pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CAPNOMANCY, a kind of divination by means of smoke, used by the ancients in their sacrifices. The words come from κ0wr∣∕05, smoke, and μαντuα, divination. The general rule was, when the smoke was thin and light, and rose straight up, it was a good omen; if the contrary, it was a bad one. There was also another species of capnomancy, [7:6:125]consisting in the observation of the smoke rising from poppy and jasmine seed cast upon lighted coal.
CAPO D’Istria, the capital of the Austrian province of Istria, situated on a small island in the Gulf of Trieste. It contains about 5000 inhabitants, and possesses a bishop’s see. Long. 13. 50. E. Lat. 45. 40. N.
CAPON, a cock chicken, emasculated as soon as left by the dam, or as soon as he begins to crow.
CAPONIERE, or Capponiere, in Fortification, a covered lodgment sunk four or five feet into the ground, encompassed with a little parapet about two feet high, serving to support several planks covered with earth. The caponiere is iarge enough to contain fifteen or twenty soldiers, and is usually placed in the glacis on the extremity of the counterscarp, and in dry moats; having little embrasures for the soldiers to fire through.
CAPPANUS, a name given by some authors to a worm that adheres to and gnaws the bottoms of ships, to which it is extremely pernicious, especially in the East and West Indies.
CAPRAIA, a small island of the Sardinian states, lying in the Tuscan Sea, between the north-east point of Corsica and the coast of Piombino. It is about fifteen miles in circumference, and possesses a town of the same name, which has a good harbour. The principal product of the ground is vines. The population amounts to about 2000. Long. 9. 48. 12. E. Lat. 43. 0. 18. N.
CAPRANU, a village of European Turkey, in the province of Livadia, on the river Cephissus, nearly corresponding to the ancient Chaeronea, a city of Boeotia. The ruins of that town are still in existence, and consist of the remains of a temple, a beautiful antique fountain, the theatre, some relics of the acropolis, and a number of broken marbles with inscriptions. The modern village is a mean place, of about half a dozen scattered cottages, with almost as many churches.
CAPRI, an island of Italy, on the eastern side of the Bay of Naples, opposite to Ponte della Campanella. It consists of two lofty hills, with a fertile valley between them, which produces much wine and oil. The dwellings are scattered over the island, and the inhabitants amount to 3620. In ancient times it was the place of retreat of the Roman emperors. It is in longitude 14. 12. E. and in latitude 40. 32. N.
CAPRIATA, Peter John, a civilian and historian, was born at Genoa. He wrote in Italian the history of the wars of Italy, an English translation of which was printed in London in 1663.
CAPRICORN, in Astronomy, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac.

The ancients accounted Capricon the tenth sign; and when the sun arrived thereat, it made the winter solstice with regard to our hcinisphere; but the stars being advanced a whole sign towards the east, Capricon is now rather the eleventh sign; and it is at the sun’s entry into Sagittary that the solstice happens, though the ancient manner of speaking is still retained.

The sign is represented on ancient monuments, medals, and the like, as having the fore part of a goat, and the hind part of a fish, which is the form of an Aegipan; and sometimes simply under the form of a goat.

Tropic of Capricon, a lesser circle of the sphere, which is parallel to the equinoctial, and at 23° 30' distance from it southwards, passing through the beginning of Capricon.
CAPRIFICATION, a method used in the Levant for ripening the fruit of the domestic fig-tree, by means of insects bred in that of the wild fig-tree.
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The most ample and satisfactory accounts of this curious operation in gardening are those of Tournefort and Pon-tedra; the former, in his Voyage to the Levant, and in a Memoir delivered to the Academy of Sciences at Paris in 1705; the latter, in his Anthologia.
CAPRIMULGUS, Goatsucker, or Fern-owl. See Ornithology.
CAPRINO, a town, the chief place of a district in the delegation of Verona, in Austrian Italy, containing 3760 inhabitants.
CAPRIOLES, in the manège, leaps that a horse makes in the same place without advancing, in such a manner that, when he is at the height of the leap, he jerks out with his hinder legs even and near. It is the most difficult of all the high manege. It differs from a croupade in this, that in a croupade a horse does not show his shoes; and from the ballotadc, because in the latter he does not jerk out. To make a horse work well at caprioles, he must be put between two pillars, and taught to raise first his fore quarters, and then his hind quarters while his fore ones are yet in the air, for which reason you must give him the whip and the poinson.
CAPRYKE, a town of the province of East Flanders, in the Netherlands, on the Wantergank, with 3379 inhabitants.
CAPSA, in Ancient Geography, a large and strong town of Numidia, situated amidst vast deserts, waste, uncultivated, and full of serpents, where Jugurtha kept his treasure. In his time it was taken and razed by Marius the Roman general, who put to death all the citizens capable of bearing arms, and sold the rest as slaves. It was, however, afterwards rebuilt by the Romans, and strongly fortified; but, on the decline of their empire, was taken and demolished a second time by Occuba, a famous Arab general. The walls of the citadel still remain, and are monuments of the ancient glory and strength of Capsa. They are twenty-four fathoms in height, and five in thickness, built of large square stones, and have now acquired the solidity and firmness of a rock. The walls of the town were rebuilt by the inhabitants since their first demolition, but were afterwards destroyed by Jacob Almanzor, who sent a governor and troops into the province. In Marmol’s time Capsa was very populous, and abounded with stately mosques and other structures of superb and elegant workmanship; but at present it is occupied by a poor and indigent people, fleeced and oppressed by the Tunisian government. Long. 9. 3. E. Lat. 33. 15. N.
CAPS ALI, a market-town of the island Cerigo, in the Mediterranean. It stands at the foot of a lofty mountain on the southern shore of the island, and has an excellent anchorage. It is the seat of a Greek bishop, and contains 1420 inhabitants.
CAPSARIUS (from capsa, a satcheD, in Antiquity, a servant who attended the Roman youth to school, carrying a satchel with their books in it. He was sometimes also called librarius.

