pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MACON, an arrondissement of the department of the Saone and the Loire, in France, extending over 454 square miles. It is divided into nine cantons, and subdivided into 135 communes, containing 108,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, and it is also the capital of the department. It is situated on the right bank of the Saone, over which is a fine bridge. It is ill built, with narrow, crooked streets; and the only fine object is the quay by the side of the river, the Hôtel de Ville, and the palace Montrevel. It contains 1400 houses, with 10,000 inhabitants, whose chief trade is in wine, and in linen and stocking weaving. Long. 4.44.48. E. Lat. 46. 18.17. N.
MACOWALL, a Sikh town in the province of Lahore, on the banks of the Sutleje river, 133 miles from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 38. E. Lat. 31. 14. N.
MACQUARRIE Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, was discovered in 1811, by some resolute adventurers from New Holland, who had penetrated into the Southern Ocean in prosecution of the seal fishery. It is eighteen miles in length from north to south, and about six in breadth. At the distance of eight leagues from the north point of this island are other smaller islands, called the Judge and his Clerks, and several others in a south direction, called the Bishop and his Clerks. Long. 169. E. Lat. 52. 4L S.
MACQUER, Pierre Joseph, was born at Paris on the 9th of October 1718, and died there on the 16th ofFebruary 1784. He was member of the Academy of Sciences, and professor of pharmacy; and was engaged in the Journal de Sçavans for articles in medicine and chemistry. With the last of these sciences he was intimately acquainted. He had a share in compiling the Pharmacopoeia Parisiensis, published in 1758, in 4to. His other works are, 1. Elémens de Chimie Théorique, Paris, 1749, 1753, 12mo; 2. Elémens de Chimie Pratique, 1751, in two vols. 12mo; 3. Plan d’un cours de Chimie Expérimentale et Raisonnée, 1757, 12mo, in the composition of which he was associated with Μ. Beaumé; 4. Formulae Medicamentorum Magistralium, 1763; 5. L’Art de la Teinture en Soie, 1763; 6. Dictionnaire de Chimie, contenant la Théorie et la Pratique de cet Art, 1766, in two vols. 8vo, which has been translated into German with notes, and into English with notes by Mr Keir. Macquer has, by his labours and writings, greatly contributed to render useful an art which formerly tended only to ruin the health of the patient by foreign remedies, or to reduce the professors of it to beggary, whilst they prosecuted the idle dream of converting every thing into gold.
MACRIN, Salmon, one of the best Latin poets of the sixteenth century, was born at Loudun. His real name was John Salmon; but he took that of Macrin, from his having been frequently so called in ridicule by Francis I. on account of his extraordinary leanness. He was preceptor to Claudius of Savoy, count of Tende, and to Honorius the count’s brother; and he wrote several pieces of poetry in lyric verse, which were so admired that he was called the Horace of his time. He died of old age, at Loudun, in 1555. Charles ĩlacrin, his son, was not inferior to him as 1 poet, and surpassed him in his knowledge of the Greek tongue. He was preceptor to Catharine of Navarre, the sister of Henry IV., and perished in the massacre of St Bartholomew in 1572.
MACROBII, a people of Ethiopia, celebrated for their ustice, and the innocence of their manners; also a people n the island of Meroe. The Hyperboreans were likewise palled Macrobii. They generally lived to their hundred and -wentieth year, and from their longevity they obtained heir name (i u,ακgoς βιος, long life).
