the harbour, on a very high rock, stands a square light-house, which is visible at the distance of twenty miles. The harbour itself is protected by a bulwark with a stone rampart breast-high, covered with copper; at one end of which is a guardhouse, where five hundred men keep constant watch.
[7:6:81]

This is considered an important station. Long. 132.15. E. Lat. 32. 10. N.
CANICATTT, a city of the intendancy of Calatanisetta, in the island of Sicily. It is finely situated on the declivity of a hill, in a healthy situation, and contains 16,455 inhabitants, who mostly subsist on agriculture, and by trading in corn, wine, figs, almonds, and the other productions of the fertile environs.
CANICULA is a name proper to one of the stars of the constellation Canis Major, called also simply the dog star ; by the Greeks '∑ι ∣ o ∣ ος, Sirius. It is situated in the mouth of the constellation, and is of the first magnitude, being the largest and brightest of all the stars in the heavens. From the rising of this star not cosmically, or with the sun, but heliacally, that is, its emersion from the sun’s rays, which now happens about the 15th day of August, the ancients reckoned their dies caniculares, or dog days. The Egyptians and Ethiopians began their year at the rising of the canicula, reckoning to its rise again the next year, which is called annus canarius, or canicular year. This year consisted ordinarily of 365 days, and every fourth year of 366, by which it was accommodated to the civil year. The reason of their choice of the canicula rather than the other stars to compute their time by, was not only the superior brightness of that star, but because its heliacal rising was in Egypt a time of singular note, as falling on the greatest augmentation of the Nile, the reputed father of Egypt. Hephaestion adds, that from the aspect and colour of the canicula, the Egyptians drew prognostics concerning the rise of the Nile, and, according to Florus, predicted the future state of the year; so that the first rising of this star was annually observed with great attention.
CANICULUM, or Caniculus, in the Byzantine antiquities, a golden standish or ink vessel, decorated with precious stones, in which was kept the sacred encaustum, or red ink, wherewith the emperors signed their deerecs, letters, &c. The word is by some derived from canis, or caniculus ; alluding to the figure of a dog which it represented, or rather because it was supported by the figures of dogs. The caniculum was under the care of a particular officer of state.
CANINE Madness. See Medicine.
CANINI, John Angelo and Marc Anthony, brothers and Romans, celebrated for their love of antiquities. John excelled in designs for engraving on stones, particularly heads, and Marc engraved them. They were encouraged by Colbert to publish a succession of heads of the heroes and great men of antiquity, designed from medals, antique stones, and other ancient remains; but John died at Rome soon after the work was begun. Mare Anthony, however, procured assistance, finished, and published it in Italian in 1669. The cuts of this edition were engraved by Canini, Picard, and Valet; and a curious explanation is given, which discovers the skill of the Caninis in history and mythology. The French edition of Amsterdam, in 1731, is spurious.
CANIS, or Dog. See Mammalia. Canis Major, the Great Dog, in Astronomy, a constellation of the southern hemisphere, below Orion’s feet, though somewhat to the westward of him.

