pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MUSIMON, in Natural History, the name of an animal, esteemed a species of sheep, and described by the ancients as common in Corsica, Sardinia, Barbary, and the northeastern parts of Asia. It has been doubted whether the animal described under this name is now anywhere to be found in the world, and whether it was not probably a spurious breed between two animals of different species, perhaps the sheep and goat, which, like the mule, was not able to propagate its species, and hence the production of them may have been discontinued. Buffon supposes it to be the sheep in a wild state; and it is described as such by Mr Pennant. These animals live in the mountains, and run with great swiftness amongst the rocks. Those of Kamtschatka are so strong that ten men can scarcely hold one, and the horns are so large as sometimes to weigh thirty pounds, and so capacious that young foxes often shelter themselves in the hollow of such as by accident fall off in the deserts.
MUSK, a very strong-scented substance, found in a bag under the belly of a species of moschus. See Mammalia.
MUSKAU, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Liegnitz. It is the capital of a mediatized principality, and the residence of the prince. It is a neat town, built since 1766, and contains two churches, 200 houses, and 1550 inhabitants. The principality consists of forty-six villages and 8500 people.
MUSKET, or Musquet, properly a fire-arm bome on the shoulder, used in war, and discharged by the application of a lighted match. Muskets were anciently borne in the field by the infantry, and were used in England so lately as the beginning of the civil wars. They are not now used; fusees or firelocks having taken their place and name.
MUSKETOON, a kind of short, thick musket, the bore of which is the thirty-eighth part of its length; it carries five ounces of iron, or seven and a half of lead, with an equal quantity of powder. This is the shortest kind of blunderbusses.
MUSLIN, a fine sort of cotton cloth, which bears a downy knot on its surface. See Cotton and Manufacture.
MUSSCHENBROEK, Peter Van, an eminent mathematician and natural philosopher, was born at Leyden on the 14th of March 1692. Having studied languages under Perizonius and Gronovius, he applied himself to philosophy, chemistry, and medicine under Senguerd, Bidloo, Le Clerc, Burmann, Albinus, Boerhaave, and Rau, and proved a disciple worthy of such masters. He was received as doctor in 1718, after having published and defended his inaugural dissertation De Aêris Praesentia in Humoribus Animalium ; a masterly production, containing a record of new experiments carefully performed, and several curious facts discussed with much sagacity. Having visited London, he there became acquainted with Newton and Desaguliers, and was elected a member of the Royal Society; and, on his return to his own country, he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Utrecht, where he remained twelve years (from 1723 to 1735), and acquired the greatest celebrity. In 1739 he succeeded Wittichius in the same situation at Leyden, where he remained till the time of his death, which took place on the 19th of September 1761, at the age of sixty-nine. He published various works in Latin, all evincing great penetration and accuracy. The principal of these are, 1. Epitome Elementorum Physicomathematicoum, Leyden, 1729, in 4to; 2. Dissertationes Physicae Experimentalis et Geometricae, ibid. 1729, in 4to; 3. A Latin translation of the Saggi di Naturali Esperienze fatte nelΓ Accadernia del Pimento, Leyden, 1731, in 4to; 4. Elementa Physicae, 1734, in 8vo, translated in English by Colson, 1744, in two vols. 8vo. His Introductio ad Philosophiam Naturalem, which he began to print in 1760, was completed by Lulofs, and published at Leyden in 1762, soon after the death of the author. A translation of this work into French by Rigaud de Lafond was published at Paris in 1769, in three vols. 4to. Musschenbroek had always paid great attention to meteorology, several papers on which, containing numerous observations by him, were printed in the Memoirs of the French Academy of Sciences, and in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London, besides a dissertation on barometers which appeared in the Memoirs of the Academy of St Petersburg. (A> )
MUSSOMELI, a city in the island of Sicily, in the kingdom of Naples, and province of Mazzara, fifty miles from Palermo. It stands on the side of a large inland mountain; and the inhabitants, who are 9276, depend chiefly on the cultivation of the surrounding soil.
