pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BALNAVES, Henry, a Scottish protestant, born in the shire of Fife in the reign of James V., and educated at the university of St Andrews. He went afterwards to France in order to finish his studies, and returning to Scotland, was admitted into the family of the earl of Arran, who at that time governed the kingdom; but, in the year 1542, the earl dismissed him for having embraced the protestant religion. In 1564 he joined (says Mackenzie) the murderers of Cardinal Beaton; for which he was declared a traitor, and excommunicated. Whilst that party were besieged in the castle of St Andrews, they sent Balnaves to England, who returned with a considerable supply of money and provisions; but being at last obliged to surrender to the French, he was sent with the rest of the garrison a prisoner to France. During his confinement at Rouen he wrote the work entitled Confession of Faith; but it was not published till 1584, five years after his death. He returned to Scotland about the year 1559, and having joined the Congregation, was appointed one of the commissioners to treat with the duke of Norfolk on the part of Queen Elizabeth. In 1563 he was made one of the Lords of Session, and appointed by the General Assembly, with other learned men, to revise the Booh of Discipline. Knox, his contemporary and fellow-labourer, gives him the character of a very learned and pious man. Balnaves died at Edinburgh in the year 1579.
BALNEARII Servi, in Antiquity, servants or attendants belonging to the baths. Some were appointed to heat them, called fornicateres; others were denominated capsarii, who kept the clothes of those that went into them; others aliptae, whose care it was to pull off the hair; others unctuarii, who anointed and perfumed the body.
BALNEARIUS Fur, in Antiquity, a kind of thief who practised stealing the clothes of persons in the baths; sometimes also called fur balnearum. The crime of those thieves was a kind of sacrilege, for the hot baths were accounted sacred; and hence they were more severely punished than common thieves, who stole out of private houses. The latter were usually acquitted on paying double the value of the thing stolen; but the former were generally punished with death.
BALOGNES, an arrondissement in the department of Manche, or of the Channel, in France, extending over 325 square miles, and comprehending seven cantons and 122 communes, with 94,676 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, on the river Merderet. It contains 1050 houses, and 7112 inhabitants, employed chiefly in making woollen and linen goods, and gloves. Near it have been discovered some Roman antiquities, especially the ruins of an amphitheatre. Long. 1. 34. W. Lat. 49. 30. N.
BALO l’ADE, a term in the manege, signifying a leap made by a horse between two pillars, or upon a straight line, in such a manner that when his fore feet are in the air, he shows nothing but the shoes of his hinder feet without yerking out.
BALSOVER, or Bolsover, a market-town in the hundred of Scarsdale and county of Derby, 155 miles from London. It is celebrated for the manufacture of tobacco pipes, and for an ancient magnificent castle built by the family of Hastings, earls of Abergaveny. The number of inhabitants in 1801 amounted to 1091, in 1811 to 1151, and in 1821 to 1245. The market is held on Friday.
BALTA, a town, the capital of the circle of the same name, in the Russian government of Podolia. It stands on the Kodima, near its junction with the Bug, and carries on a trade in corn by that river with Warsaw and Dantzic. The population is 1600. Long. 29. 33. E. Lat. 47. 46. N.
BALTIMORE, a decayed town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, situated on a headland projecting into the sea, with a good harbour. It is 13 miles south-east of Bantry.

Baltimore, a town of Maryland, in North America. It is situated round the head of a small bay, which is an arm of the Chesapeak, and near the mouth of the river Patapsco. The basin which forms the harbour is of a circular form, with a narrow entrance guarded by a fort, and is large enough to contain 2000 merchant vessels. Baltimore is now the third port, in point of trade, in the United States, New York and Philadelphia only being superior. Its progress has been rapid beyond example. In 1750 it was a village of ten or twelve houses, and in 1818 it contained 60,000 inhabitants. The merchants here are considered among the most enterprising in the United States. The tonnage belonging to the port in 1815 amounted to 107,137 tons. A British force attacked Baltimore in September 1814; but the ships of war being unable to force the entrance to the harbour, the attack by land proved unsuccessful, and the troops withdrew, with the loss of the commander, General Ross, and 200 men. The houses in Baltimore are generally well built, and many of the public edifices are extremely handsome. The Roman Catholics are the most numerous class; the other considerable sects are the Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Quakers. The democratic party have a more decided superiority in Baltimore than in any other great city in the United States. Long. 76. 40. W. Lat. 39. 10. N.
