pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FERNANDO DE NORONHA, or Naronho, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, situated about 210 miles from the coast of Brazil. It is only about three miles in length, and is full of mountains, which, however, are clothed with verdure. It possesses a fort, which is garrisoned; but the island is of little use, except as a place of banishment for male criminals. Long. 32. 28. W. ‘Lat. 3. 56. S.
FERNANDO PO, an African island, situated near the coast of Benin. It was discovered in 1471 by a Portuguese navigator, whose name it bears. It is about sixty miles in circumference, and is both fertile and beautiful, yielding abundance of rice, fruit, sugar canes, and tobacco. It is however little frequented by strangers; and the inhabitants, who are about 1200 in number, are said to be rude and uncivilized. Long. 8. 40. E. Lat. 3. 28. N.
FERNANDO SAN D’APURE, a town of South America, in the province of Caraccas. It is situated on the great river Apure, and is chiefly inhabited by shepherds; who pasture their flocks and herds upon the surrounding plains. The population has been estimated at about 6000.
FERNELIUS, John, physician to Henry II. king of France, was born at Picardy towards the close of the fifteenth or beginning of the sixteenth century. Being sent to Paris to study rhetoric and philosophy, he applied himself so intensely that all other pleasures became insipid, and he cared neither for play, nor walking, nor entertainments, nor even conversation. He read Cicero, Plato, and Aristotle, and also applied himself earnestly to the mathematics. This continual study brought on an attack of sickness, which obliged him to leave Paris. On his recovery he returned, designing to study physic; but before he had an opportunity of applying himself to this pursuit he was employed to teach philosophy in the college of St Barbara. After this he spent four years in the study of physic; and having taken a doctor’s degree, confined himself to his closet, in order to read the best authors, and to improve himself in the mathematics, as far as the business of his profession would permit. Never, in fact, was there a man more diligent than Fernel. He used to rise at four o’clock in the morning, and study till it was time either to read lectures or to visit his patients. But as attending patients did not occupy his whole time, he read public lectures upon Hippocrates and Galen, which soon gained him a great reputation throughout France and in foreign countries. When his business increased, however, he left off reading lectures, [7:9:520]'and spent all the hours he could spare in composing a work on physic, entitled Physiologia, which was soon afterwards published. But he was prevailed with to read lectures upon this new work, which he did for three years; and having published another work, De Venae Sectione, he was under the necessity of reading lectures some years longer, in order to explain this new book to his pupils. Whilst thus employed, he was sent for to court, in order to try whether he could cure a lady whose recovery was despaired of; and being fortunate enough to succeed, this circumstance was the cause of the esteem which Henry II., then dauphin, and in love with that lady, conceived for him. This prince offered him the place of first physician; but Fernel, who preferred his studies to the bustle of a court, respectfully declined the employment. When Henry came to the throne, he renewed his entreaties; but Fern el represented that the honour offered him was due, as an hereditary right, to the late king’s physician, and that, besides, he required time to make experiments concerning several matters relating to medicine. The king admitted the validity of this excuse; but as soon as the physician of Francis I. died, Fernel was called to occupy his place at the court of Henry II. And here the contrary of what he had apprehended came to pass; for he enjoyed more leisure at court than he had done at Paris; and he might have considered it as an agreeable retirement, had it not been for the journey which the new civil war obliged the king to undertake. Fernel died in 1558, leaving behind him many works besides those which have been mentioned. They have been printed several times, with his life prefixed, written by William Plautius, his disciple.
FERNEY, a town of France, in the department of the Ain, and arrondissement of Gex. It is situated on an elevated spot, not far from the lake of Geneva, and contains 750 inhabitants. It is only remarkable from the château there having been the residence of Voltaire from 1762 to 1777.
FEROKABAD, a town of Hindustan, on the coast of Malabar, which was taken by the British under Colonel Hartley, in 1790. It is ten miles south of Calicut.
FERONIA, the pagan goddess of woods and orchards. This deity took her name from the town of Feronia, situated at the foot of Mount Soracte in Italy, where a wood and temple were consecrated to her worship. Both are mentioned by Virgil in the catalogue of Turnus’s forces. Strabo relates that those who sacrificed to this goddess walked barefoot upon burning coals, without being hurt. Feronia was the guardian deity of freed men, who received their cap of liberty at her temple.
