pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
Teutonic Order, an order of military knights, established towards the close of the twelfth century, on the following occasion. When the emperor Barbarossa engaged in a crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land out of the bonds of Saladin, he was followed by great numbers of German volunteers, who from various motives enlisted under his banners. After the emperor’s death, the Germans, who had signalized themselves before Acre or Ptolemais, resolved to choose another leader; and at last fixed their choice upon Frederick duke of Suabia, second son to the emperor, and Henry duke of Brabant. Under these generals they behaved with so much bravery, that Henry king of Jerusalem, the patriarch, and several other princes, determined to reward their valour by instituting an order of knighthood in their favour. This was accordingly done, and the new knights had at first the title of the knights of St George; afterwards it was thought proper to place them under the tutelage of the Virgin Mary, to whom there was already an hospital dedicated on Mount Zion, for the relief of German pilgrims. From this time they were called Equites Mariani, or knights of St Mary. Laws, regulations, and statutes, were drawn up for them by the Christian kings in Syria and the patriarch; and, among other obligations, it was required, that every person admitted to the privileges of the order should be of noble parentage; that the order should defend the Christian religion and the Holy Land; that they should exercise hospitality towards the Christians in general, but particularly those of their own country; and that they should with all their power endeavour to propagate and extend the Christian faith. In the year 1190, having become rich by donations from the superstitious, they elected as their first grandmaster Henry Walpot, a German, who hail distinguished himself by his zeal and valour; and their choice was confirmed by the emperor. The following year, Pope Celestine III. confirmed their privileges already granted, giving them the title of the Teutonic knights of the Hospital of St Mary the Virgin. By the conditions of this bull, they vowed perpetual continence, obedience, and poverty; obligations to which it may well be imagined they did not very strictly adhere.
TEWKESBURY, a town of the hundred of the same name, in the county of Gloucester, 104 miles from London, It stands on the banks of the river Severn, near to the junction of the Avon with that stream. It is finely situated on a rising ground, and for the most part is well built. The church is a Gothic structure, one of the finest and largest in England, and formerly occupied by a mitred abbot. It is 300 feet in length and 120 feet broad; the chancel has several painted windows, and many fine monuments. There is a brisk trade carried on by both rivers, and in the town there are small manufactures. It is an ancient borough, and is governed by a mayor, four aldermen, and eleven councillors, and returns two members to parliament. There arc good markets on Wednesday and Saturday. Near this place was fought the great battle between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians in 1471, when the former became the conquerors. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 4962, and in 1831 to 5780.
TEXEL, an island on the northern shore of the province of North Holland, separated from the mainland by the channel of Marsdiep, which is an entrance to the Zuyder Sea. It is about twelve miles long and three broad, and contains six villages, with 4950 inhabitants, who have flocks of 30,000 sheep yielding the finest wool. Near to it Admiral Blake, in 1653, gained a victory over Van Tromp; and another battle was fought in 1673 with the combined fleets of England and France against the Dutch, when the victory was doubtful. At this place, too, in 1799, a squadron of Dutch ships of war in a state of insubordination was surrendered to the British. There are fortifications on the island, commanding the anchorage.
TEXT, a relative term, contradistinguished from gloss or commentary, and signifying an original discourse exclusive of any note or interpretation. This word is particularly used for a certain passage of Scripture, chosen by a preacher as the subject of his sermon.
TEXTURE properly denotes the arrangement and cohesion of several slender bodies or threads interwoven or entangled among each other, as in the webs of spiders, or in cloths.