MUSSULMAN, or Moslemin, a title by which the Mahommedans distinguish themselves, and which signifies, in the Turkish language, true believer, or orthodox. In Arabic the word is written Moslem, Moslemin, or Mosulman. The appellation was first given to the Saracens, as is observed by Leunclavius. There are two kinds of Mussulmans, very averse to each other; the one called Soonites, and the other Shecites. The Soonites follow the interpretation of the Koran given by Omar; the Shecites are the followers of Ali. According to some authors, the word Mussulman signifies “saved,” that is, predestinated; and hence the Mahommedans give themselves the appellation, as believing they are all predestinated to salvation. Martinius is more particular as to the origin of the name, which he derives from the Arabic Musalem, “saved,” or “snatched out of danger.” The Mahommedans, he observes, established their religion by fire and sword, massacred all those who would not embrace it, and granted life to all who did, calling them Mussulmans, as much as to say, erepti e periculo ; and hence the word, in course of time, became the distinguishing title of all those of that sect who have affixed to it the signification of “true believers.”
MUST, Mustum, sweet wine newly expressed from the grape, or the new liquor expressed from the fruit before it is fermented.
MUSTER, in a military sense, a review of troops under arms, to ascertain if they be complete and in good order; to take an account of their numbers, examine the condition they are in, view their arms and accoutrements, and investigate other matters.

Muster-7ZoZZs, lists of soldiers in each company, troop, or regiment, by which they are paid, and the strength of the army is known.
MUTATION, the act of changing, or sometimes the change itself.

Mutation, in the ancient music, is applied to the changes or alterations which happen in the order of the sounds composing the melody.
MUTATIONES, amongst the Romans, post stages or places where the public couriers were supplied with fresh horses. The mutationes were wholly designed for the use of these couriers or messengers of state, and in this respect they differ from mansiones.
MUTCHKIN, a liquid measure used in Scotland, containing four gills, and forming the fourth part of a Scotch pint.
MUTE, in a general sense, signifies a person who cannot speak, or has not the use of speech.

Mute, in Grammar, a letter which yields no sound without the addition of a vowel. The simple consonants are distinguished into mutes and liquids, or semi-vowels. The mutes in the Greek alphabet are nine, three of which, π, κ, τ, are termed tenues ; three, β, γ, δ, mediae ; and three, φ, χ, Ô, aspirate. The mutes of the Latin alphabet are also nine, viz. B, C, D, G, I, K, P, Q, T.
MUTILATION, the retrenching or cutting away any member of the body.

This word is also extended to statues and buildings, where any part is wanting, or the projection of any member, as a cornice or an impost, is broken off. But it is sometimes used in a more immediate manner to signify castration.
MUTINY, in a military sense, is open disobedience of, and resistance to, authority. Any officer or soldier who presumes to use traitorous or disrespectful words against the sacred person of his majesty, or the royal family, is guilty of mutiny. Any officer or soldier who behaves himself with contempt or disrespect towards the general or other commander-in-chief of our forces, or speaks words tending to their hurt or dishonour, is guilty of mutiny. Any officer or soldier who begins, excites, causes, or joins in, any mutiny or sedition, in the troop, company, or regiment to which he belongs, or in any other troop or company in our service, or in any party, post, detachment, or guard, on any pretence whatsoever, is guilty of mutiny. Any officer or soldier who, being present at any mutiny or sedition, does not use his utmost endeavours to suppress the same, or, coming to the knowledge of any mutiny, or intended mutiny, does not, without delay, give information to his commanding officer, is guilty of mutiny. And any officer or soldier who strikes his superior officer, or draws, or offers to draw, or lifts up any weapon, or offers any violence against him, being in the execution of his office, on any pretence whatsoever, or disobeys any lawful command of his superior officer, is guilty of mutiny.
MUTIUS, Caius, surnamed Codrus, and afterwards Scaevola, was one of the illustrious Roman family of the Mutii, and rendered his name famous in the war between Porsenna king of Tuscany and the Romans. That prince having resolved to restore the family of Tarquin the Proud, went to besiege Rome in the year 507 before Christ; but Mutius determined to sacrifice himself for the safety of his country, and boldly entering the enemy’s camp, killed Porsenna’s secretary, whom he took for Porsenna himself. Being seized and brought before Porsenna, he told the king boldly, that three hundred young men like himself had sworn to murder him; “but since this hand has missed thee,” continued he, “it must be punished ;” then putting his right hand on the burning coals, he let it burn with such constancy as astonished the beholders. The king, amazed at the intrepidity of the young Roman, ordered that he should have his freedom and return to Rome, and soon afterwards concluded a peace with the Romans. From this action Mutius obtained the surname of Scaevola, or lefthanded, which was enjoyed by his family.

