pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ITCH, a cutaneous disease, appearing in small watery pustules on the skin, and commonly of a mild nature, though sometimes attended with obstinate and dangerous symptoms. See Medicine, Index. Iτcιι-Insect. See Acarus, Entomology, Index.

In speaking of the manner of finding these insects in the itch, Fabricius observes, that the failure of many who have sought for them has been owing to their having expected to meet with them in the larger vesicles, containing a yellowish fluid like pus: in these he informs us he never found them, but only in those pustules which were recent, and contained merely a watery fluid. We must therefore, he observes, not expect to find them in the same proportional number in patients who for many months have been afflicted with the disease, as in those in whom its appearance is recent, and where At is confined to the fingers or wrists. The cause of this difference with respect to the pustules may, he conjectures, be owing to the death of the insect after it has deposited its eggs. A small transparent vesicle being found, a very minute white point, distinct from the surrounding fluid, may be discovered, and very often even without the assistance of a glass. This is the insect, which may be easily taken out on the point of a needle or penknife, and when placed on a green cloth may be seen much more distinctly, and observed to move. But all this, we may observe, probably depends on some optical deception.
ITCHAPOUR, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, thirty miles south-west from Ganjam.

ΙΓΕΑ, a genus of plants belonging to the pentandria class. See Botany, Index.
ITHACA, in Ancient Geography, an island in the Ionian Sea, on the coast of Epirus, the country of Ulysses, with a town and port situated at the foot of Mount Neius. According to Pliny, it is about twenty-five miles in compass, and according to Artemidorus only ten; but it is now found to be seventeen miles long and four broad. See article Ionian Isles.
ITINERARY, Itinerarium, a journal of travels, or an account of the distances of places. The most remarkable itinerary is that which goes under the names of Antoninus and Aethicus, or, as Barthius found in his copy, Antoninus Aethicus ; a Christian writer, posterior to the times of Constantine. There is another itinerary, called Hierosolymitanum, from Bordeaux to Jerusalem, and from LIeraclca through Aulona and Rome to Milan, under Constantine. The word Itinerarium denotes a day’s march.
ITIUS Portus, in Ancient Geography, the crux geo graphorum, so called from the difficulty of ascertaining its position. It would be endless to recite the different opinions concerning it, with the various reasons advanced in support of them. Three ports are mentioned by Caesar, two of them without any particular name, viz. the higher and the lower with respect to the Portus Itius. Calais, Boulogne, St Omer, and Whitsand, have each in its turn had its several advocates. Caesar gives two distinctive characters or marks which seem to apply equally to Boulogne and Whitsand, namely, the shortness of the passage, and the situation between two other ports; therefore nothing can be determined with certainty respecting the situation of the Portus Itius.
ITURUP, one of the Kurile Islands, on which the Japanese some years since made a settlement. The Russians attacked them in 1807, and returned with considerable booty to Kamtschatka, whence they had sailed with two vessels.
ITYS, in fabulous history, a son of Tereus king of Thrace, by Procne, daughter of Pandion king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six years old, and served up before his father. He was changed into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl.
ITZECUINTEPOTZOTLI, or Hunch-backed Dog, a Mexican quadruped similar to a dog. It is as large as a Maltese dog, the skin of which is varied with white, tawny, [7:12:490]and black. The characteristic mark is a great hunch which it bears from its neck to its rump. This animal abounds most in the kingdom of Michuacan.
ITZEHOE, a town of Denmark, in the province of Holstein, situated on the navigable river Stor, in a pleasant valley. It contains 513 houses, and about 4000 inhabitants, who carry on an extensive trade in corn, and fit out many ships for the Greenland whale-fishery. Long. 9. 26. E. Lat. 53. 56. N.
IULUS, a son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the kingdom of Alba, Aeneas Sylvius, the son of Aeneas and Lavinia, was preferred to him. But he was, by way of compensation, made chief priest.

