pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
INDULT, in the church of Rome, the power of presenting to benefices granted to certain persons by the pope. Of this kind is the indult of kings and sovereign princes in the Roman Catholic communion, and that of the parliament of Paris granted by several popes. By the concordat for the abolition of the pragmatic sanction, made between Francis I. and Leo X. in 1516, the French king had the power of nominating to bishoprics, and other consistorial benefices within his realm. At the same time, by a particular bull, the pope granted to him the privilege of nominating to the churches of Bretagne and Provence. In 1648 Pope Alexander VIII., and in 1668 Clement IX., granted the king an indult for the bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, which had been yielded to him by the treaty of Munster; and in 1668 the same Pope Clement IX. granted him an indult for the benefices in the counties of Rousillon, Artois, and the Netherlands. The cardinals likewise have an indult granted them by agreement between Pope Paul IV. and the sacred college in 1555, which is always confirmed by the popes at the time of their election. By this treaty the cardinals have the free disposal of all the benefices depending on them, and are empowered likewise to bestow a benefice in commendam.
INDULTO, a duty, tax, or custom, paid to the king of Spain on all such commodities as arc imported from the West Indies in the galleons.
INEBRIANTS, are defined to be such things as affect the nerves in a particular and agreeable manner, and through them alter and disturb the functions of the mind. They are properly divided into natural and artificial; the former being chiefly in use amongst the oriental and other nations, the latter principally amongst those of Europe.

Natural Inebriants, are, 1. Opium, which is in use all over the East; 2. Pcganum harmala, or Syrian rue, the seeds of which are sold in Turkey for this purpose; 3. Maslac of the Turks, or bangue of the Persians, prepared from the dust of the male-flower of hemp, or from the leaves; 4. Bangue of the Indians, from the leaves of the Hibiscus sabdarissa; 5. Seeds of various species of the datura, or thorn-apple; 6. Pinang, or betel of the Indians; 7. Roots of black henbane; 8. The Hyoscyamus physaloides ; 9. Berries of the deadly nightshade; 10. Leaves of milfoil, used by the Da-lekarlians to render their beer intoxicating; 11. Tobacco, and several others less material, such as clary, saffron, and darnel.

Artificial Inebriants, are fermented liquors from farinaceous seeds; and wines and spirits drawn by distillation. With these are ranked the nectar of the gods, and the anodyne medicine of Homer, commonly called nepenthe.
INERTIA of Matter is defined by Sir Isaac Newton to be a passive principle by which bodies persist in a state of motion or of rest, receive motion in proportion to the force impressing it, and resist as much as they are resisted. It is also defined by the same author to be a power implanted in all matter, whereby it resists any change endeavoured to be made in its state. See Physics.
IN ESSE is applied to things which are actually existing. Authors make a difference between a thing in esse, and a thing in posse. A thing that is not, but may be, they say is in posse, or potentia; but a thing apparent and visible, they say is in esse, that is, it has a real being eο instanti, whereas the other is casual, and at best but a possibility.
INFALISTACIO, an ancient punishment of felons, by throwing them amongst the rocks and sands, and chiefly used in port-towns. It is the opinion of some writers, that infalistatus implied some capital punishment, by exposing the malefactor upon the sand till the next tide carried him [7:12:271]a way; and of this custom, it is said, there exists an old tradition. However, the penalty seems to have taken its name from the Norman falese, or falesia, which signified not the sands, but the rocks and cliffs adjoining, or impending over the sea-shore. Commisit feloniam ob quam fuit suspensus, ut legatus vel alio modo morti damnatus, ... vel apud Dover infalistatus, apud Southampton submersus.
INFALLIBLE, that which cannot err, or be deceived. One of the great controversies between the Protestants and Catholics, is the infallibility which the latter attribute to the pope; though, in fact, they are not themselves agreed on that head, some placing this pretended infallibility in the pope and a general council, and others in his Holiness alone.
INFAMY, in Law, is that consequence of conviction for certain crimes, by which the person convicted incurs the infarnia juris, and is thus rendered incapable of being a witness or juror, even though he be pardoned for his crime.
INFANCY, the first part of life. Hoffman says, that the human species are infants until they begin to talk, and children till the age of puberty. Anatomy discovers to us, that during infancy there is much imperfection in the human frame; its parts, for instance, are disproportioned, and its organs incapable of those functions which in future life they are designed to perform. The head is larger in proportion to the bulk of the body than that of an adult. The liver and pancreas are much larger in proportion than in advanced life; and their secretions are also more in quantity. The bile is very inert; the heart is stronger and larger than in future life; and the quantity of blood sent through the heart of an infant, in a given time, is also more in proportion than in adults. Though these circumstances have their usefulness, yet the imperfection attending them subjects this age to many injuries and dangers from which a more perfect state is exempt. Dr Percival observes, in his Essays, that of all the children who are born alive, two-thirds do not live to be two years old.