BALTINGLASS, a town of Ireland, county of Wicklow, on the river Slaney. It carries on a manufacture of 'linen and woollen cloths. Here an action took; place in 1798, between the royalists and the insurgents, in which th latter were defeated. The population is 1500, and it is 37 miles south by west of Dublin.
BALUBALAGAN, a cluster of thirteen small, flat, wooded islands in the Straits of Macassar, having navigable channels between them, but uneven anchorage. There is a fishery here for biche-de-mer.
BALUS PER, a small kind of pillar used for balustrades.
BALUSTRADE, a series or row of balusters, joined by a rail, and serving as well for a rest to the elbows as for a fence or inclosure to balconies, altars, staircases, &c.
BALZAC, John Lewis Guez de, born at Angoulême in 1594- He was one of the most distinguished and po- nular writers of his day, but his works have long since sunk into comparative obscurity. Voltaire allows him the merit of having been the first who gave numbers and harmony to French prose, but censures his style as somewhat bombastic. His writings extend to two folio volumes, which were published in that form in 1665, with a preface by the Abbé Cassaigne; but his reputation was chiefly founded upon his Letters·, which passed through many editions, and were translated into various languages. He died in 1655, and was buried in the hospital of Nôtre Dame des Anges, to which he bequeathed 12,000 livres. He also left an estate of 100 franks per annum for a gold medal to be bestowed every two years for the best discourse on some moral subject?
BAMBA, a province of the kingdom of Congo, in Africa. It is situated between the rivers Ambriz and Lose, the last of which separates it from Pemba on the east, as the Ambriz does from the province of Sogno on the north. Along the sea-coast Bamba extends itself northward to the river Lelunda, and on the south to that of Danda. Ambriz is the chief sea-port, and the character of the coast corresponels with that generally described under the head of Angola; but the interior is known only from the imperfect and doubtful accounts of the Portuguese missionaries, who penetrated into it more than two centuries ago.
BAMBOCCIO, a celebrated painter, was born at Laeren, near Narden, in 1613. His name was Peter van Laer; but in Italy they gave him the name of Bamboccio, on account of the uncommon shape of his body, the lower part being one third longer than the upper, and his neck so short that it was buried between his shoulders. Nature, however, had made him amends for the unseemliness of his limbs, in the superior beauties of his mind. His style of painting was sweet and true, and his touch delicate, with great transparency of colouring. His figures were always of a small size, well proportioned, and correctly designed; and although his subjects were taken from the lower kinds of nature, such as plunderings, playing at bowls, inns, farriers’ shops, cattle, or conversations, yet whatever he painted was so correctly designed, so happily executed, and so highly finished, that hie manner was adopted by many of the Italian painters of his time. We may add that his works are still admired, and that he is justly ranked amongst the class of eminent masters. In the latter part of his life he was severely tormented with an asthmatic complaint, which he endured with much impatience ; and it is reported, that as the disorder seemed to him insupportable, he threw himself into a canal to shorten his misery, and was drowned. His death happened in 1673.
BAMBOROUGH, a village in Northumberland, on the sea-coast, fourteen miles north of Alnwick, was once a royal borough, sending two members to parliament, and even gave name to a large tract extending southward which was called Bamboroughshire. It had also three religious foundations, a house of friars preachers founded by Henry III., a cell of canons regular of St Austin, and an hospital. Its very ancient castle stands on an almost perpendicular rock close to the sea, and accessible only on the south-east side, on a spot where, according to the monkish historians, there stood the castle or palace of the kings of Northumberland, said to have been built by King Ina, who began his reign about the year 559. Part of the present ruin is by some supposed to be the remains of King Ina’s work.
