pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GAGE, in our ancient customs, signifies a pledge or pawn, given by way of secnrity. If the gage perish, the person who received it is not answerable for it, except in the case of extreme negligence.
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Gage was also used to signify a challenge to combat. In this sense it was a pledge, which the accuser or chal- , lenger cast on the ground, and the other took up as accepting the challenge. The gage was usually a glove, gauntlet, chaperoon, or the like.

Gage, in nautical language. When one ship is to windward of another, she is said’ to have the weather-gage of such ship. The number of feet that a vessel sinks in the water is likewise called the ship’s gage; and this is found by driving a nail into a pike near the end, and putting it down beside the rudder till the nail catch hold under it; then as many feet as the pike is under the water is the ship’s gage.

Gage, amongst letter-founders, is a piece of box, or other hard wood, variously notched, the use of which is to adjust the dimensions, slopes, &c. of the different sorts of letters.

Gage, in joinery, is an instrument made to strike a line truly parallel to the straight side of any board or piece of stuff.

Sliding- G age, a tool used by the mathematical-instrument makers for measuring and setting off distances.

Sco-Gage, an instrument invented by Dr Hales and Dr Desagułiers for finding the depth of the sea.

Bucket Sea- Gage, an instrument contrived by Dr Hales to find the different degrees of coolness and saltness of the sea at different depths.

Aqueo-mercurial Gage is the name of an apparatus contrived by Dr Hales, and applied in various forms to the branches of trees, for the purpose of determining the force with which they imbibe moisture.

Tide- Gage is the name of an instrument used for determining the height of the tides.

Wind- Gage is an instrument for measuring the force of the wind upon any given surface. See Meteorology.
GAHRAH, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Sinde, situated on the banks of a salt-water creek communicating with the sea, and navigable for small boats. The surrounding country is barren and sandy; and the dry and parching wind blows up the sand in clouds, so as nearly to blind both man and beast. Long. 67. 56. E. Lat. 24. 46. N.
GAILDORF, a bailiwick of the circle of the Jaxt, in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, extending over 148 square miles, and comprehending one city, two market-towns, and 253 villages, with 21,498 inhabitants. It is a mountainous district, better adapted to the breeding of cattle than the growth of corn. The capital, of the same name, situated on the river Kocher, contains 1341 inhabitants.
GAILLAC, an arrondissement of the department of the Tarn, in France, extending over 451 square miles. It is divided into eight cantons and seventy-nine communes, and contains 72,001 inhabitants. The chief place is a city of the same name, situated on the Tarn, which is navigable as far as this town. The ware made near this city is the best of the department, and chiefly exported from Bordeaux to foreign markets. Gaillac contains 1550 houses and 8199 inhabitants. Long. 1. 45. E. Lat. 43. 30. N.
GAIN, the profit or lucre a person reaps from his trade, employment, or industry.

Gain, in Architecture, is the workmen’s term for the bevelling shoulder of a joist or other timber.

To Gaie the Wind, in nautical language, is to arrive on the weather side or to windward of some other vessel in sight, when both are plying to windward, or sailing as near the wind as possible.
GAINAGE, Gainagium, in our ancient writers, signifies the draught oxen, horses, wain, plough, and furniture, for carrying on the work of tillage by the baser sort of Sokemen and villeins.

