pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CANONICAL, something that belongs to, or partakes of, the nature of a rule or canon.

Canonical Hours are certain stated times of the day, consigned, more especially by the Romish church, to the offices of prayer and devotion. Such are matins, lauds, sixth and ninth vespers. In our country the canonical hours are from eight to twelve in the forenoon, before or after which marriage cannot be legally performed in any parish church.

Canonical Obedience is that Submission which, by the ecclesiastical laws, the inferior clergy are bound to pay to their bishops, and religious persons to their superiors.

Canonical Sins, in the ancient church, those which were deemed capital or mortal. Such especially were idolatry, murder, adultery, heresy, and schism.

Canonical Punishments are those which the church may inflict; such as excommunication, degradation, and penance, in Roman Catholic countries; also fasting, alms, whipping, and the like.

Canonical Life, the method or rule of living prescribed by the ancient clergy who lived in community. The canonical life was a kind of medium between the monastic and clerical lives. Originally the orders of monks and clerks were entirely distinct; but pious persons, in process of time, instituted colleges of priests and canons, where clerks, brought up for the ministry, as well as others already engaged therein, might live under a fixed rule, which, though somewhat more easy than the monastic, was yet more restrained than the secular. This was called the canonical life, and those who embraced it canons. Authors are divided about the founder of the canonical life. Some will have it to be founded by the apostles; others ascribe it to Pope Urban I. about the year 1230, who is said to have ordered bishops to provide such of their clergy as were willing to live in community, with necessaries out of the revenues of their churches. The generality attribute it to St Augustin, who, having gathered a number of clerks to devote themselves to religion, instituted a monastery within the episcopal palace, where he lived in community with them. Onuphrius Pan-vinus[7:6:95] brings the institution somewhat lower; according to him, Pope Gelasius I. about the year 495, placed the first regular canons of St Augustin in the Lateran church.

Canonical Letters, in the ancient church, were a sort of testimonials of the orthodox faith, which the bishops and clergy sent each other, to keep up the Catholic communion, and distinguish orthodox Christians from Arians and other heretics. They were denominated canonical, cither as being composed according to a certain rule or form, or because they were given to the canonici, that is, those comprehended in the canon or catalogue of their church. When they had occasion to travel into other dioceses or countries, dimissory and recommendatory letters, also letters of peace, and the like, were so many species of canonical letters.

Canonical is also an appellation given to those epistles in the New Testament, more frequently called catholic or general epistles.
CANONICUM, in a general sense, denotes a tax or tribute.

Canonicum is more particularly used in the Greek church for a fee paid by the clergy to bishops, archbishops, and metropolitans, for degrees and promotions.

Canonicum also denotes a due of first fruits, paid by the Greek laity to their bishops, or, according to Du Cange, to their priests. The canonicum is affected according to the number of houses or chimneys in a place.

The emperor Isaac Comnenus framed a constitution for regulating the canonicum of bishops, which was confirmed by another made in 1086, by his nephew Alexis Comnenus. A village containing thirty fires was to pay for its canoniczιm one piece of gold, two of silver, one sheep, six bushels of barley, six of wheat flour, six measures of wine, and thirty hens.
CANONIST, a person skilled in, or who makes profession of, the study and practice of the canon law. Canonists and civilians are usually combined in the same persons; and hence the title of∕wm utriuspue doctor, or legum doctor, usually expressed in abbreviature, J. U. D. or LL.D.
CANONIZATION, a ceremony in the Romish church, by which persons deceased are ranked in the catalogue of the saints. It succeeds beatification.

Before a beatified person is canonized, the qualifications of the candidate are strictly examined into, in consistories held for that purpose; after which, one of the consistorial advocates, in the presence of the pope and cardinals, pronounces the panegyric of the person who is to be proclaimed as a saint, and gives a particular detail of his life and miracles; which being done, the holy father decrees his canonization, and appoints the day.

