pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TROPHONIUS’S Cave, or Oracle, a cave near Leba-dia in Boeotia, between Helicon and Chaeronea (Strabo); so called from Trophonius, an enthusiastic diviner, who, descending into this cave, pretended to give answers and pronounce oracles, and was hence called Jupiter Trophonius. Such as entered this cave never afterwards smiled; and hence the proverbial saying of a man who has lost his mirth, that he is come out of Trophonius’s cave. Dr Clarke found the cave choked up with stones.
TROPHY (Tropocum), among the ancients, a monument of victory.
TROPICS. See Geography.
TROPPAU, a circle of the Austrian principality of Moravia, commonly denominated the duchy. It is situated between the rivers Oppa and Oder, and contains three cities, one market-town, and 78,600 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, a place well built and fortified, and the seat of a provincial judicature. It contains 880 houses, with 10,760 inhabitants, carrying on manufactures of woollen goods, paper, soap, and fire-arms. Long. 12. 45. 25. E. Lat. 49. 50. 1. N.
TROSACHS, the name given to that romantic glen which separates Loch Kateran (Katrine) from Loch Ach-ray, in the Western Highlands of Perthshire. The name signifies in Gaelic the Bristled Territory; a signification perfectly applicable to the confused mass of abrupt crags which, in some convulsion of nature, has been separated from the neighbouring mountains of Ben Vennu and Ben-An. These crags are of the most extraordinary and fantastic forms; and being covered with a profusion of trees and shrubs the diversity of hues which they yield, mixed with the shades of the deep ravines, and the highly picturesque and wooded acclivity of the lofty Ben-An, gives a depth and wildness to the pass, not to be equalled, it is supposed, in the world. This rugged and narrow defile is about one mile and a half in length, and was first rendered an object of popular attention by Sir Walter Scott, in his poem of the Lady of the Lake. The modern road for the use of tourists, which passes through it, has in a great degree marred its solitude.
TROUBADOURS, poets that flourished in Provence during the middle ages. They wrote poems on love and gallantry; on the illustrious characters and remarkable events of the times; satires, which were chiefly directed against the clergy and monks; and a few didactic pieces. The troubadours were great favourites in different courts, diffused a taste for their language and for poetry over Europe, which was about that time sunk in ignorance and rudeness. An “Histoire des Troubadours,” in 3 vols. 12mo, was published by Millot; but it has been entirely superseded by the more recent labours of Raynouard and Dies.
TROVER, in Low, an action that a man has against one that, having found any of his goods, refuses to deliver them upon demand.
TROWBRIDGE, a market-town in the hundred of Melksham and county of Wilts, ninety-nine miles from London. It is situated upon an eminence near the river Ware, a branch of the river Avon, and is irregularly built. The principal street is spacious and well built; but the minor streets arc narrow, and contain many ancient houses. The town is paved and lighted with gas. The church is a spacious and well-built edifice, having a large tower at the west end, surmounted by a spire. There are also places of worship for dissenters. The inhabitants are chiefly occupied in the manufacture of woollen cloth, mostly kerseymeres and superfine broad cloth. The population amounted in 1821 to 9545, and in 1831 to 10,863.
TROWERT Island, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the south coast of Java. Long. 105. 45. E. Lat. 7. 2. S.
TROYES, an arrondissement of the department of the Aube, in France. It extends over 589 square miles, is divided into nine cantons, and these into 121 communes, containing, in 1836, 90,923 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, is also the capital of the department. It is situated on the river Seine, and is the seat of a bishop, and of the departmental courts of law and revenue. The cathedral, dedicated to St Peter, is a fine old and large Gothic building. There are other four churches, among which that of St Martin is distinguished by remarkably fine painted glass windows. Troyes is now a place of great manufacturing industry, making large quantities of woollen and cotton goods. Much linen is made and admirably bleached. It has also establishments for making glass paper, leather, brandy, and vinegar. Its traffic is very considerable, and it has an appearance of great prosperity. It was at one ]>eriod a capital of the duchy of Burgundy, where the states assembled. It is stated to have then contained upwards of 60,000 inhabitants. It had in 1836 a population of 25,563. Long. 3. 59. 29. E. Lat. 48. 18. 15. N.