BAMBURG, a city of the circle of Upper Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria, which gives its name to a magistracy. It was formerly under a sovereign bishop, but secularized by the revolution in France. It stands on the Regnitz, in a beautiful situation, surrounded with vineyards and gardens. Like all the ecclesiastical cities, it abounds in religious edifices of some antiquity. The present number of churches is twenty-five, besides the cathedral and fifteen chapels. It has become a place of consideration from its trade, which is assisted by the improved navigation of the Regnitz, and by the manufactures, which have recently been much extended. These consist of linen and woollen cloths, of numerous breweries and distilleries, of leather of all kinds, and of various smaller wares. The inhabitants of the city in 1827 amounted to 20,500, chiefly Catholics. The magistracy extends over sixty-seven square miles, and contains, besides those in the city, a population of 8780 individuals. The city is in long. 11. 48. 16. E. lat. 49. 53. 31. N.
BAMIYAN, a city of Asia, in the province of Zablestan, ten days’ journey from Balk, and eight from Gazna.
BAMPTON, or Bampton-in-the-Bush, a markettown of the hundred of Bampton and county of Oxford. It stands in a flat situation near the banks of the Isis, seventy miles from London, and eighteen from Oxford. The church is a magnificent ancient edifice. The market is held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1003, in 1811 to 1232, and in 1821 to 1460.

Bampton, a market-town in the hundred of Bampton, in the county of Devon, 164 miles from London, and twenty-one from Exeter. It formerly returned members to parliament, and has now a corporation governed by a port-reeve. The market is held on Saturday. A great battle was fought here in 614, between the West Saxons and Britons, in which the former were defeated with the loss of 20,000 men. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 1364; in 1811, 1452; and in 1821, 1633.
BANAGHER, a market and post-town of Ireland, in King’s county, on the river Shannon, over which is a bridge. The population is 2813; and it is 81 miles west by south of Dublin.
BANALBUFAR, a town on the western coast of the island of Majorca, belonging to Spain, where the best wine is produced. It contains 3745 inhabitants.
BANAT, one of the divisions of Hungary, which is included in the military frontier provinces. It extends over 2973 square miles, or 1,802,720 acres, and contains one market-town, two cities, and 162 villages, with 174,650 inhabitants. The latter are mostly of the Greek church,’ but about one third are Catholics, with a few Lutherans. It borders on Wallachia, and on the Turkish territory. Part of the Banat consists of a level plain, but much is mountainous, especially towards Wallachia, where it comprehends a portion of the Carpathians within its boundary. It is very productive in corn, cattle, flax, and hemp; but the cultivators want markets and access to places of consumption. There are none but domestic manufactures. The chief city is Pancsova, at the junction of the Themes with the Danube.
BANBURY, a market and borough-town of the hundred of Banbury, in the county of Oxford, seventy-five miles from London. The corporation consists of a mayor, recorder, high steward, and six burgesses, who returned a member to the House of Commons, in the election of whom the Earls of Guildford long had the patronage. It has some, but not considerable manufactures, and depends chiefly on the numerous villages around it, which send their agricultural productions to the market every Thursday. The inhabitants in 1801 amounted to 2755, in 1811 to 2841, and in 1821 to 3396.
BANCA, an island in the Eastern Seas, about 130 miles in length by forty or fifty in breadth, lying off the northeastern coast of Sumatra, from which it is separated by the Straits of Banca. This island has in all ages been celebrated for its mines of tin, which have yielded immense quantities of ore, and appear to be inexhaustible. They were discovered about the year 1710, and are worked by a colony of Chinese, who are said to amount to 10,000. These miners, from long practice, have arrived at such perfection in reducing the ore into metal, employing wood instead of coal in their furnaces, that the tin of the Banca mines is preferred to European tin in the market of Canton, as being more malleable. From 133 pounds of ore are obtained seventy-five pounds of metal. This island is opposite the river of Palembang, in the island of Sumatra, and it belonged to the sovereign of the district of Palembang, who exacted from the proprietors of the mines a certain quantity of its produce at a fixed price, which he re-sold to the Dutch at a small advance of profit. The island was ceded to the Dutch in 1812, in consequence of an expedition against its sovereign, which was sent from Batavia. A fort was erected two miles west of a small town called Minto; but the situation proved so unhealthy that it was afterwards removed to a more inland spot. By the convention concluded in 1814, Banca was ceded to the Dutch. The mincrs and some pirates were formerly its only inhabitants. The Straits of Banca are formed by the island of Sumatra on the west, and that of Banca on the east. They are about 100 miles in length, of unequal breadth, and the depth of water very irregular, shoaling in some places at once from twelve to seven fathoms. The tide rises and falls about eleven feet. Long. 105. 15. to 106. 40. E. Lat. 1. 27. to 3. 4. S. Another small island of this name, amid a cluster still smaller, lies off the north-east extremity of the island of Celebes.
