pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
NORTHALLERTON, a borough, market-town, and parish, in the north riding of the county of York, 225 miles north-north-west from London. It is situated on the side of an eminence, which, rising from the banks of a branch of the river Swale, called the Wiske, slopes gently towards the east, and consists chiefly of one broad street about half a mile in length. It is surrounded by an exceedingly rich and fertile tract of country, the parish alone containing 13,000 acres of land. The market-place is spacious, and is surrounded by commodious houses, built principally of brick. The town was formerly celebrated for its fine ales; its chief manufactures at the present time are those of leather and linen. The church is a handsome Gothic structure, built in the form of a cross, and containing several fine old monuments. There is likewise a grammar school, of ancient but uncertain foundation. A new prison was erected, as a relief to the county jail of York, several years ago, according to a plan of Howard. Here was formerly a castle, as well as a convent for nuns; but no vestige of either now remains. This town has a weekly market on the Wednesdays, and five fairs are held during the year. At a short distance from the town was fought the celebrated battle of the Standard, in the year 1138, between the English and the Scots, when the latter were defeated. The government of the borough is vested in a bailiff, deputed by the Bishop of Durham, who is lord of the manor; and it returns two members to parliament. The population of the parish amounted in 1821 to 4431, and in 1831 to 5118; that of the borough amounted in 1821 to 2626, and in 1831 to 3004.
NORTHERN LIGHTS, the same with the Aurora 3orealis. See Aurora Borealis.
NORTH FLEET, a town of the county of Kent, in the ιundred of Toltingtrough, and lathe of Aylesford, twenty niles from London, on the road to Dover. It is situated in a chalk hill rising from the south bank of the Thames, ιnd commanding an extensive view of the river, and of the ounty of Essex beyond it. Great quantities of lime are nade from chalk, and the flints collected are prepared for ire-arms. Northfleet has now no market. The popula-ion amounted in 1801 to 1910, in 1811 to 2031, in 1821 □ 1964, and in 1831 to 2124.
NORTHLEACH, a town of the county of Gloucester, in the hundred of Bradley, eighty-one miles from London. It is situated in the centre of the range of the Cotswold Hills, on the river Leach, and was once a clothing town of some consideration, but that trade is lost. There is here a bridewell for the county, and a free grammar-school. It is a corporate town, and has a market which is held on Wednesday. The population amounted in 1801 to 664, in 1811 to 647, in. 1821 to 773, and in 1831 to 795.
NORTON, in Cheshire, a good modern alms-house, erected on the site of a priory of canons regular of St Augustin, founded in the year 1135, by William, son of Nigellus. But the latter did not live to complete his design; for Eustace de Burgaville granted to Hugh de Catharine pasture for a hundred sheep, on condition that he finished the church in all respects conformably to the intentions of the founders.
NOSE, the organ of smell. See Anatomy. The uses of the nose are, exciting in us the sense of smelling, and serving in the great office of respiration, as well as in modelling the voice, receiving the abundant humours from the eyes, and adding to the beauty of the face. The nose was by the augurs particularly attended to in forming conjectures concerning future good or ill success. The tingling of the right or left nostril, for instance, was thought to indicate different things, as it happened to different sexes, or to persons in different conditions.
NOSOLOGY is a Greek word signifying a discourse or treatise of diseases, otherwise called pathology. The importance of a comprehensive and accurate nosology has been long and generally allowed. Baglivi, Boerhaave, Gorter, Gaubius, and Sydenham, have expressed their desire for a work of this kind, the great object of which should be to fix the pathognomonics of every disease, or to dispose all diseases into certain classes, orders, and genera, founded on distinctions taken from the symptoms only, without regard to remote or proximate causes.