TRUMPET, a musical instrument, the most noble of all portable ones of the wind kind; used chiefly in war, among the cavalry, to direct them in the service. As to the invention of the trumpet, some Greek historians ascribe it to the Tyrrhenians; but others, with greater probability, to the Egyptians, from whom it might have been transmitted to the Israelites. The trumpet was not in use among the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, though it was in common use in the time of Homer. According to Potter (Arch. Greve, vol. ii∙ cap. 9), before the invention of trumpets, the first signals of battles in the primitive wars were lighted torches; to these succeeded shells of fishes, which were sounded like trumpets. And when the trumpet became common in military use, it may well be imagined to have served at first only as a rough and noisy signal of battle, like that at present in Abyssinia and New Zealand, and perhaps with only one sound. But even when more notes were produced from it, so noisy an instrument must have been an unfit accompaniment for the voice and poetry; so that it is probable the trumpet was the first solo instrument in use among the ancients.
TRUNCHEON, a short staff or baton used by kings, generals, and great officers, as a mark of their command.
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TRUNDLE, a sort of carriage with low wheels, for drawing heavy and cumbersome burdens.
TRUNK, among botanists, that part of the herb which arises immediately from the root, and is terminated by fructification; the leaves, buds, and auxiliary parts of the herb not entering into its description. See Vegetable PHYSIOLOGY.
TRUNNIONS, or Trunions, of a piece of ordnance, are those knobs or bunches of metal which bear it up on the cheeks of the carriage.
TRURO, a town in the hundred of Powder and county of Cornwall. It stands at the confluence of two rivers, the Kenwyn and the Allen, which surround the place, and below it unites with an estuary which is a part of the harbour of Falmouth, so that at spring tides it is navigable for vessels of 200 tons burden. In this way the chief products of the tin-mines are conveyed to the requisite markets for consumption. The town is well built, and some recent additions have been made, which have increased its beauty. The church is a spacious building, and is a good specimen of the architecture of the age in which it was erected, that of the reign of Henry V Ill. The town-hall, besides its peculiar purpose, is used for holding the quarter-sessions for the county. There is a building called the Coinage Hall, where the process of coining the tin is carried on, and where the parliaments of the lord warden of the stanneries and the courts of the vice-warden are held, for the adjudication of whatever relates to the trade in tin, the chief object of pursuit in this place. Truro is an incorporated town, and by the recent law is divided into two wards, having a mayor, six aldermen, and seventeen councillors. It returns two members to the House of Commons. It has an endowed grammar-school, with exhibitions at Oxford. There are two weekly markets, one on Wednesday, the other on Friday. The population amounted in 1821 to 2719, and in 1831 to 2925.
TRUSS, a bundle or certain quantity of hay, straw, &c. A truss of hay contains fifty-six pounds, or half a hundred weight. Thirty-six trusses make a load.
TRUTH, a term used in opposition to falsehood, and applied to propositions which answer or accord to the nature and reality of the thing of which something is affirmed or denied.
TRYPHIODORUS, a poet of some note in the decliningages of Greek literature, was a native of Egypt, but the rest of his history is very obscurely known. “All that can be determined in relation to our author’s age,” says Merrick, “is that he lived between the reigns of [Alexander] Severus and Anastasius, the former of whom died at the beginning of the third century, and the latter at the beginning of the sixth.” His writings were numerous, and several of them are mentioned by Suidas. One of these is described as Marathoniaca; a poem, which apparently related to the victory at Marathon. Another of his poems was founded on the story of Hippodamia; and a third, which is more frequently mentioned, was a lipogrammatic, or letter-dropping, Odyssey. “It is generally believed,” as Merrick states, “that the poem was divided into as many books as there are letters in the Greek alphabet, and that in the first book there was no word which had an alpha in it; in the same manner he is thought to have proceeded through the whole work, leaving out in each book that letter by which the number of it was distinguished.” The fantastic plan of this poem is well known to the English reader, from one of Addison’s papers on false wit, Spectator, No. 50. All the works of Tryphiodorus have however perished, with the exception of his poem on the destruction of Troy, 'I λίου "A λωσις , which consists of 681 hexameter verses.