FEROZEGUR, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the Nizam, in the province of Beeder, 120 miles south-west by south from Hyderabad. Long. 77. 22. E. Lat. 16. 8. N.
FEROZEPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the Sikk territories, in the province of Laliore, fifty-two miles south by east from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 58. E. Lat. 31. 5. N
FERRAH, a large walled town of Afghanistan, situated in a fertile valley, which was visited by Captain Christie. It gives name to a considerable river, which falls into the lake of Zarra, and is supposed to be the Parrah of ancient Parthia, a place of great splendour and extent. Lone. 61. 40. E. Lat. 33. 7. N.

FERRAJO-Porto, a city, the capital of the Isle of Elba, in the Mediterranean. It is situated on a rocky projection into the sea, to which there is but one accessible passage from the land. It contains 3143 inhabitants; but since the departure of Bonaparte, is again become a mere place for the fishery. Long. 9. 55. E. Lat. 42. 49. N.
FERRARA, one of the delegations of the papal dominions in Italy, which extends over 1210 sonare miles. It contains two cities, thirteen market-towns, and 254 villages, with 170,727 inhabitants. The greater portion of the district is the delta formed by the mouths of the Po, and is very unhealthy; but it is fertile, and produces good crops of wheat, rice, maize, hemp, flax, oil, and silk. The breed of cattle is very good; the dairy is extensively followed, and produces excellent cheese. There are two fortified places, which are occupied by Austrian garrisons. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on a branch of the Po, one of the finest in Italy, with broad and regular streets; but the houses and magnificent palaces are nevertheless very thinly inhabited. It contains, besides the cathedral, 100 churches, twenty-two monasteries, sixteen nunneries, and 5100 houses, but only 23,100 inhabitants. The university has been destroyed. There is little or no trade, and no manufactures. The citadel is garrisoned by Austrian troops. Long. 11. 31. 5. E. Lat. 44. 49. 56. N.
FERRARS, George, was descended from an ancient family in Hertfordshire, and born about the year 1510, at a village near St Alban’s. He was educated at Oxford, and thence removed to Lincoln’s Inn, where, having applied with uncommon diligence to the study of the law, he soon became distinguished for his elocution at the bar. Cromwell, earl of Essex, the great minister of Henry VIII. introduced him ⅛o the king, who employed him as his menial servant, and in 1535 gave him a grant of the manor of Flamstead, in his native county. This is supposed to have been a profitable estate; but Mr Ferrars being a gay courtier, and probably an expensive man, about seven years afterwards he was taken on execution by a sheriff’s officer, for a debt of two hundred merks, and lodged in the compter. Being at this time member for Plymouth, the House of Commons immediately interfered, and he soon obtained his liberty. He continued in favour with the king till the end of his reign; and in that of Edward VI. he attended the lord protector Somerset as a commissioner of the army, in his expedition to Scotland in 1548. In the same reign, the young king being then at Greenwich, Mr Ferrars was proclaimed Lord of Misrule, that is, prince of sports and pastimes; which office he discharged during twelve days, in Christmas holidays, to the entire satisfaction of the court. This is all that is known of Mr Ferrars, excepting that he died in 1579, at Flamstead in Hertfordshire, and was buried in the parish church. He was not less celebrated for his valour in the field than for his accomplishments as a gentleman and a scholar, and he wrote, 1. History of the Reign of Queen Mary, published in Grafton’s Chronicle, 1569, fol.; and, 2. Six tragedies, or dramatic poems, published in a book called the Mirror for Magistrates, first printed in 1559, afterwards in 1587, and again in 1610.
FERREANAH, a town of Tunis, in Africa. It bears evident traces of great antiquity, and of having been formerly the largest city of this portion of the Tunisian territory. This, it is usually affirmed, is somewhat unaccountable, because, though the town enjoys a good climate, and is well supplied with water, yet the surrounding country is arid and barren in the highest degree. But the difficulty vanishes when we consider that it lies in the vicinity of a great desert of sand, which is perpetually shifting, and gradually overwhelming whole tracts of country, which were formerly covered with l&xuriant vegetation. Such may have been the case with regard to the country surrounding Ferreanan. Dr Shaw conjectures that it is the site of the ancient Thala, which is so particularly described by Sallust in his narrative of the Jugurthan war. Ferreanah is about 130 miles sout - west of Tunis.
