pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BRIDE, a newly-married woman. Among the Greeks it was customary for the bride to be conducted from her father’s house to her husband’s in a chariot, the evening being chosen for that purpose to conceal her blushes. She was placed in the middle, her husband sitting on one side, and one of her most intimate friends on the other; torches were carried before her, and she was entertained on the passage with a song suitable to the occasion. When they arrived at the end of the journey the axle-tree of the coach they τ rode in was burnt, to signify that the bride was never to return to her father’s house. Amongst the Romans the semblance of ravishing by force the bride from her mother, was kept up in memory, it is said, of the rape of the Sabines under Romulus. She was carried home in the nighttime to the bridegroom’s house, accompanied by three boys, one of whom carried a torch, and the other two led the bride, while a spindle and distaff were carried with her. She brought three pieces of money, called asses, in her hand to the bridegroom, whose doors on this occasion were adorned with flowers and branches of trees. Being there interrogated who she was, she answered Caia i in memory of Caia Cecilia, wife of Tarquin the elder, who was an excellent lanifica or spinstress; and for a singular reason, before her entrance, she lined the door-posts with wool, and smeared them with grease. Fire and water being set on the threshold, she touched both; but, starting back from the door, refused to enter, till at length she passed the threshold, being careful to step over without touching it. Here the keys were given her, a nuptial supper was prepared, and minstrels attended; she was seated on the figure of a priapus, and in this situation the attendant boys resigned her to the pronubae, who brought her into the nuptial chamber and put her to bed. This office was performed by matrons who had only been once married, to denote that the marriage was to be in perpetuity.
BRIDEGROOM, a newly-married man, the spouse of the bride. In nothing have the usages of different nations varied more than in regard to marriage, and the ceremonies by which it is celebrated or solemnized. Amongst [7:5:263]the Romans the bridegroom was decked to receive his bride; his hair was combed and cut in a particular form; he had a coronet or chaplet on his head, and was dressed in a white garment.
BRIDEWELL, a work-house, or place of correction for vagrants, and other disorderly persons.

Bridewell, near Flect-street, is a foundation of a mixed and singular nature, partaking of the characters of hospital, prison, and work-house. It was founded in 1553 by Edward VL, who gave the place where King John had formerly kept his court, and which had been repaired by Henry VIII., to the city of London, with seven hundred merks of land, bedding, and other furniture. Several youths are sent to the hospital as apprentices to manufacturers, who reside there, and they are clothed in blue doublets and breeches, with white hats. Having faithfully served their time of seven years, they become entitled to their freedom, along with a donation of ten pounds each to enable them to carry on their respective trades.
BRIDGE-TOWN, the capital of the island of Barbadoes. See Barbadoes.
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BRIDGEND, a market-town of the county of Glamorgan, in South Wales, being partly in the parish of Newcastle and partly in that of Coity, 179 miles from London. It stands on the river Ogmore, which supplies a great abundance of salmon and other fish, and the market, held on Saturday, is well supplied with all other necessaries. There is a neat county-hall, where the sessions, and occasionally the county elections, are held.
BRIDGENORTH, a borough and market-town of the hundred of Stoddendon, in the county of Salop, 140 miles from London, on the river Severn. It is an ancient place, in the vicinity of which are many interesting remains of antiquity. There is a considerable trade carried on in iron, leather, pipes, malt, and building boats for navigating the Severn. The town returns two members to parliament, who are chosen by the corporation and the freemen, in number about seven hundred, over whom the family of Whitmore have long held a predominant influence. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 4408, in 1811 to 4179, and in 1821 to 4345.
BRIDGEWATER, a borough and market-town of the hundred of North Petherton, in the county of Somerset, 142 miles from London. It stands on the river Parret, on which vessels from sea ascend to the iron bridge, but are aground at low water. There is much trade here, as coals for the supply of the interior are imported in large quantities, and much malt and a peculiar kind of bricks are exported. There is a good market on Thursday. Two members are returned to parliament by the inhabitant householders. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3634, in 1811 to 4179, and in 1821 to 6155.
BRIDLE, a contrivance made of straps or thongs of leather and pieces of iron, in order to keep a horse in subjection and obedience.

