pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TRANSLATION is also used for the version of a book or writing out of one language into another. The principles of translation have been clearly and accurately laid down by Dr Campbell of Aberdeen in his invaluable Preliminary Dissertations to his translation of the Gospels. The fundamental rules which he establishes are three: 1. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original; 2. that the style and manner of the original should be preserved in the translation; 3. that the translation should have all the ease of original composition. The rules deducible from these general laws are explained and illustrated with much judgment and taste, in an Essay on the Principles of Translation, by the late Lord Woodhouselee; of which the third edition was published at Edinburgh in the year 1813.
TRANSMIGRATION, the removal or translation of a whole people into another country, by the power of a conqueror.

Transmigration is particularly used for the passage of the soul out of one body into another.
TRANSMUTATION, the act of changing one substance into another.

TRANSMUTATION, in alchemy, denotes the act of chang [7:21:345]ing inferior metals into gold or silver. This is also called the grand operation effected with the philosopher’s stone.
TRANSOMS, in a ship, certain beams or timbers extended across the stern-post of a ship, to fortify her after-part, and give it the figure most suitable to the service for which she is calculated.
TRANSPARENCY, in Physics, a quality in certain bodies, by which they give passage to the rays of light: in contradistinction to opacity, or that quality of bodies which renders them impervious to the rays of light.
TRANSPOSIT ΙΟΝ, in Grammar, a disturbing or dislocating the words of a discourse, or a changing their natural order of construction, to please the ear, by rendering the contexture more smooth, easy, and harmonious.

Transposition, in Music, the removal of a piece of music, either in writing or in performing it, into a key higher or lower than the original one. For the principle of this, see Music, p. 610.
TRANSUBSTANTIATION, in Theology, the conversion or change of the substance of the bread and wine in the eucharist, into the body and blood of Jesus Christ; which the Romish church supposes to be wrought by the consecration of the priest.
TRANSVERSE, something that goes across another from corner to corner. Thus bends and bars in heraldry are transverse pieces or bearings; the diagonals of a parallelogram or a square are transverse lines.
TRAPANI, a city of the island of Sicily, in the province of Mazzara, the capital of an intendancy of the same name. It stands on a long and low isthmus, on the seashore, in a healthy spot. It is surrounded with walls, and defended by a strong castle. Trapani contains forty-two churches and monasteries, several hospitals, and a seminary or college, with 4356 dwellings, and 24,350 inhabitants. The chief occupations are the tunny and the anchovy fisheries, working in coral and marble, making soap, oil, and salt, and shipping corn. The harbour is good and safe, and is protected by a mole. Long. 12. 30. 18. E. Lat. 38. 1. 53. N.
TRAPEZIUM, in Geometry, a plane figure contained under four unequal right lines.
TRAS los Montes, one of the provinces into which the kingdom of Portugal is divided. It receives the name from its situation beyond the mountain which divides it from the province of Beyra, in the same kingdom. On the northern frontier it is bounded by Galicia, and on the eastern by Leon in Spain. Its extent is 455 square leagues, and its population 318,665 souls.
TRAU, a city of the Austrian province of Dalmatia, in the circle of Spalatro. It stands on an island, and is connected by a bridge on one side with the mainland, and by another on the opposite side with the island Bua. It is about eight leagues south of Sabenico and the country around it is highly fertile, producing abundance of com, wine, figs, almonds, and oil, and some wool and cheese. It is the seat of a bishop, who has a palace and a cathedral. Trau contains several other churches, and 6300 inhabitants, partly occupied in the fishery. The harbour is secure for small vessels. The steeple of the cathedral is in long. 16. 15. 10. E. and lat. 43. 30. 57. N.
TRAVALLA, a seaport on the west coast of the island of Celebes, containing 200 inhabitants, and carrying on an inconsiderable trade. Lat. 1. 10. S.
TRAVERSE, or Transverse, in general denotes something that goes athwart another; that is, crosses and cuts it obliquely.

T raverse, in Navigation, implies a compound course, or an assemblage of various courses, lying at different angles with the meridian.

