pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AMWELL, a large village in the hundred of Hertford, of the county of that name, 20 miles from London. It is at the head of the New River, conducted to the metropolis by Sir Hugh Middleton, betwee« the years 1606 and 1612. The population in 1801 was 772; in 1811, 891; and in 1821, 1110.
AMYLACEOUS, from amylum, starch, a term applied to the fine flour of farinaceous seeds, in which consists their nutritive part.
AMYNTA, in literary history, a beautiful pastoral comedy composed by Tasso, the model of all dramatic pieces wherein shepherds are actors. The Pastor Fido and Filli de Sciro are only copies of this excellent piece.
AMYNTOR, αμυvτωξ, formed of the verb aμυvω, I defend or avenge, properly denotes a person who defends or vindicates a cause.
AMYOT, James, bishop of Auxerre and grand almoner of France, was born of an obscure family at Melun, the 30th of October 1514, and studied philosophy at Paris, in the college of Cardinal le Moine. He was naturally dull and heavy; but diligence and application made amends for these natural defects. He left Paris at the age of 23, and went to Bourges with the Sieur Colin, who had the abbey of St Ambrose in that city. At the recommendation of this abbot, a secretary of state took Amyot into his house to be tutor to his children. The great improvements they made under his direction induced the secretary to recommend him to the Princess Margaret, duchess of Berry, only sister of Francis I.; and by means of this recommendation Amyot was made public professor of Greek and Latin in the university of Bourges. It was during this time he translated into French the Amours of Theagines and Charielea, which Francis I. was so pleased with, that he conferred upon him the abbey of Bellosane. He also translated Plutarch’s Lives, which he dedicated to the king; and afterwards undertook that of Plutarch’s Morals, which he ended in the reign of Charles IX. and dedicated to that prince. Charles conferred upon him the abbey of St Cornelius de Compiegne, and made him grand almoner of France and bishop of Auxerre. He died in 1593, aged 79.
AMYRALDISM, a name given by some writers to the doctrine of universal grace, as explained and asserted by Amyraldus, or Moses Amyraut, and others, his followers, among the reformed in France, towards the middle of the 17 th century.

This doctrine principally consisted of the following particulars, viz. that God desires the happiness of all men, and none are excluded by a divine decree; that none can obtain salvation without faith in Christ; that God refuses to none the power of believing, though he does not grant to all his assistance, that they may improve this power to saving purposes; and that many perish through their own fault. Those who embraced this doctrine were called Urnversalists ; though it is evident they rendered grace universal in words, but partial in reality, and are chargeable with greater inconsistencies than the Supra-lapsarians.
AMYRAUT, Moses, an eminent French Protestant divine, born at Bourgueil in Touraine in 1596. He studied at Saumur, where he was chosen professor of divinity; and his learned works gained him the esteem of Catholics as well as Protestants, particularly of Cardinal Richelieu, who consulted him on a plan of reuniting their churches, which, however, as may well be supposed, came to nothing. He published a piece, in which he attempted to explain the mystery of predestination and grace, which occasioned a controversy between him and some other divines. He also wrote An Apology for the Protestants, A Paraphrase on the New Testament, and several other books. This eminent divine died in 1664.
ANABASII, in Antiquity, were couriers who were sent on horseback or in chariots, with dispatches of importance.
ANABATHRA, in ancient writers, denotes a kind of steps or ladder whereby to ascend to some eminence. In this sense we read of the anabathra of theatres, pulpits, &c. Anabathra appears to have been sometimes also applied to ranges of seats rising gradually over each other.

