pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BOADICEA, a valiant British queen in the time of Nero the emperor. She was the wife of Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, a people inhabiting the eastern part of Britain. On his death-bed Prasutagus named the emperor heir to his accumulated treasures conjunctly with his own daughters, in expectation of procuring by that means Nero’s protection for his family and people; but he was no sooner dead -than the emperor’s officers seized all. Boadicea opposed these unjust proceedings; which was resented to such a pitch of cruelty, that they ordered the lady to be publicly whipped, and her daughters to be exposed to the brutality of the soldiers. The Britons took arms, with Boadicea at their head, to shake off the Roman yoke; and with a force of 100,000 men, she took the colony of Camalodunum or Colchester, andmassacredthe Romans wherever they could be found. In a word, the whole province of Britain would have been lost, if Suetonius Paulinus had not hastened from the Isle of Mona or Man to London, and at the head of 10,000 men engaged the Britons. The battle was fought with great obstinacy, and for a time with doubtful success, but at last victory inclined to the side of the Romans. This conflict took place a. d. 61. Boadicea, who had behaved with all the bravery imaginable, soon after dispatched herself by poison.
BOARD, a long piece of timber sawed thin for building and several other purposes.

Board is also used for a kind of table or bench, on which several artificers perform their work. In this sense we say a work-hoard, shop-δoαr<7, tailors-ooar<∕, and the like.

Board is likewise used for a flat machine or frame used in certain games, and the like. In this sense we say a draught-δoαr<7, a chess-5oαrd, a shovel-òoard, and the like.

Board, Bureau, is also used for an office where accounts are taken, payments ordered, or some particular business transacted. In this sense we say the hoard of works, hoard of ordnance, hoard of treasury, and the like.
BOAT, a small open vessel, propelled on the water by oars or sails. The construction, machinery, and even [7:4:722]the names of boats, are very different, according to the various purposes for which they are calculated, and the services on which they are to be employed. Thus they are occasionally slight or strong, sharp or flat-bottomed, open or decked, plain or ornamented; as they may be designed for swiftness or burden, for deep or shallow water, for sailing in a harbour or at sea, and for convenience or pleasure. The largest boat that usually accompanies a ship is the long-boat, which is generally furnished with a mast and sails. Long-boats fitted for men of war are occasionally decked, armed, and equipped, for cruising short distances against merchant ships of the enemy, or smugglers, for impressing seamen, and other services. The barges, which are next in order, are longer, slighter, and narrower. They are employed to carry the principal sea-officers, as admirals and captains of ships of war, and are unfit for the open sea. Pinnaces exactly resemble barges, only that they are somewhat smaller, and have never more than eight oars; whereas a barge properly never rows less than ten. The cutters of a ship are broader, deeper, and shorter, than the barges and pinnaces; they are fitter for sailing, and are commonly employed in carrying stores, provisions, passengers, and the like, to and from the ship. In the structure of this sort of boats the lower edge of every plank in the side overlays the upper edge of the plank below, which is called by ship-wrights clink-work. Yawls are something less than cutters, nearly of the same form, and used for similar services. They are generally rowed with six oars. The above boats more particularly belong to men of war, as merchant-ships have seldom more than two, a long-boat and yawl; when they have a third, it is generally calculated for the countries to which they trade, and varies in its construction accordingly. Merchant-ships employed in the Mediterranean find it more convenient to use a launch, which is longer, flatter in the bottom, and better adapted every way to the harbours of that sea, than a long-boat. A wherry is a light, sharp boat, used in a river or harbour for carrying passengers from place to place. Punts are a sort of oblong flat-bottomed boats, nearly resembling floating stages. They are used by ship∙wrights and caulkers, for breaming, caulking, or repairing a ship’s bottom. A moses is a very fiat, broad boat, used by merchant-ships among the Caribbee Islands, to bring hogsheads of sugar off from the sea beach to the shipping which are anchored in the roads. A felucca is a strong passage-boat used in the Mediterranean, and propelled with oars like sweeps. The natives of Barbary often employ boats of this sort as cruisers.