THALES, a celebrated Greek philosopher, and the first of the seven wise men of Greece, was born at Miletus about 640 B. c. In order to improve himself in the knowledge of the sciences, he travelled into Egypt, where he discoursed with the priests and other learned men. Some say that he married; but others observe that he eluded the solicitations of his mother on this head, by telling her when he was young that it was too soon, and afterwards that it was too late. Thales acquired great reputation by his wisdom and learning: he was the first among the Greeks who foretold eclipses of the sun, and made extraordinary discoveries in astronomy. He was the founder of the Ionian sect of philosophers, who were so denominated from his being born in Ionia. He maintained that water was the principle of which all the bodies in the universe are composed; that the world was the work of God; and that God sees the most secret thoughts of the heart. Among his wise maxims, the following have been recorded. The most difficult thing in the world is to know ourselves, the most easy to advise others, and the most sweet to accomplish our desires. In order to live well, we ought to abstain from what we find fault with in others. Bodily felicity consists in health, and that of the mind in knowledge. The most ancient of beings is God, because he is uncreated: nothing is more beautiful than the world, because it is the work of God; nothing more extensive than space, quicker than spirit, stronger than necessity, wiser than time. It was also one of his sentences, “that we ought never to say that to any one which may be turned to our prejudice; and that we should live with our friends as with persons that may become our enemies.” He thanked God for three things; that he was born of the human, not of the brute species; a [7:21:190]man, and not a woman; a Greek, and not a barbarian. None of the ancient philosophers ever applied himself more earnestly to the study of astronomy than Thales. Diogenes Laertius reports, that leaving his lodging with an old woman to contemplate the stars, he fell into a ditch; on which the good woman cried, “How canst thou know what is doing in the heavens, when thou canst not perceive what is at thy feet ?” He went to see Croesus, who was marching with a powerful army into Cappadocia, and enabled him to pass the river Halys without making a bridge. Thales died soon afterwards, at the age of about ninety. He composed several treatises in verse, on meteors, the equinoxes, &c. but they are all lost.
THALIA, in Pagan mythology, one of the nine Muses. She presided over comedy; and is represented crowned with a garland of ivy, holding a mask in her hand, and wearing buskins on her feet.
THAME, a town of the hundred of the same name, in the county of Oxford, forty-six miles from London. It stands on a rising ground on the banks of the Thames, consists of one long street, and has a fine Gothic church, a free school, and alms-houses. The river is navigable to the town. There is a market on Tuesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 2479, and in 1831 to 2885.
THAMES, a river of England. As this river passes through the metropolis, the reader will find, under the article London , a description of the most important circumstances relating to it in that part of its progress which is under the superintendence of the magistracy of London. Without entering into the disputes as to the origin of the river, which are prolix, and give no definite result, we take it up, where several of the streams meet, at Lechlade, where it first becomes navigable to London, at a distance by water of 138 miles. It passes by Bampton on its left to Oxford, bearing the name of the Isis, which it there loses, and adopts that of a smaller stream coming from Thame, and assumes the name of that place. It receives the water of the Windrush and the Evenlode above Oxford, and that of the Charwell as it leaves the city. It then proceeds to Abingdon and Dorchester, and enters the county of Berks at Wallingford, and in its course is augmented by small streams. From Wallingford it proceeds to Reading, where the Kennet joins its copious stream. It then washes the towns of Henley, Marlow, Maidenhead, Windsor, and Eton, and forms the boundary between the counties of Buckingham and Berks. At Colnbrook it receives the waters of the Coln, and soon becomes the boundary between the counties of Surrey and Middlesex, in which latter county, just above the bridge, is the London stone marking the boundary of the city’s jurisdiction. It afterwards has its body of water augmented by the streams of the Wey, the Wandle, the Lea, the Roding, the Darent, and the Medway, when it is lost in the great estuary at the Nore.

Thames, a river of New Zealand, which, about fourteen miles from its entrance, is as wide as the Thames at Greenwich. The course is from south to north.
THANASIR, or Tannesar, a town of Hindustan, province of Delhi, which formerly contained the celebrated temple of Jug Soom, which was held in the highest estimation by the Hindus, and innumerable pilgrims flocked to it from all parts of India. It now belongs to the Sikhs, and is principally inhabited by that race and by Hindus. Long. 76. 48. E. Lat. 29. 55. N.
