pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
RAMNAD, a town and capital of a district of the same name, in the south of India, and province of Marawar. This pollam or zemindary was granted to the ancestors of the present family, on condition of their granting protection to the pilgrims on their road to Rammisseram, and for which protection they were also to pay a tax. The ruler is a lady, styled the rannce, who has a clear revenue of 90,000 pagodas a year, of which she pays one half to the Company, reserving 45,000 for herself. Here is a fort built many years ago by the rannce’s ancestors, but never completed. The palace adjoins it, and is a gloomy building, with lofty walls, and no window on the outside. Near it is the tomb of the rannce’s deceased husband, and a Protestant church of very neat architecture. Betel-nut from Ceylon, and red silk cloths from Bengal, constitute the chief imports; and the exports are piece-goods, cotton, and conch-shells.
RAMNAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and district of Benares, which stands on the eastern bank of the Ganges, opposite the city of Benares, and is esteemed one of the neatest towns of its size in India; the houses are of stone, and the streets of a good breadth. It contains also the palace of the rajah, and a very handsome small temple, covered with figures in alto-relievo, having in front an extensive reservoir, and surrounded by gardens. It was the favourite residence of Cheyt Sing. Long. 83. 1. E. Lat. 25. 30. N.
RAMNODE, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, and province of Malwah 1 forty miles south-east from Narwar. Long. 78. 5. E. Lat. 25. 6. N.
RAMPANT, in Heraldry, a term applied to a lion, leopard, or other beast that stands on its hind-legs, and rears up his fore-feet in the posture of climbing, thus showing only half his face. It is different from salient, in which the beast seems springing forward as if making a sally.
RAMPART, in Fortification, is an elevation of the earth thrown out of a ditch round a place, and capable of resisting the cannon of an enemy. It is formed into bastions, curtains, and other defences
RAMPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta province of Malwah, thirteen miles east from Bopal. Long. 77. 42. E. Lat. 23. 15. N.
RAMPOOR, a town and district of Hindustan, province of Delhi, in the district of Bareily, situated on the banks of the Corilla river. This town and district was, by the peace of Lahdong, in 1774, secured to Fyzoola Khan, a Rohilla chief. His eldest son succeeded at his death. He was afterwards assassinated by his second son, who seized the throne; but the latter was soon afterwards expelled by a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby, and his treasures seized, amounting in value to L.640,000, and delivered

ι
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up to the nabob of Oude, who presented the British army with eleven lacs of rupees for their services. The country , was in a highly cultivated and flourishing condition under the just administration of its native ruler Fyzoola Khan; but it quickly decayed, and was reduced to a deplorable condition under the extortions of the British, to whom it was ceded in 1801.
RAMPOORA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, and district of Chalawara. This place had formerly a respectable fort, which was destroyed in 1805. In the neighbourhood are many pallias or stones, erected to the memory of persons who have fallen in defence of the village. These monuments are also erected in honour of females who have sacrificed themselves to the memory of their deceased husbands.
RAMSBURY, a town of the county of Wilts, in the hundred of its own name, and 70 miles from London, is situated on the river Kennet-It once had a market, which, however, has declined. The population amounted in 1801 to 1963, in 1811 to 2095, in 1821 to 2335, and in 1831 to 2290.
RAMSEY, a market-town of the county of Huntingdon, and hundred of Hurstingtone, sixty-eight miles from London. Near to it is the lake or mere of the same name, which abounds with fish, chiefly eels and perch. There are the remains bf an abbey, once distinguished for its extent and wealth, which is said to have been founded in the reign of the Saxon king Edgar, the son of Athelstane. There is a market, which is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 189+ in 1811 to 2390, in 1821 to 2814, and in 1831 to 3006.

Ramsey, a town in the parish of St Maugholds, in the Isle of Man. It is situated on the north-east coast of the island, about sixteen miles from Douglas. Though the harbour is small, there is good anchorage in a spacious bay near it, where there is a lighthouse, and the whole is de-
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fended by a fort. It contains about 500 houses and 2000 inhabitants.

