pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PALES, in Pagan worship, the goddess of the shepherds, to whom they offered milk and honey, in order that she might deliver them and their flocks from wild beasts and infectious diseases. This goddess is represented as an old woman. Her festivals, called Palilia, were celebrated on the 21st of April, the day on which Romulus began to lay the foundation of the city of Rome; the ceremonies consisting in burning heaps of straw, and leaping over them. Some call the festival Parilia {quasi a pαriendo y ), because the sacrifices were offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks.
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PALESTRINA, a town of Austrian Italy, in the province of Milan, and delegation of Venice. It is rather a village than a town, being situated on an island at the mouth of the river that stretches from Porto di Chioggia to Porto di Malomocco, a distance of nearly fourteen miles. It contains 5980 inhabitants.
PALFREY is one of the better sort of horses used by [7:16:763]noblemen or others for state, and sometimes of old taken for a horse fit for a woman to ride.
PALGUNGE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, and district of Monghir, 122 miles south-east from Patna. Long. 86. 15. E. Lat. 24. 5. N.
PALHAUNPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, and district of Dandur. Long. 72. 35. E. Lat. 24. 44. N.
PALICAUDCHERRY, a town of Hindustan, in the province, of Malabar. In the year 1766, Hyder Ali gave orders for building here a strong stone fort, which might serve as a point of communication between his new conquests and his fixed resources in the district of Coimbetoor. It is situated in the middle of the teak forests, on the bank of the Paniany River, by which, during the rainy season, any quantity of wood may be floated down to the seaport of Paniany, and from thence conveyed to Bombay or Ceylon. Around the fort are scattered many villages, estates, and bazaars; but there is little appearance of a town. The surrounding district contains 123,074 inhabitants. It was ceded to the British by Tippoo in 1792. The fort is 110 miles south from Seringapatam. Long. 76. 50. E. Lat. 10. 50. N.
PALINDROMUS, a verse or sentence which runs the same when read either backwards or forwards. Such is the verse,

Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor.

Some people of leisure have refined upon the palindromus, and composed verses, each word of which is the same read backwards as forwards; for instance, that of Camden:

