pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FISH. See Ichthyology. Fishes, in Heraldry, are the emblems of silence and watchfulness, and are borne upright, imbowed, extended, endorsed respecting each other, surmounting one another, fretted, and so on.

In blazoning fishes, those borne feeding should be deemed devouring ; all fishes borne upright and having fins, should be blazoned hauriant ; and those borne transverse the escutcheon, should be termed naiant. Fish Ponds, excavations filled with water, and intended for the breeding or feeding of fish. In making a pond, its head should be at the lowest part of the ground, that the trench of the flood-gate or sluice, having a good fall, may not be too long in emptying. The best way of making the head secure is to drive in two or three rows of stakes about six feet long, at the distance of about four feet from each other, the whole length of the pond head, the first row of which should be rammed at least about four feet deep. If the bottom is false, the foundation may be laid with quicklime; which, when slaked, will render it as hard as a stone. Some place a layer of lime, and another of earth dug out of the pond, among the piles and stakes; and when these are well covered, drive in others as they see occasion, ramming the earth as before, till the pond head be of the height which is required.

The dam should be made sloping on each side, leaving a waste to carry off the superabundant water in times of floods or rains; and as to the depth of the pond, the deepest part need not exceed six feet, rising gradually in shoals towards the sides, for the fish to sun themselves, and lay their spawn. Gravelly and sandy bottoms, especially the latter, are best for breeding; and a fat soil with a white fat water, as the washings of hills, commons, streets, sinks, and the like, is best fitted for fattening all sorts of fish. For storing a pond, carp is to be preferred for its goodness, quick growth, and great increase, as breeding five or six times a year. A pond of an acre, if it be a feeding and not a breeding one, will every year feed two hundred carps of three years old, three hundred of two years old, and four hundred of a year old. Carps delight in ponds which have marl or clay bottoms, with plenty of weeds and grass, on which they feed in the hot months.

Ponds should be drained every three or four years, and the fish sorted. In breeding ones, the smaller fishes are to be taken out, to store other ponds withal; leaving a good stock of females, at least eight or nine years old, as they never breed before that age. In feeding-ponds, it is best t ° keep them pretty near of a size.
FISHGUARD, a market-town of Pembrokeshire, in South Wales, within the hundred of Komyss, 151 miles from London. It is situated on the shore, at the spot where the river Gwaine falls into the sea. It is governed by a mayor and corporate body. The trade is but trifling, but there is a well-supplied market on Friday. A corps of 1200 French troops, composed chiefly of enlisted felons, landed here in 1797, but were speedily made prisoners by the local volunteers. The population in 1801 amounted to 1503, in 1811 to 1572, in 1821 to 1837, and in 1831 to 1990.
FISHING, in general, is the art of catching fish, whether by means of nets, spears, or the line and hook. See Angling and Fisheries.
FISSURES, in Geology, certain interruptions, which divide the several strata of which the body of our globe is composed, in a horizontal or parallel manner.

Fissure of the Bones, in Surgery, is when they are divided either transversely or longitudinally, not quite through, but cracked like glass, by any external force.
FISTULA, in the ancient music, a wind instrument resembling our flute or flageolet.

The principal wind instruments of the ancients were the tibia and the fistula. But how they were constituted, in what they differed, or how they were played upon, does not appear; indeed all that we know is, that the fistula was at first made of reeds, and afterwards of other matters. Some had holes, others none; some again were single pipes, others a combination of these; as, for instance, the syringa of Pan.

