pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BUILDER, in the general sense of the term, an undertaker of works of building. With reference to the operations of civil architecture particularly, the builder stands between the proprietor and architect on the one hand, and the artizan, merchant, and manufacturer on the other: he engages to the first to carry a certain proposed work into execution, as he may be directed by the second, and saves to both of them the trouble and responsibility of procuring materials and employing workmen.

The builder’s emolument arises from an improved price, or charges bearing an advance on the prime cost, to remunerate him for the use of his capital, and his own personal application or labour. A builder has the power also of deriving an advantage from the division of labour, by employing artizans in those operations only which habit enables them to execute with the greatest facility.

The builder contracts to do certain specified works for a certain total sum of money, the amount of which lie determines by a previous estimate; or to do prescribed operations at so much for a certain fixed quantity of every sort involved, per yard, per rod, per foot, and so on, the amount to be ascertained, when they are completed, by measurement; or he executes works according to instructions or specifications, leaving the charges to be determined according to the usual and accustomed rates, on the quantities ascertained by admeasurement. In the two former cases he is said to work by contract, and in the last by measure and value. For jobbing, in repairs and alterations, a day account is kept; that is, a record of the time workmen are employed, and of the materials used, in performing certain operations. This is made out with an advance of so much per cent, on the prime cost, or wages of the workmen and selling prices of the unwrought materials, for the builder’s profit or remuneration, as before stated.

A builder should be theoretically acquainted with the principles of construction, and practically conversant with the details of all the mechanic arts used in building; as well to be enabled to carry on his business with advantage to his own interest, as to the proper execution of the works he may undertake. He should be qualified to ascertain with the utmost minuteness, from the drawings of a design, and the specification of the manner in which, and matter of which, it is to be carried into execution, the quantity of labour, and materials of every kind and description, and the exact value of them all. In this is involved the necessity of being well acquainted with the market prices of raw and manufactured articles to a very great extent, and a matured judgment of the quantity of labour required, or how much time a'workman will take to produce a certain result. These things, however, which involve the making of estimates on which to make contracts, in the practice of this country are generally referred to a surveyor or measurer, because of the general ignorance and incompetence of builders, or because of the greater aptitude of the latter, in consequence of their attention being solely occupied by such things.
BUILDING. Any work of civil architecture while in progress is familiarly termed a building. This substantive use of a participial term may be thought to arise from the old habit of contracting an expression if it be long, and using a part for the whole: “ the house or church a building, ” that is, in the course of building, or now being built, is more commonly spoken of as “a building,” or “ the building.” The term is less correctly applied to edifices generally, without reference to their state of completeness or incompleteness; but this use of it should be avoided, as the term thus becomes less definite, and therefore less valuable. ’
BUILTH, ον Bualtii, a market-town in the county of Brecknock, in South Wales, 177 miles from London. It has little trade, and only a small market on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 677, in 1811 to 815, and in 1821 to 946.
BUL, in the ancient Hebrew chronology, the eighth month of the ecclesiastical, and the second of the civil year. It has since been called Marshevan, and answers to our October.
BULAH, a large village of Upper Egypt, two miles to the west of Cairo, to which city it serves as a harbour. It contains a custom-house, magazines, and a large bazar. Here the baths are very fine.
BULAM, or Bulama. See Bissagos.
BULARCHUS, a Greek painter, the first who introduced, among the Greeks at least, different colours in the same picture. He flourished in 740 b. c.
BULB, a kind of large bud, generally produced under the ground, upon or near the root of certain herbaceous plants, hence denominated bulbous. See Anatomy, Vegetable.
BULEUTAE, in Grecian Antiquity, were magistrates answering to the decurions among the Romans. See Decurio.
BULFINCH. See Ornithology, Index.
BULK of a Ship, the whole space in the hold for the stowage of goods.

