pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
NERTSCHINK, a town of Asia, under the jurisdiction of Russia. It is situated on th*e Chinese frontier; but its importance has much declined since the route of the Chinese caravans, which was formerly through this town, has been changed to the route of Selinginsk. A few merchants still remain, who carry on a small fur trade, particularly in sables. It was built in 1658, and was then merely a palisadoed fort; but in 1781 it was raised to the rank of a town. It contains two churches, and about 2000 inhabitants, including the military. The neighbouring mountains afford excellent pasturage, but the district is chiefly distinguished by the mines of lead and silver, which are worked by the crown; and persons condemned to exile are employed in this remote part of the empire. Lons. 116. 44. E. Lat. 51. 56. N.
NERVA, Μ. Cocceius, the eleventh Roman emperor in succession from Augustus, was born a. d. 33, in the twentieth year of the reign of Tiberius. It is curious that his name is scarcely mentioned in history till he ascended the imperial throne, after he had passed his sixtieth year. He was probably the relation of Cocceius Nerva, who is described by Tacitus {Ann. vi. 26) as distinguished for his knowledge of law, and as having put himself to death rather than survive his friends, who had fallen a sacrifice to the tyranny of Tiberius. We find him consul a. d. 71, being the second year of the reign of Vespasian, and a second time a. D. 90, in the tenth year of the reign of Domitian; but history records nothing for which he was distinguished. Towards the close of Domitian’s reign, he was in exile with many good men at Tarentum; and hearing of the bold defence made by Pliny the younger for the inhabitants of Boetica against Boebius Massa, he wrote to Pliny to congratulate him on the example he had given. (Plin. Ep. iii. 33.) When the conspirators had resolved to put to death the Emperor Domitian, they found it no easy task to discover a person who would agree to be his successor, as every one suspected that it was a snare laid by Domitian himself to entrap them. Nerva, however, was persuaded to run the risk, an astrologer having some time before predicted that he would ascend the imperial throne. Domitian was murdered on the 18th of September a. d. 96, and Nerva was on the same day saluted emperor. The kind and benevolent disposition of Nerva must have been doubly felt from its strong contrast with the ferocious cruelty of his predecessor. One of his first acts was to release all those who had been accused of what was designated impiety, which consisted of the slightest neglect of respect to the emperor or his statues. This law was of so comprehensive a nature, that it was scarcely possible to escape, and the only chance seemed to be, by being active in the accusation of others. Domitian had also passed a severe law against those who practised Jewish rites, by which profane writers no doubt meant the followers of the Christian religion[7:16:104]; but Nerva refused to listen to any such accusations. Whatever property had been taken unjustly by Domitian he restored to its lawful owners; and he at the same time did every thing in his power to lessen the expenses of the state. He swore in the senate that no senator should be put to death by his orders; and even when a conspiracy was formed against him, he kept to his resolution. He used frequently to say that he had done nothing to prevent him living in safety as a private citizen if he chose to lay down his authority. In nothing did he show his sagacity and his anxiety to secure the happiness of the empire more than by his adoption of Μ. Ulpius Nerva Trajanus to be his successor, although he was not without many near relatives. He died, after a reign of sixteen months, on the 27th of January, a. d. 98, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. (Xiphilinus, Extracts from Dion Cassius.)
NERVES, certain white glistening chords, proceeding from the brain and spinal marrow, and dividing into very small branches, which are sent off throughout all parts of the body, and which form the organs of sensation and motion.
NESA, a town of Khorasm, or Independent Tartary, which was taken and nearly destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1221, after a siege of fifteen days. It is situated near the Persian province of Khorassan, 100 miles north of Meshed.
