pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CUTTS, John Lord, a soldier of approved bravery in King William’s wars, was son of Richard Cutts, Esq. of Matching, in Essex, where the family were settled about the time of Henry VL, and had a great estate. He entered early into the service of the Duke of Monmouth, was aide-de-camp to the Duke of Lorrain in Hungary, and signalized himself in a remarkable manner at the taking of Buda by the imperialists in 1686, which important place had been for near a century and a half in the hands of the Turks. Mr Addison, in a Latin poem worthy of the Augustan age, alludes to MrCutts’ distinguished bravery at that siege. Returning to England at the Revolution, he received a regiment of foot, was created Baron of Gowran in Ireland on the 6th of December 1690, appointed governor of the Isle of Wight on the 14th of April 1693, and made a major-general. When the assassination project was discovered in 1695-6, he was captain of the king’s guard. In 1698 he was complimented by Mr John Hopkins, as one to whom a double crown was due, as a hero and a poet. He was colonel of the Coldstream or second regiment ofguards in 1701, when Mr Steele, who was indebted to his interest for a military commission, inscribed to him his first work, The Christian Hero. On the accession of Queen Anne, he was made a lieutenant-general of the forces in Holland, commander in chief of the forces in Ireland under the Duke of Ormond, and afterwards one of the lords justices of that kingdom, to keep him out of the way of action. He died at Dublin on the 26th January 1707, and was buried in the cathedral of Christ-Church. He wrote a poem on the death of Queen Mary, and published, in 1687, Poetical Exercises, written upon several occasions, and dedicated to her Royal Highness Mary princess of Orange. This collection contains, besides the dedication, Veι⅛es addressed to that princess, a poem on Wisdom, another to Mr Waller on his commending it; seven more copies of verses (one of them called La Muse Cavalier, which had been ascribed to Lord Peterborough, and as such mentioned by Mr Walpole in the list of that nobleman’s writings), and eleven songs, the whole composing but a very thin volume.
CUVETTE, or Cunette, in Fortification, is a ditch within a ditch, being a pretty deep trench, about four fathoms broad, running along the middle of the great dry ditch to hold water, and serving both to keep off the enemy and prevent him from mining.
CYATHUS, ×∙M0ος (from the verb χυw, fundο, to pour out), was a common measure among the Greeks and Romans, both of the liquid and dry kind. It was equal to an ounce, or the twelfth part of a pint. The cyathus was made with a handle like our punch ladle. The Roman topers used to drink as many cyathi as there were muses, namely, nine; and also as many as there were letters in their patron’s name. Thus they had modes of drinking similar to the modern health-drinking or toasting. The cyathus of the Greeks weighed ten drachms; but Galen says that a cyathus contained twelve drachms of oil, thirteen drachms and one scruple of wine, water, or vinegar, and eighteen drachms of honey; and he adds, that among the Veterinarii the cyathus contained two ounces.
CYAXARES, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had invaded. He made war against Alyattes, king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. After a reign of forty years, he died in the year of Rome 160.

Cyaxares II. is supposed by some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages, king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father’s dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured.
CYBEBE, a name of Cybele (from xυβηβi ∣ v, i.e. nκηη or xvßiōrav), because in the celebration of her festivals it was customary to feign, or at least to exhibit, a species of madness.
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CYBELE, in Pagan mythology, the daughter of Coelus and Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince, and, immediately after her birth, exposed on a mountain. But she was preserved by sucking some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father’s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated. All the mythologists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes and Galli, were not admitted into the service of the goddess without undergoing a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and filled the air with shrieks and howlings mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was done in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust woman far advanced in pregnancy, to intimate, it is said, the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her* hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She is also represented as riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions, while Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes she is represented with a sceptre in her hand, and her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis under the name of the .Eleusinian Mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 257 years before the Trojan war, or 1580 years before the Augustan age.
CYBELLICUM Marmor, a name given by the ancients to a species of marble quarried in a mountain of that name in Phrygia. It was of an extremely bright white, with broad veins of bluish black.
CYCEON (from κu%αi∕v, to mix or mingle), a name given by the ancient poets and physicians to a mixture of meal and water, and sometimes of other ingredients. These constituted the two kinds of cyceon; the coarser consisting of water and meal alone, but the richer and more delicate being composed of wine, honey, flour, water, and cheese. Homer, in the eleventh book of the Iliad, talks of cyceon made of cheese and the meal of barley mixed with wine, but without any mention either of honey or water; and Ovid, describing the draught of cyceon given by the old woman of Athens to Ceres, mentions only flour and water. Dioscorides understood the word in both these senses; but extolled it most when of the coarse and simple kind, declaring, that when prepared with water alone, it ∣ refrigerates and nourishes greatly.
CYCINNIS, a Grecian dance, so called from the name of its inventor, one of the satyrs belonging to Bacchus. It consisted of a combination of grave and gay movements.
CYCLADES Insulae, islands anciently so called, as Pliny informs us, from the cyclus or orb in which they were situated, beginning from the promontory Geroestum in Euboea, and lying round the island Delos.