Anabathra is more particularly applied to a kind of stone blocks raised by the highway sides, to assist travellers in mounting or alighting, before the use of stirrups was invented. The first author of this contrivance among the Romans was C. Gracchus, brother of Tiberius.
ANABOA, a small island situated near the coast of Loango, in Africa. Long. 9. E. Lat. 1. N.
ANABOLAEUM, or Anabole, in Antiquity, a kind of great or upper coat, worn over the tunica.
ANABOLEUS, in Antiquity, an appellation given to grooms of the stable, or equerries, who assisted their masters in mounting their horses. As the ancients had no stirrups, or instruments that are now in use for mounting a horse, they either jumped upon his back, or were aided in mounting by anaboleì.
ANACALYPTERIA, according to Suidas, were presents made to the bride by her husband’s relations and friends, when she first uncovered her face and showed herself to men. These presents were also called ≡wαuλα∕α; for, among the Greeks, virgins before marriage were under strict confinement, being rarely permitted to appear in public, or converse with the other sex; and when allowed that liberty, wore a veil over their faces, termed Kαλuwrgov, or K<zλuπrga, which was not left off in the presence of men till the third day after marriage; whence, according to Hesychius, this day was also called anacalypterion.
ANACAMPTERIA, in Ecclesiastical Antiquity, a kind of little edifices adjacent to the churches, designed for the entertainment of strangers and poor persons.
ANACAMPTIC, a name applied by the ancients to that part of optics which treats of reflection, being the same with what is now called Catoptrics.
ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philosopher, who lived about 600 years before Christ. His father was one of the chiefs of his nation, and married a woman of Greece. Instructed in the Greek language by his mother, he prevailed upon the king to intrust him with an embassy to Athens. Arrived in that renowned city, he was introduced to Solon by one of his own countrymen, named Eoxaris. From such a well-qualified master Anacharsis rapidly acquired a knowledge of the wisdom of Greece, and the literature then in circulation. By the influence of Solon he was introduced to the principal characters of Athens, and was the first stranger who was honoured with the title of citizen by the Athenians. After he had resided several years at Athens, he travelled through different countries in quest of knowledge, and then returned to his native country inflamed with the desire of instructing them in the laws and the religion of the Greeks. But his countrymen were not prepared to profit by his instructions; and while he was performing sacrifice to the goddess Cybele, in fulfilment of a vow which he had made on his way home, he was slain by an arrow, said to have proceeded from the king’s own hand. Thus fell the Scythian philosopher a victim to the folly and ignorance of his countrymen, who wantonly rejected the wisdom and learning of Greece. His energetic mode of expressing himself gave birth to the proverbial saying, “Scythian eloquence.”
ANACHORET, in Ecclesiastical History, denotes a hermit, or solitary monk, who retires from the society of mankind into some desert, with a view to avoid the temptations of the world, and to be more at leisure for meditation and prayer. Such were Paul, Anthony, and Hilarian, the first founders of monastic life in Egypt and Palestine.
ANACHRONISM, in matters of literature, an error with respect to chronology, whereby an event is placed earlier than it really happened. The word is compounded of αvα, higher, and γfovος, time. Such is that of Virgil, who placed Dido in Africa at the time of Aeneas, though in reality she did not come thither till 300 years after the taking of Troy. An error on the other side, whereby a fact is placed later and lower than it should be, is called a parachronism.
ANACLASTIC Glasses, a kind of sonorous phials or glasses, chiefly made in Germany, which have the property of being flexible, and emitting a vehement noise by the human breath. They are also called vexing glasses by the Germans (vexier glaseT), on account of the fright and disturbance they occasion by their resilition. The anaclastic glasses are a low kind of phials with flat bellies, resembling inverted funnels, whose bottoms are very thin, scarce surpassing the thickness of an onion peel. This bottom is not quite flat, but a little convex; but upon applying the mouth to the orifice, and gently inspiring, or as it were sucking out the air, the bottom gives way with a prodigious crack, and the convex becomes concave. On the contrary, upon expiring or breathing gently into the orifice of the same glass, the bottom with no less noise bends back to its former place, and becomes gibbous as before.
ANACLASTICS, that part of optics which considers the refraction of light, and is commonly called Dioptrics.
ANACLETERIA, in Antiquity, a solemn festival celebrated by the ancients when their kings or princes came of age, and assumed the reins of government. It is so. called, because proclamation being made of this event to the people, they went to salute their prince during the anacleteria, and to congratulate him upon his new dignity.
ANACLETICUM, in the ancient art of war, a particular blast of the trumpet, whereby the fearful and flying soldiers were rallied, and recalled to combat.
ANACLINOPALE, Ava%λ∕voffaλ}⅛ in Antiquity, a kind of wrestling, wherein the champions threw themselves voluntarily on the ground, and continued the combat by pinching, biting, scratching, and other methods of offence. The Anaclinopale was contradistinguished from the Or-thapale, wherein the champions stood erect. In the Anaclinopale the weaker combatants sometimes gained the victory.
ANACLINTERIA, in Antiquity, a kind of pillows on [7:2:681]the dining bed, whereon the guests used to lean. The ancient tricliniary beds had four pillows, one at the head, another at the feet, a third at the back, and a fourth at the breast. That on which the head lay was properly called by the Greeks avaxXivrŋgiov or avaxa∕vrgov ; by the Romans fulcrum, sometimes pluteus.
ANACOLLEMA, a composition of astringent powders, applied by the ancients to the head, to prevent defluxions on the eyes.
ANACONDA, in Natural History, is a name given in the isle of Ceylon to a very large and terrible snake. It is probably the Boa Constrictor.
ANACREON, a Greek poet, born at Teos, a city of Ionia, flourished about 532 years before the Christian era. Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, invited him to his court, and made him share with him in his business and his pleasure. He had a delicate wit, as may be judged from the inexpressible beauties and graces that shine in his works; but he was fond of pleasure, was of an amorous disposition, and addicted to drunkenness: yet, notwithstanding his debaucheries, he lived to the age of 85, when, we are told, he was choked by a grapestone which stuck in his throat as he was regaling on some new wine. It is but a small part of Anacreon’s works that remains; for, besides his odes and epigrams, he composed elegies, hymns, and iambics. His poems which are extant were rescued from oblivion by Henry Stephens, and are universally admired. The verses of Anacreon are sweeter, says Scaliger, than Indian sugar. His beauty and chief excellence, says Madame Dacier, lay in imitating nature and in following reason; so that he presented to the mind no images but what were noble and natural. The odes of Anacreon, says Rapin, are flowers, beauties, and perpetual graces; it is familiar to him to write what is natural, and to the life, he having an air so delicate, so easy and graceful, that among -all the ancients there is nothing comparable to the method he took, nor to that kind of writing he followed. He flows soft and easy, everywhere diffusing the joy and indolence of his mind through his verse, and tuning his harp to the smooth and pleasant temper of his soul. But none has given a juster character of his writings than the god of love, as taught to speak by Mr Cowley:
All thy verse is softer far
Than the downy feathers are
Of my wings, or of my arrows,
Of my mother’s doves and sparrows:
Graceful, cleanly, smooth, or round,
All with Venus’ girdle bound.
ANACREONTIC Verse, in Ancient Poetry, a kind of verse, so called from its being much used by the poet Anacreon. It consists of three feet and a half, usually spondees and iambuses, and sometimes anapaests.
ANACRISIS, among the ancient Greeks, was used for a kind of trial or examination, which the archons or chief magistrates of Athens were to undergo before their admission into that office. The anacrisis stands distinguished from the docirnasia, which was a second examination in the forum. The anacrisis was performed in the senatehouse. The questions here proposed to them were concerning their family, kindred, behaviour, estate, &c. Some will have it that all magistrates underwent the anacrisis.

