pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BRACELET, an ornament worn on the wrist, and much used among the ancients. It was made of different materials, and in different fashions, according to the age and quality of the wearer. The word is French, bracelet; which Menage derives further from braceletum, a diminutive of bracile, a word occurring in writers of the age of Justinian; all formed from the Latin brachium, an arm. It amounts to the same with what was called by the ancients armilla, brachiale, occabus; and in the middle ages boga, bauga, armispatha.
BRACHMINS, or Bracnmans, a branch of the ancient Gymnosophists or philosophers of India. See Bramins.
BRACHYGRAPHY, the art of short-hand writing. See Short Hand.
BRACHYLOGY, (from βξαχυς, short, and λογος, expression), in Rhetoric, the expressing of any thing in the most concise manner. This, as far as is consistent with perspicuity, is a virtue and beauty of style; but if obscurity be the consequence, which is often the case, it becomes a blemish and defect. Quintilian gives an instance of brachylogy from Sallust: Mithridates corpore ingenti perinde armatus; “ Mithridates, as it were, armed with the hugeness of his stature.”
BRACKE, or Brache, a bailiwick in the duchy of Oldenburg, containing three towns, with 6108 inhabitants· The chief place, of the same name, is situated on the Viser, and is of importance from the ships, which require a greater depth of water than is to be found near Bresner, commonly remaining to discharge or receive their cargoes there. It contains only 1100 inhabitants.
BRACKENHEIM, a bailiwick in the circle of the Neckar, of the kingdom of Wirtemburg. It extends over ninety-eight square miles, and comprehends five cities, two market-towns, and twenty-nine villages, with 24,096 inhabitants. The city, which gives name to the bailiwick, is [7:5:171]situated on the river Zaber, and contains an ancient castle, and 1684 inhabitants, who produce some good wine.
BRACKET, among carpenters and others, means a kind of wooden stay, serving to support shelves and the like.

Brackets, in a ship, the small knees, serving to support the galleries, and commonly carved. The timbers that support the grating in the head are also called brackets. Brackets, in Gunnery, are the cheeks of the carriage of a mortar. Being made of strong planks of wood, of almost a semicircular figure, and bound round with thick iron plates, they are fixed to the beds by four bolts, which are called bed-bolts, and, rising up on each side of the mortar, serve to keep her at any elevation by means of some strong iron bolts, called bracket-bolts, which go through these cheeks or brackets.
BRACKLEY, a borough and market-town of the hundred of King’s Sutton, in Northamptonshire, sixty-three miles from London. It had formerly much trade in wool, and some manufactures; but now chiefly depends on the agriculture of its vicinity. It has two churches, a handsome market-house, an endowed free school, and an hospital. The market is held on Wednesday. It returns two members to Parliament, chosen by the corporate body under the influence of the Earl of Bridgewater. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1495, in 1811 to 1580, and in 1821 to 2236.
BRACTON, Henry, Lord Chief Justice of England in the reign of Henry III., was probably a native of Devonshire. He was educated at Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor of laws, and was made one of the itinerant judges about the year 1244. Ten years after he became chief justice, and had the Earl of Derby’s house in London assigned him for his town residence during the minority of that nobleman. He is said to have filled this important office with singular reputation during twenty years. The time of his death is not known; probably it occurred in the reign of Edward I. He wrote De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae, which is one of the most ancient and most methodical books on the laws of England. His method is copied from that of Justinian. This work was printed at London in 1569, folio; and in 1640, in 4to.
BRADING, a town on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight, in the county of Hampshire, ninety-nine miles from London. It has a harbour capacious but shallow, and dry at low water. It has little trade, depending chiefly on the rural inhabitants in its vicinity. A new church has been recently built here. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1529, in 1811 to 1715, and in 1821 to 2023.
BRADNINCH, a town of the hundred of Hayridge, in the county of Devon, 170 miles from London, and six from Exeter. It is a poor manufacturing place, but has a corporation, and formerly returned two members to Parliament; but the inhabitants were relieved from the expense on the plea of poverty, on payment of five marks, in the reign of Henry VII. The inhabitants in 1801 amounted to 1187, in 1811 to 1321, and in 1821 to 1511.