FERRETTO, in glass-making, a substance which sen es to colour glass.
FERRO, ôr Hiero, the most westerly of the Canary Islands, and, besidesbeing the smallest, also the most an
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and barren. It has a population of about 5000 souls, and a superficies of twenty square miles. The coast is rugged, and the soil contiguous to it is barren; but in the interior the face of the country improves, and there is a considerable portion of the island level and fruitful. The chief product is figs, which are produced in great quantities; and, to prevent their being lost, they are frequently used in making brandy. This spirit, together with wine, which is also made here, is exported to Teneriffe. Various aromatic flowers grow in great abundance; and bees thrive exceedingly well, yielding excellent honey. Ferro is but scantily supplied with water, there being only two or three fountains on the island; so that the cattle, which are numerous, are but ill provided with this indispensable commodity. Ferro was formerly supposed to be the most westerly point of the old world, and hence geographers drew their first meridian of longitude through it. This practice, however, has been abandoned; and almost every nation now makes the first meridian to pass through its own capital, not, we apprehend, with any advantage to science, but rather the reverse. Long. 17. 46. W. Lat. 27. 45. N.

Ferro, or Feroe Islands. See Faroe.
FERROL, a city of Spain, in the province of Gallicia. It is one of the most important of the naval arsenals of the kingdom. Its harbour is deep, capacious, and secure; and the entrance so narrow that not more than one ship at a time can enter. From the mouth being so narrow, it is exposed to the inconvenience of not admitting the entrance or departure of vessels, but with a wind blowing from one particular point. The dock-yard is supplied with ship timber from the Asturias, and with hemp and flax from Aragon; and cordage and sail-cloth are manufactured in the royal workshops. The dry-docks for building and repairing ships in the suburb called Esteyro, are well constructed. Ât Neda, near the city, a building was lately erected, upon a large scale, for rolling copper into sheets for the bottoms of ships, and for preparing the other works required for coppering ships. The harbour, as well as the city, is very strongly fortified; but some heights are said so to command them as to render the defences of little importance. The population of the city and suburbs amount to about 20,000, most of whom are subsisted by the wages of the arsenal. Long. 7. 4L 14. W. Lat. 43. 29. 30. N.
FERRUGINOUS, any thing partaking of iron, or which contains particles of that metal.
FERTE-LA-MILON, a fortified city of the department of the Aisne, in France, situated on the river Oureq, containing 480 houses and 2070 inhabitants. It was the birthplace of the celebrated dramatist. Racine in 1639.
FERTE SOUS JOUARRE, a town of France, in the department of the Seine and Marne, situated at the junction of the Lesser Morin with the Marne. It contained a university, and has now 434 houses, and 3700 inhabitants. The neighbourhood is celebrated for its cheese.
FERULA, a little wooden pallet or slice, reputed the schoolmaster’s sceptre, wherewith he chastises the boys by striking them on the palms of the hands. The word is Latin, and has also been used to denote the prelate’s crosier and staff It is supposed to be formed from the Latin ferire, to strike. Under the eastern empire the ferula was the emperor’s sceptre, as is seen on different me· dals. It consists of a long stem or staff, having a flat square head. The use of the ferula is very ancient among the Greeks, who used to call their princes vaζ∂r t Mfοζο ∣ , or ferula-bearers.

In the ancient eastern church, ferula or narthex signified 1 place separated from the church, in which the penitents or the catechumens of the second order, called auscultantes, α ∙^α.μaτo , .ο ∣ , were kept, as not being allowed to enter the church; and as the persons therein were under penance or discipline, hence the name of the place. Sub ferula erant ecclesioe.