Odo tenet mulum, madidam mappam tenet Anna. Anna tenet mappam madidam, mulum tenet Odo.
PALINGENESIA, amongst divines, the same with regeneration. Amongst the older chemists, it denotes the producing of a body from its principles.
PALINGENIUS, Marcellus, an Italian poet, well known by a poem divided into twelve books, and entitled Zodiacus Vitae, which occupied him several years in composing, and dedicated to Hercules II. of Este, duke of Ferrara. Some say he was a physician to that prince; others rank him amongst the learned Lutherans, to whom the Duchess of Ferrara gave a reception in her court, and honoured with her protection. His Zodiac contains good things, and is a philosophical satire against immorality and false prejudices. Of the author’s life, however, little is known. He died some time between the years 1537 and 1543.
PALINODE, a discourse contrary to principles formerly avowed; and thence the phrase of palinodiam cαnere means a recantation.
PALINURUS, in fabulous history, the pilot of Aeneas, whose fate Virgil very pathetically describes. He fell into [7:16:769]the sea when asleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests, but at last got safe ashore, when the cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him to get his clothes. His body was left unburied on the sea-shore; and since no one could cross the Stygian lake before a hundred years were elapsed, if his remains had not been decently inter-· red, we find Aeneas, when he had descended to the regions below, speaking to Palinurus, and assuring him, that though his bones were deprived of sepulture, yet the place where his body was exposed should soon be adorned with a monument, and bear his name; and accordingly a promontory was called Palinurus.
PALISSE, La, an arrondissement of the department of the Allier, in France, extending over 638 square miles. It comprehends six cantons, divided into seventy-seven communes, and contains 65,200 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated in a fertile spot on the left bank of the river Allier. It contains 2250 inhabitants, who are employed in spinning cotton, and to a considerable extent in making boots and shoes.
PALKAH, a small town of the Sikh territories, in the province of Lahore, 112 miles north-east from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 13. E. Lat. 32. 58. N.
PALK’S Straits, an arm of the sea, which separates Ceylon from the coast of Coromandel.
PALL, in Heraldry , a figure like a Greek χ, and about the breadth of a pallet. It is by some heralds called a cross pall, on account of its being looked upon as an archiepiscopal bearing.
PALLA, in Roman antiquity, a mantle which women wore over the gown called stola. It was borne on the left shoulder, whence passing to the other side, under the right arm, the two ends were bound under the left arm, leaving the breast and the arm quite bare. It had a great many folds, and derived its name from παλλω, to shake or tremble. Palla Isle, a small island in the Eastern Seas, about six miles in circumference, situated to the south of Sangir. Long. 125. 30. E. Lat. 3. 5. N.
PALLADIO, Andrea, a celebrated Italian architect, was born at Vicenza in 1518, being descended of a family, originally of Friuli. The celebrated Trissino was his friend and Maecenas. He made exact drawings of the principal works of antiquity in Rome, adding commentaries, which went through several impressions. But this, though a very useful work, was greatly exceeded by his Treatise of Architecture, in four books, which appeared in the year 1570. On this work Inigo Jones wrote some excellent remarks, which were included in an edition of Palladio, published by Leoni in 1741, in two vols. folio. Palladio died at Vicenza, on the 19th of August 1580, in the sixty-second year of his age.
PALLADIUM, in Antiquity, a statue of the goddess Pallas, or Minerva. It was about three cubits high, and represented the goddess sitting, with a pike in her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. However various the opinions of ancient authors be about this celebrated statue, it is universally allowed that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This the Greeks, during the Trojan war, were well aware of; and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it. They effected their object; and if we may rely upon the authority of some, they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus, a son of Priam, who in this betrayed his country, because his brother Deiphobus, on the death of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was enamoured. Minerva was enraged at the violence offered to her statue. According to Virgil, the palladium itself seemed to have received life and motion; and by the flashes which darted from its eyes, and its sudden springs from the earth, it seemed to evince the resentment of the goddess. According to some, however, the true palladium was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only a statue of similar size and shape, which was placed near it, to deceive any sacrilegious persons who might attempt to steal it. They maintain, therefore, that Aeneas conveyed the palladium safely from Troy to Italy; and that it was afterwards preserved by the Romans, with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple of Vesta, a circumstance which none but the vestal virgins knew of. It was esteemed the destiny of Rome; and there were several others made perfectly like it, to secure it from being stolen, like that of Troy, which the oracle of Apollo declared would never be taken as long as the palladium was found within its walls. A palladium was also placed by Nicias in the citadel of Athens.
PALLADIUS, bishop of Helenopolis in Bithynia, and next of Aspona. He was a Galatian, and born at Cappadocia. He became an anchorite in the mountain of Nebria in 388, and was consecrated bishop in 401. He was an intimate friend of St John Chrysostom, whom he never forsook during the time of his persecution, nor even in his exile. He went to Rome some time after Chrysostom’s death, and, at the request of Lausus, governor of Cappadocia, composed a history of the anchorites or hermits, which he entitled Lausiaca, after the name of Lausus, to whom it was dedicated. This took place in the year 420, when the book was written; the author being then in the twentieth year of his episcopacy, and fifty-third of his age. Palladius was accused of being an Origenist. It is true, he was an enemy to St Jerome, of whom he does not speak well, and was intimately connected with Ruffinus; but perhaps no good proof can be brought of his Origenism. He had been the disciple of Evagrias of Pontus, and was even suspected of entertaining the sentiments of Pelagius. He died in the fifth century, but in what year is not certain. His history was published in Greek by Meursius, at Amsterdam, in 1619, and in Latin in the Bibliotheca Patrum ; buf he seems not to have been the writer of the Life of St John Chrysostom in Greek and Latin, printed in 1680.
PALLANZA, a province of the principality of Piemont, in the continental part of the kingdom of Sardinia. It is bounded on the north by Domo d’Ossola, on the east by Lago Maggiore, on the south by Novara, and on the west by Val di Sesia. It extends over 506 square miles, contains 135 towns and villages, fifty-six hamlets, and 115,000 inhabitants. It is in the north mountainous, in the south undulating, but very generally picturesque, especially on the eastern side, near the Lake Maggiore, which is adorned with the Borromean Islands. It is productive of fruit, tobacco, chestnuts, and wine; but does not grow quite sufficient corn for the consumption of its dense population, who are frequently compelled to wander to other districts to seek employment and subsistence. The capital is the small city of the same name situated on a point of land running into Lago Maggiore, on which it has a harbour for small craft. It contains two churches, a nunnery, a public school, and 1320 inhabitants.
PALLEEANGAN Isle, a small, low, woody island, one of the Sooloo archipelago, having a salt-water lake in the centre.
PALLET, amongst painters, a little oval table, or piece of wood or ivory, very thin and smooth, upon which the painters place the several colours they have occasion for, to be ready for the pencil. The middle serves to mix the colours on, and to make the tints required in the work. It has no handle, but, instead thereof, a hole at one end to put the thumb through, and thus hold it.