BRADS, among artificers, a kind of nails used in building, which have no spreading heads as other nails have. They are distinguished among ironmongers by six names; as joiners -brads, flooring-brads, batten-brads, bill-brads, quarter-heads, and the like. Joiners’-brads are for hard wainscot; batten-brads are for soft wainscot; bill-brads are used when a floor is laid in haste, or for shallow joists subject to warp.
BRADSHAW, Henry, a Benedictine monk, was born at Chester about the middle of the fifteenth century. Discovering an early propensity to religion and literature, he was received while a boy into the monastery of St Werberg in that city; and having there imbibed the rudiments of education, he was afterwards sent to Gloucester College, in the suburbs of Oxford. Here for a time he studied theology with the novices of his order, and then returned to his convent at Chester, where, in the latter part of his life, he applied himself chiefly to the study of history, and wrote several books. He died in the year 1513, the fifth of Henry VIII. His poetry is not inferior to that of any of his contemporaries. His works are, 1. De antiquitate et magnificentia Urbis Cestriae; 2. Chroni-eοη; 3. The Life of the glorious virgin St Werberg, printed at London, 1521, 4to, in verse. The life of St Werberg forms only part of this work, which contains also a description of the kingdom of Mercia, a life of St Ethel-dred, a life of St Sexburg, the foundation and history of Chester, and the chronicles of some kings.
BRADSHAW, John, descended of an ancient family, originally from Derbyshire, and born in 1586, officiated as president of the court, assembled at Whitehall, which tried Charles I. and condemned that unfortunate prince to lose his head on the scaffold. Being appointed speaker or president of the Parliament under Cromwell, he had a guard assigned him for the safety of his person, together with apartments in Westminster, a sum of L.5000 sterling, and considerable territorial domains. But he was not destined to enjoy long the recompense of the judicial service he had rendered; for, according to the pamphlets of the time preserved in the British Museum, he withdrew from Parliament, and died in obscurity on the 31 st October 1659, a year after the death of the Protector. On the restoration of Charles II. the bodies of Bradshaw, Cromwell, and Ireton, were disinterred, suspended on the gallows at Tyburn, and then burned. But several collectors of anecdotes have asserted that Bradshaw’s remains escaped this posthumous indignity; for, according to them, having caused a report of his death to be circulated, he passed into the colonies under a feigned name, in order there to enjoy the fortune he had acquired; and signalized himself in various contests in which the colonists were involved with the native Indian tribes. Some suppose that he retired to Barbadoes; others that he sought refuge in Jamaica, the conquest of Cromwell, where his epitaph is said to have been met with, written in the style of the most ardent republican. ( Gentleman s Magazine., vol. liv. p. 834.) In Penβril of the Peak this story is put into the mouth of one of the characters, Major Ralph Bridgenorth, and told with admirable felicity, though, of course, with very considerable embellishment.
BRADWARDIN, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, surnamed the Profound Doctor, was born at Hartfield in Sussex about the close of the thirteenth century. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skilful mathematician, and an able divine. Authors are not at one as to his first preferments. Pitt says he was professor of divinity at Oxford. They agree, however, in asserting, that from being chancellor of the diocese of London, he became a courtier and confessor to Edward III. whom he constantly attended during his war with France; assisting that victorious prince with his advice, animating the troops, and fervently praying for their success. After his return from the war he was made prebendary of Lincoln, and subsequently archbishop of Canterbury. He died at Lambeth in the year 1349, forty days after his consecration, and was buried in St Anselm’s Chapel, near the south wall. His works are, 1. De causa Dei, printed at London, 1618, published by J. FI. Savil; 2. De Geometria speculativa, Paris, 1495, 1512, 1530; 3. De Arithmetica practica, Paris, 1502, 1512; 4. De Proportionibus, Paris, 1495, Venice, 1505, folio; 5. De Quadratura Circuli, Paris, 1495, folio.