Boat-Bill. See Ornithology, Index.
BOATING, a kind of punishment in use among the ancient Persians for capital offenders. The manner of boating was this: The person condemned to it being laid on his back in a boat, with his hands stretched out, and tied fast on each side of it, another boat was put over him, his head being left out through a space fitted to admit it. In this posture he was fed until the worms bred in the excrements he voided, ate out his bowels, and so caused his death, which usually occurred in about twenty days, the criminal lying all the while in most excruciating torments.
BOATSWAIN, the officer who has the boats, sails, rigging, colours, anchors, and cables, committed to his charge. It is also the duty of this officer to summon the crew to their duty; to assist with his mates in the necessary business of the ship; and to relieve the watch when it expires. He ought frequently to examine the condition of the masts, sails, and rigging, and remove whatever may be judged unfit for service, or supply whatever is deficient; and he is ordered by his instructions to perform this duty with as little noise as possible.

Boatswain 1 s Mate has the peculiar command of the long-boat, for the setting forth of anchors, weighing or fetching home an anchor, warping, towing, or mooring; and he is bound to give an account of his store.
BOBBIN, a small piece of wood turned in the form of a cylinder, with a little border jutting out at each end, bored through to receive a small iron pivot. It serves to spin with the spinning wheel, or to wind thread, worsted, hair, cotton, silk, gold, and silver.
BOBBING, among fishermen, a particular manner of catching eels, different from sniggling. Bobbing for eels is thus performed. Some large lobs are scoured well, and a twisted silk thread run through them from end to end with a needle, so many being taken that they may warp about a board a dozen times at least; then they are tied fast with the two ends of the silk thread, that they may hang in somany hanks; which being done, they are all fastened to a strong cord, and about a handful and a half above the worms a plummet three quarters of a pound weight is fixed, and the cord made fast to a strong pole. This apparatus is thrown into muddy water; the eels tug lustily at the bait; and when they have swallowed it sufficiently, the rope is drawn gently to the top, and the eels are brought ashore.
BOBLINGEN, a bailiwick in the circle of the Neckar and kingdom of Wirtemburg, taking its name from the city, which is on the declivity of a hill, and contains 2450 inhabitants, who are celebrated for making several chemical preparations and wax-lights. It extends over 88 square miles, and comprehends 3 towns and 17 villages, with 24,150 inhabitants.
BOBILEE, a town of Hindostan, in the northern circars. The Rangaroo of Bobilee was in 1757 one of the polygars of the first rank in this country; but being engaged in deadly enmity with a neighbouring polygar, who prevailed on the French commander Μ. Bussy to espouse his cause, he was attacked in his fort, the last retreat of every polygar when he is hard pressed; and seeing no hope of successful resistance, he put to death his whole family, and, along with his remaining troops, perished in defence of the fort. Long. 83. 28. Ľ. Lat. 18. 27. N.

BOCA-Chica, the strait or entrance into the harbour of Carthagena in South America. It is defended by several forts belonging to the Spaniards, all of which were taken by the English in 1741; but they were nevertheless obliged to raise the siege of Carthagena in a short time after.

BocA-del-Drago, a strait so called, between the island of Trinidad and Andalusia, in the province of Terra Firma in South America.
BOCAYRENT, a town of the province of Valencia, in Spain. It contains 5850 inhabitants, who are remarkable for their industry in the manufacture of linen and woollens, of cordage, soap, paper, and brandy.
BOCCALE, or Bocal, a liquid measure used at Rome, answering to what among us is called a bottle, and equivalent to about an English quart. Seven boccales and a half make a rubia.
