pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TONNERE, an arrondissement of the department of the Yonne, in France. It extends over 463 square miles, and comprehends five cantons, divided into eighty-two communes, having 45,390 inhabitants in 1836. Its capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Armançon, and containing in the same year 4271 inhabitants. They make much good wine, and carry on manufactories of hats and hosiery. Long. 3. 53. 39. E. Lat. 4. 51. 8. N.
TONNINGEN, a city of Denmark, in the province of Sleswick. It is on a hill on the right bank of the river Eyder, and near its mouth. From its connection with the Sleswick Canal, which unites the German Ocean with the Baltic, it has some trade; but had more during the war, when it was a depot for colonial articles. It now contains 2180 inhabitants. Long. 8. 43. E. Lat. 55. 19. N.
TONORU, a town in the province of Mysore, where are still to be seen the remains of ancient and extensive walls, that must have enclosed a large city. The town, which is decayed, is fast increasing in size and population under the British government.
TONQUIN. See Tunquin.
TONSURE, a particular manner of shaving or clipping the hair of ecclesiastics or monks. The ancient tonsure of the clergy was nothing more than polling the head, and cutting the hair to a moderate degree, for the sake of decency and gravity. The same observation is true with respect to the tonsure of the ancient monks. But the Romans have carried the affair of tonsure much farther. The candidate for it kneels before the bishop, who cuts the hair in five different parts of the head, viz. before, behind, on each side, and on the crown. .
TONTINE, a loan given for life annuities with benefit of survivorship; so called from the projector Lorenzo Tonti, a Neapolitan. He proposed his scheme in 1653, to reconcile the people to Cardinal Mazarine’s government, by amusing them with the hope of becoming suddenly rich. He obtained the consent of the court, but the parliament would not register the edict. He made attempts afterwards, but without success. It was not till Louis XIV. was distressed by the league of Augsburg, and by his own immense expenses, that he had recourse to the plans of Tonti.

The nature of the plan is this. An annuity, after a certain rate of interest, is granted to a number of people, divided into classes, according to their respective ages; so that the whole annual fund of each class is regularly divided among the survivors of that class; till at last it falls to one, and upon the extinction of that life, reverts to the power by which the tontine was erected, and which thus becomes security for the due payment of the annuities.
TON-TING, a large lake of China, in the province of Houquang, about sixty miles long, and from seventeen to twenty-five broad.
TONYN’S Islands, a cluster of small islands in the Eastern Seas, near the south-west coast of the island of Celebes. Long. 119. E. Lat. 5. 31. S.
TOOBAE, some very low islets about five miles north of Bolabola, one of the Society Islands, much resorted to for turtle, found in great abundance on its shores.
TOOBIGAN, a small island in the Sooloo Archipelago. Long. 120. 44. E. Lat. 6. 14. N.
TOOBOUAI Island, one of the Society Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, about six miles in extent. Long. 210. 37. E. Lat. 23. 25. S.
TOOFOA, one of the Friendly Islands, visible from Annamooka. It was from this island that Lieutenant Bligh was forced into his boat with eighteen of his people.
TOOL, among mechanics, denotes in general any instrument used for making other complex instruments and machines, or in other operations of the mechanic arts.
TOOLJAPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, 110 miles south-east from Ahmednuggur. This place contains a number of small pagodas dedicated to the goddess Bhavani.
TOOLOOMBAH, a town in the Afghan territories, in the province of Mooltan, situated on the south side of the Ravey river, sixty miles north-east by east from the city of Mooltan. Long. 72. 13. E. Lat. 30. 58. N.
TOOMBUDDRA, a celebrated river of the south of India, which takes its name from the junction of the Toom and the Bhadra, which rise in the western mountains. After flowiug through a jungly country for nearly a degree, it joins its name and waters with the Tunga at Koorly. From thence taking a sweep, first northerly, and then westerly, and afterwards to the east, it continues a winding course until it falls into the Krishna, skirting the north-western frontier of the British dominions.
TOOMOON, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Ma)wah, eighty-four miles west by north from Chatterpoor. Long. 78. 35. E. Lat. 25. 8. N.
TOOREYPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, twenty-four miles north from Trichinopolv. Long. 78. 48. E. Lat. 11. 11. N.
TOORMOOZ, T irmoz, or T ermed a city of Independent Tartary, situated to the north of the Oxus, near its junction with the Hissaur river. It is fifty miles north of Balkh.
TOOTING, a large village of the county of Surrey, in the western division of the hundred of Brixton, six miles from London. It consists of many seats of the richer merchants and gentry of the metropolis. It has a church, remarkable from being of a circular form. The river Wandle passes through the parish, and turns mills as well for grinding corn as for other mechanical operations. There is also a hamlet near it called Upper Tooting. The population amounted in 1821 to 1863, and in 1831 to 2063.
TOP, a sort of platform, surrounding the lower mast-head, from which it projects on all sides like a scaffold. The principal intention of the top is to extend the topmast shrouds, so as to form a greater angle with the mast, and thereby give additional support to the latter. It is sustained by certain timbers fixed across the hounds or shoulders of the masts, and called the trestle-trees and cross-trees. Besides the use above mentioned, the top is otherwise extremely convenient to contain the materials necessary for extending the small sails, and for fixing or repairing the rigging and machinery with more facility and expedition. In ships of war it is used as a kind of redoubt, and is accordingly fortified for attack or defence; being furnished with swivels, musketry, and other fire-arms, and guarded by a thick fence of corded hammocks. Finally, it is employed as a place for looking out, either by day or night.
TOPMAST, the second division of a mast, or that part which stands between the upper and lower pieces.
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TOPGALLANT Isle, a high and rocky island, of little extent, with three rocks near it, lying off the southern coast of New Holland, between 134° and 135° east longitude.
TOPOGRAPHY, a description or draught of some particular place, or small tract of land, as that of a city or town, manor or tenement, field, garden, house, castle, or the like.
TOPSAILS, certain large sails extended across the topmasts, by the topsail yard above, and by the yard attached to the lower mast beneath; being fastened to the former by robands, and to the latter by means of two great blocks fixed on its extremities, through which the topsail-sheets are inserted, passing from thence to other two blocks fixed on the inner part of the yard close by the mast; and from these latter the sheets lead downwards to the deck, where they may be slackened or extended at pleasure.
TOPSHAM, a town of the hundred of Wonford, in the county of Devon, 170 miles from London. It stands on the river Exe, about three miles below Exeter, and is the place where the vessels to that place are anchored. The upper part of the town is pleasant and well built, but not the lower part, which is chiefly inhabited by sea-faring people. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 3155, and in 1831 to 3184.
TOR, an ancient town of Arabia, near the head of the Red Sea, and once a place of importance, and a great emporium of Indian trade. It has been supplanted by Suez, and has now sunk to a mere village. The harbour is formed by a reef of coral rocks, and to the northward by a low point of land, on which is placed a beacon. The population consists of Greeks and Bedouin Arabs; and here is also a convent of the monks of Mount Sinai, to which they sometimes retire. It has good water, better than any which is found on the Red Sea; but there are no other refreshments nearer than Sinai. Long. 33. 28. E. Lat. 28. 19. N.
TOREE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, 125 miles south from Patna. Long. 85. 2. E. Lat. 23. 42. N.
TORGAU, a city of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseburg, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 344 square miles, and contains 36,500 inhabitants. The city stands on the river Elbe, and being strongly fortified, is in war a most important post. It is defended by two strong fortresses, and contains a lyceum, 720 houses, and 6400 inhabitants, who carry on some manufactures of cloth and linen, and much trade on the river in corn, timber, salt, and other articles.
