pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FLOTSON, or Flotsom. Goods which by shipwreck are lost, and floating upon the sea, are, with jetsom and ligan, generally given to the lord admiral. But this is the case only where the owners of such goods are not known. It is also to be observed Üiatjetsom signifies any thing which is cast out of a ship when in danger, and afterwards beat on the shore by the water, notwithstanding which the ship perishes. Ligan is where heavy goods are thrown overboard, before the wreck of the ship, and sink to the bottom of the sea.
FLOUNDER, Fluke, or But. See Ichthyology.
FLOUR, the meal of wheat-corn, finely ground and sifted.
FLOUR, St, an arrondissement of the department of Cantal, in France, extending over 660 square miles. It Ģ divided into six cantons and eighty-two communes, and contains 65,079 inhabitants. The capital is a city built on a hill of basalt, 300 feet high, and only accessible on one side, at the foot of which flows the river Dauzan. The streets are paved, and the houses constructed of basalt, which gives the whole a gloomy appearance, and hence the neighbours have named it the black city. It contains 800 houses, an [7:9:629]5687 inhabitants, who are occupied in manufactures of glass, leather, copper, and iron goods, and archil. Long. 3. 0.19. E. Lat. 45. 1. 58. N.
FLUENT, or Flowing Quantity. See Fluxions.
FLUID, an appellation given to all bodies, the particles of which easily yield to the least pressure or force impressed. See Hydrodynamics.
FLUX, in Medicine, an extraordinary issue or evacuation of some humour. Fluxes are of different kinds and variously denominated, according to their seats or the humours thus voided; as a flux of the belly, uterine flux, hepatic flux, salival flux, and the like. See Medicine. Flux, in Hydrography, a regular periodical motion of the sea, happening twice in twenty-four hours, in which the water is raised and driven violently against the shores. The flux or flow is one of the motions of the tide; the other, by which the water sinks and retires, is called the reflux or ebb. There is also a kind of rest or cessation of about half an hour between the flux and reflux, during which time the water is at its greatest height, and thence called high ιcater. See Tides.
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FLY, a term usually applied to two-winged insects. See Diptera, in Entomology, Index. Fly, in Mechanics, a cross with leaden weights at its ends; or rather, a heavy wheel at right angles to the axis of a windlass, jack, or the like, by means of which the force of the power, whatever it be, is not only preserved, but equally distributed in all parts of the revolution of the machine. See Mechanics. Fly Island, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by De Maire and Schouten in 1616, and so named from the number of flies which were seen in it. Long. 150. 20. W. Lat. 15. S.

Fly Tree, in Natural History, a name given by the common people of America to a tree, the leaves of which, at a certain time of the year, are said to produce flies. On examining these leaves about the middle of summer there are found on them a sort of bags of a tough matter, of about the size of a filbert, and of a dusky greenish colour. On opening one of these bags with a knife, there is usually found a single full-grown fly, of the gnat kind, and a number of small worms, which in a day or two more have wings, and fly away in the form of their parent. The tree is of the mulberry kind, and its leaves are for the most part largely stocked with these insect bags; but they are generally found to contain the insects in their worm state; and when these become winged, they soon make their way out. The bags begin to appear when the leaves are young, and afterwards grow with them; but they never rumple the leaf or injure its shape. They are of the kind of leaf-galls, and partake in all respects, except size, of a species which is frequent on the large maple, or, as it is called, the sycamore.
FLYERS, the performers in a celebrated exhibition amongst the Mexicans, made on certain great festivals, which are described by Clavigero in his history of that people.
FOAL, or Colt and Filly, the young of the horse kind. The word colt, among dealers, is understood of the male, and filly of the female.
FOCHAN, a town of China, near Canton, situated on the banks of the river on which the city stands, and extending three miles along the river in a single row of large well-built houses. It has a temple and two custom-houses.
FOCUS, in Geometry and Conic Sections, is applied to certain points in the parabola, ellipsis, and hyperbola, where the rays reflected from all parts of these curves meet.

Focus, in Optics, a point in which meet any number of rays, after being reflected or refracted.