FESCENNIA, a city of Etruria, near Falerii, supposed to have occupied the site of the modern Galese, and belonging originally to the Siceli, who were dispossessed by the Pelasgi. Dionysius (i. 21) states that some customs of this latter nation were still observed in his time (29 b. c.). It is chiefly remarkable as having given birth to a species of verse called by the Romans Versus Fescennini, and sometimes also Saturnii, in reference to the remote antiquity of its origin. As all specimens of this species of poetry have disappeared, we must rest satisfied with the account given of it by Horace. According to him, it was employed at the solemn festivals of their gods, sung in alternate verses by the performers, and was of a gay and cheerful character. The wit was of the rudest kind, and the satire was often so severe, that the laws of the Twelve Tables found it necessary to guard against its abuse. The irregular metre in which these songs, as well as all the poetical attempts of the early Romans, were written, received the name of Saturnian verse. (Hor. Ep. ii. 1. 139; Liv. vii. 2; Casaubon De Sat. Greec. et Rom. Poes. p. 178; Palmström De Satir. Orig. p. 63.)
FESCENNINE Verses, Versus Fescennini, see the preceding article. The word, according to Macrobius, is formed from fascinum, a charm, because the people conceived such songs calculated to drive away witches, or prevent the effect of their witchcraft; but its more probable origin is from Fescenni, a city of Etruria, where these verses originated, as above explained.
FESTI Dies, in Roman antiquity, certain days in the year devoted to the honour of the gods. Numa, when he distributed the year into twelve months, divided the same into the dies festi, the dies profesti, and the dies intercisi. The dies festi were again divided into days of sacrifices, banquets, games, and feriae. The dies profesti were those days allowed to men for the administration of their affairs, whether of a public or private nature; and they were divided into fasti, comitiales, &c. The dies intercisi were days common both to gods and men, some parts of wliicli were allotted to the service of the one, and some to that of the other.
FESTINO, in Logic, the third mood of the second figure of the syllogism, the first proposition of which is an universal negative, the second a particular affirmative, and the third a particular negative; as in the following example:
FES
No bad man can be happy;
TI
Some rich men are bad men;
NO
Therefore, Some rich men are not happy.
FESTOON, in Architecture and Sculpture, an ornament in the form of a garland of flowers, fruits, and leaves, intermixed or twisted together. Festoons are now chiefly used in friezes and other vacant places which require to be filled up and adorned, and are in imitation of the long clusters of flowers, which the ancients placed on the doors of their temples and houses, executed upon festival occasions.
FESTUS, Pompeius Sextus, a celebrated grammarian and philologist, who probably flourished towards the close of the fifth century of our era, and who was at all events posterior to Martial, whom he cites under the word Vespae. Festus abridged the great work of Verrius Flaccus, a learned grammarian, De Verborum Significatione, omitting obsolete expressions, which were to be treated of in a separate work. This abridgment, which is still extant, is divided into twenty books, in which each word is alphabetically arranged and explained; and it has justly been regarded as one of the most valuable works respecting the Roman language and antiquities which have come down to [7:9:522]our times. Indeed, of all the grammarians, Festus is the one who, in the opinion of Julius Scaliger, has rendered the greatest service to the Latin language. The abridgment of Paulus Diaconus is a complete mutilation of the work of Festus. The latter was printed for the first time at Milan, 1471, in small folio, and about the middle of the sixteenth century successively published by Aldus Manutius, Maffei, and, lastly, by the learned Augustin, with notes, Venice, 1560. The Venice edition, which contains the abbreviation of the work of Festus by Paulus Diaconus, and also fragments of Verrius, was reprinted at Paris, 1575, in 8vo, under the superintendence of Joseph Scaliger. About the same time, Fulvio Orsini published the Fragments of Festus, as Rallus and Pomponius Laetus had transmitted them to Politian and to J. B. Pius, Rome, 1581, in 8vo; and they were afterwards inserted by Denis Godefroi in the collection of the Auctores Latinae Lvnguae, published at Geneva, 1602, in 4to. Lastly, the excellent edition of Dacier, in usum Delphini, appeared at Paris in 1681, 4to, and was reprinted in the same form at Amsterdam in 1699, with the notes of Antony Augustin, Fulvio Orsini, and Joseph Scaliger.
FETLOCK, in the manege, a tuft of hair growing behind the pastern joint of many horses; but those of a low size have scarcely any such tuft.
FEUCHTWANG, a bailiwick of the circle of the Rezat, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 115 square miles, and comprehending one city, one town, 101 villages, and 13,000 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name, situated on the river Sulz. It has three churches, 226 houses, and 2150 inhabitants, who find occupation in making muslins, damask table-linen, hats, and leather.