NOTAE, signs used in writing, which have the force of many letters. This contrivance for expedition is of great antiquity. It was known to the Greeks, and from them passed to the Romans. By whom the invention was brought to Rome has not been precisely ascertained; but the most general opinion is, that in matters of importance Tully first made use of notes or short-hand writing when Cato delivered an oration in opposition to Julius Caesar relative to the conspiracy of Catiline. Cicero, who was at that time consul, placed notarii, or expert short-hand writers, in different parts of the senate-house, to take down the speech; and this was the first public occasion which we find recorded of employing short-hand writers amongst the Ronans. It is unnecessary to observe, that the name of no· ’ αry, still in use, was derived from this practice. There vere three kinds of notes for short-hand writing used by I he ancients, either for despatch or secrecy. The first ιnd most ancient was that of hieroglyphics, which are ,- ather images or representations of things than of words. The second species were called singulariae, from their ex- )ressing words by single letters. Sertorius Ursatus has !ompiled a very copious collection of such abbreviations. The third kind were called notae Tironianae, from Tiro he freedman of Cicero, who was particularly skilled in his art; and it is to him that we are indebted for the pre-ervation of Cicero’s letters, of which a great part still regain, one entire book having been addressed to Tiro him-elf.

It appears that notes were in frequent use amongst the tomans, and continued to be employed till the tenth and !eyenth centuries. We have indeed but few books re- ’ wining which are written in short-hand; but this is not uprising, when such was the unhappy situation of early times, that either superstition condemned them to the flames as the works of impious magicians, or they were left, through ignorance and stupidity, to be devoured by vermin. It is probable, however, that there are still extant writings of this sort, which might contribute to enrich the republic of letters.

There are several manuscripts and instruments written in these kinds of notae in the royal library of Paris. In the year 174∙7, the learned and ingenious Μ. Charpentier engraved and published at Paris a capitulary, and fifty-four charters of Louis the Pious, emperor and king of France, written in the notae Tironianae. To this work the learned editor has prefixed an Alphabetum Tironianum, together with a great number and variety of notes or marks for the different parts of speech, and rules for acquiring the art of writing in this kind of notes. Valerius Probus, in his book De Litteris Antiquis, explains many of the characters used by the short-hand writers; and there is a dictionary of them published by Gruterus.
NOTARII, persons employed by the Romans to take, by means of notae, trials and pleadings in their courts of judicature, or to write as amanuenses from the mouth of an author. These notarii were of servile condition. Un? der the reign of Justinian they were formed into a college or corporate body. Notarii were also appointed to attend the prefects, in order to transcribe for them. There were likewise notarii domestici, who were employed in keeping the accounts of the Roman nobility; and when the empire became Christian, there were notaries for ecclesiastical affairs, who attested the acts of archbishops, bishops, and other spiritual dignitaries. We find ecclesiastical notaries at Rome under Pope Julius IV. and also in the church of Antioch about the year 370. From these notaries was derived the office of chancellor to the bishops; and afterwards almost every advocate was admitted a notary.
NOTARY (Notarius) signifies a person who takes notes, or frames short draughts of contracts, obligations, charter-parties, or such other writings. At present we call him a notary public, because he publicly attests deeds or writings, in order to make them authentic.
NOTATION, in Arithmetic and Algebra, the method of expressing numbers or quantities by signs or characters appropriated for that purpose. See Arithmetic and Algebra.
NOTES, in music, characters which are used, in writing or printing, to mark the pitch and the duration of the sounds of any musical composition. These characters or signs of notation have varied much at different times. Many alterations of those now generally received have been proposed, but not adopted. Numerical and literal methods of expressing musical sounds have been repeatedly proposed; but it seems that these are even more complicated than the signs in common use. A musical shorthand, constructed of alphabetical letters, was proposed many years ago in France, but rejected; although in numerous cases of simple melody and harmony it might be very useful in saving space to publishers of books. As to the notation of music in ancient and modern times, see Padre Martini, Hawkins, and Burney, and especially Mersenne regarding the entablature of some musical instruments now disused. See Music.

Note is likewise used to signify a mark made in a book or writing, where there occurs something remarkable and worthy of particular notice; as also an observation or explication of some passage in an author, added in the margin, at the bottom of the page, or elsewhere. In this sense it stands contradistinguished to text. Note is also a minute, or short writing, containing some article of business. In this sense we say, promissory note, note of hand, bank-note, and the like.