Pallet, amongst potters, crucible makers, and others, a wooden instrument, indeed almost the only one they use, for forming, beating, and rounding their works. They have several kinds of pallets. The largest are oval, with a handle; but others are round, or hollowed triangularly; and others, again, are like large knives, serving to cut off whatever is superfluous on the moulds of their work.

Pallet, in gilding, an instrument made of a squirrel’s tail, to take up the gold leaves from the pillow, and to apply and extend them on the matter to be gilt.

Pallet, in Heraldry, is nothing but a small pale. Upon one shield there are sometimes several pallets.
PALLIATAE, a name which the Romans gave to such plays as laid the plot in Greece, and required the performers to appear in Grecian habits. It is used in contradistinction to togatae, in which the scene was laid at Rome, and in which the dresses were Roman. The word ραlliata is derived from pallium, which was a part of dress peculiar to the Greeks; whereas the toga belonged exclusively to the Romans.
PALLISER, Cape, on the south coast of Eaheinomau-we, is the most northern island of New Zealand, and the north-east point of Cook’s Strait. Long. 183. 58. W. Lat. 4L 34. S.

Palliser’s Islands, a cluster of small islands in the South Pacific Ocean; the largest about fifteen miles long and nine broad, being connected by a reef of coral rocks, difficult of access. Long. 146. 30. W. Lat. 13. 38. S.
PALLIUM, a word often mentioned in our old historians. Durandus tells us that it is a garment made of white wool, after the following manner, viz. The nuns of [7:16:773]St Agnes offer every year, on the feast day of their saint, two white lambs on the altar of their church, during the time of singing the Agnus Dei, in a solemn mass; and these lambs are afterwards taken by two of the canons of the Lateran church, and by them given to the pope’s subdeacons, who send them to pasture till shearing time, when they are shorn, and the pall is made of their wool mixed with other white wool. The pall being thus made, is carried to the Lateran church, and there placed on the high altar, by the deacons of that church; and after the usual watching, it is carried away in the night, and delivered to the subdeacons, who lay it up safe. The pallium signifies the plenitude of ecclesiastical power; and therefore it was the prerogative of the popes, as the successors of St Peter, to invest other prelates with it. At first this was done nowhere but at Rome; though afterwards the ceremony was performed at other places.

Pallium, in Antiquity, was an upper garment or mantle worn by the Greeks, as the toga was by the Romans. These habits were so peculiar to the two nations respectively, that Palliatus was used to signify a Greek, and Togatus a Roman.
PALM has amongst almost all nations been regarded as an emblem of victory, and assigned as the reward of it. The reason why this tree was adopted and made use of to represent victory, is said to be, because it is so elastic, that if pressed by the greatest weight, it will rise superior to the pressure, and be able to restore itself to its former state, appearing almost invincible.

Palm Islands, a chain of islands near the north-eastern coast of New Holland, extending almost thirty miles in length, at the entrance of Halifax Bay. Long. 213. 25. W. Lat. 18. 53. S.