BuLK-Heads are partitions made athwart the ship with boards, by which one part is divided from the other; as the great cabin, gun-room, bread-room, and several other divisions. The bulk-head afore is the partition between the forecastle and gratings in the head.
BULKAU, a city in the Austrian province of the Lower Ens, and the circle of Marhartsberge, on a river of the same name, containing 301 houses, and three thousand one hundred and fifty inhabitants.
BULKH, or Balk. See Balk.
BULLAE, in antiquity, a kind of ornament much in use among the ancient Romans. Mr Whittaker (History of Manchester, vol. i. p. 79) is of opinion that they were originally formed of leather among all ranks of people; and it is certain that they continued so to the last among the commonalty. He also imagines that at first the bulla was intended as an amulet rather than an ornament; and in proof of this he mentions that the bullaewere frequently impressed with the figure of the sexual parts. It is universally asserted by the critics that the bullae were made hollow for the reception of an amulet; but this Mr Whittaker contradicts, from the figure of a golden one found at Manchester, which had no aperture by which an amulet could have been introduced. Pliny refers the origin of the bulla to the elder Tarquin, who gave one along with the praetexta to his son, because at the age of fourteen he had with his own hand killed an enemy; and, in imitation of him, it was afterwards assumed by other patricians. Some, however, affirm that the bulla was given by that king to the sons of all the patricians who had borne civil offices; whilst others allege that Romulus first introduced the bulla, and gave it to Tullus Hostilius, the first child born after the rape of the Sabines. As to the form of the bullae, they seem to be originally made in the shape of a heart; but they did not always retain this form, any more than they were always made of leather. As the wealth of the state and the riches of individuals increased, the young patrician distinguished himself by a bulla of gold, whilst the common people wore the amulet of their ancestors. When the youth arrived at fifteen years of age, they hung their bullae round the necks of their gods lares. The bullae were not only hung round the necks of young men, but also round those of horses, and were sometimes allowed even to statues; whence the phrase stature· bullutre∙ Bullae was also the denomination given to divers other metallic ornaments made after the same form; and m this sense bullae seems to include all gold and silver ornaments[7:5:703] of a roundish form, whether worn on the habits of men, the trappings of horses, or the like. Such were the •decorations used by the ancients on their doors and belts. The bullae of doors were a kind of large-headed nails fastened on the doors of the rich, and carefully brightened or polished. The doors of temples were sometimes adorned with golden bullae.

Bullae also denotes a table hung up in the public courts, to distinguish which days were fasti and which nefasti, and therefore answering in some measure to our calendar.
BULLEYN, William, a learned physician and botanist, was born in the Islc of Ely in the early part of the reign of Henry VIII., and educated at Cambridge. Botany being his favourite study, he travelled through various parts of England, Scotland, and Germany, chiefly with an intention to improve his knowledge in that science. In the reign of Edward VI. and of Queen Mary, Mr Bulleyn appears, from his remarks on the natural productions of that country, to have resided at Norwich, or in the neighbourhood, and also to have spent some time at Blox-hall in Suffolk; but he afterwards removed to the north, and settled at Durham, where he practised physic with considerable reputation and success. His great patron at this time was Sir Thomas Hilton, knight, baron of Hilton, and governor of Tinmouth Castle in the reign of Philip and Mary. In 1560 he went to London, and soon after his arrival was accused by William Hilton of Bidick of having murdered his brother Sir Thomas, our author’s friend and patron. He was arraigned before the Duke of Norfolk, and honourably acquitted. This Hilton afterwards hired some villains to assassinate the doctor; but the attempt proving ineffectual, be had him arrested on an action for debt, and sent to prison, where he remained for a long time. During this confinement Dr Bullcyn composed several of those works which established his reputation as a medical writer. He died in January 1576, and was buried in St Giles’s, Cripplegate, in the same grave with his brother the divine, who had died thirteen years before, and in which John Fox the martyrologist was interred eleven years afterwards. Dr Bullcyn appears from his writings to have been well acquainted with the works of the ancient Greek, Roman, and Arabian physicians. He wrote, 1, The Government of Health, 1559, 8vo; 2, A regimen against the Pleurisy, 8vo, London 1562; 3, Bulleyn’s Bulwark of Defence against all Sickness, Soreness, and Wounds that doe daily assault Mankinde; London, printed by John Kingston, 1562, folio, including the Government of Health; 4, A Dialogue both pleasant and pietifull, wherein is a goodlie regimen against the fever pestilence, with a consolation and comfort against death; London, 1564, 8vo, 1569, 8vo. There is a wooden print of the author prefixed to the first edition of his Government of Health; also a small one, engraved by Stukeley in 1722.
BULLIALDUS (the latinized form of Boulliau, or Bouillaud), Ismael, an eminent astronomer, was born at Loudun in France in 1605. He travelled in his youth for the sake of improvement; and afterwards published several works, among which are the following, viz. 1, De Natura Lucis, 1638, 8vo; 2, Philolaus, 1639, 4to; 3, Astronomia Philolaica, opus novum, in quo motus planetarum per novam et veram hypothesin demonstrantur, Loudun, 1645, folio;