TORIES, a political party in Britain, opposed to that of the Whigs. The name of Tories was given to a sort of banditti in Ireland, and was thence transferred to the adherents of Charles I. by his enemies, under the pretence that he favoured the rebels in Ireland. His partisans, to be even with the republicans, gave them the name of Whigs, from a word which signifies whey, in derision of their poor fare. The Tories, or cavaliers, as they were also called, had then principally in view the political interest[7:21:339] of the king, and the church of England; and the round-heads, or Whigs, proposed chiefly the maintaining of the rights and interests of the people, and of Protestantism. This is the most popular account; and yet it is certain the names Whig and Tory were but little known till about the middle of the reign of King Charles II. Μ. de Cize relates, that it was in the year 1678 that the whole nation was first observed to be divided into Whigs and Tories; and that on occasion of the famous deposition of Titus Oates, who accused the Catholics of having conspired against the king and the state, the appellation of Whig was given to such as believed the plot real, and Tory to those who held it fictitious. It would, at the present day, be very difficult, if not impossible, to assign to these noted terms meanings at once precise and correct, and to which both parties would subscribe. The only general abstract description that can be fairly given would seem to be this, that the Tories hold the power and prerogatives of the crown in most favour, and incline to strengthen and enlarge them; while the Whigs are jealous of and desirous to define and circumscribe both, and proportionally to strengthen and enlarge the liberties and rights of the people.
TORNEA, a town of Sweden, in the most northern spot that is inhabited. It stands between two rivers, the Tor-neaelf and the Galixelf; but as the first of these streams forms the boundary between Russian Finland and Sweden, a part of the town, which is on the eastern side, now belongs to the Russian empire. There are near it a few mines of iron, but their produce is insignificant, as is the number of the inhabitants. Lat. 67. 51. 9. N. lt forms a part of the pastorate of Rannula, whose church is in lat. 68. 50. the most northerly building on the continent of Europe.

Tornea, a place usually denominated a city, in the northern part of Lapland, now a part of the Russian empire. It is the capital of the province of Lapmark, and stands on a peninsula on the sea-shore, with a harbour nearly choked with sand; but being the only port in the Gulf of Bothnia, whatever commerce is there carried on, centres at Tornea. The chief exports are planks, salted salmon, dried fish, rein-deer skins, some tar, and a little butter. The town is composed of about 120 houses, with 750 inhabitants, w ho among them are owners of two ships of small burden. Long. 24. 1. E. Lat. 65. 50. 50. N.
TORO, a province in the north-west of the kingdom of Spain, which in ancient times formed the chief part of the kingdom of Leon. It is a large division, extending over 2025 square English miles, and is subdivided into three partidos. The most northern of these partidos is Reynosa, a very mountainous district, with narrow valleys. The other two, Carrion and Toro, have several mountains, but many plains, where, though the ground is rocky and stony, yet there are many spots of rich and fertile soil. The chief production is wheat, the next in quantity rye, which forms the principal food of the inhabitants of the mountains, and after that follow oats, linseed, beans, and a little maize. On the whole, the province raises more corn than it consumes, and some is annually transported to the neighbouring districts. The vineyards are extensive, yielding good wine, and much brandy is distilled from the grapes. the stock of cattle consists of 260,000 sheep, 10,800 black cattle, 3100 horses. 3900 mules, 4700 asses, 11,900 goats, and 15,200 swine; and its bees yield 3400 pounds of wax, and a proportionate but unascertained quantity of honey. According to Arguelles, the population was 97,370 persons, in 19,474 families. The number of houses inhabited was 17,875, and of those in ruins 2413. Two of the principal rivers of the peninsula, the Ebro and the Duero, water this province. The cities are Toro, Carrion, and Reynosa, the towns 82, the villages 239, the hamlets 391.

Toro, a city of Spain, the capital of the province of the same name, stands on the most fruitful of the plains, on the river Duero, over which is a bridge. It is not ill built, and the streets, though filthy, are not narrow. Toro is surrounded with old and dilapidated walls. It contains twenty-two parish churches, fourteen monasteries, four hospitals, 1606 houses, and 7500 inhabitants, who subsist chiefly by the little rent which they draw from the soil that surrounds them. It has nothing approaching to trade, except the domestic making of linen by each family for its own use.
TOROFF, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, seventy-seven miles north-east from Dacca. Long. 91. 18. E. Lat. 24. 20. N.
TORONTAL, a palatinate of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, one of the three divisions which compose the Bannat of Temeswar. It extends over a plain, and is 2700 square miles in compass. Two thirds consist of arable land, and the rest of pasture, vineyards, and woods. It is watered by the Theiss, the Maros, and the Aranka, and their tributary streams. It is a district highly productive of corn, and is cultivated by colonists, who are mostly Germans or Bulgarians, with considerable skill and activity. The population consists of 214,500 persons. The chief town is Micklos, on the river Aranka.