THANET, or Isle of Τηανετ, a part of the county of Kent, in the north corner of it, surrounded by the sea, except at one part, where the river Stour, which was once a large estuary, divides it from the rest of the county. It extends nine miles from east to west, and eight miles from north to south, and contains 24,880 acres of fertile land, with a population in 1831 of 26,090 persons. It comprises eight parishes, and three other divisions called Villa. Within it are the towns of Margate, Ramsgate, and Broad-stairs, which have rapidly increased in extent, in the number of good houses, as well as in inhabitants; and from the number of persons who resort to them for the purpose of sea-bathing, a continued increase may with certainty be anticipated. The soil of the island is remarkably fertile, and is perhaps better cultivated than any other district of the same extent in England. Besides the corn consumed at home, it is enabled to supply the city of London with 30,000 quarters annually, which is forwarded by means of water-carriage. The wheat and barley sent from hence is com-sidered[7:21:191] among the best brought to the London market. Here many kinds of seeds are produced for the seedsmen of the metropolis; not only the seeds of clover, lucerne, sainfoin, and trefoil, but also of canary, anis, radish, spinach, cabbage, and mustard. About 4000 acres are valuable pasture, and used for the fattening of sheep and cattle. Except in the towns, there are no gentlemen’s seats in the island, most of them having been converted into farm-houses, and occupied by the holders of large farms. The people on the shore are for the most part occupied in maritime affairs, especially in assisting ships in distress, in which they display great boldness, skill, and activity.
THANN, a city of France, in the department of the Upper Rhine, and the arrondissement of Befort. It is situated at the foot of a mountain, upon which the castle of Engel-burg stands, on the river Thuron, and at the entrance of the valley of St Martin. The church of St Theobald is a curious object, on the model of the cathedral of Strasburg, with a tower 300 feet in height. In 1836, Thann contained 3937 inhabitants, mostly using the German language, and employed in making cotton goods, hosiery, and leather, and in working some mines of coal in the neighbourhood.
THASO, or Tasso, an island on the northern coast of Greece, the Thasos of antiquity. It stands in the Gulf of Contessa, about four miles from the mainland, and seven leagues to the eastward of Cape Karca or Kofani. It is thirteen miles long from north to south, and eleven broad from east to west. It is mountainous, particularly in the south and in the east parts, but affords excellent wine, with a quantity of honey and bees' wax. The gold mines mentioned by ancient writers are not now known to exist, but it still supplies some fine marbles. In former times it was celebrated for its fertility, but of late years it has been much neglected. On the shore of the mainland, opposite to Thaso, is the town of Cavalla, before which is good anchorage in from eight to ten fathoms water, under the protection of a castle. On the north-east side there is a good roadstead, near the town of Tasso Paolo. The centre of the island is in long. 24. 39. E. and lat. 40. 41. N.
THATCHAM, a town of England, in the hundred of Reading and county of Berks. It stands on the great road from London to Bath and Bristol, being fifty-three miles from the former city. It is well built, and was formerly a place of some consequence. It has a parish church and an endowed school. The parish is very extensive, containing 1149 acres of well-cultivated and productive land. The chief trade is attending on the numerous travellers that pass through. Within the parish there are two hamlets, Greenham and Midgham. In 1821 the whole population amounted to 3677, and in 1831 to 3912.
THAXTED, a town of the hundred of Dunmow, in the county of Essex, forty-seven miles from London. It is a place of little trade, though formerly much cutlery was made there. It has a spacious church, built by John duke of Lancaster, and several chapels for dissenters. It was formerly a borough, and more considerable than it is at present. There is a market on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 2045, and in 1831 to 2293.
THEATINES, a religious order in the Romish church, so called from their principal founder John Peter Caraffa, then bishop of Theate, or Chicti, in the kingdom of Naples, and afterwards pope, under the name of Paul IV. The names of the other founders were Gaetan, Boniface, and Consiglieri. These four individuals, desiring to reform the ecclesiastical state, laid the foundation of an order of regular clerks at Rome in the year 1524. Pope Clement VII. approved the institution, and permitted the brethren to make the three religious vows, to elect a superior every three years, and to draw up statutes for the regulation of the order. They were the first who endeavoured, by their example, to revive among the clergy the poverty of the apostles and first disciples of our Saviour, and were also the first who assumed the title of regular clerks.