Anacrisis, among civilians, an investigation of truth, interrogation of witnesses, and inquiry made into any fact, especially by torture.
ANACROSIS, in Antiquity, denotes a part of the Pythian song, wherein the combat of Apollo and Python is described. The anacrosis was the first part, and contained the preparation to the fight.
ANADEMA, among the ancients, denotes an ornament of the head, wherewith victors at the sacred games had their temples bound.
ANADIPLOSIS, in Rhetoric and Poetry, a repetition of the last word of a line, or clause of a sentence, in the beginning of the next: thus,
Pierides, vos haec facietis maxima Gallo:
Galla, cujus amor, &c.
Et matutinis accredula vocibus instat,
Vocibus instat, et assiduas jacit ore querelas.
ANADROMUS, among ichthyologists, a name given to such fishes as go from the sea to the fresh water at stated seasons, and return back again; such as the salmon, &c.
ANADUOMENE Venus, in the Grecian Mythology, answered to the Sea Venus in the Roman, and was the appellation given to one of the chief deities of the sea. The most celebrated picture in all antiquity was that of this goddess by Apelles.
ANAEDEIA, in Antiquity, a denomination given to a silver stool placed in the Areopagus, on which the defendant, or person accused, was seated for examination. The word is Greek, Ava∕δi∕α, which imports impudence ; but, according to Junius’s correction, it should rather be Αva ∣ ∏a, q. d. innocence. The plaintiff or accuser was placed on an opposite stool called hybris, or injury. Here he proposed three questions to the party accused, to which positive answers were to be given; the first, Are you guilty of this fact? the second, How did you commit the fact? the third, Who were your accomplices?
ANAGNOSTA, or Anagnostes, in Antiquity, a kind of literary servant, retained in the families of persons of distinction, whose chief business was to read to them during meals, or at any other time when they were at leisure. Cornelius Nepos relates of Atticus, that he had always an anagnostes at his meals.
ANAGOGICAL signifies mysterious, transporting, and is used to express whatever elevates the mind, not only to the knowledge of divine things, but of divine things in the next life. This word is seldom used but with regard to the different senses of the Scripture. The anagogical sense is, when the sacred text is explained with regard to eternal life, the point which Christians should have in view: for example, the rest of the Sabbath, in the anagogical sense, signifies the repose of everlasting happiness.
ANAGOGY, or Anagoge, among ecclesiastical writers, the elevation of the mind to things celestial and eternal. It is particularly used where words, in their natural or primary meanings, denote something sensible, but have a further view to something spiritual or invisible.