FODDER, any kind of meat for horses or other cattle. In some places, hay and straw mingled together is peculiarly denominated fodder.
FOENUS Nauticum. Where money was lent to a merchant to be employed in a beneficial trade, on condition of being repaid with extraordinary interest, in case such voyage was safely performed, the agreement was sometimes called fan us ņauticum, sometimes usura maritima.
FOETOR, in Medicine, foetid effluvia arising from the body, or any part thereof.
FOETUS, the young of all viviparous aftimals whilst in the womb, and of oviparous animals before being hatched. The name is transferred by botanists to the embryons of vegetables. See Anatomy.
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FOG, or Mist, signifies the gross vapours floating near the surface of the earth. See Meteorology.
FOGARAS, a market-town situated on the river Alt, in Hungary, the chief place of a district of the same name, in the division of the Seven Mountains. It contains a Catholic, a Lutheran, a Reformed, and two Greek churches, and 3200 inhabitants. Long. 24. 55. 9. E. Lat. 45. 48. 47. N.
FOGGIA, a city of the kingdom of Naples, the capital of the province Capilanata. It stands on an extensive plain, where several roads from the interior meet. It is extensive, has broad streets, and is surrounded with walls. It has several large fairs and markets, upon which the prosperity of the city chiefly depends. There are here several large magazines for storing corn, which is one of the chief branches of its trade. It is remarkable for the growth and preservation of capers, and produces abundance of wine and oil. It contains 20,680 inhabitants. Long. 15. 38. E. Lat. 41. 25. N.
FOHR, or Fora, an island belonging to the kingdom of Denmark, in the German Ocean, near the mouth of the river Illwe. It extends in north latitude from 54. 41. to 54. 46. and in east longitude from 8. 19. to 8. 31. It contains one market-town, called Westerlandfohr, and sixteen villages, forming sixteen parishes, and inhabited by 5670 persons, many of them sailors. A great number of the men are occupied in taking birds for the down and feathers, whilst the females make a large quantity of warm hosiery and gloves. They are said to have been originally a colony of Frisians, and still speak the language of that people.
FOIBLE, a French term, frequently used in our own language. It literally signifies weak, and in that sense is applied to the body and its parts, as foible reins, foible sight, and the like. It is derived from the Italian βevol<∙, which again is the Latin flebilis, to be lamented or pitied. But it is chiefly used with us substantively, to denote a defect or flaw in a person or thing.
FOIL, in fencing, denotes a blunt sword, having a button at the end covered with leather, which is used in learning the art of fencing. See Fencing. Foil, amongst glass-grinders, a sheet of tin, with quicksilver, or the like, laid on the bačk of a looking-glass, to make it reflect.

Foil, amongst jewellers, a thin leaf of metal placed under a precious stone, to make it look transparent, and give it an agreeable colour, either deep or pale.
FOIX, an arrondissement in the department of Arriège, in France, extending over 803 square miles. It is divided into eight cantons and 104 communes, inhabited by 78,280 individuals. The chief place, which gives name to the circle, is situated in a wide and fruitful valley, on the left bank of the Arriège. It is old and ill built, has some trade in hats, stockings, and caps, and contains 3600 inhabitants. Long. 1. 30. E. Lat. 43. 2. N.
FOKIEN, a large province of China. On the north it is bounded by the province of Tche-kiang, on the east by the Chinese Sea, on the south by Quang-tong, and on the west by Kiang-si. It comprehends under its jurisdiction the Pang-hon or Piscadore Islands, and also the island of Formosa. It has a fertile soil, and an agreeable, warm, and salubrious air; the mountains produce abundance of trees fit for ship-building; and agriculture is prosecuted with great skill on the plains, which yield rice in abundance. The high grounds are disposed in terraces, rising above one another, and water is conducted to them in pipes made of bamboo, which grows here in great plenty. The mountainous parts produce quicksilver, copper, lead, and iron; and it is even conjectured that there are gold mines, though these are not allowed to be worked. Manufactures are carried on in this province to a considerable extent. Steel implements are made, and also cloth from hemp and cotton, besides paper and pencils. The silks and cloth are of extraordinary fineness and beauty. The port of Enfouy in this province was formerly open to European vessels. The chief towns are Fou-tchoo, the capital, celebrated both for commerce and literature; Tsuen-tchosu, Yeu-ping, and Tchang-tcheou. The population is computed, though on very uncertain data, at 15,000,000.
