pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AA, a river of the province of Groningen, in the kingdom of the Netherlands, which runs into the Dollart. It is distinguished by the name of Westerwolder Aa.

Aa, a river in the province of Overyssel. in the Netherlands, that runs into the Zuyder Sea.

Aa, a river of the province of Antwerp, in the Netherlands, which discharges its water into the Neethe.

Aa, a river of France, rising in the Pas de Calais; becomes navigable for barges at St Omer; and, after a course of about forty miles, enters the sea at Gravelines. Two canals are supplied from this river, that of Colme and of Bourbough. Three small streams in Switzerland bear the same name, one in Saxony, and one in Courland.

Aa, a river in the Russian government of Courland, which rises in the eastern part of that province, and after receiving the waters of the Sussy, the Eckau, the Pluten, the Anz, and the Berse, enters the Dwina.

Aa, a river in the Russian province of Livonia, which runs from east to south-west into the bay of Riga.
AAHUS, a little town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia and bishopric of Munster. It is the capital of Aahus, a small district; has a good castle; and lies northeast of Coesfeldt. Long. 7. 1. E. Lat. 52. 10. N.
AALBORG, one of the four sees (stifts) into which the Danish kingdom, properly so called, to distinguish it from the two provinces of Holstein Sleswick and Lauen-burg, which are a part of Germany, is divided. The see of Aalborg is the northernmost part of the peninsula of Jutland, encompassed en the east, west, and north sides by the ocean, and on the south bounded by the provinces of Ribe, Aarhuus, and Wiborg. The extent is 2902 square miles, or 1,857,280 English acres. The surface is generally level, with on the northern part a succession of lakes, that nearly extend from one side of the province to the other. In the north-cast and east part are some hills, the highest of which attain the height of 1200 feet. The agriculture is in a neglected state, and the manufactures are in a still lower condition. The chief branch of industry is the fishing, especially for herrings, which, when cured, are exported in large quantities. The see is divided into three amts or bailiwicks, comprehending 10 cities, 3 market towns, and 114 parishes. The inhabitants amount to about 124,000: in the year 1814 the births were 2756, and the deaths 1997. The whole of the population are of the Lutheran profession, and speak the Danish language; but among the superior classes the German is generally understood.

Aalborg, a city in Denmark, the capital of the see of the same name. It is situated on the Lumfiord, at the spot where the Oosterae joins it; is tolerably fortified; contains a cathedral and several other public buildings, with 830 houses, and 660Ô inhabitants. There are manufactories of sugar, soap, snuff, chocolate, and scythes, with several distilleries; but the woollen and hosiery trades which formerly existed are nearly extinct. The entrance to the harbour is such as to require vessels drawing more than 10 feet of water to lighten before they approach the city. The chief exports are herrings, corn, wool, hides, tar, tallow, and corn spirits. It is in Lat. 57. 2. 57. N∙, and Long. 9. 50. 36. E. The amt or bailiwick of Aalborg, which is the best part of the see, extends over 1088 square miles, of which three-fifths is ploughed land, and the rest either heaths or morasses, with some woods. It has 3 cities, 2 towns, 113 villages, and 64,600 inhabitants.
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AALEN, a bailiwick in the circle of Jaxt, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg. Its extent is 108 square miles, or 69,120 acres. It is watered by the river Kocher, has some lofty mountains in the southern part, and is most abundantly wooded. It produces but little corn, and neither fruit nor wine, but pastures a competent number of cattle. There are some iron mines worked. Many articles of wood-ware are produced, and some wool and cotton are spun. It contains one city, one market town, and 190 smaller towns and villages, with 17,899 inhabitants.

Aalen, a city, the capital of the bailiwick of the same name. Its chief trade is in woollens and in breweries, and some cotton is spun. It contains 2370 inhabitants. It is in Lat. 48. 47. 20. N. Long. 10. 7. 27. E.
AALSMEER, a town in the arrondissement of Amsterdam, in the province of North Holland. It is near the lake of Haarlem; celebrated for its strawberries; contains 1811 inhabitants, employed in making cotton goods.
AALTEN, a town in the arrondissement of Zutphen, and province of Gelderland, in the Netherlands, containing 3524 inhabitants.
AAM, or Haam, a liquid measure in common use among the Dutch, containing 128 measures called mingles, each weighing nearly 36 ounces avoirdupois; whence the Aarn contains 288 English, and 148-2/3 pints Paris measure.
AAMADOT, a town of Norway, in the bailiwick of Hedemarken and see of Aggerhuus. It is situated on the river Glommen, has 2729 inhabitants, and some trade in making woollen and cotton caps.
AAR, the name of two rivers; one in Switzerland, the other in Westphalia, in Germany. It is also the name of a small island in the Baltic.
AARASSUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of Pisidia, in the Hither Asia, thought to be the Anassus of Ptolemy.
AARAU, or Arau, a circle in the canton of Aargau, in Switzerland, containing the city from which its name is derived, and 12 other places, with 2260 houses and 11,820 inhabitants.

