pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ARCHILOCHIAN, a term in poetry applied to a sort of verses, of which Archilochus‘was the inventor; consisting of seven feet, of which the first four are ordinarily dactyles, though sometimes spondees; the last three trochees.
ARCHIMAGUS, the high priest of the Persian Magi or worshippers of fire. Darius Hystaspes took upon himself the dignity of Archimagus; for Porphyry tells us he ordered, before his death, that, among the other titles, it should be engraven on his monument that he had been Master of the Magi ; which plainly implies that he had borne this office among them, for none but the Archimagus was master of the whole sect. From hence it seems to have proceeded that the kings of Persia were ever after looked on to be of the sacerdotal tribe, and were always initiated into the sacred order of the Magi, before they took on them the crown, and were inaugurated into the kingdom.
ARCHIMANDRITE, in Ecclesiastical History, was a name given by the ancient Christians to what we now call an abbot. Father Simon observes, that the word mandrite is Syriac, and signifies a solitary monk.
ARCHIPELAGO, in Geography·, a general term signifying a sea interrupted with islands; it is however more especially applied to that lying between Europe and Asia, which contains the islands anciently called Cyclades and Sporades.
ARCHIPRESBYTER, or Archpriest, a priest established in some dioceses with a superiority over the rest. He was anciently chosen out of the college of presbyters at the pleasure of the bishop.
ARCHISYNAGOGUS, the chief of the synagogue, the title of an officer among the Jews, who presided in their synagogues and assemblies. The number of these officers was not fixed, nor the same in all .places, there being 70 in some, and in others only one.
ARCHITRICLINUS, in Antiquity, the master or director of a feast, charged with the order and economy of it, the covering and uncovering of the tables, the command of the servants, and the like. The architriclinus was sometimes called servus tricliniarcha, and by the Greeks π1ογιo<sτr ∖ ς, i. e. proegustator or foretaster. Potter also takes the architriclinus for the same with the sym-posiarcha.
ARCHIVE, or Archives, a chamber or apartment wherein the records, charters, and other papers and evidences, of a state, house, or community, are preserved, to be consulted occasionally. Thus, we say, the archives of a college, of a monastery, &c.
ARCHIVIST, or Arcmvista, a keeper of an archive. Under the emperors the archivist was an officer of great dignity, held equal to the proconsuls, vested with the quality of a count, styled clarissimtts, and exempted from all public offices and taxes. Among the ancient Greeks and Persians, the trust was committed to none but men of the first rank; among the Franks, the clergy, being the only men of letters, kept the office among themselves.
ARCHLUTE, or Arcii cuto, a long and large lute, having its bass strings lengthened after the manner of the theorbo, and each row doubled, either with a little octave or a unison. It is used by the Italians for playing a thorough bass.
ARCHMARSHAL, the grand marshal of the empire, a dignity belonging to the elector of Saxony.
ARCHONTICI, in Ecclesiastical History, a branch of Valentinians who maintained that the world was not created by God, but by angels called Archontes. ,
ARCHPRIEST, or Archpresbyter, a priest or presby [7:3:476]ter established in some dioceses, with a pre-eminence over the rest. Anciently the archpriest was the first person f after the bishop: he was seated next to him in the church, and in his absence acted as his vicar in all spiritual matters. In the sixth century there were several archpriests in the same diocese, from which period some believe them to have been called deans. In the ninth century there were two kinds of cures or parishes; the smaller governed by simple priests, and the baptismal churches by archpriests, who, besides the immediate concern of the cure, had the inspection of the other inferior priests, and gave an account of them to the bishop, who governed the chief or cathedral church in person. Archpresbyters still exist in the Greek church, who are invested with most of the functions and privileges of chorepiscopi or rural deans.