Iulus, a genus of insects of the order aptera. See Entomology, Index.
IVA, a genus of plants belonging to the monoecia class, and in the natural method ranking under the fourth order, Composites. See Botany, Index.
IVAHAH, the name of a canoe employed by the South Sea islanders for making short excursions to sea. It is wall-sided, flat bottomed, and of different sizes, varying from seventy-two feet to ten; but its breadth is by no means in proportion; for canoes of ten feet are about a foot wide, and those of more than seventy are scarcely two. The fighting wahah is the longest, and has its head and stern considerably raised. The fishing wahahs are from ten to forty feet in length; those of twenty-five feet and upwards occasionally carry sail. The travelling wahah is always double, and furnished with a small neat house.
IVER, a town of the county of Buckingham, in the hundred of Stoke, eighteen miles from London. It stands on the river Colme, which turns several corn and some spinning mills. The population amounted in 1801 to 1377, in 1811 to 1635, in 1821 to 1663, and in 1831 to 1870.
IVES, St, a borough and market-town of the county of Cornwall, in the hundred of Penwith, 276 miles from London. It is a sea-port, on the west side of the bay of that name, on the Bristol Channel. The government is in a mayor, twelve capital and twenty-four inferior burgesses. It returns two members to the House of Commons, chosen by the householders. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2714, in 1811 to 3281, in 1821 to 3526, and in 1831 to 4776.

Ives, St, a market-town of the county of Huntingdon, in the hundred of Hurstingstone, sixty miles from London. It is in a rich plain, through which the navigable river Ouse flows, and is a well-built town, with a good market on Monday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2099, in 1811 to 2426, in 1821 to 2777, and in 1831 to 3314.
IVISA, or IVICA, one of the Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to the crown of Spain. Its inhabitants amount to 15,200. It is about sixteen leagues to the eastward of Cape St Antonia, on the coast of Valencia. Its figure is an irregular polygon, stretching from north-west to south-east twenty-eight miles, and being in breadth fourteen miles. Its capital, of the same name, forms a good port, and is very well fortified. It is well built, and contains, including the suburb called Marina, about 3500 inhabitants. It yields wheat, oil, wine, flax, hemp, figs, almonds, raisins, oranges, lemons, cotton, and esparto, which are exported; but its principal commerce is in salt, which is most copiously formed in the various salt lagunes which surround the coast of the island. There are yearly produced from 130,000 to 170,000 cwts. The inhabitants are more attached to fishing than to agriculture, and the greater portion of the men follow that employment, leaving the care of cultivation to the females, who are robust and industrious. The capital is situated in north latitude 38. 53. 16. and east longitude from London 1. 57. 56.
IVINGHOE, a market-town of the county of Buckingham, in the hundred of Cotslow, thirty-six miles from London. The town is pleasantly situated on the side of a hill, with an extensive prospect over a rich valley. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 452, in 1811 to 508, in 1821 to 551, and in 1831 to 573.
IVRY, a market-town of the arrondissement of Eve-reux, in the department of the Eure, in France, remarkable for the victory gained there by Henry IV. over the Duke of Mayenne in 1590. It is situated on the banks of the Eure, and contains about 1250 inhabitants, who are occupied in tanneries, and in twist spinning.
IVY. See Hedera, Botany, Index.
IXIA, a genus of plants belonging to the triandria class, and in the natural method ranking under the sixth order, Ensatae. See Botany, Index.
IXION, in fabulous history, the kingof theLapithae, who, having married Dia, the daughter of Deionius, refused to give her the customary nuptial presents. Deionius in revenge took from him his horses; when Ixion, dissembling his resentment, invited his father-in-law to a feast, and contrived that the latter should fall through a trap-door into a burning furnace, in which he was immediately consumed. Ixion being afterwards stung with remorse for his cruelty, ran mad; upon which Jupiter, in compassion, not only forgave him, but took him up into heaven, where he had the impiety to endeavour to seduce Juno. Jupiter, to be assured of his guilt, formed a cloud in the resemblance of the goddess, upon which Ixion begat the centaurs; but having boasted of his happiness, Jove hurled him down to Tartarus, where he remains fixed on an everrevolving wheel encompassed with serpents.
IXORA, a genus of plants belonging to the tetrandria class, and in the natural method ranking under the forty-seventh order, Stellatae. See Botany, Index.
IXWORTH, a market-town of the county of Suffolk, in the hundred of Blackburn, seventy-seven miles from London. It is a neat town, with a market on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 827, in 1811 to 846, in 1821 to 952, and in 1831 to 1061.
JABESH, or Jabesh Gilead, was the name of a city in the half tribe of Manassch, beyond Jordan. The Scripture calls it generally Jabesh Gilead, because it lay in Gilead, at the foot of the mountains which go by this name. Eusebius places it six miles from Pella, towards Gerasa; and hence it must have been to the eastward of the Sea of Tiberias.
JABLONKA, a town of the circle of Trentsin, in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, celebrated for an extensive linen manufactory, containing 3580 inhabitants.
JACA, a city of Spain, in the province of Aragon. It is situated at the foot of the Pyrenees, near the river Aragon, from which the province has derived its name. The situation is on a plain of fertile land, between two lofty sierras. There are in it considerable manufactures of cloths and baizes. It is a place of great antiquity, and of considerable strength; the walls, of ancient date, are flanked with towers, and the citadel attached to it is capable of considerable resistance. It contains 4000 inhabitants, and is in longitude 0. 41. W. and latitude 42. 29. N.
JACATRA, a district of the island of Java, formerly a kingdom, governed by its own sovereigns. It was subdued by the Dutch East India Company’s troops in the year 1619, who have ever since retained possession of it as sovereigns by right of conquest. Since that period Batavia has been constituted the capital. The country is watered by several rivers, which, however, are little better than rivulets in the dry season.
JACK, in Mechanics, a well-known instrument, of common use for raising great weights of any kind. The common kitchen-jack is a compound engine, where weight is the power applied to overcome the friction of the parts and the weight with which the spit is charged; and a steady and uniform motion is obtained by means of the fly.