NESHIN, a circle in the Russian province Tschernigow, extending in north latitude from 50. 32. to 52. 26. and in east longitude from 21. 19. to 22. 43. It is one of the most extensive but poorest portions of the ancient Ukraine. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Ostin, 822 miles from St Petersburg, and is the best built city, not only of the province, but of the country which was formerly known as Little Russia. It is surrounded with walls and defended by a citadel; and it contains fifteen churches, 3000 houses, and 16,500 industrious inhabitants. There are several establishments of Greeks and Arminians, who have manufactories of silk goods, soap, leather, liqueurs, and especially of perfumery, which is dispersed throughout the whole of Russia, and sent into Moldavia, Poland, Hungary, and even to Vienna. There are three great annual fairs, at which much business is transacted in wool, tobacco, honey, wax, salt, and manufactured goods. Public schools are maintained for instruction in the classical languages, and in modern Greek. It is situated in north latitude 51. 2. 45. and east longitude 21. 44. 25.
NESSUS, in fabulous history, was a celebrated Centaur, the son of Ixion and a Cloud. He offered violence to Dejanira, whom Hercules had intrusted to his care, with orders to carry her across the river Evenus. Hercules saw the distress of his wife from the opposite shore of the river, and immediately let fly one of his poisoned arrows, which struck the Centaur to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the tunic which he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her that from the poisoned blood which flowed from his wound it had received the power of calling a husband away from unlawful loves. Dejanira received it with pleasure, and this mournful present caused the death of Hercules.
NESTON, a town of the county of Chester, in the hundred of Wirral, near Parkgate, ten miles from the city of Chester, and 190 miles from London. The parish is large, and contains no fewer than seven other townships, χ Great Neston had, in 1801, 1486 inhabitants; in 1811, 1332; in 1821, 1418; and in 1831, 1633.
NESTOR, in fabulous history, was the son of Neleus and Chloris, nephew to Pelias, and grandson to Neptune. He had eleven brothers, who, with his father, were all killed by Hercules. His tender age detained him at home, and proved the cause of his preservation. The conqueror spared his life, and placed him upon the throne of-Pylos. He married Eurydice, the daughter of Clymenus; or, according to others, Anaxibia, the daughter of Atreus. He soon distinguished himself in the field of battle, and was present at the nuptials of Pirithous, when a bloody encounter took place between the Centaurs and the Lapithae. As king of Pylos and Messenia, he led his subjects to the Trojan war, where he distinguished himself amongst the Grecian chiefs, by his eloquence, address, wisdom, justice, and sagacity. After the Trojan war, Nestor returned to Greece, where he enjoyed in the bosom of his family the peace and tranquillity which were necessary at his advanced age. The maimer and the time of his death are equally unknown. The ancients are all agreed that he outlived three generations of men. He had two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste; and seven sons, Perseus, Straticus, Aretus, Echephron, Pisistratus, Antilochus, and Thrasymedes.

Nestor, a person whose secular name is not known, was a native of Russia, and the earliest historian of the north. He was born at the town of Bielozero in the year 1056, and in the nineteenth year of his age he assumed the monastic habit, in the convent of Petcherski, at Kiew, and took the name of Nestor. He there made considerable proficiency in the Greek language, but appears to have formed his style and manner rather from the study of the Byzantine historians, Cedrenus, Zonaras, and Syncellus, than from that of the ancient classics. The time of Nestor’s death has not been ascertained; but he is supposed to have lived to an advanced age, and to have died about the year 1115. His great work is his Chronicle, to which he has prefixed an introduction. In this work, after a short sketch of the early state of the world, taken from the Byzantine writers, he gives a geographical description of Russia and the adjacent regions; with an account of the Sclavonian nations, their manners, their emigrations from the banks of the Danube, their dispersion, and their settlement in the several countries in which their descendants are now established. He then enters upon a chronological series of the Russian annals, from the year 858 to about 1113. His style is simple and unadorned, being such as best suits a mere recorder of facts; and his chrot nological exactness, although it renders his narrative dry and tedious, has enabled him to fix the era and to determine the authenticity of the events which he relates.
