pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PATRIOTISM is a love of one’s country, one of the noblest passions that can warm and animate the human breast. “Zeal for the public good,” says Mr Addison, “is the characteristic of a man of honour and a gentleman, and must take place of pleasures, profits, and all other private gratifications “whosoever wants this motive, is an open enemy, or an inglorious neuter, to mankind, in proportion to the misapplied advantages with which nature and fortune have blessed him.” This love of our country does not import an attachment to any particular soil, climate, or spot of earth, where perhaps we first drew our breath, though those natural ideas are often associated with the moral ones, and, like external signs or symbols, help to ascertain and bind them; but it imports an affection to that moral system or community which is governed by the same laws and magistrates, and the several parts of which are variously connected one with the other, and all united [7:17:144]upon the basis of a common interest. Wherever this love of our country prevails in its genuine vigour and extent, it swallows up all sordid and selfish regards; it conquers the love of ease, power, pleasure, and wealth; nay, when the partialities of friendship, gratitude, private affection, or regards to a family, come in competition with it, it teaches us to sacrifice all, in order to maintain the rights and promote and defend the honour and happiness of our country.
PATRIPASSIANS, Patripassiani, in Ecclesiastical History, a Christian sect, who appeared about the latter end of the second century, and were so called from their ascribing the passion to the Father. They asserted the unity of God in such a manner as to destroy all distinctions of persons, and to make the Father and Son precisely the same; and in this they were followed by the Sabellians and others. The author and head of the Patripassians was Praxeas, a philosopher of Phrygia, in Asia. Swedenborg and his followers seem to hold the same faith.
PATROCLUS, a Grecian chief at the Trojan war. He was the son of Menoctius, by Sthencle, whom some call Philomela or Polymela. The accidental murder of Clyso-nymus, the son of Amphidamas, in the time of his youth, forced him to fly from Opus, where his father reigned. Having gone to the court of Peleus, king of Phthia, he was cordially received, and contracted the most intimate friendship with Achilles, the king’s son. When the Greeks proceeded to the Trojan war, Patroclus went with them at the express desire of his father, who had visited the court of Peleus; and he accordingly embarked with ten ships from Phthia. He was the constant companion of Achilles, lodging with him in the same tent; and when the hero refused to appear in the field of battle, because he had been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus imitated his example, and by his absence became the cause of much evil to the Greeks. At last, however, Nestor prevailed upon him to return to the war, and Achilles permitted him to appear in his armour. The bravery of Patroclus, together with the terror which the sight of the arms of Achilles inspired, soon routed the victorious armies of the Trojans, and obliged them to fly for safety to the city. He would have broken down the walls; but Apollo, who interested himself for the Trojans, opposed him; and Hector, at the instigation of that god, dismounted from his chariot to attack him as he attempted to strip one of the Trojans whom he had slain. The engagement was obstinate; but Patroclus was at length overpowered by the valour of Hector and the interposition of Apollo. His arms became the property of the conqueror; and Hector would have severed his head from his body had not Ajax and Menelaus prevented it. His body was at last recovered, and carried to the Grecian camp, where Achilles received it with the loudest lamentations. His funeral was observed with the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed near the burning pile twelve young Trojans, four of his horses, and two of his dogs; and the whole was concluded by the exhibition of funereal games, in which the conquerors were liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death of Patroclus, as described by Homer, gave rise to new events. Achilles forgot his resentment against Agamemnon, and entered the field to avenge the death of his friend; and his anger was gratified only by the slaughter of Hector, who had more powerfully kindled his wrath by appearing at the head of the Trojan armies in the armour which had been taken from the body of Patroclus. The patronymic of Actorides is often applied to Patroclus, because Actor was father to Menoctius.
PATROL, in war, a round or march made by the guards or watch in the night time, to observe what passes in the streets, and to secure the peace and tranquillity of a city or camp. The patrol generally consists of a body of five or six men, detached from a body on guard, and commanded by a serjeant.
PATRON, amongst the Romans, was an appellation given to a master who had freed his slave. As soon as the relation of master expired, that of patron began. For the Romans, in giving their slaves their freedom, did not despoil themselves of all rights and privileges in them; the law still subjected them to considerable services and duties towards their patrons, the neglect of which was very severely punished.