Aarau, the chief city of the canton of the same name, on the banks of the river Aar, over which there is a covered bridge. It is well built, paved, and, at night, lighted. It has a handsome government house, a church, a hospital, 427 dwellings, and 3100 inhabitants, who are very industrious manufacturers. The chief pursuits are making silk ribbons, spinning and weaving cotton, some tanning and cutlery, bleaching, and casting cannon. It is in Lat. 47. 23. 31. N. Long. 8. 4. 32. E.
AARBURG, a city in Switzerland, in the circle of Zofin-gen, and canton of Aargau. It stands at the confluence of the rivers Aar and Bigger, has a strongly fortified castle, the only one in Switzerland, which is the depot for military stores. The city contains 154 houses, and 1000 inhabitants, who make cotton goods and hosiery.
AARDENBURG, a town in the arrondissement of Middleburg, in the province of Zealand, in the kingdom of the Netherlands, with 1376 inhabitants.
AARGAU, or Argovia, one of the cantons of Switzerland. It was originally a part of Berne, but by arrangements begun in 1798, and continued in 1803, it was erected into a separate and independent canton. It is bounded on the north by the river Rhine, which divides it from the duchy of Baden, on the east by Zurich, on the south-east by Zug, on the south by Lucerne, on the south-west by Berne, and on the west by Solothurn and Basle. Its extent is about 600 square miles, and its divisions are into eleven circles, which are again subdivided into forty-eight smaller ones. By the census taken in 1814, the number of inhabitants appeared to be 143,960, and they are supposed to have increased since that period. Then the reformed Protestants were 75,279, and the Catholics 67,000, besides which there were about 1800 Jews.

The greater part of the canton is either level or undulating, but some of the mountains on the right bank of the Aar aτe of the height of 2700 feet. The chief river is the Rhine, which forms the boundary, and is navigable, though, on account of shoals and rocks, with difficulty. That river receives into it the water of the Aar, the Wig-ger, the Suren, the Reuss, and the Limmath, as well as that of many smaller brooks and rivulets. The climate is milder than in most parts of Switzerland. In the valley of the Aar figs and almonds ripen, and some wine is produced. The principal occupation is husbandry. The products are corn, wine, and some rape-oil, hemp, flax, potatoes, wood, and turf, and all the common kinds of cattle. Some iron is drawn from the mines by Tegerfel-den. The trade consists in the export of corn and wine, and of some cotton and half-cotton goods, silk ribbons, cutlery, leather, straw hats, and some smaller wares.

The legislative power is in the greater council of 150, and the smaller, of 13 members, exercise the executive. These consist of half Catholics and half Protestants. In each circle is an amtman or bailiff, and in each subdivision a justice of the peace, from whom there is an appeal to a supreme court, composed equally of Protestants and Catholics. The contingent of men for the defence of the confederation is 2410, and of money 48,200 francs. The income of the canton is supposed to amount to 500,000 francs, arising from land, salt, and gun-powder monopoly, tolls, and postage. The expenditure is 10,000 francs less than the income.
AARHUUS, one of the sees (stifts) into which Denmark is divided. It is in the southernmost part of the peninsula of Jutland. The extent is 1810 square miles, or 1,158,400 acres. It is a level country, somewhat undulating, having on its coasts several indentions forming bays, and in the exterior having several lakes, rivers, low hills, and woods. The climate is considered to be the best in Jutland. The greater part of the inhabitants are engaged in cultivation, and produce more corn, potatoes, and flax, than their consumption requires, and thus leave a portion for exportation. The ecclesiastical bishopric of Aarhuus differs from the political see. The latter is divided into two jurisdictions or bailiwicks, and 22 baronies (herrerders) comprehending 7 cities, 253 parishes, and 69 noble domains and dwellings. The inhabitants amount to 88,000, many of whom are occupied in the fisheries, and the females in spinning.