Infants have a larger proportion of brain than adults, and hence are most subject to nervous disorders; whilst the diagnostics of disease are in many respects obscure or uncertain, particularly those taken from the pulse, which, from the irritability of the tender bodies of infants, is suddenly affected by a variety of accidents too numerous, and seemingly too trivial, to gain our attention. From this cause, however, no very great embarrassment arises to the practitioner; for the disorders in this state are generally acute, less complicated than those in adults, and more easily discovered than is generally apprehended.

Infants, amongst the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, were swaddled as soon as they were born, in a manner similar to that practised by the moderns. The Jews circumcised and named their infant children on the eighth day from the birth. On the birth of a son, the Grecians crowned their doors with olives, on that of a daughter with wool. The infant was washed in warm water, and anointed with oil, and by the Spartans with wine; it was then dressed, and laid in a basket, or on a shield if the father was a warrior, particularly amongst the Spartans. At five days old they ran with it round the fire, and the mother’s relations sent presents. The Greeks named their children on the tenth day, the Romans on the ninth; and this was attended with sacrifices and other demonstrations of joy.

Infant, in Law, is a person under twenty-one years of age, whose capacities, incapacities, and privileges are various.
INFANTE, and Infanta, all the sons and daughters of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest; the princes being called infantes, and the princesses infantas.
INFANTRY, in military affairs, the whole body of foot soldiers, whether consisting of independent companies or regiments. This word takes its origin from one of the infantas of Spain, who, finding that the army commanded by the king her father had been defeated by the Moors, assembled a body of foot-soldiers, and with them engaged and totally routed the enemy. In memory of this event, and to distingush the foot-soldiers, who were not before held in much consideration, they received the name of infantry. Heavy-armed Infantry, amongst the ancients, were such as wore a complete suit of armour, and engaged with broad shields and long spears. They formed the flower and strength of the Grecian armies. See Army. Light-armed Infantry, amongst the ancients, were designed for skirmishing, and for fighting at a distance. Their weapons were arrows, darts, or slings.

Light Infantry, amongst the moderns, have only been in use since the year 165β. They have no camp equipage to carry, and their arms and accoutrements are lighter than those of the infantry. See Army.
INFATUATE, to prepossess any one in favour of some person or thing that does not deserve it, so that he cannot easily be disabused. The word comes from the Latin fatuus, fool; from fari, to speak out, which is borrowed from the Greek <l>αω, whence <pΛ-∏κ, which signifies the same with vates in Latin, or prophet in English; and the reason is, because their prophets or priests used to be seized with a kind of madness, when they began to give out their predictions, or deliver oracles.

The Romans called those persons infatuati, who fancied that they had seen visions, or imagined that the god Faunus, whom they called Fatuus, had appeared to them. This word is more generally applied by the moderns to persons who are what the vulgar call bewitched, or under some peculiar destiny which it appears impossible for them to evade or escape.
INFEFTMENT, in Scotch Law, the symbolical surrender of an heritable subject to the purchaser, by delivering to him, in presence of witnesses, a small quantity of earth and stone of the property surrendered. It also denotes the writings which give effect to that ceremony.
INFERIAE, sacrifices offered by the Romans to the DU Manes, or the souls of deceased heroes or other illustrious persons, or even any relation or person whose memory was held in veneration. These sacrifices consisted of honey, water, wine, milk, the blood of victims, a variety of balsamic unguents, chaplets, and loose flowers. The victims upon these occasions were generally of the smaller cattle, though in ancient times they sacrificed slaves or captives. The sacrifices were usually black and barren. The altars upon which they were offered were holes dug in the ground.