THEMISTIUS, a Greek orator and philosopher, was a native of Paphlagonia, and flourished during the latter half of the fourth century. He became very eminent as a public teacher of philosophy, and distinguished himself by commentaries on some of the works of Aristotle. His eloquence procured him the appellation of E ὐφgαὃὴς , or the Eloquent. At Constantinople he taught for twenty years. Having been invited to Rome, he removed to that city, but, after an interval of two years, returned to his former place of residence, and there spent the remainder of his life. He [7:21:200]was married, and had children. Although he adhered to the pagan superstitions, Constantius admitted him to the senate in the year 355; and his panegyrical oration on that emperor procured him the honour of a statue. From Julian, a pagan and a philosopher, he received in 362 the higher distinction of being nominated prefect of Constantinople. In 384 he obtained the same appointment from Theodosius the Great.

Themistius is regarded as one of the best writers of this declining age of Grecian literature. The first edition of his works, including commentaries on Aristotle, and only eight orations, was published by Trincavellus, Venet. 1534, fol. His orations afterwards found a very learned editor, Dionysius Petavius, who published two different editions, Flexiae, 1613, 8vo, Paris. 1618, 4to. This second edition contains nineteen orations; but thirty-three are included in the edition of Hardouin, Paris. 1684, fol. To this number an addition has lately been made by Angelo Mai: “Themistii Philosophi Oratio in eos a quibus ob Praefecturam susceptam fuerat vituperatus, inventore et interprete Angelo Maio, Bibliothecae Ambrosianae a LL. 00.” Mediolani, 1816, 4to & 8vo.
THEMISTOCLES, the renowned Athenian admiral, general, and patriot, who gained the battle of Salamis against the Persians. Being banished his country by his ungrateful fellow-citizens, he fled to Artaxerxes king of Persia; but, in order to avoid taking up arms against his country, he slew himself, 464 b. c. See Athens .
THEOBALD, Lewis, best known as an editor of Shakspeare, was the son of an attorney practising at Sittingbourne in Kent. His grammatical learning he received at Isleworth in Middlesex, and was originally destined for his father’s profession; but this he speedily abandoned for the profession of an author, and having fixed his residence in the metropolis, he engaged in a variety of literary undertakings. To Mist’s Weckly Journal he contributed a paper called “The Censor;” and his censures being pronounced with great freedom, gave no small offence to some writers more formidable than himself. One of those whom he provoked was the rabid Dennis. Pope’s translation of Homer he at first extolled, and afterwards abused. He was the original hero of the Dunciad, but was displaced to make room for Cibber, to whom the poet’s satire is in many instances inapplicable. Theobald endeavoured to avenge himself by publishing “Shakespeare restored; or, a Specimen of the many Errors as well committed as unamended by Mr Pope in his edition of this poet, designed not only to correct the said edition, but to restore the true Reading of Shakespeare in all the Editions ever yet published.” Lond. 1726, 4to. This prelude was after a considerable interval followed by his edition of Shakspeare’s Works, Lond. 1733, 7 vols. 8vo. In 1726 he had introduced on the stage “The double Falsehood, or, the distrest Lovers of which, as he averred, the greater part was written by Shakspeare. His arguments in favour of this hypothesis were not considered as satisfactory; and, according to the opinion of Dr Farmer, this drama was the production of Shirley. Theobald was the author or translator of twenty plays, enumerated in the Biographia Dramatica, vol. i. p. 706. He was likewise concerned in various translations; and at the time of his death he had made some progress in an edition of Beaumont and Fletcher. He died in the month of September 1744.
THEOCRACY, in matters of government, a state governed by the immediate direction of God alone. Such was the ancient government of the Jews before the time of Saul.
THEOCRITUS, the most famous of all the pastoral poets, was the son of Praxagoras and Philine. He was a native of Syracuse, and flourished about 272 years before the Christian era.^[1. Clinton’s Fasti Hellenici, vol. iii. p. 7. ] The younger Hiero, king of Syracuse, is celebrated in his verses; but he appears to have found a more liberal patron in Ptolemy Philadelphus, who attracted him to the Egyptian court, and of whom he speaks in terms of high commendation. Of his personal history, we possess no further memorials on which we can place much reliance. The pastorals of Theocritus, which have furnished models to all succeeding poets, are remarkable for their simplicity, very frequently elegant, but sometimes approaching to rudeness. They are written in the Doric dialect, which is peculiarly adapted for such compositions Thirty idyls bear his name, but it has been doubted whether they were all produced by the same poet. To him are likewise ascribed twenty-two epigrams; and the authorship of one or two fantastic productions he disputes with Simmias.