On the day of canonization the pope officiates in white, and their eminences are dressed in the same colour. St Peter’s church is hung with rich tapestry, upon which the arms of the pope, and of the prince or state requiring the canonization, are embroidered in gold and silver. An infinite number of lights blaze all round the church, which is crowded with pious souls, who wait with devout impatience till the new saint has made his public entry as it were into paradise, that they may offer up their petitions to him without danger of being rejected.
CANONRY, the benefice filled by a canon. It differs from a prebend, in that the prebend may subsist without the canonicate, whereas the canonicate is inseparable from the prebend; again, the right of suffrages, and other privileges, are annexed to the canonicate, and not to the prebend.
CANOPUS, in Astronomy, a star of the first magnitude, in the rudder of Argo, a constellation of the southern hemisphere.

Canopus, in Pagan Mythology, one of the deities of the ancient Egyptians, and, according to some, the god of water. It is said that the Chaldeans, who worshipped fire, carried their fancied deity through other countries to try its powers, in order that, if it obtained the victory 7 over the other gods, it might be acknowledged as the true object of worship; and it having easily subdued the gods of wood, stone, brass, silver, and gold, its priests declared that all gods did it homage. This the priest of Canopus hearing, and finding that the Chaldeans had brought their god to contend with Canopus, they took a large earthen vessel, in which they bored several holes, which they afterwards stopped with wax, and having filled the vessel with water, painted it of several colours, and fitting the head of an idol to it, brought it out in order to contend with the Chaldean deity. The Chaldeans accordingly kindled their fire all round it; but the heat having melted the wax, the water gushed out through the holes and extinguished the fire; and thus Canopus conquered the god of the Chaldeans.

Canopus, or Canobus, according to Strabo, was Menelaus’s pilot, and had a temple erected to him in a town called Canopus, near one of the mouths of the Nile.

Canopus, or Canobus, in Ancient Geography, a town of Lower Egypt, on the Mediterranean, a hundred and twenty 7 stadia, or fifteen miles, to the east of Alexandria.
CANOPY, in Architecture and Sculpture, a magnificent kind of decoration, serving to cover and crown an altar, throne, tribunal, pulpit, chair, or the like. The word is formed from the barbarous Latin canopeurn, of κανω-Τί/ον, a net spread over a bed to keep off the gnats, from καv⅛∙∙ψ, a gnat.

Canopies are also borne over the head in processions of state, after the manner of umbrellas. The canopy of an altar is more peculiarly called ciborium.

The Roman grandees had their canopies, or spread veils, called thensoe, over their chairs; and similar coverings were also placed, in temples, over the statues of their gods. The modern cardinals still retain the use of canopies.
CANOSA, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Bari, on the eastern side of the river Ofanto, with 4064 inhabitants. It was the ancient Greek city Canusium.
CANSO, or Canceau, an island, cape, and small fishing bank, on the south-east coast of Nova Scotia, about forty leagues east by north of Halifax. The island is small, but has a good harbour. The Gut of Canso forms the passage from the Atlantic into the Gulf of St Lawrence, between Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia. Lat. 45. 20. N.
CANSTADT, a city of the circle of the Neckar, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg. It is surrounded with walls, and contains 384 houses and 3219 inhabitants. Cotton mills are established, and some silks and satins are manufactured. It has some trade by the navigable river Neckar to the Rhine.
CANT, a quaint affected manner of speaking, adapted chiefly to the lower orders. Skinner racks his invention for the origin of this word, which he successively deduces from the German, flemish, and Saxon tongues. According to the general opinion, Cant was originally the proper name of a Cameronian preacher in Scotland, who by exercise had attained the faculty of talking in the pulpit in such a tone and dialect as was understood by none but his own congregation. Since Andrew Cant’s time the word has been extended to signify all sudden exclamations and whining unmusical tones, especially in praying and preaching. But this origin of the word has been disputed by some; and perhaps the true derivation is from the Latin cantare, to sing, in which sense cant would be synonymous with sing-song.

Cant is also applied to words and phrases affected by particular persons or professions for low ends, and not authorized by the established language. The difference between cant and technical seems to be this: the former is restricted to words introduced out of folly, affectation, or imposture; the latter is applied to such as are introduced for the sake of clearness, precision, and sign if icancy.

