pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CHOBAR, or Ciiubbar, a sea-port of Mekran, in Persia. It is situated on the cast side of an extensive bay, and consists of three hundred mat huts and a mud fort. Good water is procured from wells, although the country is arid and barren. At a month’s notice, however, a supply of dates and grain might be procured. Sheep and camels may also be procured. The port is now in possession of the imaum of Muscat. Long. 60. 3. E. Lat. 25. 20. N.
CHOCO, a province of Mexico in the department of Cauca. It abounds in woods and mountains, and is crossed by a chain of the Andes. Maize, plantains, and cocoa of excellent quality, are produced in abundance. It possesses rich gold mines, and a considerable trade is carried on with the neighbouring province of Popayan. But Choco would be richer in the fertility of its hills, and the superior quality of its cocoa, than in its mines, did not the cloudy and burning climate almost paralyse human industry. The population amounts to about 40,000.
CHOCOLATE, in commerce, a kind of paste or cake prepared of certain ingredients, the basis of which is cacao.
CHODZESN, a circle in the Prussian government of Posen, extending over 418 square miles, and containing six cities and towns, with 22,898 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is a manufacturing town, containing 2506 inhabitants, of whom 906 are Jews.
CHOERINAE, in Antiquity, a kind of sea-shells, with which the ancient Greeks used to give their suffrage in the public assemblies.
CHOIR, that part of a church or cathedral where choristers sing divine service. It is separated from the chancel, where the communion is celebrated, and also from the nave of the church, where the people are placed; and the patron is understood to be under an obligation to repair the choir of the church. In the time of Constantine the choir was separated from the nave, and in the twelfth century it was inclosed with walls; but the ancient balustrades have been since restored, with a view to the beauty of architecture.

Choir, in nunneries, is a large hall adjoining to the body of the church, but separated by a grate, where the nuns sing the office.
CHOISI, or Choisy, Francis Timoleon de, dean of the cathedral of Bayeux, was born at Paris in 1644. His mother, who doated on him, used to amuse herself by clothing him in female attire, and his figure, which was feminine and pretty, aided this deception; but, it seems, “il abusa, auprès de plusieurs femmes, de l’erreur où il les jetait, et de la sécurité qu’il leur inspira.” A recital of his adventures of this description will be found in L’Histoire de Madame la Comtesse des Barres, the name which he assumed in order to complete his disguise. He abandoned this detestable practice, however, and seems to have become ashamed of his vices, if not to have acquired a [7:6:618]due sense of religion. In 1685 he was sent with the Chevalier de Chaumont to the king of Siam, and was ordained priest in the Indies by the apostolical vicar. He wrote a great number of works, in a florid style, the principal of which are, 1. Four Dialogues on the Immortality of the Soul; 2. Histories of St Louis, Philip of Valois, John, Charles V. and Charles VI. first published separately in 4to, but afterwards collected in four vols. 12mo; 3. Account of a Voyage to Siam; 4. An Ecclesiastical History, in eleven vols. 4to; 5. Life of David, with an Interpretation of the Psalms; 6. Life of Solomon. He died at Paris in 1724.
CHOISY, a village of France, in the arrondissement of Sceaux, and department of the Seine. It is one of the most beautiful in the environs of Paris, where was formerly a royal palace and park. It now contains 1500 inhabitants. There is a printed-cotton manufactory, and some establishments for making morocco leather.
CHOLERA Morbus. See Medicine.
CHOLET, a city of the department of the Mayenne and the Loire, in France. It is in a beautiful situation on the Maine, and contains 750 houses, with 4695 inhabitants, who are employed in making linen cloths, especially some of the finer kinds, known by the name of this city; but its trade has been on the decline. Long. 0. 57. W. Lat. 47. 10. N.
CHOORHUT, a town of Hindustan, province of Allahabad, in the Bogilcund district. It is a fortress situated between the river Soane and the Vindhya Mountains, and is possessed by an independent chief. It is ninety-four miles south-west from Benares. Long. 81. 48. E. Lat. 24. 29. N.
CHOP-CHURCH, or Church-Chopper, a name, or rather a nickname, given to parsons who make a practice of exchanging benefices. Chop-church occurs in an ancient statute as the description of a lawful trade or occupation; and some judges have thought it a good addition. Brook, however, holds that it was no occupation, but a thing permissible by law.
CHOPIN, or Chopine, a liquid measure, used both in Scotland and France, and equal to half their pint.
CHORAL signifies any person who, by virtue of clerical orders, was in ancient times admitted to sit and serve God in the choir. Dugdale, in his History of St Paul’s Church, says that there were with the chorus formerly six vicars choral belonging to that church.
CHORASS AN, or Khorassan. See Khorassan.
CHORD, or Cord, primarily denotes a slender rope or cordage. The word is formed of the Latin chorda, and that from the Greek γοφη, a gut, of which strings may be made.