Patron was also a name which the people of Rome gave to some great man, under whose protection they usually placed themselves, paying him all kinds of honour and respect, and denominating themselves his clients; whilst the patron, on his side, granted them his credit and protection. They were therefore mutually attached and mutually obliged to each other; and by this means, in consequence of reciprocal ties, all those seditions, jealousies, and animosities, which are sometimes the effect of a difference of rank, were prudently avoided. For it was the duty of the patron to advise his clients in points of law, to manage their suits, to take care of them as of his own children, and secure their peace and happiness. The clients were to assist their patrons with money on several occasions; to ransom them or their children when taken in war; to contribute to the portions of their daughters; and to defray, in part, the charges of their public employments. They were never to accuse each other, or take contrary sides; and if either of them was convicted of having violated this law, the crime was equal to that of treason, and any one was allowed to kill the offender with impunity. This patronage was a tie as effectual as any consanguinity or alliance, and had a wonderful effect towards maintaining union and concord amongst the people for the space of six hundred years, during which time we find no dissensions or jealousies between the patrons and their clients, even in the times of the republic, when the populace frequently mutinied against those who were most powerful in the city.

Patron, in the Church of Rome, a saint whose name a person bears, or under whose protection he is placed, and whom he takes particular care to invoke; or a saint in whose name a church or order is founded.
PATRONYMIC, amongst grammarians, is applied to such names of men or women as are derived from those of parents or ancestors. Patronymics are derived from the father, as Pelides, that is, Achilles the son of Peleus; or from the mother, as Philyrides, that is, Chiron the son of Philyra; or from the grandfather on the father’s side, as Aea-cides, or Achilles the grandson of Aeacus; or from the grandfather by the mother’s side, as Atlantiades, Mercury the grandson of Atlas; or, lastly, from the kings and founders of nations, as Romulidae, the Romans, so called from their founder King Romulus. The terminations of Greek and Latin patronymics are chiefly four, viz. des, of which we have already given examples; as, as Thaumantias, that is, Iris the daughter of Thaumas; is, as Atlantis, that is, Electra, the daughter of Atlas; and ne, as Nerine the daughter of Nereus. Of these terminations, des is masculine; and as, is, and ne are feminine; des and nβ are of the first declension, as and is of the third. The Russians, in their usual mode of address, never prefix any title or appellation of respect to their names; but persons of all ranks, even those of the first distinction, call each other by their Christian names, to which they add a patronymic. These patronymics are formed in some cases by adding Vitch, the same as our Fitz, to the Christian name of the father; and in others by [7:17:150]Of or Ef. The former is applied only to persons of condition, the latter to those of inferior rank.
PATROS, mentioned by Jeremiah and Ezekiel, appears from the context to mean a part of Egypt. Boccliart thinks it denotes Upper Egypt; the Septuagint translate it the country of Pathure ; Pliny speaks of the Nomos Pathwrites in the Thebais; and Ptolemy mentions Pathyris i which was probably the metropolis. From the Hebrew appellation Patros comes the gentilitious name Pathrusim.
PATTAN, a town of Northern Hindustan, in the valley of Nepaul, situated at the distance of a mile and a half from the present capital of Catmandoo, from which it is separated by the Bhagmutty river. It stands on a small but elevated plain, and is said, whilst Patu existed as an independent state, to have comprehended 24,000 houses. It is a neater town than Catmandoo, and contains some handsome houses. Long. 85. 40. E. Lat. 27. 31. N.

