pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
KASIMOW, a city of the Russian province Riasan, the capital of a circle of the same name, at the junction of the river Babinka with the Oka. It is surrounded with walls, which have been recently converted into pleasant promenades. It has a suburb inhabited by a tribe of Tartars, amounting to 500 persons, having been once the capital of a prince of that people. It contains ten churches, 1800 houses mostly of wood, and 9840 inhabitants. It has considerable trade, chiefly with the Tartars, in furs, and some manufactures of cloth and of earthen ware. Long. 4L [7:12:682]
KASMARK, a city of the circle of Zips, in the province of the Hither Theiss, in the kingdom of Hungary, and situated on the river Poprad. It contains 493 houses, and 4322 inhabitants, of whom 261.9 are Lutherans, the remainder Catholics. It has considerable manufactures of linens, cloths, flannels, and blankets, and good salmon fishing on the river Poprad, which is navigable. Long. 20. 22. 5, E. Lat. 49. 7. 33. N.
KASSON. See Kaarta.
KATCHINS, a barbarous tribe of Asia, on the banks of the Yenisei, in the government of Tomsk, under the jurisdiction of Russia, and who pay tribute to that power. They are altogether pastoral in their habits, dwelling in tents, wandering from place to place, subsisting upon the produce of their herds. About six thousand of their number pay the capitation tax.
KATERLY, a town of Asia Minor, situated on a fine bay of the Sea of Marmora. It is the ancient Drepanum, and is in general a flourishing and populous place, though, at the time of Mr Kinneir’s visit, it was almost deserted, in consequence of the plague.
KATTEGATTE, or Cattegat, a narrow sea, lying between part of Jutland and the coast of Sweden, and, towards the latter, covered with a great number of islands, It is almost closed at the extremity by the low Danish islands of Zealand and Funen, which, in ancient times, formed the seat of the Suiones. Between the former and the coast of Sweden is the Sound. These islands were anciently called Codonania, and gave to the Cattegat the name of Sinus Codonanus. Its greatest depth is thirty-five fathoms; but this decreases as it approaches the Sound, which begins with sixteen fathoms, and near Copenhagen shallows even to four. According to Pliny, the Roman fleet, under the command of Germanicus, sailed round Germany, doubled the Cimbricum Promontorium, and arrived at the islands which fill the bottom of the Cattegat, and of which, either by observation or information, the Romans were acquainted with twenty-three. One of these they called Glessaria, from its amber, a fossil abundant to this day on part of the southern side of the Baltic. A Roman knight was employed by Nero’s master of the gladiators to collect in these parts that precious production, and thereby became perfectly acquainted with this country.
KATWYK, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. It is distinguished from another place of the same name near it as Katwyk-on-the-Sea. It is celebrated for its sluices, deemed a masterpiece of hydraulic architecture, by which the old Rhine is admitted to the sea. It contains 2750 inhabitants.
KAUFBEUERN, a city of Bavaria, in the province of the Upper Danube, and situated on the river Bertoch. It is surrounded with walls, and contains one Lutheran and two Catholic churches, with 490 houses, and 4630 inhabitants. It has a brisk trade in cotton goods, linens, ironmongery, and paper, and Morocco leather and printed calicoes are also made. Long. 10.31. 25. E. Lat. 47. 53.10. N.
KAUKEHMEN, a town of the circle of Niederung, in East Prussia, situated on a canal connecting together the rivers Russ and Gilge. It is in the centre of a parish, which contains 4880 inhabitants.
KAURZIM, a circle of the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia, extending over 952 square miles, comprehending forty-one cities and tqwns, and 680 villages and hamlets, with 24,197 houses, and 150,609 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, is fortified, and contains 282 houses, with 1520 inhabitants.
KAWSCHANI, a town of the Russian province Bessarabia, the capital of a circle of the same name. It was once the residence of the prince of the Nogai Tartars, and is said then to have contained 20,000 inhabitants, who are now diminished to little more than 2200, chiefly Jews and Moldavians, who live by gardening. Long. 29. 43. E. Lat. 46. 23. N.
KAWUCK, a town of Afghanistan, in the district of Cabul, situated in the Hindu Coosh range of mountains. Long. 69. 30. E. Lat. 35. 40. N.
KAYE’S Island, in the North Pacific Ocean, near the west coast of North America, about thirty miles in length and four in breadth, so named by Captain Cook. The south-western point of the island is situated in long. 216. 58. E.’and lat. 59. 49. N.
