pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MONTEPULCIANO, a city of the duchy of Tuscany, in Italy, the capital of a district of the same name. It contains a cathedral, a Catholic ecclesiastical seminary, and about 2100 inhabitants, who grow some of the best wine of the duchy.
MONTESARCHIO, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Principato Ulteriore, on the great road from Puglia. It contains seven churches, and 5573 inhabitants, whose chief trade is in corn.
MONTEZUMA, or Moctecuma, emperor or king of Mexicowhen Cortes invaded that country in the year 1518. See Mexico
MONTFORT, an arrondissement of the department of The Vilaine, in France, extending over 390 square miles, and containing a population of 56,800 persons. It is divided into five cantons and forty-six communes. The capital, of the same name, stands on the river Meu, near its junction with the Chailion. Its walls are dilapidated, and it contains only 1250 inhabitants.
MONTGOMERY, a borough and market-town, the capital of the county of that name, in North Wales, 169 miles from London. It is situated on an elevation on the right bank of the Severn. In ancient times it was fortified, and had a castle, the remains of which show it to have been an extensive pile of building, though but a small portion of it is now entire. It is an ancient corporation, and sends one member to parliament, in conjunction with five other towns, viz. Llanidloes, Welshpool, Machynllaeth, Newtown, and Llanfyllin. There is a market on Tuesday, and six annual fairs are held. The population amounted in 1801 to 972, in 1811 to 932, in 1821 to 1062, and in 1831 to 1188.
MONTH, the twelfth part of a year. See Chronology and Calendar.
MONTILLIA, a city of Spain, in the kingdom of Cordova, in Andalusia. It is situated near the river Xenil, and produces a white wine of great excellence, and which is most highly prized by the connoisseurs in the southern cities. The city stands on the Castro and Biofrio, and contains 6300 inhabitants.
MONT JOIE, a town, the capital of the circle of the same name, in the Prussian government of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is situated in a narrow valley between lofty hills, and contains 380 houses, with 3280 inhabitants. The finest cloths and cassimeres are made here, and the best machinery for the purpose is extensively applied.
MONTLUCON, an arrondissement of the department of the Allier, in France, 457 square miles in extent. It is divided into five cantons and 79 communes, and contains 61,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the right bank of the river Cher. It is surrounded with walls, and defended by a castle upon an elevation which commands the town. The inhabitants are 4800, employed in woollen manufactures. Long. 2. 31. E. Lat. 46. 22. N
MONTMEDY, an arrondissement of the department of the Meuse, in France, extending over 522 square miles. It is divided into six cantons, and these again into 132 communes, containing 60,000 inhabitants. The capitalis a city of the same name, situated on the river Ehiers∙. It is strongly fortified, and defended by a citadel in the upper town, built on a rocky eminence. It contains only 1800 inhabitants. Long. 5. 20. E. Lat. 49. 36. N.
MONTMORENCY, a town of the department of the Seine and Oise, and arrondissement of Ponloise, in France. It is finely situated, and near it is the valley of the same name, which was long the residence of the celebrated Rousseau. It contains 250 houses, and 1950 inhabitants.
[7:15:437]
MONTMORILLON, an arrondissement of the department of the Vienne, in France, extending over 797 square miles. It contains six cantons, divided into 65 communes, inhabited by 49,500 persons. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Gartempe, by which it is divided into two parts. It contains 460 houses, and 3250 inhabitants.
MONTPELLIER, an arrondissement of the department of the Hérault, in France, 838 square miles in extent. It comprehends 14 cantons, which are divided into 117 communes, and contains 103,500 inhabitants. The capital, which gives its name to the arrondissement, is in a fine district, is surrounded with walls, and stands on the declivity of a hill between the river Mardanson and the Lez. The higher part of the city consists of narrow and crooked streets, with very few good buildings; but the lower part or suburb has good, well-built, regular streets. The city has some beautiful promenades around it; and from an elevated public walk near it, called the Place du Peyron, there is one of the finest prospects in Europe. The city contains a university of great celebrity, with a library of42,000 volumes, a museum, and observatory. It contains 8000 houses, with 3500 inhabitants, of whom about 6000 are Protestants, who, besides cloths of cotton and wool, produce many chemical preparations, particularly cream of tartar, vitriol, aquafortis, ether, glauber salts, sugar of lead, spirit of salt, and much perfumery. The trade is facilitated by a canal, which connects the city with the Mediterranean. Long. 3. 47. E. Lat. 43. 36. N.
MONTREUIL, an arrondissement of the department of the Pas de Calais, in France. It extends over 490 square miles, and is divided into six cantons, which are subdivided into 142 communes, having a population of 72,800 persons. The capital is of the same name, and stands on the left bank of the river Canche, eight miles from the sea. It contains 840 houses, and 3560 inhabitants, who subsist in part from trading in leather and linen, and refining sugar and tanneries, and in part from the custom of travellers passing through it in the way between Calais and Paris.