Fistula, in Surgery, a deep, narrow, and callous ulcer, arising generally from abscesses. It differs from sinus in being callous, which the latter is not.
FITCHES, in Husbandry, a sort of pulse, more generally known by the name of chick-pea. Fitches are cultivated either for the purpose of feeding cattle or improving the land. They are a wholesome and nourishing food, whether given in the straw or thrashed out. When sown only to improve the soil, they are ploughed in just as they begin to blossom, by which means a tough clay soil is much enriched.
FITCHET, a name used in some places for the weasel, which is also called the foumart.
FITCHY, in Heraldry (from the French fiche, fixed), a term applied to a cross when the lower branch ends in a sharp point. The origin of this device is supposed to be, that the primitive Christians were accustomed to carry about crosses with them wherever they went; and when they stopped at any place on a journey, they fixed these portable crosses in the ground for the sake of devotion.
FITERO, a town of Spain, in the province of Navarre. It is situated on the banks of the Alhama, which, though a river of short course, is highly beneficial, by its irrigating capabilities, to the country through which it passes. The monastery of Fitero is very richly endowed; and the town, which contains 3500 inhabitants, as well as the land around it, is the property of that establishment. The whole of the people are employed in the cultivation of hemp, and in the consequent manufactures of that article. There are some warm mineral springs, which are resorted to for the cure of several complaints, and which attain to the heat of thirty-six degrees Reaumur.
FITZHERBERT, Sir Anthony, a learned lawyer in the reign of Henry VIII. was descended from an ancient family, and born at Norbury in Derbyshire, but in what year is not known. After receiving the rudiments of his education in the country, he was sent to Oxford, on leaving which he entered himself in one of the inns of court, and appears in due time to have been called to the bar. By talents and diligence, united with judgment, he soon distinguished himself in his profession, and in 1511 he became a serjeant at law. In 1516 he received the honour of knighthood, and the year after was made one of the king’s counsel. And in 1523 he was raised to the bench as a puisne judge of the court of common pleas, in which honourable station he spent the remainder of his life. Fitzherbert was deservedly respected for his ability and integrity as a judge; and, at a time when judicial independence was a rare virtue on the bench, he opposed the court in some of its favourite projects, particularly regarding the alienation of church lands. He died on the 27th of May 1538, and was buried in the parish church of Norbury, the place of his birth. The works of this learned lawyer are, 1. The Grand Abridgment collected by that most reverend judge Mr Anthony Fitzherbert, lately conferred with his own manuscript corrected by himself, together with the references of the cases to the books, by which they may be [7:9:610]easily found, printed in folio by Rynson in 1514, by Wynken de Worde in 1516, and again in 1577; 2. TheOftice and Authority of Justices of Peace, 1538, but often reprinted, the last edition being dated 1617; 3. The Office of Sheriffs, Bailiffs of Liberties, Escheators, Constables, Coroners, and others, 1538; 4. Of the Diversity of Courts, 1529; 5 The New Natura Brevium, 1534, to which, in the last edition, published in 1794, 2 vols. 8vo, is added a commentary supposed to have been written by Chief-Justice Hale, with notes, references, and an enlarged index; 6. Of the Surveying of Lands, 1539; 7. The Book of Husbandry, 1534, reprinted several times in the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth. Of these works, five, in the order in which they are here enumerated, were, with the exception of part of the second, originally written in French.
FITZSTEPHEN, William, an English monastic historian of the twelfth century, and author of the earliest description extant of London, was of Norman extraction, but born of respectable parents in the city of London. Being a monk of Canterbury, he attracted the notice of Archbishop Becket, who made him one of his clerks, received him as an inmate into his family, and employed him in various capacities. He was remembrancer in the archbishop’s exchequer, a subdeacon in his chapel when he officiated, a reader of bills and petitions when his grace sat to hear and determine causes, and sometimes an advocate before the ecclesiastical court, when he was desired to perform that office. He was also present with Becket at Northampton, when the archbishop was forsaken by his