BOCCALINI, Trajan, a celebrated satirical writer, born at Loretto in 1556, who obtained the admiration of all Italy by his refined and delicate criticisms. Sovereign princes themselves did not escape the lash of his satire. The cardinals Borghese and Gaétan having declared themselves his protectors, he published his Bagguagli di Parnasso, and La Segretaria d’Apollo, which is the continuation of the former. These two works were received by the public with uncommon applause. He there feigns, that Apollo,holding his court at Parnassus, heard the complaints of the whole world, and did justice according as the cases required. He at length printed his Pietra del Paragone, in which he attacks the court and government of Spain, setting forth their designs against the liberty of Italy, and inveighing particularly against them for the tyranny they exercised in the. kingdom of Naples. The Spaniards complained of him in form, and were determined at any rate to be revenged. Boccalini became frightened, and retired to Venice; but he was there assassinated in a very extraordinary manner. Lodging with one of his friends, the latter happened, on one occasion, to get up early of a morning, leaving Boccalini in bed. A minute after, some armed men entered his chamber, and gave him so many blows with bags full of sand, that they left him for dead; so that his friend, returning in a short time, found him speechless. Great search was made at Venice for the authors of this murder; but although they were never discovered, it was universally believed that they had been employed by the court of Spain, which he had lashed with great severity. This story, however, is questioned by Mazzuchelli in his Scrittori dĹtalia. The works which Boccalini has left are, 1. Iłagguagli di Parnasso, in two centuries, Venice, 1612 and 1613, 4to; 2. Pietra del Paragone Politico Cosmopoli (Amsterdam) 1615, 4to; 3. Commentar, sopra Cornelio Tacito, Geneva, 1669, and Amsterdam 1677, 4to; 4. La Segretaria d’Apollo, Amsterdam, 1653, 24to.
BOCCARELLA, in the glass manufacture, a small hole or aperture of the furnace, placed on the side of the bocca, and almost horizontal with it. Out of this and another similar aperture the servitors take coloured or finer metal from the piling pot.
BOCCONE, Paolo Sylvio, a celebrated natural historian, born at Palermo in Sicily in 1633. After he had gone through the usual course of study, he applied himself chiefly to natural history, in which he made great progress. He was afterwards ordained priest, and entered into the Cistertian order; but this new way of life did not in the least divert him from his favourite study; for he pursued it with greater vigour than ever, and travelled not only over Sicily, but likewise visited the isle of Malta, Italy, the Low Countries, England, France, Germany, Poland, and several other nations; and, in 1696, was admitted a member of the academy of the virtuosi in Germany. Upon his return to Sicily, he retired to a convent of his own order near Palermo, where he died in 1704, being then seventy-one years of age. He left many curious works, amongst which may be mentioned, 1. 7⅛- cherches et Observations Naturelles touchant le Corail, la Pierre Etoilée, et l’Embrasement du Mord Etna, Paris, 1671 and 1674; 2. Museo di Eisica e Ai Esperienze, Venice, 1697; 3. Osservazioni Naturali, Bologna, 1684; 4. Bella Pietra Belzuar minerale Siciliana, Monteleone, 1669; 5. Appendix ad Museum de Plantis Siculis, without date or place.
BOCHART, Samuel, one of the most learned men of the seventeenth century, was born atRoucn in Normandy in the year 1599. He early made great progress in learning, and became a proficient in the oriental languages. He was many years pastor of a Protestant church at Caen, and became tutor to Wentworth Dillon, earl of Roscommon, and author of the Essay on Translated Verse. While at Caen, he particularly distinguished himself by his public disputations with Father Veron, a Jesuit, and celebrated as a polemic. The dispute was held in the castle of Caen, in the presence of a great number of Catholics and Protestants, including among the former the duke of Longueville. Bochart came off with great honour; and his reputation was not a little increased, in the year 1646, by the publication of his Phaleg and Chanaan, which are the titles of the two parts of his Geographia Sacra. He also acquired great fame by bis Hierozoicon, printed in London in 1675, which treats of the sacred animals of Scripture. The great learning he displayed in his works rendered him esteemed not only among those of his own [7:4:726]profession, but amongst all lovers of knowledge, of whatsoever denomination. In 1652, Christina, queen of Sweden, invited him to Stockholm: he repaired thither accompanied by Huet, and was very well received. On his return to Cacn he resumed the functions of the ministry, married, and was received into the academy of that city. Bochart was a man of profound erudition; he possessed a thorough knowledge of the principal oriental languages, including the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldaic, and Arabic; and such was his zeal for extending his acquirements, that at an advanced age he wished to learn Ethiopic. He was also remarkable for modesty and candour; but, like all scholars who have become deeply imbued with the language which has formed the favourite object of their studies, he saw Phoenician, and nothing but Phoenician, in every thing, even in the words of the Celtic; and hence the prodigious number of chimerical etymologies which swarm in his works. He died on the 16th of May 1667, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. A complete edition of his works was published at Leyden, under the title of Sam. Bochart Opera O>nnia: hoc est; Phaleg, Chanaan, seu Geographia Sacra, et Hierozoicon, seu de Animalibus sacris Sacree Scripturae, et Dissertationes Varice, 1675, 2 vols. folio; 1692, 1712, 3 vols. folio.
