pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SCANDERBEG, the surname of George Castriot, king of Albania, a province of Turkey in Europe, dependent upon the Ottoman empire. He was delivered up with his three elder brothers as hostages, by their father, to Amurath II. sultan of the Turks, who poisoned his brothers, but spared him on account of his youth, being likewise pleased with his juvenile wit and amiable person. In a short time he became one of the most renowned generals of the age; and revolting from Amurath, he joined Hunniade Corvin, a most formidable enemy of the Ottoman power. He defeated the sultan’s army, took Amurath’s secretary prisoner, and obliged him to sign and seal an order to the governor of Croia, the capital of Albania, to deliver up the citadel and city to the bearer of that order, in the name of the sultan. With this forged order he repaired to Croia, and thus recovered the throne of his ancestors; and maintained the independency of his country against the numerous armies of Amurath and his successor Mahommed II. who was obliged to make peace with this hero in 1461. He then proceeded to the assistance of Ferdinand of Aragon, at the request of Pope Pius II., and by his assistance Ferdinand gained a complete victory over his enemy the Count of Anjou. Scanderbeg died in 1467.
SCANDEROON, a seaport of Syria, on a bay in the south-eastern part of the Mediterranean. About half a mile south is an octagonal castle, well built of hewn stone, called the Castle of Scanderberg, or Alexander. It is surround< a d by walls, which are now low; but each side is defended by a tower. To the north is an old square tower, which is inaccessible on account of the morass. It is now reduced to a village of 185 houses, which owes all its importance to its road, the only one in Syria affording good anchorage, but still subject to sudden squalls. The village is extremely unhealthy, as is indicated by the sallow looks of the inhabitants. It is never exempt from a pestilential fever, which is occasioned by putrid exhalations from the neighbouring marshes during the heats of summer. It is thirty miles north of Antioch, and seventy north-west of Aleppo. Long. 36. 15. E. Lat. 36. 36. N.
SCANNING, in Poetry, the measuring of verse by feet, in order to see whether or not the quantities be duly observed. The term is chiefly used in Greek and in Latin verses. Thus an hexameter verse is scanned by resolving it into six feet; a pentamcter, by resolving it into five feet; and so of the rest.
SCANTLING, a measure, size, or standard, by which the dimensions of things are to be determined. The term is particularly applied to the dimensions of any piece of timber, with regard to its breadth and thickness.
SCAPE-GOAT, in Jewish antiquities, the goat which was set at liberty on the day of solemn expiation. Some say that a piece of scarlet cloth, in form of a tongue, was tied upon the forehead of the scape-goat. (Hoffmann, Lex. Univ. in voc. Lingua.) Many have been the disputes among the interpreters concerning the meaning of the word scapegoat, or rather of Azazel , for which scape-goat is put in our version of the Bible. Spenser is of opinion that Azazel is a proper name, signifying the devil or evil daemon. Among other things, he observes that the ancient Jews used to substitute the name Sαmaël for Azazel; and many of them have ventured to affirm, that at the feast of expiation they were obliged to offer a gift to Samaël to obtain his favour. Thus also the goat sent into the wilderness to Azazel, was understood to be a gift or oblation. Some Christians have been of the same opinion. But Spenser thinks that the genuine reasons of the ceremony were, that the goat loaded with the sins of the people, and sent to Azazel, might be a symbolical representation of the miserable condition of sinners; that God sent the goat thus loaded to the evil daemons, to show that they were impure, thereby to deter the people from any conversation or familiarity with them; and that the goat sent to Azazel, sufficiently expiating all evils, the Israelites might the more willingly abstain from the expiatory sacrifices of the Gentiles.
SCAPEMENT, in clock-work, a general terra for the manner of communicating the impulse of the wheels to the pendulum. See Clock and Watch Work.
SCAPULA, John, the reputed author of a Greek lexico, studied at Lausanne. His name is recorded in the annals of literature, neither on account of his talents, nor learning, nor virtuous industry, but for a gross act of disingenuity and fraud which he committed against an eminent literary character of the sixteenth century. Being employed by Henry Stephens as a corrector of his press while he was publishing his Thesaurus Lingua Graca, Scapula extracted those words and explications which he reckoned most useful, comprised them in one volume, and published them as an original work, with his own name.