Ramsey, a small island on the shore of the county of Pembroke, in South Wales. It is nearly three quarters of a mile in length and half a mile in breadth, and forms the north point of St Bride’s Bay. It was formerly much frequented by persons passing to Ireland, being the shortest water distance between the two islands; as from St Bride’s to Camaroot Point, on the south-east angle of Ireland, is only sixteen leagues.
RAMSGATE, a large town and port, originally a hamlet, in the parish of St Lawrence, in the Isle of Thanet, in Kent, seventy-three miles from London, and seventeen from Canterbury. It is situated in a pleasant valley on the shore, with extensive views of the sea from the North and South Foreland, and of the shipping in the Downs. It has owed its rise to the construction of a most costly pier, by which a harbour has been created, which serves as a refuge for ships in stormy weather. It is capable of containing 500 sail of vessels. The pier extends 800 feet into the sea, and its top, which is twenty-six feet broad, furnishes a fine promenade. A new inner harbour is in progress, and will speedily be opened. Ramsgate, like Margate, has become a favourite place of resort for sea-bathing; and though it has long bcen so, the number of visitors has vastly increased since the introduction of steam-vessels, by which passengers may in a few hours be conveyed to and from the metropolis. The accommodations for bathers are good, and there are abundance of hotels and lodging-houses to be procured at a moderate rate. There are a fine assembly-room, numerous libraries, and a handsome chapel, with meeting-houses for the various dissenting sects. It has some trade to the Baltic; and many of the lower classes are occupied as fishermen, pilots, and watermen. It is in the liberty of the cinque port of Sandwich. The population amounted in 1801 to 3110, in 1811 to 4222, in 1821 to 6031, and in 1831 to 7985.
RAMTRUT, a deity worshipped by the Ranazins of Hindustan, where he has a celebrated temple at Onor. He is represented as more resembling a monkey than a man.
RAN, in the old English writers, means open or public robbery, so manifest as not to be denied. Ran dicitur aperta rapina quoe negari non potest. (Lamb. 125, Leg. Canut. cap. 58.) Hence it is now commonly said of one who takes the goods of another injuriously and violently, that he has snatched or taken all that he could rap and ran.
RANAI, or Oranai, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, about nine miles from Mowee. The population is estimated at 20,000. The island produces few plantains or bread-fruit trees; but abounds in yams, sweet potatoes, and other esculent roots and vegetables. Long. 185. 23. E. Lat. 20. 51. N.
RANDAZZO, a city of the district Demone, in the intendency of Messina, in Sicily. It stands on the side of Mount Aetna, looking over a rich and extensive plain, near a curious lake abounding in spunges, the collecting of which forms a part of the employment of the inhabitants. It is 120 miles from Palermo, and moderately healthy. The population amounts to 4700.
RANDERS, a city of Denmark, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the province Aarhuus. It is situated at the mouth of the river Guden, and was once larger, and fortified. It now contains 515 houses and 4570 inhabitants, who make some cloths, and have breweries and distilleries. Long. 9. 58. 22. E. Lat. 56. 27. 48. N.
RANDIER, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, and district of Broach, which is said to have been in ancient times a large city. It is situated opposite to Surat, on the north side of the Tuptee river. Long. 73. 3. E. Lat. 21. 16. N.
RANDOLPH, Thomas, an English poet in the seventeenth century, was born in Ndi thamptonshire in 1605. He was educated a. Westminster and Cambridge, and very early distinguished by his excellent genius; for about the age of nine or ten years he wrote the History of the Incarnation of our Saviour in verse. His subsequent writings established his character, and gained him the esteem and friendship of some of the greatest men of that age, particularly of Ben Jonson, who adopted him as one of his sons in the muses. He died in the year 1634, and was honourably [7:19:69]interred. His principal works are, 1. The Muses’ Looking-glass, a comedy; 2. Amyntas, or the Impossible Dowry, a pastoral, acted before the king and queen; 3. Aristippus, or , the Jovial Philosopher; 4. The Conceited Pedlar; 5. The Jealous Lovers, a Comedy; 6. Hey for Honesty, down with Knavery, a Comedy; and several other poems.
RANDOM, Shot, in Gunnery, is a shot made when the muzzle of a gun is raised above the horizontal line, and is not designed to shoot directly or point black. The utmost random of any piece is about ten times as far as the bullet will go point blank. The bullet will go farthest when the piece is mounted at an angle of about forty-five degrees above the level range.
RANGALORE, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of the Northern Circars, and district of Cica-cole. Long. 83. 20. E. Lat. 18. 20. N.
RANGAMUTTY, a town and district of Hindustan, in the north-western extremity of Bengal, situated about the twenty-sixth degree of north latitude, and formerly included in the extensive kingdom of Kamroop. After its subjugation by the Mahommedans, about the middle of the seventeenth century, it was annexed to the collectorship of Rungpore. It has for its boundaries Bootan on the north, the Gaιτow Hills on the south, Assam on the east, and Cooch Bahar and Rungpoor on the west. It is a wild uncultivated country, stretching on both sides of the Brahmaputra, easterly, to the confines of Assam. Many parts of the country, the area of which is 2620 square miles, might be rendered extremely productive, although at present they yield little more than a few elephants, which are caught annually in the neighbouring forests. The chief river is the Brahmaputra, which nearly intersects the country; and the principal towns are Rangamutty and Goalporah. The former is situated near the hills, between two tributary streams of the Brahmaputra. It has declined from its ancient prosperity. Long. 90. E. Lat. 26. 9. N.
RANGE, in Gunnery, the path of a bullet, or the line it describes from the mouth of the piece to the point where it lodges. If the piece lie in a line parallel to the horizon, it is called the right or level range; if it be mounted to 45°, it is said to have the utmost range; and all others between 0° and 45° are called the intermediate ranges.
RANGER, a sworn officer of a forest, appointed by the king’s letters patent, and whose proper business it is to walk through his charge, to drive back the deer out of the purlieus, and to present all trespasses within his jurisdiction at the next forest court.
RANK, the order or place assigned to a person, suitably to his quality or merit.

