pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PANTHEISM, a philosophical species of idolatry, leading to atheism, in which the universe was considered as the supreme God. The inventor of this absurd systemis not known; but it was of early origin, and variously modified[7:16:791] by differènt philosophers. Some held that the universe was one immense animal, of which the incorporeal soul was properly God, and the heavens and earth the body of that God; whilst others held but one substance, partly active and partly passive, and therefore looked upon the visible universe as the only Numen. The earliest Grecian Pantheist of whom we read was Orpheus, who called the world the body of God, and its several parts his members, making the whole universe one divine animal. According to Cudworth, Orpheus and his followers believed in the immaterial soul of the world; therein agreeing with Aristotle, who certainly held that God and matter are coeternal, and that there is some such union between them as subsists between the souls and bodies of men.

In the ancient Orphic theology, we are taught that this universe, and all things belonging to it, were made within God, that all things are contained together in the womb of God; that God is the head and middle of all things; that he is the basis of the earth and heaven; that he is the depth of the sea, the air we breathe, the force of the untameable fire; that he is the sun, moon, and stars; and that there is one divine body, for,

∏α>τα γaς » μιγaλω <r<f Jε ffuμaτι xtιτaι,

* t all these things lie in the great body of God.” But, further, to prove that the most ancient Greek philosophers resolved all things into God, and made God all, to vαν, we shall cite a most remarkable passage from Plutarch’s Defect of Oracles. “Whereas there are two causes of all generations, the divine and the human, the most ancient theologists and poets attended only to the more excellent of these two; resolving all things into God, and pronouncing this of them universally:

Ziu; aςχn, Ztus μirra, ∆,ιβf δ ’ in vraντa frιλoν<ra∕ f ’ that God is both the beginning and middle, and that all things are out of God ;’ insomuch, that they had no regard at all to the other natural and necessary causes of things; but, on the contrary, their juniors, who were called naturalists, deviating from this most excellent and divine principle, placed all in bodies their passions, collisions, mutations, and commixtures.”

That by the most ancient theologists here mentioned, Plutarch meant Orpheus and his immediate followers, is plain from the Orphic verse by which he proves their antiquity. By their juniors, whom he calls naturalists, he could mean no other than the first Grecian philosophers, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Hippo, who were followed by the atheistical atomists, Leucippus, Democritus, Protagoras, and Epicurus. But with respect to the universe being God, and all things, divine and human, being modifications of mere matter, the Stoics undoubtedly agreed with Anaximander and his followers; for the school of Zeno held but one substance. This impious doctrine, that all things are God, and that there is but one substance, was revived in modern times by Spinoza, an apostate Jew. See Spinoza.
PANTIKU, a village of Asiatic Turkey, on the northeastern coast of the sea of Marmora.
PANTOMIME, Tlaντομιμος, amongst the ancients, a person who could imitate all kinds of actions and characters by signs and gestures, without speaking.

The pantomimes formed a part of the theatrical entertainments of the ancients; and their chief employment was to express by gestures and action whatever the chorus sung, changing their countenance and behaviour as the subject of the song varied. They were very ancient in Greece, being, according to some, derived from the heroic ages; but however this may be, they were certainly known in Plato’s time. In Rome, it was as late as the reign of Augustus before they made their appearance. With respect to their dress, it was various, being always suited as near as possible to that of the person they were to imitate. The crocota was much used amongst the Roman pantomimes, in which, as well as in other female dresses, they personated women.

“The pantomimes,” says Gibbon, “who maintained their reputation from the age of Augustus to the sixth century, expressed, without the use of words, the various fables of the gods and heroes of antiquity; and the perfection of their art, which sometimes disarmed the gravity of the philosopher, always excited the applause and wonder of the people. The vast and magnificent theatres of Rome were filled by 3000 female dancers, and by 3000 singers, with the masters of the respective chorusses. Such was the popular favour which they enjoyed, that in a time of scarcity, when all strangers were banished from the city, the merit of contributing to the public pleasures exempted them from a law which was strictly enforced against the professors of the liberal arts.”