suffragans, and an eye-witness of his sacrilegious murder at Canterbury, one of the foulest deeds of an age fertile in crimes. This worthy monk is supposed to have died in the year 1191. His Description of the City of London, which seems to have been written between the years 1170 and 1182, contains, after Doomsday-Book, the earliest account we have of the metropolis; and it may be doubted whether any other nation of Europe can produce a description of its capital, or of one of its principal cities, written at so remote a period as the twelfth century. The first edition appeared in the shape of a translation inserted in Stowe’s Survey of London ; but as this was found to be in many respects inaccurate, and had, besides, become obsolete, Ďr Pegge published a more correct translation, with notes and a preliminary dissertation, 1772, in 4to. Fitzstephen was a person of great learning for his age. He appears to have been tolerably versed in Horace, Virgil, Sallust, Ovid, Lucan, Persius, and other Latin classics; and he had even looked into Plato and some other of the Greek writers. His credulity was a failing less imputable to the individual than to the times in which he lived.
FIUME, a circle in the Austrian province of Trieste, extending over 1364 square miles, containing thirty-four cities and towns, and 193 villages, with 24,930 houses, and 131,484 inhabitants. The principal products are wine, olives, fruit, and silk. The capital is a sea-port situated on the Gulι oł Quarnaro. It consists of two long parallel streets on the shore, and others connecting them, and contains 743 houses and 7576 inhabitants, chiefly employed in fishing or in trade, which consists in the productions of the surrounding district. The harbour is good, and the situation as favourable for the trade with Hungary as Trieste is tor that of the other Austrian states. Long. 14. 20 10 E Lat. 45. 20. 16. N.
FIXATION, in Chemistry, the rendering of any volatilesubstance fixed, so as not to fly off or evaporate upon being exposed to a great heat.
FIXED BODIES are those which sustain a considerable degree of heat without evaporating, or losing any of their weight. Some of the most fixed bodies are diamons, gold, &c.
FIXITY, or Fixedness, in Chemistry, is in a peculiar manner used for the affection opposite to volatility; in other words, it is the property by which bodies sustain the : action of the fire, without being dissipated in fumes.
FLACCUS, Caius Valerius, an ancient Latin poet, of whom personally but little is known. He is supposed to have been born at Setia, a town of Campania, now Sezzo, whence he has derived the surname of Setinus. But Martial, his contemporary and friend, seems to intimate that he was a native of Padua, or at least lived there. He died when he was about thirty years of age, in the year 93 or 94 of our era, before he had put the finishing hand to the poem on which his reputation entirely rests. The subject which he selected as deserving of celebration was the history of the Argonautic expedition; but of the ten books into which he intended to divide it, he lived only to compose seven and part of the eighth. This poem, which is addressed to the emperor Vespasian, whom the poet compliments on account of his conquest of Judaea, whilst Domitian is at the same time praised for his poetical talents, is an imitation rather than a translation of the Argonautics of Apollonius; and Flaccus has evidently been most successful in those parts where he had not the Greek poet immediately in his view. The model upon which he formed himself was Virgil; and, notwithstanding Horace’s sneer at the servum pecus, it is surprising how closely the imitator sometimes approaches to the great original. Quintilian’s opinion of his merit may be easily gathered from the brief but expressive eulogium, Multum in Valerio Flacco nuper amisimus. The best editions of this poet are that of Nicoas Heinsius, published at Amsterdam, 1680, in 8vo, reprinted of the same size in 1702; and that cum notis integris variorum et Petri Burmanni, which appeared at Leyden, 1724, in 4to. It is proper to add, that Baptista Pius, an Italian poet, completed the eighth book of the Argo-nautics, which Flaccus had left unfinished, and added two more from Apollonius; a supplement which was first print'd by Aldus in 1523, and which has been subjoined to most, if of all of the subsequent editions. (Vossius de Poet. Lat. ; Fabricius, Eibl. Lat. ; and Moreri.)
FLAGS, in the army, are small banners of distinction stuck in the baggage waggons, to distinguish the baggage of one brigade or battalion from that of another, in order ffiat they may be marshalled by the waggon-master-general, so as to avoid the confusion that might otherwise ensue.