Anagogy, in a more particular sense, denotes the application of the types and allegories of the Old Testament to subjects of the New; thus called, because the veil being here drawn, what before was hidden is exposed to open sight.
ANAGRAM (from the Greek αvα, backwards, and γζaμμa, letter), in matters of literature, a transposition of the letters of some name, whereby a new word is formed, either to the advantage or disadvantage of the person or thing to which the name belongs: thus the anagram of Galenus is angelus ; that of Logica, caligo ; that of Alstedius, sedulitas. Calvin, in the title of his Institutions, printed at Strasburg in 1539, calls himself Alcuinus, which is the anagram of Calvinus, and the name of an eminently learned person in the time of Charlemagne, who contributed greatly to the restoration of learning in that age.

Those who adhere strictly to the definition of an ana [7:2:682]gram take no other liberty than that of omitting or retaining the letter H at pleasure; whereas others make no scruple to use e for ae, v for w, s for z, and c for κ; and vice versa. Besides anagrams formed as above, we meet with another kind in ancient writers, made by dividing a single word into several; thus, sus tinea mus are formed out of the word sustineamus. Anagrams are sometimes also made out of several words; such as that on the question put by Pilate to our Saviour, Quid est veritas? whereof we have this admirable anagram, viz. Est vir qui adest.

The cabbalists among the Jews are professed anagrammatists; the third part of their art, which they call themuru, i. e. changing, being nothing but the art of making anagrams, or finding hidden and mystical meanings in names; which they do by changing, transposing, and differently combining the letters of those names. Thus, of ∏≡, the letters of Noah’s name, they make ∏, grace; of rτ'orn, the Messiah, they make nnur>, he shall rejoice.
ANAGRAMMATIST, a maker or composer of anagrams. Thomas Billon, a Provençal, was a celebrated anagrammatist, and retained by Louis XIII. with a pension of 1200 livres, in quality of anagrammatist to the king.
ANAGROS, in Commerce, a measure for grain, used in some cities in Spain, particularly at Seville.
ANAK, the father of the Anakims, was the son of Arba, who gave his name to Kiŗjath-arba, or Hebron. (Josh. xiv. 15.) Anak had three sons, Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai (chap. xv. 14, and Numb, xiii. 22), all of gigantic size; their posterity were remarkable, not only for their extraordinary stature, but for their fierceness, and were called Anakims; in comparison of whom, the Hebrews who were sent to view the land of Canaan reported that they were but as grasshoppers, Numb. xiii. ult. Caleb, assisted by the tribe of Judah, took Kirjath-arba, and destroyed the Anakims (Judges i. 20, and Joshua xv. 14), in the year of the world 2559.
ANALECTA, or Analectes, in Antiquity, a servant whose employment it was to gather up the offals at tables.

Analecta, Analects, in a literary sense, is used to denote a collection of small pieces; as essays, remarks, &c.
ANALEMMA, in Geometry, a projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, orthographically made by a straight line and ellipses, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon.