The honey, water, wine, milk, and blood, were used as libations, and were poured upon the tombs of children by children, upon those of virgins by virgins, and upon those of married men by women. The inferiae were offered on the ninth and thirtieth days after interment amongst the Greeks, and repeated in the month Anthesterion. The whole of this article applies equally to the Greeks and the Romans.
INFIBULATION, in antiquity. It was a custom amongst the Romans to infibulate their singing boys, in order to preserve their voices; for this operation, which is the very reverse of circumcision, kept them from injuring their voices by premature venery.
INFIDEL, a term applied to such persons as are not baptized, and do not believe in the truths of the Christian religion.
INFINITE, that which has neither beginning nor end; in which sense God alone is infinite.

Infinite is also used to signify that which has had a beginning, but will have no end, as angels and human souls. This makes what the schoolmen call infinitum a partepost ; as, on the contrary, by infinitum a parte ante, they mean that which has an end, but had no beginning.

Infinite Quantities. The very idea of magnitudes infinitely great, or such as exceed any assignable quantities, includes a negation of limits; yet if we examine this notion, we shall find that such magnitudes are not equal amongst themselves, but that there are really, besides infinite length and infinite area, three several sorts of infinite solidity, all of which are quantitates sui generis, and that those of each species are in given proportions.

Infinite length, or a line infinitely long, is to be considered either as beginning at a point, and so infinitely extended one way, or else both ways from the same point; m which case the one, which is a beginning infinity, is the one-half of the whole, which is the sum of the beginning and ceasing infinity; or, as may be said, of infinity aparte ante and a parte post, which is analogous to eternity in time and duration, in which there is always as much to follow as is past, from any point or moment of time; nor does the addition or subtraction of finite length, or space of time, alter the case either in infinity or eternity, since both the one or the other cannot be any part of the whole.
INFINITESIMALS, amongst mathematicians, are defined to be infinitely small quantities.

In the method of infinitesimals, the element, by which any quantity increases or decreases, is supposed to be infinitely small, and is generally expressed by two or more terms, some of which are infinitely less than the rest; and this being neglected as of no importance, the remaining terms form what is called the difference of the proposed quantity. The terms which are neglected in this manner, as infinitely less than the other terms of the element, are the very same which arise in consequence of the acceleration or retardation of the generating motion, during the infinitely small time in whi’ch the element is generated; so that the remaining terms express the elements which would have been produced in that time, if the generating motion had continued uniform; and therefore those differences are accurately in the same ratio to each other as the generating motions or fluxions. Hence, though in this method infinitesimal parts of the elements are neglected, the conclusions are accurately true without even an infinitely small error, and agree precisely with those which are deduced by the method by fluxions. See Fluxions.
INFINITIVE, in Grammar, the name of one of the moods, and so called in contradistinction to those that are finite. See Grammar.
INFINITY, the quality which renders a thing infinite.
INFIRMARY, a kind of hospital, where the weak and sick are properly taken care of.
INFLAMMABILITY, that property of bodies which disposes them to kindle or catch fire. See Chemistry.
INFLATION (formed from in and flatus from flo, I blow), blowing up, the act of stretching or filling any flaccid or distensible body with a flatulent or windy substance.
INFLECTION, called also diffraction, and deflection, in Optics, is a property of light, by reason of which, when it comes within a certain distance of any body, it is either bent from it, or towards it; which is a kind of imperfect reflection or refraction. See Optics. Inflection, or Point of Inflection, in the higher geometry, is a point where a curve begins to bend in a contrary way.

Inflection, in Grammar, the variation of nouns and verbs, by declension and conjugation.
INFORMATION, in Laic, is nearly the same in the crown office as that which in other courts is called a declaration. Informations are of two sorts; first, those which are partly at the suit of the king, and partly at that of a subject; and, secondly, such as are only in the name of the king.
INFORMER (informator) in Law, a person who informs against, or prosecutes in any of the king’s courts, those that offend against any law or penal statute.