FEUD, in our ancient customs, is used to signify a capital quarrel or enmity, not to be satisfied but with blood; and hence it is usually denominated deadly feud. Feud, called also feida, and faida, in the original German signifies guerran or war. Lambert writes it feeth, and says that it signifies capitalis inimicitia, or implacable hatred.
FEVERSHAM, a town of the county of Kent, in the hundred of that name, within the lathe of Scray, and forty-eight miles from London. It is a very ancient town, and from several of our early monarchs obtained various charters and privileges, especially as regards the judgment and punishment of offences committed within its own jurisdiction. Although it sends no members to parliament, it has, besides a mayor, jurats, and commoners, a steward, two recorders, and a chamberlain, and the corporation are trustees for various charitable institutions. Feversham is of comparatively less importance than forrnerly, as may be seen by its curious church, its town-hall, and some other buildings of great antiquity. It is now chiefly of consideration from the great manufactory of gunpowder carried on by the government, which gives occupation to many families; whilst others are employed in the fishery for oysters for the supply of London. Near to it the river Swale enters the sea, and the quarantine rendezvous of Sandgate Creek is so near as to form a communication with the ships under detention. There arc good markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The great road from London to Canterbury avoids the town, though it passes within less than a mile of it. The population in 1801 amounted to 3488, in 1811 to 3872, in 1821 to 4208, and in 1831 to 4429.
FIAT, in Law, a short order or warrant signed by a judge, for making out and allowing certain processes.
FIBRARIAE, a term anciently applied to minerals of a fibrous structure.
FIBRE, in Anatomy, a perfectly simple body, or at least as simple as any thing in the human structure, being fine and slender like a thread, and serving to knit together or connect other parts.

Fibre is also used to denote one of the slender filaments which compose bodies, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, but more especially a capillary root of plants.
FIBROSE, or Fibrous, something consisting of fibres; as, for instance, the roots of plants.
FIBULA, in Anatomy, is the outer and smaller of the bones of the leg. See Anatomy.

Fibula, in Antiquity, a sort of button, buckle, or clasp, made use of by the Greeks and Romans for keeping close or fastening together certain parts of their clothes. The fibulae were of various forms, and often adorned with precious stones. Both men and women wore them in their air and on their shoes. Players and musicians, by way of preserving the voices of children placed under their care to learn their art, used to compress the prepuce with a fibula, lest they should have commerce with women.
FICINUS, Marsilius, a celebrated Italian, was born at Florence in 14<33, and educated at the expense of Lorenzo de’ Medicis. He attained a perfect knowledge of the Greek and Latin tongues, and became an eminent philosopher, physician, and divine. He was in the highest .favour with Lorenzo and Cosmo de’ Medicis, who appointed him a canon of the cathedral church of Florence. He applied himself intensely to the study of philosophy; and whilst others were striving who should be most deeply read in Aristotle, then the only philosopher in fashion, he devoted himself wholly to the study of Plato. He was indeed the first who restored the Platonic philosophy in the west; and for this purpose he translated into Latin the whole works of Plato. He next translated Plotinus; and afterwards the works, or at least part of them, of Proclus, Jamblicus, Porphyrins, and other celebrated Platonists. In his younger days Ficinus lived like a philosopher; too much so indeed, if it be true, as is said, that he did so to the neglect of piety. However, on the arrival of Savonarola at Florence, Ficinus went, with all the world, to hear his sermons; and whilst he attended them for the sake of the preacher’s eloquence, he imbibed a strong sense of religion, and henceforward devoted himself more especially • to its duties. He died at Correggio in 1499; and, as Baronins assures us, upon the testimony of authors whom he thinks credible, appeared immediately after his death to his friend Michael Mercatus, to whom, it seems, he had promised to manifest himself, in order to confirm what he had taught concerning the immortality of the soul. His writings, sacred and profane, which are very numerous, were collected and printed at Venice in 1516, at Basil in 1561 and 1576, and at Paris in 1641, in two vols. folio. Twelve books of his epistles, amongst which are many treatises, were printed separately in folio at Venice in 1495, and at Nuremberg in 1497, in 4to.