KAYNS, Kiayns, or Carianers, a singular tribe who inhabit that mountainous and woody tract which lies between Bengal, Aracan, Ava proper, and the province of Munipoor or Cassay. They arc represented as a simple, innocent race, speaking a language distinct from that of the Burmans, and entertaining rude notions of religion. Their habits are altogether pastoral, and they are the most industrious subjects of the state. Their villages form a select community, fro r m which they exclude all other sects, and in no case reside in any city, or marry or intermingle with strangers. They profess and practise the doctrine of universal peace, never engaging in war, nor taking any part in contests for dominion. They devote themselves to agriculture, the care of cattle, and the raising of poultry. Almost all the provisions used in the country are raised by this tribe, and they particularly excel in gardening. They have of late years been oppressed and heavily taxed by the great Burman landholders, and have in consequence withdrawn into the mountains of Aracan. They have no written laws, but are guided by immemorial custom, which stands in the place of law. Some learn to speak the Burman tongue, and a few can read and write it imperfectly. They arc (says Symes, in his account of his embassy to A va) timorous, honest, mild in their manners, and exceedingly hospitable to strangers.
KAYOR, or Cayor, a kingdom of Western Africa, situated on the coast between the rivers Gambia and Senegal. As is the case with many other kingdoms of Africa, correct or recent information regarding Kayor is very limited. According to Golberry, its western limits are the last five leagues of the left bank of the Senegal, adjoining to the mouth of that river, and all the extent of coast comprised between the bar of the Senegal and Point Serene, situated in lat. 14. 44. N. It is bounded on the north by the territory of Wai or Brack, eastward by the dominions of the Bourb Yolof, and on the south by the petty states of Sin and Salum. Extending 150 miles from north to south, by an average breadth of 120 miles, it thus comprises a surface of about 6000 square miles, which is thinly peopled by not more than 180,000 inhabitants. The ground rises imperceptibly from the seacoast eastward, but without high mountains. The soil is sandy, but fruitful, and bears a number of those immense trees called baobab. At the little island of Goree, on this coast, the French have established the capital of all their African settlements. Its advantages consist solely in its almost inaccessible situation on a rock, three sides of which are perpendicular, and the fourth very steep. The rock is fortified, and the town contains about 7000 inhabitants. It is a bustling place, being the entrepôt of all the trade with the opposite coast, and also a place of refreshment for French ships on their way to India. The capital of Kayor bears the same name, and is only a large village, situated about 120 miles from Goree. The sovereign of the country is called Darnel, and the government is feudal. The inhabitants are Jalofs or Yolofs, which people are described as the handsomest negroes of Western Africa, being tall and plump, with finely turned limbs, short curling hair, and shining jet-black skin. They are a domestic people, little known beyond [7:12:683]their own territories, and recognise amongst themselves the distinction of caste.
KAZAMEEN, a town of Asia, in the pashalik of Bagdad, on the western bank of the Tigris. It contains about 8000 inhabitants, Persians, who have been induced to settle here on account of its being the burying-place of two noted saints, to the memory of whom a noble mosque has been erected. The town is ornamented with two gilded cupolas, supported by the contributions of pilgrims. It has a tolerable bazar, fifteen coffee-houses, three humums, and a caravanserai; and opposite to the town is a tomb of another Mahommedan saint. Nine miles south-west of the town, and at some distance from the river, is the very extraordinary structure which has received the name of the tower of Babel from Europeans, Nimrood from the natives of Bagdad, and Agerkuf from the Arabians. It is 190 feet in height, 100 in diameter; and, from its appearance, Mr Kinneir judged it to be coeval with the remains of ancient Babylon, being built of the same materials, namely, square bricks dried in the sun, cemented with slime and layers of reeds. It is three miles north of Bagdad.
KAZEROON, a town of Persia, in the province of Farsistan. It is situated in a valley about thirty miles long by seven or eight broad, bounded on the north by a salt lake, and fertilized by a number of rivulets of excellent water, producing in consequence abundant crops of grain, which are often destroyed by flights of locusts, the frequent and unwelcome visitors of all the country properly called Persia. It formerly consisted of three distinct villages. It was almost entirely depopulated during the late civil wars. It is now, according to Fraser, a heap of ruins, and does not contain above 3000 or 4000 inhabitants. It is a considerable mart for horses, which are bred in the vicinity, and are highly esteemed on account of their Arab blood. It is celebrated for its wrestlers, and for a class of birdcatchers, who practise a curious mode of taking sparrows.
KEATE, George, was born in 1730, and educated at Kingston School, after which he went to Geneva, where he resided for some years, and became acquainted with Voltaire. When he had made the tour of Europe, he became a student in the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar, but did not meet with such encouragement as to induce him to persevere. In the year 1760 he published his Ancient and Modern Rome, a poem which was received with considerable approbation; and the following year he gave to the world a short Account of the Ancient History, present Government, and Laws, of the Republic of Geneva, 8vo, dedicated to Voltaire, who once intended to translate it into French, but afterwards abandoned his design.