Jack, in nautical language, a sort of flag or colours, displayed from a mast erected on the outer end of a ship’s boltsprit. In the British navy the jack is nothing more than a small union flag, composed of the intersection of the red and white crosses; but in merchant ships this union is bordered with a red field.

Jack is also used for a horse or wooden frame to saw timber upon; for an instrument to pull off a pair of boots; for a great leathern pitcher to carry drink in; for a small bowl that serves as a mark at the exercise of bowling; and for a young pike.

ĴACK-Daw, the English name of a species of corvus. See Ornithology.
JACKAL, in Zoology. See Mammalia.
JACOB, the son of Isaac and Rebekah, was born in the year of the world 2168, and before Jesus Christ 1836. The history of this patriarch is given at large in the book of Genesis. He died in Egypt in the 147th year of his age. Joseph directed that the body should be embalmed, after the manner of the Egyptians; and there was a general mourning for him throughout Egypt for seventy days. After this, Joseph and his brethren, accompanied by the principal men of Egypt, carried him, with the king of Egypt’s permission, to the burying-place of his fathers, near Hebron, where his wife Leah had been interred. When they had reached the land of Canaan, they mourned for him again seven days; upon which occasion the place where they staid was called Abelousraim, or the mourning of the Egyptians.

Jacob, Ben Hajim, a rabbi famous for the collection of the Masorah in 1525, together with the text of the Bible, the Chaldaic paraphrase, and the Rabbinical commentaries.

Jacob, Ben Naphtali, a famous rabbi of the fifth century. He was one of the principal masorets, and bred at the school of Tiberias in Palestine, with Ben Aser, another masoret. The invention of points in Hebrew to serve for vowels, and of accents to facilitate the reading of the language, are ascribed by some to these two rabbin∖ and said to be introduced in an assembly of the Jews held at Tiberias, a. d. 476.
JACOBIN Monks, the same with Dominicans.

Jacobins, the name assumed by a party or club at the beginning of the French revolution, composed of members of the National Assembly. The club held its meetings in the hall belonging to the Jacobin friars, and from the place of assemblage derived its name.
JACOBITES, a term of reproach, in England, bestowed on the persons who, vindicating the doctrines of passive obedience and non-resistance with respect to the arbitrary proceedings of princes, disavowed the revolution in 1688, and asserted the supposed rights of King James and his family.