Traverse Board, a thin circular piece of board, marked with all the points of the compass, and having eight holes bored in each, and eight small pegs hanging from the centre of the board. It is used to determine the different courses run by a ship during the period of the watch, and to ascertain the distance of each course.
TRAVESTY, a name given to a humorous translation of any author. The word is derived from the French travestir, to disguise.
TREACHEROUS Bay, a dangerous bay in the Eastern Seas, in Gaspar’s Strait. It is on the east coast of the island of Billiton, and is full of banks and shoals, many of which are only seen at low water.
TREASON, a general appellation to denote not only offences against the king and government, but also that accumulation of guilt which arises whenever a superior reposes a confidence in a subject or inferior, between whom and himself there subsists a natural, a civil, or even a spiritual relation; and the inferior so abuses that confidence, so forgets the obligations of duty, subjection, and allegiance, as to destroy the life of any such superior or lord. Hence treason is of two kinds, high and petty. High Treason, or Treason Paramount (which is equivalent to the crimen loesoe majestatis of the Romans, as Glanville denominates it also in the English law), is an offence committed against the security of the king or kingdom, whether by imagination, word, or deed. In order to prevent the inconveniences which arose in England from a multitude of constructive treasons, the statute 25 Edw. III. c. 2, was made; which defines what offences only for the future should be held to be treason.

Petty or Petit Treason, according to the statute 25 Edward III. c. 2, may happen three ways: by a servant killing his master, a wife her husband, or an ecclesiastical person (either secular or regular) his superior, to whom he owes faith and obedience.
TREASURE, in general, denotes a store or stock of money in reserve. , Treasure- Trove, in Law, derived from the French word trouver, to find, called in Latin thesaurus inventus, is where any money or coin, gold, silver, plate, or bullion, is found hidden in the earth or any private place, the owner thereof being unknown; in which case the treasure belongs to the king: but if he that had hid it be known, or afterwards found out, the owner and not the king is entitled to it.
TREASURER, an officer to whom the treasure of a prince or corporation is committed to be kept and duly disposed of, in payment of officers and other expenses.

The lord high treasurer of Great Britain, or first commissioner of the treasury, when in commission, has under his charge and government all the king’s revenue which is kept in the exchequer. He holds his place during the king’s pleasure, being instituted by the delivery of a white staff to him. He has the check of all the officers employed in collecting the customs and royal revenues; and in his gift and disposition are all the offices of the customs in the several parts of the kingdom; escheators in every county are nominated by him; and he also makes leases of the lands belonging to the crown.

Treasurer of the Household is an officer who, in the absence of the lord-steward, has power, with the comptroller and other officers of the board of green-cloth, and the steward of the Marshalsea, to hear and determine treasons, felonies, and other crimes committed within the king’s palace.