Pattan, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, belonging to the nizam, thirty-eight miles southwest of Aurungabad. Long. 75. 33. E. Lat. 19. 29. N. It is the chief town of a district of the same name, in the province of Gujerat, situated about the 24th degree of north latitude. The country is but thinly inhabited, and is much exposed to the ravages of the numerous predatory tribes m this quarter of Gujerat. It contains the ancient capital of Gujerat, and is bounded on the west by the great salt lake called the Runn.
PATTEALAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, and district of Sirhind, and the residence of one of the Sikh chiefs. It is a place of considerable extent, and is now the most flourishing town in the district. It is surrounded with a strong mud wall, and has in the centre a square citadel, which contains the palace of the rajah or chief. It is said to have been founded about the year 1465, by Rai Ram Deo. It contains numerous tombs of devout Mahommedans. Long. 75. 38. E. Lat. 30. 18. N.
PATTI, a town on the northern coast of the island of Java, about 380 miles cast of Batavia.
PATTIARY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, and district of Ferrukabad. Long. 79. 25. E. Lat. 27. 37. N.
PATTUR, or Püttugotta, a town of Bengal, in the district of Boglipore, pleasantly situated at the foot of a range of hills on the eastern bank of the Ganges, which is here very steep. Near this place is a rock covered with rude representations of the Hindu deities.
PAU, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Pyrenees, in France, 641 square miles in extent. It comprehends eleven cantons, divided into 221 communes, and contains 110,100 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, the seat of the departmental government and of the courts of law. It stands on the river Gave de Pau, in a fine valley, with rómantic views of the neighbouring mountains. It is a well-built city, with a fine place or square, 1600 houses, and 11,600 inhabitants. Amongst the curiosities are the palace or castle in which Henry IV. of France was born. It has some manufactures of table and other linen, and others of cottons and hats, and considerable trade in wine, and especially in a celebrated kind of hams. Long. 0. 14. W. Lat. 43. 15. N.

Pau, one of the Tefee Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, celebrated for sandal-wood. The inhabitants are said to be cannibals, although some Englishmen have of late resided on the island.
PAUCARTAMBO, a province of Peru, in the depart ment of Cuzco, and situated to the east of the province and city of that name. It is traversed by a considerable stream of the same name, which flows into the Urubamba, one of the southern affluents of the Amazons. Considerable quantities of cocoa-leaf are annually exported from this province, and the land also produces rice, cacao, yucas, camotes, Indian corn, pine-apples, plantains, and other fruits, all in great abundance, and of most excellent quality. A large return, however, is only to be expected when the ground has been carefully cultivated; and this is seldom the case, owing to the indolent habits of the Indians, who are content to live for the most part on chuno or blanched potato, sesina or sun-dried meat, and aji or capsicum. Vegetables are scarcely ever seen, although the soil and climate admit of the production of most sorts for the table. Orange trees flourish remarkably well, and yield delicious fruit; but only a very few have been planted, so lazy and indifferent to the natural fertility of their country are the Indians. The Chunchos, as they are called, are, besides, a filthy, immoral people, and live so wretchedly that they suffer dreadfully from ague and fever, which carries them off in great numbers, there being no one exercising medical skill amongst them. Their favourite occupation is travelling with bow and arrow in hand through the forests in pursuit of game, monkeys, wild boars, and other animals. Paucartambo, the capital of the province, and situated fifteen leagues east-north-east from Cuzco, is thus described by General Miller, who traversed this hitherto unknown region in the year 1835. “This town, situated in a deep ravine, and on the banks of a mountain stream, was once of considerable importance, owing to its connection with the valleys twenty leagues distant, at the easternmost foot of the Andes, which formerly contained three curatos, and upwards of one hundred estates, principally cocoa-leaf plantations. Of the latter, owing to sickness, hostile inroads of the Indians, &c. only six now remain. Besides other causes of decay, one third of the houses of the town of Paucartambo have been carried away by its river within these few years, and it now contains only about some hundred inhabitants, mostly of Spanish blood, and distinguished for their superior intellect, good countenances, and urbane bearing, as compared with the rest of the population in the department of Cuzco.”
PAUKPUTTAN, a town of Hindustan, possessed by native chiefs, in the province of Mooltan, 130 miles east by south from the city of Mooltan. Long. 73. 30. E. Lat. 30. 20. N.
PAULEE, or Pauleegur, a celebrated fortress and town of Hindustan, province of Aurungabad, and district of Concan. It is erected on the top of an insulated mountain, about 1500 feet in height, and is inaccessible on the north side, which is well defended. It contains several reservoirs of water, and the store-rooms and other places are hewn out of the solid rock. This extraordinary fortress was taken in 1818 by the British troops. There is another town of the same name in the province of Ajmeer, and one of the greatest commercial marts in Rajpootana, where the commodities of Europe, Persia, and the Deccan are exchanged for those of Cashmere and the northern and eastern parts of Hindustan[7:17:158]. Paulee is also the name of a town and fortress in the south of India, province of Malabar.
PAULIANISTS, Paulianistae, a sect of heretics, so denominated from their founder Paul of Samosata, who was elected bishop of Antioch in 262. His doctrine seems to have amounted to this, that the Son and the Holy Ghost exist in God in the same manner as the faculties of reason and activity do in man; that Christ was born a mere man, but that the reason or wisdom of the Father descended into him, and by him wrought miracles upon earth, instructing the nations; and that, on account of this union of the Divine Word with the man Jesus, Christ might be called God, though, as he conceived, improperly. It is also said that he did not baptize in the name of the Son; for which reason the council of Nice ordered those who had been baptized by him to be rebaptized.