Gainage is also used to signify the land itself, or the profit raised by cultivating it.
GAINSBOROUGH, a market-town of the county of Lincoln, in the hundred of Corringham, and the Lindsay division, 148 miles from London. It is situated on the right bank of the Trent, which divides it from Nottinghamshire, and consists principally of one street running parallel to the river. The tide comes in with more rapidity, and rises higher, than in any other port of England except Chepstow, though it is nearly forty miles from the Humber. The Trent being thus far navigable, conveys the agricultural produce of the vicinity to distant markets, and makes Gainsborough a kind of emporium for such heavy articles as coal, salt, timber, iron, and others; but it has no manufactures, and little other trade. There is no corporate body of magistrates. The market is held on Tuesday. The population amounted in 1821 to 5893, and in 1831 to 6658.
GALACTOPHAGI, and Galactopotae, in Antiquity, persons who lived wholly on milk, without corn or the use of any other food. The words are compounded of yαλα, yaaaxro{, milk ∕ φaγut, to eat ; and τornj, from ⅞itiκs, I drink.
GALASHIELS, a town of Scotland, situated in a parish of the same name, which lies partly in the county of Roxburgh, and partly in that of Selkirk. The town stands upon a low piece of ground on the right bank of the Gala, about a mile above its embouchure into the Tweed. The old village of the same name is now abandoned and destroyed, and the new town has been built within the last fifty years. It consists of one long street, with some small lanes striking off from it, and also scattered clusters of houses, the whole being built of blue whinstone, and slated. Galashiels being situated in the midst of an extensive pastoral country, which yields abundance of wool, the manufacture of woollen cloth, and the spinning of woollen yarn, is carried on to a considerable extent, notwithstanding the disadvantage arising from expensive inland carriage, and the distance of the place from coal mines. The value of the manufactures of this description amount to about L.20,000 per annum, and the trade is upon the increase. The cloth produced here, which is coarse and strong, has long been remarkable for its durability; the quality, however, has been much improved within these few years. Only a small quantity of the goods manufactured is exported, the greater part of them being consumed at home. Flannels and blankets of an excellent quality are also made here from foreign wool. The tanning of leather and the dressing of skins are likewise carried on to some extent, and the town possesses a brewery. There are here several schools besides that for grammar, a parish church, and two or three dissenting meeting-houses. Galashiels is a burgh of barony. It is situated thirty-one miles from Edinburgh, five from Selkirk, and about five from Melrose. The population of the town and parish amounted in 1821 to 1545, and in 1831 to 1534.
GALATAEA, or Galathaea, in fabulous history, a sea nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was passionately belovea by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she treated with coldness and disdain; whilst Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, “enjoyed her unbounded affection. But the happiness of these two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieces with a piece of a broken rock whilst he reposed on the bosom of Galataea. The nymph was inconsolable for the loss of Acis; and as she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a fountain.
GALATZ, a city of Moldavia, in the circle of Kohur-lui. It is built on the banks of the Danube, is surrounded with walls, and is by far the best-constructed city in the whole principality. It contains seven Greek churches, 1200 houses, and 7000 resident inhabitants, besides nuitie-rous strangers always resorting t o it as the chief place of trade for both Wallachia and Moldavia. These consist of Greeks, Arminians, and Jews, who bring German and Austrian manufactured goods, and some from more distant countries. The harbour in the river is very good, and admits ships of 300 tons to lie close to the quays. There are many vessels built as well for sea as for river navigation. Long. 28. 17. E. Lat. 45.24. N.
GALAXY, in Astronomy, the long white luminous track which seems to encompass the heavens like a coronal or girdle, and which is easily perceivable in a clear night, especially when the moon does not appear. The Greeks coll it yαλαξ<αs, galaxy, on account of its colour and appearance. The Latins, for the same reason, call it via lactea, or milky way. It passes between Sagittarius and Gemini, and divides the sphere into two parts. It is unequally broad, and in some parts is single, in others double. See Astronomy.
GALENIC, or Galenical, in Medicine, is the manner of considering and treating diseases, founded on the principles of Galen, or introduced by Galen.

Galenic is more frequently used as contradistinguished to chemical. The distinction of galenical and chemical was occasioned by a division of the practitioners of medicine into two sects, which happened on the introduction of chemistry into medicine. Then the chemists, arrogating to themselves every kind of merit and ability, stirred up an opposition to their pretensions, founded on the invariable adherence of the other party to the ancient practice; and though this division into the two sects of Galenists and chemists has long since ceased, yet the distinction of medicines which resulted from it is still sometimes observed. Galenical medicines are those which are formed by the easier preparations of herbs and roots, by infusion or decoction, and by combining and multiplying ingredients; whilst those of chemistry derive their more remote virtues from elaborate preparations, as calcination, digestion, fermentation, and the like.
GALENISTS, a denomination given to physicians who practise, prescribe, or write, on the Galenical principles, and are opposed to the chemists.