MONTRON, an arrondissement of the department of the Gironde, in France, 624 square miles in extent. It is divided into eight cantons, and these into 90 communes, containing 69,500 inhabitants. The capital, a city of that name, is built on two hills, at the bases of which flows the river Baudial. It contains 450 houses, and 3160 inhabitants; and is celebrated for the excellent tanned and cur- .ried leather it produces.
MONZA, a city of Italy, in the delegation of the Austrian province of Milan. It stands on the river Lambro. There is here a magnificent imperial palace and park, with a menagerie; and it contains six churches, one of them an abbey. The celebrated iron crown of the ancient kings of Lombardy was formerly preserved here. Monza contains 5750 inhabitants, who find employment chiefly in making silk; but partly also from tanneries and hat making. Long. 9. 11. 51. E. Lat. 45. 34. 31. N.
MOOGDUL, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, and capital of a district of the same name. Long. 76. 47. E. Lat. 16. 6. N.
MOORGHUR, a formidable town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, enclosed by a wall, and surrounded by a ditch. It is fifteen miles north-west from Darwar.
MOORING, the act of confining and securing a ship in a particular station, by means of chains or cables, which are fastened either to the adjacent shore or to anchors in the bottom.
MOORLEY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, and district of Jessore, sixty-two miles north-east from Calcutta. Long. 89. 15. E. Lat. 23. 7. N.
MOORLEYDURSERAY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, district of Etaweh, forty-two miles eastsouth-east from the city of Agra. Long. 78. 40. E. Lat. 27.1. N.
MOORSHEDABAD, a city of Hindustan, in the district of Ranjeshy, and province of Bengal, of which it was at one time the capital. Its original name was Muksoo-sabad; but this was changed to its present denomination. It extends, including Cossimbazar, eight miles on both sides of the Bhagiratty or Cossimbazar River, a branch of the Ganges, about 120 miles above Calcutta. It is a modern city, and was never fortified, excepting by an occasional rampart, in 1742, during the Mahratta invasion. The streets are narrow and inconvenient, insomuch that they are impassable for European carriages. The buildings are in general bad. Most of the houses have only one story, with tiled roofs; and the palace of the nabob is,so ipsignificant as to be passed without observation. From (he market-place runs a long narrow winding street, composed of mean houses and huts, which is again intersected by others still more narrow and miserable. The sewers originally intended to carry off the water, having been destroyed, the streets become nearly impassable after a heavy fall of rain, and emit putrid effluvia. In the year 1813, a canal was dug between the Bhagiratty and the great Ganges rivers, which, independently of its commercial benefits, tended to ameliorate the unhealthiness of the town. But notwithstanding these exertions, it was remarkably unhealthy in 1814, and many Europeans suffered in the general mortality which prevailed. Various causes are assigned for the unhealthiness of Moorshedabad, in consequence of which the population is on the decline. It is still, however, a place of great inland traffic, and the river is constantly covered with boats. The district of Moorshedabad comprises a portion of territory in the'immediate vicinity of the city, and contains, according to estimate, 1,020,572 persons. This district is the chief seat of the manufacture of woven silk and taffeta, both plain and flowered; and many other sorts for inland commerce and exportation are made more abundantly than at any other place where silk is woven. In 1757 Moorshedabad was superseded as the capital of Bengal by Calcutta. Long. 88.15. E. Lat. 27. 1. N.
MOOT, a difficult case argued by the young barristers and students at the inns of court, by way of exercise, the better to qualify them for practice, and for defending the causes of their clients. This is called mooting, and forms the chief exercise of the inns of court. Particular times are appointed for the arguing of moot cases. The place where this exercise is performed was anciently called moot-hall; and there is a bailiff or surveyor of the moots, annually chosen by the bench, with power to appoint the moot men for the Inns of Chancery, and to keep an account of the performance of exercises. The word is formed either from the Saxon metan, gernetan, meeting, or from the French mot, a word.
MOOTAPILLY, a town of Hindustan, in Guntoor circar, on the coast of Coromandel, situated at the mouth of a river which falls into the Bay of Bengal. Long. 80.10. E. Lat. 15. 35. N.
MOPSUS, in fabulous history, a celebrated prophet during the Trojan war, the son of Manto and Apollo. He was consulted by Amphimachus, king of Colophon, who wished to know what success would attend his arms in a war which he was going to undertake; and he predicted the greatest calamities; but Calchas, who had been a soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan war, promised the greatest successes. Amphimachus followed the opinion of Calchas; but the prediction of Mopsus was fully verified. This had such an effect upon Calchas, that he died soon afterwards. His death is attributed by some to another mortification of the same nature.