4, Astronomiae Philolaicae Fundamenta clarius explicata et asserta adversus Zethi Wardi impugnationem, 1657, 4to;

5, De Lineis Spiralibus Demonstrationes, 1657, 4to; 6, Ad Astronomos Moneta duo, 1667; 7, Ptolemaei Tractatus de Judicandi Facultate, 1667, 4to; 8, Opus Novum ad Arithmeticam Infinitorum, 1682, folio; and other works. He also wrote a piece or two upon geometry and arithmetic. In 1661 he paid Hevelius a visit at Dantzic, for the sake of seeing his optical and astronomical apparatus. Afterwards he became a presbyter at Paris, and died there in 1694.
BULLINGER, Henry, born at Bremġarten in Switzerland in 1504, was an eminent Zuinglian minister, a great supporter of the reformation, and one employed in many ecclesiastical negociations. He composed a number of works, among which may be mentioned the Chronicle of Zurich, the History of the Reformation, and the History of the Persecutions of the Church. He died at Zurich in 1575.
BULLION, uncoined gold or silver in the mass. Those metals are so called, either when smelted from the native ore, and not perfectly refined, or when they are perfectly refined, but melted down in bars or ingots, or in any unwrought body, of any degree of fineness.
BUMM, a city of Persia, in the province of Kirman, of which it was the frontier town until the Afghans were expelled the country. It is situated in a plain in the vicinity of high mountains, usually if not always covered with snow. About twenty years prior to 1810 this city had been the scene of repeated contests; the Afghans, assisted by the neighbouring Beloches, frequently attempting the reduction of it, in retaliation for the inroads made into their country by the Persian troops. The fortifications are in consequence so greatly strengthened that they are now accounted the strongest in Persia. They have an elevated site, and consist of a very high and thick mud wall, a deep, broad, and dry ditch, with six large bastions on each face, exclusive of those at the corners, which are higher by many yards than the others. The whole is built of mud, mixed with straw and fibrous substances; and it has a gate between the two centre bastions on the southern face. On the most elevated -part of the eminence on which the town is situated stands the citadel, well fortified with a lofty wall, and towers at each corner, and containing the governor’s palace, and buildings belonging to it. Bumm is a very ancient, and was formerly a magnificent city, equal indeed to any in Persia; and the widely scattered ruins around the fort attest its former splendour and its immense extent. The town was greatly embellished by the Afghans, who invaded the country and made themselves masters of it in 1719. The fountains were magnificent; and some of them threw up water to an amazing height. The gardens were also very extensive; and Lieutenant Pottinger, when he visited this place, saw the remains of a garden, equal to several acres of ground, still retaining traces of having been walled in, with elegant summer-houses. The place is famed for its pomegranates, which are superior in flavour and juiciness to those of Sheeraz or Bagdad, where the best in the world are supposed to be produced. The bazar is large, and supplies are reasonable. Since 1719 it has undergone various revolutions; and it was here that Lootf Alleekhan, the last of the Zund family who disputed the succession to the throne, was made prisoner, and put to death, about the year 1794. The spot where he was seized, when in the act of mounting his horse to escape, is still marked by a pyramid made of the skulls of his adherents, by order of his cruel competitor Agha Mahommed Khan Kajjar, the first of his family who reigned in Persia. Long. 58. E. Lat. 29. 17. N.
BUNDE, a circle in the Prussian government of Minden, extending over 125 square miles, containing 5308 houses, in two towns, ten villages, and forty-seven hamlets, inhabited by 35,370 persons. The chief place, of the same name, on the river Else, contains 1458 individuals, mostly occupied in spinning.
BUNDER, or Bender Abbas, or Gomberoon, the ancient Harmozia, a fortress of Persia, in the province of Fars, situated in a barren country, in a bay of the Gulf of Ormuz. It is subject to the imaum of Maskat, and is fortified with double walls. It was at one time the first seaport of Persia, and is still a place of considerable trade. The customs amount to 20,000 rupees, above L.2000 a year, for which, and the tribute of Minab, the imaum accounts to the king of Persia. It is eighteen miles southeast of Bushire. Long. 56. 12. E. Lat. 27. 18. N.