Being condemned by Dionysius Alexandrinus in a council, he abjured his errors to avoid deposition; but he soon afterwards resumed them, and was actually deposed by another council in 269. This man may be considered as the father of the modern Socinians; and his errors were severely condemned by the council of Nice. The creed agreed upon by the Nicene fathers, with a view to the errors of Paul of Samosata, concludes thus: “But those who say there was a time when he was not, and that he was not before he was born, the catholic and apostolic church anathematizes.” To those who ‘have any veneration for the council of Nice this must appear a very severe, and perhaps not unjust, censure of some other modern sects, as well as that of the Socinians.
PAULINUS, a bishop who flourished in the early part of the seventh century. He was the apostle of Yorkshire, and the first archbishop of York. This dignity seems to have been conferred upon him about the year 626. He built a church at Almonbury, which he dedicated to St Alban, and there he preached to and converted the Brigantes. Camden mentions a cross at Dewsborough, which had been erected to him, with this inscription, “Paulinus hic praedicavit et celebravit.” About this time York was so small that there was not so much as a church in it in which King Edwin could be baptized. Constantius is said to have made it a bishopric; and Pope Honorius erected it into a metropolitan see. We are told that Paulinus baptized in the river Swale, in one day, ten thousand men, besides women and children, on the first conversion of the Saxons to Christianity. At Walstone, in Northumberland, he baptized Segbert king of the East Saxons. Bede says, “Paulinus coming with the king and queen to the royal manor called Ad Gebdrin (now Yeverin), staid there thirty-six days with them, employed in the duties of catechizing and baptizing. In all this time he did nothing from morning to night but instruct the people, who flocked to him from all the villages and places, in the doctrine of Christ and salvation; and, after they were instructed, he baptized them in the neighbouring river Glen.” According to the same venerable author, “he preached the word in the province of Lindissi; and first converted the governor of the city of Lindocollina, whose name was Blecca, with all his family. In this city he built a stone church of exquisite workmanship, whose roof being ruined by long neglect or the violence of the enemy, only the walls are now standing.” He is also said to have founded a collegiate church of prebends near Southwell, in Nottinghamshire, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This church he is stated to have built when he baptized the Coritani in the Trent.
PAULUS Aemilius. See Aemilius, Paulus.
PAUNGAOW, a small walled town belonging to the Mahrattas, in the province of Aumngabad, eighty-eight miles south-east from Ahmednagur. Long. 76.12. E. Lat. 18. 14. N.
PAUSANIA, in Grecian antiquity, a festival with solemn games, in which nobody contended except free-born Spartans. They were instituted in honour of Pausanias the Spartan general, under whom the Greeks overcame the Persians in the famous battle of Plataea.
PAUSE, a stop or cessation in speaking, singing, playing, or the like. One use of pointing in grammar is to make proper pauses in certain places.
PAVAN, or Pavane, a grave dance used amongst the Spaniards, and borrowed from them, in which the performers made a kind of wheel or tail before each other, like that of pave, a peacock; from which circumstance the name is derived. The pavane was formerly in great repute, and was danced by gentlemen with cap and sword, by those of the long robe in their gowns, by princes with their mantles, and by the ladies with their trains trailing on the ground. It was called the grand ball, from the solemnity with which it was performed.
PAVIA, a province or delegation of the Austrian territory of Milan, in Italy, bounded on the north by Milan, on the east by Lodi, on the south by Parma and Sardinia, and on the west by Sardinia. It extends over 495 square miles, comprising, besides the capital, eight market-towns, and 183 villages, with 168,500 inhabitants. It is a very level district, drained by the river Po, and by the smaller streams of the Ticino, Lambro, and Olona. It is well cultivated, and, besides the common grain, produces much rice and maize, with some silk.