Pantomimes are still very common. In some respects indeed they differ from those of antiquity; but they retain the name, and, like these, they consist in the representation of things merely by gestures.
PANWELL, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, situated on the banks of the Pan, about seven miles from its mouth. It is an extensive place, and carries on a considerable trade. There are still here the remains of a brick fort built by the Mahratta chief Sevajee about the year 1680, to protect the inhabitants against the incursions of the Siddees. Panwell now belongs to the British. It is twenty-seven miles east of Bombay. Long. 73. 13. E. Lat. 19. N.
PANY Isle, one of the Philippines, 110 miles in length by thirty-eight in average breadth. It is situated due south of Luzon, between the 122d and 123d degrees of east longitude. The island is marshy, and consequently unhealthy. When viewed from the sea, it exhibits numerous villages on the declivity of the hills, the houses of which are generally well built, and arranged with great regularity. In the interior are found deer, hogs, buffaloes, and wild animals; and cattle and horses range at pleasure through the uncultivated parts. The inhabitants manufacture handkerchiefs and cloths from cotton, and from the fibres of another plant, with which they supply the neighbouring islands. It has the reputation of containing gold and silver mines. The principal establishments of the Spaniards on this island are at Ilo-ilo and Antigua, on which oeast there is good anchorage in ten fathoms, at a considerable distance from the shore. There is no security here either for life or property. The principal settlement, Antigua, is extremely ill governed and defended, vessels being plundered in the harbour by the pirates, who carry their crews into slavery. Long. 122. 33. E. Lat. 11. 15. N.
PAO, San Joan del, a town of Columbia, in South America, about fifty leagues south-west from Caraccas. It is situated on the river Pao, the course of which was turned about the end of the seventeenth century, and, instead of flowing into Lake Valencia, directed into the Portugueza, a branch of the Apure, which itself is an affluent of the Orinoco. The town consists of several handsome streets, has a neat parish church, and is inhabited chiefly by the proprietors[7:17:3] of the cattle reared on the fertile plains which surround the town. It contains a population of between 5000 and 6000. Lat. 9. 20. N.
PAO-KING, a city of China, of the first rank, in Houquang, situated on the river Lokyang, by which it communicates with the great lake Tongting.
PAOLA, a city of Italy, in the province of Calabria Citeriore, of the kingdom of Naples. It stands on the side of a hill, about one mile from the sea, and contains several churches and monasteries, 650 houses, and 4500 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in making wine and oil, and in the manufacture of earthenware.
PAOOM, one of the smaller of the New Hebrides, in the South Pacific Ocean, and which appeared to Captain Cook to be two islands. Long. 168. 2Ò. W. Lat. 16. 30. S.
PAOTING, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-che-lee. It is the residence of the viceroy, and ranks next to Pekin amongst the cities of the province. It is seventy-seven miles south-south-west of Pekin. Long. 115. 14. E. Lat. 38. 54. N.
PAPA, a town of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Hither Danube, and the circle of Wesz-primer. It contains a palace of Esterhazy, a Catholic, a Lutheran and a Reformed church, with a seminary belonging to the last of these religious sects. There are 780 houses, with 5150 inhabitants, who grow some excellent wine. Long. 17. 20. 55. E. Lat. 47. 19. 32. N.
PAP Castle, in England, in Bridekirk parish, Cumberland, originally stood two miles from Cockermonth, on the other side of the Derwent. Its antiquity is proved by se veral monuments; and a large green stone vessel found here, with little images upon it, is supposed to have been formerly a Danish font. Pap Castle, which seems to have been so called from Pipard, its owner, is said to have been demolished, and the materials employed in building Cockermouth Castle.
PAPIER Mache'. This is a substance made of cuttings of white or brown paper, boiled in water, and beaten in a mortar, till they are reduced to a kind of paste, and then boiled with a solution of gumarabic or of size, to give tenacity to the paste, which is afterwards formed into different articles, by pressing it into oiled moulds. When dry, the work is done over with a mixture of size and lamp-black, and afterwards varnished. The black varnish for these articles is prepared as follows. Some colophony, or turpentine boiled down till it becomes black and friable, is melted in a glazed earthen vessel, and thrice as much amber in fine powder is sprinkled in by degrees, with the addition now and then of a little spirit or oil of turpentine. When the amber is melted, sprinkle in the same quantity of sarcocolla, continuing to stir them, and to add more spirit of turpentine, until the whole becomes fluid; then strain it out clear through a coarse hair bag, pressing it gently between hot boards. This varnish, mixed with ivory-black in fine powder, is applied, in a hot room, on the dried paper paste, which is then set in a gently heated oven, next day in a hotter oven, and the third day in a very hot one, and allowed to remain each time till the oven grows cold. The paste thus varnished is hard, durable, glossy, and is not affected by liquor, however hot.
PAPHLAGONIA, in Ancient Geography, a country of Asia Minor, beginning at Parthenius, a river of Bithynia, on the west, extending in length to the Halys on the east, and having the Euxine on the north, and Galatia on the south.
PAPHOS, in Ancient Geography, two adjoining islands on the western side of the island of Cyprus, the one called Palaea Paphos, and the other Nea Paphos ; and when Paphos is mentioned without an adjunct, this latter is always understood.
PAPIAS, bishop of Hierapolis, a city of Phrygia, was the disciple of St John the Evangelist, and the companion of Polycarp. He composed a work in five books, entitled Expositions of the Discourses of our Lord, of which there are only some fragments now remaining. It was Papias who introduced the opinion of the Millenarians.
PAPINIAN, a celebrated Roman lawyer of the third century. The Emperor Sèverus had so high an opinion of his worth that he recommended his sons Caracalla and Geta to the care of the jurisconsult. Caracalla having murdered his brother, ordered Papinian to compose a discourse excusing this murder to the senate and people; but the lawyer refused to undertake the disgraceful task assigned him, and the brutal emperor, enraged at his refusal, ordered him to be beheaded, and his body dragged through the streets of Rome. Papinian wrote several treatises on professional subjects.
PAPISTS. See Pope and Roman Catholics.
PAPPAL, a district of Borneo, on the north-east coast, the limits of which, on the north, are Sampanmangio and Keemanees river, in latitude 5. 30. north. The productions of this coast are, in general, sago, rice, betel-nut, cocoa-nut oil, camphor, wax, pepper, and coarse cinnamon. It is well watered, and has the convenience of many rivers that are navigable for boats, and some for larger vessels.
PAPPENHEIM, a city of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rezat, which, with a district around it of seventy-seven square miles, inhabited by 7500 persons, forms a bailiwick, belonging to the mediatized count of that name, who, besides this, has other estates within the Prussian dominions. The city is situated upon the river Altmuhl, and contains the palace, two Lutheran churches, and 220 houses, with 1960 inhabitants.