ARCHYTAS of Tarentum was a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in mathematics and geography. He lived in the time of Plato, and, according to report, inter-pos'cd his influence with Dionysius the tyrant, in order to save the life of that philosopher. According to this date, it would appear that Jamblichus is mistaken when he asserts that he was a hearer of Pythagoras; and the testimony of a writer mentioned by Photius would seem more worthy of credit, that he was the eighth successive preceptor of the Pythagorean school. So eminent were his military talents, that, in opposition to an express law of his country, that no man should be chosen more than once the general of its armies, he was elevated to that station no less than seven times. He taught that there is nothing so destructive to man as pleasure; that virtue is to be pursued for its own merit, and that every extreme is incompatible with it. Aristotle, according to some, was indebted to Archytas for his general heads of arrangement entitled his Ten Categories. By discovering the duplication of the cube by means of the conic sections, and the method of finding two mean proportionals between two given lines, he displayed his great knowledge in mathematics. Archytas is reported to have invented several curious hydraulic machines, and his genius is likewise honoured with the invention of the screw and crane. He perished in a shipwreck, and his body was found on the Apulian coast,—an occurrence commemorated in one of Horace’s Odes. A treatise on the Categories, bearing his name, was published by J. Camerarius at Leipsic, in 8vo, in 1564. Certain Fragments, also ascribed to him, were published by J. Gramm at Copenhagen, in 4to, in 1707.
ARCIS-SUR-AUBE, an arrondissement in the department of the Aube, in France, extending over 499 square miles, or 319,360 acres, and containing four cantons, 90 communes, and 33,260 inhabitants.—The capital of the arrondissement is of the same name, containing 366 houses, and 2500 inhabitants, who carry on some manufactures of cotton and of hosiery, and have a considerable trade in corn by means of the river Aube, on whose left bank it is situated. Long. 4. 14. E. Lat. 48. 30. N.
ARCO, a strong town and castle in the Trentin, belonging to the house of Austria. It stands on the river Sarca, near the northern extremity of the lake Garda. Long. 10. 48. E. Lat. 45. 52. N.
ARCONA, a strong town situated on the island of Rugen in the Baltic. It stood on a high promontory, with the east, north, and south sides defended by steep and lofty precipices, and the west by a wall 50 feet high, proportionably thick, and secured by a deep and broad ditch. It was, however, taken and ruined in 1168, by Valdemar, king of Denmark.
ARCOS de la Frontera, a Spanish town in Andalusia, between Ronda and Santa Maria. It is situated on the banks of the river Guadalette, celebrated for that decisive battle of three days’ continuance, by the event of which the crown of the Gothic kings of Spain was transferred to the Arabian invaders. It contains two parish churches, seven monasteries, 2500 houses, and 12,000 inhabitants. Long. 5. 55. W. Lat. 36. 39. N.
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ARCOT, a large district of Hindostan, under the presidency of Madras, to which it was transferred in 1801, being previously an independent state. It is now divided into north and south, and, since 1809, when an improved mode of management was introduced, the condition of the country has been greatly ameliorated under the British administration. The limits of northern Arcot, though they are not very exactly defined, may be stated to be, on the north Cuddapah and Nellore; southern Arcot on the south; the district of Chingleput and the sea on the east; and Balaghaut of Cuddapah on the west. It is watered by the river Palar, and the chief towns are Arcot, Wallajanagur, Vellore, and Tripetty. Southern Arcot has the northern division of Arcot for its boundary on the north; Tanjore and Trichinopoly on the south; on the east the Chingleput district and the sea; and Salem and the Balaghaut Carnatic on the west. The principal trading ports are Cudalore and Porto Novo. The population of both these districts amounted, according to returns received in 1822, to 1,347,312 persons.

Arcot, a city of Hindostan, and formerly the capital of the Carnatic, situated on the south side of the river Palar, which has a channel half a mile in breadth; but, except during the season of the rains, is nearly dry. The town is extensive, and is built round a large fort, of which the principal defences were destroyed more than twenty years ago, and its area is now under cultivation. The town is defended from the inundations of the river when it is swollen by the rains by the remaining ramparts of the fort, which on that side are kept in good repair. It is inclosed by walls, and contains the former palace of the nabobs of Arcot, which, with the exception of a gateway still entire, is in ruins; a handsome Mahometan mosque, and four or five other well-built religious edifices of the Mahometans, and numerous tombs. Arcot is supposed to have been the capital of the Sorae, or the Soramundalum of Ptolemy, whence by an easy derivation Coromandel; but the present town is entirely of modern date. The Mogul armies, after they had captured Gingee, found the situation sυ unhealthy that they were forced to remove to the plains of Arcot, and began to build the present town about the year 1716. The nabob of Arcot, Anwanud Deen, being killed in battle in 1749, the place was taken by his competitor, who was supported by the French. In 1751 it was retaken by Colonel Clive with 500 troops, from a garrison of 1100 men; and here that gallant soldier maintained himself for fifty days against the attacks of the French and their Indian allies, who were finally compelled to raise the siege. It was afterwards taken by the French, but was recaptured in 1760 by Colonel Coote, after the battle of Wandewash. Hyder Ali gained possession of it for a time after he had defeated the British under Colonel Baillie in 1780. Travelling distance, 217 miles E. of Seringapatam, 73 W. of Madras, 1070 S. W. of Calcutta, and 1277 S. of Delhi. Long. 79. 22. E. Lat. 12. 52. N.