Where they are, and what is their number, is not so generally agreed. Strabo says they were at first reckoned twelve, but that many others were added; yet most of them lie to the south of Delos, and but few to the north; so that the middle or centre, ascribed to Delos, is to be taken in a loose, and not in a geometrical sense. Strabo enumerates them after Artemidorus, as follows: Helena, Ceos, Cynthus, Seriphus, Melus, Siphus, Cimolus, Prepesinthus, Olearus, Naxus, Parus, Syrus, Myconus, Tenus, Andrus, Gyarus; but he excludes from the number Prepesinthus, Olearus, and Gyarus.
CYCLE, in Chronology, a certain period or series of numbers, which regularly proceed from the first to the last, and then return again to the first, and so circulate perpetually.

Cycle of Indiction is a series of fifteen years, returning constantly, like the other cycles, and commencing from the third year before Christ; whence it happens, that if three be added to any given year of Christ, and the sum be divided by fifteen, what remains is the year of the indiction.

Cycle of Indiction, a period of fifteen years, in use among the Romans. It has no connection with the celestial motions, but was instituted, according to Baronius, by Constantine, who, having reduced the time which the Romans were obliged to serve to fifteen years, was consequently obliged every fifteen years to impose (fndicere, according to the Latin expression) an extraordinary tax for the payment of those who were discharged. And hence arose this cycle, which, from the Latin word indicere, was styled indiction. Cycle of the Moon, called also the golden number, and the Metonic cycle, from its inventor Meton the Athenian, is a period of nineteen years, on the completion of which the new moons and full moons return on the same days of the month; so that on whatever days the new and full moons fall this year, nineteen years hence they will happen on the very same days of the month, though not at the same hour, as Meton and the fathers of the primitive church thought; and therefore, at the time of the council of Nice, when the method of finding the time for observing the feast of Easter was established, the numbers of the lunar cycle were inserted in the calendar, which, on account of their excellent use, were set in golden letters, and the year of the cycle called the golden number of that year.

Cycle of the Sun, a revolution of twenty-eight years, on the elapse of which, the dominical or Sunday letters return to their former place, and proceed in the same order as before, according to the Julian calendar.
CYCLOID, a curve on which the doctrine of pendulums and chronometrical instruments in a great measure depends. Mr Huygens demonstrated, that from whatever point or height a heavy body, oscillating on a fixed centre, begins to descend, while it continues to move in a cycloid, the time of its falls or oscillations will be equal to each other. It is likewise demonstrable, that it is the curve of quickest descent, that is, a body falling in it from any given point above, to another not exactly under it, will come to this point in a less time than in any other curve passing through those two points. The curve of the cycloid is thus generated: Suppose a wheel or circle to roll along a straight line till it has completed just one revolution; a nail or point in that part of the circumference of the circle, which at the beginning of the motion touches the straight line, will, at the end of the revolution, have described a cycloid on a vertical plane.
CYCLOPAEDIA, or Encyclopaedia, denotes the circle or compass of the arts and sciences.
CYCLOPS (from ×wλος, circulus, and ω∙ψ, οculus), in [7:7:574] fabulous history, the sons of Coelus and Terra, the principal of whom were Brontes, Steropes, and Peracmon; but their number amounted to above a hundred. Jupiter threw them into Tartarus as soon as they were born; but they were delivered at the intercession of Tellus, and became the assistants of Vulcan. They were supposed to be of prodigious stature, and to have each only one eye, placed in the middle of the forehead, whence their name. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were by the ancients accounted the work of the Cyclops; and the armour of Jupiter, the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were supposed to have been fabricated by the same gigantic workmen. Some mythologists, however, maintain that the Cyclops signify the vapours raised in the air, which occasion thunder and lightning, and that on this account they are represented as forging the thunderbolts of Jupiter; while others represent them as the first inhabitants of Sicily, who were cruel, of a gigantic stature, and dwellers round Mount Aetna.
CYDER, or Cider, a beverage made of the juice of apples, especially of the more curious table kinds, the juice of which is esteemed more cordial and pleasant than that of the wild or harsh kinds.
CYDIAS, an artist who executed a painting of the Argonauts in the 11th Olympiad. This celebrated piece was bought by the orator Hortensius for 164 talents.
CYDNUS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Cilicia, rising in Mount Taurus, to the north of Tarsus, through the middle of which it ran, in a very clear and cold stream, which had almost proved fatal to Alexander when bathing in it; and falling into the sea at a place called Rhegma, a breach where the sea had broken in, afforded the people of Tarsus a station or port for their ships. The water of the Cydnus is commended by Strabo as of service in nervous disorders and the gout.
CYDONIA, in Ancient Geography, one of the three most illustrious cities of Crete, situated in the north-western part of the island, with a port locked or walled round.
CYDONIA the Quince, so called from Cydon, a town of Crete, famous for abounding in this fruit.
CYGNUS, the Swan. See Ornithology. Cygnus, the Swan, in Astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, between Lyra and Cepheus. The stars in the constellation Cygnus, in Ptolemy’s catalogue, are nineteen, in Tycho’s eighteen, in Hevelius’s forty-seven, and in the Britannic catalogue eighty-one.
CYLINDER, in Geometry, a solid body, supposed to be generated by the rotation of a parallelogram round one of its sides.
CYLINDROID, in Geometry, a solid body approaching to the figure of a cylinder, but differing from it in some respects, such as having the bases elliptical, but parallel and equal.