Galenists, or Galenites, in Ecclesiastical History, a branch of Mennonites or Anabaptists, who adopt several of the opinions of the Socinians, or rather Arians, respecting the divinity of our Saviour. In 1664 the Wateriand-ians were divided into two parties, of which the one was called Galenists, and the other Apostolians. They are so denominated from their leader Galenus, a learned and eloquent physician of Amsterdam, who considered the Christian religion as a system which laid much less stress on faith than on practice, and who was for admitting into the communion of the Mennonites all those who acknowledged the divine origin of the books of the Old and New Testaments, and led holy and virtuous lives.
GALERICULUM was a cap worn both by men and women amongst the ancient Romans. It consisted of skin, which was so neatly dressed with human hair that the artificial covering could scarcely be distinguished from the natural. It was used by those whose hair was thin; and also by wrestlers, in order to keep their own hair from receiving any injury from the oils with which they were rubbed over before they exercised. It seems to have resembled our wigs.
GALILEE, once a province of Judaea, now of Turkey in Asia, was bounded by Mount Lebanon on the north, by the river Jordan and the sea of Galilee on the east, by the Chison on the south, and by the Mediterranean on the west. It was the scene of many of our Saviour’s miracles; but the boundaries of the country are not now well known, nor even the places where many of the towns were situated.
GALILEANS, a sect of the Jews. Their founder was one Judas, a native of Galilee, from which place they derived their name. Their chief, esteeming it an indignity for the Jews to pay tribute to strangers, stirred up his countrymen against the edict of the Emperor Augustus, which had ordered an enrolment or taxation of all the subjects of the Roman empire. They pretended that God alone should be owned as master and lord, and in other respects they were of the opinion of the Pharisees; but as they judged it unlawful to pray for infidel princes, they separated themselves from the rest of the Jews, and performed their sacrifices apart. As our Saviour and his apostles were of Galilee, they were suspected to belong to the sect of Galileans; and it was upon this principle, as St Jerome observes, that the Pharisees laid a snare for him, asking, whether it was lawful to give tribute to Caesar, that if he denied it, they might have an occasion of accusing him.
GALIPOLI, a city of Turkey, on the peninsula formerly known as the Adriatic Chersonesus, and the capital of the province of the same name. It is situated on the Dardanelles, at the opening of the Sea of Marmora. It is an open city, and is defended by an old but strong citadel on a height near to it. It contains mosques, Greek churches, and Jews’ synagogues, and about 17,000 inhabitants, of whom 10,000 are Turks, 3500 are Greeks, and 3500 are Jews. It has two havens, both spacious and safe, and bazars, which are stored with every description of Asiatic and European merchandise. The inhabitants make the best Morocco leather, and carry on manufactures of cotton and silk, spinning and weaving, and have several establishments for making porcelain ware. It is governed by an aga, who represents the Capudan Pasha, the commander in chief of the province. It is in long. 26.32. 10. E. Lat. 40. 25. 33. N.
GALL, in the animal economy, the same thing as bile. Gall was generally given amongst the Jews to persons suffering death under the execution of the law, to make them less sensible of pain; but gall and myrrh are supposed to have been the same thing, because at our Saviour’s crucifixion, St Matthew says that they gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall; whereas St Mark calls it wine mingled with myrrh. The truth of the matter perhaps is, that they distinguished every thing bitter by the name of gall. The Greeks and Romans also gave such a mixture to persons suffering a death of torture.