Bunder, or Pender Peig, or Port of Sand, a town of Persia, in the province of Fars, which stands close to the eastern shore of the Persian Gulf. It is surrounded by a miserable mud wall, flanked with round towers, on which are placed three or four useless guns. This town was the seat of a venerable freebooter, Meer Mahund, whose exploits are partly related by Niebuhr; and during his life it was a place of so much strength as to resist the repeated attacks of Kurim Khan, by whom, however, it was at last taken, after a long siege. The works were razed to the ground; and the town has so much declined since that period, that it does not contain above 300 or 400 inhabitants. It is thirty-five miles north of Bushire.
BUNEL, Peter, one of the most elegant writers of his time, was born at Toulouse in 1499, and died at Turin in 1547. He left behind him some Latin epistles, Epistolae Ciceroniano Stylo Scriptae, remarkable for the elegance and purity with which they are written. Bunel, says Bayle, “was an honest man, the very person whom Diogenes wanted. His letters are written with the greatest purity, and contain curious facts.” The most correct edition is that of Graverol, Toulouse, 1687, 8vo.
BUNGAY; a market-town of the hundred ofWangford, in the county of Suffolk, 107 miles from London, on the river Waveney, which divides it from the county of Norfolk, and is navigable to the sea at Yarmouth. It is a well-built town, comprising two parishes with their churches, and the ruins of an ancient monastery and of acastle. There is but little trade except on the Thursday’s market. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2349, in 1811 to 2828, and in 1821 to 3290.
BUNNASS, a river of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, where it has its source. It is a rapid stream, about half a mile in breadth in some parts, though during the dry season not above twenty yards of this space contain water. It loses itself in the Kakreze.
BUNTING. See Ornithology, Index.
BUNTINGFORD, a market-town of the hundred of Edwintree, in the county of Hertford, thirty-two miles from London, on the river Rib. It is situated in three different parishes. The church is very ancient, and stands nearly a mile from the town.
BUNTWALLA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of South Canara, situated on the north bank of the river Netravati, which is navigable above the reach of the tide for canoes. It contains about three hundred houses, and is fast improving, being the thoroughfare for the trade between Mysore and Canara. The inhabitants are mostly Brahmins of an inferior caste. Long. 75. 9. E. Lat. 12. 48. N.
BUNTZLAU, a circle in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It extends over 1578 square miles, or 1,009,920 acres, and comprehends twenty-three cities, eighteen towns, and 1034 villages, with 57,640 houses. The inhabitants amount to 352,756. A range of lofty mountains separates this circle from the kingdom of Saxony. The chief place is New Buntzlau, on the river Iser, containing two monasteries, six churches, and about 4000 inhabitants, partly employed in making woollen goods, but chiefly ι∏ tanning leather. I