Jacobites, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of Christians in Syria and Mesopotamia, and so called, either from Jacob a Syrian, who lived in the reign of the Emperor Mauritius, or from one Jacob, a monk, who flourished in the year 550. The Jacobites were of two sects, some following the rites of the Latin church, and others continuing separated from that church. There is also a division amongst the latter, who have two rival patriarchs. As to their belief, they hold but one nature in Jesus Christ; with respect to purgatory' and prayers for the dead, they are of the same opinion with the Greeks and other eastern Christians; they consecrate unleavened bread at the eucharist, and are against confession, believing that it is not of divine institution.
JACOBSTADT, a town of Russian Finland, and capital of the circle of Korsholm, stands on the sea-shore, and contains 218 houses, with 1250 inhabitants. Long. 22. 27. E. Lat. 63. 31. 8. N.
JACOBUS, a gold coin, worth twenty-five shillings, and so called from King James I. of England, in whose reign it was struck. There are two kinds of Jacobus, the old and the new; the former valued at twenty-five shillings, weighing six pennyweights ten grains; the latter, called also Carolus, valued at twenty-three shillings, and in weight five pennyweights twenty grains.
JACOTTA, a small town on the sea coast of the province of Cochin. It is a fortified place, with a small harbour, where it is said St Thomas the apostle first landed from Africa. Long. 76. 1. E. Lat. 0. 14. S.
JACTALI, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the nizam, in the province of Hyderabad. Long. 79. 32. E. Lat. 18. 48. N.
JAFFIERAB2A.D, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, twenty-four miles north from Jalnapoor. Long. 76. 36. E. Lat. 20. 17. N.
JAFFRABAT, a town of Hindustan, on the sea-coast of the Gujerat peninsula, on the banks of a shallow river. It was formerly a place of considerable commerce, but is now possessed by native chiefs. Long. 71. 31. E. Lat. 20. 53. N.
JAFNA, the capital of the district of Jafnapatam. It stands at some distance from the sea, but communicates with it by a river navigable for large boats, and which falls into the sea near Point Pedro. The town is fortified, and possesses a good citadel, which, though small, is exceedingly well built; but it was given up in 1795, after a short resistance, to the British troops. The situation is salubrious, and living is cheap; on which account many families have removed to this place from Columbo. The greater part of the inhabitants are of Mahommedan extraction, and are divided into several tribes, known by the names of Lubbahs, Moplays, Chittees, and Cholias. The foreign settlers arc more numerous than the native inhabitants. There are manufactures of coarse cotton cloths, calicoes, handkerchiefs, shawls, stockings, &c.; and there are also many artificers, such as goldsmiths, jewellers, joiners, and cabinet-makers.
JAFNAPATAM is the name of a district in the northern extremity of Ceylon. It is considered as the most healthy and populous part of the island, as it escapes, owing to its maritime situation, the intensely hot winds which prevail on the continent. It is clear of woods, produces a variety of fruit and vegetables, and abounds also in poultry and game; whilst the tract that lies between Point Pedro and Jafna is favourable to the breeding of sheep. In the islands dependent on this district, namely, Delft, Harlem, Leyden, and Amsterdam, so named by the Dutch from their native cities, government has an establishment for breeding horses and cattle, for which the islands afford excellent pasture. The woods towards the interior, separating the district from the Candian provinces, are inhabited by a savage race of people known by the name of the Vadahs or Bedahs, who are supposed to be the ancient inhabitants of the country.
JAGEPOOR, a large straggling town of Hindustan, in the province of Cuttack, situated on the south side of the Byturnee River, which is here nearly half a mile broad. It is the chief town of a principality of the same name, and has a manufacture of cotton cloths. Here formerly resided an independent rajah, who, in the year 1243, repelled the Afghans from his territory, and, pursuing them into Bengal, laid siege to Gour, the ancient capital of that country. They were again totally defeated in the year 1263. We have no certain account of the time when this country fell into the power of the Mahommedans, by whom it was possessed until it was conquered by the Mahrattas. During the period of the Mogul government it was a place of some consequence, and the remains of several Mahommedan mosques and other edifices are still visible. In the year 1751 it was ceded to the Mahrattas, under whose government it has declined; but it will probably recover, since the province has been subjected to the authority of Britain. Long. 86. 35. E. Lat. 20. 50. N.
JAGERNDORF, or, in the Sclavonic, Karnou, a city of the Austrian province of Moravia, situated on the river Oppa. It is surrounded with high walls, contains two colleges, the castle of the Lobenstein family, and 538 houses, with 4590 inhabitants, who are occupied in manufacturing linen and woollen goods of various descriptions.
JAGERON, a river of Persia, which rises nearly 120 miles north-east of Casbin, and loses itself in a sandy desert after a course of 150 miles.
JAGGERNAUT. See Juggernaut.
JAGHIRE, a district of the Carnatic, now included in the collectorship of Chingleput. It extends northwards from Madras to the Pullicat Lake, southwards to Allum-parva, and westwards beyond Conjeveram. It is about 108 miles along shore, and forty-seven inland in the widest part, containing altogether 2440 square miles. This territory was obtained in the years 1750 and 1763, from the nabob of Arcot, in return for services rendered to him and his father by the Company; and was rented to the nabob on renewed leases until 1780, when it was taken under the management of the presidency of St George. This territory was dreadfully ravaged by Hyder Ali in 1768, and in the war of 1780; and was left in a state almost desolate, with nothing to mark its former state but the bones of those who had been massacred, or the naked walls of houses, temples, &c. A destructive famine, which succeeded, completed the ruin of the country.