NET, a device for catching fishes and fowls. The taking of fowls by means of nets is the readiest and most advantageous method, where numbers are to be caught. The making of the nets is very easy, and what even* true sportsman ought to do for himself. All the necessary tools are, wooden needles, of which there should be several of different sizes, some round, and others flat; a pair of round pointed and flat scissars; and a wheel to wind off the thread. The pack-thread should be of different strength and thickness, according to the sort of birds to be taken; and the general size of the meshes, if not for very small birds, should be two inches from point to point. The nets should neither be made too deep nor too long, for they are then difficult to manage; and they must be verged on each side with twisted thread. The natural colour of the thread is too bright and pale, and it should therefore in many cases be altered. The most usual colour is the russet, which is to be obtained by plunging the net, after it is made, into a tanner’s pit, and letting it lie there till it be sufficiently tinged. This is of a double service to the net, since it preserves the thread as well as alters the colour. The green colour is given by chopping some green wheat and boiling it in water, and then soaking the net in this green tincture. The yellow colour is given in the same manner, with a decoction of celandine, which gives a pale straw-colour, like that of stubble in the harvest-time. The brown nets should be used on ploughed lands, the green on grass grounds, and the yellow on stubble lands.
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NETOPION, a name given by the ancients to a very fragrant and costly ointment, consisting of a great number of the finest spicy ingredients. Hippocrates, in his treatise on the Diseases of Women, frequently prescribes the netopion in diseases of the uterus; and in other places he speaks of its being poured into the ear as a remedy for deafness. The word netopion is also sometimes used to express the unguentum Egyptiacum, and sometimes simply oil of almonds.
NETRAVUTTY, a river of the south of India, in South Canara, which has its source in the western range of the Ghauts, whence its flows in a westerly direction, runs into the lake of Mangalore, and then discharges itself in the sea. It passes by the towns of Arcola and Buntwalla. It is navigable for small vessels as far as the tide flows, which is to Arcola, and afterwards by smaller boats twenty or thirty miles inland.
NETTINGS, in a ship, a sort of grates made of small ropes seized together with rope yarn or twine, and fixed upon the quarters and in the tops. They are sometimes stretched upon the ledges from the waist-trees to the rooftrees, from the top of the forecastle to the poop, and sometimes are laid in the waist of a ship to serve instead of gratings.
NEU-BRANDENBURG, a city of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, situated on a small river which empties itself into the lake of Tollen. It is surrounded with walls, and contains 652 houses, with 5145 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in small manufactories.
NEUDORF, a city of the circle of Zips, in the province of the Hither Theiss in Hungary, situated on the river Her-nath. It contains one Lutheran and two Catholic churches, 900 houses, and 5250 inhabitants, who are occupied in [7:16:145]making linen goods, and in producing iron and copper wares. Long. 20. 29. 25. E. Lat. 48. 56. 30. N.
NEUFCHATEAU, an arrondissement of the grand duchy of Luxembourg, in Germany, comprehending ten cantons, inhabited by 91,750 persons. The capital is the town of the same name, situated in a raw and cold region of the Ardennes. It contains 230 houses, and 1340 inhabitants, who trade chiefly in cattle.

Neufchateau, an arrondissement in the department of the Vosges, in France. It extends over 454 square miles, is divided into five cantons and 133 communes, and contains 60,500 inhabitants. The chief town is of the same name, and is situated at the junction of the river Mouzon with the Meuse. In 1837 the number of inhabitants was 3524. Long. 2. 35. E. Lat. 48. 20. N.
NEUFCHATEL, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Seine, in France, extending over 641 square miles, and peopled with 84,000 inhabitants. It is divided into eight cantons and 200 communes. The capital is the city of that name, situated in a fertile country watered by the river Bethune. In 1837 it contained 3430 inhabitants, who were employed chiefly in making woollen cloths of various descriptions for the Paris market. In the neighbourhood some good cider and perry are made. Long. 1. 30. E. Lat. 49. 45. N.