MACROBIUS, Ambro sius Aurelius Theodosius, an ancient Latin writer, who flourished towards the close of the fourth century. Of what country he was, is by no means clear. Erasmus, in his Ciceronianus, seems to think he was a Greek; and he himself tells us, in the preface to his Saturnalia, that he was not a Roman, but laboured under the inconveniences of writing in a language which was not natural to him. Of what religion he was, whether Christian or Pagan, is uncertain. Barthius ranks him amongst the Christians; but Spanheim and Fabricius suppose him to have been a heathen. This, however, is certain, that he was a man of consular dignity, and one of the chamberlains or masters of the wardrobe to Theodosius, as appears from a rescript directed to Florentius, concerning those who were to obtain that office. He wrote a commentary upon Cicero’s Somnium Scipionis, and seven books of Saturnalia, which treat of various subjects, and form an agreeable mixture of criticism and antiquities. He was not an original writer, but made great use of other people’s works, borrowing not only their materials, but even their language; and for this he has been satirically rallied by some modern authors, though rather unfairly, considering the express declaration and apology which he makes on this head, at the very commencement of his work. “Don’t blame me,” says he, “if what I have collected from multifarious reading, I shall frequently express in the very words of the authors from whom I have taken it; for my view in this present work is, not to give proofs of my eloquence, but to collect and digest into some regularity and order such things as I thought might be useful to be known. I shall therefore here imitate the bees, who suck the best juices from all sorts of flowers, and afterwards work them up into various forms and orders, with some mixture of their own proper spirit.” The Somnium Scipionis and the Saturnalia have been often printed; and to them has been added, in the later editions, a piece entitled De Differentiis et Societatibus Groeci Latinique Verbi.
MACROCERCI, a name given to that class of animalcules which have tails longer than their bodies.
MACROCOLUM, or Macrocollum (formed of μ,ακ- 1oς, large or long, and κολλάω, to join), amongst the Romans, the largest kind of paper then in use. It measured sixteen inches, and frequently two feet.
MACROCOSM, a word denoting the great world, or the universe.
ΜACTAN Isle, a small island, one of the Philippines, situated to the east of Zebu Isle. It is noted as the place where Magellan was killed, a. d. 1521, on his return from America by a westerly course. Long. 123. 48. E. Lat. 10. 30. N.
MACTATIO, in the Roman sacrifices, signifies the act of killing the victim. This was performed either by the priest himself, or by some of his inferior officers, who were known under the name of popoe, agones, cultrarii, and victimarii ì but, before the beast was killed, the priest, turning himself to the east, drew a crooked line with his knife, from the forehead to the tail. Amongst the Greeks this ceremony was most commonly performed by the priest, or, in his absence, by the most honourable person present. If the sacrifice was offered to the celestial gods, the victim’s throat was bent up towards heaven; if to the infernal, or to heroes, it was killed with its throat towards the ground. The manner of killing the animal was by a stroke on the head, and, after it had fallen, thrusting a knife into its throat. Much notice was taken of, and good or ill success predicted from, the struggles of the beast, or its quiet submission to the blow; from the flowing of the blood, and the length of time the animal happened to live after the fall; and other circumstances.
MACULA, a bay of Arabia, on the northern coast, about two leagues deep and fifty broad, at the bottom of [7:13:666]which is a small town. It is fifty-five leagues east-north-east from Cape Aden. Long. 47. 33. E. Lat. 14. 6. N.
MACUNA, one of the Navigator’s Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, where a captain and several officers and men under Perouse were massacred by the inhabitants. Long. 169. W. Lat. 14. 19. S.
MADALENA, La, an island in the South PacificOcean, about eleven leagues in circuit. It is very populous. Long. 141. 9. W. Lat. 10. 25. S.
MADEN, a town of Armenia, on the Tigris, so named [7:13:672] from the copper and iron mines in its vicinity. Its situation is very striking and singular, being surrounded on all sides by bleak and barren mountains of great elevation, and overlooking a prodigious chasm, through which the Tigris forces a passage. It is sixty miles north of Diarbekir.
MADGHERY, a hill-fort and town of Hindustan, in the rajah of Mysore’s territories. Long. 75. 15. E. Lat. 13. 33. N.
MADIGHESHY, a fortress of Hindustan, in the Mysore rajah’s territories, situated on a rock of very difficult access, at the foot of which is a town containing near 200 houses. Long. 77. 16. E. Lat. 13. 48. N.
MADIRAN, a market-town of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, and arrondissement of Tor-bes, with 1130 inhabitants, who grow excellent wine.
MADNESS. See Mental Diseases.
MADRIGAL, a short, amorous poem, composed of a number of free and unequal verses, neither confined to the regularity of a sonnet, nor to the point or antithesis of an epigram, but only consisting of some tender and delicate thought, expressed with a beautiful, noble, or elegant simplicity. Menage derives the word from mandra, which, in Latin and Greek, signifies a sheep-fold; imagining that it had been originally a kind of pastoral or shepherd’s song, whence the Italians formed their madrigale, and the English madrigal. But others derive it from the word rnad-rugar, which in the Spanish language signifies to rise in the morning; the madrigales having been formerly sung early in the morning by those who had a mind to serenade their mistresses.