BOCHIUS, or Bocqui, John, a Latin poet, born at Brussels in 1555. He travelled into Italy, Germany, Poland, and Muscovy, and at his return became secretary to the duke of Parma. He died on the 13th of January 1609. The critics in the Netherlands set so great a value on his poetry, that they gave him the name of the Belgic Virgil. He wrote, 1. De Belgii Principatu; 2. Parodia Heroica Psalmorum DaviAicoum; 3. Observationes Phy sicce, Ethicae, Politicce, et Historicae, in Psalmos; 4. Vita Davidis; 5. Orationes; 6. Poemata.
BOCHNIA, a circle in the Austrian province of Galicia. It extends over 860 square miles, or 550,400 acres, and comprehends five cities, nine towns, and 377 villages, and about 200,000 inhabitants. It is a fine tract of country, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains. Some parts are very woody, and the others better adapted for breeding and feeding cattle than for arable husbandry. The most important object is the vast salt mine of Wieliczka. There are also mines of iron. The capital of the circle is a city of the same name, about one mile from the Raba, containing 3540 inhabitants. It is in longitude 20. 20. E. and latitude 49. 57. 15. N.
BOCHTHEIM, a town, the chief of a canton on the Rhine, in the duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, celebrated for its good wine. It stands on the Wedelgraben, and contains about 2000 inhabitants. The canton has 16,480 inhabitants.
BOCHUM, a circle in the Prussian government of Arnsberg, and province of Westphalia. It extends over 136 square miles, or 86,040 acres, and contains four cities and several villages and hamlets, with 28,801 inhabitants. It is a good corn-growing district, and not very woody or hilly. The chief place, of the same name as the circle, contains a church for each of the three religious professions, a free school under the direction of the Lutherans, 314 houses, and 2122 inhabitants, who are occupied in making cloth and hardwares. Long. 7. 5. 54. E. Lat. 51. 29. 50. N.
BOOKING, a town in the hundred of Hinckford, in the county of Essex, 40 miles from London. It is celebrated for the manufacture of a particular description of baize, which found a ready vent in the markets of Spain; but of late years the trade has declined, from the superior advantages enjoyed by the rival fabrics in the north of England. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2680, in 1811 to 2544, and in 1821 to 2786.

BOCK-Land, in the Saxon time, is what we now call freehold lands, held by the better sort of persons by charter or deed in writing; by which name it was distinguished from folk-land or copyhold land, holden by the common people without writing.
BODERIA, or Bodotria, the ancient name for the Frith of Forth in Scotland.