FOKSCHANI, a city of Wallachia, in the circle Slam Rimnick, situated on the rivei∙ Milkow. It contains fourteen churches and a monastery, with 4000 inhabitants, who trade in corn and cattle largely, and produce some good wine. Long. 26. 57. 25. E. Lat. 45. 38. 50. N.
FOLCLANDS, or Folklands. Copyhold lands were so called in the time of the Saxons, as charter lands were called boclands. Falkland was terra vulgi or terra popularis, the land of the common people, who had no certain estate therein, but held it under the rents and services accustomed or agreed, at the will only of their lord the thane; and it was therefore not put in writing, but accounted pτ<e-dium rusticum et ignobile.
FOLCMOTE, or Folkmote (Saxon, Folcgemote, that is, conventus populi), is composed of folk, populus, and mote or gemote, convenire, and originally signified a general assembly of the people called together to consider of and order matters of the commonwealth. According to Spelman, the folemote was a sort of annual parliament or convention of the bishops, thanes, aidermen, and freemen, which assembled upon every May-day, and in which the laymen were sworn to defend one another and the king, and to preserve the laws of the kingdom, after which they consulted of the common safety. But, from the laws of the Saxon kings of England, Dr Brady infers that it was an inferior court, held before the king’s reeve or steward every month, to do folk right, or compose smaller differences; and that from it there lay an appeal to the superior courts. {Gloss, p. 48.) Squire seems to think that the folkmote was not essentially distinct from the shiremote, or common general meeting of the county. (See his Angh. Sax. Gov. 155, n.) Manwood mentions folemote as a court holden in London, in which all the folk and people of the city did complain of the mayor and aidermen for misgovernment within the said city; and this word is still in use, denoting celebrem ex iota civitate conventum. According to Kennet, the folemote was a common council of all the inhabitants of a city, town, or borough, convened by sound of bell, or otherwise, to the Mote Hall or House ; or it was applied to a larger congress of the freemen within a county, called the shiremote, where formerly all knights and military tenants did homage to the king, and elected the annual sheriff on the first of October, until 1315, when, to avoid tumults and riots, this popular form of election was, by 3 Edward I. merged in nomination by the king. After this time the city folkmote was swallowed up in a select committee or common council, and the county folkmote in the sheriff’s tourn and assizes.

The word folkmote was also used to signify any kind of popular or public meetings, as those of the tenants at the court leet or court baron, in which signification it was of a less extent than that above explained. {Paroch. Antiĳ. 120.)
FOLIATING of Looking-Glasses, the spreading the plates over with quicksilver, after they have been polished, in order to reflect the image. The mode in which it is performed may be shortly described. A thin blotting paper is spread on the table, and sprinkled with fine chalk, and a fine lamina or leaf of tin, called foil, is laid over it; upon this is poured mercury, which is to be distributed equally over the leaf; a clean paper is then laid upon the mercury, and over that the glass plate, which is pressed down with the right hand, and the paper gently drawn out with the left. This being done, the plate is covered with a thicker paper, and loaded with a greater weight, that the superfluous mercury may be driven out, and the tin adhere more closely to the glass; and when it is dried, the weight is removed, and the looking-glass complete.
FOLIGNO, a city of the delegation Perugia, in the papal dominion, in Italy. It is situated in a rich and fertile plain, near the river Topino, whence it receives the waters of the Maroggia. It contains eight churches, twelve monasteries, eight nunneries, and a magnificent state-house, in which is a museum of antiquities. The inhabitants, amounting to 15,102, are employed in bleaching wax and making tapers, in woollen manufactures, in making paper, and various conserves. Long. 12. 35. 40. E. Lat. 45. 6. 46, N.
FOLIO, among printers and booksellers, the largest form of books, when each sheet is so printed that it may be bound up in two leaves only.