MADRILEJOS, a small town of Spain, in the province of New Castille, upon a range of mountains that run between the rivers Guadiana and Tagus. It stands in a very bleak situation, and on a very sterile soil.
MADURA, an extensive district of Hindustan, in the Southern Carnatic, situated chiefly between the ninth and tenth degrees of north latitude. It was annexed in 1742 to the dominions of the nabob of the Carnatic, and in 1801 came into the possession of the British. It is bounded on the north by the Polygar territory and Dindigul, on the south by Tinevelly, on the east by the district of Mara was, and on the west by that of Dindigul. The Vay-garoo and Candaroo are the chief rivers, and the principal owns Madura and Seholavanden. It has a tolerably fertile soil, and is well supplied with water; but its cultivation has always been inferior to that of Tanjore, which was probably owing to the warlike habits of the Zemindars and Polygars, living in castles surrounded with woods, in a constant state of war with each other. The name of the capital is Madura, which is an ancient city of the Southern Carnatic, the four sides of which front nearly the four cardinal points. It was formerly well fortified with a ditch, rampart, and square towers, and from 1740 to 1760 sustained many sieges, and was often in possession of refractory Polygars. Since it has come into the possession of the British, the peace of the country has been firmly maintained, so that it is now quite superfluous to keep up this or any other fortress. The travelling distance from Seringapatam is 240 miles, and from Madras 307 miles. Long. 78. 13. E. Lat. 9. 51. N.

Madura, an island in the Eastern Seas, situated off the north coast of the island of Java, from which it is separated by the Strait of Madura, which is a hundred miles in length by sixteen in average breadth. The channel at its [7:13:676]narrowest part is only eighty-three fathoms wide, and is marked by buoys. There is a depth of only three fathoms at the entrance, which can easily be passed by ships of a large size, the bottom being of a soft mud, through which a vessel is carried by the slightest breeze, aided by the current, which is strong. The inhabitants resemble the Hindus in their appearance, and worship their divinities, namely, Indra, Surya, and Vishnu. The inhabitants of the interior are rude and barbarous. They attack their enemies with poisoned arrows, which they blow through a tube. The Dutch invaded and subdued this island in 1747 i and made slaves of a great number of them. Long. 112. 54. E. Lat. 6. 44. to 7. 15. S.
MAEANDER, in Ancient Geography, a celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising near Celaenae. It flows through Caria and Ionia into the Aegean Sea between Miletus and Priene, after having been increased by the waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Lethaeus, and other tributaries. It is celebrated amongst the poets for its windings, which amount to no less than six hundred, and from which all recurring sinuosities have received the name of moeanders.
MAEATAE, anciently a people of Britain, near the wall of Severus, inhabiting the district now called Lauderdale, in Scotland.
MAELSTROM, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Norway, in the sixty-eighth degree of latitude, in the province of Nordland and the district of Lofoden, and near the island of Moskoe, whence it also takes the name of Moskoe-strom. Its violence and noise exceed that of a cataract, being heard at a great distance, and without any intermission, except a quarter every sixth hour, that is, at the turn of high and low water, when its impetuosity seems checked; and this short interval is the only time during which the fishermen can venture in: but the motion soon returns, and, however calm the sea may be, gradually in·
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creases, with such a draught and vortex, as to absorb whatever comes within its sphere of action, and keep it under water for some hours, when the fragments, shivered by the 1 rocks, again appear.
MAEMACTERIA, sacrifices offered to Jupiter at Athens in the winter month Maemacterion, when the god surnamed Maemactes was entreated to send mild and temperate weather, as he presided over the seasons, and was the god of the air.
MAEMACTERION was the fourth month of the Athenian year, containing twenty-nine days, and answering to the latter part of our September and the beginning of October. It received its name from the festival Maemacteria, which was observed about this time. This month was called by the Boeotians Alalcomenius.
MAEONIA, a country of Asia Minor, and forming part of Lydia, being in the neighbourhood of Mount Tmolus, and the country watered by the Pactolus. The rest on the sea-coast was called Lydia.