The several parts of a bridle are the bit or snaffle; the head-stall, or leathers from the top of the head to the rings of the bit; the fillet, over the fore-head and under the fore-top; the throat-band, which buttons from the head-band under the throat; the reins or thongs of leather, which, proceeding from the rings of the bit, and cast over the horse’s head, are held by the rider in his hand; the nose-band, passing through loops at the back of the head-stall, and buckled under the cheeks; the trench; the cavesan; the martingal; and the chaff-halter.

Pliny assures us that one Pelethronius first invented the bridle and saddle, though Virgil ascribes the invention to the Lapithae, to whom he applies the epithet Pelethronii, from a mountain in Thessaly named Pelethronium, where horses were first begun to be broken.

The first horsemen, not being acquainted with the art of governing horses with bridles, managed them only with a rope or a switch, and the accent of the voice. This was the practice of the Numidians, Getulians, Libyans, and Massilians. The Roman youth also learned the art of fighting without bridles, which was an exercise or lesson in the manege; and hence it is that on Trajan’s column soldiers are represented riding at full speed without any bridles on.
BRIDPORT, a borough and market-town in the hundred of Beaminster and county of Dorset, 134 miles from London, on the river Brit, which is divided into two branches, one of them passing at the east, the other at the west end of the town. The manufacturing industry here is very great, producing sail-cloth, twine, nets, ropes, and other requisites for the Newfoundland fishery. The harbour is small and almost choked, but some vessels are built celebrated for their fast sailing. The streets are wide and well paved, and where the four cross streets meet is a handsome town-hall. It returns two members to parliament, chosen by the inhabitant householders. There is a good market on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 3117, in 1811 to 3666, and in 1821 to 3742.
BRIEF, in Law, an abridgment of the client’s case, made out for the instruction of counsel on a trial at law; wherein the case of the litigant is to be briefly but fully stated.

Brief, or Brieve, in Scots Law, a writ issued from the Chancery, directed to any judge-ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the facts mentioned in the brief, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence.

Apostolical Briefs, letters which the pope dispatches to princes or other magistrates, relating to any public affair. These briefs are distinguished from bulls, in regard the latter are more ample, and always written on parchment, and sealed with lead or green wax; whereas briefs are very concise, written on paper, sealed with red wax, and with the seal of a fisherman, or St Peter in a boat.
BRIEG, a circle in the Prussian province of Silesia, extending over 213 square miles, or 136,320 acres, containing two cities, two market-towns, sixty-two villages, and 5226 houses, inhabited by 34,342 individuals. It is divided into two parts by the river Oder, is a level district, and, on the Polish side of that river, is covered with woods. The only manufacture is that of linens. The capital of the circle, the city of Brieg, is on the banks of the Oder, a well-built town, containing four Lutheran and three Catholic churches, with several public charitable institutions. The inhabitants amount to 10,547, who are occupied in various manufactures, and carry on trade by the Öder with the Baltic Sea at Stettin.
BRIEL, a town in the province of South Holland, in the Netherlands, the chief place of a circle of the same name, on the north side of the island Boorne, near the mouth of the Maas. It contains about 3800 men, of whom many are fishermen and pilots. It is interesting as the place the capture of which laid the foundation of the power and wealth of the United Provinces. Long. 4. 3. 45. E. Lat∙5l. 54. 15. N.
BRIEY, an arrondissement of the department of Moselle, in France, extending over 474 square miles, comprehending five cantons and 165 communes, with 56,112 inhabitants. The chief place, a tow n of the same name, on the river Waget, contains about 1900 inhabitants.
BRIG, or Brigantine, a merchant-ship with two masts. This term is not universally confined to vessels of a particular construction, or which are masted and rigged in a manner different from others, but is variously applied, by the mariners of different European nations, to a peculiar sort of vessel in their own marine. Amongst British seamen this description of vessel is distinguished by having her main-sails set nearly in the plane of her keel, whereas the main-sails of larger ships are hung athwart, or at right angles with the ship’s length, and fastened to a yard which hangs parallel to the deck. In a brig, the foremost edge of the mainsail is fastened in different places to hoops which encircle the main-mast, and slide up and down it as the sail is hoisted or lowered; and it is extended by a gaff above and a boom below.
BRIGADE, in the military art, signifies the union of several squadrons or battalions under the command of a colonel, who has also the rank of brigadier-general in the army. A brigade.of artillery consists of a certain number of cannon or field-pieces, with the necessary munitions, stores, and gunners. The soldiers attached to these guns are also collectively denominated a brigade, and are under the command of a superior officer of artillery. A brigade of cavalry consists of different regiments, making together eight or ten squadrons, and commanded by a colonel of [7:5:287]cavalry, who has the rank of brigadier-general in the army. A brigade of dragoons consists of different regiments of dragoons, making together eight squadrons or more, and commanded by a colonel of dragoons, who has also the rank of brigadier-general in the army. A brigade of infantry consists of two or more regiments of foot, making together four, five, six, eight, or more battalions, commanded by a colonel of foot, who has the rank of brigadier-general in the army. And, generally, according to the most modern arrangement of troops, two or more regiments constitute a brigade, two or more brigades a division, two or more divisions a corps d’armée, and two or more corps d’armée a grand army.