Treasurer of the Navy, is an officer who receives money out of the exchequer, by warrant from the lord high treasurer, or the lords commissioners executing that place, and pays all charges of the navy, by warrant from the principal officers of the navy.
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TREASURY, the place where the revenues of a state are received, preserved, and disbursed. In England the treasury is a part of the exchequer, by some called the lower etchequer. Lords of the Treasury. In lieu of one single director and administrator of the sovereign’s revenues under the title of lord high treasurer, it is at present thought proper to put that office in commission, i.e. to appoint several persons to discharge it, with equal authority, under the title of Lords commissioners of the Treasury. Treasury Islands, a small group, consisting of five or six islands of very unequal size, forming part of Solomon’s Islands. They are low, and covered with trees. That on the north is the lowest. Its middle is in long. 155. 29. E. Lat. 7. 23. S.
TREATY, a covenant between two or more nations; or the several articles or conditions stipulated and agreed upon by two sovereign powers.
TREBISOND, a considerable trading city of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Black Sea. It is of an oblong shape, and occupies a slope gently rising from the sea. The houses are mostly built of stone and lime. They are roofed with small red tiles, and are mean in their outward appearance and comfortless within. It carries on a considerable trade; and the principal exports are silk and cotton stuff’s manufactured by the inhabitants, also fruit and wine. The imports are sugar, coffee, and woollen cloths from Constantinople; corn, salt, and iron from the Crimea and Mingrelia. It contains eighteen large mosques, eight khans, five baths, and ten small Greek churches, governed by a metropolitan. But the most curious edifice in the city is a huge structure, with two small windows on each face. It is supposed to have been erected for a powder magazine. On the east and west the city is defended by two deep ravines, connected by a ditch cut in the rock behind the castle. The ancient ramparts of the city, which are built of stone, are in general very lofty. At the southern extremity of Trebisond is the citadel, which commands a full view of the city and environs. Behind the city, rise mountains of a moderate elevation, which are in a high state of cultivation, producing barley, flax, and wine. The population of Trebisond amounts to 15,000, and consists of a mixture of Turks, Greeks, Jews, Armenians, Georgians, Mingrelians, Circassians, and Tartars. Long. 39. 43. E. Lat. 37. 23. N.
TREBLE and Treble Clef, in Music. See Music.
TREDGOLD, Thomas, an able engineer, was born at Brandon, near Durham, where he received the small share of learning which is usually bestowed upon a youth destined to a mechanical trade. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a carpenter in his native village, whom he served for six years. He afterwards came to Scotland, where he worked five years as a journeyman. From Scotland he proceeded to London, and there obtained employment in the office of an architect, with whom he remained for ten years. The intervals of labour are too often wasted by artisans in listless inactivity or debasing pleasures; but Tredgold employed his leisure hours in a very different manner. Under circumstances as little favourable for such pursuits as can well be imagined, he applied himself to the study of chemistry, geology, and the mathematics; with what success is well known, and has been acknowledged by the most competent judges in this country, in America, and in France, where many of his works have been translated. When he began to practise as an engineer, we know not; but it was during the period in which he was so engaged that he published the scientific treatises, which have entitled him to an honourable place among those who have made important exertions for the advancement of the useful arts. We subjoin a list of his principal publications. Elementary Principles of Carpentry. Lond. 1820, 4to. Practical Essay on the Strength of Cast Iron, and other Metals.

1824, 8vo. Principles of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings, &c. Second Edition. '1824, 8vo. A Practical Treatise on Railroads and Carriages. 1825, 8vo. The Steam Engine, comprising an Account of its Invention and progressive Improvement; with an Investigation of its Principles, &c. 1827, 4to. Treatise on the Steam Engine, in 2 vols. 4to. Tracts on Hydraulics. He was likewise the author of some valuable contributions to the present work. He died in the year 1834; and it is painful to add, that, notwithstanding the unwearied exercise of his talents, he left his family without any adequate provision.
TREE. See Planting , Timber, and Vegetable Physiology.
TREGONEY , an ancient decayed borough and markettown of the hundred of Powder, in the county of Cornwall, 253 miles from London. It is situated on the river Fal, and contains places of worship for the established church, and for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. It formerly returned two members to parliament. There is a small market on Saturday. The population amounted in 1821 to 1035, and in 1831 to 1127.
TREMAN, a town in the Carnatic, situated on the north bank of the Coleroon, twenty miles north-north-east from Travancore. Long. 79. 20. E. Lat. 11. 1. N.
TRENCHES, in fortification, are ditches cut by the besiegers, that they may approach the more securely to the place attacked; whence they are also called lines of approach.
TRESTLE Trees, in ship-building, two strong bars of timber fixed horizontally on the opposite sides of the lower mast-head, to support the frame of the top and the weight of the topmast.
TRESSURE, in Heraldry, a diminutive of an orle, usually held to be half the breadth thereof.
TRET, in Commerce, an allowance made for the waste or the dirt that may be mixed with any commodity; which is commonly four pounds in every 104 pounds weight.
TREVANNION’S Island, one of the group called Queen Charlotte’s Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Carteret in 1767. Long. 163. 43. E. Lat. 10. 43. S.
TREVENNEN’S Island, the most southern of the Marquesas Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. Long. 220. 21. E.' Lat. 9. 14. S.
TREVES, a district in Prussia. See Trier.
TREVIGLIO, a city of the north of Italy, in the Austrian kingdom of Milan and the delegation of Bergamo. It stands on the river Adda, in a district that is not very productive of any other article but silk, of which a great quantity is supplied and disposed of at an annual fair. Tre-viglio contains but one church, but has an hospital. The inhabitants are 6700, who are employed in making linen and silk goods of various kinds.
TREVISO, a delegation of the Austrian kingdom of Lombardy, which extends over 721 square miles, and contains 251,600 inhabitants, and yields abundance of corn, oil, wine, and silk. The capital is the city of the same name on the navigable river Sil, where the Rottinga and the Piave-Sella pour into it their streams. It is ancient and ill built, is surrounded with walls, and has large plazas, with houses built on piazzas. It contains a cathedral and twenty-seven other churches, several monasteries and convents, and 2600 houses, with 15,100 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in the various branches of the silk trade, but also print calicoes, make cottons, linens, and cutlery ware. It has a great annual fair. Long. II. 8. 10. E. Lat. 45. 49. 30. N.
TREVOU, an arrondissement in the department of the Ain, in France, extending over 592 square miles. It contains seven cantons and ill communes, with 77,530 inhabitants in 1836. The capital, which is the city of the same name, stands on the left bank of the Saone, on a range of hills covered with the finest vineyards. It contains 2559 inhabitants, who make many parts of the works of clocks and watches, and draw wire of gold and of silver. Long. 5. 5. 45. E. Lat. 45. 56. 42. N.
TRIER, or Treves, a very ancient city of Germany, the Augusta Trevirorum of the Romans, who made it their head-quarters against the Germans, and the residence of some of their monarchs. Under the kings of the Franks it was afterwards a city of great consequence. It was subsequently the chief residence of the prince archbishop, an independent member of the German empire. It was seized by the French at the beginning of the Revolution, and by the peace of Luneville in 1601 was ceded to France. In