Rank is a straight line formed by the soldiers of a battalion or squadron, drawn up side by side. This order was established for the marches, and for regulating the different bodies of troops and officers which compose an army. Rank and Precedence, in the army and navy, are estimated as follows:

Engineers RANK. Chief, as colonel; director, as lieu-tenant-colonel; sub-director, as major; engineer in ordinary, as captain; engineer extraordinary, as captain-lieu-tenant; sub-engineer, as lieutenant; practitioner engineer, as ensign.

Navy RANK. Admiral, or commander-in-chief of his majesty’s fleet, has the rank of a field-marshal; admirals, with their flags on the main-topmast-head, rank with generals of horse and foot; vice-admirals, with lieutenant-generals; rear-admirals, as major-generals; commodores with broad pendants, as brigadier-generals; captains of postships, after three years from the date of their first commission, as colonels; other captains, as commanding post-ships, as lieutenant-colonels; captains not taking post, as majors; lieutenants, as captains.

Rank between the Army, Navy, and Governors.
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RANKS and Files are the horizontal and vertical lines of soldiers when drawn up for service.
RANNY BEDNORE, a port and town of Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded territories. It is sixty miles northeast from Chitteldroog. Long. 75. 42. E. Lat. 14. 33. N.
RANNYPOOR, a town of Hindustan, province of Mal-wah, in the Mahratta territories. It is forty-four miles north-west from Chatterpoor. Long. 79. 16. E. Lat. 25. 13. N.
RANS DES VACHES or Raas des Vaches, a celebrated melody of the cow-herds in Switzerland. There seem to be several melodies of that name, employed to assemble the cows in the evening, and to lead them home from their Alpine pastures. The great violinist Viotti wrote down one of these, which he heard amongst the valleys of Switzerland; and used to perform it with such effect in London as to draw tears from his auditors. It has been frequently related, on unquestionable authority, that Swiss [7:19:71]soldiers on foreign service, when they happened to bear the runs des vaches performed, were so overpowered by its effect as to be rendered incapable of attending to their duty. We know a British officer in the army who witnessed a remarkable instance of this effect in the military band attached to an English regiment. In Rogers’ Pleasures of Memory there is an elegant allusion made to the nostalgia or home-sickness produced by the vans des vaches upon Swiss soldiers in foreign lands.
RANSOM, a sum of money paid for the redemption of a slave, or the liberty of a prisoner of war. In our lawbooks, ransom also means a sum paid for the pardon of some great offence, and to obtain the offender’s liberty.
RANTAMPORE, a fortress of Hindustan, and the capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Ajmeer, and in the middle of the Arrabarne Hills. It is said to have been built in the thirteenth century, and is esteemed one of the largest and strongest fortresses in India; but as it has never been visited by any Europeans, its strength is not accurately known. The travelling distance is 120 miles south-west from Agra, and 260 miles from Oojain. Long. 76. 25. E. Lat. 26. 2. N.
RAPHAEL or Raffaelle, d’Urbino, the greatest, most sublime, and most excellent painter that has appeared since the revival of the fine arts, was the son of an indifferent painter named Sanzio, and was born at Urbino on Good Friday 1482. The popes Julius II. and Leo X., who employed him, loaded him with wealth and honour; and it is said that Cardinal de St Bibiana had such a value for him that he offered him his niece in marriage. His genius is admired in all his pictures; his contours are free, his designs correct, his figures elegant, his expressions lively, his attitudes natural, his heads graceful; in fine, everything is grand, beautiful, just, natural, and adorned with grace. These various perfections he derived not only from his excellent abilities, but from his study of antiquity and anatomy, and from the friendship which he contracted with Ariosto, who contributed not a little to the improvement of his taste. His pictures are to be found principally in Italy and in Paris. That of the Transfiguration, preserved at Rome in the church of St Peter Monterio, passes for his masterpiece. Raphael had a handsome person, was well proportioned, and had great sweetness of temper; he was polite, affable, and modest.