Muτιus Scaevola, Q. surnamed the Augur, was an excellent civilian, and instructed Cicero in the laws. He was made praetor in Asia, and afterwards became consul, when he performed important services for the republic. He must not be confounded with Quintus Mutius Scaevola, another excellent civilian, who was praetor in Asia, tribune of the people, and at length consul, 95 before Christ. He governed Asia with such prudence and equity, that his example was proposed to the governors who were sent into the provinces. Cicero says of him, that he was the most eloquent orator of all the civilians, and the most able civilian of all the orators. He was assassinated in the temple of Vesta during the wars of Marius and Sylla, eighty-two years before Christ.
MUTTON, the common name of the flesh of a sheep after the animal has been killed. Mutton has been commonly preferred to the flesh of all quadrupeds; and, indeed, besides being more perfect, it has the advantage of being more generally suited to different climates, whereas beef, for instance, requires a very nice intermediate state, which it seems to attain chiefly in England; for although Scotland supplies what are reckoned the best cattle, it is in the rich English pastures that they are brought to perfection. But the sheep can be brought almost to the same perfection in this northern region as in the southern countries.
MUTUAL, a relative term, denoting something that is reciprocal between two or more persons. Thus we say, mutual assistance, mutual aversion. There are mutual or reciprocal duties, offices, and the like, between superiors and inferiors, as the king and his subjects, the master and his servants, &c. Vaugelas makes a distinction between mutual and reciprocal ; mutual, according to him, being understood of what is between two only; and reciprocal, of what is between more than two. But this distinction is little regarded in common usage.
MUTULE, in Architecture, a kind of square modillon set under the cornice of the Doric order.
MUTUNUS, or Mutinus, in fabulous history, a deity amongst the Romans, similar to the Priapus of the Greeks.
MUZZLE of a Gun or Mortar, the extremity at which the powder and ball is put in; and hence the muzzle ring is the metallic circle or moulding which surrounds the mouth of the piece.
MYCALE, a city and mountain of Caria, and also a promontory of Asia, opposite Samos, celebrated for a battle which was fought there between the Greeks and Persians about the year of Rome 275. The Persians, about 100,000 strong, had just returned from the unsuccessful expedition of Xerxes in Greece; and having drawn their ships to the shore, they had fortified themselves strongly, as if determined to support a siege. They suffered[7:15:651] the Greeks to disembark from their fleet without the least molestation, and were soon obliged to give way before the cool and resolute intrepidity of an inferior number of men. The Greeks obtained a complete victory, slaughtered some thousands of the enemy, burned their camp, and sailed back to Samos with an immense booty, in which were seventy chests of money.
MYCENAE, in Ancient Geography, a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus. The kingdom of the Argives was divided into two portions by Acrisius and his brother Proetus, and Argos and Mycenae were their capitals. These, as belonging to the same family, and distant only about fifty stadia, or six miles and a quarter from each other, had one tutelary deity, Juno, and they were joint proprietors of her temple, the Heraeum, which was near Mycenae. It was here that Agamemnon reigned. He enlarged his dominions by his valour and good fortune, and possessed, besides Mycenae, the region about Corinth and Sicyon, and that which was afterwards denominated Achaea. On his return from Troy, he was slain with his companions at a banquet. Mycenae then declined, and under the Heraclidae was made subject to Argos. The Mycenaeans, having furnished eighty men, partook with the Lacedaemonians in the glory acquired at Thermopylae. The jealousy of the Argives produced the destruction of their city, which was abandoned after a siege, and laid waste in the first year of the seventy-eighth Olympiad, or 466 years before Christ. Some part of the wall remained in the second century, with a gate, upon which were lions, a fountain, the subterranean edifices where Atreus and his sons had deposited their treasures, and, amongst various sepulchral monuments, one of Agamemnon, and another of his fellow-soldiers and sufferers.