The compilation and printing of the Thesaurus had cost Stephens immense labour and expense; but it was so much admired by those learned men to whom he had shown it, and seemed to be of such essential importance to the acquisition of the Greek language, that he reasonably hoped his labour would be crowned with honour, and that the money he had expended would be repaid by a rapid and extensive sale. But before his work came abroad, Scapula’s abridgment appeared, which, from its size and price, was quickly purchased, while the Thesaurus itself lay neglected in the author’s hands. The consequence was a bankruptcy on the part of Stephens, while he who had occasioned it was enjoying the fruits of his treachery. Scapula’s Lexico was first printed in the year 1570, in 4to. It was afterwards enlarged, and published in folio; and it has gone through several editions, while the valuable work of Stephens has never been reprinted. Its success is, however, not owing to its superior merit, but to its moderate price and commodious size. Stephens charges the author with omitting a great many important articles. He accuses him of misunderstanding and perverting his meaning, and of tracing out absurd and trifling etymologies, which he himself had been careful to avoid. Dr Bushy, so much celebrated for his knowledge of the Greek language, and his success in teaching it, would never permit his scholars at Westminster school to make use of Scapula.
SCAPULAR, or Scapulary, a part of the habit of several religious orders in the Church of Rome, worn over the gown as a badge of peculiar veneration for the blessed Virgin. It consists of two narrow slips or breadths of cloth covering the back and the breast, and hanging down to the feet. The devotees of the scapulary celebrate its festival on the 10th of July.
SCARBOROUGH, a town on the shore of the German Ocean, in the lathe of Pickering, in the north riding of the county of York, and 216 miles from London. This town is distant about five leagues north-west from Flamborough Head. It has a harbour, which is dry at low water, and of late has been so improved as to afford shelter, in all gales of wind upon the coast, to vessels capable of bearing the ground. The ancient pier has been extended, and formed into a new harbour, which may be resorted to when the old harbour is crowded, and where are placed dolphins and mooring rings. A lighthouse has been erected upon the pier, which is kept burning from half flood to half ebb, as a direction to vessels entering in the night.

Though the harbour of Scarborough is thus useful as a protection for the smaller class of vessels, the trade of the port is not extensive. The chief exports consist of bacon hams, butter, and corn; and the chief imports arc coals, timber, flax, and iron, with wine, gin, brandy, and rum, from the places of their growth, and groceries from London. The only manufactories are those connected with shipping, such as cordage and sail-cloth. The building of ships forms some occupation, but it is a fluctuating and precarious employment.

The chief importance of Scarborough arises from its being a most agreeable bathing-place, to which strangers repair in the summer. Besides the inducement to sea-bathing, many resort to it on account of its mineral springs, called the Spa.

The situation and view of Scarborough, either from the land or the sea, is striking and picturesque. The castle, on an extensive site, now in ruins, stands on a promontory running into the sea, and rising to the height of more than 300 feet above it. It was built in the reign of King Stephen, in 1136, and must have been then a place of unassailable strength, extending over an area of nineteen acres, the walls of which can be still traced, and having within it a copious well of water. The keep is at present in tolerable preservation. It is a square Norman building, ninety feet in height, and had formerly an embattled parapet. The walls are about twelve feet in thickness, cased with squared stones; and the mortar having been, according to ancient custom, in a fluid state, has become more durable than even the stone of the building.

The town confers the title of earl upon the family of Lumley. It returns two members to the House of Commons, as heretofore. By the municipal reform law it is now divided into two wards, in which are chosen six aldermen and eighteen councillors. The population (taken in May, when no visiters are in the town) amounted in 1801 to 6409, in 1811 to 6710, in 1821 to 8188, and in 1831 to 8760.[7:19:675]
SCARDONA, a seaport town of Dalmatia, situated on the eastern bank of the river Cherca. It has been taken and retaken several times by the Turks and Venetians, the latter of whom ruined the fortifications and its principal buildings in 1537.
SCARIFICATION, in Surgery, the operation of making several incisions in the skin by means of lances or other instruments, particularly the cupping instrument.
SCARP, in Fortification, is the interior talus or slope of the ditch next the place, at the foot of the rampart.