Palm-Sunday, in the Christian church, the Sunday next before Easter, being so called in memory of our Saviour’s triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the multitude who attended him strewed palm branches on his way.
PALMAS, Las, capital of the Great Canary, one of the group of the Canaries, situated off the coast of Western Africa. It is a large handsome town, and in 1835 contained 18,000 inhabitants. There are a cathedral, an hospital, and a college, with convents for monks and nuns of all orders. The city is well supplied with water, having fountains in all the principal streets and squares; and there is a public market, which is always abundantly' stocked with provisions.
PALMERSTON Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Cook, and afterwards visited by Captain wilson in the missionary ship Duff. It has the appearance of one island, but consists really of eight or nine. There are no inhabitants on the island, but numerous rats, supposed to have been drifted here on some hollow tree or root. Long. 163. 10. W. Lat. 18. 4. S.
PALMI, a city of Italy 7 , in the province of Calabria Ulteriore I., of the kingdom of Naples. It stands on the sea, in a district highly productive of silk, wine, and oil. It contains 6100 inhabitants, many of them employed in woollen and silk manufactures. It was almost wholly destroyed by the earthquake of 1783, but has since been rebuilt.
PALMIRAS, a celebrated point of land at the head of the Bay of Bengal, which all vessels bound for Calcutta endeavour to make, and on which the East India Company have erected a lighthouse. Long. 87.5. E. Lat. 20. 44. N.
PALMISTRY, a kind of divination, or rather a deceitful art practised by gipsies, who pretend to foretell events by looking upon the lines and marks of the hand.
PALMUS, a long measure used both by the Greeks and the Romans. The Grecian palmus was of two sorts; the greater, which contained nine finger-breadths, and the less, which contained four. The Roman palmus was also of two sorts; the greater, which contained twelve fingerbreadths, or eight inches and a half English; and the less, which contained four finger-breadths, or nearly three inches English. The great palmzis was taken from the length of the hand or span, the less from the breadth of it.
PALNAUD, a district of the south of India, in the Carnatic, situated chiefly between the sixteenth and seventeenth degrees of north latitude, and on the south side of the river Kistnah. It was ceded to the British in 1801, and is now comprehended in the collectorship of Guntoor.
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The chief towns are Macheria, Timerycotta, and Currum-con da.
PALO, a town of Diarbekir, in Asiatic Turkey, situated on the banks of the Euphrates, and near the edge of a mountain, the summit of which is covered with ruins, from which quantities of old coins and metals are occasionally dug up. The inhabitants amount to 8000, consisting of Turks, Armenians, and Koords. Earthquakes are frequent; and the houses are ill built. The river flows here with an extremely rapid current; and, from the weakness of the wooden bridge, whole caravans have sometimes been swept away when the river was swollen from the melting of the snows. It is sixty miles north of Diarbckir.
PALOS, a reef of rocks in the Straits of Macassar, near the west coast of Celebes. Long. 119. 15. E. Lat. 0. 24. S. There is a town of the same name on the western coast of the island of Celebes, in a bay to which it gives name. Long. 119. 39. E. Lat. 0. 56. S.
PALPAH, a small district of Northern Hindustan, subject to the Ghoorkali rajah of Nepaul, and situated between the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth degrees of north latitude. To the south it is separated from Oude by extensive woods and forests, and forms one of the numerous principalities subject to Nepaul, called the Territories of the Twenty-four Rajahs. It is intersected by the river Gunduck, and is mountainous and unproductive. The Gunduck is the principal river. Palpah is also the chief town of the district, being situated amongst the mountains that overlook the Gunduck River. Long. 82. 55. E. Lat. 28. 11. N.
PALREE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, situated near the western boundary, between Therah and Theraud. It contains about 250 houses, or rather huts, principally inhabited by Rajpoots.
PALUDAMENTUM, in Roman antiquity, was a habit which differed but little from the chlamys, except that the latter belonged chiefly to the lower class of people. It was worn by the officers and principal men amongst the Romans in time of war, who were therefore called Paludati; and this distinguished them from the common soldiers, who, because they wore the sagum, were called the Sagati. The paludamentum came down only to the navel, was open at the sides, had short sleeves resembling angels’ wings, and was generally white or red. It is sometimes used to signify the common soldier’s coat.
PALUS Meotis, the ancient name of a gulf between Europe and Asia, to the north of the Black Sea, and now called the Sea of Asoph.
PALY, or Pale, in Heraldry, is when the shield is divided into four or more equal parts, by perpendicular lines falling from the top to the bottom.