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Nevertheless, he lived in the utmost splendour; most of the eminent masters of his time were ambitious of working under him; and he never went out without a crowd of artists and others, who followed him purely from respect. He was not only the best painter in the world, but perhaps the best architect too, on which account Leo X. charged him with building St Peter’s church at Rome; but he was too much addicted to pleasure, which occasioned his death at the early age of thirty-seven. See Painting.
RAPHAIM or Rephaim, a name signifying Giants, as they really were, and an actual people too, situated in Ba-san or Batanea, beyond Jordan, and separated from the Zan-zummim by the river Jabbok. Thià is also the name of a valley near Jemsalem.
RAPHANIDOSIS, a particular kind of punishment inflicted at Athens upon adulterers.
RAPIER, formerly signified a long old-fashioned sword, such as those worn by the common soldiers; but it now denotes a small sword, as contradistinguished to a back-sword.
RAPPERSCHWEIL, a small city of Switzerland, in the canton of St Gall. It is fortified, and has a citadel, but the defences are at present in bad repair. It is situated near the head of the lake of Zurich, over an arm of which there is perhaps the longest bridge in the world, being 4800 feet in length, and only twelve feet in breadth. It is built of wood, and has no rail or balustrade on either side, so that the first entrance upon it is rather terrific to travellers in a carriage. The town is old and ill built, but without the walls the suburbs are delightful, and the soil in its immediate vicinity is very fruitful. Some machinery for spinning cotton has of late been erected. The population is about 1550 persons, but rapidly increasing.
RAPPOLSTEIN, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Rhine, which, before the revolution, had the title of a barony. Long. 7. 28. E. Lat. 48. 15. N.
RAREE, a town of Hindustan, on the sea-coast of the province of Bejapoor, seventeen miles north by west from Goa. Long. 73. 30. E. Lat- 15. 50. N.
RAREFACTION, in Physics, the act by which a body is rendered rare; that is, brought to occupy more room, or appear under a larger bulk, without accession of any new matter. This is very frequently the effect of heat, as has long been universally known. In many cases, however, philosophers have attributed it to the action of a repulsive principle. But, from the numerous discoveries concerning the nature and properties of the electric fluid and fire, there is the greatest reason to believe that this repulsive principle is no other than elementary fire.
RASAY, one of the Western Islands or Hebrides, is about thirteen miles in length and two in breadth. It has plenty of limestone and freestone, feeds great numbers of black cattle, but has neither deers, hares, nor rabbits. The only appearance of a'harbour in Rasay is at Clachan Bay, where the proprietor of the island resides. Rasay presents a bold shore, which rises to the height of mountains; and here the natives have with incredible labour formed many little cornfields and potato-grounds. These heights decrease at the southern extremity, where there are some farms and a good-looking country.
RAS EL KHYMA, a town of Arabia, OnthePersianGulf, situated on a sandy peninsula, the isthmus of which is defended by a battery, while the Sea-line is also fortified by batteries of one gun each at regular intervals. It has a suburb of bamboo huts, roofed with date-tree leaves.
RASTADT, a city of the grand duchy of Baden, in Germany, the capital of a bailiwick of its own name. It is situated on the river Murg, just before that stream joins the Hhine. There is a fine palace of the prince, now used as a college or gymnasium, a nunnery, an hospital, 568 houses, and 4400 inhabitants. Peace was made here in 1715; and in 1797 and 1798 a congress was held to negotiate a peace between the German empire and France, but it came to no pacific termination. It has some few small manufactures of cloth, steel wares, hosiery, and linen goods. Long. 8. 3. 5. E. Lat. 48. 50. 5. N.
RASTALL, John, a printer and miscellaneous writer, s was born in London, probably about the end of the fifteenth century, and educated at Oxford. Returning from the university, he settled in the metropolis, and commenced printer,