BRiGAT>E-Major is an officer appointed by the brigadier to assist him in the management and ordering of his brigade.
BRIGADIER, a military officer, whose rank is next above that of colonel, and who is intrusted with the command of a brigade. In Great Britain this rank is in abeyance during peace, but revived in actual service in the field. Every brigadier marches at the head of his brigade upon duty. The brigadier des armées of the French service corresponds to our brigadier-general, and, like him, has the command of a brigade of cavalry, dragoons, or infantry.
BRIGANDINE, a coat of mail, a kind of ancient defensive armour, consisting of thin jointed scales of plate, pliant and easy to the body.
BRIGG, or Glandford Brigg, a market-town in the hundred of Yarborough and county of Lincoln, 153 miles from London, on the river Ancohne, which is navigable to the Humber. There is a large corn-market here on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1327, in 1811 to 1497, and in 1821 to 1674.
BRIGHTHELMSTONE, or Brighton, a town on the sea-coast, in the hundred of Whalesbone and rape of Lewes, in the county of Sussex. The growth of this place is one of those manifestations of the progress of wealth and the increased power of gratification in this kingdom, which on reflection cannot fail to excite astonishment. This town, a small fishing place till 1784, with neither commerce nor manufactures, and with no peculiar advantages even for sea-bathing, which formed the only pretext for visiting it, has, by the mere force of fashion acting upon rapidly-augmented wealth, grown up to be a city almost of palaces, exhibiting a display of every comfort and even luxury, and containing a population of more than 40,000 persons. It is built under the shelter of the Southdown Hills, which protect it from the northern and eastern blasts, and hence it is as much a place of resort for the idle, the invalid, and the mere fashionist, in the winter, as it was at its first establishment in the summer season. Magnificent squares and parades have been built, which have speedily found occupants; the embellishments have kept pace with their growth; churches and chapels have been erected to supply religious aid to all sects and all tastes; hotels, club-houses, and other establishments, have been formed for purposes of amusement; carriages and horses are in readiness equal to the demand for them; and every necessary, every accommodation, and almost every luxury, may be found in the markets, the shops, and the repositories. By means of steam-boats it has become one of the passages to France, and from thence the inhabitants can obtain supplies of fruit, vegetables, game, poultry, and other articles at reasonable rates. In addition to other inducements, a German institution for producing all the waters of the most celebrated medicinal springs on the Continent has, at much expense, and with very great scientific skill, been constructed. A new town has been built or is building, called Kemp Town, to contain houses of a large kind, sufficient for ten thousand more inhabitants. According to the government census, the population amounted in 1801 to 7339, in 1811 to 12,012, and in 1821 to 24,429; but the greatest proportional increase has been since the last of these years.
BRIGITITNS, or Bridgetins, more properly Erigit-tins, a religious order, so called from their founder, St Bridget, or Birgit, a Swedish lady of the fourteenth century, whom some represent as a queen, but Fabricius, on better grounds, considers as a princess, the daughter of King Birgenes, legislator of Upland, and famous for her revelations. The Brigittins are sometimes also called the Order of our Saviour, from their pretending that Christ himself dictated to St Bridget the rules and constitutions observed by them. In the main, the rule is the same as that of St Augustin; only with certain additions supposed to have been revealed by Christ, and hence called the Rule of our Saviour. This order spread considerably through Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, and other parts. In England we read but of one monastery of Brigittins, which was built in 1415 by Henry V., opposite to Richmond, and is now called Sion House. The revenues were reckoned at L.1495 per annum.
BRIGNOLES, an arrondissement of the department of the Var, in France. Its extent is 492 square miles, and it contains eight cantons, twenty-six communes, and 66,184 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is situated on the river Salme, in a mountainous district, containing 5301 souls. Long. 6. 50. E. Lat. 43. 24. N.
BRILLIANT, in a general sense, something that has a bright and lucid appearance.
BRILLIANTS, a name given to diamonds of the finest cut. Sec Diamond.
BRILON, a circle in the Prussian government of Arnsberg, and province of Westphalia. It extends over 376 square miles, or 240,640 acres, contains six cities, four market-towns, eight parishes, and 105 hamlets, with 3652 houses, and 29,082 inhabitants. Although the northern part is hilly and woody, the valleys to the south are fertile, and yield sufficient corn and cattle for the dense population. The chief object of industry is the linen trade. The capital, which gives its name to the circle, is near the river Ruhr. It was formerly one of the Hans Towns. It contains two churches, 396 dwelling-houses, and 2766 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the various branches of the linen trade. Long. 8. 4. 10. E. Lat. 51. 22. 20. N.
BRIM denotes the utmost verge or edge, especially of round things. The brims of vessels are made to projecta little over, to prevent liquors, when poured out, from running down the side of the vessel. The brimming of vessels was contrived by the ancient potters, in imitation of the supercilium or clip of the cornices of columns.
BRINDISI, a city on the shores of the Adriatic, in the province of Otranto and kingdom of Naples. It was formerly fortified, but its defences are now dilapidated. It contains a cathedral, several cloisters and nunneries, and at present only 6150 inhabitants. The harbour is now nearly choked up with sand, and hence its importance has declined gradually from the state which it had attained under the name of Brundusium, when the population amounted to 60,000, and it enjoyed an extensive trade. Long. 17. 55. E. Lat. 40. 52. N.
BRINE, or Pickle, water saturated with saline particles.

