pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GRINDELWALD, a town situated in one of the most picturesque valleys of the canton of Berne, in Switzerland. This valley is, however, 3100 feet above the level of the sea, but is surrounded by the lofty Wetterhorn, Schrech-horn, and Grindelwald Mountains. It contains 5000 inhabitants.
GRINSTEAD, East, a borough-town and extensive parish of the county of Sussex, in the hundred of Rushmonden and rape of Pevensey, twenty-nine miles from London. It is situated on an eminence, and its tower is a prominent object to a large extent of country. It was a burgage tenure borough, and returned two members to parliament; but has been disfranchised. The houses were the property of the Duke of Dorset, but are now in possession of the Earl of Plymouth, to whom they descended by marriage. There is a market, chiefly for corn, held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2659, in 1811 to 2804, in 1821 t o 3153, and in 1831 to 3364. The assizes for the county are held here alternately with Horsham.
GRIPES, in Medicine, a colic or painful disorder of the lower belly, occasioned by irritating matters, or by wind in the intestines.
GRISGRIS, a superstition very prevalent amongst the negroes in the interior parts of Africa. The grisgris, according to Le Maire, are certain Arabic characters mixed with magical figures drawn by the marabouts or priests upon paper. Labat affirms that they are nothing else than scraps of the Koran in Arabic; but this is denied by Barbot, who brought over one of these grisgris to Europe, and showed it to a number of persons deeply skilled in oriental learning, none of whom could find in it the least trace <>f any character they understood. Yet, after all, this mig t be owing to the badness of the handwriting; and “he words are probably of the Mandingo language, though the characters are an attempt to imitate the Arabic. The poorest negro never goes to war without his grisgris, as a charm against wounds; and if it proves ineffectual, the priest transfers the blame on the immorality of his conduct. These priests invent against all kinds of dangers, and provide in favour of all desires and appetites, grisgris, by virtue of which the possessors may obtain or avoid whatever they like or dislike. These, according to the marabouts, defend them from storms, enemies, diseases, pains, and misfortunes; and preserve health, long life, wealth, honour, and merit. No clergy in the world are more honoured and revered by the people than these impostors are by the negroes; nor are any people in the world more impoverished by their priests than the negroes, a grisgris being frequently sold at three slaves and four or five oxen. The grisgris intended for the head is made in the form of a cross, reaching from the forehead to the neck behind, and from ear to ear; nor are the arms and shoulders neglected. Sometimes they are planted in their bonnets in the form of horns; and at other times they are made like serpents, lizards, or some other animals, cut out of a kind of pasteboard. There are not wanting Europeans, otherwise intelligent seamen and merchants, who are in some degree infected with the weakness of the country, and believe that the negro sorcerers have an actual communication with the devil, and that they are filled with the malignant influence of that evil spirit when they are seen to distort their features and muscles, make horrid grimaces, and at last imitate tha appearances exhibited by epileptics.
GRISONS, one of the cantons of Switzerland, called by the inhabitants Graubundten. It has been composed out of three confederacies, called the League of God’s House, the League of the Ten Bailiwicks, and the Grey League. These, with some other small portions, had long continued independent states, until 1798, when, after invasion by the French, they were formally united into one state, and admitted as such into the Swiss confederation. It is one of the largest of the cantons, being about 3010 square miles in extent. It is bounded by Glarus, St Gall, and Austria, on the east by the Tyrol, on the south by Austrian Italy and the canton Ticino, and on the west by Uri. It is a most picturesque country. The Alps reach the height of 11,000 feet, with a line of perpetual snow of from 8200 to 8400 feet. There are said to be within the canton 240 glaciers and 56 waterfalls. The valleys are strikingly beautiful, and in them both the Rhine and the Inn have their sources. There are five of these greater valleys, distinguished as the Hither Rhine, the Farther Rhine, Engadine, the Albula, and the Brettegau, and nearly 150 smaller valleys are connected with them, each with its peculiar features. The chief products are those of the dairy, which are exchanged for corn, of which only half as much is raised as the consumption requires. The chief trade is by the passes of the Alps with Milan. The inhabitants are about 83,000, of whom 40,000 speak a lingua-franca, the old .Romana rustica; about 30,000 speak German, and 13,000 Italian. The Roman Catholic church has 33,000 adherents, with six ministers and eighty-six parish churches. The Protestants are 50,000, of the Helvetic confession, and have six colleges, with 132 parish churches; but the pastors are so poor that they are often compelled to have recourse to manual labour or trade to support themselves. The government is a pure democracy. The three divisions, as in old times, are still adhered to, and deputies, twenty-one from each portion, meet, and all have separate presidents, and are assisted by councils annually elected. The contingent of men furnished by the cantons to the Swiss confederacy is 1600, and of money 12,000 francs. The annual revenue was, in 1831, L∙21,590, and the expenditure L.20,100. The public debt is now nearly extinguished. Chur is the capital of the whole, as well as of [7:10:779]the League of God’s House; but the League of the Bailiwick has for its capital the town of Davos, and that of ’ the Grey League the town of Dissentis. Chur contains 3350 inhabitants, and is on the great road from Germany to Lombardy.
GRIST, in country affairs, denotes corn ground, or ready for grinding.
GRIT, or Gritstone, a kind of stone which is used for building, and for millstones or grindstones, and sometimes for filtrating water.
GROAT, an English money of account, equal to fourpence. Other nations, as the Dutch, Poles, Saxons, Bohemians, and French, have likewise their groats, groots, grochen, gros, and the like. In the Saxon times, no silver coin bigger than a penny was struck in England, nor after the Conquest, till the reign of Edward III., who, about the year 1351, coined.grosses or great pieces, which went for fourpence each; and so the matter stood till the reign of Henry VIII., who, in 1504, first coined shillings.