Analemma denotes likewise an instrument of brass or wood, upon which this kind of projection is drawn, with an horizon or cursor fitted to it, wherein the solstitial colure, and all circles parallel to it, will be concentric circles; all circles oblique to the eye will be ellipses; and all circles whose planes pass through the eye will be right lines. The use of this instrument is to show the common astronomical problems; which it will do, though not very exactly, unless it be very large.
ANALEPSIS, the augmentation or nutrition of an emaciated body.
ANALEPTICS, restorative or nourishing medicines.
ANALYSIS, in a general sense, implies the resolution of something compounded into its original and constituent parts. The word is Greek, and derived from coaλyα∣, to resolve.
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Analysis, in Mathematics, is properly the method of resolving problems by means of algebraical equations; whence we often find that these two words, analysis and algebra, are used as synonymous.

Analysis is divided, with regard to its object, into that of finites and infinites. Analysis of Finite Quantities is what we otherwise call specious arithmetic or algebra.

Analysis of Infinites, called also the New Analysis, is particularly used for the method of fluxions, or the differential calculus.

Analysis, in Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of the Mind, signifies the process of decompounding our thoughts into their simplest elements, or of resolving our intellectual operations into their primary principles.

Analysis, in Physics, and in Chemistry, also denotes decomposition, that is, the separation of what is complex, into its constitutent parts. The different meanings of the term Analysis, as used in mathematics and the other branches of science, are well explained in Stewart’s Philosophy of the Mind, vol. ii. chap. iv. sect. 3.

Analysis, in Rhetoric, is that which examines the connections, tropes, figures, and the like, inquiring into the passions, arguments, and other apparatus of rhetoric.
ANALYTIC, or Analytical, something that belongs to or partakes of the nature of analysis. The analytic method stands opposed to the synthetic. See Logic.
ANAMABOA, or Annamaboe, a populous town on the gold coast, in the kingdom of Fantin, in Guinea.
ANAMMELECH, an idol of the Sepharvaites, who are said in Scripture to have burnt their children in honour of Adrammelech and Anammelech. These idols probably signified the sun and moon. Some of the rabbins represent Anammelech under the figure of a mule, others under that of a quail or pheasant.
ANAMIM, the second son of Mizraim. (Gen. x. 13.) Anamim, if we may credit the paraphrast Jonathan the son of Uzziel, peopled the Mareotis; or the Pentapolis of Gyrene, according to the paraphrast of Jerusalem. Bo-chart is of opinion that these Anamims were the people that dwelt in the parts adjacent to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and in the Nasamonitis. Calme t thinks that the Amanians and Garamantes are descended from Ana-mim.
ANAMORPHOSIS, in perspective drawings, is a deformed or distorted portrait or figure, generally confused and unintelligible to the common unassisted view; but when seen at a certain distance and height, or as reflected from a plain or curved mirror, will appear regular and in right proportion.
ANANCITIS, in Antiquity, a kind of figured stone, otherwise called synochitis, celebrated for its magical virtue of raising the shadows of the infernal gods.
ANANIAS, a Sadducee, high-priest of the Jews, who put to death St James, the brother of our Lord, and was deposed by Agrippa.
ANANISABTA, or Ananisapta, a magical word frequently found inscribed on coins and other amulets, supposed to have a virtue of preserving the wearer from the plague.
ANAPAEST, in Ancient Poetry, a foot consisting of two short syllables and one long: such is the word scŏpŭlōs. It is just the reverse of the dactyl.
ANAPAESTIC Verses, those consisting wholly or chiefly of anapaests.
ANAPHORA, in Rhetoric, the repetition of the same word or words in the beginning of a sentence or verse.

Anaphora, among physicians, the throwing off purulent matter by the mouth.
ANAPLASIS signifies the replacing or setting of a fractured bone.
ANAPLORETICS, medicines that promote the growth or granulation of the flesh in wounds, ulcers, &c.

ĂNARCHI (Avagxw), in Antiquity, a name given by the Athenians to four supernumerary days in their year, during which they had no magistrates. The Attic year was divided into 10 parts, according to the number of tribes, to whom the presidency of the senate fell by turns. Each division consisted of 35 days; what remained after the expiration of these, to make the lunar year complete, which according to their computation consisted of 354 days, were employed in the creation of magistrates, and called αvαξ ι ∙χpι r ∣ μiξaι, and αgχα∕gεtf∕o∕.
ANARCHY, the want of government in a nation, where no supreme authority is lodged either in the prince or other rulers, but the people live at large,’ and all things are in confusion. The word is derived from the Greek privative α, and a°γg], command, principality.
ANÂRROPIA, among physicians, a tendency of the humours to the head or superior parts.