FOLKES, Martin, a philosopher and antiquary of considerable eminence, was born at Westminster, in the year 1690. A Mr Cappel, once professor of Hebrew at Saumur, was his private tutor. When about seventeen years of age he was sent to Clare-hall, Cambridge, where he applied himself to the study of philosophy and the mathematics; and when only twenty-three years of age he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society. His ingenious communications acquired him so much applause that he was frequently chosen into its council. He was in habits of friendship with the illustrious Newton, at that time president; and by his influence was elected one of the vice-presidents in the year 1723. Mr Folkes became a candidate for the chair on the death of Sir Isaac Newton; but the superior interest of Sir Hans Sloane rendered his application ineffectual. In 1733, and the two subsequent years, he resided for the most part in Italy, with the view of improving himself in the knowledge of classical antiquity. To ascertain the weight and value of ancient coins, he carefully consulted the cabinets of the curious; and on his return home he presented to the Antiquarian Society, of which he was a member, a dissertation on the subject. He read before the same learned body a dissertation on the measurement of Trajan’s and Antoninus’ pillars, together with other remains of antiquity. The fruits of his observations he presented to the Royal Society, particularly Remarks on the Standard Measure preserved in the Capitol of Rome, and the model of an ancient globe in the Farnese palace. He visited Paris in 1739, where he was received with great respect, and admitted into the society of the most distinguished literary characters of that metropolis. This respect indeed he was entitled to by bis unwearied application to many branches of knowledge alike curious and useful. His valuable work upon English Silver Coins was printed in the year 1745. Amongst the many honours conferred upon Mr Folkes, was that of being created doctor of laws by both universities, and chosen president of the Antiquarian Society. He continued to furnish the Philosophical Transactions with many learned papers, till his career was cut short by a paralytic stroke, which terminated his useful life in the year 1654. He was a man of extensive knowledge and approved accuracy; but the chief benefit to science which resulted from his labours was his treatise on the intricate subject of coins, weights, and measures. His cabinet and library, which were large and valuable, were exposed to public sale after his death. His private character was distinguished for politeness, generosity, and friendship.
FOLKINGHAM, a market-town of the county of Lincoln, in the hundred of Aveland and Kesteven, 107 miles from London. It is beautifully situated on the ascent of a hill, which affords a fine prospect over the plains below it. The church has a lofty tower, which is visible at a great distance. A county jail has been recently erected, and the quarter-sessions for the county are held here. The market is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 531, in 1811 to 659, in 1821 to 759, and in 1831 to 744.
FOLKSTONE, a market-town of the county of Kent, on the sea-shore, in the hundred of its own name, of the lathe of Shepway, seventy-two miles from London. It is a member of the Cinque Ports under Dover, but returns no members to parliament. It is built on the ascent of a steep hill, the foot of which forms the sea beach. The chief employments are fishing, and the contraband trade in articles charged with heavy duties. The market is held on Thursday, and well supplied. The population amounted in 1801 to 3257, in 1811 to 3697, in 1821 to 4541, and in 1831 to 4296.
FOLKLAND, and Folkmote. See Folclands and Folemote.
FOLLICULUS (from follis, a bag), a species of seedvessel, first mentioned by Linnaeus in his Delineatio Plantarum. It generally consists of one valve, which opens from bottom to top on one side, and has no suture for fastening or attaching the seeds within it.
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FOLLICULI are likewise defined by the same author to be small glandular vessels distended with air, which appear on the surface of some plants, as at the foot of watermilfoil, and on the leaves of aldrovanda. In the former the leaves in question are roundish, and furnished with an appearance like two horns; in the latter, pot-shaped and semicircular.
FÓLLIS anciently signified a little bag or purse, and hence it came to be used for a sum of money; nay, different sums were called by the same name. Thus the scholiast on the Basilics mentions a follis of copper which was worth but the twenty-fourth part of the miliarensis ; the gloss<ε nomic<ε, quoted by Gronovius and others, were, one of 125 miliarenses, and another of 250 denarii, which was the ancient sestertiujn ; and three different sums of eight, four, and two pounds of gold were each called follis. According to the account of the scholiast, the ounce of silver, which contained five miliarenses of sixty to the pound, was worth 120 folles of copper. The glossographer, describing a follis of 250 denarii, says it was equal to 312 pounds six ounces of copper; and as the denarius of that age was the eighth part of an ounce, an ounce of silver must have been worth 120 ounces of copper; therefore the scholiast’s follis was an ounce of copper, and equal to the glossographer’s nummus. But as Constantine’s copper money weighed a quarter of a Roman ounce, the scholiast’s follis and the glossographer’s nummus contained four of them, as the ancient nummus contained four asses.