Groats, in country affairs, oats after the husks are taken off, or great oatmeal.
GROCERS were anciently such persons as engrossed all merchandise that was vendible; but now they are incorporated, form one of the companies of the city of London, and deal in sugar, foreign fruits, spices, and other articles.
GRODNO, one of the provinces of West Russia, formerly a part of Lithuania. It is bounded on the north by Wilna, on the east by Minsk, on the south by Volhynia, on the south-west by Poland, and on the west by Bialystock. It extends over 11,792 square miles, and is divided into eight circles, containing 108 towns and 936 villages, with 842,500 inhabitants. The latter consist of Lithuanians, Poles, Russians, Jews, Germans, and gipsies. The nobility are chiefly Poles, the traders are Jews or Poles, the merchants Germans, and the labourers and peasants Lithuanians. The chief city, of the same name, is situated on the river Niemen. It is an ancient town, with palaces of the great Lithuanian nobles, now in a state of decay. It contains twelve churches, of which nine are Catholic, one Greek, and two Lutheran, with 800 houses and 5000 inhabitants. Long. 23. 46. 20. E. Lat. 53. 40. 48. N.
GROENLAND, or Greenland. See Greenland.
GROGRAM, a kind of stuff made of silk and mohair.
GROIN, that part of the abdomen next the thigh.

Groin, amongst builders, is the angular curve formed by the intersection of two semicylinders or arches, and is either regular or irregular. A regular groin is when the intersecting arches, whether semicircular or semielliptical, are of the same diameters and heights. An irregular groin is where one of the arches is semicircular and the other semielliptical.
GROLL, or Groenloo, a town of the Netherlands, in the circle of Zutphen, and province of Guelderland. It stands on the river Slink, and is strongly fortified as a frontier town on the side of Westphalia. It contains 2100 inhabitants.
GRONENBACH, a bailiwick of the circle of the Upper Danube, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 125 square miles. It contains three market-towns, fifty-two villages, and 155 detached agricultural establishments, and 11,492 inhabitants. It is a poor district, mostly covered with woods. The capital, of the same name, has only a population of about 1000 persons.
GRONINGEN, one of the provinces of the Netherlands. It is bounded on the north by the German Ocean, on the east by the mouth of the Ems, the Dollart, arid the kingdom of Hanover, on the south by the province of Drenthe, and on the west by that of Friesland. Il extends over 806 square miles, and contains 159,321 inhabitants. On the shore there is a tract of land from eighteen to twenty miles in breadth, which, by being well drained ∣ and embanked, bears excellent crops of oats and some barley, and feeds a great number of cows. The butter and cheese is however inferior to what is produced in the provinces of Holland and Friesland. The land farther from the shore is generally sandy heath, producing much turf, and yielding with much care, on a large extent, a supply of potatoes. The province is divided into three circles, viz. Groningen, Windshotten, and Apingadam.