BANCAPOOR, a large town of Hindostan, in the province of Bejapoor, antl formerly a place of importance. The fort was dismantled by Tippoo’s army. It is 50 miles S.S.E. from Darwar. Long. 76. 16. E. Lat. 14. 58. N.
BANCOOK, a sea-port of the kingdom of Siam, situated on the east side of Siam river. It is properly the seaport of Siam, few ships ascending higher up the river; and it is distant from it forty-two miles. In the reign of Louis XIV. this place was ceded to the French, who here erected[7:4:340] a fortress, which they retained for several years. They were afterwards expelled from the country about 1690, and have never since recovered their influence in it.
BANDALEER, or Bandelier, in military affairs, a large leathern belt, thrown over the right shoulder, and hanging under the left arm. It was worn by the ancient musketeers, both for sustaining their fire-arms, and for the carriage of their musket charges, which, being put up in little wooden cases coated with leather, were hung, to the number of twelve, to each bandaleer.
BANDER CONGO, a small sea-port town in Asia, seated on the Persian Gulf. Long. 54.10. E. Lat. 19. 0. N.
BANDITTI, from the Italian bandito, persons proscribed, or, as we call it, outlawed, and sometimes denominated[7:4:344] banniti or toris banniti. It is also a denomination given to highwaymen or robbers who infest roads in troops.
BANDON, or Bandonbridge, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, on the river Bandon, which flows into the sea at Kinsale. Its public buildings are two churches, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel, and a court-house. It has two market-houses and a spacious quay on the south side of the river. It has manufactures of linen, camlets, and coarse woollen stuffs; also tanneries, breweries, and dye-works. The population is 10,179. It is 18 miles S. W. of Cork.
BANDORA, the capital of the island of Salsette, on the western coast of the peninsula, on this side the Ganges. Long. 72. 30. E. Lat. 19. 0. N. .
BANDORE, the name of a musical instrument with strings, resembling a lute, and said to have been invented in the fourth year of Queen Elizabeth, by one John Rose.
BANDROL, a little flag, in the form of a guidon, extended more in length than in breadth, and usually hoisted on the masts of vessels; a pennant or streamer.
BANE, from the Saxon bana, a murderer, signifies destruction or overthrow. Thus, “I will be the bane of such a man,” is a common saying; when a person receives a mortal injury by any thing, we say, “it was his bane and he who is the cause of another man’s death is said to be le bane, that is, a malefactor.
BANFF, the capital of Banffshire, is pleasantly situated on the western bank of the river Deveron, at the point where it discharges itself into the sea. The town is of great antiquity, and its erection is traditionally ascribed to Malcolm Canmore. A charter was afterwards granted in 1165 by William the Lion (Carte of Moray). Its former charters were confirmed by Robert IL, on the 7th October 1372; and also by different succeeding monarchs, down to the time of James VI., who granted charters in 1581 and 1592, which are the latest held by the town. Banff was originally endowed with an ample patrimony, but this was lost to the burgh by the rapacity of its magistracy and the neighbouring proprietors, about the time of James VI., who granted charters to enable them to feu and sell in perpetuity.

The form of the town is irregular. The houses, with the exception of a few modern structures, are old and incommodious; some of the streets are narrow and ill paved; and no extension can be now expected, as it is hemmed in on all sides by lands held in strict entail. The great north road passes through Banff, and enters the town by a beautiful bridge across the Deveron. The accommodation for religious instruction is ample; and there is an excellent academy, besides several private and charity schools. The charitable foundations are also extensive. The shipping interest has long been on the decline, particularly since the peace with France; and all attempts to revive it, with the exception of the Banff and London Shipping Company, at present very flourishing, have failed. In 1815 a speculation in whale fishing was entered into, and a new harbour projected, principally for the accommodation of the whale vessels; but the harbour has been found useless as a place of safety. The old harbour is quite safe, although of difficult access, and only fitted for the reception of small craft. The exports are corn, cattle, pork, butter, herrings, salmon, and other fish. The imports are merchant goods, coals, iron, staves, and other articles necessary for the herring fishery. There are no manufactories of any description within the town, although the place and near neighbourhood afford many facilities for that purpose. A cast-iron foundery was, however, established in 1825, which has hitherto proved very successful. The town was lighted with gas in November 1b∙31.