MYCONDAH, a town of Hindustan, in the territories of the rajah of Mysore. It is of some importance, as it is placed at the entrance of a pass from the north-westward into the valley of Chitteldroog, which it is intended to defend. It is 138 miles N. N. W. from Seringapatam. Long. 76. 10. E. Lat. 14. 16. N.
MYCONE, an island of the Archipelago, situated in long. 25. 51. E., lat. 37. 28. N. It is about thirty-six miles in circuit, and has a town of the same name.
MYCONUS, in Ancient Geography, one of the islands called Cyclades, near Delos, under which the last of the centaurs slain by Hercules are feigned to lie buried. Hence the proverb, Omnia sub unam Myconum congerere, applied to an injudicious or unnatural farrago.

Μ YDAN, a small district in the Afghan province of Cabul, situated between the 33d and 34th degrees of north latitude.
MYER, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, fifty miles south-south-east from Callinger. Long. 80. 50. E. Lat. 24. 21. N.
MYIAGRUS Deus, in the heathen mythology, a name sometimes given to Jupiter, and sometimes to Hercules, on occasion of sacrifices being offered to them for driving away the vast numbers of flies which infested the victims on certain public occasions. The word is usually spelt Myagrus ; but this must be an error, as the word does not express the “fly-destroyer,” but the “mouse-destroyer,” and it is sufficiently testified by the ancients, that flies were the only creatures against whom this deity was invoked. Pliny calls this deity Myiodes, and tells us that the flies which used to pester the Olympic rites went away in clouds on the sacrificing of a bull to this god. We find in Athenaeus, also, that this sacrificing to the god of flies at the Olympic games was a constant custom. Some authors distinguish these two deities, and tell us that the latter, or Myiodes, used to visit the nations in vengeance with a vast multitude of flies, and that, upon paying him the due honours of a sacrifice, they all went away again; and this seems to agree with what Pliny mentions in several places. At the time of the Olympic games, Jupiter was worshipped under the name of Apomyos or Myiagrus Deus, and supplicated to effect the destruction of these troublesome creatures. This happened only once in many years, when the sacrifices were performed there; but the Élians worshipped him continually under this name, deprecating the vengeance of heaven, which usually sent, towards the latter end of summer (as they expressed it) an army of flies and other insects, which infested the whole country with sickness and pestilence.
MYIODES Deus, in the heathen mythology, a name sometimes given to Hercules, but more frequently to Jupiter, to whom a bull was sacrificed, in order to render him propitious in driving away the flies which infested the Olympic games.
MYLASA, or Mylassa, in√4nc⅛n< Geography, a noble city of Caria, in Asia Minor, situated about three leagues from the Sinus Ceramicus. It was the capital of Hecatomnus, king of Caria, and father of Mausolus. Pliny, speaking of Menander king of Caria, says that the Rhodians preserved with the greatest care his portrait painted by Apelles. But it was not in honour of this Menander that a Corinthian pillar was erected at Mylasa, which still exists, and on which is to be seen the following inscription: “The people erected this pillar in honour of Menander, the son of Uliades, and grandson of Euthydemus, the benefactor of his country, and whose ancestors also rendered it great services.” Caria was taken by Mithridates, and afterwards by Labienus, whose father had been one of Caesar’s generals. Hybrias, whose eloquence and valour deservedly entitled him to a distinguished rank amongst his countrymen, in vain encouraged them to make an obstinate defence whilst it was besieged by the latter. He himself was obliged to yield to necessity, and to take refuge at Rhodes; but scarcely had the conqueror quitted the city, when Hybrias returned and restored liberty to his country; and, not content with rendering it this service, he also destroyed the power of a dangerous citizen, whose riches and talents had rendered him a necessary evil. Euthydemus, often banished, and as often recalled, but always too powerful in a state the independence of which he threatened, saw his ambition checked by the zeal and activity of Hybrias. The Romans left to Mylasa that liberty of which it rendered itself so worthy by the great efforts it made to preserve it. Pliny calls it Mylasa libera ; and Strabo informs us that it was one of the most magnificent cities of antiquity, the temples, porticos, and other public monuments of which were highly admired. This city is now called Melasso. When Pococke visited this place it was perfect and entire; but at present no traces of it remain.
MYLAU, a town of the circle of Voightland, in the kingdom of Saxony, on the river Golzsch. It contains 240 houses, and 1790 inhabitants, who are chiefly employedin making muslins and cotton goods.