Capsarius was likewise an attendant at the baths, to whom persons committed the keeping of their clothes.

Capsarius (from capsa, a chest), among the Roman bankers, was he who had the care of the money-chest or coffer.
CAPSICUM, or Guinea-pepper. The bell-pepper produces fruit for pickling, for which purpose the pods must be gathered before they arrive at their full size, while their rind is tender. They must be slit down on one side to get out the seeds, after which they should be soaked two or three days in salt and water. When they are taken out of this and drained, boiling vinegar must be poured on them in a sufficient quantity to cover them, and closely stopped down for two months; then they should be boiled in the vinegar to make them green; but they want∣ no addition of any spice, and are the best and most wholesome pickle in the world. Another species is used for making what is called cayan-butter or pepper-pots, by the inhabitants of America, and which they esteem the best of all the spices.
CAPSQUARES, strong plates of iron which come over the trunnions of a gun, and keep it in the carriage. They are fastened by a hinge to the prize-plate, that they may lift up and down, and form a part of an arch in the middle, to receive a third part of the thickness of the trunnions; for two thirds are let into the carriage, and the other end is fastened by two iron wedges called the firelochs and heys.
CAPSULE, in a general sense, denotes a receptacle or cover in form of a bag.

Capsule, among botanists, a dry hollow seed-vessel or pericarpium, that cleaves or splits in some determinate manner.
CAPTAIN, a military officer. There are several kinds of captains, according to their commands.

Captain of a Troop or Company, an officer who commands a troop of horse or a company of foot under a colonel. In the horse and foot guards, the captains have the rank of colonels.
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Captain- General, he who commands in chief.

CAPTAiN-Lieutenant, he who, with the rank of captain, but the pay of lieutenant, commands a troop or company in the name and place of some other person who is dispensed with, on account of his quality, from performing the functions of his post. Thus the colonel being usually captain of the first company of his regiment, that company is commanded by his deputy under the title of Captain-Lieutenant. So in England, as well as in France, the king, dauphin, princes, and others, have usually the title of captain of the guards, gens cl 'armes, &c.; the real duty of which offices is performed by captain-lieutenants.

Captain Reformed, one who, upon the reduction of the forces, has his commission and company suppressed, yet is continued captain, either as second to another, or without any post or command at all.

Captain of a Ship of War, the officer who commands a ship of the line or a frigate carrying twenty or more cannon. The charge of a captain in his majesty’s navy is very comprehensive, in as much as he is not only answerable for any bad conduct in the military government, navigation, and equipment of the ship he commands, but also for any neglect of duty or ill management in his inferior officers, whose several charges he is appointed to superintend and regulate. See Navy- Captain of a merchant-ship, he who has the direction of the ship, crew, lading, &c. In small ships and short voyages lie is more ordinarily called the master. In the Mediterranean he is called the patroon. Captain Pashau, or Capdan Pasha, in the polity of the Turks, signifies the Turkish high admiral. He possesses the third office of the empire, and is invested with the same power at sea as the vizier has on shore. Soliman II. instituted this office in favour of the famous Barbarossa, with absolute authority over the officers of the marine and arsenal, whom he may punish, cashier, or put to death, as soon as he is without the Dardanelles. He commands in chief in all the maritime countries, cities, castles, &c.; and at Constantinople he is the first magistrate of police in the villages on the side of the Porte and the canal of the Black Sea. The mark of his authority is a large Indian cane, which he carries in his hand both in the arsenal and with the army.
CAPTION, in Scots Law, a writ issuing under his majesty’s signet, in his majesty’s name, obtained after decree at the instance of a creditor in a civil debt, commanding messengers at arms and other officers of the law to apprehend and imprison the person of the debtor until he pay the debt.
CAPTIVE, a slave, or a person taken from the enemy. Formerly captives in war became the slaves of those who took them; and though slavery, such as obtained among the ancients, is now abolished, some shadow of it still remains in respect of prisoners of war, who are accounted the property of their captors, and have no right to liberty but by concession from them. The Romans used their captives with great severity; their necks were exposed to the soldiers to be trampled on, and their persons afterwards sold by public auction. Captives were frequently burnt in the funeral piles of the ancient warriors, as a sacrifice to the infernal gods. Those of royal or noble blood had their heads shaven, and their hair sent to Rome to serve as decorations for female toys, and the like. They were led in triumph, loaded with chains, through Rome, in the emperor’s train, at least as far as the foot of the Capitoline Mount; for they were not permitted to ascend the sacred hill, but carried thence to prison. Those of the first quality were honoured with golden chains on their hands and feet, and golden collars on their necks. If they made their escape, or killed themselves, to avoid the ignominy of being carried in triumph, their images or effigies were frequently carried in their place.
CAPTIVITY, in a general sense, the state or condition of a captive.