Scarp, in Heraldry, the scarf which military commanders wear for ornament. It is borne somewhat like a battoon sinister, but is broader and continued out to the edges of the field, whereas the battoon is cut off at each end.
SCEAUX, an arrondissement of the department of the Seine, in France, to the south of Paris. It extends over 23,909 hectares, equal to 53,796 acres, or eighty-four square miles, and is divided into four cantons, and these into forty-

three communes, which, in 1836, contained 87,708 inhabitants. The chief town, which is of the same name, had formerly a fine palace and park; but the orangery only now remains. It has considerable manufactories of china, and contains 1670 inhabitants.
SCENE, in its primary sense, denotes a theatre, or the place where dramatic pieces and other public shows are exhibited. It does not appear that the ancient poets were at all acquainted with the modern way of changing the scenes in the different parts of the play, in order to raise the idea of the persons represented by the actors being in different places.

The original scene for the acting of plays was as simple as the representations themselves. It consisted only of a plain plot of ground proper for the occasion, which was in some degree shaded by the neighbouring trees, the branches of which were made to meet together, and their vacancies supplied with boards, sticks, and the like; and to complete the shelter, these were sometimes covered with skins, and sometimes with only the branches of other trees newly cut down, and full of leaves. Afterwards more artificial scenes, or scenical representations, were introduced, and paintings used instead of the objects themselves. Scenes were then of three sorts; tragic, comic, and satiric. The tragic scene represented stately magnificent edifices, with decorations of pillars, statues, and other things suitable to the palaces of kings. The comic exhibited private houses with balconies and windows, in imitation of common buildings. And the satiric was the representation of groves, mountains, dens, and other rural appearances; and these decorations either turned on pivots, or slid along grooves as those in our theatres.

Scene is also a part or division of a dramatic poem. Thus plays are divided into acts, and acts are again subdivided into scenes; in which sense the scene is properly the persons present at or concerned in the action on the stage at such a time. Whenever, therefore, a new actor appears, or an old one disappears, the action is changed into other hands; and therefore a new scene then commences.