TOROPEZ, a city of Russia, in the stadtholderate of Pfkow and in the province of Moscow, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands on the river Toropa, and is 370 miles distant from St Petersburg. It is a place of considerable industry. Here are many tanneries; and large quantities of linen are made from the excellent flax and hemp produced in the neighbourhood. Toropez is favourably situated for water communication by the Duna with Riga. It contains thirteen churches, two monasteries, 1250 houses, and 13,500 inhabitants. Long. 31. 41. E. Lat. 56. 29. 30. N.
TORRE del Greco, a city of Italy, in the province of Naples. It stands on the sea-shore, at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, by whose irruptions it suffered very considerably in the years 1637, 1794, and 1801. The second of these irruptions nearly destroyed the whole of the houses and public buildings. The depth of the lava was in some places twenty-five feet, so that the entrance to several houses is now in the second story. These events have not prevented the people from continuing to make it their residence; and it now contains upwards of 15,000 inhabitants, who are employed chiefly in the tunny, anchovy, and oyster fisheries. There is also a coral manufactory, and some good wine is made from the vineyards.
TORREFACTION, in chemistry, is the roasting or scorching of a body by the fire, in order to discharge a part either unnecessary or hurtful in another operation. Sulphur is thus discharged from an ore before it can be wrought to advantage.
TORRENT denotes a temporary stream of water falling suddenly from mountains, where there have been great rains or an extraordinary melting of snow.
TORRESVEDRAS, a town of Portugal, the capital of a corregimiento of the province of Estremadura. It is one of the most ancient places of the kingdom, and is situated on a rising ground, at the foot of which is a small pellucid stream, called the Sisera. The town contains four churches, the same number of convents and hospitals, and a population of about 2500 persons, who are supplied with water from a small but beautiful marble aqueduct. Good wine is made in the vicinity. It has been deemed a place of great importance in all the wars which from remote ages have visited Portugal, but was peculiarly distinguished when the duke of Wellington held the command of the allied armies. This place is about twenty-eight miles from Lisbon, on the road to Coimbra. From it there is an extensive chain of points, some formed by nature, and others by art, stretching[7:21:340] from the town to the river Tagus, behind which the duke collected an army to await the enemy, who, with a force of vastly superior numbers, had driven him out of Spain.
TORRICELLI, Evangelista, an illustrious Italian mathematician and philosopher, was born on the 15th of October 1608. It seems doubtful whether he was born at Modig-hana, a country-seat in Romagna, or at Piancaldoli, in the diocese of Imola. He was trained in Latin literature by his uncle, a monk of Faenza; and after cultivating mathematical knowledge for some time without a master, he studied under Father Benedict Castelli, professor of mathematics at Rome. Having read Galileo’s dialogues, he composed a treatise on motion, on his principles. This recommended him to the notice of Galileo, who took him home as an assistant; but Galileo died in three months after. He became professor of mathematics at Florence, and greatly improved the art of making telescopes and microscopes. But he is best known for discovering a method of ascertaining the weight of the atmosphere by quicksilver; the barometer being called, from him, the Torricellian tube. He published a volume entitled “Opera Geometrica.” Florent. 1644, 4to. He died in the year 1647.
TORRINGTON, Great, a town in the hundred of Fremington and county of Devon, 197 miles from London. It is situated on the side of a hill, in a bleak district, was once a borough, and had a castle, the ruins of which are still visible. There is a market on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 2538, and in 1831 to 3093.
TORSHOK, a city of European Russia, in the province of Moscow and government of Twer. It is the capital of a circle of the same name, which comprehends forty-eight parishes, in which are 483 villages, with 78,800 inhabitants. The city is 334 miles from St Petersburg, stands on the river Twerza, and contains twenty-three churches, a large bazaar, and 1850 houses, with 16,400 inhabitants, who are distinguished by the excellence of the leather which they fabricate, and by their taste in embroidery of boots and slippers with gold and silver thread from the markets of Turkey. They have also much trade in hemp and flax. Long. 34. 58. 10. E. Lat. 57. 2. 9. N.