Gall, in Natural History, denotes any protuberance or tumour produced by the puncture of insects on plants and trees of different kinds. These galls are of various forms and sizes, and not less different in their internal structure than in their external form. Some have only one cavity, and others a number of small cells communicating with one another; and some of them are as hard as the wood of the tree they grow on, whilst others are soft and spongy. The former are termed gall-nuts, and the latter berrygalls or apple-galls.
GALLA, an Abyssinian nation. See Abyssinia.
GALLEON, in naval affairs, a sort of ship or vessel employed by the Spaniards in the commerce of the West Indies.
GALLEOT, a small galley designed only for chase, and carrying one mast, with two pattereroes.
GALLERY, in Architecture, a covered place in a house, of much greater length than breadth, and usually in the wings of a building, its use being chiefly to walk in.

Gallery, in Fortification, a covered walk across the ditch of a town, made of strong beams covered with planks, and loaded with earth. Sometimes it is covered with raw hides, to defend it from the fire of the besieged.

Gallery of a Mine is a narrow passage or branch of a mine carried on under ground to a chamber in a work designed to be blown up.
GALLEY, a kind of low flat-built vessel, furnished with one deck, and navigated with sails and oars, particularly in the Mediterranean. By the Greek authors under the eastern empire this kind of vessel was called χαλcua and γaxua, by the Latin authors of the same time galea ; and hence, according to some, the modern denomination. Some say it was called galea, because a casque or helmet was carried on the prow, as Ovid attests (de TrιM>tu). The French call it galère, because it seems the top of the mast is usually cut in the form of a hat, which the Italians call galero. Others derive both galea and galère from a fish called by the Greeks γaaturrn or ξ∕pιαj, and by us the sicord-Jish, which this vessel resembles. Others, again, derive galley, gallea, galère, gulleasse, &c. from the Syriac and Chaldee yaul, and galin, a man exposed on the water in a vessel of wood.
GALLI, in Antiquity, a name given to the priests of Cybele, from the river Gallus in Phrygia; but of the etymology of the name we have no certain account.
GALLICISM, a mode of speech peculiar to the French language, and contrary to the rules of grammar in other languages. With us it is used to denote such phrases or modes of speech in English as are formed after the French idiom.
GALLIPOLI, a sea-port, the seat of a bishop, in the province of Otranto, in the kingdom of Naples. It is situated on an island in the Bay of Taranto, but connected by a bridge with the main land. The haven is connected by a mole, but the entrance is dangerous on account of the rocks. It is strongly fortified both on the land and the sea side. It contains, besides the cathedral, ten churches, an ecclesiastical seminary, with some other establishments for education, and, with the suburbs, 8141 inhabitants. The land near it yields oil of great celebrity. In the city, cotton, hosiery, and muslins, are manufactured, and an extensive tunny fishery is carried on. Long. 17. 2. E. Lat. 40. 20. N.
GALLON, a measure of capacity both for things dry and liquid, containing four quarts.
GALLOP, in the manege, is the swiftest natural pace of a horse, performed by reaches or leaps; the two forefect being raised almost at the same time, and when these are in the air, and just ready to touch the ground again, the two hind feet arc lifted almost at once. The word is borrowed from the barbarous Latin calupare, or calpare, to run. Some, however, derive it from caballicare ; and others from the Greek καλταζso, to spur a horse.
GALLOWAY, a province of Scotland, divided into two districts, comprehending the stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtonshire. See Kirkcudbright and Wigtonshire.
GALLOWS, an instrument of punishment, on which persons convicted of capital crimes are executed by hanging. Amongst our ancestors it was called furcu, or fork; the gallows being a fork driven into the ground, across the legs of which was laid a beam, to which the rope was fastened.
GALLUS, C. Cornelius, a native of Forum Julii, now Frejus, in Gaul, was distinguished amongst Latin poets for his elegiac poetry, being the intimate friend of Virgil, who speaks in the very highest terms of his works, he was appointed prefect of Egypt by Augustus 30 b. c, and was governor at the time when Antony and Cleopatra put an end to their lives. A short time afterwards he was recalled, and being accused of treason, was tried and condemned to death (26 b. c.) ; but he escaped the ignominy of a public execution by suicide, at the age of forty, according to Eusebius. Of his four books of elegies, which he addressed to his beloved Lycoris, nothing has been preserved. The six elegies known under his name are the work on Maximianus Gallus Etruscus, who flourished under Anastasius (491, A. D.). Besides these elegies, Gallus translated a Greek poem of Euphorion of Chalcedon; and some ascribe also to him the poem Ciris, generally considered as the work of Virgil. (Fabric. Bibl. Lat. i. 14; Souchay, in the Mém. de l’Acad, des Inscript, tom. xvi. p. 399.)
GALVANISM is the name which has been given to that branch of physical science which treats of the chemical agencies of electricity, and of its influence upon the animal frame. The chemical effects of electrical action had been previously studied by Cavendish as a branch of ordinary electricity, and it was not till the year 1790, when Galvani made the interesting discovery that muscular contractions were excited in dead frogs by the contact of metals, that the new science of Galvanism was established. The boundaries of Galvanism were widely extended by the invention of the pile in 1800, by Μ. Volta of Coma, in consequence of which the name of Voltaic Electricity has been very generally substituted instead of Galvanism.