NOTHUS signifies spurious or bastard ς and hence it is [7:16:280]figuratively applied by physicians to diseases which, though in respect of a similitude of symptoms they have the same denomination as some others, yet are of a different origin from them.
NOTION, a word which in common language is considered as of the same import with idea. See Metaphysics.
NOTITIA, in literary history, a book which gives an account of a particular country, city, or other place. Such are the Notitia Imperii Romani, the Notitia Romoe Antiquae, and other similar works.
NOTO, a city of the island of Sicily, in the kingdom of Naples, the capital of the province of the same name, 149 miles from Palermo. It stands on a rocky hill, in a fine but unhealthy situation. It has elegant streets, with noble churches and convents, and forms one of the most respectable places on the island; whilst the surrounding soil, though much of it is neglected, is of abundant fertility. Its port is Avola, about seven miles distant. It contains 1958 houses, and 13,300 inhabitants.

Noto, Val di, one of the three valleys or provinces into which Sicily is divided, and which lies between the sea, the Vai di Demona, and the Vai di Mazara. Noto is the capital town.
NOVAIA, a small town of Tobolsk, in Asiatic Russia, situated on the Irtysch, one hundred miles east-south-east of Tobolsk.
NOVARA, a province of the duchy of Piedmont, in the continental dominions of Sardinia. It extends over 610 square miles, and comprehends one citv, 117 market-towns and villages, and about 100,000 inhabitants. It is a level district, watered by the rivers Ticino, Sesia, and Agnona, the streams of which are spread by numerous small canals, so as to irrigate the whole of the surface; but as the water is not stagnant, the air is not generally insalubrious, excepting near the extensive rice-grounds. Much corn is raised, and some of the best silk, with hemp, flax, and fruits.

The capital is the city of the same name, situated on a [7:16:284]hill at the foot'of which flows the river Agnona; it is fortified, is the scat of a bishop, and has a cathedral. It contains several parish churches, seventeen convents for the two sexes, and two thousand houses, with 14,662 inhabitants. The city has two colleges and a theological seminary.. The chief occupations of the inhabitants consist in weaving silk and linen, and some smaller trades. Long. 8. 32. 25. E. Lat. 45. 26. 58. N.
NOVATIAN, a priest of Rome, but originally a pagan philosopher. He was baptized in bed when dangerously ill; having recovered, he was afterwards ordained priest through the favour of his bishop, although the clergy and the people were far from being disposed to grant it. He does not appear to have had the good of the church much at heart; for, with his wit, knowledge, and eloquence, he might have been peculiarly serviceable to her, had he not meanly shrunk from his duty when he dreaded persecution. His ambition to be a bishop likewise misled him; and the circumstance which occasioned the apostacy of most of the first heresiarchs also occasioned his. On the death of Fabian, bishop of Rome, Novatian, after writing a letter to St Cyprian, remained quiet whilst the see was vacant; but the promotion of Cornelius excited his envy and jealousy to the highest pitch. The consequence was a separation from the new bishop, and from those who professed to believe, what Novatian strenuously denied, that the church could receive those again who had been guilty of idolatry. He soon got together a number of followers amongst the laity, and some even amongst the clergy. Novatus, a priest of Carthage, was one of his party, and having been opposed to St Cyprian, brought his adherents with him. In an infamous and clandestine manner he got himself consecrated bishop of Rome, by three weak men, whom he had grossly imposed upon; and one of them afterwards did penance for having been concerned in what was so contrary to order, decency, and the rules of the church. His designs, however, in this disgraceful affair did not succeed; for he was not acknowledged as bishop of that diocese, Cornelius being confirmed in it, whilst he was condemned and excommunicated. He still, however, taught his doctrine, and at length became the head of the party which bears his name. St Jerome says he wrote on the Passover, on the Sabbath, on Circumeision, on the high priests, on prayer, on Jewish meals, and on firmness of mind, besides a large treatise on the Trinity. But none of these works appears under his own name, and some are thought not to be his.