MORAD, one of the head streams of the Euphrates, and the most considerable of the whole, which has its source under the walls of Bayazed, in about 38. 40. north latitude, and 43. 30. east longitude. It flows westward, and joins the northern branch near Kebban, in Mount Taurus. The valley through which this river runs yields the finest pasturage in the world. It is now abandoned to the wandering tribes.
MORAL Sense, that by which we perceive what is good, and virtuous, and beautiful, in actions, manners, and characters. See Moral Philosophy.
MORASS, a marsh, fen, or low moist ground, which receives the waters from above without having any outlet to carry them off again. Somner derives the word from the Saxon merse, lake; Salmasius from mare, a collection of waters; others from the German marast, a muddy place; and others again from maresc, an abbreviation of marice-turn, α mariscis, rushes. In Scotland, Ireland, and the north of England, there is a particular kind of morasses called mosses, or peat-mosses, whence the country people dig their peat or turf for fuel.
MORBIHAN, a department of the north-west of France, formed out of a portion of Lower Bretagne, and deriving its name from a shallow bay to the south of Vannes. It extends in west longitude from 2. 11. to 3.55., and in north latitude from 47.17. to 48. 14. It is bounded on the north by the department of the North Coasts, on the east by that of Ille-Vilaine, on the south by that of the Lower Loire and the ocean, and on the west by Finisterre. It contains 2816 square miles, or 681,704 hectares, and is divided into four arrondissements, thirty-seven cantons, and 231 communes, and is peopled by 403,830 inhabitants, who for the most part speak a language nearly resembling that of Wales, but who are backward in all improvements, and live mostly in scattered villages or insulated small farms. The soil on the whole is fertile, and, in spite of a very negligent state of agriculture, produces a small surplus of the common grains, as well as butter, cheese, honey, and cattle, for exportation. The cultivation of hemp and flax is extensive, and the conversion of these plants into cloth forms the chief employment of the inhabitants. The fishery on the coast affords occupation to numerous persons, and some are engaged in producing both cast and hammered iron. The department, from the scarcity of wood, has much to suffer from the want of fuel. It sends four deputies to the legislature. The capital is the city of Vannes, containing 10,000 inhabitants.
MORBUS Comitialis, a name given to the epilepsy, because, if on any day when the Roman people were assembled in comitia upon public business, any person fell down suddenly seized with this disorder, the assembly was dissolved, and the business of the comitia i however important, suspended.
MORDAUNT, Charles, Earl of Peterborough, a celebrated commander both by sea and land, was the son of John Lord Mordaunt Viscount Avalon, and was born about the year 1658. In 1675 he succeeded his father in his honours and estate. Whilst yet a young man, he served under Admirals Torrington and Narborough in the Mediterranean against the Algerines; and in the year 1680 embarked for Africa with the Earl of Plymouth, and distinguished himself at Tangier when it was besieged by the Moors. In the reign of James II. he voted against the repeal of the test act, and, disliking the measures of the court, obtained leave to repair to Holland in order to accept the command of a Dutch squadron in the West Indies. He afterwards accompanied the Prince of Orange into this kingdom, and upon his advancement to the throne was sworn a member of the privy council, made one of the lords of the bedchamber to his majesty, and first commissioner of the treasury, and advanced to the dignity of the Earl of Monmouth. But in November 1690 he was dismissed from his post in the treasury. On the death of his uncle Henry Earl of Peterborough, in 1697, he succeeded to that title; and, upon the accession of Queen Anne, he was invested with the commission of captain-general and governor of Jamaica. In 1705 he was sworn a member of the privy council, and the same year declared general and commander-in-chief of the forces in Spain, and joint admiral with Sir Cloudesley Shovel of the fleet, of which the year following he received the undivided command. His taking Barcelona with a handful of men, and afterwards relieving it when greatly distressed by the enemy; his driving out of Spain the Duke of Anjou and the French army, which consisted of twenty-five thousand men, though his own troops never amounted to ten thousand[7:15:493]; his gaining possession of Catalonia, of the kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon, and of the island of Majorca, with part of Murcia and Castille, and thereby giving theEarl of Galway an opportunity of advancing to Madrid without a blow; are astonishing instances of his bravery and conduct. For these important services his lordship was declared general in Spain by Charles III. afterwards emperor of Germany; and on his return to England he received the thanks of the House of Lords. His lordship was afterwards employed in several embassies to foreign courts, installed knight of the Garter,· and made governor of the island of Minorca. In the reign of George I. he was general of the marine forces of Great Britain, and he was continued in this post by King George II. He died in his passage to Lisbon, whither he was proceeding for the recovery of his health, in 1735. His lordship was distinguished by various shining qualities. To the greatest personal courage and resolution he added all the arts and address of a general; a lively and penetrating genius, and a great extent of knowledge upon almost every subject of importance within the compass of ancient and modern literature.