Flag, in nautical affairs, a banner or standard, by which an admiral is distinguished at sea; also the colours by which one nation is distinguished from another.

In the British navy flags are either red, white, or blue, and are displayed from the top of the main-mast, fore-mast, or mizen-mast, according to the rank of the admiral. When a flag is displayed from the staff on the main-mast, the officer distinguished thereby is known to be an admiral; when from the fore-mast, a vice-admiral; and when from the mizen-mast, a rear-admiral.

The first flag in Great Britain is the royal standard, which is only to be hoisted when the king or queen is on board the vessel; the second is that of the anchor of hope, which characterizes the lord high admiral, or lords commissioners of the admiralty; and the third is the union flag, in which the crosses of St George and St Andrew are blended together. This last is appropriated to the admiral of the fleet, who is the first naval officer under the lord high admiral.

The next flag after the union is that of the white squadron at the main-mast head; and the last which characterizes an admiral is the blue, also at the main-mast head. For a vice-admiral, the first flag is the red, the second the white, the third the blue, at the flag-staff on the fore-mast. The same order proceeds with regard to the rear-admirals, whose flags are hoisted on the top of the mizen-mast. The lowest flag in our navy is accordingly the blue on the mizen-mast.

To Lower or Strike the Flag, in the navy, is to pull it down upon the cap, or to take it in, as a token of the respect due from all ships or fleets to those which are undeniably their superiors. To lower or strike the flag in an engagement is a sign of submission or surrender.

The method of leading a ship in triumph is to attach the flags to the shrouds, or the gallery, in the hind part of the ship, letting them hang down towards the water, and to tow the vessels by the stern. Livy relates that this was the mode in which the Romans used those of Carthage.

To Heave out the Flag, is to display or put abroad the flag.

To Hang out the White Flag, is to ask quarter; or, when a vessel has arrived on a coast, it shows that it has no hostile intention, but comes to trade, or the like. The red flag is a sign of defiance and battle.

Flag- Officers are those who command the several squadrons of a fleet; such as the admirals, vice-admirals, and rear-admirals. The flag-officers in our pay are the admiral, vice-admiral, and rear-admiral, of the white, red, and blue. See Navy.
FLAGELLANTES, a set of wild fanatics who chastised and disciplined themselves in public by means of the lash. The sect of the Flagellantes took its rise in Italy in the year 1260; its author was one Rainier, a hermit, and it was thence propagated throughout almost all the countries of Europe. The formation of this sect was in all probability 7 merely the effect of an indiscreet zeal. A great number of persons of all ages and sexes made processions, walking two by two with their shoulders bare, which they whipped till the blood ran down, in order to obtain mercy from God, and appease his indignation against the wickedness of the age. They were then called the devout ; and having established a superior, he was called the general of the devotion. Though the primitive Flagellantes were exemplary in point of morals, yet they were joined by a turbulent rabble infected with the most ridiculous and impious opinions, and both the emperors and pontiffs felt themselves called upon to put an end to this religious frenzy, by declaring all devout whipping contrary to the divine law, and prejudicial to the eternal rest of the soul.