Pavia, a city of the Austro-Italian dominions, the capital of the delegation of the same name. It stands on the river Ticino, over which there is a marble bridge of seven arches. It has been fortified, but is now scarcely defensible. It is the see of a bishop, and, besides the cathedral, contains eighteen churches. It has a university furnished with a library of 33,000 volumes, a botanic garden, an anatomical theatre, a laboratory, and a physical museum. The professors are thirty-three, and the pupils from seven to eight hundred. It has some trade in silk, and in the other productions of the soil in its vicinity. It contains 1830 houses, and 23,800 inhabitants. Long. 9. 4. 18. E. Lat. 45. 10. 7. N.
PAVILION, in Architecture, signifies a kind of turret or building, usually insulated, and contained under a single roof, sometimes square, and sometimes in form of a dome; [7:17:164]and it is so called from the resemblance of its roof to a tent. Pavilions are sometimes projecting pieces in the front of a building, marking the middle of it; but sometimes the pavilion flanks a corner, in which case it is called an angular pavilion. The Louvre is flanked with four pavilions. These are usually higher than the rest of the building. Pavilions built ip gardens are commonly called summer-houses, pleasure-houses, and the like. Some castles or forts consist only of a single pavilion.

Pavilion, in military affairs, signifies a tent raised upon posts to lodge in during the summer time.

Pavilion is also sometimes applied to flags, colours, ensigns, standards, banners, and the like.

Pavilion, in Heraldry, denotes a covering in the form of a tent, which invests or wraps up the armories of different kings and sovereigns, depending only upon God and their sword. The pavilion consists of two parts; the top, which is the chapeau or coronet, and the curtain, which forms the mantle. According to the French heralds, none but sovereign princes may bear the pavilion entire and in all its parts. Those who are elective, or have any dependence, say the heralds, must take off the head, and retain nothing but the curtains.

Pavilions, amongst jewellers, are the under-sides and corners of the brilliants, lying between the girdle and the collet.
PAVING, the construction of ground-floors, streets, or highways, in such a manner that they may be conveniently walked upon. In Great Britain the pavement of the streets and roads usually consists of flint or rubble-stone; but courts, stables, kitchens, halls, churches, and the like, are paved with tiles, bricks, flags, or fire-stone, and sometimes with a kind of freestone or ragstone.

Pavements of churches frequently consist of stones of several colours, but chiefly black and white, and of several forms, but chiefly squares and lozenges, artfully disposed. Indeed there needs no great variety of colours to produce a surprising diversity of figures and arrangements. Μ. Truchet, in the Memoirs of the French Academy, has shown by the rules of combination, that two square stones, divided diagonally into two colours, may be joined together chequerwise in sixty-four different ways; which appears surprising enough, since two letters or figures can only be combined two ways. The reason is, that letters only change their situation with regard to the first and second, the top and bottom remaining the same; but in the arrangement of these stones, each admits of four several situations, in every one of which the other square may be changed sixteen times, which gives sixty-four combinations.

Indeed, from a further examination of these sixty-four combinations, he found that there were only thirty-two different figures, each figure being repeated twice in the same situation, though in a different combination, so that the two differed from each other only in the transposition of the dark and the light parts.