pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PERICARPIUM, from tfεg∕, round, and καgoς, fruit, the seed-vessel, or that organ of a plant which contains the seeds it discharges when ripe. The seed-vessel is in fact the developed seed-bud, and may very properly be compared to the fecundated ovary in animals; for it does not exist till after the fertilizing of the seeds by the male dust, and the consequent fall of the flower. All plants, however, are not furnished with a seed-vessel; and in such as are deprived of it, the receptacle or calyx performs its functions by enclosing the seeds as in a matrix, and accompanying them to perfect maturity.
PERICHORUS, in Antiquity, a name applied by the Greeks to their profane games or combats, that is, to such as were not consecrated to any of the gods.
PERIGEE, in Astronomy, that point of the sun or the moon’s orbit in which they are at the least distance from the earth. In this sense it is opposed to apogee.
PERIGRAPHE, a word usually understood to express a careless or inaccurate delineation of any thing; but in

Vesalius it is used to express the white lines or impressions that appear on the musculus rectus of the abdomen.
PERIGUEUX, an arrondissement of the department of the Dordogne, in France, 775 square miles in extent. It comprehends nine cantons, divided into 126 communes, and contains 91,000 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, which is also the seat of the civil, military, and judicial governments of the department. It stands on the right bank of the river Isle, and is fortified. The streets are narrow and crooked, and the houses old and lofty, so that its appearance is gloomy. It is the see of a bishop, contains 1150 houses, with 8600 inhabitants, and has a public library of 14,000 volumes, a fine old cathedral, and the ruins of a Roman amphitheatre, with some other ancient remains. Long. 0. 37. 56. E. Lat. 45. 11. 10. N.
PERIHELIUM, in Astronomy, that part of the orbit of a planet or comet in which it is at its least distance from the sun. In this sense it is in opposition to aphelium.
PERIM, a small island in the Straits of Babelmandeb, destitute of fresh water. It has a good harbour, and is about four miles distant from the coast of Africa. Long. 43. 50. E. Lat. 12. 36. N.
PERIMETER, in Geometry, the bounds or limits of any figure or body. The perimeters of surfaces or figures are lines, and those of bodies are surfaces. In circular figures, instead of perimeter, we say circumference or periphery.
PERINDA, a considerable town of Hindustan, in the province of Dowletabad. It is the capital of a district of the same name, has a strong citadel or fort, and belongs to the Mahrattas. Long. 76. 50. E. Lat. 18. 33. N.
PERINGARY, a town of Hindustan, in the Southern • Carnatic, and district of Mara was, thirty-two miles east-south-east from Madura. Long. 73. 40. E. Lat. 9. 38. N.
PERINRAPAX, one of the Laccadive Islands, in the Indian Sea. Long. 71. 18. E. Lat. 11. 10. N.
PERIOD, in Astronomy, the time occupied by a star or planet in making a revolution round the sun, or the duration of its course till it return to the same, part of its orbit. See Astronomy. Period, in Music. See the article Music.

Period, in Chronology, denotes a revolution of a certain number of years, or a series of years, by which, in different nations, and on different occasions, time is measured. See Chronology. Period, in Grammar, denotes a small compass of discourse, containing a perfect sentence, and distinguished at the end by a point or full stop. Father Buffer observes that there are two difficulties in the use of the period or point; • first, in distinguishing it from the colon or double point; and, secondly, in determining justly the end of a period or perfect sentence. It may be remarked, that the supernumerary. members of a period, separated from the rest by colons and semicoons, usually commence with a conjunction; yet it is true that sometimes these conjunctions rather begin new periods than supernumerary members of a preceding one. It is the sense of things, and the author’s own discretion, that must make the proper distinction in such cases. No rules will be of any service unless this be admitted as one, that when that which follows the conjunction is of as great extent as that which precedes it, it is usually a new period, but otherwise not. The second difficulty arises from this, that the sense appears to be perfect in several short detached phrases, in which it does not seem there should be periods. This is frequent in free discourse, as, We are all in suspense, make your proposals immediately, you will be to blame for detaining us longer. Here it is evident that simple phrases have each a perfect sense like periods, and ought to be marked accordingly; but that the shortness of the discourse making them easily comprehended, the pointing is neglected. De Colonia defines a period a short but perfect sentence, consisting of certain [7:17:234]parts or members depending one upon another, and connected together by some common vinculum. According to the celebrated definition of Aristotle, a period is a discourse which has a beginning, a middle, and an end, all of them visible at one view. Rhetoricians, in treating of the structure of sentences, consider a period as one of the four parts of composition, The periods allowed in oratory are three: a period of two members, called by the Greeks dicoos, and by the Latins bimembris; a period of three members, called tricoos and trimembris ; and a period of four, called quadrimembris and tetracolοs. Period, in numbers, is a distinction made by a point or comma, after every sixth place or figure, and used in numeration for the more readily distinguishing and naming of the several figures or places.