Neufchatel, or, in German, Neuenburg, a canton in the western part of Switzerland. It extends in north latitude from 46. 51. to 47. 10., and in east longitude from 6. 22. to 7. 1., being 293 square miles. It contains three cities, three market-towns, 112 villages and hamlets, with 7468 houses, and 62,500 inhabitants, all of whom are of the Burgundian race, and speak the French language. About 2500 profess the Catholic religion, and the remainder adhere to the reformed church. The land rises like an amphitheatre from the lake of Neufchatel, which is 1312 feet above the level of the sea, to the mountains of the Jura, which divide it from France, the highest points of which are about 3600 feet. The lake of the same name is a very fine object, being about twenty miles in length and four in breadth, and it has the extraordinary depth of 420 feet. The soil is of a medium fertility, generally resting upon a calcareous subsoil, on which the products ripen early. It scarcely produces corn sufficient for the consumption of the people, but it yields abundance of potatoes, pulse, culinary vegetables, and fruits, especially grapes. The wine is of a moderate quality. The quantity usually made is about 600,000 gallons, of which one half is exported. The chief manufacturing occupation consists in making watches and watch movements. About 130,000 are annually sent to other countries; and materials for the interior works, especially the chains, are exported to a large amount. The females are employed in making thread lace. A few good printed calicoes are also produced. The king of Prussia is the prince, and there is a council which regulates the internal affairs, of which the members are chosen for life. The revenue of the principality is 440,000 francs, the expenditure 420,000. It is bound to furnish to the Swiss confederacy a force of 960 men, and a contribution of 19,200 francs. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the lake, at the point where the river Seyon falls into it. It contains two churches, a senate-house, three hospitals, and 540 houses, with 4715 inhabitants. The chief trade is in wine, and in the craft which navigate the lake, and are partly employed in fishing. Long. 6.45.19. E. Lat. 46. 59. 16. N.
NEUGRADISKA, a town of Hungary, in the Sclavonian military frontier province, the capital of the circle of Gradiska, which extends over 668 square miles, and has a population of 59,124 persons, from whom the regiment of its name is supplied with recruits. The town is fortified, and contains a Catholic and a Greek church, with 209 houses and 1349 inhabitants. Long. 27. 19. 27. E. Lat. 45. 27. N.
NEUSATZ, a city of the circle of Bars Varmeyge, in the province of the Lower Danube, in Hungary. It stands on the banks of the Danube, is the seat of a Greek bishop, and has one Catholic and five Greek churches, 2367 houses, and 13,395 inhabitants, who are chiefly Servians and Armenians. It is a place of considerable trade, especially with the Turkish dominions. Long. 19. 46. 51. E. Lat. 45. 16. N.
NEUSOL, a city in the circle of Soler, in the province of the Lower Danube, in Hungary. It is situated on the river Gran, and is the place of assembly of the states of the comitat, and of the several boards of the government. It contains Catholic and Lutheran churches, a castle, 800 houses, and 10,069 inhabitants. There are also seminaries for the education of Catholics and Protestants; and the trade in iron and copper articles is considerable. Near to it good wine is produced, and there is an extensive royal manufactory of warlike arms. Long. 19. 4. 25. E. Lat. 48. 45. N.
NEUSS, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the Prussian government of Dusseldorf. It stands upon the river Erft, which is navigable to the Rhine. It contains four churches, 850 houses, and 7200 inhabitants, who are occupied in manufactures of woollen, cotton, and other articles, and carry on considerable traffic by the Rhine with Holland and the interior of Germany. Long. 3. 30. 55. E. Lat. 51. 18. 2. N.
NEUSTADT, a city of the government of Opplen, in the Prussian province of Silesia, and the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands on the river Braune, sometimes called the Prudnick, and is surrounded with walls. It contains one Lutheran and two Catholic churches, a convent of the order of mercy, 446 houses, and 4520 inhabitants, who produce much linen and woollen cloth, and some cotton goods. Long. 27. 29. 25. E. Lat. 50. 15. 30. N.

Neustadt, a city of Bavaria, in the circle of the Upper Danube, and the capital of the bailiwick of the same name. It stands on the Danube, over which there are two bridges. There is an ancient castle, in the great hall of which many venerable curiosities are exhibited. It contains 600 houses, with 4384 inhabitants. It has but little trade, and depends chiefly on the seminaries for education, and the numerous pilgrims who resort to a celebrated image in the church of St Peter. Long. 11. 6. 4. E. Lat. 28. 44. 23. N.