It is one of the laws of the stage, that the scenes be well connected; in other words, that one succeed another in such a manner as that the stage be never quite empty till the end of the act.
SCENOGRAPHY, from the Greek σχηvη, scene, and γϑαοη, description, in perspective, is a representation of a body on a perspective plane; or a description of it in all its dimensions, such as it appears to the eye.
SCEPTRE, a kind of royal staff, borne on solemn occasions by kings, as a badge of their command and authority. Nico derives the word from the Greek σχηπτϑov, which, he says, originally signified a javelin, which the ancient kings usually bore as a badge of their authority, that instrument being in very great veneration among the heathens. But σχηπτϑov does not properly signify a javelin; it means a staff to rest upon, from σχητω, innitor, I lean upon. Accordingly, in the simplicity of the earlier ages of the world, the sceptres of kings were no other than long walking staves; and Ovid, in speaking of Jupiter, describes him as resting on his sceptre. The sceptre is an ensign of royalty of greater antiquity than the crown. The Greek tragic and other poets put sceptres in the hands of the most ancient kings they introduce. Justin observes, that the sceptre, in its original, was a hasta, or spear. He adds, that, in the most remote antiquity, men adored the hastoe or sceptres as immortal gods; and that it was upon this account that, even in his time, they still furnished the gods with sceptres. Neptune’s sceptre is his trident. Tarquin the Elder was the first who assumed the sceptre among the Romans. Legendre tells us, that, in the first race of the French kings, the sceptre was a golden rod, almost always of the same height with the king who bore it, and crooked at one end like a crozier. Frequently, instead of a sceptre, kings are seen on medals with a palm in their hand.
SCHAFFHAUSEN, one of the cantons of Switzerland. It is bounded on the north, east, and west, by the grand duchy of Baden; and on the south by the Rhine, which divides it from the cantons of Thurgau and Zurich. It is only 120 square miles in extent, in which are comprehended three cities, four market-towns, and thirty-five villages. It contains 28,050 inhabitants, who, except about 200 Roman Catholics, adhere to the reformed church. The force to be contributed to the general confederation is fixed at 466 men, and the payment in money at 9320 francs. The chief article[7:19:678] of cultivation is wine, which, though not of the best quality, finds a ready sale in the other cantons, and hence the hills are mostly covered with vineyards. Corn is raised about equal in amount to the consumption, and the meadows feed many cows, which produce much good butter. The river Rhine receives all the streams of the canton. The capital is the city of the same name, about one mile above the natural cascade of the Rhine. It is an antique-looking town, with a narrow street and large houses; it is also walled, and has a citadel. There are three churches, a council-house, and several hospitals; and it contains 7000 inhabitants, who carry on cotton-weaving, calico-printing, and make caps, hats, and hosiery. Long. 8. 32. E. Lat. 47. 42. N.
SCHAMACHI, the capital of the province of Shirvan, in Persia, once large, populous, and commercial, but now ruined, and its remains entirely covered with thick brushwood. The modern city is called New Schamachi, and is situated in a plain on the river Aksisi, about thirty miles from the Kur, and nearly the same distance from the Caspian. It is built in a square form, each side of which is eight hundred paces long; and the walls are in tolerable repair, built of unburned brick, and surrounded with a very broad and deep ditch. It is supposed to have contained 6000 inhabitants previous to its capture during the late war by Aga Mahommed. It was desolated by this tyrant, and has not recovered from its fallen state. Long. 48. 45. E. Lat. 40. 27. N.
SCHANCK, Cape, a rocky point, with three rocky islets lying off it, on the south coast of New Holland. It is the west point of the principal entrance into Western Port. Long. 144. 53. E. Lat. 38. 30. S.
SCHANTARSKIJA, three islands off the eastern coast of Asiatic Russia, in the Sea of Okhotzk. Long. 138. to 139. E. Lat. 55. 15. to 55. 30. N.
SCHAREDSJE, or Ζακα, an island in the Persian Gulf, near the coast of Arabia, about thirty miles in circumference. Long. 54. 15. E. Lat. 25. N.
SCHASBURG, a city in the Austrian duchy of Sieven-burgen, the capital of a circle of its own name. It is situated on a hill near the river Kokel, consisting of two towns, one of which is surrounded with walls, and the other a kind of suburb. It contains four Lutheran churches, with a Catholic and a Greek one, 1230 houses, and 7100 inhabitants, chiefly of the Saxon race. There is a Lutheran college, and considerable manufacturing industry employed in making cotton and linen goods. Long. 23. 43. E. Lat. 46. 10. 9. N.
SCHAUENBURG, a province of the principality of Hesse-Casel, in Germany, adjoining to Hanover, Lippe-Detmold, and Lippe-Schauenburg. It is 193 square miles in extent, a poor sandy district, except on such parts as are near the river Weser, which are of moderate fertility. It comprehends five towns and 130 villages and hamlets, with 28,600 inhabitants, whose chief occupation, besides that of agriculture, is the spinning of flax. It produces some good coal, and abundance of wood. It is divided into three bailiwicks, and the capital is the city of Rentelen, on the Weser, containing 2850 inhabitants.