BRAEMAR, a district of Scotland, in the county of Aberdeen. See Aberdeenshire.
BRAG, a game at cards, where as many may partake as the cards will supply; the eldest hand dealing three to each person at one time, and turning up the last card all round. This being done, each gamester puts down three stakes, one for each card; and the first stake is won by the best card turned up in the dealing round; beginning from the ace, king, queen, knave, and so downwards. When cards of the same value are turned up to two or more of the gamesters, the eldest hand gains; but it is to be observed that the ace of diamonds wins, to whatever hand it be turned up. The second stake is won by what is called the brag, which consists in one of the gamesters challenging the rest to turn up cards equal to his. But it is to be observed that a pair of aces is the best brag, a pair of kings the next, and so on; and a pair of any sort wins the stake from the most valuable single card. In this consists the great diversion of the game; for, by the artful management of the looks, gestures, and voice, it frequently happens that a pair of fives, trois, or even deuces, outbrags a much higher pair, and even some pairs royal, to the no small merriment of the company. The knave of clubs is here a principal favourite, making a pair with any other card in hand, and with any other two cards a pair royal. The third stake is won by the person who first makes up the cards in his hand one and thirty; each dignified card going for ten, and drawing from the pack, as usual in this game.
BRAGA, a city, the capital of the province Entre Douro-e-Minho, in Portugal. It is situated on an elevated plain near the river Savado, is fortified and defended by a citadel. The streets are irregular and ill paved, and the houses large, but of an antique fashion. It has an archbishop, and, besides the cathedral, six churches, seven monasteries, an archiepiscopal palace, and several hospitals. The inhabitants amount to 18,000, who are occupied in various manufactures, chiefly for the consumption of the kingdom. Long. 8. 16. W. Lat. 4L 33. N.
BRAGANZA, a city, the capital of the province of Tras os Montes, in Portugal, and the place from which the reigning family originated. It is situated on the river Fervença, one of the tributary streams of the Sabor, is surrounded with walls, and contains about 5000 inhabitants, employed chiefly in the silk trade. Long. 6. 36. W. Lat. 41. 47. N.
BRAHILOW, or in Turkish Ibrainl, a city on the northern bank of the Danube, in the province of Wal-lachia, in European Turkey. It has a strong citadel to defend the passage over the river, which is here divided into several branches. The trade of the place is considerable, both in corn and in preserved sturgeons. It is said to contain, besides the garrison, 12,500 inhabitants. Long. 27. 49. E. Lat. 44. 56. N.
BRAHMAPOOTRA, or Burrampooter, the largest river in India, which rises on the opposite side of the same narrow range of snow-clad mountains from which the Ganges flows. Its source has never been exactly explored, but it is supposed to be about the 32d degree of north latitude and 82d of east longitude. After winding eastward with a rapid current through Thibet, to the south of the Himalaya Mountains, where it is called Sanpoo, it washes the border of the territory of Lassa, and passes within thirty miles to the south of this capital of the Teshoo Lama. Thence it flows in a widely extended bed, and through many channels, in which is formed a multitude of islands. It receives the Painomtehieu, and many other lesser streams, before it passes Lassa, and penetrates the frontier mountains that divide Thibet from Assam. It then makes a vast sweep, and extending far to the east, until it approaches within 220 miles of Yunan, the most western province of China, it makes a sudden curve in east longitude 96, first to the south and afterw ards to the west, where it enters the province of Assam. Here it receives numerous tributary streams; and in longitude 91° 18' it divides into two great branches, which inclose an island of 120 miles in length. Continuing its course westward, it enters the province of Bengal, near to the town of Goalpara; after which it makes a circuit round the Garrow Mountains; and then altering its course to the south, it s joined by the Megna in latitude 24° 10', in the district of Dacea; and finally unites with the Ganges, about 40 miles from the sea. This great river, including its windings, has a course of about 1650 miles in length. Until 1765, the Brahmapootra was unknown in Europe as a great river, and Major Rennell, on exploring it, was surprised to find it larger than the Ganges. A small portion of the Brahmapootra flows through territories known to Europeans, and its navigation is supposed to be obstructed by cataracts on its entrance into Assam. This great river, during a course of 400 miles through Bengal, in all respects resembles the Ganges, except in one particular, namely, that during the last 60 miles before its junction with the Ganges it forms a stream which is regularly from four to five miles wide, and, but for its freshness, might be considered an arm of the sea. The junction of the two mighty streams of the Brahmapootra and the Ganges produces an immense body of fresh water, such as is only exceeded by some of the great rivers in Africa, which lie entirely within the limits of the tropical rains, or the Amazons and Orinoco in South America. The bore, which is known to be occasioned by the sudden influence of the tide into a river or narrow strait, prevails in all the passages between the islands and sands situated in the gulf formed by the confluence of the Brahmapootra and the Ganges, in a greater degree than in other rivers. (f.)