TORTOLA, the principal of the Virgin Islands, is situated in long. 64° 39' west, and lat. 18° 20' north. It is about twelve miles long from east to west, and on an average four miles wide. It consists of one mountain mass, running along the middle of the island in abrupt and irregular forms, which, on the west side of the island, rise above 1500 feet. The shores are indented with bays, harbours, and creeks, affording shelter and anchorage to a great extent of shipping. A great part of the interior consists of large tracts of waste land. Along the shore are a few tracts of flat ground, but the soil is thin and impoverished. The population amounted in 1835 to 7731. In 1836 the value of the exports was L.23,129, of which L.21,213 was for sugar and molasses. The imports were L.15,225, consisting chiefly of corn and British manufactures.
TORTOISE-SHELL, the scales of the testaceous animal called a tortoise, used in inlaying, and in various other works. See Reptilia, genus Testudo.
TORTONA, a city of Italy, in the kingdom of Sardinia and province of Turin, the capital of a district of the same name. It stands at the foot of the Apennines, on the river Scrivia. It is strongly fortified, and is defended by a citadel. It contains a cathedral, four parish churches, eleven monasteries, and three nunneries, with 8480 inhabitants, who make silk goods, hosiery, hats, and leather, and trade with Genoa in corn, wine, and rice. Long. 8.39. E. Lat. 44.56. N.
TORTOSA, a city of Spain, which gives its name to the department on the south-west corner of the province of Catalonia. It stands on the bank of the river Ebro, about six leagues from its mouth. On that stream there is not any upward navigation, owing to the falls of water at Xerta, above the town. At Tortosa there is a passage across the river by a bridge of boats. It is strongly fortified, and is defended by Fort St Blas, in the suburb, and by a strong citadel on a rocky height near it. The buildings are in the antique style, and the streets very irregular. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral, and three parish and ten conventual churches, together with an ecclesiastical seminary. The inhabitants are about 16,700. The adjacent district yields abundance of the finest marbles and alabaster. One of the chief articles of its commerce is the liquorice, which grows abundantly, and almost spontaneously. It requires 400 pounds weight of the root to make fifty pounds of the juice for the shops. When attention is paid to the cultivation, the produce is very great; and the operation of digging it up prepares the ground for a crop of wheat better than the practice of fallowing. There are in the city several distilleries of brandy, some manufactories of porcelain, and some of paper. There are also many persons occupied in the fisheries. Ships do not approach very near Tortosa, but discharge or take in their cargoes at the village Amposta, where there is a canal which communicates with Rapita and the port of Alfaques, beyond the bar of the Ebro. There that river discharges itself into the sea by two mouths formed by the island of Buda, the eastern point of which is in long. 0. 55. E. and lat 40. 43. 55. N.
TORTURA, a small seaport of Palestine. In the times of Christianity it was erected into a bishopric, but has now dwindled into an inconsiderable village. It is fifteen miles south of Acre.
TORTURE, a violent pain inflicted on persons to force them to confess the crimes laid to their charge, or as a punishment for crimes committed.
TOSANLU, a river of Asia Minor, the ancient Lycus, which rises in the mountains of Armenia, and after a course westward of about 200 miles, falls into the Jekil Irmak, about thirty miles north of Amasia.
TOSSIA, a town of Asia Minor, situated on the Kisil Irmak, and on the route from Amasia to Constantinople, in a fine valley, producing a considerable quantity of rice. Long. 34. 10. E. Lat. 40. 20. N.
TOTNES, a town of the hundred of Coleridge, in the county of Devon, 195 miles from London. It stands on the side and the top of a steep hill, at whose foot the river Dart flows. It is about twelve miles from the sea, but the tide flows up to the bridge, by which the river is connected with the suburb. It is a place of little trade. The church is a spacious building, with a lofty tower. Totnes was once fortified, and was defended by a castle, the remains of which are still visible. It is a corporate town, governed by a mayor and eleven councillors, and returns two members to the House of Commons. There is a market on Saturday, which is well supplied with every kind of provisions at cheap rates. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 3128, and in 1831 to 3442.