Neustadtl, a circle of the Austrian Illyrian government of Laybach, extending over 1530 square miles, containing thirteen cities and towns, and 1835 villages and hamlets, with 29,236 houses, and 160,890 inhabitants, who are, for the most part, of the Wenden or Vandal race, and retain that language, which is a dialect of the Sclavonian. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Gurk; it is fortified, and contains 280 houses, with 2050 inhabitants. Near to it are some warm baths, which are resorted to by invalids.
NEUTER, in Grammar, is a term applied to those nouns which are neither masculine nor feminine. The Latins have three genders; the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter. In the modern tongues, however, there is no such thing as a neuter noun.

Verbs Neuter, by some grammarians called intransitive verbs, are those which govern nothing, and are neither active nor passive. When the predication expressed by the verb has no object, and the verb alone supplies the whole idea, then the verb is said to be neuter ; as, I sleep, thou yawnest, he sneezes, we walk, ye run, they stand still. Some grammarians divide verbs neuter into those which do not signify any action, but a quality, as albet, it is white; or a situation, as sedet, he sits; or some relation to place, as adest, he is present; or some other state or attribute, [7:16:146]as regnat, he rules; and those which do signify actions, but such only as do not pass into any subject different from the actor, as, to dine, to sup, to play, and the like. But this latter kind sometimes cease to be neuter, and become active, especially in Greek and Latin, when a subject is given them; as, vivere vitam, ambulare viam, pugnare pugnam. In like manner, the old French poets say, Soupirer son tourment; and the English, to sigh his woes. This only obtains, however, where something particular is to be expressed, that is not contained in the verb; as, vivere vitam beatam, to live a happy life; pugnare bonam pugnam, to fight a good fight. However, according to the Abbé de Dangeau, verbs neuter may be divided into active and passive; the former being those which form their tenses in English by the auxiliary verb to have, and in French by avoir ; and the latter, those which form them in English with the verb to be, and in French by être. Thus, to sleep, to sneeze, dormir and eternuer, are neuters active; to come, and to arrive, venir and arriver, are neuters passive.
NEUTERCHENFELD, a town of Austria, in the province of the Lower Ens, where there is an establishment for military invalids. It contains 4950 inhabitants, who are employed in various kinds of trade and manufactures.
NEUTITSCHEIN, a city of the circle Pererau, in the Austrian province of Moravia. It is a well-built town, with two large suburbs, consisting of villages separated from it by the river Titch; but, exclusive of them, the city contains 622 houses and 5410 inhabitants. It is celebrated for the manufacture of fine cloths.
NEUWIED, a city within the Prussian government of Coblentz, on the right bank of the Rhine. It is now the capital of the circle of that name, part of which was a principality, now mediatized, governed by the Prince of Neuwied, comprehending two towns and twenty-seven communes, with 10,960 inhabitants. The place is finely situated, and has a flourishing population, a great part of whom consists of a Moravian establishment, and of several Menonite families. The Moravian house contains between 400 and 500 brethren and sisters, who have an institution for the education of boys, and another for girls, which are attended by considerable numbers from other countries. The whole city has 720 houses, and 4850 inhabitants, who are occupied in various manufactures, and carry on a considerable trade by the river. The prince, author of Travels in Brazil, has a fine palace and museum. Long. 7. 23. 15. E. Lat. 50. 25. 30. N.
NEVA, a river in Russia, flowing through St Petersburg, the capital of that empire. The views upon the banks exhibit the grandest and most lively scenes. The river is in most places broader than the Thames at London. It is deep, rapid, and transparent as crystal, and its banks are lined upon each side with a continued range of handsome buildings. See Petersburg.
NEVERS, an arrondissement of the department of the Nièvre, in France, extending over 971 square miles. It is divided into eight cantons and 109 communes. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Loire, where the Never joins that stream. It is beautifully situated on an amphitheatre rising from a bend in the river. The cathedral is a fine ancient building. In 1837 it contained 15,085 inhabitants. There are many china manufactories, several iron furnaces, some glass-housès, and many makers of linen and woollen cloths, of cutlery and common jewellery, and it has a considerable trade by the navigable rivers. Long. 3. 4. 11. E. Lat. 46. 59. 17. N.