Period, in Medicine, is applied to certain diseases which have intervals and returns, to denote an entire course or cycle of such disease, or its progress from any state through all the rest, till it return to the same again.
PERIODIC, or Periodical, something that terminates or comprehends a period; as a periodic month, or the space of time in which the moon completes her period.
PERIOECI (πεg∕o∕%o∕), in Geography, such inhabitants of the earth as have the same latitudes, but opposite longitudes, or live under the same parallel and the same meridian, but in different semicircles of that meridian, or in opposite points of the parallel. These have the same common seasons throughout the year, and the same phenomena of the heavenly bodies; but when it is noon-day with the one, it is midnight with the other, there being twenty-four hours in an east or west direction. These are found on the globe by the hour-index, or by turning the globe half round, that is, 180 degrees either way.
PERIPATETICS, philosophers, followers of Aristotle, and supporters of the peripatetic philosophy, called also Aristotelians. Cicero says that Plato left two excellent disciples, Xenocrates and Aristotle, who founded two sects, which only differed in name; the former took the appellation of Academics, being those who continued to hold their conferences in the Academy, as Plato had done before; the latter, who followed Aristotle, were called Peripatetics, from πεg∕πατεω, I walk, because they disputed walking in the Lyceum. (See Aristotle and Aristotelian Philosophy.)
PERIPATON, in Antiquity, the name of that walk in the Lyceum where Aristotle taught, and whence the name of Peripatetics was applied to his followers.
PERIPETEIA, in the drama, is that part of a tragedy in'which the action is turned, the plot unravelled, and the whole concludes.
PERIPHERY, in Geometry, the circumference of a circle, ellipsis, or any other regular curvilinear figure.
PERIPHRASIS, or circumlocution (formed from πεg∕, about, and ^gαζω, I speak), in Rhetoric, a circuitous form of words, much affected by orators, to avoid common and trite modes of expression. The periphrasis is of great use on some occasions; and it is often necessary, to make things be conceived which it is not proper to name. It is sometimes polite to suppress the names, and only to intimate or allude to them. These turns of expression are also particularly serviceable in oratory; for the sublime admitting of no direct citations, there must be a compass taken to insinuate the authors whose authority is borrowed. A periphrasis, by turning round a proper name in order to make it understood, amplifies and raises the discourse; but care must be taken that it be not too much swelled, nor extended mal à propos, in which case it becomes flat and languid.
PERIPNEUMONY, Aεgιπνευμοvια (formed from τrεgι, about, and πνευμων, lungs), in Medicine, an inflammation of some part of the thorax, properly of the lungs, attended with an acute fever, and a difficulty of breathing.
PERIRPHANTERIUM, a vessel of stone or brass fill ed with holy water, with which all those were sprinkled who were admitted by the ancients to their sacrifices. Beyond this vessel no profane person was allowed to pass. We are told by some that it was placed in the adytum, or inmost recess of the temple; but others say that it was placed at the door, which indeed seems to be the most probable opinion. It was used both by Greeks and Romans, and has been evidently borrowed, like many other Pagan ceremonies, by the Church of Rome. The Hebrews had also a vessel for purification.
PERISCII, in Geography, the inhabitants of either frigid zone, between the polar circles and the poles, where the sun, when in the summer signs, moves only round about them, without setting; and consequently their shadows in the same day turn to all the points of the horizon.