Informers were very common both in Greece and in Rome. Every corner of the streets was infested with persons who made it their constant business to pick up stories, and catch at every occasion to accuse persons of credit and reputation. These persons were called by the Greeks ∑υκβ<pβjfl<zi; for a more particular account of whom see Sycophant.

Amongst tìie Romans, informers were of two sorts, mandatores and delatores. These played into each other’s hands; the former marking dow n such persons as they pretended to have found guilty of any misdemeanour, and [7:12:274]the latter prosecuting them. What tended to increase the number of these pestilent wretches was, that the informers were entitled to a fourth part of the effects of the person convicted. Wicked princes rewarded and countenanced this mischievous tribe; but Titus set on foot a most diligent search after them, and punished such as he found with death or banishment. Trajan also is praised by Pliny for pursuing similar conduct.
INFRACTION (formed from in, xadfrango, “I break”), a rupture or violation of a treaty, law, ordinance, or the like.
INFRALAPSARII, the name of a sect of predestinarians, who maintain, that God has created a certain number of men only to be damned, without allowing them the means necessary to save themselves, if they would; and they are thus called, because they hold that God’s decrees were formed infra lapsum, after his knowledge of the fall, and in consequence thereof. The Infralapsarians are contradistinguished from the Supralapsarians.
INFULA, in antiquity, was a mitre worn upon the head by the Grecian and Roman priests, and from which on each side hung a riband. The covering of the head with a mitre was rather a Roman than a Grecian custom, introduced into Italy by Aeneas, who covered his head and face at the performance of sacrifice, lest any ill-boding omen should disturb the rites. The infulae were commonly made of wool, and were not only worn by the priests, but were put upon the horns of the victims, upon the altar and the temple. The infulae were also called oittee.
INFUSION, in Pharmacy, an operation, by which the virtues of plants are drawn out, by steeping them in some convenient fluid without boiling.
INGATESTONE, atown of the county ofEssex, on the hundred of Chelmsford, twenty-three miles from London. In the church are several fine monuments of the noble family of Petre, whose residence is here. There is an endowed classical school. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 645, in 1811 to 640, in 1821 to 747, and in 1831 to 789.
INGELMUNSTER, a large town of the Netherlands, in the province of Courtray. It stands on the river Man-delbeke, on the great road from Bruges to Courtray, and contains 5350 inhabitants, chiefly occupied in making linen goods and fine thread-lace.
INGENUOUS, in a general sense, signifies open, fair, and candid. Ingenuous (fngenuus), in Roman antiquity, an appellation given to persons born of free parents, włļo had never been slaves. The children of the liberti, or persons who had obtained their liberty, were called libertini, not ingenui ; this appellation of ingenuus being reserved for their children, or the third generation.
INGERAM, a town of the south of India, in the northern circars, district of Rajamundry, five miles south from Corenga. Longitude 82° 25 ’ east, latitude 16° 46 ’ north.
INGESTA, is used by some authors to express all sorts of aliment taken into the body.
INGLIS Island, a long island on the north coast of New Holland, near the entrance into the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is on the west side of the gulf, and is twelve miles long, and from one to three miles in breadth.
INGLUVIES, the crop or craw of granivorous birds, serving for the immediate reception of the food, where it is macerated for some time before it is transmitted to the true stomach.
INGOLSTADT, a city of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the circle of Regen, on the right bank of the Danube is one of those places which has declined by the loss of its woollen manufactures, which were formerly of great extent. It is now merely the seat of the courts of justice and revenue for the circle. It contains a royal palace, nine churches, an hospital and public school, and 745 houses, inhabited by 4820 persons. Latitude 48° 45 ’ 55", longitude 11° 20' 32" east.
INGOT, a mass of gold or silver melted down, and cast in a mould, but not coined or wrought.
INGRAFTING. See Horticulture.
INGRESS, in Astronomy, signifies the sun’s entering the first scruple of one of the four cardinal signs, especially Aries.
INGROSSER, or Engrosser, in common law, is one who buys up corn growing, or any provisions by wholesale, before the market, to sell again. It also signifies a clerk who writes records or instruments of law on skins of parchment.
INHERITANCE, a perpetual right or interest in lands, invested in a person and his heirs.
INHIBITION, a writ to inhibit or forbid a judge from further proceeding in a cause depending before him.