BRAHOOICK Mountains, a chain of mountains so called by Colonel Pöttinger, from the Brahooes, who inhabit them. They run along the eastern frontier of Persia, and extend 280 miles in length from south-east to north-east, and about 200 miles in their utmost breadth, under latitude 28. N. This range of mountains springs abruptly to a conspicuous height and grandeur, out of the sea at Cape Mowaree, in longitude 66° 58' E. latitude 25° N., whence it assumes a north-easterly direction for ninety miles. It there projects a ridge east by north, the base of which is washed by the river Indus, at the foot of Seh wan. From the separation of this chain, in latitude 25° 45', to that of30°, the primitive body runs due north, now marking the western limits of Sinde, Kutch Gundava, and a part of Sewestan, as it formerly did that of Hindustan. It thence once more regains its original inclination to the north-east, and decreases in elevation so rapidly, that in the course of forty miles it sinks down to a level, and becomes incorporated with the hills inhabited by the Kaufers and by other Afghan tribes. To the westward the Brahooick Mountains are far more complicated. At their emergence from the ocean their breadth does not exceed thirty miles from the one base to the other; but from the latitude of twenty-five and a half degrees, they progressively sweep round to north, north-north-west, north-west, and west-north-west, expanding over several degrees of longitude, and sending forth many collateral chains. The main range stretches away towards the north, to the twenty-eighth degree of north latitude, where it meets the sandy desert about the sixty-fourth degree of east longitude; it afterwards sinks, like the eastern front, to-an equality with the Afghan hills, among which it is lost. This chain of mountains reaches in some parts to a great altitude, and has many peaks covered with snow. (Pottinger’s Travels in Beloochistan and SindeD (f.)
BRAINTREE, a market-town in the hundred of Hink-ford and county of Essex, 40 miles from London. It was the first seat of the baize manufacture introduced into England by the Flemings in the reign of Elizabeth, but that trade is nearly altogether removed to the north of England. It is situated in a very beautiful and fertile district, and a silk manufactory has recently been established. There is a market on Wednesdays. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2821, in 1811 to 2298, and in 1821 to 2983.
BRAKEL, a circle in the Prussian government of Minden and province of Westphalia. It extends over 134 square miles, or 85,760 acres, and contains five cities, thirty villages, and fifteen hamlets, and a population of 21,201 persons. It is well cultivated and fertile. The dense population finds employment in making the coarse linen well known by the name of paderborns. The chief town has the same name as the circle, is situated on the river Brucht, and contains 380 houses, with 2550 inhabitants.
BRAMA, or Bruma, a pagan deity of the East Indies. See Brahmins.