Groningen, a city, the capital of the province of the same name, in the Netherlands. It stands on the rivers Hunse and Aa, the waters of both which run through the city, and fill the ditches which surround the walls. It is a well-built town, very strongly fortified, with broad streets and good houses. It contains 6000 dwellings, and in 1819 27,800 inhabitants, who were lessened by the fatal fever which visited the province in 1826, so as in 1831 to be only 26,069. There are manufactures of linen and woollen goods. The university contains nineteen professors, and commonly 200 students. The commerce chiefly consists of the export of oats, butter, cheese, and turf. Long. 6. 34. E. Lat. 53. 10. N.

Groningen, a town of the Prussian province of Saxony, in the circle of Oschersleben. It stands on the river Bode, and contains 421 houses, with 2354 inhabitants, employed in flax and wool spinning. Long. 11. 6. 27. E. Lat. 51. 36. 3. N.
GROOM, a name particularly applied to several superior officers belonging to the king’s household, as groom of the chamber, groom of the stole.

Groom is more particularly used for a servant appointed to attend on horses in the stable. The word is formed from the Flemish gram, a boy.
GROOTE EYLANDT, a large island on the north coast of New Holland, and on the western shore of the Gulf of Carpentaria. It was so called by the Dutch navigators who first visited this gulf, and is about sixty miles from north to south. It is generally barren and unproductive on the coast; but towards the interior is covered with wood. It extends from lat. 13. 39. to 14. 17. 8.
GROOVE, amongst miners, is the shaft or pit sunk into the earth, sometimes in the vein, and sometimes not.

Groove, amongst joiners, the channel made by their plough in the edge of a moulding, style, or rail, to put their panels in, in wainscotting.
GROSS, amongst us, means twelve dozen .

Gross H eight, is the weight 0 f merchandise and goods l’ i Ä . a h V n r ° 8s, a8 ∙ also ° , ' the ba S- cask > chest, &c. in which they are contamed; and out of this gross weight allowance is to be made for tare and tret.

Gross, or Grossus, in our ancient law writers, denotes a thing absolute, and not depending on another. Thus, villein in gross, villanus in grosso, was a servant who did not belong to the land, but immediately to the person of the lord; or a servile person not appended or annexed to the lord or manor, or an accessory of the tenures as an appurtenant, but, like other personal goods and chattels of his lord, at his lord’s pleasure and disposal.
GROSSASPERN, a town of Austria, in the province of the Lower Ens. It is situated on an arm of the Danube, and remarkable for the battle fought there on the 22d and 23d July 1809, which led to the capture of Vienna by the French. It contains DO houses, and 710 inhabitants.
GROSSCHANAU, a town of the circle of Lausatia, in the kingdom of Saxony. It is situated on the Lousebach, and is one of the chief seats of the linen manufacture, especially for damask tablecloths and napkins. It is 1000 feet above the level of the sea. The population is 4600.
GROSSENHAIN, a bailiwick of the circle of Meisen, in the kingdom of Saxony. It contains two cities, two market-towns, and 229 villages, with 24,729 inhabitants. It is a fruitful district, but much of it is covered with forests. The capital, of the same name, is a city standing on the river Roder, which runs to the Elbe. It contains 620 houses, and about 5000 inhabitants, amongst whom are calico printers, weavers, dyers, stocking makers, and other trades. Lat. 51. 18. 6. N.
GROSSWARDEIN, a city of Hungary, in the circle of the Hither Theiss. It is strongly fortified, and is the seat of a bishop, and of the several civil and military boards of the circle. There is a Catholic ecclesiastical seminary, with ten professors, and several religious houses for both males and females. It contains 1200 houses, with 6768 inhabitants. Several natural warm springs in the city are visited by patients. It has considerable trade in the products of its vicinity, the chief of which is wine; and marble is furnished from some valuable quarries. Long. 21. 50. 45. E. Lat. 47. 2. 50. N.
GROTESQUE, in sculpture and painting, something whimsical, extravagant, and monstrous, consisting either of things which are merely imaginary, and have no existence in nature, or of things so distorted as to excite surprise and ridicule. The name arises from the circumstance that figures of this kind were anciently much used to adorn the grottoes in which the tombs of eminent persons or families were enclosed. Such was that of Ovid, whose grotto was discovered near Rome more than a century ago.
GROUND, in painting, the surface upon which the figures and other objects are represented.