ARCTIC, in Astronomy, an epithet given to the north pole, or the pole raised above our horizon. It is called the arctic pole, on occasion of the constellation of the little bear, in Greek called aporος, the last star in the tail of which nearly points out the north pole.

ARcTĩC Circle is a lesser circle of the sphere, parallel to the equator, and 23° 30' distant from the north pole; from whence its name. This, and its opposite, the antarctic, are called the two polar circles, and may be conceived to be described by the motion of the poles of the ecliptic round the poles of the equator or of the world.
ARCTURUS, in Astronomy, a fixed star of the first magnitude, in the constellation Arctophylax, or Bootes. The word is formed of αgκτoς, hear, and ovga, tail, bears lαil, as being very near it.
ARCY, Patrick d, member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, a general officer in the French army, Chevalier of the order of St Louis, &c. was born in Ireland in 1725. His parents, in consequence of their attachment to the house of Stuart, left Ireland, and settled in France. He studied mathematics with distinguished success under Clairaut the elder, and had for his fellowstudent the celebrated Clairaut the son. He obtained a commission in the French army; and, in 1746, was embarked in the expedition which was intended to make a descent into Scotland. He was made prisoner, and was treated like other prisoners of war, no notice being taken of his having been born a British subject. He continued attached to the house of Stuart during the whole of his life.

In 1760 he published his Essay on Artillery. To estimate the force of the explosion of gunpowder he employed a cannon suspended so that the arc of vibration described by it on its being fired was a measure of the force of explosion. To measure the initial velocity of a projectile, he used Robins’s machine. Robins showed that when the velocity of a projectile is great, the resistance opposed by the air is not in proportion to the square of the velocity, as is the case when the velocity is small. D’Arcy made experiments with a view of ascertaining this law, but without success. His work contains an account of experiments made by him to determine the most advantageous length of cannon. He published a paper on hydraulic machines in 1754, where he treats of the maximum of effect of water-wheels. Fie also published a paper concerning the duration of the impression of light on the retina. He found that the revolution of a luminous point must be rapid, so as to be performed in ∙⅛⅛ of a second at the least, in order to produce the appearance of a continued luminous circle.

He was of a handsome figure, and passed much of his time in the gay world. A short time before his death he married a young lady, his niece, and took the title of Count. Although attached to the house of Stuart, and therefore inimical to the English government, yet he admired the national character of the English, and was attentive to English travellers. He died in 1779, and was succeeded at the academy by the Abbé Bossut.
ARDAMON, or Ardama, in Antiquity, a vessel of water placed at the door of a person deceased till the time of burial, as a token that the family was in mourning, and to serve to sprinkle and purify persons as they came out of the house.
ARDATOW, a circle of the Russian government of Nishegorod, between long. 41. 37. and 43. 24. E. and lat. 54. 57. and 55. 44. N. It is watered by the rivers Tescha, Lemela, and some smaller streams, consists of gentle hills, and is abundantly wooded. The arable land is small, but it produces much cattle, flax, and wood; and the chief iron-works of the province are within this circle, but much of the ore is brought from Valdimir. The inhabitants are about 95,000, of whom 7798 are slaves of the crown, and 17,659 belong to individual nobles. It contains one city and ten parishes with churches. The capital of the circle is of the same name. It is situated on the river Lemela, has one church, 152 houses, and 906 inhabitants. It is in long. 42. 55. E. and lat. 55. 10. N.