Chord, in Geometry, a right line drawn from one part of an arc of a circle to another. Hence, Chord of an Arc is a right line joining the extremities of that arc.

Chord, in Music, the union of two or more sounds uttered at the same time, and forming together an entire harmony.

The natural harmony produced by the resonance of a sounding body, is composed of three different sounds, without reckoning their octaves, forming among themselves the most agreeable and perfect chord that can possibly be heard; for which reason they are called, on account of their excellence, perfect chords. Hence, in order to render the harmony complete, it is necessary that each chord should at least consist of three sounds. The trio is likewise found by musicians to include the perfection of harmony; either because in this all the chords, each in its full perfection, are used; or because, upon such occasions as render it improper to use them all, each in its integrity, arts have been successfully practised to deceive the ear, and to give it a contrary persuasion, by deluding it with the principal sounds of each chord, in such a manner as to render it forgetful of the other sounds necessary to their completion. Yet the octave of the principal sound produces new relations and new consonances, by the completion of the intervals; and hence, to have the assemblage of all the consonances in one and the same chord, this octave is commonly added. Moreover, as the addition of the dissonance produces a fourth sound superadded to the perfect chord, it becomes indispensably necessary, if we would render the chord full, to include a fourth part, in order to express this dissonance. Thus, the series of chords can neither be complete nor connected, but by means of four parts.

Chords are divided into perfect and imperfect. The perfect chord is that which we have just described, and which is composed of the fundamental sound below, of its third, its fifth, and its octave. Chords of this description are also subdivided into major and minor, according as the thirds which enter into their composition are flat or sharp. Some authors likewise give the name of perfect to all chords, even to dissonances, whose fundamental sounds are below. Imperfect chords are those in which the sixth instead of the fifth prevails, and in general all those whose lowest are not their fundamental sounds. These denominations, which were given before the fundamental bass was known, are now most unhappily applied; but those of chords direct and reversed are much more suitable in the same sense.

Chords are further divided into consonances and dissonances. The chords denominated consonances, are the perfect chord and its derivatives; every other chord is a dissonance. A table of both, according to the system of Μ. Rameau, may be seen in Rousseau’s Musical Dictionary, vol. i. p. 27.
CHOREPISCOPUS, an officer in the ancient church, concerning whose functions the learned are much divided. The word is formed from ∙χp⅛οζ, a region, or tract of country, and í¶iß-Mnoi, a bishop or overseer.

The Chorepiscopi were suffragan or local bishops, holding a middle rank between bishops and presbyters, and delegated to exercise episcopal jurisdiction within certain districts, when the boundaries of particular churches, over which separate bishops presided, were considerably enlarged. It is uncertain when this office was first introduced. Some trace it to the close of the first century; others tell us that chorepiscopi were not known in the East till the beginning of the fourth century, and in the West about the year 439. They ceased both in the East and West in the tenth century.