Aarhuus, one of the bailiwicks into which the see of the same name in Denmark is divided. Its extent is 864 square miles, or 558,400 acres, comprehending 2 cities and 134 parishes, divided into 12 baronies, and containing 42,100 inhabitants.

Aarhuus, a city, the capital of the see and of the bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the Cattcgat, in a low plain, where an inland lake empties itself into the sea. The cathedral is a Gothic building, and the largest church in Denmark. It contains 892 dwelling-houses, and about 6000 inhabitants. The harbour is small, but good and secure; and there are 46 vessels belonging to the city, chiefly in the coasting trade, but lately have gone on voyages to the West Indies. There are some sugar-houses, tanneries, and snuff-mills. The chief exports are corn, wool, and fish. It is in Lat. 56. 9. 35. N. Long. 10. 8. E.
AARSENS, Francis, Lord of Someldyck and Spyck, one of the greatest negotiators of the United Provinces. He was born at the Hague in 1572. His father, Cornelius Aarsens, was secretary to the States; and being acquainted with Mr Mornay du Plessis, at the court of William prince of Orange, he prevailed upon him to take his son under him, with whom he continued some years. John Olden Barneveldt, who presided over the affairs of Holland and all the United Provinces, sent him afterwards as resident into France, where he learned to negotiate under those profound politicians Henry IV., Villeroy, Jeanin, & c . Soon after, he was invested with the character of ambassador, and was the first who was recognised as such by the French court., He resided in France 15 years; during which time he received great marks of esteem from the king, who created him a knight and baron; and for this reason he was received among the nobles of the province of Holland. However, he became at length so odious to the French court, that they desired to have him recalled. He was afterwards deputed to Venice, and to several German and Italian princes, upon occasion of the troubles in Bohemia. He was the first of three extraordinary ambassadors sent to England in 1620, and the second in 1641; in which latter embassy he was accompanied by the lord of Brede-rode as first ambassador, and Heemsvliet as third, to negotiate the marriage of Prince William, son of the prince of Orange, with a daughter of Charles I. He was likewise ambassador extraordinary at the French court in 1624, at the beginning of Cardinal Richelieu’s administration, who had a high opinion of him. His unpublished memoirs of the negotiations in which he was engaged, show him to have been one of the ablest men of his time, and worthy of the confidence and trust reposed in him by his country. But his character is not altogether without stain. His enmity to the Remonstrants was bitter and unrelenting; and he is supposed to have greatly encouraged the violent measures pursued by Prince Maurice against the venerable Barneveldt, and to have been the principal adviser for assembling the persecuting synod of Dordrecht. He died at a very advanced age; and his son, who survived him, was reputed the wealthiest man in Holland.
AARWANGEN, a market town and chief place of a small bailiwick (Amtsvoigter) in the canton of Berne, in Switzerland.
AASAR, in Ancient Geography, a town of Palestine, in the tribe of Judah, situated between Azotus and Ascalon. In Jerome’s time it was a hamlet.
AASERALD, a town of 1016 inhabitants, in thebailiwick of Raabygdelauget, and see of Christiansand, in Norway.
AASI, a river called by the ancients sometimes the Orontes, at others the Axius. It issues an insignificant stream from Schebel at Schalk, and vastly increases its water by the Jermut, the Keber, the Esurd, and other rivers that rise on the eastern side of Mount Lebanon. It then passes through the lakes Kades and Epamea, thence takes a south-west course, and, augmented by the water of the lake Antakia, enters the Mediterranean Sea to the southward of Scanderoon.
AASTRUP, a town in the barony of Sonder and bishopric of Laalan, in the island Falster, belonging to Denmark, containing 1033 inhabitants.
AB, the eleventh month of the civil year of the Hebrews, and the fifth of their ecclesiastical year, which begins with the month Nisan. It answers to the moon of July; that is, to part of our month of the same name, and to the beginning of August: it consists of thirty days. The Jews fast on the first of this month, in memory of Aaron’s death; and on the ninth, because on that day both the temple of Solomon, and that erected after the captivity, were burnt; the former by the Chaldeans, and the latter by the Romans. The same day is also remarkable among that people for the publication of Adrian’s edict, wherein they were forbidden to continue in Judea, or even to look back when at a distance from Jerusalem, in order to lament the desolation of that city. The 18th of the same month is also a fast among the Jews; because the lamp in the sanctuary was that night extinguished, in the time of Ahaz.