Paly Bende is when the escutcheon is divided by perpendicular lines, which is paly, and also by diagonals, which is called bendy.
PAMBOON, a town of Celebes, on the west coast, with an indifferent harbour. It is the residence of a rajah. The inhabitants trade with Macassar and Batavia, and barter the cotton cloth which they manufacture, for gold-dust.
PAMER, a high table-land of Asia, upon the western limit of Little Thibet, and bounded on the west by a mountain ridge of the same name. This ridge joins at its southern extremity the chain of Hindu Coosh, and stretches on the north into the territories of Cashmere, separating Chinese from Independent Tartary.
PAMIERS, an arrondissement of the department of Arriège, in France, extending over 521 square miles. It comprehends six cantons, divided into 115 communes, and contains 67,250 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, the see of a bishop, and the seat of the courts of law for the department. It is situated on the left bank of the river Arriège, in a fertile district, producing much wine. It has a cathedral, three churches, 1000 houses, and 6400 inhabitants, employed in making cotton and woollen goods, and hats. Long. 2. 30. E. Lat. 43. 8. N.
PAMPELUNA, or Pamplona, a city of Spain, the capital of the province or kingdom of Navarre. It was the place in which th⅛ ancient kings of that country held their court, and whence they exercised the mild government of that very limited monarchy. As a strongly fortified frontier town, it has many historical events connected with it in ancient times. Of a recent date, when Bonaparte had resolved on the subjugation of Spain, this place was deemed of so much importance to the success of his cause, that it was seized by an act of treachery, and employed as a depot for the supplies brought from France. After the French were driven out of Spain, it surrendered to the allied armies. In the civil war which still distracts Spain, it was held by the queen’s party, when, from want of pay and provisions, a bloody mutiny broke out amongst the troops, who murdered some of their officers, and compelled others to join them. After a time this mutiny was in some measure appeased; and the queen’s general, Espartero, having entered the place, an inquisition was held, when such bloody sacrifices of life were offered as have scarcely ever been known, except in France, in modern times.

In describing this city, a view of it can only be given as it appeared before the recent dreadful events. It is finely situated in the centre of a circular plain, called the Cuença, bordered with hills of no great height, which are projections from the Pyrenean range of mountains. The river Arga runs through and fertilizes the plain, which is highly cultivated, and very productive. It has a castle and fortifications, which are nearly impregnable. The streets are wide and clean, the houses arc well built, and the place is most copiously supplied with good water from several fountains. It is the seat of a bishop, and of the provincial government and courts of law. Besides a fine old cathedral, it has four splendid churches, thirteen monasteries, four hospitals, a college, 1650 dwelling houses, and 14,500 inhabitants. There are, or at least were, manufactures of woollen cloth, of parchment, of leather, of pottery and china ware, and of wax-tapers for churches and chapels. It is in longitude 1. 9. 50. W. and latitude 42. 49. 57. N.
PAMPER, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Cashmere, and district of Vehy, being situated on the north side of the Jhylum River. Long. 73.13. E. Lat. 34. 19. N.
PAMPHILUS, a celebrated painter of Macedonia, in the age of Philip. He was the founder of the school of painting at Sicyon; and he made a law which was observed not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but children of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting. Apelles was one of his pupils.
PANAGUR, a town or village of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah, and district of Gurrah, 115 miles south from Chatterpoor. Long. 88. 15. E. Lat. 25. 20. N.
PANAMAO Isle, one of the Philippine Islands, about fifteen miles in circumference, and of a triangular form. Long. 124. 15. E. Lat. 11. 27. N.
PANAON, or Panahan, is one of the Philippine Islands, about forty-five miles in circumference. It is well watered by numerous streams that flow from the mountains. Long. 125. 12. E. Lat. 10. 7. N.
PANARAGA, a town of the island of Java, and capital of a kingdom, situated on the southern side of the island. It is sixty miles east of Mataran.
PANAROOCAN, a town of Java, in the north-eastern extremity of the island, situated on a river which enters the sea by several mouths. It was formerly the capital of an ancient principality, but is now subject to the Dutch. It has a square fort, built with palisades and planks, and which stands about three quarters of a mile' from the sea, in a marshy plain. Long. 114. E. Lat. 7.