BODIN, John, a native of Angiers, where he was born about the year 1530, was one of the ablest men in France in the sixteenth century, and famous for his Methodus αd facilem Historiarum cognitionem, his Republic, and other works. He was in great favour with Henry III. who imprisoned Michel de La Serre for writing an injurious piece against Bodin; but this favour was not of long continuance. The duke of Alençon, however, gave him several employments, and carried him to England as one of his counsellors, where he had the pleasure and glory of seeing his books on the Commonwealth read publicly in the university of Cambridge, having been translated from the French into Latin. In the Ragguaglia of Boccalini he is condemned to the fire as an atheist, for having said in his books that liberty of conscience ought to be granted to sectaries. He declared himself with much freedom against those who asserted that the authority of monarchs is unlimited; and yet he displeased the republicans. Upon the death of the duke of Alençon, Bodin retired to Laon, where he married; and in the time of Charles IX. he was the king’s solicitor, with a commission for the forests of Normandy. He died of the Hague, at Laon, in 1596. Besides his Methodus, and Six Livres de la République which Laharpe justly describes as containing the germ of the Spirit of Laws, Bodin wrote Commentaire sur les Livres de la Chasse d' Oppien, Paris, 1555, in 4to; Demonamanie, Paris, 1581, in 4to; Fleau des Démons et Sorciers, 1616, in 8vo; Universae Naturae Theatrum, Lyons, 1596, in 8vo; Paradoxes, doctes et excellents Discours de la Vertu touchant la Fin et Souverain Bien de ΐ Homme, Paris, 1604; and Colloquium Heptaplomeron de abditis Rerum sublimium Arcanis, which has never been printed.
BODKIN, a small instrument made of steel, bone, ivory, or the like, used for making holes.
BODLEY, Sir Thomas, founder of the Bodleian library at Oxford, was born at Exeter in Devonshire in 1544. When he was about twelve years of age, his father, Mr John Bodley, being a Protestant, was obliged to leave the kingdom. He settled at Geneva with his family, and continued there till the death of Queen Mary. In that university, then in its infancy, young Bodley studied the learned languages, and other branches, under several eminent professors. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, he returned with his father to England, and was soon after entered of Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1563 he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and the year following was admitted a fellow of Merton College. In 1565 he read a Greek lecture in the hall of that college. He took the degree of master of arts the year after, and read natural philosophy in the public schools. In 1569 he was one of the proctors of the university, and for some time after officiated as public orator. In the year 1576 he quitted Oxford, and made the tour of Europe. On returning to his college after four years absence, he became gentleman-usher to Queen Elizabeth; and in 1585 he married the widow of Mr Bell, daughter of Mr Carew of Bristol, a lady of considerable fortune. Mr Bodley was soon after sent as ambassador to the king of Denmark, and other German princes. He was next charged with an important commission to Henry IV. of France; and in 1588 he went as ambassador to the United Provinces, where he continued till the year 1597. On his return to England, finding his preferment obstructed by the jarring interests of Burleigh and Essex, he retired from court, and could never [7:4:727] afterwards be prevailed on to accept of any public employment. He now began the foundation of the Bodleian li- l brary, which was completed in 1599. Soon after the ac- ' cession of King James I. he received the honour of knighthood. He died on the 28th of January 1612, and was buried in the choir of Merton College. His monument is of black and white marble, on which stands his effigy in a scholar’s gown, surrounded with books. At the four corners are the emblematical figures of Grammar, Rhetoric, Music, and Arithmetic, with a short inscription, signifying his age and the time of his death. Sir Thomas Bodley was a polite scholar, an able statesman, and a worthy man. Mr Granger observes, that he merited much as a man of letters, but incomparably more in the ample provision he made for literature, in which he stands unrivalled; and that his library is a mausoleum which will perpetuate his memory as long as books themselves endure. Sir Thomas wrote his own life to the year 1609; which, together with the first draught of the Statutes, and his Letters, have been published from the originals in the Bodleian library, by Mr Thomas Hearn, under the title of “Reliquiae Pod-leianoe, or Authentic Remains of Sir Thomas Bodley;” London, 1703, in 8vo.
BODMIN, a borough-town of the hundred of Trigg, in the county of Cornwall, 234 miles from London. It is one of the county towns; the assizes and quarter-sessions being held here alternately with Launceston. The county jail and house of correction are handsome buildings of modern erection. The little trade in serges has nearly become extinct. The corporation consists of a mayor and eleven burgesses, who return two members to the House of Commons, and are now under the influence of the Marquis of Hertford. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1951, in 1811 to 2050, and in 1821 to 2902. The market is held on Saturday.