Captivity, in sacred history, a punishment which God inflicted upon his people, the Jews, for their vices and infidelities. The first of these captivities is that of Egypt, from which Moses delivered them, after which are reckoned six during the government of the judges; but the greatest and most remarkable were those of Judah and Israel, which happened under the kings of each of these kingdoms. It is generally believed that the ten tribes of Israel never came back again after their dispersion, and Josephus and St Jerome are of this opinion; nevertheless, when we examine the writings of the prophets, we find the return of Israel from captivity pointed out in a manner almost as clear as that of the tribes of Benjamin and Judah; see Hosea, i. 10, 11; Amos, ix. 14. The captivities of Judah are generally reckoned four, the fourth and last of which fell in the year of the world 3416, under Zedekiah; and from this period begins the seventy years’ captivity foretold by Jeremiah.

Since the destruction of the temple by the Romans, the Hebrews boast that they have always had their heads, or particular princes, whom they call “princes of the captivity,” in the east and west. The princes of the captivity in the east governed the Jews that dwelt in Babylon, Assyria, and Persia; and the princes of the captivity in the west governed those who dwelt in Judaea, Egypt, Italy, and in other parts of the Roman empire. He who resided in Judaea commonly took up his abode at Tiberias, and assumed the name of Roschabboth, head of the fathers or patriarchs. He presided in assemblies, decided in cases of conscience, levied taxes for the expenses of his visits, and had officers under him, who were dispatched throughout the provinces for the execution of his orders. As to the princes of the captivity of Babylon, or the East, we know neither the original nor the succession of them. It only appears that they were not in being before the end of the second century.
CAPTURE, a prize or prey, particularly that of a ship taken at sea. Captures made at sea were formerly held to be the property of the captors after a possession of twenty-four hours; but the modern authorities require that, before the property can be changed, the goods must have been brought into port, and have continued a night intra praesidia, in a place of safe custody, so that all hope of recovering them has been lost.
CAPUA, a city, the capital of the province Terra di Lavoro, in the kingdom of Naples. It is on the river Volturno, and is fortified. The air in summer is unhealthy, and the water scarcely drinkable. The principal streets are paved with lava, but the others are in a neglected state. Though it contains a cathedral, eighteen parish churches, and thirty-three cloister churches, with six hospitals, the number of inhabitants does not exceed 8000. In the neighbourhood are some medicinal springs, and quarries of good tuffstein. It is in longitude 13. 51. E. and latitude 41.7. N. The ancient Capua was situated at the village of Santa Maria, a short distance from the present city.
CAPUCHINS, religious persons of the order of St Francis in its strictest observance; deriving their name from capuce, or capuchon, a stuff cap, or cowl, wherewith they cover their heads. They are clothed with brown or gray, always barefooted, and never travel in coaches, nor shave their beards. The Capuchins are a reformed body of the order of Minors, commonly called Cordeliers, set on foot in the sixteenth century by Matthew Baschi, a religious observant of the monastery of Montefiascone; who, being at Rome, was advertised several times from heaven [7:6:131]to practise the rule of St Francis to the letter. Upon this he made application to Pope Clement in 1525, who gave him permission to retire into a solitude, with as many others as chose to embrace the strict observance. In 1528 they obtained the pope’s bull. In 1529 the order was brought into complete form, Matthew was elected general, and the chapter framed constitutions. In 1543 the right of preaching was taken from the Capuchins by the pope; but in 1545 it was restored to them again with honour. In 1578 there were already seventeen general chapters in the order of Capuchins.
CAPUT, the head.