MAEONIDAE, a name given to the muses, because Homer, their greatest and worthiest favourite, was supposed to be a native of Maeonia.
MAEONIDES, a surname of Homer, because, according to the opinion of some writers, he was born in Maeonia, or because his father’s name was Maeon.
MAEOTIS Palus or Lacus, Maeotica Palus, or Μoeo tiens Lacus, in Ancient Geography, a large lake, or part of the sea, between Europe and Asia, at the northern extremity of the Euxine, with which it communicates by the Cimmerian Bosphorus. It was worshipped as a deity by the Massagetae. It extends about 390 miles from south-west to north-east, and is about 600 miles in circumference. The Palus Maeotis, or Sea of Azof, reaches from the Crimea to the mouth of the Don.
MAESNIEL, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg, and arrondissement of Roermonde. It contains 200 houses and 1180 inhabitants.
MAESTLIN, Michael, in Latin Moestlinus, a celebrated astronomer of Germany, was born in the duchy of Wittemberg, but spent his youth in Italy. He made a speech in favour of Copernicus’s system, which is supposed to have brought over Galileo from Aristotle and Ptolemy, to whom he had been hitherto entirely devoted. He afterwards returned to Germany, and became professor of mathematics at Tubingen, where, amongst his scholars, he taught Kepler, who has praised several of his ingenious inventions in his Astronomia Optica. Though Tycho Brahe did not assent to Maestlin’s opinion, yet he allowed him to be an extraordinary person, and deeply skilled in the science of astronomy. Maestlin published many mathematical and astronomical works, and died in 1590.
MAESTRICHT, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg, of which it is the capital, as well^as of the arrondissement of the same name. It is situated on the left side of the river Meuse, over which is a stone bridge 500 feet in length, connecting it with the suburb Wyk. It is one of the strongest as well as one of the most extensive fortifications in Europe, including in it the citadel of Petersburg. It is well built, has a fine place or square, eight churches, three hospitals, and an orphan-house. It contains 3000 houses, and 19,500 inhabitants. The chief commerce is that which arises from the river, by which the stonejis conveyed to Holland, as well as the coal and iron from Liège. There are some breweries and distilleries, and some small manufactures of common articles. Long. 5. 35. 4L E. Lat. 50. 51. 7. N.
MAFFAEUS, Vegio, a Latin poet, born in Lombardy in 1407, was greatly admired in his time. He wrote epigrams, and a humorous supplement to Virgil, which he called the thirteenth book of the Aeneid, and which has been translated into English by Mr Ellis. Maffaeusalso wrote some prose works. He was chancellor of Rome towards the end of the pontificate of Martin V., and died in 1458.
MAFFEI, Scipio, a celebrated Italian poet, descended of an ancient and illustrious family at Verona, was born in 1675. After having finished his studies, he took arms, and distinguished himself by his'valour at the battle of Donawert; but he more particularly signalized himself by his love of learning, which made him undertake several journeys into France, England, and Germany. He conversed with the learned in all these countries, and obtained their friendship and esteem. He was a member of the academy of the Arcadians at Rome, an honorary foreign member of that of Inscriptions at Paris, and died in 1755. He wrote many works in verse and prose, which are esteemed. Of these, the best known are, 1. The Tragedy of Merope, of which there are two French translations in prose; 2. Ceremony, a comedy; 3. A Translation, into Italian verse, of the first book of Homer’s Iliad; 4. Many other pieces of poetry, in a collection entitled Phyme and Prose, 4to. His principal works in prose are, I. Verona Illustrata; 2. Istoria Diplomatica; 3. Scienza Cavalleresea, an excellent work, in which he attacks duelling; 4. An edition of the Theatro Italiano; 5. An edition of Cassiodorus on the Epistles, Acts of the Apostles, and Apocalypse; and, 6. Galliae Antiquitates quaedam selectae, atque in plures Epistolas distributae; besides several other works.
MAFRA, a small town in Portugal, the principal cele brity of which is derived from a royal convent, one of the most splendid in the kingdom. The convent contains three hundred cells, for as many monks. The church, which is in the centre, is large and handsome; and the marble steps leading to it are peculiarly grand. The interior is ornamented with beautiful marbles, exquisitely wrought. There are in it six organs and twelve altars. The whole pile is enormous, being two hundred and sixty feet in length, containing eight hundred and seventy apartments, and five thousand two hundred windows. Near the convent is an extensive and beautiful royal park, well stocked with game of every kind. It is in the province of Estremadura, and contains 1000 inhabitants.