Chorepiscopus is also the name of a dignity still subsisting in some cathedrals, particularly in Germany, and signifies the same with chori episcopiis, or bishop or leader of the choir. The word, in this sense, does not come from χωgδς, place, but %o¢og, choir. In the church of Cologne, for instance, the first chanter is called cliorepiscopus.
CHOREUS, Xosεoς, a foot in the ancient poetry, more commonly called trochoeus. See Trochee.
CHORIAMBUS, in ancient poetry, a foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and last are long, and the two middle ones short; or, which is the same thing, it is composed of a trochoeus and iambus.
CHORLEY, a market-town in the parish of Croston, and hundred of Leyland, in Lancashire, 209 miles from London, on the great road to Edinburgh. The river Chor rises near it, the various streams from which are used to turn mills, and for the other purposes of the cotton manufacture, which is very extensively carried on in and around the town. Two canals connect Chorley with Leeds, Liverpool, and Lancaster. The market, on Tuesday, is [7:6:619]well supplied. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 5182, in 1821 to 7315, and in 1831 to 9282.
CHOROGRAPHY, the art of making a map of any country or province. Chorography differs from geography as the description of a particular country differs from that of the whole earth; and from topography as the description of a country is different from that of a town or district.
CHOSE (Fr.), a thing, used in the common law with divers epithets, as chose local, chose transitory, and chose in action. Chose local is such a thing as is annexed to a place, as a mill and the like; chose transitory is that thing which is movable, and may be taken away, or carried from place to place; and chose in action is a thing incorporeal, and only a right, as an obligation for debt, annuity, and the like. And generally all causes of suit for any debt, duty, or wrong, are to be accounted as choses in action; and it seems chose in action may be also called chose in suspense, because it has no real existence or being, nor can properly be said to be in our possession.
CHOTEESGUR, a large district of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwanah, situated principally between the twenty-second and twenty-third degrees of north latitude. It is sometimes called Ruttunpore, from its principal town, but more frequently Jeharcund, from its being full of woods. Choteesgur, which name is given to it from its possessing thirty-four forts, is generally unproductive. The best portion of it is to the south of Ruttunpore, which is a champaign country, abundantly watered with rivulets, well cultivated, and stocked with villages, and adorned with numerous groves. Wheat and vegetables are produced in considerable quantities in the vicinity of Ryepore; rice is not abundant, there being few places favourable for its cultivation. The chief towns are Ruttunpore, Ryepore, Niagur, Nowagur, Sindoury, and Khoorbah. Large quantities of grain are exported to the Deccan and Northern Circars; and in return salt is imported from the latter, on which the merchants exact an exorbitant profit. It is by the itinerant grain-dealers that the principal part of the commerce is carried on, though foreign merchants bring a few horses, elephants, camels, and shawls. The country abounds in cattle and horses. It was estimated about the year 1794, that 100,000 bullocks were employed in the export trade. The Iĭatsoo and Caroon are the chief rivers. This district was in ancient times comprehended in the Hindu province of Gundwanah, and composed part of the state of Gurrah; but during the reign of Aurungzebe it was annexed to the province of Allahabad. In 1752 it was conquered by Rayogee Bhoonsla; it was afterwards tributary to the rajah of Nagpoor, and, after he was driven from his dominions in 1818, was annexed to the British territories.
CHOUL, Upper, a fortress and sea-port of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, situated on the sea-coast of the Concan, twenty-five miles south of Bombay. It was a place of considerable consequence during the Bhamance dynasty in the Deccan. At this port Sevajee had in the year 1679 a very respectable fleet, under Dowlut Khan, his admiral. Long. 72. 48. E. Lat∙ 18. 33. N.

