pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ACHILLEID, Achilleis, a celebrated poem of Statius, in which that author proposed to deliver the whole life and exploits of Achilles; but being prevented by death, he has only treated of the infancy and education of his hero. See Statius.
ACHILLES, one of the greatest heroes of ancient Greece, was the son of Peleus and Thetis. He was à native of Phthia, in Thessaly. His mother, it is said, in order to consume every mortal part of his body, used to łay him every night under live coals, anointing him with ambrosia, which preserved every part from burning but One of his lips, owing to his having licked it. She dipped him also in the waters of the river Styx; by which his whole body became invulnerable, except that part of his heel by which she held him. But this òpinion is not universal, nor is it a part of his character as drawn by Homer; for in the Iliad (B. xxi. 161.) he is actually wounded in the right arm by the lance of Asteropaeus, in the l battle near the river Scamander. Thetis afterwards intrusted him to the care of the centaur Chiron, who, to give him the strength necessary for martial toil, fed him with honey and the marrow of lions and wild boars. To prevent his going to the siege of Troy, she disguised him in female apparel, and hid him among the maidens at the court of King Lycomedes; but Ulysses discovering him, persuaded him to follow the Greeks. Achilles distinguished himself by a number of heroic actions at the siege. Being disgusted, however, with Agamemnon for the loss of Briseis, he retired from the camp; but returning to avenge the death of his friend Patroclus, he slew Hector, fastened his corpse to his chariot, and dragged it round the walls of Troy. At last Paris, the brother of Hector, wounded him in the heel with an arrow, while he was in the temple treating about his marriage with Philox-ena, daughter of King Priam. Of this wound he died, and was interred on the promontory of Sigaeum; and after Troy was taken, the'Greeks sacrificed Philoxena on his tomb, in obedience to his desire, that he might enjoy her company in the Elysian fields. It is said that Alexander, seeing this tomb, honoured it by placing a crown upon it; at the same time crying out, that “Achilles was happy in having, during his life, such a friend as Patroclus, and, after his death, a poet like Homer.” Achilles is supposed to have died 1183 years before the Christian era.

Achilles Tatius. See Tatius. TENDo-AcHiLLis, 'm Anatomy, is a strong tendinous cord formed by the tendons of several muscles, and inserted into the os calcis. It has its name from the fatal wound Achilles is said to have received in that part from Paris, the son of Priam.
ACHILLINI, Alexander, was born at Bologna in 1463. He was celebrated as a lecturer both in medicine and philosophy, and was styled the Great Philosopher. Achillini died in 1512. His philosophical works were printed in one volume folio, at Venice, in 1508, and reprinted with considerable additions in 1545, 1551, and 1568. His principal medical works are: 1. Annotationes Anatomicae, Bonon. 1520, 4to, and Venice, 1521, 8vo. 2. De Humani Corporis Anatomia, Venice, 1521, 4to. 3. In Mundini Anatomiam Annotationes, printed with Katham’s Fasciculus Medicinae, Venice, 1522, fol. 4. De Subjecto Medicinae, cum annotationibus Pamphili Montii, Venice, 1568. 5. De Chiromantiae Principiis et Physiognomiae, fol. without place or year. 6. De Universalibus, Bonon. 1501, fol. 7. De Subjecto Chiromantiae et Physiognomiae, Bonon. 1503, fol. and Pavia, 1515, fol.
ACHIOTTE, or Achiote, a foreign drug, used in dyeing and in the preparation of chocolate. It is the same with the substance more usually known by the name of Ar-not to.
ACHIROPOETOS, a name given by ancient writers to certain miraculous pictures of Christ and the Virgin, supposed to have been made without hands. The most celebrated of these is the picture of Christ preserved in the church of St John Lateran at Rome; said to have been begun by St Luke, but finished by the ministry of angels.
ACHMETSCHET, a town of the peninsula of the Crimea, the residence of the Sultan Galga, who is eldest son of the Khan of Tartary.
ACHMIM, Akmim, or Echmim, a considerable city of ’ Upper Egypt, situated in a district very fertile in grain, cotton, and sugar. The streets are broader and more regular than is usual in Egypt, though, being built only of unburnt brick, they have a dull gloomy appearance. The . Greeks have a church, which they hold in great veneration, and which is adorned with granite pillars from the ruins of Chemnis or Panopolis, a celebrated city, of which few other vestiges now remain.
ACHONRY, a small town of Ireland, in the province of Connaught and county of Sligo, seated on the river Shannon.
ACHOR, a valley of Jericho, lying along the river Jordan, not far from Giłgal; so called from Achan, the troubler of Israel, being there stoned to death.