ARDEBIL, or Ardebeel, a town of Persia, in the province of Azerbijan, on a river which runs into the Aras or Araxes. It is situated on the southern side of the desert plain of Ardebil, which is 60 miles in length by 40 in breadth. The town contains about 500 or 600 families, and appears to have been built from some former city. It is surrounded by a ruinous wall of mud, flanked with towers in a like state of decay. It has a fort, which is a regular square, with bastions at the corners, fortified ac[7:3:478]cording to the European fashion. The only objects of interest are the tombs of Sheik Suffee, the ancestor of the Suffanean kings, and his descendants. It is still held in veneration as having been the residence of that royal prince.
ARDELAN, a province of Persia, which forms the eastern division of Kurdistan. It extends in length 200 miles from the little river Sharook to the Turkish district of Zohaub, and it is nearly 160 miles in breadth. It is divided from the plain of Hamadan by a small range of hills, and its western boundary is 100 miles beyond Senna, the capital, which is situated in long. 40. E. and lat. 35. 12. N. 60 miles from Hamadan. From the Sharook, which separates the province from Azerbijan, to Senna, the country presents either a succession of -hills clustered together, and heaped upon each other, or great table-lands covered with the flocks and tents of wandering shepherds, who pass the summer here, and migrate in the winter to the vicinity of Bagdad. The soil in the valleys or glens, which are narrow strips at the foot of the mountains, is fertile, and yields abundance of wheat and barley. The oil plant is everywhere cultivated, and also tobacco, though in small quantities. The deep valley in which the capital is situated is well cultivated, and interspersed with orchards of fruit-trees. The mountains to the west are covered with forests of oak, which produce fine timber, and abundance of gall-nuts, which are exported to India, while the oak is floated down the Tab into the Tigris. The inhabitants, and other pastoral and rude tribes, make little use of the natural advantages of the country, being addicted to war, cruelty, and rapine. There is another tribe of shepherds named Gheshkee, who are most expert and daring robbers. These tribes arc under the government of a powerful chief, who pays an annual tribute to Persia, but is in all other respects independent. He rules over his vassals with the most absolute power, but is said to govern rather like a patriarch than a tyrant.
ARDEN, the common name of forests among the Celtae. It is written Ardum by Caesar and Tacitus in speaking of the forest in Gaul. Arduen, Ardven, or Arden, then, means a considerable wood.
ARDENBURG, a town of the Netherlands, in Dutch Flanders, and formerly the most considerable in that country; but it has been dismantled by the Dutch. Long. 3. 30. E. Lat. 51. 16. N.
ARDENNE, a forest in France, formerly of vast extent. At present it extends from Thionville, near the country of Liege, to Doncherry and Sedan, on the confines of Champagne.
ARDENNES, a department of France, formed out of a part of the ancient forest of the same name. It is bounded by the Netherlands and the department of the Meuse on the north and east, by the department of the Aine on the west, and that of the Marne on the south. The extent is 1,142,720 acres, and the population 258,896. It is divided into five arrondissements. It produces wood from its forests, breeds much cattle, grows some medium wine, and obtains coals, iron, and slate.
ARDENTES, among middle-age writers, an appellation given to those afflicted with the ignis sacer, or erysipelas. They were so called from their appearing as if scorched or burned with the disease. The abbey of St Genevieve at Paris is said to have received the name of Domus Ardentium because great numbers were cured of that distemper at the shrine of this saint in the reign of Louis VI.
ARDE b, a town of France, in Lower Auvergne, and now in the department of Puy de Dome. It serves as a mart for the commodities and trade between Upper and Lower Auvergne. Long. 3. 10. E. Lat. 45. 22. N.
ARDFERT a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, of which it was formerly the capital, though it is now a ruinous and decayed village. It had at one time a university, and was a bishop’s see; but it is now united to that of Limerick. Here are several religious edifices· and a pillar tower, which stood near the cathedral, and was one of the loftiest and finest in the kingdom. It fell in 1771. Four miles N. W. of Tralee.
ARDOYE, a market-town, with 6150 inhabitants, on the river Drybeke, in the arrondissement of Bruges and province of West Flanders, in the kingdom of the Netherlands.