Choul, Lower, is a sea-port town and fort, formerly belonging to the Portuguese, at the mouth of a river in Aurungabad. It was besieged by Sambagee, but without success; and it does not appear when the Mahrattas got possession of it. In the year 1777 it was ceded to the French, who found it too defenceless for their acceptance. Long. 72. 46. E. Lat. 18. 36. N.
CHOUTEA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, 200 miles west-north-west from Calcutta. Long. 85. 29. E. Lat. 23. 26. N.
CHOWERA, a town of Hindustan, in the Gujerat peninsula, about thirty miles north by east from Wankaneer. It is situated on an eminence, surrounded by a high stone wall, with square towers in a ruinous state.
CHOWPAREH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, situated on the east of the Indus, a few miles above its junction with the Sohaan river. Long. 70. 50. E. Lat. 32. 10. N.
CHRENECRUDA, a term occurring in writers of the middle ages, and expressing a custom of those times; but its precise signification is somewhat doubtful. It is mentioned in the Lex Salica, tit. 61, that he who kills a man, and has not wherewithal to satisfy the law or pay the fine, [7:6:620]must make oath that he has delivered up every thing he was possessed of, the truth of which deposition must be confirmed by the oaths of twelve other persons. Then he invites his next relations by the father’s side to pay the remainder of the fine, having first made over to them all his effects, according to a prescribed form, which may be briefly described. He goes into his house, and taking in his hand a small quantity of dust from each of the four corners, he returns to the door, and, with his face turned inwards, throws the dust with his left hand over his shoulders upon his nearest of kin; upon which he strips to his shirt, and coming out with a pole in his hand, jumps over the hedge. When this ceremony has been performed, his relations, whether one or more, are obliged to pay off the composition for the murder; and if these are not able to pay, iterum super ilium chrenecruda, qui pauperior est, jactat, et illc totam legem componit. Hence it appears, that chrenecruda jactare is the same with throwing the dust gathered from the four corners of the house. Goldastus and Spelman translate it viridis herba, green grass, from the German gruen kraut, or from the Dutch groen, green, and gruid, grass. But Wendelinus is of a contrary opinion, thinking that by this word is denoted purificationis approbatio, from chrein, pure, chaste, clean; and heuren, to prove; so that, according to him, it refers to the oaths of the twelve jurors. Be this as it may, however, King Childebert by a decree reformed the law of chrenecruda, both because it savoured of Pagan ceremonies, and because several persons were thereby obliged to make over all their effects: De chrenecruda lex quam paganorum tempore observabant, deinceps nunquam valeat, quia per ipsam cecidit multorum potestas.
CHRISM (from γjpω, I anoint), oil consecrated by the bishop, and used in the Roman Catholic and Greek churches, in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordination, and extreme unction. It is prepared on Holy Thursday with much ceremony.

The chrism in baptism is performed by the priest, and in confirmation by the bishop. That used in ordination is more usually styled unction. Chrism Pence, Chrismatis Denarii, or Ciirismales Denarii, a tribute anciently paid to. the bishop by the parish clergy, for their chrism, consecrated at Easter for the ensuing year. This tribute was afterwards condemned as simoniacal.
CHRIST, an appellation synonymous with Messiah, usually added to the name Jesus, and therewith denoting the Saviour of the world. The word χρΰτος signifies anointed, from χg∕ω, inungo, I anoint. Sometimes the word Christ is used singly, by way of antonomasis, to denote a person sent from God, as an anointed prophet, priest, or king.

Order of Christ, a military order, founded by Dionysius I. king of Portugal, in order to animate his nobles against the Moors. The arms of this order are patriarchal gnlcs, a cross charged with another cross argent. They had their residence at first at Castromarin; but afterwards they removed to the city of Thomar, as being nearer to the Moors of Andalusia and Estremadura.

Christ is also the name of a military order in Livonia, instituted in 1205, by Albert, bishop of Riga. The object of this institution was to defend the new Christians who were converted every day in Livonia, but were persecuted by the heathens. They wore on their cloaks a sword with a cross over it, and hence they were also denominated Brothers of the Sword.
CHRISTCHURCH, a borough and market town in the county of Hants, in the new forest division, ninety-eight miles from London. It is pleasantly situated at the conflux of the rivers Avon and Stour. It is a corporate town, and has a weekly market, which is held on Monday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1553, in 1821 to 1644, and in 1831 to 5344.
CHRISTIANIA, a city, the capital of Norway, the residence of the stadtholder, of the storthing or parliament, and courts of law. It is built at the foot of the Egeberge, in a beautiful valley, surrounded by country seats. It is an open city, and defended only by the fortress Aggerhuus. The streets are broad and at right angles, the public buildings and dwellings mostly of stone. It contains, including the suburbs, about 12,000 inhabitants. It is the seat of the university, with 150 students,-to which belongs a library and several collections of natural history and antiquities. It has few manufactures. Near it are 136 saw-mills, which produce vast quantities of planks, and thus supply the means of its foreign trade. Long. 10. 43. 25. E. Lat. 59. 55. 20. N.
CHRISTIANSAMT, a bailiwick in the province of Aggerhuus, in Norway, comprehending seventeen parishes, with sixty-six churches and seventeen chapels, and containing 66,405 inhabitants.
CHRISTIANSAND, a province of Norway. It is the most southern and the smallest province of the kingdom. It extends over 10,629 square miles, and contains 117,580 inhabitants. It is generally mountainous, and on the coast has some deep indentations forming excellent havens. By a law of 1815 it is divided into two parts, called Christiansand and Savanger. The chief place is the city of the same name. It is situated in a spacious and secure bay, where a large fleet might ride in safety. It is the seat of a bishop, and has, besides the cathedral, two churches, and 700 houses, with 4844 inhabitants. It has some little trade, but its chief dependence is on the numerous vessels which seek shelter in its bay, and obtain stores when assailed by the storms of the Cattegat. It owns some vessels in the timber trade, and carries on the fisheries. Long. 8. 45. 5. E. Lat. 58. 27. N.
CHRISTIANSTADT, one of the provinces of the kingdom of Sweden. It is bounded on the north-west by the Cattegat, on the north by Halmstadt and Cronoberg, on the north-east by Carlscros, on the east and south by the Baltic Sea, and on the west by Malmoe. It extends over 2244 square miles, and contains a population of 120,547 individuals, inhabiting three cities, one market-town, and 3084 hamlets. It is, considering the climate, a fertile district.