PAPPUS, an eminent philosopher of Alexandria, said by Suidas to have flourished under the Emperor Theodosius the Great, who reigned from 379 to 395. His writings prove him to have been a consummate mathematician. Many of them, however, are lost; and those which remain continued long in manuscript, detached parts only having been occasionally published, until Carolus Manolessius published his remains entire at Bologna in 1660, folio.
PAPUA, or New Guinea, a very large island, or, as some suppose, a cluster of islands, the coast having never been explored, and extending from the south end of Gilolo and the north coast of Ceram, in a south-west direction, about 1200 miles. It is indented by very deep bays, so that it resembles a chain of peninsulas; and it is because none of these inlets have been explored that it is uncertain whether it be all one island or a chain of islands. It is separated from the neighbouring island of New Holland by a narrow strait, discovered by Captain Flinders, in the Investigator. Viewed from the shore, Papua rises gradually into hills of considerable elevation; but there are no mountains of any great altitude. The country produces palm trees, and timber of a large size; the cocoa-nut, and the two species of the bread-fruit tree; also pine-apples and plantains, nutmeg trees in a wild state, and spice. The woods abound with wild hogs, which are hunted and killed by the natives with spears,and bows and arrows. The indigenous inhabitants of the interior practise gardening, and some sort of agriculture, and supply the inhabitants on the coast with food, in exchange for axes, knives, and other sorts of coarse cutlery. The Malays and Chinese chiefly carry on this traffic, supplying the natives also with blue and red cloths, and carrying back in return bark, slaves, ambergris, sea-slug, tortoise-shell, small pearls, and black and red loories, birds of paradise, and other birds, stuffed, in which art the Papuans are very dexterous. The island has chiefly been seen by navigators from the sea. Captain Forrest, who landed on the north-west coast, observed the structure of the Papuan dwellings, which was extremely singular, being built upon posts fixed several yards below the watermark, and a long stage supported by posts communicating with the land just at high-water mark. The tenement contains many families, who live in cabins on each side of a common hall that runs through the middle of it, and has two doors, one opening to the land and the other to the water, for the purpose of facilitating the escape of the inmates when they are attacked by their enemies. The greater part of the inhabitants continue in their original state of barbarity and nakedness, devoid of any fixed homes, and subsisting on the precarious produce of the chase or of the forests. They are engaged in continual wars with their neighbours; and about April and March they assemble in great numbers, and make war on Gilolo, Ceram, Amboyna, and Ambloo. The British have had as yet but little intercourse with these savages; and their ferocious habits do not encourage any very close alliance. In 1791 they contrived to decoy the surgeon of the Panther, a Bombay cruiser, into their boats, where he was murdered; after which they had the audacity to make an attempt on the ship, discharging on it a shower of arrows, and wounding several of the crew. They were, however, soon dispersed by a discharge frotn the guns and small arms.
PAR, in Commerce, signifies any two things which are equal in value. See Exchange.
PARABLE, a fable or allegorical instruction, founded on something real or apparent in nature or history, from which a moral is drawn by comparing it with something wherein the people are more immediately concerned: such are the parables of Dives and Lazarus, of the Prodigal Son, of the Ten Virgins, and others. Dr Blair observes, that of parables, which form a part of allegory, the prophetical writings are full; and if to us they sometimes appear obscure, we must remember, that in those early times it was universally the mode throughout all the eastern nations to convey sacred truths under mysterious figures and representations.
PARACATU, a comarca of the province of Minas Geraes, in Brazil, South America. This district, which was detached from Sahara, and formed into a separate comarca in 1815, comprehends all the country lying to the westward of the river St Francisco, from the Carinhenha to the Abaité. Cazal states that the latter river is formed by two streams of the same name, one coming from the south-west, the other from the north-west, their sources being nearly one hundred miles apart. The intervening territory is a forest tract, called Matto da Corda, enclosing several campinhas, or extensive grazing lands. The principal heads of the Paracatu are the Escuro and the Prata. The latter is said to have yielded some fine diamonds, and it was customary for a strong guard of soldiers to patrol its banks. Twenty miles north of the confluence of the Paracatu, the St Francisco receives the large river Urucuya. At almost an equal distance between the mouths of these two rivers is the considerable arraial of St Ro-mâo, which carries on an extensive inland trade, especially in salt, obtained from Pilâo Arcado and its vicinity. Above the mouth of the Urucuya the St Francisco receives on its western margin a number of rivers, on most -of which there is a parish or arraial, but immense tracts of country are wholly unappropriated. On the banks of the St Francisco, and to the eastward, great numbers of cattle are bred, and large herds are sent to Rio, a distance of above six hundred miles. The want of salt in these parts is a serious evil, as it is requisite for the cattle; nor will they, it is said, breed well without it. The river Abaité ’ is distinguished by having produced the largest diamond that was ever found in America. It weighed nearly an ounce, and was accidentally discovered by three outlaws when searching for gold. This spot has since been wrought at different periods with various success; but although large diamonds have been found, their quality has been indifferent, and the works are now abandoned. Paracatu do Principe, the only town in the district, owes its origin to its mines, which were first discovered in 1744. A great number of adventurers were lured to the spot by the quantity of gold found, and the Indians were expelled from their native territory. The town, however, has very much decayed. The gold is of a good colour, but of indifferent quality, and difficult of extraction, from the want of water. Diamonds having subsequently been discovered in various parts, the working of the gold-washings is now restricted to a few leagues round the town. The town has the advantage of a healthy situation, upon an elevated plain. The houses are of taipe; the streets are paved; and, besides the church, there are four hermitages. In the neighbourhood, the vine, the orange, and the pine-apple flourish luxuriantly, and there is abundance of deer and game. The town contains above one thousand inhabitants, but of the population of the district no correct estimate can be formed.
PARACLETE, the Comforter, a name given to the Holy Spirit.
PARADANGA, a town of Bengal, in the district of Cooch Behar, and pleasantly situated on a small river, thirty-three miles north-east of Rungpore.
PARADISE, a term principally employed to signify the garden of Eden, where Adam and Eve were placed immediately upon their creation.