Cyma, or Cymatium, in Architecture, a member or moulding of the cornice, the profile of which is waved, that is, concave at top and convex at bottom.
CYMBAL (κυ i α∕3αλov), a musical instrument in use among the ancients. The cymbal was made of brass, like our kettle-drums, and, as some think, in the same form, but smaller, and of different use. Ovid applies to cymbals the epithet of genialia, because they were used at weddings and other diversions. Cassiodorus and Isidore denominate this instrument acetabulum, the name of a cup or cavity of a bone in which another is articulated; and Xenophon compares it to a horse’s hoof; whence it must have been hollow. But, in reality, the ancient cymbals appear to have been different from our kettledrums, and their use of another kind; for to their exterior cavity was fastened a handle, from which circumstance Pliny compares them to the upper part of the thigh, and Rabanus to phials.

They were struck against each other in cadence, and made a very acute sound. Their invention was attributed to Cybele, and hence their use in feasts and sacrifices; but setting aside this occasion, they were seldom used except by ' dissolute and effeminate people. Μ. Lampe, who has written expressly on the subject, attributes the invention of these instruments to the Curetes, or inhabitants of Mount Ida, in Crete; and it is certain they, as well as the Corybantes or guards of the kings of Crete, and those of Rhodes and Samothracia, were reputed to excel in the music of the cymbal.

The Jews had their cymbals, or at least instruments which translators render cymbals; but as to their matter and form, critics are by no means agreed. The modern cymbal is a mean instrument, chiefly in use among vagrants, gypsies, and such like persons. In consists of steel wire arranged in a triangular form, whereupon are passed five rings, which are touched and shifted along the triangle with an iron rod held in the left hand, while it is supported in the right by a ring, to give it the freer motion. Durandus states that the monks used the word cymbal for the cloister-bell used to call them to the refectory.
CYMENE, in Botany, a name given by the ancient Greeks to a plant with which they used to dye woollen stuffs yellow, and with which the women of those times used also to tinge the hair yellow, which was then the favourite colour. The cymene of the Greeks is evidently the same plant with the lutea herba of the Latins, or what is now called dyers weed.
CYNAEGIRUS, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was the brother of the poet Aeschylus. After the battle of Marathon he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy; upon which he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still held on with his teeth.
CYNANCHE, in Medicine, a disease, in which the throat is inflamed and swelled to such a degree as sometimes to threaten suffocation.
CYNARA, the Artichoke. See Horticulture.
CYNEUS, of Thessaly, a scholar of Demosthenes, who flourished 275 years before Christ. Pyrrhus having a high esteem for him, sent him to Rome to solicit a peace; and so vast was his memory, that the day after his arrival he saluted all the senators and knights by name. Pyrrhus and he wrote a joint Treatise of War, which has been quoted by Cicero.
CYNICS, a sect of ancient philosophers, who valued themselves upon their contempt of riches and state, arts and sciences, and every thing, in short, except virtue or morality.