Ab, in the Syriac calendar, is the name of the last summer[7:2:5] month. The first day of this month they called Suum-Miriam, the fast of the virgin, becausé the eastern , Christians fasted from that day to the fifteenth, which was therefore called Fathr-Miriam, the cessation of the fast of the virgin.
ABA (or rather Abau) *Hanifah or Hanf a, surnamed Al-Nooma, was the son of Thabet, and born at Coufah, in the 80th year of the Hegira. He is the most celebrated doctor of the orthodox Mussulmans, and his sect is the most esteemed of the four which they indifferently follow. Almansor caused him to be imprisoned at Bagdad, for having refused to subscribe to the opinion of absolute predestination, which the Mussulmans call Cadha; but afterwards Abou Joseph, who was the sovereign judge or chancellor of the empire under the caliph Hadi, brought his doctrine into such credit, that it became a prevailing opinion, That to be a good Mussulman was to be a Hanifite. He died in the 150th year of the Hegira, in the prison of Bagdad: and it was not till 335 years after his death, that Melick Schah, a sultan of the Selgiucidan race, erected to his memory a magnificent monument in the same city, and a college for his followers, in the 485th year of the Hegira, and anno Christi 1092.

Aba, Abas, Abos, or Abus, in Ancient Geography, the name of a mountain in Greater Armenia, situated between the mountains Niphatos and Nibonis. According to Strabo, the Euphrates and Araxes rose from this mountain; the former running eastward, and the latter westward. It is in N. lat. 39½. and connects at its eastern extremity with Mount Ararat Aba. See Abae. Aba, Albon, or Ovon, a king of Hungary. He married the sister of Stephen I. and was elected king on the deposition of Peter in 1041. The emperor Henry III. preparing to reinstate Peter on the throne, Aba made an incursion into his dominions, and returned loaded with booty; but was next year obliged to make restitution, by paying a large sum, in order to prevent a threatened invasion from the emperor. He indulged in great familiarity with the lower class of the people; on account of which, and his severity to their order, he became universally odious to the nobility. The fugitive nobles, aided by the emperor, excited a revolt against him. After a bloody battle, Aba was put to flight; and was murdered by his own soldiers in 1044, having reigned three years.
ABACAENUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of Sicily, whose ruins are supposed to be those lying near Trippi, a citadel on a high and steep mountain not far from Messina. The inhabitants were called Abacaenim.
ABACINARE, or Abbacinare, in writers of the middle age, a cruel species of punishment, consisting in the blinding of the criminal, by holding a red-hot basin or bowl of metal before his eyes.
ABACK (a sea term), the situation of the sails when the surfaces are flatted against the masts by the force of the wind. The sails are said to be taken aback when they arc brought into this situation, either by a sudden change of the wind, or by an alteration in the ship’s course. They are laid aback, to effect an immediate retreat, without turning to the right or left; or, in the sea phrase, to give the ship stern-way, in order to avoid some danger discovered before her in a narrow channel, or when she has advanced beyond her station in the line of battle, or otherwise. The sails are placed in this position by slackening their lec braces, and hauling in the weather ones; so that the whole effort of the wind is exerted on the fore part of their surface, which readily pushes the ship astern, unless she is restrained by some counteracting force.
ABACOT, the name of an ancient cap of state worn by the kings of England, the upper part whereof was in the form of a double crown.
ABACTORS, or Abactores, a name given to those who drive away, or rather steal, cattle by herds, or great numbers at once; and are therefore very properly distinguished from fures or thieves.
ABADDON, is the name which St John in the Revelation gives to the king of the locusts, the angel of the bottomless pit. The inspired writer says this word is Hebrew, and in Greek signifies a destroyer. That angel-king is by some thought to be Satan or the devil; but Mr le Clerc thinks with Dr Hammond, that by the locusts which came out of the abyss, may be understood the zealots and robbers, who miserably afflicted the land of Judea, and laid it in a manner waste, before Jerusalem was taken by the Romans; and that Abaddon, the king of the locusts, may be John of Gischala, who having treacherously left that town a little before it was surrendered to Titus, came to Jerusalem, where he soon headed part of the zealots, who acknowledged him as their king, whilst the rest would not submit to him. This subdivision of the zealot party brought a thousand calamities on the Jews.
ABADIR, a title which the Carthaginians gave to gods of the first order. In the Roman mythology, it is the name of a stone which Saturn swallowed, by the contrivance of his wife Ops, believing it to be his new-born son Jupiter: hence it became the object of religious worship.
ABAE, or Aba, in Ancient Geography, a town of Phocis in Greece, near Helicon; famous for an oracle of Apollo older than that at Delphi, and for a rich temple which was plundered and burnt by the Persians.
ABAFT, a sea term, signifying the hinder part of a ship, or all those parts both within and without which lie towards the stern, in opposition to afore. Abaft is also used as a preposition, and signifies farther aft, or nearer the stern : as, the barricade stands abaft the main-mast, i. e. behind it, or nearer the stern.
ABAGAITOUYES, a village or settlement of Asiatic Russia, in the circle of Nertschinsk and government of Ir-kuzk. Lat. 49. 34. 19. N. Long. 118. 10. 30. E.
ABAISSED, abaisse, in Heraldry, an epithet applied to the wings of eagles, &c. when the tip looks downwards to the point of the shield, or when the wings are shut; the natural way of bearing them being extended.