Caput Baronice, the head of the barony, in ancient customs, denotes the ancient or chief seat or castle of a nobleman, where he had his usual residence, and held his court; and sometimes also called caput honoris, or the head of the honour. The caput baronice could not be settled in dowry, nor could it be divided among the daughters in case there was no son to inherit, but was to descend entirc to the eldest daughter, caeteris filiabus aliunde satisfactis. Caput Lupinum. Anciently an outlawed felon was said to have caput lupinum, and might be knocked on the head like a wolf, by any one who should meet him; because, having renounced all law, he was to be dealt with as in a state of nature, when every one who should find him might slay him.

Caput Mortuum, a Latin name given to fixed and exhausted residuums remaining in retorts after distillations.
CARABINE, a fire-arm shorter than a musket, carrying a ball of twenty-four in the pound, borne by the light horse, hanging at a belt suspended over the left shoulder. The barrel is two feet and a half long, and is sometimes furrowed spirally or rifled within, which is said to add to the range of the piece.
CARABINEERS, regiments of light horse, carrying longer carabines than the rest, and sometimes employed on foot.
CARACALLA, Μ. Antoninus Bassianus, emperor after his father Severus in 211, put the physicians to death for not dispatching his father, as he would have had them. He killed his brother Geta; and put Papinianus to death, because he would not defend nor excuse his parricide. In short, it is said that twenty thousand persons were massacred by his order. He married Julia, his father’s widow. Going to Alexandria, he slew the inhabitants, and applied to the magicians and astrologers. At last, when travelling from Edessa to Mesopotamia, one of his captains slew him, by order of Macrinus, who succeeded him. He died after he had reigned somewhat more than six years.

Caracalla, in Antiquity, a long garment, having a sort of capuchin or hood a-top, and reaching to the heels; worn among the Romans by the men and the women, in the city as well as in the camp. Spartian and Xiphilian represent the emperor Caracalla as the inventor of this garment, and hence suppose the appellation Caracalla was first given him. Others, with more probability, make the caracalla originally a Gallic habit, and only brought to Rome by the emperor above mentioned, who first enjoined the soldiery to wear it. The people called it antoni-nian, from the same prince, who had borrowed the name of Antoninus. The caracalla was a sort of cassock or surtout. Salmasius, Scaliger, and after them Du Cange, even take the name casaque to have been formed from that of caraque, for caracalla. This is certain from St Jerome, that the caracalla, with a retrenchment of the capuchin, became an ecclesiastical garment. It is described as made of several pieces cut and sewed together, and hanging down to the feet; but it is more than probable some were made shorter, especially out of Rome, otherwise they could not have suited as a military dress.
CARACCAS was formerly a division of the Spanish dominions in South America, bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, from the Cape de la Vela on the west, to the point of Paria; on the east by the sea, from the twelfth to the eighth degree of north latitude; on the south by Dutch Guiana and Peru; and on the west by the kingdom of Santa Fé, another obsolete division of the Spanish territory. The captain generalship of the Caraccas is now incorporated into the modern republic of Colombia, to which the reader is referred.

Caraccas, a large city of South America, and the former capital of the above province, situated on that chain of mountains which runs along the coast of the Caribbean Sea, from Coro to Cumana, above the land of which it is situated at the height of three thousand feet. It stands on a declivity near four streams, namely, the Guayra, the Anauco, the Caroata, and the Catucho, which, after passing the town, join into one, and at length mingling their waters with those of the Tuy, flow into the ocean thirty-six miles east of Cape Codera. The streets are in general about a hundred yards apart; and as they intersect each other at right angles, the whole town is divided into square portions called quadras. There are several squares in this city, of which the Plaza Mayor, or open square, is the most worthy of notice. The east side is principally occupied by the cathedral, the south by the college, and the west by the public prison. This square is a great market for fruit and other articles, and contains a sort of inner square, in which are ranges of shops. The town is well supplied with water from the Catueho, which is dispensed to the inhabitants in public fountains, as well as in pipes and reservoirs. The chief public buildings are the cathedral, which is two hundred and fifty feet in length by seventy-five in breadth, and is supported by twenty-four pillars, without beauty or proportion. The church of Alta Gracia, built by the people of colour, excels the cathedral in the richness of its ornaments, and is by far the most splendid church in Caraccas. There are three other parish churches, three monasteries for friars, two nunneries, and three hospitals, of which one is for lepers alone. The college is the only public institution for education; and the mode of education was a mere monkish routine before the late revolution; but more liberal sentiments now begin to prevail. The city contains, according to Dcpons, 40,000 inhabitants, composed of whites, freed persons, slaves, and a few Indians. Caraccas, owing to its elevation, enjoys a temperate climate; the thermometer in summer varying, about two o’clock of the day, from 73 to 79. Long. 67. W. Lat. 10. 31. N.
CARACOL, in the manège, the half-turn which a horseman makes either to the right or left.

Caracol, in Architecture, denotes a staircase in a he- 1 lix or spiral form.