MAGADA, in Mythology, a title under which Venus was known and worshipped in Lower Saxony, where this goddess had a famous temple, which was treated with respect even by the Huns and Vandals when they ravaged the country. It is said to have been destroyed by Charlemagne.
MAGAS, Magadis (from μaγah^uv, to sing or play in unison), the name of a musical instrument in use amongst the ancients. There were two kinds of magades, the one a stringed instrument, formed of twenty chords arranged in pairs, and tuned to unison, so that they yielded ten sounds; the invention of which is ascribed by some to Sappho, by others to the Lydians, and by others to Timotheus of Miletus. The other was a kind of flute, which at the same time yielded very high and very low notes. The former kind was much improved by Timotheus of Miletus, who is said to have been impeached of a crime, because, by increasing the number of chords, he spoiled and discredited the ancient music.
MAGAZINE, a place in which stores are kept, of arms, ammunition, provisions, and the like.

Powder Magazine is that place where gunpowder is kept in large quantities. The first powder magazines were made with Gothic arches; but Vauban finding them too weak, constructed them in a semicircular form. Their usual dimensions are sixty feet long within, and twenty-five broad; the foundations are eight or nine feet thick, and eight feet high from the foundation to the spring of the arch; and the floor is two feet from the ground, which secures it from dampness.

Artillery Magazine. In a siege, the magazine is made [7:13:678]about twenty-five or thirty yards behind the battery, towards the parallels, and at least three feet under ground, to contain the powder, loaded shells, portfires, and the like.

Magazine, on shipboard, a close room or storehouse, built in the fore or after part of the hold, to contain the gunpowder used in battle. This apartment is strongly secured against fire, and no person is allowed to enter it with a lamp or candle; it is therefore lighted, as occasion requires, by means of the candles or lamps in the light-room contiguous to it.

Magazine, Literary, a well-known species of periodical publications. One of the first that appeared was The Gentlemans Magazine, set on foot by Mr Edward Cave, in the year 1731. This, as Dr Kippis observes,^[1. Biograghia Britannica, vol. iii. art. Cave. ] “may be considered as something of an epocha in the literary history of this country. The periodical performances before that time were almost wholly confined to political transactions, and to foreign and domestic occurrences; but the monthly magazines have opened a way for every kind of inquiry and information. The intelligence and discussion contained in them are very extensive and various; and they have been the means of diffusing a general habit of reading through the nation, which, in a certain degree, hath enlarged the public understanding. Many young authors, who have afterwards risen to considerable eminence in the literary world, have here made their first attempts in composition. Here too are preserved a multitude of curious and useful hints, observations, and facts, which otherwise might have never appeared; or, if they had appeared in a more evanescent form, would have incurred the danger of being lost.”
MAGDALEN, Mary. See Mary. Religious of St Magdalen, a denomination given to different communities of nuns, consisting generally of penitent courtezans, sometimes also called Magdalenettes. Such were those at Metz, established in 1452; those at Paris, in 1492; those at Naples, first established in 1324, and endowed by Queen Sancha, to serve as a retreat for public courtezans, who should betake themselves to repentance; and those of Rouen and Bordeaux, which had their origin amongst those of Paris in 1618. In each of these monasteries there are three kinds of persons and congregations; the first consists of those who are admitted to make vows, and these bear the name of St Magdalen ; the second is the congregation of St Martha, composed of those whom it is not judged proper to admit to vows; and the third is the congregation of St Lazarus, composed of such as are detained there by force. The religious of St Magdalen at Rome were established by Pope Leo X. Clement VIII. settled a revenue on them, and further appointed that the effects of all public prostitutes dying intestate should fall to them, and that the testaments of the rest should be invalid unless they bequeathed to them a portion of their effects, amounting at least to a fifth part.
MAGDALENA, one of the Marquesas Islands, about five leagues in circumference, and supposed to be in south latitude 10. 25. and west longitude 138. 50. It was only seen at nine leagues distance by those who discovered it.