“then esteemed,” says Wood, “a profession fit for any scholar or ingenious man.” He married the sister of Sir Thomas More, with whom, we are told, he was very intimate, and whose writings he strenuously defended. From the title-page of one of his books, he appears to have lived in Cheapside, at the sign of the Mermaid. He died in the year 1536; and left two sons, William and John; the first of whom became a judge in Queen Mary’s reign, and the other a justice of peace. This John Rastall, the subject of the present article, was a zealous Papist; but Bale says that he changed his religion before his death. He wrote, 1. Natura naturota. This Pits calls a copious and ingenious comedy, describing Europe, Asia, and Africa; with cuts. What sort of a comedy this was, it is not easy to conceive. Probably it is a cosmographical description, written in dialogue, and therefore styled a comedy. 2. The Pas-tyme of the People; the cronycles of diverse realmys, and most especially of the realm of England, brevely compiled and emprinted in Cheapesyde, at the sign of the mearmaid, next Pollysgate, cum privilegio, folio. 3. Ecclesia Johan-nis RastoH, 1542, was one of the prohibited books in the reign of Henry VIII. 4. Legum Anglicanarum vocabula explicata, French and Latin, London, 1567, 8vo; and some other works.
RASTRICK, a township of the parish of Halifax, in the west riding of Yorkshire and wapentake of Morley, 192 miles from London. It has risen into importance during the last thirty years, from the great extension of its woollen trade. The population amounted in 1801 to 2053, in 1811 to 2442, in 1821 to 2796, and in 1831 to 3021.
RAT,. See Mammalia.

Rsτ Island, the small detached part of the island of Lundy, off the north coast of Devon.
RATAFIA, a fine spirituous liquor, prepared from the kernels and other parts of several kinds of fruits, particularly cherries and apricos. Ratafia of cherries is prepared by bruising the cherries, and putting them into a vessel wherein brandy has long been kept; then adding to them the kernels of cherries, with strawberries, sugar, cinnamon, white pepper, nutmeg, cloves, and to twenty pounds of cherries ten quarts of brandy. The vessel is left open ten or twelve days, and then stopped close for two months before it be tapped. Ratafia of apricos is prepared in two ways, namely, either by boiling the apricos in white wine, adding to the liquor an equal quantity of brandy, with sugar, cinnamon, mace, and the kernels of apricos, infusing the whole for eight or ten days, then straining the liquor, and putting it up for use; or by infusing the apricos, cut in pieces, in brandy, for a day or two, passing it through a straining bag, and then putting in the usual ingredients.
RATCH or Rash, in clock-work, a sort of wheel having twelve fangs, which serve to lift up the detents every hour, and make the clock strike.
RATCHETS, in a watch, are the small teeth at the bottom of the fusee or barrel, which stops it in winding up.
RATEEN or Ratten, in commerce, a thick woollen stuff, quilled, and woven in a loom with four treddles, like serges and other stuffs that have the whale or quilling. There are some rateens dressed and prepared like cloths; others left simply in the hair, and others where the hair or knap is frized. Rateens are chiefly manufactured in France, Holland, and Italy, and are mostly used in linings. The frize is a sort of coarse rateen, and the drugget is a rateen half linen half woollen.
RATHENAU, a city of Prussia, in the province of Potsdam, and circle of West Havell. It stands on the river Havell, is surrounded with walls, and has a good marketplace, in which there is a statue of the elector Frederick William, placed to commemorate a victory gained by him near this place over the Swedes in the year 1675. It contains 620 houses, and about 4500 inhabitants.