In Scotch Law, it is a writ obtained at the suit of a creditor against his debtor, prohibiting him from selling or contracting debts upon his estate to the creditor’s prejudice.
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INJECTION, the forcibly throwing certain liquid medicines into the body by means of a syringe, tube, clyster-pipe, or the like.

Injection, in Surgery, the throwing in some liquor or medicine into a vein opened by incision. See Surgery.
INISTIOGE, a post town of Kilkenny, in the province of Leinster. It is situated upon the Nore, at sixty-three miles distance from Dublin.
INITIATED, a term properly used in speaking of the religion of the ancient heathens, where it signifies being admitted to the participation of the sacred mysteries. The word comes from the Latin initiatus, from initiare, initiari, which properly signifies to begin sacrificing, or to receive or admit a person to the beginning of the mysteries, or of ceremonies of less importance.

The ancients never discovered the deeper mysteries of their religion, nor even permitted some of their temples to be opened, to any but those who had been initiated. See Mystery.
INJUNCTION, in Law, a writ generally grounded upon an interlocutory order or decree out of the Court of Chancery or Exchequer, sometimes to give possession to the plaintiff, for want of the defendant’s appearance; some ∙ times to the King’s Ordinary Court, and sometimes to the Court-Christian, to stop proceedings in a cause, upon suggestion made, that the rigour of the law, if it take place, will be against equity and conscience in that case, that the complainant is not able to make his defence in these courts, for want of witnesses. &c., or that they act erroneously, denying him some just advantage. The writ of injunction is directed not only to the party himself, but to all and singular his counsellors, attorneys, and solicitors; and if any attorney, after having been served with an injunction, proceeds afterwards contrary to it, the Court of Chancery will commit the attorney to the Fleet for contempt. But if an injunction be granted by the Court of Chancery in a criminal matter, the Court of King’s Bench may break it, and protect any who proceed in contempt of it.
INLAND, a name for any part of a country at a distance from the coast.

Inland Navigation. See Navigation, Inland.
INLEASED, in our old writers, signifies entangled or ensnared. It is a term used in the champion’s oath.
INMATES, such persons as are admitted for their money to live in the same house or cottage with another person, in different rooms, but entering by the same door; being usually supposed to be poor, and not able to maintain entire house themselves.
INN, or Innverte, a circle of the Austrian province of the Upper Ens, extending over 1308 square miles, containing 5 cities, 26 market towns, and 3688 villages and farms, with 37,236 houses, and 181,633 inhabitants.
INNATE ideas, those ideas supposed to be stamped on the mind from the first moment of its existence, and which it brings into the world with it; a doctrine which Mr Locke has taken great pains to refute. See Metaphysics.
INNISFAIL (formed from Innis Bheal, the island of BheaD, one of the ancient names of Ireland, which is so denominated from Bheal or Baal, the principal object of adoration amongst the ancient inhabitants of the British isles. Innisfáil has been translated the Island of Destiny, because Bheal was sometimes taken for Fate or Providence.
INNISFALLEN, an island in the lake of Killarney, in the county of Kerry, and province of Munster, containing the ruins of a very ancient religious house, founded by St Finian, the patron saint of these parts, to whom the cathedral of Aghadoe is also dedicated. The remains of this abbey are very extensive, and its situation is retired and romantic.
INNISHANNON, a town in the county of Cork, and province of Munster, 134 miles from Dublin, and situated on the river Bandon, six miles from Kinsale. The river is navigable to Collier’s Quay, about half a mile below the place. This place was formerly walled, and of some note.

The town of Innishannon, together with its ferry, were granted to Philip de Barry by letters patent from Henry V. in 1412.