Had we been disposed to adopt the earlier and more popular name, and to have treated the subject under the foresaid head, the state of the science would have forced us to abandon our design. The splendid discoveries of Mr Faraday, to which we have referred in various parts of our article on electricity, have given a new form to electrical science; and as but a part of them have been published, we could only have presented our readers with an imperfect and disjointed article, the defects of which it would have been necessary to supply in a subsequent part of the alphabet. The subject of Galvanism, including Animal Electricity, will therefore be treated under the head of Voltaic Electricity, which will contain a complete view of Mr Faraday’s discoveries, as well as of those which may be made by other pliilosophers before that article is required for the press.
GAMBIA, a large river of Negroland, in Africa, running from east to west to the Atlantic Ocean.
GAMBIER’S Islands, a group of small islands in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Wilson of the Duff in May 1797. They extend about five or six miles in length. An elevated mountain in the middle is in Long. 225. E. Lat. 23. 12. S.
GAME, in general, signifies any diversion or sport which is performed with regularity, and conducted according to certain rules.

Games are usually distinguished into those of exercise and address, and those of hazard. To the first belong chess, tennis, billiards, and others; to the latter those performed with cards or dice, as backgammon, ombre, piquet, whist, and others.

Games, in Antiquity, were public diversions, exhibited on solemn occasions. Such were the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games, among the Greeks; and the Apollinarian, Circensian, Capitoline, &c. games, among the Romans.
GAMELIA, in Grecian antiquity, a nuptial feast, or rather sacrifice, held in the ancient Greek families on the day before a marriage. It was so called from a custom they had of shaving themselves on this occasion, and presenting their hair to some deity to whom they had particular obligations.
GAMELION, in the ancient chronology, was the eighth month of the Athenian year, containing twenty-nine days, and answering to the latter part of our January and beginning of February. It was so called, as being, in the opinion of the Athenians, the most proper season of the year for marriage.
GAMMONING, among seamen, denotes several turns of a rope taken round the boltsprit, and reeved through holes in knees of the head, for the greater security of the boltsprit.
GAMUT, Gan-ví, in Music, a scale on which the musical notes, ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, are sounded in their several orders and dispositions. See Music.
GANDICOTTA, or Wandicota, a district of Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded districts, situated between the fourteenth and fifteenth degrees of north latitude, and now chiefly comprehended in the Cuddapah collectorship. The river Pennar crosses it. The principal towns are Gandicota, Tadimery, and Anantapooram. Gandicota is the capital of the district, situated on the top of a lofty mountain. There is no passage to the fortress but by a narrow road cut out of the rock along the edge of the precipice. The surrounding plain is well watered and cultivated; and here was formerly a diamond mine. Long. 78. 20. E. Lat. 14.44. N.