1824 it was occupied by the allied armies, and by the treaty of Vienna was eventually ceded to Prussia. It is now the capital of a district or circle of its name in the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, which extends over. 2786 8(∣uare miles, and in 1831 contained 437,324 inhabitants, of whom 50,000 are Protestants, and all the rest of the Romish church. The city is situated in a pleasing valley on the river Moselle, which is here navigable for barges of 100 tons. It is the seat of a bishop and of the provincial courts of law, and has an ecclesiastical seminary. Within the city are many large gardens, which give it the appearance of a Swiss town, and add greatly to its beauty. The inhabitants amounted in 1834 to 14,723. Among the buildings are many curious specimens of very ancient architecture. The palace of the prince bishop, now the barracks, is one of them; and another is the church of the Virgin, in the peculiar old German taste. The cathedral is of a very irregular form, but contains some beautiful altars, and a fine gallery of marble. The church of St Simon is of Roman architecture. Though a church, it is also a gate, the Porta Nigra, the most remarkable specimen of architecture in Germany. Other Roman antiquities are, an amphitheatre in ruins, some baths, and several gates of antique edifices. Few places afford more delight to the lovers of antiquities.
TRIAD, in Music, the common chord. See Music .
TRIAL, in Law, the examination of a cause according to the laws of the land, before a proper judge; or it is the manner and order observed in the hearing and determining of causes.
TRIANGLE, in Geometry, a figure of three sides and three angles.

