pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LEECHES, in a ship, the borders or edges of a sail, which are either sloping or perpendicular.

The leeches of all sails, the tops and bottoms of which are parallel to the deck, or at right angles to the mast, are denominated from the ship’s side, and the sail to which they belong; as the starboard leech of the main-sail, the lee leech of the fore-top-sail, and so on. But the sails which are fixed obliquely on the masts have their leeches named from their situation with respect to the ship’s length; as the fore-leech of the mizen, the after-leech of the jib or fore-stay sail, and the like.

LEECU-Lines, certain ropes fastened to the middle of the leeches of the main-sail and fore-sail, and communicating with blocks under the opposite sides of the top, whence they pass downwards to the deck, and serve to truss up those sails to the yard as occasion requires.

LEECiι-Pope, a name given to that part of the bolt-rope to which the border or skirt of a sail is sewed. In all sails, the opposite leeches of which are of the same length, it is terminated above the caring, and below the clue.
LEEFOGA, one of the smallest of the Hapace Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. It is not above seven miles long, and in some places not above two or three broad. There is a reef running to a considerable extent from the east end of it, on which, from being exposed to the trade-winds, the sea breaks with great violence. It was here that in 1800 the Port-au-Prince privateer was cut off, and almost all the crew massacred. Long. 185. 40. E. Lat. 12. 49. S.
LEEK, a market-town and parish of the hundred of Totmonslow, in the county of Stafford, 154 miles from London. It is in the neighbourhood of coal mines, which have given rise to manufactures. The making of an inferior description of ribbons has been long a source of employment, and has latterly been extended by the removal of the duty on raw silk. There is a well-supplied market on Wednesday. The population within the town amounted in 1801 to 3489, in 1811 to 3703, in 1821 to 4855, and in 1831 to 6374; but the whole parish, at the latter census, contained 10,780 inhabitants.
LEER, in glass-making. See Glass.
LEER, a city of the province of East Friesland, in the kingdom of Hanover, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the river Leda, near its junction with the Ems, and is a well-built town, containing three churches, a synagogue, 739 houses, and 5514 inhabitants. It is a place of active trade in corn, with extensive distilleries and breweries, several oil-mills, and fabrics of linen, soap, and leather. The harbour is adapted for vessels not exceeding 150 tons. Long. 7. 20. 10. E. Lat. 53. 13. 43. N.
LEES, the grossest and most ponderous parts of liquors, which, being separated by fermentation, fall to the bottom. The word comes from the French lie; and that either from lirnus, mud, or from Lyceus, one of the surnames of Bacchus; or, according to Du Cange, from lia, a corrupt Latin word signifying the same thing. The vinegar-makers carry on a great trade in the lees of wine dried and made into cakes, after having squeezed out the remains of the liquor in presses.
LEETAKOO, or Lattakoo, the capital of the Bos· huana territory, in Southern Africa. The old town of this name, when first visited in 1801, contained from 10,000 to 15,000 inhabitants, who had made some advancement in the arts of civilized life; but in consequence of a schism in one of the tribes, the inhabitants removed to a place about sixty miles farther north. New Leetakoo is supposed to contain about 6000 people.
LEEUWARDEN, a city, the capital of the province of Friesland, in the Netherlands, and of the circle of the same name in that province, which contains ten cantons, with 95,000 inhabitants. The city is situated on a canal which proceeds to Dockum, is well built, with clean, wide streets, intersected by several canals. The chief edifices are the stadthouse and the palace of Orange. It is fortified, and contains 1900 houses, with a population (in 1830) of 20,938 persons, viz. 9857 males, and 11,081 females. It has a considerable trade in making linen goods, paper, and cloth, and is the great market for Friesland horses. Long. 5. 54. E. Lat. 53. 17. N.

Leeward Ship signifies a vessel that falls much to leeward of her course when sailing close-hauled, and consequently loses much ground.