Christianstadt, a city, the capital of the province of that name, in Sweden, and the seat of the courts of law. It is built at the junction of the two rivers Helga-an and Helga-sion, over which is a bridge 1468 feet long. It is fortified, well built, and contains several public buildings, with 520 houses and 3106 inhabitants. It has some tanneries; woollen cloths, gloves, and other articles are also fabricated here; and there is some foreign trade in pitch, tar, alum, potash, and timber. Long. 14. 4. 10. E. Lat. 56. 1. 26. N.
CHRISTIANSUND, a town in Norway, in the bailiwick of Romdals, and province of Drontheiin. It stands on an island, or rather three small islands, and a point of land between rocks and cliffs. It has a very secure harbour for a fleet of the largest ships. It contains 400 houses, all of wood, and 1624 inhabitants, employed in shipping and in the fisheries. Long. 17. 37. 15. E. Lat. 63. 6. 55. N.
CHRISTMAS Day, a festival of the Christian church, observed on the 25th of December, in memory of the nativity of Jesus Christ. As to the antiquity of this festival, the first traces we find of it are in the second century, about the time of the Emperor Commodus. The decretal epistles indeed carry it a little higher, and state that Telesphorus, who lived in the reign of Antoninus Pius, ordered divine service to be celebrated, and an angelical hymn to be sung, the night before the nativity of our Saviour. But we have a melancholy proof that it was observed before the times of Constantine; for whilst the persecution raged under Diocletian, who then kept his court at Nicoedia, that prince, among his many acts of cruelty, finding multitudes of Christians assembled together to celebrate Christ’s nativity, commanded the church doors where they were met to be shut, and fire to be put to it, which, in a short time, reduced the church and all within it to ashes.
CHROMIUM. See Chemistry.
CHRONIC, among physicians, an appellation given to diseases that continue a long time, in contradistinction to those that soon terminate, and are termed acute.
CHRONOMETER denotes, in general, any instrument or machine used in measuring time, such as dials, clocks, watches, and the like.

The term chronometer, however, is commonly used in a more limited sense for a kind of clock, so contrived as to measure a small portion of time with great exactness, even to the sixteenth part of a second. There have been several machines under this name contrived for measuring time, upon principles very different from those on which docks and watches are constructed.

Chronometer, among musicians, an instrument invented by Loulie, a French musician, for the purpose of measuring time by means of a pendulum. The form of the instrument, as described by him, is that of an Ionic pilaster, and is described by Malcolm in his Treatise of Music, p. 407.
CHRUDIM, one of the circles into which the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia is divided. It extends over 1196 square miles, and contained, in 1817, 248,750 inhabitants, mostly of the Sclavonian race, as there are only a few German families on the frontier towards Moravia. The chief part of the circle is on the western side of the Elbe. It is well watered by various streams, which, when united, form the river Chrudimka. The eastern part, which touches the mountains of Gratz, is hilly and woody. The whole is fruitful in corn, flax, and grass; and there are manufactories of woollen, linen, glass, earthenware, and paper. The circle contains 13 cities, 25 market-towns, and 761 villages; and the number of dwelling-houses in 1817 was 42,850.

Chrudim, the chief place of the circle of the same name, in Bohemia. It is on the river Chrudimka, is well built, surrounded with walls, and contains a cathedral, a Capuchin monastery, a high school, and 4514 inhabitants.
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