The ground is properly understood of such parts of the piece as have nothing painted on them, but retain the original colour upon which the other colours are applied to form the representations.

A building is said to serve as a ground to a figure when the figure is painted on the building.

Ground, in etching, denotes a gummy composition smeared over the surface of the metal to be etched, to prevent the aquafortis from eating, except in the places where this ground is cut through with the point of a needle or style.

G round- Angling, fishing under water without a float, only with a plumb of lead, or a bullet, placed about nine inches from the hook. This method of fishing is most proper in cold weather, when the fish swim very low.
GROUP, in painting and sculpture, is an assemblage of two or more figures of men, beasts, fruits, or the like, which have some apparent relation to each other. The word is formed of the Italian groppo, a knot.

Groups, The, several groups of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, seen by Captain Cook in 1769, and extending from north-west by north to south-east by south about nine leagues. There are two principal islands, separated from each other by a channel about half a mile broad, and surrounded by small islands which are mostly narrow strips of land ranging in all directions. The southernmost island is in long. 142. 42. W. and lat. 18. 12. S.
GROUSE, or Growse, Moor-fowl, or Mοοr-game. See Ornithology.
GROUTHEAD, or Greathed, Robert, a learned bishop of Lincoln, was born at - Stow in Lincolnshire, or, according to others, at Stradbrook in Suffolk, towards the close of the twelfth century. His parents were so poor, that when a boy he was obliged to perform the meanest offices, and even to beg his bread, until the mayor of Lincoln, struck with his appearance and the quickness of his answers to certain questions, took him into his family, and put him to school. Here his ardent love of learning, and admirable capacity for acquiring knowledge, soon appeared, and procured him many patrons, by whose assistance [7:11:9]he was enabled to prosecute his studies, first at Cambridge, ’ afterwards at Oxford, and lastly at Paris. In these three seats of learning he spent many years in the indefatigable pursuit of knowledge, and became one of the best and most universal scholars of the age. He was a great master not only of the French and Latin, but also of the Greek and Hebrew languages, which was a very rare accomplishment in those times. We are also assured by Roger Bacon, who was intimately acquainted with him, that he spent much of his time for nearly forty years in the study of geometry, astronomy, optics, and other branches of physical and mathematical learning, in all of which he very much excelled. But theology was his favourite study, in which he read lectures at Oxford with great approbation. In the mean while he had obtained several preferments in the church, and was at length elected and consecrated Bishop of Lincoln in the year 1235. In this station he soon became celebrated for the purity of his manners, the popularity of his preaching, the vigour of his discipline, and the boldness with which he reproved the vices and opposed the arbitrary mandates of the court of Rome. Of his independence in this last respect it may be proper to give one example. Pope Innocent IV. had granted to one of his own nephews, named Frederick, who was but a child, an appointment to the first canon’s place in the church of Lincoln which should become vacant; and he sent to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Innocent, then papal legate in England, a bull commanding them to see the provision made effectual, which bull they transmitted to the Bishop of Lincoln. But that brave and virtuous prelate boldly refused to give effect to this unreasonable mandate, and sent an answer to the papal bull containing very severe reproaches against his holiness for abusing his power. The bishop did not long survive this noble stand against the corruption and tyranny of the church of Rome, for he fell sick at his castle of Bugden that same year; and when he became sensible that his end was drawing near, he called his clergy into his apartment, and made a long discourse to them, to prove that the reigning pope, Innocent IV. was antichrist. With this exertion his strength and spirits were so much exhausted, that he soon afterwards expired, on the 9th of October 1253.
GROWTH, the gradual increase of bulk and stature which takes place in animals or vegetables during a certain period. The increase of bulk in such bodies as have no life is called expansion, swelling, &c.