Cant is also used to denote a sale by auction. The origin of the word in this sense ‘is doubtful. It may be derived, according to some, from quantum, how much; according to others, from cantare, to sing or cry aloud; agreeably to which, the Americans sometimes call an auction an oz<r-cry.
CANTA, a province and government of Peru, bounded [7:6:99] on the north-east and east by Tarma, on the west by Chancay, and on the south by Huarochiri. It is twenty-four leagues in length from north to south, and thirty-five in width from east to west. The territory is mountainous, being generally situated in the Cordillera. The pastures, which are rich and extensive, are grazed by large herds of cattle; and the lama or Peruvian sheep, with the vicuna or wild goat, are to be found in great numbers in the mountainous parts. The capital, which is of the same name, is situated in lat. 11. 10. S.
CANTABRIA, in Ancient Geography, a district of Tarraconensis, on the Oceanus Cantabricus, or Bay of Biscay; now Biscay. The inhabitants were famous for their warlike character. Dr Wallis seems to make the Cantabrian the ancient language of Spain; and it, according to him, like the Gaulish, gave way to a kind of broken Latin called romance or romansh, which by degrees was refined into the Castilian or present Spanish. But we can hardly suppose that so large a country, inhabited by such a variety of people, all spoke the same language. The ancient Cantabrian, in effect, is still found to subsist in the more barren and mountainous parts of the provinces of Biscay, Asturias, and Navarre, as far as Bayonne, much as the British does in Wales; but the people only talk it, while in writing they use either the Spanish or French, as they happen to live under the one or the other nation. Some attribute this to a jealousy of foreigners learning the mysteries of their language, others to a poverty of words and expressions. The Cantabrian does not appear to have any marked affinity with other languages, except that some Spanish words have been adopted in it to express things the use of which the Biscayans were anciently unacquainted with. Its pronunciation is not disagreeable.
CANTABRUM, in Antiquity, a large kind of flag used by the Roman emperors, distinguished by its peculiar colour, and bearing on it some word or motto of good omen, to encourage the soldiers.
CANTACUZENUS, Johannes, of Constantinople, a celebrated statesman, general, and historian, was born in that city, and descended of a very ancient and noble family. He was bred to letters and to arms, and admitted to the highest offices in the state. The emperor Andronicus loaded him with wealth and honour, made him generalissimo of his forces, and was desirous of associating him in the government, but this he refused. Andronicus dying in 1341, left to Cantacuzenus the care of the empire till his son John Palaeologus, who was then but nine years of age, should be fit to take it upon himself. This trust he faithfully discharged, till the empress-dowager and her faction forming a party against him, declared him a traitor. On this the principal nobility and the army besought him to ascend the throne; and accordingly he was crowned on the 21st of May 1342. This was followed by a civil war, which lasted five years, when he admitted John as a partner with him in the empire, and their union was confirmed by his giving him his daughter in marriage. Suspicions and enmities, however, soon arising, the war broke out again, and continued till John took Constantinople in 1355. A few days after, Cantacuzenus, unwilling to continue the effusion of blood, abdicated his share of the empire, and retiring to a monastery, took the habit of a monk, and the name of Joasaphas. His wife also retired to a nunnery, and changed her name of Irene for that of Eugenia. In this retirement he lived till the year 1411, when he was upwards of a hundred years of age. Here he wrote a history of his own times, a Latin translation of which, from the Greek manuscript, was published by Pontanus at Ingolstadt in 1603; and a splendid edition was printed at Paris in 1645, in three volumes folio, of the original Greek, and the Latin version of Pontanus. He also wrote an apology for the Christian religion against that of Mahommed, under the name of Christodulus.
CANTAL, a department of the south-east part of France, formed out of the ancient province of Upper Auvergne. It is bounded on the north by the department Puy de Dôme, on the east by the Upper Loire, on the south-east by Lozère, on the south by Aveiron, and on the west by Lot and Corrèze. Its extent is 2332 square miles, or 574,081 hectares. It is divided into four arrondissements, twenty-three cantons, and 270 communes, and contains 250,930 inhabitants. The face of the country is generally mountainous, and the interior is occupied with volcanoes long since extinguished, consisting of lava and basalt, some of which are from 5000 to 6000 feet in height. The soil is naturally better adapted for pasture than for agriculture. The climate is raw and cold, though not unhealthy; but, on the more elevated spots, the winter is of eight months duration. The animals are the common domesticated cattle, sheep, cows, swine, and goats. Some wheat is grown, but more of buck wheat; and potatoes, but especially chestnuts, are the common substitutes for bread corn. From the poverty of the soil, great numbers of the people repair to the surrounding provinces and to Spain to procure employment. There are manufactories of linen and woollen goods, of leather, paper, thread-lace, and copper articles of furniture, but all on a very contracted scale. The chief town is Aurillac.
CANTARINI, Simon, a famous painter, called the Pesarese, from his being born at Pesaro, was the disciple of Guido, and copied the manner of his master so happily that it is often difficult to distinguish between their works. He died at Verona in 1648.
CANTATA, in AIusic, a song or composition, intermixed with recitatives, airs, and different movements, chiefly intended for a single voice, with a thorough bass, though sometimes for other instruments. It was first used in Italy, then in France, whence it passed to us.
CANTELEU, a town of the department of the Lower Seine, in France, near to Rouen, with 2842 inhabitants. It is celebrated for its excellent cider.
CANTEMIR, Demetrius, son of a prince of Moldavia. Disappointed in not succeeding his father in that dignity, which was held under the Ottoman Porte, he went over with his army to the Czar Peter the Great, against whom he had been sent by the Grand Signior. He signalized himself in the czar’s service, and in the republic of letters by a Latin history of the origin and decline of the Ottoman empire. He died in 1723.