This sect was revived in Germany towards the middle o the next century, and, rambling through many provinces, occasioned great disturbances. They held, amongst other absurdities, that flagellation was of equal virtue with baptism[7:9:612] and the sacraments; that by means of it the forgiveness of all sins was to be obtained from God without the merits of Jesus Christ; and that the old law of Christ was soon to be abolished, and a new law enjoining the baptism of blood, to be administered by whipping, was to be substituted in its stead. By an injudicious as well as unrighteous policy, Clement VII. thundered out anathemas against the Flagellantes, who were consequently burnt by the inquisitors in several places , but they were not to be easily extirpated. They appeared again in Thuringia and Lower Saxony in the fifteenth century; and rejecting not only the sacraments, but every branch of external worship, placed their only hopes of salvation in faith and flagellation, to which they added other strange doctrines concerning evil spirits. Their leader Conrad Schmidt and many others were very needlessly committed to the flames by German inquisitors about the year 1414.
FLAGEOLET, or Flajeolet, a little flute, made of box or other hard wood, and sometimes of ivory, and having six holes besides that at the bottom, the mouth-piece, and the one behind the neck.
FLAIL, an instrument for thrashing corn, consisting, first, of the hand-staff, or piece held in the thrasher’s hand; secondly, of the swiple, or that part which strikes out the corn; thirdly, of the caplins, or strong double leathers, made fast to the tops of the hand-staff and swiple; and, fourthly, of the middle band, being the leather thong or fish skin that ties the caplins together.
FLAIR, in nautical language, to incline or hang over. Seamen say that the work flairs over when a ship is housed in near the water, so that the work hangs over a little too much, and is let out broader aloft than is warranted by the due proportion.
FLAMBEAU, a kind of torch made of several thick wicks, covered with wax, and serving to burn at nights in the streets, as also at funeral processions, illuminations, and such like occasions. Flambeaux differ from links, torches, and tapers, in being made square, sometimes of white wax and sometimes of yellow. They usually consist of four wicks or branches about an inch in thickness and three feet in length, made of a sort of coarse hempen yarn half twisted. They are prepared with the ladle, in much the same way as torches or tapers, by pouring the melted wax on the top of the several suspended wicks, and letting it run down to the bottom; an operation which is repeated till the requisite thickness be obtained. After each wick has thus got its proper cover of wax, they are laid out to dry, then rolled on a table, and four of them joined together by means of a red-hot iron. When united, more wax is poured on, until the flambeau is brought to the size required, which is usually from a pound and a half to three pounds. The last thing is to finish their form or outside, which is done with a kind of polishing instrument of wood, by running it along all the angles formed by the union of the branchesThe flambeaux of the ancients were different from ours, having been made of woods dried in furnaces or otherwise. Various kinds of wood were used for this purpose, but that most commonly employed was pine. Pliny says, that in his time oak, elm, and hazel were also frequently used. In the seventh book of the Aencid mention is made of a flambeau of pine; and Servius remarks that flambeaux were also made of the cornel-tree.
FLAMBOROUGH HEAD, a cape or promontory on the eastern coast of Yorkshire, five miles east of Burlington, and 215 from London. This was the Fleamhurg of the Saxons, having, it is supposed, been so called from the lights made on it to direct the landing of Ina, who, in 547 joined his countrymen in these parts with a large reinforcement from Germany, and founded the kingdom of Northumberland. In the time of Edward the Confessor, Flamborough was one of the manors of Harold, earl of the West Saxons, afterwards king of England; but on his death the conqueror gave it to Hugh Lupus, who bestowed it on the monastery of Whitby. The town is situated on the north side, and consists of about 150 small houses, entirely inhabited by fishermen, few of whom, as is said, die in their beds, but meet their fate in the element with which they are so conversant. The cliffs of the Head are of a tremendous height and amazing grandeur. Beneath are several vast caverns; some closed at the end, others pervious, and all formed with a natural arch. In some places the rocks are insulated, and of a pyramidal figure, soaring up to a vast height. The bases of most are solid, but in some instances they are pierced through and arched. The colour of all these rocks is white, from the dung of the innumerable flocks of migratory birds, which quite cover the face of them. Long. 20. E. Lat. 54. 15. N.
FLAME is a general name for every kind of luminous vapour, provided the light it emits has any considerable degree of intensity. Flame, however, is most generally applied to such as are of a conical figure, like those arising from our common fires; the others are commonly called luminous vapours, or simple lights. See Heat.

Flames are of different colours, according to the substances from which they are produced. Thus, the flame of sulphur and spirit of wine is blue; the flame of nitre and zinc, of a bright white; that of copper, of a greenish blue, and so on. These varieties afford an opportunity of making a number of agreeable representations in fireworks, which could not be accomplished if the flame produced from every different substance was of the same colour. See Pyrotechnics.