Achor, in Medicine, a species of Herpes. Achor, in Mythology, the god of flies; to whom, according to Pliny, the inhabitants of Cyrene sacrificed, in order to obtain deliverance from the insects, and the disorders occasioned by them.
ACHTELING, a measure for liquids, used in Germany. Thirty-two axhtelings make a lιeemer ; four sciltims or sciltins make an achteling.
ACHTYRKA, a city of Russia, the capital of the circle of the same name. It contains eight churches, one of which attracts many pilgrims, from an image of the Virgin on it; 1138 houses; and 12,788 inhabitants, who are employed in making woollen cloth, and some other articles. It is situated in Long. 34. 50. E. Lat. 50. 23. N.
ACHYR, a strong town and castle of the Ukraine, subject to the Russians since 1667. It stands on the river Uorsklo, near the frontiers of Russia, 127 miles west of Kiow. Long. 36. 0. E. Lat. 49. 32. N.
ACI, three remarkable towns, very populous, on the seacoast, in the province of Catania, in the island of Sicily. Their names are Aci St Lucia, Aci Catena, and Aci St Filipo. They are defended by the town of St Anna. The inhabitants are occupied in the fishery, or in making wine, and amount to 9200 persons.
ACICANTHERA, in Botany, the trivial name of a species of Rhexia.
ACICULAE, the small pikes or prickles of the hedgehog, echinus marinus, &c.
ACIDALIUS, Valens, would, in all probability, have been one of the greatest critics of modern times, had he lived longer to perfect those talents which nature had given him. He was born at Witstock, in Brandenburg; and having visited several academies in Germany, Italy, and other countries, where he was greatly esteemed, he afterwards took up his residence at Breslaw, the metropolis of Silesia. Here he remained a considerable time, in expectation of some employment; but nothing offering, he turned Roman Catholic, and wňs chosen rector of a school at Niessa. It is related, that about four months after, as he was following a procession of the host, he was seized with a sudden phrenzy; and being carried home, expired in a very short time. But Thuanus tells us, that his excessive application to study was the occasion of his untimely death; and that his sitting up in the night composing his Conjectures on Plautus, brought upon him a distemper which carried him off in three days, on the 25th of May 1595, having just completed his 28th year. He wrote a Commentary on Quintus Curtius; also, Notes on Tacitus, on the twelve Panegyrics,-besides speeches, letters, and poems. His poetical pieces are inserted in the Deliciae of the German poets, and consist of epic verses, odes, and epigrams. A little work, printed in 1595, under the title of Mulieres non esse homines, i. e. “That women are not thinking and reasonable beings,” was falsely ascribed to him. Μ. Baillet has given him a place among his Enfans Célèbres; and says, that he wrote a comment upon Plautus when he was but 17 or 18 years old, and that he composed several Latin poems at the same age.
ACIDALUS, a fountain in Orchomenus, a city of Boeotia, in which the Graces, who are sacred to Venus, bathed. Hence the epithet Acidalia, given to Venus.
ACIDITY, that quality which renders bodies acid.
ACIDOTON, in Botany, the trivial name of a species of Adelia.
ACIDS, in Chemistry, a class of substances which are distinguished by the following properties :—

1. When applied to the tongue, they excite that sensation which is called sour or acid.

2. They change the blue colours of vegetables to a red. The vegetable blues employed for this purpose are generally tincture of litmus and syrup of violets or of radishes, which have obtained the name of re-agents or tests. If these colours have been previously converted to a green by alkalies, the acids restore them.

3. They unite with water in almost any proportion.

4. They combine with all the alkalies, and most of the metallic oxides and earths, and form with them those compounds which are called salts.