Ćantemir, Antiochus, esteemed the founder of the Russian poetry, was the youngest son of the preceding. Under the most ingenious professors, whom the czar had invited to Petersburg, he learned mathematics, physic, history, moral philosophy, and polite literature, without neglecting the study of the Holy Scriptures, to which he had a great inclination. Scarce had he finished his academic course, when he printed a Concordance of the Psalms in the Russian language, and was elected member of the academy. The affairs of state in which he was soon afterwards engaged did not make him neglect his literary pursuits. To render himself useful to his fellow-citizens, he composed his satires, inorder to ridicule certain prejudices which had got footing among them. When only twenty-four years of age he was nominated as minister to the court of Great Britain, and his dexterity in the management of public affairs was as much admired as his taste for the sciences. He had the same reputation in France, whither he went in 1738 in quality of minister plenipotentiary; and, soon afterwards, he was invested with the character of ambassador extraordinary. The wise and prudentmanner in which he conducted himself during the different revolutions which [7:6:100]happened in Russia during his absence, gained him the confidence and esteem of three successive princes. He died of a dropsy, at Paris, in 1744, aged forty-four. Besides the pieces already mentioned, he wrote, 1. Some Fables and Odes; 2. A translation of Horace’s Epistles into Russian verse; 3. A prose translation of Fontenelle’s Plurality of Worlds; and, 4. Algarotti’s Dialogues on Sight. The Abbe Guasco has written his life in French, and translated his satires into that language.
CANTERBURY, a city in the hundred of Bridge and Petham, in the county of Kent, fifty-five and a half miles from London. It is the metropolitan see of all England. The situation is fine, in a valley surrounded by hills of easy elevation, and watered by the river Stour, whose various branches form between them several islands, on one of which the city has been built. The streets are somewhat narrow, and the houses in general neither large nor modern, except some which have been recently erected in the suburbs. The chief object of attraction is the magnificent cathedral, with a fine choir, an altar-piece designed by Sir James Burrough, a most remarkable painted window, and the shrine of St Thomas a Becket. It was begun in 1174, and not finished till the reign of Henry V. Under the cathedral is a church for French Protestants, a colony of whom hereafter settled the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and established the silk manufacture, which, though it has declined, still continues, and is the only kind of fabric of the city. The chief trade consists in corn and hops, which are shipped at Whitstable for the London market. Besides the cathedral, there are nine churches. There are two markets weekly, on Wednesday and Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 10,200, in 1821 to 12,745, and in 1831 to 14,463.
CANTERUS, William, an eminent linguist and philologer, who was born at Utrecht in 1541. He studied at Louvain and Paris, and gave surprising proofs of his progress in Greek and Latin literature. He afterwards visited the several universities of Germany and Italy, and died at Louvain in 1575, aged thirty-three. He understood six languages besides that of his native country; and, notwithstanding his dying so young, wrote several philological and critical works, among which are, Notoe, Scholae, Emendationes, et Explicationes, in Euripidem, Sophoclem, Eschylum, Ciceronem, Propertium, Ausonium, &c. and many translations of Greek authors.