The growth of animals, nay even of the human species, is subject to great variations. A remarkable instance of this was observed in France in the year 1729. At this [7:11:10]time the Academy of Sciences examined a boy who was then only seven years old, but who measured four feet eight inches and four lines in height without his shoes. His mother observed on him at two years of age, the signs of puberty, which continued to increase very quickly, and soon arrived at the usual standard. At the age of four he was able to lift and toss the common bundles of hay in stables into the horses’ racks; and at the age of six he could raise as much as a sturdy fellow of twenty. But though he thus increased in bodily strength, his understanding was not greater than is usual with children of his age, and their play-things were also his favourite amusements.

Many other instances of extraordinary growth might, if it were necessary, be collected. It is at first sight astonishing that children of such early and prodigious growth do not become giants; but when we consider that the signs of puberty appear so much sooner than they ought, it seems evident that the whole is only a more than usually rapid expansion of the parts, as in hot climates; and accordingly it is observed that such children, instead of becoming giants, always decay and die apparently of old age long before the ordinary term of human life.
GRUB, the English name of the hexapod worms, produced from the eggs of beetles, and which are at length transformed into winged insects of the same species with their parents.
GRUBENHAGEN, a province called a principality of the kingdom of Hanover. It consists of three portions, the most westerly of which is surrounded by Brunswick and the province of Göttingen; the centre by the province of Hildesheim, by Brunswick, and the Prussian territory; and the eastern portion by Blankenburg and Brunswick. It extends over 537 square miles, and contains a population of 83,200 persons. The Hartz Forest forms the larger portion of the province, some of the hills of which are 2600 feet in height, and covered to their tops with pine woods. The chief object of the district is mining, which occupies the labour of most of the inhabitants, to the exclusion of agriculture, for which purpose the soil is not adapted. The chief aliments are furnished from the surrounding provinces. In a few of the warm valleys some cows are kept, and in others tobacco and hops are raised. The mines yield gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, zinc, vitriol, and sulphur, and there are some saline springs. There are several manufactories of iron, copper, and brass utensils; and the females in winter spin much linen yarn. The climate is cold, raw, and gloomy, and the inhabitants are in general in a state of great poverty. About three fourths are Lutherans, and one fourth Catholics.
GRUNBERG, a city of Prussian Silesia, the capital of a circle of the same name. It is a fortified place, containing 1145 houses, and 9144 inhabitants. It is also a great manufacturing place for spinning cotton and linen, and for woollen cloths. In the neighbourhood are vineyards, which have been rapidly extending, and produce tolerable wine, but in some years more vinegar than wine. Fuller’s earth is found copiously near the city. Long. 15. 26. E. Lat. 51. 57. N.

Grunberg, a city of the grand duchy of Hesse, in Germany, of the province of Upper Hesse. It stands at the sources of the river Wetter, and contains 373 houses, with 2342 inhabitants. It is the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, which comprehends one city, one town, thirty villages, and 9553 inhabitants.
GRUPPO, or Turned Shake, a musical grace, consisting in the alternate prolation of two tones in juxtaposition to each other, with a close on the note immediately beneath the lower of them.
GRUS, in Antiquity, a dance performed yearly by the young Athenians around the temple of Apollo, on the day of the Delia. The motions and figures of this dance were intricate and various, some of them having been intended to express the windings of the labyrinth in which the Minotaur was killed by Theseus.

Grus, in Astronomy, a southern constellation, not visible in our latitude.
GRY, a measure containing one tenth of a line. A line is one tenth of a digit, and a digit one tenth of afoot, and a philosophical foot one third of a pendulum whose diadromes or vibrations, in the latitude of forty-five degrees, are each equal to one second of time, or one sixtieth of a minute.