ARDRAH, a considerable town, capital of a territory of the same name, situated on the Slave Coast of Africa. It lies about twenty-five miles inland, on the interior shore of a lake nearly 60 mdes in length and from 3 to 12 in breadth, agreeably diversified with numerous islands. The surrounding country is fertile and beautiful, abounding in the tropical products of sugar-cane, cotton, maize, and fine indigo. Ardrah, with all this coast, was in 1724 conquered and dreadfully desolated by the king of Dahomey, to whom, in 1772, it still continued subject, and had only imperfectly regained its prosperity. Since that time the preponderance acquired by the kingdom of Eyeo or Yarriba, lately visited by CTapperton, has rescued it from this yoke; and it forms now nearly an independent republic, under the protection of that state. The internal constitution is nearly democratic, though there are some great merchants who possess considerable influence. The people are industrious, manufacturing cloth both from cotton and grass, and working with some skill in iron and leather. The population is reckoned by Adams at nearly 10,000, among whom, to his surprise, he found a number of Mahometans who had come from Houssa, with which there is a pretty direct communication through Eyeo. They have introduced the use of horses as domestic animals, and of milk as an article of diet, neither of which is known on any other part of the coast. The market, held every sixth day, presents a crowded and busy scene, at which are exhibited the manufactures of Europe, particularly of Manchester and Silesia, mingled with the calicoes of India, and with cloths and dyed leather brought from the interior countries; also tobacco fronr Brazil, coral, beads, &c. Several of the merchants possess considerable wealth, and imitate in a good measure the European dress, furniture, and mode of living. Long. 3. 42. E. Lat. 6. 26. N.
ARDRES, a town of France, in Lower Picardy. Here was an interview between Francis I. and Henry VIII. king of England in 1520. It is eight miles south of Calais. Long. 2. 0. E. Lat. 50. 35. N.
ARDROSSAN, a sea-port and parish of Scotland, in the county of Ayr, which has been of late years laid out on a regular plan, and with commodious buildings, and is now a sea-bathing resort. It has a safe and spacious harbour. Population of the parish 3105.
ARDSISCH, or Argisch, a circle in the province of Wallachia, now comprehending within it the circle of Lowwishta. It lies to the south of the Carpathian Mountains, through which, by the pass of Rothe Thurm, there is a way into Hungary. The circle contains two cities, two market-towns, and 202 villages and hamlets. The chief city, Ardisch, which was once the seat of the governors of the country, is fast decaying; but it still contains six churches, a large and beautiful monastery, and the ruins of the ancient palace of ∙ the sovereigns.
AREA, in general, denotes any plam surface whereon we walk, &c. The word is Latin, importing more properly a threshing floor; and is derived from arere to be dry.

Area, in Architecture, denotes the space or site of ground on which an edifice stands. It is also used for inner courts and other l inclosed spaces, > ∙ ⅛ ι
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Area, in Geometry, denotes the superficial content of any figure. Thus, if a figure, e. g. a field, be in form of ’ a square, and its side be 40 feet long, its area is said to be 1600 square feet; or it contains 1600 little squares, each a foot every way.
AREBO, a considerable town of Benin, in Africa, on the river Formosa. Both the English and Dutch once held factories there, which they have now abandoned. Long. 5. 8. W. Lat. 5. 58. N.
AREMBERG, a small town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, defended by a castle. It is the capital of a county of the same name, and was erected into a principality by the emperor Maximilian II. in favour of John de Ligne, lord of Barbazon, who took the name of Aremberg. It is seated on the river Aer. Long. 6. 44. E. Lat. 50. 27. N.
ARENA, in Roman Antiquity, a place where the gladiators fought; so called from its being always strewed with sand to conceal from the view of the people the blood spilt in the combat. Nero is said to have strewed the arena with gold dust.
ARENARII, in Antiquity, gladiators who combated with beasts in the arena or amphitheatre. The arenarii were slaves of the lowest rank; so that, though manumitted, they were not capable of being Roman citizens. They were the same with what were otherwise called Bestiarii.
ARENARIUM, in ecclesiastical writers, denotes a cemetery or burying ground. The arenaria were properly a kind of pits or holes under ground, in which the ancient Christians not only buried their dead, but held their religious assemblies in times of persecution.