CANTHARIDES, in the Materia Medica, flies which are employed to produce blisters on the skin.
CANTICLES, a canonical book of the Old Testament, otherwise called the Song of Solomon, and by the Jews the Canticum Canticoum, or Song of Songs. The book of Cantieles is usually supposed to be an epithalamium composed by Solomon on occasion of his marriage with the king of Egypt’s daughter; but those who penetrate further into the mystery find in it the marriage of Jesus Christ with human nature, the church, and good men. On this principle the Cantieles is held to be a continued allegory, in which, under the terms of a common wedding, a divine and spiritual marriage is expressed. This song contains the adventures of seven days and seven nights, the exact time allowed for the celebration of marriage among the Hebrews. The Jews themselves, apprehending the book liable to be understood in a gross and carnal manner, prohibited the reading of it before the age of thirty; and the same usage anciently obtained in the Christian church. Among the ancients, Theodore Mopsuetanus rejected the book of Canticles as not divine. Divers rabbin have also questioned its being written by inspiration. It is alleged that the name of God is not once found in it. Mr Whiston has a discourse expressly to prove that the Canticles is not a sacred book of the Old Testament. He alleges indeed that it was written by King Solomon the son of David; but asserts that it was composed at the time when that prince, blinded by his concubines, was sunk in lust and idolatry. This he chiefly infers from the general character of vanity and dissoluteness which reigns throughout the Cantieles; in which there is not, according to Whiston, one thought that leads the mind towards religion, but all is worldly and carnal, to say no worse. As to the alleged mystic sense, he asserts that it is without foundation; and that the book is not cited as canonical by any writer before the destruction of Jerusalem. Mr Whiston will have it to have been taken into the canon between the years seventy-seven and a hundred and twenty-eight, when allegories came into vogue, and the rabbin began to corrupt the text of Seripture. Grotius, Nierembergius, the Dutch divines who criticised F. Simon, Menetrier, Basnage, and some others, seem also to consider the Canticles as a profane composition, on a footing with the love pieces of Catullus or Ovid. But this opinion is refuted by Michaelis, Majus, Witsius, Nat. Alexander, Outrein, Francius, and others. Mr Whiston’s arguments have been particularly considered by Itchener, and also by Dr Gill. R. Akiba finds the book of Canticles more divine than the rest; the whole world, according to this rabbi, is not worth that day when the Canticles was given to Israel; for, whereas all the hagiogra-phers are holy, the Canticles is the holy of holies.
CANTIMARONS, Catimarons, or Catamarans, a kind of floats or rafts, used by the inhabitants of the coast of Coromandel to go a fishing in, and to trade along the coast. They are made of three or four small canoes, or trunks of trees dug hollow, and tied together with cacao ropes, with a triangular sail in the middle, made of mats. The persons who manage them are almost half in the water, there being only a place in the middle a little raised, to hold their merchandise; which last particular is only to be understood of the trading catamarans, and not of those that go a fishing.
CANTIUM, in Ancient Geography, a promontory of Britain, literally denoting a headland; giving name to a territory called Cantium, now Kent; and to a people called Cantii, commended for their great humanity and politeness.