BRAMBANAN, a village of Java, nearly in the centre of the island, situated at the foot of a range of mountains on the north that run east and west to a great extent. It is noted for the remains of Hindu images, temples, and inscriptions, which are spread over an extent of ten miles. The most remarkable of those ruins are known under the name of the Thousand Temples, which constitute a square group of buildings, each side measuring 250 paces. One large temple stood in the centre of the square, which was surrounded at equal distances by three square rows of smaller ones, the rows being but a few feet distant from each other. At each of the four cardinal points, where there appear to have been gates, were two gigantic statues, each of them with a mace in its hand, and a snake twisted round its body. The inside walls of the large temple were adorned with figures of the conch shell, of water-vases, and of the sacred lotus, all denoting a Hindu origin. In these temples are figures, and other figures in relief are sculptured on the walls. They are all built of hewn granite, admirably cut and polished, and fitted into each other by means of a prominence in the upper stone, which fits into a groove on the upper surface of the stone underneath. Great skill is displayed in the architecture of the roof, which, like the rest of the building, is of hewn granite. The deepest mystery hangs over these ruins. They confirm the tradition, that at some former era a nation must have flourished in these islands, more advanced in the arts of civilization than the modern Javanese. But there is not the slightest evidence to show at what period those immense buildings were constructed. A Javanese manuscript asserts that it was in the Javanese year 1188, which corresponds to the year of the Christian era 1261.
BRAMBER, a small hamlet of twenty houses, in the rape of the same name in the county of Sussex, whence two members are returned to parliament. These burgage-houses belong to the Duke of Rutland and Lord Calthorpe, and of course confer on them the patronage.
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BRAMHALL, Dr John, archbishop of Armagh, was born of an ancient family at Pontefract in Yorkshire about the year 1593. He was invited to Ireland by the lord deputy Wentforth, and soon afterwards obtained the archdeaconry of Meath, the best in that kingdom. In 1634 he was made bishop of Londonderry, a see which he improved very much; but the greatest service he rendered to the church of Ireland consisted in getting, with the deputy’s assistance, several acts passed for abolishing fee-farms and recovering impropriations, by which, as well as by other means, he regained to the church in the space of four years L.30,000 orL.40,000 a year. In the convocation he prevailed upon the church of Ireland to unite in the same faith with the church of England, by adopting the thirty-nine articles of the latter; and would willingly have introduced the English canons, but could only prevail on their accepting such as were deemed proper. Articles of treason were exhibited against him in the Irish parliament; and at the treaty of Uxbridge in 1644, the English parliament made it a preliminary article, that Bishop Bramhall, with Archbishop Laud, and others, should be excepted from the general pardon. Upon this he went abroad; but, on the restoration, he was appointed archbishop of Armagh, primate and metropolitan of all Ireland, and was chosen speaker of the House of Lords. He died in 1663. He was the author of several works, which are collected in one volume folio.
BRAMPTON, a market-town of Eskdale Ward, in the county of Cumberland, 311 miles from London. It is an old town, of some note in former ages, and is still the head of the barony of Gillsland. It stands on the river Irthing, one mile from the Picts’ wall. It has a large market on Tuesday, and a smaller one on Saturday, and several fairs to which the Scotch drovers repair with their cattle. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 16S2, in 1811 to 2043, and in 1821 to 2448.
BRANAU, a small city in the Austrian province of Upper Ens, in the circle of Inviertel. It is situated on the banks of the Inn, and has manufactories of cloth and of paper. Long. 12. 52. 40. E. Lat. 48. 14. N.
BRANCHIDAE, in Grecian Antiquity, priests of the temple of Apollo, at Didymus, in Ionia. They opened to Xerxes the temple of Apollo, and suffered him to carry away the riches; after which, thinking it unsafe to stay longer in Greece, they fled to Sogdiana, upon the frontiers of Persia, where they built a city called by their own name. But they did not escape the punishment of their crime; for on the conquest of Darius, Alexander the Great, informed of their treachery, put them all to the sword, and razed their city, thus summarily visiting the impiety of the fathers upon their posterity.
BRAND Sunday, Dimanche des Brandons, in French ecclesiastical writers, denotes the first Sunday in Lent, which is thus called on account of an ancient practice in the Lyonnois, where the peasants, in the night of this day, walked about their orchards, gardéns, and other places, with torches lighted, or fire-brands in their hands; visiting every tree, addressing them one after another, and threatening that if they did not bear fruit well the ensuing season they should be cut down to the ground and burnt. This is evidently a relic of Paganism, and similar to what was practised by the ancient idolaters in the month of February, called Fd)ruarius, a februando.