To Leeward, towards that part of the horizon which lies under the lee, or whither the wind blows. Thus, “We saw a fleet under the Zee,” and, “We saw a fleet to leeward” are synonymous expressions.
LEGATE, a cardinal or bishop, whom the pope sends as his ambassador to sovereign princes. There are three kinds of legates, viz. legates a latere, legates de latere, and legates by office, or legati nati. Of these, the most considerable are the legates a latere ; the next are the legates de latere. Legates by office are those who have not any particular legation given them, but who, by virtue of their dignity and rank in the church, become legates. Such are the archbishops of Rheims and Arles; but the authority of these legates is much inferior to that of the legates a latere-

The term legate comes from legatus, which Varro derives from legere, to choose, and others from legare, delegare, to send, to delegate.

Court of the Legate was a court obtained by Cardinal Wolsey from Pope Leo X. in the ninth year of Henry VIII. in which he, as legate of the pope, had power to prove wills, and dispense with offences against the spiritual laws. It was but of short continuance.
LEGATUS, a military officer amongst the Romans, who acted as deputy of the commander-in-chief. The legati, at their first institution, were appointed not so much to command as to advise; and they were generally chosen by the consuls, with the approbation of the senate. As to [7:13:165]the number of the legati we have no certain information, though we may upon good grounds assign one to every legion. In the absence of the consul or proconsul, they had the honour of the fasces. Under the emperors there were two sorts of legati, consulares and praetorii. The former commanded whole armies, as the emperor’s lieutenants-general; the latter had the command of particular legions. The legati under the proconsuls in the provinces served for judging inferior causes, managing smaller concerns, and remitting things of great moment to the governor or president himself. This, as above hinted, was originally the duty of the legati, though, as we have also seen, they were afterwards admitted to command in the army.
LEGEND, any idle or marvellous story told concerning saints, and other persons.

The legend was originally a book used in the churches, containing the lessons to be read at divine service; and hence the lives of the saints and martyrs came to be called legends, because chapters were read out of them at matins, and in the refectories of religious houses. Amongst these, the golden legend, which is a collection of the lives of the saints, was received with great applause in the church, where it maintained its ground for two hundred years; though it is so full of ridiculous and romantic stories, that the Romanists themselves are now ashamed of it.

Legend is also used by authors to signify the letters or words which are engraved round the margins and other parts of coins.

Legend is likewise applied to the inscription of medals, which serves to explain the figures or devices represented on them. In strictness, the legend differs from the inscription, which properly signifies words placed upon the reverse of a medal, instead of figures.

It seems as if the ancients had intended their medals to serve both as images and as emblems; the former for the common people, and the latter for persons of taste and parts; the images to represent the faces of princes, and the emblems their virtues and great actions. Hence the legend is to be looked upon as the soul of the medal, and the figures as only the body.

Every medal has properly two legends; that upon the front, and that upon the reverse. The former generally serves to distinguish the person by his name, titles, offices, and the like; the latter is intended to express his noble and virtuous sentiments, his good deeds, and the advantages which the public has reaped from them. This, however, does not hold universally; for we sometimes find the titles shared between both sides, and sometimes also the legend.