There have been many speculations as to the “situation of the terrestrial paradise. It has been placed in the third heaven, in the orb of the moon, in the moon itself, in the middle region of the air, above the earth, under the earth, in the site occupied by the Caspian Sea, and under the arctic pole. The learned Huet places it upon the river formed by the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates, now called the Fiver of the Arabs, between this junction and the division made by the same river before it falls into the Persian Gulf. Other geographers have placed it in Armenia, between the sources of the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Araxes, and the Phasis, which they suppose to be the four rivers described by Moses. But concerning the exact place we must necessarily be very uncertain, if indeed it can be thought at all to exist at present, considering the many changes which have taken place on the surface of the earth since the creation.

“Learned men,” says Mr Miln, in his Physico Theological Lectures, “ have laboured to find out the situation of Paradise, which seems to be but a vague and uncertain inquiry; for the Mosaic description of it will not suit any place on the present globe. He mentions two rivers in its vicinity, viz. Pison and Gihon, of which no vestiges can now be found. The other two still remain, viz. the Hiddekel, supposed to be the Tigris, and the Euphrates, whose streams unite together at a considerable distance above the Persian Gulf. This gulf is eastward both of the land of Midian and the wilderness of Sinai, in one of which places Moses wrote his history. But since the formation of this earth, it has undergone great changes from earthquakes, inundations, and many other causes. The garden, however, seems to have been a peninsula, for the way or entrance into it is afterwards mentioned. We are told that a ‘ river went out of it ;’ which, according to some, should be rendered ‘ run on the outside of it,’ and thus gave it the form of a horse-shoe; for had the Euphrates run through the middle of the garden, one half of it would have been useless to Adam, without a bridge or boat wherewith to have crossed it.”

Christians, we presume, need not be told, that, however curious or amusing this inquiry may be, the determination of the point at issue is of no importance, since we are all well assured that the celestial paradise is that place of pure and refined delight in which the souls of the blessed enjoy , everlasting happiness.