Jaghire, an assignment made in Bengal by an imperial grant upon the revenue of any district, to defray civil or military charges, pensions, gratuities, and the like.
JAGHIREDAR, the holder of a jaghire.
JAGO, Richard, an ingenious poet, was vicar of Sniţ-terfield in Warwickshire, and rector of Kimcote in Leicestershire. He was the intimate friend and correspondent of Shenstone, who was his contemporary at Oxford, and also, it is believed, his school-fellow; he belonged to [7:12:495]University College, and took the degree of master of arts in 1739; and he was author of several poems in th fourth and fifth volumes of Dodsley’s collection. He died on the 28th of May 1781.
JAGO, St. See Santiago. Jago, St, the name of several provinces, towns, and rivers of South America, which will be described under the heads of the several countries in which they occur.

Jago, St, one of the Capc de Verde Islands. See Verde Islands, Cape de.
JAGRAAM, a town of Hindustan, in Delhi, belonging to the Seiks. Long. 75. E. Lat. 30. 47. N.
JAGUEER. See Jaghire.
JAGUEERDAR. See Jaghiredar.
JAHDE, a town of the circle of Neuenburg, in the duchy of Oldenburg, in Germany, on a navigable river of the same name, which empties itself into the sea about two miles below the town. It contains 307 houses, with 2160 inhabitants. Long. 8. 12. 43. E. Lat. 53. 20. 45. N.
JAHIL, a town of Hindustan, in the Rajpoot territories, in the province of Ajmeer, sixty-five miles west-northwest from Jyanagur. Long. 74. 38. E. Lat. 27. 9. N.
JAHJOW, a village of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, remarkable for two great battles fought near it; the first on the 8th of June 1658, in which Aunmgzebe was totally defeated; and the last on the 19th of June 1707, between the son and grandson of Aurungzebe, in which the latter was slain.
JAILLIEU, a town of the arrondissement of La Tour du Pin, in the department of the Isère, in France, on the river Bourbre. It contains 420 houses, and 1620 inhabitants, who are employed in paper-making and in calico-printing.
JAIVER, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, situated on the east side of the Jumna, forty-three miles south by east from Delhi. Long. 78. 28. E∙ Lat. 28. 9. N.
JAJARCOTE, a town of Hindustan, tributary to the Goorkhali rajah of Nepaul. Long. 81.30. E. Lat. 29.39. N.
JAJGHUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, and capital of a district of the same name. It formerly belonged to the rajah of Odeypoor, from whom it was taken by Zalim Singh, chief of Kotah, about the year 1803. The surrounding district comprehends eighty-four villages and towns, twenty-two of which are inhabited by a race of plunderers called Meenas, who give only personal service for their lands. The fort of Jajghur is built on the top of an oblong hill, and consists of two walls with ruined bastions, each having a ditch, and the outer wall lying a considerable way down the hill. The town is large, well built, and fortified.
JALEMUS, in Antiquity, a kind of mournful song, used upon occasion of death, or any other affecting occurrence. Hence originated the Greek proverbs, ίαλΐ/ζ,ου οoigorigος, or ∙^υxξοriξος, sadder or colder than ajalemus ; sις τους ∕αλ*- μονς εγτξαΐτηος, worthy to be ranked among jalemuses.
JALOFFS, or Yalloffs, a warlike people inhabiting that part of Africa lying between Senegal and the Mandingo states on the Gambia. See Africa.
JAMADAR, an officer of horse or foot, in Hindustan; also the head or superintendent of the peons in the se-waury or train of any great man.
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