In 1762 he produced an Epistle from Lady Jane Grey to Lord .Guildford Dudley; and next year The Alps, a poem, believed to be the best he ever wrote, for truth of description, vigour of fancy, and beauty of versification. In 1764 appeared Netley Abbey; and, in 1765, the Temple Student, an Epistle to a Friend, in which he rallies his own deficiency in application to the study of the law, and his consequent want of success in that profession. In 1766 he published a poem to the memory of Mrs Cibber, of whose talents as an actress he entertained a very high opinion. He married, in 1769, Miss Hudson; and about the same period he published Ferney, an Epistle to Voltaire. Having praised with energy the beauties of that philosopher’s poetical works, he introduces a panegyric on Shakspearc, whom Voltaire used every effort to depreciate, probably from a spirit of envy. This eulögium induced the mayor and burgesses of Stratford to present our author with a standish mounted with silver, made out of the famous[7:12:684] mulberry tree which is said to have been planted by Shakspeare himself.

In 1775 appeared his Monument in Arcadia, a dramatic poem; and in 1779 he published his Sketches from Nature, taken and coloured in a Journey to Margate, justly allowed to be an elegant composition. In the year 1787 came out The Distressed Poet, a serio-comic poem, in three cantos,^occasioned by a long and vexatious law-suit. His last work was perhaps the most creditable of the whole, both to his head and to his heart. Captain Wilson, of the Antelope packet, having suffered shipwreck on the Pelew Islands, was refused any further command, and reduced to distress; a circumstance which induced the humane Keate to publish an account of these islands, for the benefit of that gentleman, which, it is said, brought him about nine hundred guineas in the space of a year. This work is written with much elegance, although it is probable that the manners of the natives of Pelew, in as far as regards their alleged amiability, are somewhat highly coloured.