Schauenburg-Lippe, a small independent principality in the north of Germany, between Hanover on the north and north-east, Hesse-Casel on the east and south-east, and the Prussian Westphalian province on the south-west and the west. It extends over 210 square miles, and comprehends two small cities, three market-towns, and 108 villages, with a population of 23,128 persons, who all adhere to the Lutheran church, except 3600 Calvinists and about 100 Roman Catholics. The revenues of the prince amount to about L.2l,500, wholly drawn from his domains, no taxes of any kind being demanded; and as the reigning prince was in his minority during the time of the greatest suffering in this part of Germany, his guardian managed so prudently as to leave him without any debt. The principality is bound to provide a force of 240 men to the German confederation. The face of the country is undulating, but there are no hills of great height, and all are capable of cultivation. It rises gradually from the right bank of the Weser, into which run all the streams of the principality. It has one large lake, the Steinhuder, nearly fifty miles in compass, on which is a strong fortress used as an arsenal, and it is most abundantly stocked with fish. It has some valuable mineral springs; one near Stadthagen is resorted to for curative purposes. There are some valuable coal-mines worked, which belong to the prince, and are said to form one quarter of his revenue. There are many flocks of sheep, some yielding fine wool from the native races having been crossed by merinos. The soil produces more corn than is consumed; and it, with wool, flax, wood, and coal, are the chief objects of trade. The capital is Buckeberg, a city of 4220 inhabitants, on a gradual ascent from the Weser, and six miles from Minden.
SCHAZK, a city of Russia, the capital of a circle of the same name, within the province of Tambov. It is 737 miles from St Petersburg, on the river Schazk. It is old and ill built, and contains eight churches, only three of stone, 1011 houses, with 6800 inhabitants, chiefly making hempen goods, and cultivating that plant. Long. 4L 49. E. Lat. 54. 26. N.
SCHECHE SURE, or Surde, a small island in the Persian Gulf, with a village on the southern coast, where water and provisions may be obtained. Long. 54. 30. E. Lat. 26. 8. N.
SCHEDUAN, an immense naked rock in the Red Sea, eight miles long and five broad, at nearly an equal distance from the coasts of Asia and Africa. Lat. 27. 35. N.
SCHEDULE, a scroll of paper or parchment, annexed to a will, lease, or other deed, containing an inventory of goods, or some other matter omitted in the body of the deed. The word is a diminutive of the Latin scheda, or Greek σχεδη , a leaf or piece of paper.
SCHEINER, Christopher, a German mathematician and astronomer, eminent for being the first who discovered spots on the sun, was born at Schwaben, in the territory of Middleheim, in 1575. He first discovered spots on the sun’s disk in 1611, and made observations on these phenomena at Rome, until at length reducing them to order, he published them in one volume folio in 1630. He wrote also some smaller things relating to mathematics and philosophy, and died in 1660.
SCHELDT, a river which rises on the confines of Picardy, and runs north-east by Cambray, Valenciennes, Tournay, and Oudenarde, and receiving the Lis at Ghent, runs east by Dendermond, and then north to Antwerp. Below this city it divides into two branches, one called the Wester Scheldt, which separates Flanders from Zealand, and discharges itself into the sea near Flushing; and the other called the Oster-Scheldt, which runs by Bergen-op-Zoom, and afterwards between the islands Beveland and Schowen, and a little below falls into the sea.
SCHELESTADT, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Rhine, in France, extending over 257,945 acres, equal to 403 square miles. It is divided into eight cantons, and these into 114 communes, with a population, in 1836, of 134,887 persons. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on a canal connected with the river Ill. It is well built and strongly fortified, and contained in the same year 9700 inhabitants, who make hats, hosiery, clocks, wax-lights, and much potash. Long. 7. 26. E. Lat. 48. 17. N.
SCHEME, a draught or representation of any geometrical or astronomical figure or problem, by lines sensible to the eye, or of the celestial bodies in their proper places for any moment. It is otherwise called a diagram.
SCHEMNITZ, a city of the kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Hither Danube, and the capital of a circle to which it gives the name. It stands on a lofty situation, 2170 feet above the level of the sea, in a district abounding in mines, and at the source of the river Schemnitz. It is wildly built, some of the streets being separated from others by rocks, woods, and gardens, especially in the extensive suburbs, the population of which equals that within the walls. It contains one Lutheran and four Roman Catholic churches, 1720 houses, with 20,450 inhabitants. It has establishments for education, of both religions; and also a mining academy, with five professors and 150 students. It is the great seat of the operations of mining; and gold, silver, copper, iron, arsenic, and sulphur are procured and prepared for sale, the value of which is said to exceed L.200,000 annually. Long. 18. 48. 45. E. Lat. 48. 47. 45. N.

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SCHERZO, a short musical composition, generally intime, of a light and playful style. In more modem symphonies, quartets, trios, sonatas, &c. the scherzo takes the place of the older minuet, but is of a much more rapid movement. Some excellent examples of the scherzo are to be found in Beethoven’s works; among others, one in his second Symphony, op. 36, in D major.