NOVATIANS, Novatiani, a sect of ancient heretics, who arose towards the close of the third century, and were so called from Novatian, a priest of Rome. They were also denominated Cathari or Puritans. Novatian first separated from the communion of Pope Cornelius, on pretence of his being too easy in admitting to repentance those who had fallen off in times of persecution. Novatus coming to Rome, joined himself to the faction of Novatian, and both maintained that there was no other admission into the church but by the repentance in baptism, grounding their opinion on the words of St Paul: “It is impossible for those önee enlightened, and who have tasted the heavenly gift, if they fall away, to renew themselves by repentance.” Not that they denied but a person who had fallen into any sin, however grievous, might obtain pardon by repentance; for the Novatians themselves recommended repentance in the strongest terms. But their doctrine was, that the church had not the power to receive sinners into its communion, as having no way of remitting sins but by baptism, which, once received, could not be repeated. In process of time the Novatians softened and moderated the rigour of their master’s doctrine, and only refused absolution to very great sinners. The two leaders were proscribed, and declared heretics, not for excluding penitents from communion, but for denying that the church had a power of remitting sins.
NOVATION, or Innovation, in the Civil Law, de [7:16:290]notes the change of one kind of obligation for another; as when a promise is accepted instead of a written obligation.
NOVATUS, a priest of Carthage in the third century, who, to avoid being punished for a crime, joined with the deacon named Felicissimus against St Cyprian. In 251 he went to Rome, and there found Novatian, who had acquired great reputation’ by his eloquence, but who murmured at his not being raised to the see of Rome in preference to Cornelius. Novatus soon contracted a friendship with him, and afterwards promoted the consecration of Novatian. This irregular proceeding produced a very great schism. Novatus also maintained that the church had not the power to receive those into communion who had fallen into idolatry.
NOVEMVIRI, nine magistrates of Athens, whose government lasted but for one year. The first of them was called archon, or prince; the second basileu,s, or king; the third polemarchus, or general of the army; the other six were called thesmothetae, or lawgivers. They took an oath to observe the laws, and, in case of failure, obliged themselves to bestow upon the commonwealth a statue of gold as large as themselves. Those who discharged their office with honour were received into the number of the senators of Areopagus.
NOVI, a city of the duchy of Genoa, in Italy, now belonging to Sardinia. It is situated on thtí great road to Piedmont, has a strong castle, several churches, and 5572 inhabitants, who prepare some of the best silk in the district, in which they have a brisk trade, as well as in colonial productions.
NOVICE, a person not yet skilled or experienced in an art or profession. In the ancient Roman militia, novicii or novitii were the young raw soldiers, distinguished by this appellation from the veterans. In the ancient orders of knighthood, there were novices or clerks in arms, who went through a kind of apprenticeship ere they were admitted knights.

Novice is more particularly used in monasteries for a religious person still in his or her year of probation, and who has not made the vows. In some convents the subprior has the direction of the novices. In nunneries the novices wear a white veil, the rest a black one.
NOVICIATE, a year of probation appointed for the trial of religious, whether or not they have a vocation, and the necessary qualities for living up to the rule, the observance of which they are to bind themselves to by vow. The noviciate lasts a year at least, in some houses more. It is esteemed the bed of civil death to a novice, who expires to the world by profession.
NOVOGOROD. See Nowogorod.
NOWADAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, fifty-four miles south-south-east from Patna. Near it there is a pass through the mountains. Long. 85. 40. E. Lat. 24. 54. N.
NOWAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, situated on the north-west bank of the Mahanuddy River. It belongs to the Nagpore Mahrattas, and is thirty miles south-south-east from Ruttunpoor. Long. 82. 55. E. Lat. 21.55. N.