Brine also denotes a pickle pregnant with salt, wherein things are steeped for preservation.

Brine -Pans, the pits where the salt water is retained, and suffered to stagnate, that by the action of the sun it may be converted into salt. There are divers sorts of salt-pans, as the water-pans, second pan, sun-pan; the water being transferred only from one to another.

Brine -Pit, in salt making, the salt spring from which the water to be boiled into salt is taken. There are some of these springs in many places. That at Namptwich in Cheshire is alone sufficient, according to the account of the people of the place, to yield salt for the whole kingdom; but it is under the government of certain individuals who, that the market may not be overstocked, permit only a certain quantity of the salt to be made yearly.

Brine- Springs are fountains which flow with salt water instead of fresh. Of these there are a good number in England; but, though not peculiar to this island, they are far from being common in the countries on the Continent.
To BRING-to, in Navigation, to check the course of a ship when she is advancing, by arranging the sails in such a manner that they shall counteract each other, and prevent her either from retreating or moving forward. In this situation the ship is said to lie by, or to lie to; having, according to the sea phrase, some of her sails aback, to oppose the force of those which are full; or having them otherwise shortened by being furled, or hauled up in the brails.

Bringing-to is generally used to detain a ship in any particular station, in order to wait the approach of some other that may be advancing towards her; or to retard [7:5:290]her course occasionally near any port in the course of a voyage.
BIÍIOUDE, an arrondissement in the department of the Upper Loire, in France, extending over 706 square miles, and containing eight cantons and 118 communes, with a population of 76,374 persons. The capital is the city of the same name, on the left bank of the river Allier, with 5486 inhabitants. Long. 3. 15. E. Lat. 45. 14. N.
BRITANNICUS, son of the emperor Claudius by Messalina, was excluded from the empire after his father had married Agrippina, who placed her son Nero on the throne, and caused Britannicus to be poisoned, a. d. 55.
BRITTLENESS, that quality of bodies which subjects them to be easily broken by pressure or percussion.
BRIVE, an arrondissement of the department of the Corrèze in France, four hundred and six square miles in extent, and comprehending ten cantons and a hundred and one communes, with 93,858 inhabitants. The capital, Brive la Galliarde, is on the left side of the Corrèze, on a beautiful plain, with a population of 5762 persons, employed chiefly in manufacturing muslins and other fine cotton goods.
BRIXEN, a city in the Austrian province of Tyrol and circle of Pusterthal, at the confluence of the rivers Eisack and Rientz. It contains a cathedral, four other churches, and a nunnery for English ladies. It is situated in long. 12. 39. 30. E. and lat. 46. 40. N.