MYMUNSING, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, situated between the 24th and 28th degrees of north latitude. The boundaries of this territory are the Garrow Mountains and the district of Rungpoor on the north, Dacca Jelalpoor on the south, Silket and Tipperah on the east, and Ranjeshy and Dinagepoor on the west. The country is intersected by the great river Brahmapootra, into which flow innumerable streams from both sides; and, owing to the flatness of the country, it is liable to inundations during the rainy seasons. It produces in consequence very abundant crops of rice, of a coarse quality^ which is its staple produce. Some parts of the country are overrun with wood or jungle, and are but thinly inhabited. The chief town is Bygonbary, which is the residence of the judge and collector, who are subordinate to [7:15:652]the Dacca court of circuit. The population consists of pretty nearly equal numbers of Hindus and Mahommedans. According to a census taken by orders of the Marquis Wellesley in 1801, the population amounts to 600,000.
MYO Isle, a small island situated in the Eastern Seas, in the Molucca passage, which separates Celebes and Gilolo. The inhabitants, by whom it was occupied whilst the Portuguese held the Moluccas, were expelled by the Dutch, lest it should become a place for the smuggling of spices. Long. 126. 15. E. Lat. 1. 23. N.
MYOLOGY (formed of μυς, μυoς, a muscle, and λo∕oς, discourse), in anatomy, signifies a description of the muscles, or the knowledge of what relates to the muscles of the human body. See Anatomy.
ΜYOMANCY, a kind of divination, or method of foretelling future events by means of mice. Some authors hold myomancy to be one of the most ancient kinds of divination, and think it is on this account that Isaiah (lxvi. 17) reckons mice amongst the abominable things of the idolaters. But besides that it is by no means certain that the Hebrew word *P≡P used by the prophet signifies a mouse, it is not the divination by that animal, whatever it may have been that is spoken of by the prophet, but the eating it, that is forbidden.
MYOPIA, Short-sightedness, a species of vision in which objects are seen only at small distances.
MYRIAD, a term sometimes employed to denote ten thousand.
MYRMIDONS, Myrmidones, in Antiquity, a people in the southern borders of Thessaly, who accompanied Achilles to the Trojan war. They received their name from Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Eurymedusa, who married one of the daughters of Aeolus, son of Helen. His son Actor married Aegina, the daughter of Aesopus, and gave his name to his subjects, who dwelt near the river Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, the Myrmidons received their name from their having arisen from ants or pismires, upon a prayer put up for that purpose by Aeacus to Jupiter, after his kingdom had been dispeopled by a severe pestilence. According to Strabo, they received it from their industry, because they imitated the diligence of the ants, being like them indefatigable, and continually employed in cultivating the earth.
MYRMILLONES were gladiators of a certain kind at Rome, who fought against the Retiarii. Their arms were a sword, head-piece, and shield. On the top of the headpiece they wore a fish embossed, called μοξμυζος, whence their name is by some supposed to be derived. The Retiarii, in their engagements, made use of a net, in which they endeavoured to entangle their adversaries; and sung during the fight, Nan tepeto, piseem peto ; quid me f agis, Galle? “I aim not at thee, but I aim at thy fish; why dost thou shun me, Gaul ?” The Myrmillones were called Galli, because they wore Gallic armour; and they were also named Secutores. This kind of gladiators was suppressed by Caligula.
[7:15:656]
MYROBALANS, a species of medicinal fruit brought from the Indies, of which there are five kinds, viz. the citrine of a yellowish red colour, hard, oblong, and the size of an olive; the black or Indian myrobalan, of the size of an acorn, wrinkled and without a stone; chebulic myrobalans, of the size of a date, pointed at the end, and of a yellowish brown; emblic, which are round, rough, of the size of gall, and of a dark brown; and balleric, which are hard, round, of the size of an ordinary prune, less angular than the rest, and yellow. They are all slightly purgative and astringent. The word comes from the Greek μ ∖ >οον, ointment, and βάλανος, acorn, from their being in the form of acorns, and used in medicine.
MYRON, an excellent Grecian statuary, who flourished 442 years before Christ. The cow he represented in brass was an admirable piece of workmanship, and proved the occasion of many fine epigrams in Greek.