Canis Minor, the Little Dog, in Astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere; called also by the Greeks Procyon, and by the Latins Ante canis and Canicula.
CANISIUS, Henry, a native of Nimeguen, and one of the most learned men of his time, was professor of canon law at Ingoldstadt, and wrote a number of books, the principal of which are, 1. Summa Juris Canonici ; 2. Antiques Lectiones, a very valuable work. He died in 1609.
CANITZ, the Baron of, a German poet and statesman, was of an ancient and illustrious family in Brandenburg, and born at Berlin in 1654, five months after his father’s death. Having completed his early studies, he travelled into France, Italy, Holland, and England; and, upon his return to his native country, was charged with important negociations by Frederic II. Frederic III. also employed him. Canitz united the statesman with the poet; and was conversant in many languages, dead as well as living. His German poems were published for the tenth time in 1750, in 8vo. He is said to have taken Horace for his model, and to have written purely and delicately. But he did not content himself with barely cultivating the fine arts himself: he gave all the encouragement he could to others to follow the same pursuit. He died at Berlin in 1699, privy counsellor of state, aged forty-five.
CANKER, a disease incident to trees, proceedingehiefly from the nature of the soil. It makes the bark rot and fall.
CANNAE, in Ancient Geography, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the river Aufidns, rendered famous by a terrible overthrow which the Romans here received from the Carthaginians under Hannibal. See Rome.
CANNE, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province Bari. It is celebrated as the field of battle between Hannibal and the Romans, and even to this day weapons and other things belonging to the combatants are dug up.
CANNEQUINS, in commerce, white cotton cloths brought from the East Indies. They are a proper commodity for trading in upon the coast of Guinea, particularly about the rivers Senegal and Gambia. These linens are folded in a square form, and are about eight ells long.
CANNEL Coal. See Mineralogy.
CANNES, a maritime city of the department of the Var, in France, containing 600'houses, and 2804 inhabitants, whose subsistence depends chiefly on the fishery for anchovies and sardinias. The country around it is fruitful in oranges, olives, citrons, grapes, and figs. Long. 6. 55. 9. E. Lat. 43. 32. 58. N.
CANNIBAL, a modern term for an anthropophagus or man-eater, more especially in the West Indies.
CANNONADE, the application of artillery to the purposes of war, or the direction of its efforts against some distant object intended to be seized or destroyed, as a ship, battery, or fortress. - See Gunnery and War. *
CANO. See Kano.
CANOE, a sort of Indian boat or vessel, formed of the trunk of a tree hollowed, and sometimes of several pieces of the bark put together.

Canoes are of various sizes, according to the uses for which they may be designed, or the countries in which they are formed. The largest are made of the cotton tree; and some of them will carry between twenty and thirty hogsheads of sugar or molasses. Others are made to carry sail, and for this purpose are steeped in water till they become pliant, after which their sides are extended, and strong beams placed between them, on which a deck is afterwards laid that serves to support their sides. The other sorts very rarely carry sail, unless when going before the wind; their sails are made of a sort of short silk grass or rushes. They are commonly rowed with paddles, which are pieces of light wood somewhat resembling a corn shovel; and, instead of rowing with it horizontally like an oar, they manage it perpendicularly. The small canoes are very narrow, having only room for one person in breadth, and seven or eight lengthwise. The rowers, who are generally American savages, are very expert in managing their paddles uniformly, and in balancing the canoes with their bodies, which would be difficult for a stranger to do, how well accustomed soever to the conducting of European boats, because the canoes are extremely light, and liable to be overturned. The American Indians, when they are under the necessity ôf landing to avoid a water-fall, or of crossing the land from one river to another, carry their canoes on their heads till they arrive at a place where they can launch them again. This is the general construction of canoes, and method of managing them; but some nations have vessels, under the name of canoes, which differ considerably from the above, as the inhabitants of Greenland, Hudson’s Bay, Otaheite, and other places.’
CANONESS, in the Romish church, a woman who enjoys a prebend, affixed, by the foundation, to maids, without their being obliged to renounce the world, or make any vows.
CANONICA, in philosophical history, an appellation given by Epicurus to his doctrine of logic. It was called canonica, as consisting of a few canons or rules for directing the understanding in the pursuit and knowledge of truth. The canonica of Epicurus is represented as a very slight and insufficient logic by several of the ancients, who put a great value on his ethics and physics. Laertius even assures us that the Epicureans rejected logic as a superfluous science; and Plutarch complains that Epicurus made an unskilful and preposterous use of syllogisms. But these censures seem too severe. Epicurus was not averse to the study of logic, but even gave better rules in this art than those philosophers who aimed at no glory but that of being thought logicians. He only seems to have rejected the dialectics of the Stoics, as full of vain subtilties and deceits, and fitted rather for parade and disputation than real use. The stress of Epicurus’s canonica consists in his doctrine of the criteria of truth. All questions in philosophy are either concerning words or things: concerning things, we seek their truth; concerning words, their signification: things are either natural or moral; and the former are either perceived by sense or by the understanding. Hence, according to Epicurus, arise three criteria of truth, namely, sense, anticipation or praeno-tion, and passion. The great canon or principle of Epicurus’s logic is, that the senses are never deceived; and therefore, that every sensation or perception of an appearance is true.