Buntzlau, a circle in the Prussian government o Liegnitz, extending over 372 square miles, or 23b,08 acres, and containing two towns and sixty-two villages, with 6965 houses and 40,074 inhabitants. It is a hilly district, the greater part being covered with woods, buttery fertile in the valleys. The capital has the same name, is a fortified city on the river Bober, and a considerable p ace for earthen ware, linen, and calico-printing manufacture.· It has two Catholic churches and one Lutheran, with o <∙ inhabitants.
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BUNWOOT, an island about eighteen miles in circumference, lying off Pollok harbour, in Magindanao. It has few springs, but many ponds of fresh rain water. In 1775 this island was ceded to Captain Forrest for the East India Company, by the sultan of Magindanao. Long. 124. 28. E. Lat. 7. 14. N.
BUNYAN, John, author of the Pilgrim s Progress, was born at Elstow, near Bedford, in 1628. He was the son of a tinker, and in the early part of his life a great reprobate, having served as a soldier in the parliament army; but being at length deeply struck with a sense of his sins, he laid aside his profligate courses, became remarkable for his sobriety, and applied himself to obtain some degree of learning. About the year 1655 he was admitted a member of a Baptist congregation at Bedford, and was soon after chosen their preacher; but in 1660, having been seized and tried for presuming to preach, he was sentenced to perpetual banishment, and in the mean time committed to jail, where necessity obliged him to learn to make long-tagged thread-laces for his support; and, to add to his misery, he had a wife and several children, including a daughter who was blind. In this unjust and cruel confinement he was detained twelve years and a half, and during that time wrote many of his tracts; but he was at length discharged by the humane interposition of Dr Barlow. When King James’s declaration for liberty of conscience was published, he was chosen pastor of a congregation at Bedford. He at length died of a fever at London, on the 31st of August 1688, aged sixty. He also wrote an allegory, called the Holy War. His Pilgrims Progress has been translated into most European languages; and his works have been collected together, and printed in two volumes folio. “The characteristic peculiarity of the Pilgrims Progress^' says an able writer, “is, that it is the only work of its kind which possesses a strong human interest. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by many thousands with tears. This wonderful performance, while it obtains admiration from the most fastidious critics, is loved by those who are too simple to admire it....In the wildest parts of Scotland the Pilgrims Progress is the delight of the peasantry. In every nursery it is a greater favourite than Jack the Giant-killer. Every reader knows the straight and narrow path as well as he knows a road in which he has gone backward and forward a hundred times. This is the highest miracle of genius, that things which are not should be as though they were,—that the imaginations of one mind should become the perpetual recollections of another; and this miracle the tinker has wrought.” (^Edinburgh Petdew, vol. liv. p. 452.)
BUOY, in sea affairs, a sort of close cask, or block of wood i fastened by a rope to the anchor, to determine the place where the anchor is situated, that the ship may not come too near it, to entangle her cable about the stock, or the flukes of it.

Can Buoys are in the form of a cone, and of this construction are all the buoys which are floated over dangerous banks and shallows, as a warning to passing ships, that they may avoid them. They are extremely large, that they may be seen at a distance; and are fastened by strong chains to the anchors which are sunk for this purpose at such places.

Cable Buoys are common casks employed to buoy up the cables in different places from rocky ground.
BUPALUS, a celebrated sculptor, and native of the island of Chios, was the son, grandson, and great grandson of sculptors. He had a brother, named Athenis, of the same profession, and they flourished in the sixtieth Olympiad, being contemporary with Hipponax, a poet or an ugly and despicable figure, with whom they diverted themselves by representing him under a ridiculous form. There were several statues at Rome executed by them; and they worked only on the white marble of the isle of Paros. Pausanias mentions Bupalus as a good architect as well as sculptor, but says nothing of Athenis.
BUPHONIA, in antiquity, an Athenian feast or ceremony, so denominated from a bullock being slain therein, with quaint formalities. From the origin of the buphonia, it may be concluded that by the laws of Attica it was forbidden to kill an ox; but it once happened, at the feast of the diipolia, that an ox ate the corn or cakes which had been dressed for the sacrifice, which so enraged Thaulon the priest, that he presently killed the animal and fled. On this the Athenians, dreading the resentment of the gods, and feigning themselves ignorant who had committed the fact, brought the bloody axe before the judges, where it was solemnly arraigned, tried, found guilty, and condemned; and, in memory of this event, a feast was instituted under the denomination of buphonia, in which it was still customary for the priest to fly, and judgment to be given respecting the slaughter of the ox.
BURBOT. See Ichthyology, Index.
BURDEN, or Burdon, in Music, the drone or bass, and the pipe or string which plays it; hence that part of a song which is repeated at the end of every stanza is called the burden of it. A chord which is divided so as to perform the intervals of music, when open and undivided, is also called the burden. Burden of a Ship is its contents, or number of tons it will carry. ∙