The cynical philosophers owe their origin and institution to Antisthenes of Athens, a disciple of Socrates, who being asked of what use his philosophy had been to him, replied, “It enables me to live with myself.” Diogenes was the most famous of his disciples, and in the life of this remarkable person the system of this philosophy appears in its greatest perfection. He led a most wretched life, a tub having served him for a lodging, which he rolled before him wherever he went. Yet he was nevertheless not the more humble on account of his ragged cloak, bag, and tub; for one day having entered Plato’s house, at a time when a splendid entertainment was given there to several persons of distinction, he jumped upon a rich couch in all his dirt, saying, “I trample on the pride of Plato.” “Yes,” replied Plato, “but with great pride, Diogenes.” He had the utmost contempt for all the human race; for he walked the streets of Athens at noonday with a lighted lanthorn in his hand, telling the people [7:7:575]that he was in search of a man. Among many excellent maxims of morality, he held some most pernicious opinions; for he used to say that the uninterrupted good fortune of Harpalus, who generally passed for a thief and a robber, was a testimony against the gods. He regarded chastity and modesty as weaknesses. Hence Laertius observes of him, that he did every thing openly, whether it belonged to Ceres or Venus; but he adds, by way of palliation, that Diogenes only indulged in an excess of impudence in order to put others out of conceit of it. But impudence was the characteristic of the cynical philosophers, who all argued, that what was right to be done, might be done at all times, and in all places. The leading principle held by this sect in common with the Stoics was, that we should follow nature. But they differed from the Stoics in their explanation of the maxim; the Cynics being of opinion that a man followed nature who gratified his natural inclinations and appetites, whilst the Stoics understood right reason by the word nature.
CYNOPHONTTS, in -Antiquity, a festival observed in the dog days at Argos, and so called α%o rouς ⅛υvaς φovs∕v, from killing dogs; because it was usual on this day to kill all the dogs that were met withal.
CYNOREXY, an immoderate appetite, to the degree of a disease, called also fames canina and bulimy.
CYNOSARGES, a place in the suburbs of Athens, so named from a white or swift dog, who snatched away part of the sacrifice being offered to Hercules. It had å gymnasium, in which strangers or those of the half blood performed their exercises; which was the case of Hercules, to whom the place was consecrated. It had also a court of judicature to try illegitimacy, and to examine whether persons were Athenians of the whole or of the half blood. Here Antisthenes set up a new sect of philosophers called Cynics, either from the place, or from the snarling and impudent disposition of that sect.
CYNOSCEPHALE, in Ancient Geography, a place in Thessaly, near Scotussa, where the Romans under Q. Flaminius gained a great victory over Philip, son of Demetrius, king of Macedon.
CYNOSURA, in Astronomy, a denomination given by the Greeks to ursa minor, the little bear, by which sailors steer their course. The word is formed of κuvo<rou^α, the dog’s tail. This is the constellation next our pole, and consists of seven stars; of which four are disposed like the four wheels of a chariot, and three lengthwise representing the beam; whence some give it the name of a chariot, or Charles’s warn. Cynosura, in Mythology, a nymph of Ida, in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star bearing the same name, and which is the same as the ursa minor.
CYNTHIUS and Cynthia, in Mythology, surnames of Apollo and Diana, derived from Cynthia, the name of a mountain in the middle of the island of Delos.
CYPHON, in Antiquity, a kind of punishment used by the Athenians. It was a collar made of wood, and so called because it constrained the criminal who had this punishment inflicted on him to bow down his head.
CYPHONISM (Cyphonismus, from κupωv, which has various significations, derived from κυφος, crookedf a kind of torture or punishment in use among the ancients. The learned are at a loss to determine what it was. Some will have it to be that mentioned by Jerome in his Life of Paul the Hermit (chap. 2), which consisted in smearing the body with honey, and thus exposing the person so bedaubed, with his hands tied, to the warm sun, in order to invite the flies and other vermin to persecute him.
CYRANO, Bergerac, a French author, born in Gascony about the year 1620. He first entered into the army, where his natural courage engaged him frequently in duels, which, together with other rash actions, procured him the derisive title of the Intrepid ; but the little prospect he saw of preferment made him renounce the trade of war for the exercise of wit. His comic histories of the states and empires in the sun and moon, prove him to have been well acquainted with the Cartesian philosophy, and to have had a lively imagination. Lord Orrery classes him with Swift for his turn of humour, which, he says, the latter adopted and pursued.