In the medals of cities and provinces, as the head usually represents the genius of the place, or at least some deity adored there, the legend contains the name of the city, province, or deity, or of both together; whilst on the reverse is some symbol of the city, frequently without a legend, sometimes with that of one of its magistrates.
LEGERDEMAIN, a denomination given to certain deceptive performances, which either depend altogether on dexterity and address, or derive but a small degree of aid from philosophical principles.
LEGER Line, in Music, one added to the staff of five lines, when the ascending or descending notes run very high or very low. There are sometimes many of these lines both above and below the staff.
LEGHORN, properly Livorno, a commercial city of the duchy of Tuscany, in Italy. It stands on the sea-shore, near the island of Melora, which, by its castle, defends the entrance of the harbour. It is surrounded by strong walls on every side; but towards the land these are thought to be untenable, from being commanded by neighbouring heights. The outer harbour has not depth of ater for ships of more than 400 tons burden. It is surrounded by a long mole, the efficiency of which is lessened by the great quantity of sand brought in by the west and the north winds. The inner harbour, called Darsena, is only used for repairing ships, and for the reception of fishing boats and small craft. The river Arno connects Florence with the harbour of Leghorn. It is a well-built city, with many massive houses, which, if not elegant, are well calculated for a mercantile place. There is a ducal and an episcopal palace, many churches and hospitals, and more than 6000 houses, with 72,924 inhabitants. One third of the population consists of Jews, who are enclosed in a separate quarter, but otherwise enjoy greater privileges than in almost any other part of Italy. The trade is very extensive, and much ingenuity is applied to several branches of manufactures of a minute kind, such as works in coral, ivory, and marble, in distilling liqueurs, in preparing snuff, cream-of-tartar, soaps, starch, powder, leather, shot, and other articles. It is, next to Marseilles, the most extensive sea-port in the Mediterranean, and it is visited by ships from England, France, America, and the northern countries of Europe, and has considerable shipping belonging to its merchants, who trade chiefly with the towns in Northern Africa. The following table will show the several nations whose commerce with this port is carried on by their own vessels.
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The far greater proportion of Neapolitan, Sardinian, Tuscan, Lucchese, and Roman vessels, consists of small coasting craft, of from fifteen to twenty tons burden.
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The lighthouse is in longitude 10. 11. 25. E. latitude 45. 33. 5. N.
LEGION, in Roman antiquity, a body of foot, which consisted of different numbers at different periods of time. The word comes from the Latin legere, to choose; because, when the legions were raised, they made choice of such of the youth as were of the proper age to bear arms.

In the time of Romulus the legion consisted of 3000 [7:13:166]foot and 300 horse, although, after the reception of the Sabines, it was augmented to 4000. In the war with Hannibal it was raised to 5000; after which it declined to 4000 or 4500, the number in the time of Polybius. The number of legions kept in pay together differed according to times and occasions. During the consular state, four legions were organized every year, and divided between the two consuls; yet we meet with as many as sixteen or eighteen, according as the situation of affairs required. Augustus maintained a standing army of twenty-three or twenty-five legions; but so large a number is seldom found in after times. The different legions borrowed their names from the order in which they were raised, thus legio prima, secunda, tertia: but as there might be many prima:, secundae, tertiae, they were surnamed from the emperors, as Augusta, Claudiana, Galbiana, Flavia, Ulpia, Trojana, Antoniana; or from the provinces which had been conquered by their means, as Parthica, Scythica, Gallica, Arabica; or from the deities under whose protection the commanders had particularly placed themselves, as Minervia, Apollinaris ; or from the region where they were quartered, as Cretensis, Cyrenaica, Britannica ; or from particular accidents, as adjutrix, martia, fulmi-vatrix, rapax, victrix. Each legion was divided into ten cohorts, each cohort into ten companies, and each company into two centuries. The chief commander of the legion was called legatus or lieutenant.

The standards borne by the legions were various. Originally the standard was a wolf, in honour of Romulus’s nurse; afterwards a hog, which animal was usually sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, to indicate that war is undertaken with a view to peace; sometimes a minotaur, to remind the general of his duty of secresy, of which the labyrinth was an emblem. The figures of a horse and a boar were also borne; and Marius, we are told, was the first who exchanged all these for the eagle. See Army.
LEGISLATOR, a lawgiver, or person who establishes the polity and laws of a state. Such was Moses amongst the Jews, Lycurgus among the Lacedemonians, and many others.
LEGITIMATION, an act by which illegitimate children are rendered legitimate.
LEGNAGO, a city of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Verona. It is the capital of a district, and is strongly fortified. It is situated on the river Etsch or Adige, between which and the Tartaro is a marshy plain, on which a great extent of land produces excellent crops of rice. It is a well-built city, containing several churches and a fine theatre, and inhabited by 5920 persons. Long. 11. 13. 48. E. Lat. 45. 11. 18. N.
LEGUMEN, a species of seed-vessel which has two valves or external openings, enclosing a number of seeds which are fastened along one suture only. In this last circumstance the seed-vessel in question differs from that termed by botanists siliqua, in which the enclosed seeds are fastened alternately to both the sutures or joinings of the pod.
LEGUMINOUS, an appellation given to all plants the fruit of which is a legumen.
LEIGH, a town and port, with a custom-house, of the hundred of Rochford, in the county of Essex, thirty-nine miles from London. Here much corn is shipped for the supply of the metropolis. The population amounted in 1801 to 570, in 1811 to 702, in 1821 to 905, and in 1831 to 1254.