ΑΒΑΚΑ, khan, the eighth emperor of the Moguls, a wise and good prince, ascended the throne in 1264. He reigned 17 years, and is by some authors said to have been a Christian. It may be admitted, indeed, that he joined with the Christians in keeping the feast of Easter, in the city Hamadan, a short time before his death. But this is no proof of his Christianity; it being common, in times of brotherly love, for Christians and Mahometans to join in keeping the same feasts, when each would compliment the other with doing honour to his solemnity.
ABAKANSK, a range of mountains in the government of Tomsk, in Siberia, extending from the river Tom to the Jenisei, parallel to the Altai mountains.

Abakansk, a fortified town of Asiatic Russia, in Siberia, comprehended within the government of Tomsk. It was built in 1707, and has since been fixed on as the seat of the courts of justice. Its population is about 1200 souls. Lat. 54. N. Long. 91. 14. E.
ABALIENATION, in Law, the act of transferring one man’s property to another.
ABALLABA, the ancient name of Appleby, a town in Westmoreland, remarkable only for its having been a Roman station.
ABALUS, in Ancient Geography, is described by the ancients as an island in the German Ocean, where amber was found in great abundance. It was also called Raunonia, and is supposed by Mannert, a learned German writer, to be the narrow peninsula on the Prussian coast which lies betwixt the Baltic and the lakes called the Frisch and Curisch Haffs.

ΑΒΑΝΑ, or Amana, in Ancient Geography, a river of Phoenicia, which, rising from Mount Hermon, passed on the south side of Damascus, and fell into the lake now called Bahr el Margi.
ABANGA. See Ady.
ABANILLA, a town in the province and department of Murcia, in Spain.
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ABANO, a town in the Austrian division of Italy, situated under the Euganian hills. It is celebrated for its warm baths, of which there are five, viz. Fonte d’Abano, Mont-Ortone, St Pietro, Monte Gratto, and St Barteolo-mo, and a mud bath, Bagno di Fango. It contains 2570 inhabitants.
ABANTES, a people who came originally from Thrace, and settled in Phoces, a country of Greece, where they built a town which they called Aba, after the name of Abas their leader; and if we may credit some ancient authors, the Abantes went afterwards into the island Euboea, now called Negropont : others say the Abantes of Euboea came from Athens. The Abantes were a very warlike people, closing with their enemies, and fighting hand to hand.
ABANTIAS, or Abantis, in Ancient Geography, a name of the island Euboea in the Egean Sea, extending about 100 miles along the coast of Greece, and separated from Boeotiaby a narrow strait called Ewripus. From its length the island was formerly called Macris ; afterwards Abantias or Abantis, from the Abantes, a people originally of Thrace, called by Homer οπισ∂εν K0μ0ωντες, from wearing their hair long behind, having in a battle experienced the inconvenience of wearing long hair before. ' From cutting their hair before, they were called Curetes.
ABANY, a market town in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the palatinate of Pest, and in the circle of Recskemet, with one Catholic and one Reformed church.