The first edition of this poem was printed by Aldus, in an octavo volume which has no date, and which likewise includes the two poems of Quintus Calaber and Coluthus. That of Tryphiodorus was reprinted in several collections, and not unfrequently in a separate form. An edition, accompanied with a translation into Latin verse, and some annotations, was published by Jamotius, Lutet. 1557, 8vo. The poem was afterwards published with a double version, in prose and verse, by N. Frischlinus, and the castigations of Rhodomannus, Francof. 1588, 4to. The Greek text was edited by II. Rumpitis, Hamb. 1617, 8vo. A good edition, containing the metrical version of Frischlinus, and the select notes of previous editors, added to some of his own, was published by James Merrick, Oxon. 8vo. He likewise translated the poem into English verse, and besides adding copious notes, prefixed an elaborate “Dissertation on the Life and Writings of Tryphiodorus.” The imprimatur of his version is dated in 1739, that of the Greek and Latin edition in 1741; but no date appears in either of the title-pages. The Greek text, with a Latin version, Salvini’s translation into Italian verse, and select annotations, was edited by Bandini, Florent. 1765, 8vo. Another edition of Tryphiodorus was accompanied with a poetical translation into Italian verse by A. T. di Villa, Modena, 1774, 8vo. Two editions, with various illustrations, were published by Thomas Northmore, Lond. 1791, 8vo, Lond. 1804,: vo. A splendid edition, including a few emendations and critical notes, was more recently superintended by Schafer, Lipsiae, 1808, fol.
TSCHERIKOW'S Island, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, observed by Vancouver in 1794, and so called after the companion of Behring’s discoveries. Long, of the centre, 205. 4. E. Lat 55. 49. N.
TSCHERNIGOW, a province or government of European Russia, which extends in north latitude from 52° 22’ to 53° 17', and in east longitude from 30° 13' to 34° 43', and comprehends 25,564 square miles. It is an undulating district, with no lofty hills. The soil is of moderate fertility, producing rye, barley, and oats, and a small quantity of inferior wheat. The crops of hemp and flax afford the chief employment. The heavy products are sent by water to Odessa; and many cattle are bred, and sent to Germany for sale. The population amounts to 1,378,000 persons, all professing the Greek religion. The province is divided into twelve circles, which contain very few large towns for their extent.

Tschernigow, the capital city of the province of that name, as well as of the circle in which it stands. It is 773 miles from St Petersburg. It is situated on the banks of the river Desna, is defended by a fortress on a hill; and is the seat of an archbishop, who has a cathedral with a magnificent cupola. It contains about 2000 houses, with 10,000 inhabitants, who make some linen goods. Long. 31. 13. E. Lat. 51. 27. 10. N.
TSIOMPA, a country of Eastern Asia, between Cambodia and Cochin China, and now subjected to the latter kingdom. The country properly called Tsiompa is harren, intensely hot, and very unhealthy during a great part of the year. It however produces a little cotton, indigo, and silk, though of inferior quality. The inhabitants are tall, strongly made, of a reddish complexion, with the nose somewhat flattened.
TSONG-MING, an island near the coast of China, in the Eastern Seas, near the mouth of the Yang-tse-kiang river, about fifty miles in length and fifteen in breadth. The land is level, the air temperate and healthy, and the country in general pleasant. The land is well cultivated, except towards the north, where reeds grow naturally, and produce a considerable revenue, as they are used for building houses, and also for fuel, which is exported to the neighbouring islands. The country is divided by an infinite number of canals, which have high banks to guard against inundations. That portion of the island which is cultivated extends to the sea on the south side, and pro [7:21:401]duces two crops every year, one of grain, and another of rice or cotton. Wheat, barley, and other grains, are also produced. Another description of land, though it appears barren, abounds in salt, which is an article of export. Lung. 120. 54. E. Lat. 31. 38. N.