The life of Keate was spent without any vicissitudes of fortune; he was possessed of an ample estate, which he never attempted to increase, except by prudence in the management of it. He was a man of beneficence and hospitality, and enjoyed in a high degree the favour of his countrymen. He died in June 1797, leaving one daughter.
KEBBAN Dag, a lofty range of mountains in Persia, province of Kurdistan, bounding the plain of Erzerum to the south-east. These mountains abound with springs, and give rise to numerous rivers; and they form the dividing ridge between the streams that flow into the Black Sea and those which flow east into the Euphrates.
KEBLA, an appellation given by the Mahommedans to that part of the world where the temple of Mecca is situated, towards which they are obliged to turn themselves when they pray.
KECSKEMET, a large town of the circle of Pest, in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary. It is in the middle of an extensive heath, between the Danube and the Theiss, and contains one reformed and four Catholic churches, three colleges, a Francisean convent, a military academy, 3000 houses, and 24,862 inhabitants, who early on considerable trade in internal productions. Long. 19. 37. 6. E. Lat. 46. 54. 29. N.
KEDAR, in Ancient Geography, a district in the desert of the Saracens (so called from Kedar the son of Ishmael, according to Jerome, who in another place says that it was uninhabitable), to the north of Arabia Felix.
KEDARNATH, a celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage, in Northern Hindustan, situated in the mountains of Serinagur. Those who perform this difficult pilgrimage have to travel over the most steep and inaccessible roads, which, during half the year, are blocked up with snow. The place lies about fourteen or fifteen miles of direct distance west-north-west of Bhadrinath. The ceremonies observed here are nearly the same as at other places of Hindu ablution. The most peculiar of these is that of the widows shaving their heads, having previously bathed and purified themselves in the Ganges, which is here a narrow stream. Long. 79. 19. E. Lat. 32. N.
KEDES, in Ancient Geography, a city of refuge in the tribe of Naphtali, on the confines of Tyre and of Galilee. Jerome calls it a sacerdotal city, situated on a mountain, twenty miles from Tyre, near Paneas, and called Cidis-sus. It was taken by the king of Assyria.
KEDGE, a small anchor used to keep a ship steady whilst she rides in a harbour or river, particularly at the turn of the tide, when she might otherwise drive over her principal anebor, and entangle the stock or flukes with her slack cable, so as to loosen it from the ground. This is accordingly prevented by a kedge rope that hinders her from approaching it. The kedges are particularly useful in transporting a ship; that is, removing her from one part of the harbour to another, by means of ropes which are fastened to these anchors. They are generally furnished with an iron stock, which is easily displaced for the convenience of stowing them.
KEDGEREE, a town of Bengal, situated near the mouth of the Hooghly, where ships frequently stop either in entering or going out of the river. The river here expands to a breadth of nearly nine miles across. It is esteemed healthier than Diamond Harbour.
KEDRON, or Cedron, in Ancient Geography, a town which, from the defeat and pursuit of the Syrians (1 Mac. xvi.), appears to have stood on the road leading from Upper India to Azotus. In this war it was burnt by the Jews.

Kedron, or Cedron, in Ancient Geography. St John calls it a brook, but Josephus a deep valley between Jerusalem and Mount Olivet to the east. It was called Kedron from its blackness.
KEEL, the principal piece of timber in a ship, which is usually first laid on the blocks in building.

Keel is also a name given to a low, flat-bottomed vessel, used in the river Tyne, to bring the coals down from Newcastle and the adjacent parts, in order to load the colliers for transportation.

Keel- Hauling was a punishment inflicted for various offences in the Dutch navy. It was performed by plunging the delinquent repeatedly under the ship’s bottom on one side, and hoisting him up on the other, after having passed under the keel.
KEELAN Isle, a small island, about twenty miles in circumference, lying off the western extremity of Ceram. The island is inhabited, and well planted with cocoa-nut and plantain trees. Long. 127. 55. E. Lat. 3. 15. S.
KEELSON, a piece of timber which may be properly defined the interior or counterpart of the keel, as it is laid upon the middle of the floor timbers, immediately over the keel, and, like it, composed of several pieces scarfed together.
KEEMA-KEDAN, a cluster of small islands, in the Eastern Seas, near the western coast of the island of Leyta. Long. 124. 36. E. Lat. 10. 30. N.
KEEN, or Kaynduem River. This great river, which is supposed to have its source in the mountains which divide Assam from Ava, is the second river in the Burman empire. It enters Ava from the north-west, and falls into the Irrawaddy at Miondap, in lat. 21. 45. N. It is liable to floods during the rainy season; and, except during this season, its mouth is much obstructed by sand-banks covered with long grass and reeds. Being shallow, it is only navigable for flat-bottomed boats. Its banks are occupied by the rude and inoffensive tribes of the Kayns or Carianers. The adjacent country is said to be mountainous, and covered with wood. It has never been explored by Europeans.
KEEPER of the Great Seal, is a lord by his office, and styled Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Great Britain. He is always one of the privy council. All grants, charters, and commissions of the king under the great seal pass through the hands of the lord keeper.