FOMAHAUT, in Astronomy, a star of the first magnitude, in the constellation Aquarius.
FOMENTATION, in Medicine, is a fluid externally applied, usually as warm as the patient can bear it. The degree of heat should never exceed that of producing a pleasant sensation; great heat produces effects very different from those intended by the use of fomentation.
FONG-HOA-TCHING, a large, populous, and commercial town of Chinese Tartary, on the borders of Corea. It has manufactures of white and transparent paper, fabricated from cotton, which is used in windows instead of glass. Long. 143. 42. E. Lat. 40. 31. N.
FONG-TCHING, a town of China, of the third rank, in the province of Pe-tche-li. It is situated on the banks of the Grand Canal, in a fine and fertile country, and is said to be rather in a state of decay. It is twelve miles north of Kiang.
FONG-YANG, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-nang. It is situated on a mountain, near the Yellow River; and being the birth-place of one of the Chinese emperors, he resolved to embellish the city, and render it the seat of government. But he afterwards transferred the seat of government to Nanking, and the few works which had been completed were abandoned. This city comprehends eighteen towns under its jurisdiction. It is 340 miles south of Pekin. Long. 117. E. Lat. 32. 52. N.
FONT, among ecclesiastical writers, a large basin, in which water is kept for baptizing infants or other persons.

Font, in the art of printing, denotes a complete assortment of letters, accents, &c. used in printing. See Fount.
FONTAINES, Pierre-Francois Gyot Des, a French critic, the son of a councillor in the parliament of Rouen, was born in that city on the 18th December 1685, and terminated his career at Paris on the 16th December 1745. At the age of fifteen he entered into the society of the Jesuits, where he received orders; and at thirty quitted it to return to the world. He was a priest, and had a cure in Normandy, which he soon left, and, as a man of wit and letters, lived for a time with the Cardinal d’Auvergne. Having excited some attention at Paris by certain critical productions, Desfontaines was, in 1724, employed to conduct the Journal des Sçavans. He acquitted himself well in this department, and was peaceably enjoying the applause of the public, when his enemies, exasperated by critical strictures in his journal, caused him to be accused of an abominable crime, and procured his imprisonment. By the credit of powerful friends, however, he was set at liberty in fifteen days: the magistrate of the police took upon himself the trouble of justifying him, in a letter addressed to the Abbé Bignon; and this letter having been read amidst his fellow-labourers in the journal, he was unanimously re-established in his former credit. This happened in 1725. But with whatever reputation he acquitted himself in conducting his journal, frequent disgusts induced him at length to abandon it. Meanwhile he laboured in some new periodical works, from which he derived his greatest fame. In 1731 he commenced one under the title of Le Nouvelliste du Parnasse, ou Reflexions sur les Ouvrages Nouveaux; but it only extended to two volumes, the work having been suppressed by authority, from the incessant complaints of the authors ridiculed therein. About three years after, in 1735, he obtained a new privilege for a periodical production entitled Observations sur les Ecrits Modernes, which, after extending to thirty-three volumes, was suppressed in 1743. Yet the year following, 1744, he published another weekly paper called Jugemens sur les Ecrits Nouveaux, which proceeded to eleven volumes; the last two having been executed by other hands. In 1745 he was attacked with a disorder in the chest, which ended in a dropsy that proved fatal in five weeks. “He was born a sentimental person,” says Fréron; “a philosopher in conduct as well as in principle; exempt from ambition; and of a noble, firm spirit, which would not submit to sue for preferments or titles. In common conversation he appeared only a common man; but when subjects of literature, or any thing out of the ordinary way, were agitated, he discovered great force of imagination and wit.”