The first edition of Theocritus, containing only eighteen idyls, issued from Milan, along with the “Opera et Dies” of Hesiod. It is a folio volume, without date, but is supposed to have been printed in 1493. The edition of Aldus appeared in 1495, that of Junta in 1515; and the earliest edition accompanied with the scholia, at Rome in 1516. The best of the old editions is that of Daniel Heinsius, Ex bibliopolio Commeliniano, 1604, 4to. Beside the notes of the editor, it includes those of Joseph Scaliger and Isaac Casaubon. Among the more remarkable editions, we must not overlook that of Reiske, Lipsiae, 1765-6, 2 tom. 4to. He was speedily followed by a more elegant, though not a more learned editor, Thomas Warton, Oxon. 1770, 2 tom. 4to. The preface is elegantly written, and the annotations display a more than ordinary degree of refined taste, but this splendid edition is not without its defects. One of these is the inconvenient arrangement of the Greek scholia, nor is the rejection of the accents to be commended. A valuable edition of Theocritus, including likewise Bion and Moschus, was published by Valckenaer, Lugd. Bat. 1779, 8vo. The editions of Harles, Jacobs, Dahl, Schafer, Hein-dorf, and Wüstemann, have each their share of merit. The poems of Theocritus are inserted in the first volume of Brunck’s “Analecta veterum Poetarum Graecorum,” and in the second volume of Gaisford’s “Poetae Minores Graeci.” Oxon. 1816-20, 4 tom. 8vo. The scholia are to be found in the fourth volume. Of the idyls of this poet, English translations were published by Thomas Creech in 1681, by Francis Fawkes in 1767, by Richard Polwhele in 1786, and by M. J. Chapman in 1836. Polwhele has likewise translated the epigrams of Theocritus.
THEODOLITE, a mathematical instrument for measuringheights and distances. See Mensuration and Surverying .
THEODORETUS, or, as he is frequently called, Τneodoritus , was born at Antioch towards the close of the fourth century. According to his own account, his birth was preceded by divers miracles. He received his education in the neighbouring monastery of Euprepius, where he had Chrysostom for one of his instructors. About the year 420 he became bishop of Cyrus in Syria. His connection with Nestorius involved him in a charge of heresy; and in 449 the council of Ephesus deposed him from his bishopric; but in 451 the council of Chalcedon recalled him from exile, and restored him to his office. He survived till 457 or the following year. His works, compared with those of the other Greek fathers, are of very considerable value. He has written commentaries on most of the books of the Old Testament, and on the epistles of Paul. His ecclesiastical history, divided into five books, prosecutes the narrative from the year 322 to the year 427. It is printed with different editions of Eusebius, and the other Greek historians of the church. A collective edition of his works, with a Latin version, was published by Sirmond, Lutet. Paris. 1642, 4 tom. fol. A supplementary volume was added by Garnier in 1684. Another edition was long afterwards published by J. L. Schulze, Hate Sax. 1769-74, 5 tom. 8vo. Each volume is however divided into two parts. Dr Gaisford has very recently published a valuable edition of his “Graecarum Affectionum Curatio,” Oxon. 1839, 8vo. This treatise is important as a contribution to the history of philosophy, and its merits have been fully discussed by Luzac.
THEOGONY, from Θ εὸς , God, and γονη , seed, offspring, that branch of the heathen theology which taught the genealogy of their gods. Hesiod gives us the ancient theogony in a poem under that title. Among the most ancient writers, Dr Burnet observes that theogony and cosmogony signified the same thing. In effect, the generation of the gods of the ancient Persians, fire, water, and earth, is apparently no other than that of the primary elements.