PERISTALTIC, a vermicular spontaneous motion of the intestines, performed by the contraction of the circular and longitudinal fibres of which the fleshy coats of the intestines are composed; by means of which the chyle is driven into the orifices of the lacteal veins, and the faeces are protruded towards the anus.
PERISTYLE, in Ancient Architecture, a building encompassed with a row of columns on the inside.
PERITROCHIUM, -in Mechanics, denotes a wheel or circle, concentric with the base of a cylinder, and moveable together with it round its axis.
PERIZZITES, the ancient inhabitants of Palestine, who were mingled with the Canaanites. There is some probability that they themselves were Canaanites; but having no fixed habitations, being sometimes dispersed in one country and sometimes in another, they were for that reason called Perizzites, which signifies “scattered” or “dispersed.” The Perizzites did not inhabit any certain portion of the land of Canaan; there were some of them on both sides of the river Jordan, in the mountains, and on the plains. In several places of Scripture the Canaanites and Perizzites are mentioned as the two principal tribes of the country.
PERM, a town and very extensive government of Russia. The province is situated chiefly in European, but partly also in Asiatic Russia, and is bounded by the government of Viatka on the west, and that of Tobolsk on the east. It has an area of 116,000 square miles, with a population of not more than 1,100,000. It is of a very diversified surface, being intersected from north to south by branches of the great Ural chain. The hills are covered with [sand and impenetrable forests, which afford abundant shelter to wild animals, such as the bear, the wild boar, the wolf, foxes, and hares, and the sable and the marten, which are hunted over their farms. It is not a productive country; the summer is warm; but towards autumn, the chill air from the mountains often blights the produce of the harvest, and renders it necessary to import corn for the sustenance of the inhabitants. It has mines of copper, iron, and salt, which it exports to the annual amount of 2000 tons of copper and 10,000 tons of iron; cattle are also exported. The inhabitants are a mixed race, partly Russian and partly of Finnish and Tartar descent. They are principally occupied as shepherds; about 50,000 are employed in the mines. Perm is an inland province. T⅛e rivers by which it is intersected are far from the sea; those on the west side of the Ural Mountains flowing into the Kama, which joins the Wolga, and those on the east side falling mostly into the Oby, the outlet of which is the frozen ocean. The inhabitants are partly Christians, partly Mahommedans and Pagans. The town of Perm is situated on the river Kama. It has some neat public buildings, such as two churches, the government-offices, a public school, and an hospital; and carries on an extensive trade in the metals wrought in the surrounding country. The population is 3800. It is 910 miles south by east of St Petersburg, and 720 east-north-east of Moscow. Long. 56. 26. 30. E. Lat. 58.1. 13. N.
PERMACOIL, a small town and fortress of the south of India, in the province of the Carnatic, situated on a rock from two to three hundred feet in height, but at its base not more than five hundred yards broad. It is exceedingly steep and difficult of access, but was taken by the British, in 1760, under Colonel Coote, who was wounded in the attack. It is seventy-two miles south-south-west from Madras, and twenty miles north-west from Pondicherry. Long. 79. 52. E. Lat. 12. 13. N.
PERMEABLE, a term applied to bodies of so loose a texture as to let something pass through them.
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PERNICIOUS Islands, a group of islands in the Southern Pacific Ocean, about fifteen miles in circumference, and which were so called by Raggemein, one of whose vessels was wrecked there in 1712. They are supposed to be the Palliser Islands of Captain Cook. Long. 140. 45. W. Lat. 16. S.
PERONNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Somme, in France. It is 465 square miles in extent, and is divided into eight cantons, which are subdivided into 184 communes, containing 98,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Somme, in a position marshy and almost inaccessible to an attacking force. It contains a fine market-place, five churches, and 946 houses, with 3760 inhabitants, who manufacture linen goods and tan leather. Long. 2. 50.35. E. Lat. 49. 55.30. N.
PERONES, a sort of high shoes, which were worn not only by country people, but also by men of ordinary rank at Rome. In the early times of the commonwealth, they were worn even by senators; but at last they were disused by persons of note, and confined to ploughmen and labourers. They were very rudely formed, consisting of hides undressed, and reached only to the middle of the leg. Virgil mentions the perones as worn by a company of rustic soldiers on one foot only.