It must be remarked, however, that every acid does not possess all these properties; but all of them possess a sufficient number of them to distinguish them from other substances. And this is the only purpose which artificial definition is meant to answer. See Chemistry.
ACIDULAE. Mineral waters that are brisk and sparkling, without the action of heat, are thus named; but if they are hot also, they are called Thermae.
ACIDULATED, a name given to medicines that have an acid in their composition.
ACIDULOUS denotes a thing that is slightly acid: it is synonymous with the word sub-acid.
ACIDUM Aereum, the same with fixed air; or, in modern chemistry, carbonic acid. ACIDUΜ pingue, an imaginary acid, which some German[7:2:106] chemists supposed to be contained in fire, and by combining with alkalies, lime, &c. to give them their caustic properties; an effect which is found certainly to depend on the loss of their carbonic acid.
ACILIUS GLABRIO, Marcus, consul in the year of Rome 562, and 211 years before the Christian era, distinguished himself by his bravery and conduct in gaining a complete victory over Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, at the Straits of Thermopylae in Thessaly, and on several other occasions. He built the temple of Piety at Rome, in consequence of a vow which he made before this battle. He is mentioned by Pliny, Valerius Maximus, and others.
ACINODENDRUM, in Botany, the trivial name of a species of Melastoma.
ACINOS, in Botany, the trivial name of a species of Thymus.
ACINUS, or Acini, the small protuberances of mulberries, strawberries, &c., and by some applied to grapes. Generally it is used for those small grains growing in bunches, after the manner of grapes, as ligustrum, &c.
ACIS, in Mythology, the son of Faunus and the nymph Simaethis, was a beautiful shepherd of Sicily, who being beloved by Galatea, Polyphemus the giant was so enraged, that he dashed out his brains against a rock; after which Galatea turned him into a river, which was called by his name.—The Sicilian authors say, that Acis was a king of this part of the island, who was slain by Polyphemus, one of the giants of Aetna, in a fit of jealousy.

Acis, a river of Sicily, celebrated by the poets, running from a very cold spring, in the woody and shady foot of Mount Aetna, for the space of a mile eastward into the sea, along green and pleasant banks, with the speed of an arrow, from which it takes its name. Its waters are now impregnated with sulphureous vapours, though formerly they were celebrated for their sweetness and salubrity, and were held sacred by the Sicilian shepherds.
Quique per Aetnaeos Acis petit aequora fines,
Et dulci gratam Nereida perluit unda.
Sil. Ital.

It is now called II Fiume Freddo, Aci, Iaci, or Chiam, according to the different Sicilian dialects: Antonine calls it Acius. It is also the name of a hamlet at the mouth of the Acis.
ACKERMANN, John Christian Gottlieb, a very learned physician and professor of medicine, was born at Zeulenrode in Upper Saxony, in the year 1756. Having acquired the rudiments of his medical education under the tuition of his father, who was also a physician, he proceeded to Jena and to Göttingen, and studied under Baldinger and Heyne. On quitting the latter university, he established himself in practice at Stendal, the numerous manufactories of which place enabled him to contribute many important observations to the translation of Rammazzini’s Treatise of the Diseases of Artificers, which he published in 1780-83. After practising here several years, he was appointed public professor in ordinary of medicine in the university of Altorf in Franconia, which office he continued to fill with great repute to the time of his death, which took place in 1801. All Dr Ackermann’s works display great erudition. To the history of medicine he contributed many valuable articles; the disquisitions, in particular, on the lives and writings of Hippocrates, Galen, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Aretaeus, and Rufus Ephesius, which he furnished to Harles’s edition of Fabricius’s Bibliotheca Graeca, are justly esteemed as masterpieces of critical research. As a practitioner he appears to have possessed no mean talents for observation; though he has been accused, and, it must be acknowledged, not without reason, of betraying occasionally a predilection for antiquated hypotheses. Besides various translations of English, French, and Italian medical authors, which were published, for the most part, previously to his removal to Altorf, the following works have appeared under his name :—De Trismo Commentatio Medica. 1775, 8vo. 2. De Dysenteriae Antiquitatibus liber bipartitus. 1777, 8vo. 3. Ueber die Krankheiten der Gelehrten. 1777, 8vo. 4. The Life of John Conrad Dippel, in German; 1781, 8vo. 5. Parabilium Medicamentorum Scriptores Antiqui: Sexti Placiti Papyriensis de Medicamentis ex Animalibus Liber; Lucii Apuleii de Medicaminibus Herbarum Liber, cum Notis. 1788, 8vo. 6. H. D. Gaubii Institutiones Pathologiae Medicae, cum Additamentis J. Ci G. A. 1787, 8vo. 7. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni, Studii Medici Salernitani Historia Praemissa. 1790, 8vo. 8. Institutiones Historiae Medicinae. 1792, 8vo. 9. Institutiones Therapiae Generalis. 1793-5, 2 tom. 8vo. 10. Handbuch der Kriegsarzneykunde. 1794-5, 2 tom. 8vo. 11. Opuscula ad Historiam Medicinae pertinentia. 1797, 8vo. 12. Bemerkungen über die Kentniss und Kur einiger Krankheiten; 1794-1800, 8vo. 13. Pathologische-praktische Abhandlung über die Blahungen, für Aertze und Kranke bestimmt. 1800, 8vo.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, in a general sense, is a person’s owning or confessing a thing; but more particularly, is the expression of gratitude for a favour.