Leigh, a large parish, consisting of two chapelries and four townships, in the hundred of West Derby, in the county of Lancaster, 198 miles from London. It is placed conveniently for water communication with most of the great rivers of the kingdom; from which, and the great extension ’of the cotton trade, its population has been rapidly augmented. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 12,976, in 1811 to 15,565, in 1821 to 18,372, and in 1831 to 20,083.
LEIGHLIN, a decayed town of Ireland, situated in the county of Carlow, about forty-three miles from Dublin, near the river Barrow. It is a borough, and formerly returned two members to the Irish parliament. The patronage is in the bishop of the diocese, this being a bishopric united to Ferns.
LEIGHTON BUZZARD, or Beaudesert, a markettown of the hundred of Manshead, in the county of Bedford, forty-one miles from London. It is situated on a branch of the river Ouse, and has a good market-place, with a cross in the centre. The only trade is some lacemaking, and some plaiting of straw. There is a good market, which is held on Tuesday. ,The population of the town amounted in 1801 to 1963, in 1811 to 2114, in 1821 to 2749, and in 1831 to 3330, but the whole parish at the last census contained 5149 inhabitants.
LEINSTER, the eastern province of Ireland, bounded by Ulster on the north; by St George’s, or the Irish Channel, on the east and south; and by the provinces of Connaught and Munster on the west. The capital city of this province and of the kingdom is Dublin. It contains twelve counties, viz. Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King’s County, Longford, Louth, Meath, Queen’s County, West Meath, Wexford, and Wicklow.
LEIPA, a city of the circle of Leutmcritz, in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It stands on the river Polzen, and has a gymnasium, 688 houses, and 4918 inhabitants. It is a manufacturing place, producing linen and woollen cloths, glass, and earthenware.
LEIPZIG, one of the circles into which the kingdom of Saxony is divided. It extends over 1195 square miles, comprehends twenty-three cities and towns, with 794 villages, and contains 216,564 inhabitants. It consists of two parts, Leipzig and Wurzen, which are again subdivided into bailiwicks. The city of the same name is the capital. It is situated on the river Pleisse; is surrounded with walls, which are useless for any defensive purpose; and contains a population, including the garrison and the university, of 38,000 persons. The university is more remarkable for its learning than for the number of its students, but it has a good library, observatory, anatomical theatre, and other establishments for professional education. There are one Catholic, one Reformed, and eight Lutheran churches. Some of the streets are narrow, but the houses are large, and the market-place is a fine square. It is a place abounding in manufactures of various kinds; but few of them are on an extensive scale, and most of them for articles of convenience and luxury. It has a prosperous trade, chiefly arising from its two great fairs, which are resorted to by producers and consumers from all parts of Germany, many of the former being from England, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. It is the great emporium of German literature, where books, at whatever place printed, are commonly published. It has been the scene of battles in 1631 and in 1646, and especially in October 1813, when the fate of the French empire was decided in what the Germans have called “the battle of nations.” Long. 12. 16. 31. E. Lat. 51. 20. 24. N.
LEITOMISCHEL, a city of the circle of Chrudim, in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It stands on the river Lauzna, and contains 634 houses, with 4653 inhabitants, who are occupied in making muslins and other cotton goods, and in distilleries. There is a college with six professors, and a gymnasium or public classical school.
LEIXLIP, a post and fair town of Ireland, pleasantly situated in the county of Kildare and province of Leinster, about eight miles from Dublin. Near it are the ruins of the church and castle of Confy. The castle of Leixlip is beautifully situated on the banks of the river Liffey. It is a fine edifice, with large and pleasant gardens, at one side of which is a fine waterfall called the Salmon leap, there being plenty of that species of fish hereabouts. A mile from this is Castletown, the magnificent seat of Mr Conolly.