Triangle. See the article Music.
TRIBE, a certain quantity or number of persons, when a division is made of a city or people into quarters or districts.
TRIBOLI, a town of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Black Sea, curiously built; the houses being scattered along the edges of the precipices and sides of the mountains. The town contains two handsome khans. The port is good, and vessels may ride securely in it in stormy weather. The surrounding hills, though they are uncultivated, afford good pasturage for numerous flocks of sheep and goats. The town contains 400 families. It is seventy-two miles east of Trebisond.
TRIBRACHYS, in ancient poetry, a foot consisting of three short syllables; as, melius.
TRIBUNAL, in general, denotes the seat of a judge, called in our courts the bench.
TRIBUNE, among the ancient Romans, a magistrate chosen out of the commons, to protect them against the oppressions of the great, and to defend the liberty of the people against the attempts of the senate and consuls. The tribunes of the people were first established in the year of Rome 259. The design of their creation was to shelter the people from the cruelty of usurers, and to engage them to quit the Aventine Mount, whither they had retired in displeasure. Their number at first was only two; but the next year, under the consulate of A. Posthumius Aruncius and Cassius Viscellinus, three more were added: and this number of five was afterwards increased by L. Trebonius to ten. See R ομaν History. Military Tribune, an officer in the Roman army, commander-in-chief over a body of forces, particularly the division of a legion; much the same with our colonel.
TRIBUTARY, one who pays tribute to another in order to live in peace with or share in his protection.
TRIBUTE, a tax or impost which one prince or state is obliged to pay to another as a token of dependence, or in virtue of a treaty, and as a purchase of peace.
TRICHINOPOLY, a celebrated town and fortress in [7:21:350] the Southern Carnatic, advantageously situated on the south bank of the river Cavery, opposite to the island of Seringham, famous for its magnificent Hindu temples. This city was formerly the capital of a Hindu principality, until 1736, when Chunda Saheb, the prime minister of the nabob of the Carnatic, acquired it by treachery. It was taken possession of by the Mahrattas in 1741, but lost by them to the Mahommedans in 1743. The town is situated on a hill or rock about 350 feet high, and was esteemed impregnable by the natives. In 1749 it devolved by inheritance to the Nabob Mahommed Ali; and it sustained a memorable siege by the French and their allies, which lasted from 1751 until 1755, in the course of which were displayed the great military talents of Laurence, Clive, and other officers, which had the effect of preserving the city, and of establishing a British candidate on the throne of the Carnatic. At present Trichinopoly is the capital of one of the districts into which the territory under the Madras presidency has beep subdivided. The surrounding country is rendered productive by the vicinity of that branch of the Cavery named the Coleroon. It has a strong garrison of both native and European troops, and is the residence of the civil authorities of the district. It contains a palace, a mosque, and two temples. Travelling distance from Madras 268 miles, from Seringapatam 205, and from Calcutta 1238 miles. Long. 78. 50. E.Lat. 10. 50. N.
TRICOLOR, a town of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, forty-four miles west from Pondicherry. Long. 79. 20. E. Lat. 11. 59. N.
TRIDENT, a kind of sceptre which the painters and poets put into the hands of Neptune, in the form of a spear or fork with three teeth; whence the word.
TRIENNIAL, an epithet applied chiefly to offices or employments which last for three years.
TRIENS, in Antiquity, a copper money of the value of one third of an as, which on one side bore a Janus’s head, and on the other a water-rat.
TRIGLYPHS, in Architecture, a sort of ornament repeated at certain intervals, in the Doric frieze.
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TRILL, or S hake, in Music, an embellishment too frequently abused. It chiefly consists of a rapid alternate transition from the one to the other of two contiguous sounds of the musical scale, but has various modifications and names. Consult the Methode de chant of the Paris Conservatory of Music.
TRIM is the county town of the county of Meath in Ireland. It is situate upon the banks of the river Boyne, in the midst of a level, fertile, and populous district, and is distant thirty-two miles from Dublin. It is a place of great antiquity, and was formerly of such importance that several of the earlier Irish parliaments were held here. In consequence of its being made the residence and seat of government of the De Lacys, the inhabitants received many valuable privileges, which have partly come down to them at the present time. The town is built without regard to regularity, but it possesses many good private houses. The new county prison is a spacious and remarkable building, and the county court-house is also well built; but none of the other public buildings can be praised for their appearance. For several years the town has been declining, and at present it does not possess any trade or manufacture. Here are the ruins of King John’s Castle, which is perhaps the most extensive in Ireland. On the opposite side of the river are the remains of a very ancient and extensive abbey. The value of the commons or landed property, and other burgage property, is between L.700 and L.800 a year. The commons are divided into burgesses and freemen’s lots, and belong for life to the individuals who are either burgesses or freemen. The corporation consists of a portreeve, burgesses, and freemen, without restriction as to the numbers of the two latter. The population in 1821 amounted to 2304, and in 1831 to 3282.
TRIMAPOOR, a town of India, in the Southern Carnatic, thirty-six miles south-south-west from Tanjore. Long. 78. 55. E. Lat. 10. 21. N.