NOWED, in Heraldry, signifies knotted, from the Latin nodatιιs ; being applied to the tails of such creatures as are very long, and sometimes represented in coat-armour as tied up in a knot.
NOWOGOROD, a province of Great Russia, which takes its name from the city which is now its capital, but was formerly that of the whole of Russia. The governments of Olonez, Pfkow, Twer, and a part of that of St Petersburg, were included in it, till the recent divisions of the empire were established. It now extends between 57. 18. and 61. 8. north latitude, and between 20. 4. and 29. 41. east longitude, over 56,616 square miles. It contains ten cities, and 7932 villages, which are formed into 690 parishes, having each a church. The inhabitants are 964,500, and almost exclusively adhere to the Greek worship. The face of the country is level, though it includes the Waldai Hills; but none of these is more than 300 feet above the level of the sea. The soil in the northern part is marshy, and chiefly covered with moss; but in the south there is some dry and good land, the cultivation of which rewards the labourer, and the province produces more corn, chiefly rye, than it consumes. It also yields flax, hemp, and mucn wood. The climate is severe, being nearly similar to that [7:16:292]of St Petersburg. The fisheries on the rivers and lakes yield much subsistence. There is but little commerce, and none but domestic manufactures.

Nowogorod, a city of Russia, the capital of a province, and of one of the thirteen circles of the same name into which that province is divided. It is situated in latitude 58. 32. 31. north, and longitude 31. 14. 16. east. It is the seat of the military government of Twer, as well as of both the military and civil governments of the province in which it stands. The site is on the banks of the Wolchow, where the water of the Ilmen is received into that stream, forming a river of more than a mile in breadth. The antiquities of the city are more striking than its beauties. The cathedral, with its brazen gates, is an object of curiosity for its venerable age, as is the tomb of St John of Nowogorod, a saint to whose shrine numerous pilgrims resort. It contains fifty-eight stone and four wooden churches, three monasteries, and 1550 houses, with 10,100 inhabitants. Though ill built, and with irregular narrow streets, it has an imposing appearance at a little distance, from the numerous spires and cupolas which are displayed. The chief occupations of the people are making sail-cloth and tanning leather.

Nowogorod Sewersk, a circle of the Russian province Tschernigow, extending in north latitude from 51. 51. to 52. 24. and in east longitude from 31. 51. to 34. 19. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Desna, 751 miles from St Petersburg. It is surrounded with walls, and has a castle, but neither in a good state of repair. It contains 1600 ill-built houses, with 8300 inhabitants, who carry on no manufactures, and subsist by trading in the productions of the surrounding soil. Long. 32. 48. E. Lat. 52. 50. N.
NOWOSILL, a circle of the Russian province of Tula, extending from north latitude 52. 53. to 53. 36. and from east longitude 37. 10. to 37. 25. and containing 94,600 inhabitants. The capital is a town of the same name, situated on the river Narutsha, 736 miles from St Petersburg, and containing 200 houses, with 1560 inhabitants. Long. 36. 55. E. Lat. 52. 55. N.
NOWPOORAH, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories of the province of Khandesh, forty-six miles east from Surat. Long. 73. 45. E. Lat. 21. 6. N.
NOX, in fabulous history, one of the most ancient deities amongst the heathens. She was daughter of Chaos, and from her union with her brother Erebus she gave birth to the Day and the Light. She was also the mother of the Parcae, Hesperides, Dreams; of Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. Nox is called by some of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well as of men; she was worshipped with great solemnity by the ancients, and had a famous statue in the temple of Diana at Ephesus. It was usual to offer her a black sheep, as she was the mother of the Furies; and a cock was also presented to her, as that bird proclaims the approach of day during the darkness of the night. She is represented as mounted on a chariot, and covered with a veil bespangled with stars. The constellations generally went before her as her constant messengers. Sometimes she is seen holding under her arms two children, one of which is black, representing Death, and the other white, representing Sleep. Some of the moderns have described her as a woman veiled in mourn- ’ ing, crowned with poppies, and carried upon a chariot drawn by owls and bats.