BRIXHAM, a town of the hundred of Haytor, in the county of Devon, a hundred and ninety-nine miles from London, on the western side of Torbay. It is in a warm, sheltered situation, and during the war formed the place for watering the king’s ships on that station. It is celebrated as the spot where King William landed in 1688. It has now a considerable fishery, and has become a place of resort for sea-bathing. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3671, in 1811 to 4341, and in 1821 to 4503.
BROAD Piece, a denomination given to certain gold pieces broader than a guinea; particularly Caroluses and Jacobuses.

Broadside, in the sea-language, a discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship at the same time.
BROCADE, or Brocado, a stuff of gold, silver, or silk, raised and enriched with flowers, foliages, and other ornaments, according to the fancy of the merchants or manufacturers. Formerly the word signified only a stuff woven all of gold, both in the warp and in the woof, or all of silver, or of both mixed together; thence it passed to those stuffs in which there was silk mixed, to raise and terminate the gold or silver flowers; but at present all stuffs, even those of silk alone, whether they be grograms of Tours or of Naples, satins, and even taffeties or lustrings, if they be but adorned and worked with some flowers or other figures, are called brocades-
BROCATEL, or Brocadel, a kind of coarse brocade, chiefly used for tapestry.
BROCCOLI, a kind of cabbage cultivated for the use of the table. See Horticulture.
BROCHE or Brooch. See Broach.
BROCK, among sportsmen, a term used to denote a badger. A hart, too, of the third year is called a brock or brocket; and a hind of the same year is called a brockets
BROD, a town of Hungary, on the military frontier belonging to the military colony of the regiment of Brod, and giving its name to a district containing 62,000 inhabitants, mostly soldiers and their families. It is situated on the river Save,' is fortified, and has a castle, a Catholic and two Greek churches, and 4100 inhabitants. Long. 17. 56. 20. E. Lat. 45. 10. 50. N.
BRODEAU, John, in Latin Hrodaeus, a critic, on whom Lipsius, Scaliger, Grotius, and all the learned, have bestowed great encomiums, was descended from a noble family in France, and born at Tours in 1500. He was liberally educated, and placed under Alciat to study the civil law; but soon forsaking that pursuit, he gave himself up wholly to languages and the belles lettres. He travelled into Italy, where he became acquainted with Sadoler, Bembo, and other famous wits; and here he applied himself to the study of mathematics, philosophy, and the sacred languages, in which he made no small proficiency. Then, returning to his own country, he led a retired but not an idle life, as his many learned lucubrations abundantly testify. He was a man free from all ambition and vain-glory, and suffered his works to be published rather under the sanction and authority of others than under his own. His chief works are, 1. Commentaries on the Anthologia, Basel, 1549; 2. Several books of miscellanies; 3. Notes on Martial, Euripides, &c. Basel, 1558, Paris, 1561. He died in 1563, aged sixty-three.