Acknowledgement -Money, a certain sum paid by tenants, in several parts of England, on the death of their landlords, as an acknowledgement of their new lords.
ACLIDES, in Roman antiquity, a kind of missile weapon, with a thong affixed to it, by which it was drawn back. Most authors describe it as a sort of dart or javelin; but Scaliger makes it roundish or globular, and full of spikes, with a slender wooden stem to poise it by. Each warrior was furnished with two.
ACLOWA, in Botany, a barbarous name of a species of Colutea. It is used by the natives of Guinea to cure the itch: they rub it on the body as we do unguents.
ACME, the top or height of any thing. It is usually applied to the maturity of an animal just before it begins to decline; and physicians have used it to express the utmost violence or crisis of a disease.
ACMELIA, in Botany, the trivial name of a species of Spilanthus.
ACNIDA, [qv]Virginian Hemp[/qv].
ACNUA, in Roman antiquity, signified a certain measure of land, about an English rood, or fourth part of an acre.
ACO, a town of Peru, in South America. It is also the name of a river in Africa, which rises in the Abyssinian mountains, runs in a south-east course, and discharges itself into the Indian Ocean.
ACOEMETAE, or Acoemeti, men who lived without sleep; a set of monks who chanted the divine service night and day in their places of worship. They divided themselves into three bodies, who alternately succeeded one another, so that the service in their churches was never interrupted. This practice they founded upon the precept, Pray without ceasing. They flourished in the East about the middle of the fifth century. There are a kind of acoemeti still subsisting in the Romish church, viz. the religious of the holy sacrament, who keep up a perpetual adoration, some one or other of them praying before the holy sacrament day and night.
ACOLUTHI, or Acoluthists, in antiquity, was an appellation given to those persons who were steady and immovable in their resolutions; and hence the Stoics, because they would not forsake their principles nor alter their resolutions, acquired the title of acoluthi. The [7:2:107]word is Greek, and compounded of α privative, and κoλtυ0ος, way; as never turning from the original course.

Acoluthi, among the ancient Christians, implied a peculiar order of the inferior clergy in the Latin church, for they were unknown to the Greeks for above 400 years. They were next to the subdeacon; and we learn from the fourth council of Carthage, that the archdeacon, at their ordination, put into their hands a candlestick with a taper, giving them thereby to understand that they were appointed to light the candles of the church; as also an empty pitcher, to imply that they were to furnish wine for the eucharist. Some think they had another office, that of attending the bishop wherever he went. The word is Greek, and compounded of a privative, and κωλυω, to hinder or disturb.
ACOLYTHIA, in the Greek church, denotes the office or order of divine service; or the prayers, ceremonies, hymns, &c. whereof the Greek service is composed.
ACOMINATUS, Nicetas, was secretary to Alexius Comnenus and to Isaacus Angelus successively. He wrote ahistory from the death of Alexius Comnenus in 1118, where Zonaras ended his, to the year 1203, which has gone through many editions, and has been much applauded by the best critics.
ACONCROBA, in Botany, the indigenous name of a plant which grows wild in Guinea, and is in great esteem among the natives for its virtues in the small-pox. They give an infusion of it in wine. The leaves of this plant are opaque, and as stiff as those of the philyrea; they grow in pairs, and stand on short foot-stalks; they are small at each end, and broad in the middle; and the largest of them are about three inches in length, and an inch and a quarter in breadth in the middle. Like those of our bay, they are of a dusky colour on the upper side, and of a pale green underneath.
ACONITI, in antiquity, an appellation given to some of the Athletae, but differently interpreted. Mercurialis understands it of those who only anointed their bodies with oil, but did not smear themselves over with dust, as was the usual practice.
ACONITUM, Aconite, Wolfsbane, or Monks-hood.
ACONTIAS, in Zoology, an obsolete name of the anguis jaculus, or dart-snake, belonging to the order of amphibia serpentes.
ACONTIUM, ακοντιον, in Grecian antiquity, a kind of dart or javelin, resembling the Roman pilum.
ACONITUS, a young man of the island Cea, who having gone to Delos to see the sacred rites which were performed there by a crowd of virgins in the temple of Diana, fell desperately in love with Cydippe; but not daring to ask her in marriage, on account of the meanness of his birth, insidiously threw down at her feet an apple, on which were inscribed these words,
Me tibi nupturam (felix eat nomen) Aconti,
Juro, quam colimus, numina magna deae.