Keeper of the Privy Seal is also a lord by his office, and through his hands all grants, pardons, and* the like, pass before they come to the great seal; and even some things go through his hands which do not pass the great seal at all. This officer is also one of the privy council, yet was anciently called clerk of the privy seal.
KEEPING, in Painting, denotes the representation of objects in the same maimer as they appear to the eye at different distances from it, for which the painter should have recourse to the rules of perspective.
KEFFING, an island, about forty-five miles in circumference, in the Eastern Seas, to the south-east of the island of Ceram, from which it is separated by a narrow strait. Long. 130. E. Lat. 3. 50. & [7:12:685]
KEFIL, a village of Irak Arabi, held in peculiar veneration both by Jews and Mahommedans as the tomb of the prophet Ezekiel, and hence a frequent resort of pilgrims. It is fourteen miles south of Hillah.
KEGWORTH, a parish in the county of Leicester, in the hundred of West Goscote, 114 miles from London. It stands on the river Trent, over which is Cavendish Bridge, built by the Duke of Devonshire, to whom a toll is paid. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1360, in 1811 to 1550, in 1821 to 1607, and in 1831 to 1840.
KEHL, a town of the bailiwick of Kork, in the duehy of Baden. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite to Strasburg, and during the revolutionary wars was celebrated for the strength of its fortress, which commanded the passage of the river, and stood on an island of the Rhine. The works have been neglected since 1815, and are now in ruins, though some of the more substantial buildings remain. There is a bridge connecting Kehl with Strasburg. The population has increased lately, and is said to exceed 2000.
KEIGHLEY, a market-town and parish in the west riding of the county of York. It is situated in a romantic spot in a valley, through which the river Aire runs, and near the canal which connects the two great trading towns of Leeds and Liverpool. It has thus an easy intercourse with every part of the kingdom, and a great increase of its trade and population has hence arisen. There are in it several large establishments for making woollen, linen, and cotton goods. The church is a large and handsome building, and it has several chapels for the different descriptions of dissenters. There is a well-supplied market on Wednesday. The population amounted in 1801 to 5745, in 1811 to 6864, in 1821 to 9223, and in 1831 to 11,176.
KEILL, John, a celebrated astronomer and mathematician, was born at Edinburgh in 1671, and studied in the university of that city. In 1694 he went to Oxford, where, being admitted of Baliol College, he began to read lectures according to the Newtonian system, in his private chamber in that college. He is said to have been the first who taught Sir Isaac Newton’s principles by the experiments on which they are founded; and this, it seems, he did by an apparatus of instruments of his own providing, by which means he acquired a great reputation in the university. The first specimen he gave to the public of his skill in mathematical and philosophical knowledge, was his Examination of Burnet’s Theory of the Earth, with remarks on Mr Whiston’s Theory; and these theories being defended by their respective inventors, Mr Keill published an Examination of the Reflections on the Theory of the Earth, together with a Defence of the Remarks on Mr Whiston’s New Theory. In 1701, he published his celebrated treatise, entitled Introductio ad veram Physicam, which only contains fourteen lectures; but in the following editions he added two more. This work has been translated into English, under the title of an Introduction to Natural Philosophy. Afterwards, being made fellow of the Royal Society, he published, in the Philosophical Transactions, a paper on the laws of attraction; and, being offended at a passage in the√4cto Eruditorum of Leipsic, warmly vindicated against Leibnitz, Sir Isaae Newton’s right to the honour of priority in the invention of the method of Fluxions. In 1709 he went to New England as treasurer of the Palatines. About the year 1711, several objections being urged against Sir Isaac Newton’s philosophy, in support of Descartes’s notions of a plenum, Mr Keill published a paper in the Philosophical Transactions, on the rarity of matter, and the tenuity of its composition. But whilst he was engaged in this dispute, Queen Anne appointed him her decipherer; and he continued in that situation under King George I. until the year 1716. He had also the degree of doctor of physic conferred upon him by the university of Oxford in

1713. Besides the works already mentioned, Dr Keill published Introductio ad veram Astronomiam, which was translated into English by the author himself; and an edition of Commandinus’s Euclid, with additions of his own.

Keill, James, an eminent physician, and brother of the preceding, was born in Scotland about the year 1673; and having travelled abroad, read lectures on anatomy with great applause in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, by the latter of which he had the degree of doctor of physic conferred upon him. In 1700 he settled at Northampton, where he had considerable practice as a physician; and died there of a cancer in the mouth in 1719. He published, 1. An English translation of Lemery’s Chemistry; 2. An account of Animal Secretion, the quantity of Blood in the human Body, and Muscular Motion; 3. A Treatise on Anatomy; and, 4. Several pieces in the Philosophical Transactions.