The lower part of the town was inundated by the great flood in 1829, and considerable damage was done. Banff has a weekly market for provisions, a monthly corn market, and four fairs annually. By the census of 1831, the po∙ pulation of the town and parish amounted to 3711. Banff is 46 miles N. W. from Aberdeen, and 75 N. N. E. from Edinburgh. Long. 2. 32. W. Lat. 57. 40. 58. N.
BANGALORE, a fortified town of Hindostan, in the rajah of Mysore’s territories, founded by Hyder. The fort, which was constructed by Hyder after the best fashion of Mahommedan architecture, was destroyed by his son Tippoo, after he found that it was incapable of effectuallyresist-jog the British army. It was afterwards repaired in 1802. 1he gardens made here by Hyder and Tippoo are extensive, and, owing to the height of the ground, the town being by observation 2901 feet above Madras, European fruits and plants may be reared. During the reign of Hyder this city was populous, but was much injured by the edicts of Tippoo, prohibiting all trade with the dominions of Arcot and Hyderabad, and by his forcing the merchants to buy from him a large quantity of goods at a high price. To complete its misfortunes, the town was stormed by the British troops under Cornwallis, and abandoned to [7:4:346]plunder. The travelling distance'from Seringapstam is 74 miles, from Madras 215, and from Hyderabad 352. Long. 77. 46. E. Lat. 12. 57. N.
BANGHIR, a town of Ireland, in King’s county, in the province of Leinster, seated on the river Shannon. Long. 8. 5. W. Lat. 53. 10. N.
BANGOR, a city, the see of a bishop, in the county of Carnarvon, in North Wales, 253 miles from London, on the magnificent new road to Ireland by Holyhead. A harbour has recently been constructed, at which are loaded numerous vessels with slates, from the extensive quarries in that neighbourhood. The cathedral is very ancient, but neither large nor elegant: it is also used as a parish church. The diocese of Bangor comprehends the whole of Carnarvonshire except three parishes, all Anglesea, and a part of Denbigh, Merioneth, and Montgomery, containing in all 107 parishes. The inhabitants in 1801 amounted to 1790, in 1811 to 2393, and in 1821 to 3579.

Bangor, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, situated on the south shore of Carrickfergus Bay. Here is a small harbour, and a considerable fishery is carried on for soles, plaise, and turbot, and during the winter for cod and oysters. It is 114 miles N. by E. of Dublin.
BANGUEY, an island in the Eastern Seas, lying off the north coast of Borneo, and separated by a channel three miles wide, from the island of Balambangan. It is about 23 miles in length by 11 in breadth. Long. 117. 25. E. Lat. 7. 15. N.
BANIAK, an island in the Eastern Seas, off the west coast of Sumatra. It is one of a cluster of islands, and is about 17 miles in length by 7 in average breadth. Seaslug or biche de mer is obtained here. Long. 96. 48. E. Lat. 2. 10. N.
BANIALUCH, or Bagnaluch, a city of European Turkey, the capital of Bosnia, upon the frontiers of Dalmatia, near the river Setina. Long. 18. 20. E. Lat. 44. 20. N.
BAÑIER, Anthony, member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres, an ecclesiastic of the diocese of Clermont in Auvergne, was born in 1673. He is principally celebrated for his translation of the Metamorphoses of Ovid, with historical remarks and explanations; which was published in 1732, at Amsterdam, in folio, finely ornamented with copperplates by Picart, and reprinted at Paris in 1738, in two vols. 4to; and for his Mythology or Fables of the Ancients, explained by History; a work full of information, which was translated into English, and printed at London in 1741, in four vols. 8vo. He died at Paris in November 1741.
BANISTER, John, a physician and surgeon in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was educated at Oxford. In 1573 he took the degree of bachelor of physic; and, obtaining a licence from the university to practise, settled at [7:4:347]Nottingham, where he lived many years in great repute, and wrote several medical and surgical treatises. The time of his death is not known. His works were collected and published in a 4to volume in 1633. .