LELEGEIS, the ancient name of Miletus, from the Leleges, the first inhabitants of it.
LELEGES, anciently a people of Asia, of Greek origin; the name denoting “a collection of people.” They first occupied the islands; then passing over to the continent, they settled partly in Mysia, on the Sinus Adramyttenus, and partly in that part of Ionia next to Caria. There were also Leleges of Laconia. These went to the Trojan war with Altes their king. Achilles plundered their country, and obliged them to retire to the neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of Laconia and of Megara also bore this name for some time, from Lelex, one of their kings.
LELY, Sir Peter, an eminent painter, was born in Westphalia in the year 1617. He was placed as a disciple with Peter Grebber at Haerlem; and in 1641 was induced, by the encouragement which Charles I. gave to the fine arts, to visit England. He became state-painter to Charles II., who knighted him; and being a gentleman as well as a painter, that king took pleasure in conversing with him. He practised portrait-painting, and succeeded so well that he was preferred to all his contemporaries. Hence he was so much engaged in business, that he was prevented from visiting Italy to finish the course of his studies. However, he made himself amends, by getting the best drawings, prints, and paintings, of the most celebrated Italian masters. Amongst these were the greater part of the Arundel collection, which he received from the family of that name, many pieces of which were sold after his death at prodigious rates, bearing upon them his usual mark. The advantage which he reaped from this collection, the best chosen of any one of his time, appears from the admirable style which he acquired by daily conversing with the works of those great masters. In his correct drawing and beautiful colouring, but more especially in the graceful airs of his heads, and the pleasing variety of his postures, together with the gentle and loose management of the draperies, he excelled most of his predecessors. Yet the critics remark, that he preserved in almost all his female faces a drowsy sweetness of the eyes peculiar to himself, and for which he is reckoned a mannerist. The hands of his portraits are remarkably fine and elegantly turned; and he frequently added landscapes in the back-grounds of his pictures, in a style peculiar to himself. He likewise excelled in crayon-painting. He was familiar with, and greatly respected by, persons of the greatest eminence in the kingdom. He became enamoured of a beautiful English lady, to whom he was some time afterwards married; and he purchased an estate at Kew, in the county of Surrey, to which he often retired in the latter part of his life. He died of apoplexy in 1680, at London, and was buried at Covent Garden Church, where there is a marble monument erected to his memory.
LEMBERG, a circle in the Austrian province of Gallicia, extending over 1090 square miles. It comprehends four cities, two market-towns, and 167 villages, with 18,551 houses, inhabited by 140,468 individuals, of whom 18,550 are Jews. The capital of the circle, as of the province, is a city of the same name, but recently has assumed the name of Lopoldstadt. It is situated on the river Peltew, which runs into the Vistula. It is surrounded with gentle elevations, in a fertile district, and, though antique, is well built, especially in the suburbs. It contains a Catholic, an Arminian, and a Greek cathedral, with eleven other churches, nine monasteries, and a Lutheran chapel. There are, in 2515 houses, 41,490 inhabitants. It is a place of considerable trade, which is chiefly in the hands of the Jews. There are some manufactures of linen and woollen cloth, of ribbons, turnery ware, and musical instruments; but the trade rather arises from its being the seat of government, than from any productions of internal creation. There is a university with no less than twenty-six professors, and an academy with six teachers. There is also a public library, much increased of late years. It is in long. 24. 3. 20. Ľ. and lat. 49. 51. 42. N.