Or, according to others,
Juro tibi sanctae per mystica sacra Dianae,
Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futuram.

The virgin having taken up the apple, inadvertently read the words, and thus apparently bound herself by a promise; for by law, every thing uttered in that temple was held to be ratified. When her father, a little after, ignorant of what had happened, betrothed her to another man, she was suddenly seized with a fever; whereupon Acontius sent her a letter (expressed by Ovid, Ep. 20.) to persuade her that her fever was caused by Diana for not having fulfilled the promise which she had made to him in the temple of that goddess. Cydippe therefore resolved to comply with the wishes of Acontius, even against the inclination of her father. Her answer is the subject of Ovid’s 21st epistle. (Adam’s Clas. Biog. y ) Acontius, James, a philosopher, civilian, and divine, born at Trent in the sixteenth century. He embraced the reformed religion; and coming into England in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, he was favourably received and much honoured by that princess, which he acknowledges in a book dedicated to her. This work is his celebrated Collection of the Stratagems of Satan, which has been often translated, and passed through many editions.
ACORN, the fruit of the oak-tree.

Acorn, in sea language, a little ornamental piece of wood, fashioned like a cone, and fixed on the uppermost point of the spindle, above the vane, on the mast head. It is used to keep the vane from being blown off from the spindle in a whirlwind, or when the ship leans much to one side under sail.
ACORUS, Calamus Aromaticus, Sweet Flag, or Sweet Rush. Acorus, in the Materia Medica, a name sometimes given to the great galangal.

Acorus, in Natural History, blue coral. The true sort is very scarce; some, however, is fished on the coasts of Africa, particularly from Rio del Re to the river of the Camarones. This coral is part of the merchandise which the Dutch trade for with the Camarones: that of the kingdom of Benin is also very much esteemed. It grows in form of a tree on a rocky bottom.
ACOSTAN, a mountainous island in the north seas, between Asia and America, observed by Captain Cook.
ACOUSMATICI, sometimes also called Acoustici, in Grecian antiquity, such of the disciples of Pythagoras as had not completed their five years’ probation.
ACOUSTIC, in general, denotes any thing that relates to the ear, the sense of hearing, or the doctrine of sounds.

Acoustic Disciples, among the ancient Pythagoreans^ those more commonly called Acousmatici. Acoustic Ducts, in Anatomy, the same with meatus auditorius, or the external passage of the ear.

Acoustic Vessels, in the ancient theatres, were a kind of vessels made of brass, shaped in the bell fashion, which being of all tones within the pitch of the voice, or even of instruments, rendered the sound more audible, so that the actors could be heard through all parts of theatres which were even 400 feet in diameter.
ACQS, a town at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains, in the department of Arriege and late province of Foix, in France. It takes its name from the hot waters in these parts.
ACQUAPENDENTE, a pretty large town of Italy, in the territory of the Church and patrimony of St Peter, with a bishop’s see. It is seated on a mountain near the river Paglia, 10 miles west of Orvieto, and 57 north by [7:2:125]west of Rome. It takes its name from a fall of water near it, and is now almost desolate.
ACQUARIA, a small town of Italy, in Frigana, a district of Modena, which is remarkable for its medicinal waters. It is 18 miles south-west of the city of Modena.
ACQUEST, or Acquist, in Law, signifies goods got by purchase or donation.