TUAK, a email island in the Red Sea, about two miles from the coast of Arabia. Long. 41. 58. E. Lat. 5. 58. N.
TUAM, a handsome town in the county of Galway, Ireland. It is situate on a rivulet, in a low but healthy situation, and is laid out on a regular plan; the market-house occupying the centre, from which four broad streets diverge. Of late, several useful improvements have been made, in widening the streets, erecting schools and other public institutions; but in the smaller streets and outlets, squalid poverty prevails to a great extent. Tuam boasts of very high antiquity in its ecclesiastical history; but no remains of its religious institutions now attest its former magnificence. It still however retains its importance, being now the seat of the bishop of Tuam, as well as of the titular archbishop of the same see. The cathedral is an ancient but small edifice; while that of the Roman Catholics is by far the finest of the modern buildings belonging to that body in Ireland. Here is also a handsome educational edifice belonging to the Catholics, called St Jarlath’s College. There is a barrack for soldiers, and various other public buildings. Tuam has very much improved within these few years; it carries on a considerable retail trade, and a great deal of agricultural produce is sold at the weekly market. It possesses an extensive brewery, several tanneries and flour-mills, and the manufacture of linen and coarse canvass is carried on very successfully. There arc several free schools, at which some hundreds of children are yearly instructed. Tuam is situated on the great thoroughfare, and is distant from Dublin 126 miles. The corporation consists, by the charter of James I, of a sovereign and twelve free burgesses. the population in 1821 amounted to 4571, and in 1831 to 6883.
TUBA, a small river of Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Yenisei, in the government of Kolyvan, sixteen miles south-west of Abakansk.
TUBERCLES, among physicians, denote little tumours which suppurate and discharge pus, and are often found in the lungs, especially of consumptive persons.
TÜBINGEN, a city of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, in the circle of the Black Forest, the capital of a surrounding bailiwick of the same name. It stands at the junction of the river Ammer with the Neckar, and is enclosed by walls and ditches, and has a castle, called the Pfalz, which contains many antiquities and curiosities. There are four churches, 880 houses, and, in 1830, 7220 inhabitants, some of whom are employed in making hosiery goods. Tübingen is chiefly an object of interest on account of its university, which has long been celebrated for the number of eminent scholars that it has produced. Many of the professors in the other German universities have been students at Tübingen. The branches of study pursued are, theology both Catholic and Protestant, jurisprudence, medicine in all its branches, philology, philosophy, and agriculture. There are two hospitals, an anatomical theatre, an observatory, a veterinary school, a chemical elaboratory, and several collections of natural history, with a library of more than 30,000 volumes, besides valuable manuscripts. The students amounted in 1831 to 887. They board among the inhabitants at very cheap rates. Long. 8. 58. 16. E. Lat. 48. 31. 9. N.
TUCOPIA, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Quiros in 1606. Long. 167. E. Lat. 12. S.
TUCUMAN, a province of Paraguay, in South America, bounded on the north by the provinces of Los Chicas and Choco, on the east by Choco and Rio de la Plata, on the south by the country of Chicuitos and Pampas, and on the west by Chili. It now forms part of the republic of Buenos Ayres. See Buenos Ayres.
TUDEL A, a town of Spain, in the province of Navarre. It stands on the river Ebro, near its reception of the waters of the Queiles. It has a magnificent bridge of seventeen arches across the Ebro, and is surrounded with a country highly fertile, and which yields abundance of wine, oil, wheat, hemp, and all kinds of garden-fruits and vegetables. It contains an old castle, ten parish churches, eight monasteries, 1500 houses, and 7295 inhabitants.
TUDURA, a village of Southern India, on the west bank of the Tonga river. It has in its vicinity a forest of fine timber. Long. 75. 25. E. Lat. 13. 40. N.