PERORATION, in Fhetoric, the concluding portion of an oration, in which all that the orator had insisted on throughout his discourse is urged afresh with greater vehemence and passion. The peroration consists of two parts; recapitulation, in which the substance of what was diffused throughout the speech is briefly collected, and summed up with new force and weight; and the appeal to the passions, which is so peculiar to the peroration, that the masters of the art call this portion sedes affectuum.
PERPENDICULAR, in Geometry, is a line falling directly upon another line, so as to make equal angles on each side.
PERPIGNAN, an arrondissement of the department of the Eastern Pyrenees, in France, extending over 557 square miles. It comprehends seven cantons, divided into eighty-five communes, and containing 57,800 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, the see of a bishop, and the seat of the departmental courts of law and boards of government. It stands on the left bank of the river Tet, about ten miles from the Mediterranean Sea. As a frontier place towards Spain, it is strongly fortified, and defended by a citadel. The cathedral is a fine building, but the city generally is not clean or elegant. It contains 2000 houses and 13,200 inhabitants. It has some trade in leather, woollen cloth, wine, corn, and cattle, and considerable contraband intercourse with Spain. Long. 2. 48. 30. E. Lat. 42. 4L 59. N.
PERRON, Jaques Davy du, a cardinal, distinguished by his abilities and learning, was born in the canton of Berne in the year 1556. He was educated by Julian Davy, his father, a learned Calvinist, who taught him Latin and the mathematics; after which, by his own exertions, he became acquainted with the Greek and Hebrew, philosophy, and the poets. Philip Desportes, abbot of Tyron, made him known to Henry III. king of France, who conceived a great esteem for him. Some time afterwards Duperron abjured Calvinism, and embraced the ecclesiastical function in the Catholic Church; and having given great proofs of his wit and learning, he was chosen to pronounce the funeral oration of Mary Queen of Scots. After the murder of Henry III. he retired to the house of Cardinal de Bourbon, and took great pains in bringing back the Protestants to the Church of Rome. Amongst others he gained over Spondanus, who was afterwards bishop of Pamiers. He also contributed to engage Henry IV. to change his religion; and that prince sent him to negociate his reconciliation with the holy see, in which he succeeded. Duperron was consecrated bishop of Evreux whilst he resided at Rome. On his return to France, he wrote, preached, and disputed against the reformed, particularly against Duplessis-Mornay, with whom he had a public conference in the presence of the king at Fontainebleau. In 1604, he was made cardinal by Pope Clement VIII. at the solicitation of Henry IV. who afterwards nominated him to the archbishopric of Sens. The king at length sent him to Rome with Cardinal Joyeuse, in order to terminate the disputes which had arisen between Paul V. and the Venetians. It is said that the sovereign pontiff had such a high opinion of the address of the Cardinal Duperron, that he used to say, “Let us pray to God to inspire the Cardinal Duperron, for he will persuade ns to do whatever he pleases.” After the death of Henry IV. he retired into the country, where he put the last hand to his work; and, having set up a printing-house, corrected every sheet himself. He died at Paris in 1618; and, after his death, his works were collected and published at Paris in three volumes folio.
PERRUKE, Peruke, or Periwig, was anciently a name for a long head of natural hair, particularly such as great care had been taken in adjusting and trimming. Ménage derives the word rather fancifully from the Roman word pilus, hair. The Latins called it coma, and hence part of Gaul took the denomination of Gallia Comata, from the long hair which the inhabitants wore as a sign of freedom. An ancient author says, that Absalom’s perruke weighed two hundred shekels. The word is now used for a set of false hair, curled, buckled, and sewed together upon a frame or cawl, anciently called capillamentum, or false perruke. It is doubted whether or not the use of perrukes of this kind was known amongst the ancients. It is certain, however, that they used false hair. Martial and Juvenal ridicule the’women of their time, for making themselves look young by means of borrowed hair; they scoff at the men who changed their colours according to the seasons, and the dotards, who hoped to deceive the destinies by their white hair. But these oddities do not seem to have had any thing in common with our perrukes, and were at best only composed of hair painted and glued together. Nothing can be more ridiculous than the description which Lampridius gives of the Emperor Commodus’s perruke; it was powdered with scrapings of gold, and oiled, if we may use the expression, with glutinous perfumes, to make the powder adhere. The year 1629 is reckoned the epoch of long perrukes; at this time they began to appear in Paris, whence they spread by degrees throughout the rest of Europe.
PERRY, Captain John, a repectable engineer, who resided long in Russia, having been recommended to the Czar Peter whilst in England, as a person capable of serving him on a variety of occasions relating to his new design of establishing a fleet and improving inland navigation. His salary in this service was L.300 per annum, besides travelling expenses and subsistence money on whatever[7:17:240] service he might be employed, together with a further reward to his satisfaction at the conclusion of any work he should finish. After some conversation with the czar himself, particularly respecting a communication between the rivers Volga and Don, he was employed on that work for three summers successively; but not being well supplied with men, partly on account of the ill success of the czar’s arms against the Swedes at the battle of Narva, and partly by the discouragement of the governor of Astracan, he'was ordered, at the end of 1707, to discontinue his operations, and next year was employed in refitting the ships at Veronise, and in making the river of that name navigable; but after repeated disappointments, and a variety of fruitless applications for his salary, he at last quitted the kingdom under the protection of Mr Whitworth, the English ambassador, in 1712. In 1721 he was employed in stopping with success the breach at Dagenham, in which several other undertakers had failed; and the same year he was occupied about the harbour at Dublin, to the objections against which he then published an Answer He was the author of a work on the State of Russia, 1716, 8vo, and an account of the stopping of Dagenham breach, 1721, 8vo; and he died on the 11 th of February 1733. These scanty particulars are all that is known of Captain Perry, who seems to have been a man of considerable ability and enterprise.

Perry, the name of a very pleasant and wholesome liquor, extracted from pears in the same manner as cider is from apples.
PERSAIM, or Bassein, a town of the Birman empire, and province of Pegu, situated on the river Irrawaddy, which is here called Persaim, and is navigable for ships up to the town. Owing to the inundation of the river, the town is built on piles of wood eight feet from the ground, which admit the tide under them to wash the place, which is the receptacle of every thing that is filthy. The houses are built of wood and mats. During the wars between the Peguans and Birmans this town was burned down, and has never recovered its former splendour. The British obtained, in 1757, a grant of land for the establishment of a factory, but this grant was never ratified by the king. Long. 95. 0. E. Lat. 16. 50. N.
PERSAUMAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, and district of Tirhoot, ninety miles north east by east of Patna. Long. 86. 32. E. Lat. 26. 1. N.
PERSEES, or Parsees, the descendants of a colony of ancient Persians, who took refuge in Bombay, Surat, and the vicinity of those cities, when their own country was conquered by the Mahommedan Arabs. They are a gentle, quiet, and industrious people, beloved by the Hindus, and living in great harmony amongst themselves. The Persees were for a long time but little known. The ancients seldom speak of them, and what they say seems to be dictated by prejudice. On this account, about the end of the seventeenth century, Dr Hyde, who thought the subject both curious and interesting, attempted a deeper investigation of a subject which till then had been but very little attended to. He applied to the works of Arabian and Persian authors, from which, and the relations of travellers, together with a variety of letters received from persons in India, he compiled his celebrated work on the religion of the Persees. Other accounts have been given by different persons, as accident threw information in their way; but the most distinguished is that by Μ. Anquetil-Duperron, who undertook a voyage to discover and translate the works attributed to Zoroaster.
PERSHORE, a market-town of Worcestershire, in the hundred of the same name, 103 miles from London, on the great road to Worcester. It stands on the river Avon, near its junction with the Bow, by which some internal navigation contributes to the extension of its trade. It is well built, and has a good market, which is on Tuesday, with two fine parish churches; and in the parish there are three chapelries. The population in 1801 amounted to 1573, in 1811 to 1815, in 1821 to 1963, and in 1831 to 2080.
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