TULA, a province of European Russia, extending in east longitude from 35° 49' to 38° 45' and in north latitude from 52° 53' to 54° 56', and comprehending 11,997 square miles. It is generally a level district, with a few undulations; there are no lofty hills, very few forests, and no large lakes. It is chiefly drained by the river which conies from the province of Kaluga, and enters that of Moscow, and sometimes by overflowing inundates a great extent of land. The climate is healthy, and much milder than that of the adjoining province of Moscow. It is chiefly an agricultural country, yielding abundance of corn, but the growth of rye very far exceeds that of wheat. Of each description of grain there is a yearly surplus for exportation. The population amounts to 1,393,700 persons, all of the Greek church, except a few Germans established in or near the cities. The province is divided into twelve circles.

Tula, a city of Russia, the capital of a circle and of a province of its name. It is 606 miles from St Petersburg, and stands at the junction of the river Upa with the Tuliza. It is in part surrounded with a wall, is very antique, with crooked and narrow streets, and houses chiefly built of wood. It is the seat of a Greek bishop, whose diocese comprehends the whole province, as well as that of Kaluga. It has twenty-eight churches, a seminary for ecclesiastical education, a public college for the education of nobles, about 4000 houses, and 38,000 inhabitants. Among its establishments of manufactories, the most prominent is that of the emperor for the fabrication of arms of every description, which employs near 500 workmen, and provides arms and equipments for more than 15,000 men yearlv. Long. 33. 56. 14. E. Lat. 54. 14. 40. N.
TULGOM, or Tulgong, a small town in Aurungabad, in the territories of the Mahratta peshwa. This place is noted as the scene of the defeat of the Bombay army in 1778, and its subsequent retreat. In 1806 the town and neighbourhood was almost depopulated by a famine.
TULL, Jethro, an Oxfordshire gentleman who farmed his own land, and introduced a new method of culture, to raise repeated crops of wheat from the same land without the necessity of manure; the principles of which he published in a Treatise on Horse-hoeing Husbandry.
TULLE, an arrondissement of the department of the Corrèze, in France, which extends over 999 1 / 3 square miles, and is divided into twelve cantons and 117 communes, with 129,799 inhabitants in 1836. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the junction of the river Solane with the Corrèze. It is also the capital of the department. It was once more celebrated for its manufactures than it is at present; but some woollens are still made, and some thread lace. Close to the city is an establishment for making muskets and other arms. In 1836, the tow n and suburbs contained 9700 inhabitants. Long. 1. 37. E. Lat. 45. 16. N.
TULWUNDY, a town of Hindustan, province of Lahore. It is celebrated as the birth-place of Baba Nanoe Shah, the founder of the religion of the Sikhs. Long. 75. E. Lat. 31. 15. N.
TUMBELAN Islands a cluster of small islands in the Eastern Seas. Long. 107. 58. E. Lat. 1. N.
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TUMBRELL, Tumbrellum, or Turbichetum, is an engine of punishment, formerly employed for the correction of scolds and unquiet women.
TUMCURU, a town of Southern India, in the province of Mysore, defended by a good fort. It contains from 500 to 600 houses. Long. 77. 12. E. Lat. 13. 15. N.
TUMENE, a district of Tobolsk, in Asiatic Russia, with a capital of the same name, situated on the southern bank of the Tura, at its confluence with the Tumenka. It was built in 1586, on the site of a Tartar town, of which the traces still remain. It has a suburb, inhabited by Tartars and Bucharians. It contains 800 houses, with nine churches, a convent, and a nunnery. It has a foundery of bells, manufactories of soap, and considerable tanneries. Long. 100. 14. E. Lat. 57. N.
TUMLOOK, a small town of Bengal, in the district of Hooghly. The lands in the neighbourhood are extremely low, and only protected from inundation by embankments. It is the head-quarters of an agency for the manufacture of salt, which is a government monopoly. It is thirty-five miles south-west from Calcutta. Long. 88. 2. E. Lat. 22. 17. N.
TUN, a large vessel or cask, of an oblong form, largest in the middle, and diminishing towards its two ends, girt about with hoops, and used for stowing several kinds of merchandise for convenience of carriage; as brandy, oil, sugar, skins, &c.

Tun is also the name of a measure. A tun of wine is four hogsheads; of timber, a square of forty solid feet; and of coals, twenty hundredweight.