MOREA, late a province of the Turkish empire, now a part of the state of Greece. It extends in north latitude from 36. 23. 20. to 38. 26. 4. and in east longitude from 21. 5. to 23. 29., being 7920 square miles.
MOREBAT, a sea-port of Arabia, situated on the southern coast, on a bay bounded by a cape of the same name. It is a poor place; and the inhabitants carry on little trade either by sea or land with the interior. The town is about two miles south of the Cape. Long. 55.4. E. Lat. 17. N.
MORELLI, James, the celebrated librarian of St Mark, at Venice, was born in that city on the 14th of April 1745. His father, a native of Lugano, exercised the employment of proto-muratore. Morelli received the rudiments of his education under a priest named Testa, but it was in a convent of Dominicans that he acquired a taste for solid studies, and laid the foundation of his future eminence. Having assumed the clerical habit, he was in due time admitted into the priesthood, the duties of which, however, did not prevent him from devoting a considerable portion of his time to literary pursuits; and at length he became an able critic, a learned antiquary, and rendered himself familiar with the history of nations as well as that of the sciences and arts. But the subject which chiefly interested him was that of bibliography, in which he was destined to attain to great eminence and distinction. In 1774, he printed his Dissertazione Storica della publica Libreria di S. Marco. In 1785, he published his Latin version of the oration of Aristides against Leptines, the Declamation of Libanius for Socrates, and fragments of the second book of the Harmonic Elements of Aristoxenes, all from Greek manuscripts. But one of his most important publications is [7:15:500]that of the Fragments of Dion Cassius on Roman History, with new readings, which appeared in 1798, and was followed by a great variety of other publications and editions. In 1802, the Emperor Francis conferred on him the title of aulic counsellor; in 1816, he received the decoration of a knight of the iron crown; and in the beginning of May 1819, he died, at the advanced age of seventy-four. A complete list of Morelli’s numerous publications, sixty-two in all, is annexed to the account of his life in the Biographie Universelle·, to which the reader is referred, as, from their peculiar nature, any selection would not serve to give an idea of their general character. They are chiefly bibliographical, intermixed with editions of various works, some of which have already been noticed. (a.)
MORESQUE, Moresk, or Morisco, a kind of painting, carving, or other similar work executed after the manner of the Moors, and consisting of several grotesque pieces with compartments promiscuously intermingled, containing not any perfect figure of a man, or other animal, but only a wild resemblance of birds, beasts, trees, and the like. These are also called arabesques, and are particularly used in embroideries, damask, and other work of a similar kind.

MORESQUE Dances, vulgarly called morrice dances, are those arranged in imitation of the Moors, as sarabands, chacons, &c. and usually performed with castanets, tambours, and other instruments. There are few country places in England where the morrice dance is not known. It was probably introduced about the reign of Henry VIII.; and is a dance executed by young men in their shirts, with bells at their feet, and ribands of various colours tied round their arms, or flung across their shoulders.
MORETON-EN-MARSH, a township of the parish of Bourton-on-the-Hill, in the hundred of Westminster, and county of Gloucester, eighty-two miles from London, on the great road to Birmingham by Oxford. The ancient/oss-way from the west to the north of England runs through this town. The population amounted in 1801 to 829, in 1811 to 928, in 1821 to 1015, and in 1831 to 1331.
MORGAGNI, John Baptist, one of the greatest physicians of the eighteenth century, was born at Forli,in Italy, on the 25th February 1682. After having made rapid progress in the learned languages and belles lettres, he studied medicine at Bologna, where he remained several years, and then proceeded to Venice and Padua, in which places he made numerous experiments both in physics and in comparative anatomy. At the age of twenty-four he published his Adversaria Anatomica prima, and, in 1712, was appointed professor of the theory of physic at Padua. He then occupied himself with the continuation of his Anatomical Memoirs, in which he describes the intimate structure of a number of organs which had been ill observed before his time; refutes the criticisms of Bianchi, who had disputed some of his views; and exposes the errors which had been committed by Manget in his Théâtre Anatomique. This work was applauded oy the greatest anatomists of the time, amongst whom maybe mentionedRuysch,Boerhaave,Heister, Winslow, Hoffmann, Mead, Senac, and Meckel. Morgagni was now promoted to the first chair at Padua, and successively admitted a member of the Royal Society of London, the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and the academies of Petersburg and Berlin, besides several learned Italian institutions. Morgagni continued to labour till the close of his long and honourable career, which terminated on the 6th of December 1771, at the age of nearly ninety. The knowledge of Morgagni was not confined to the medical art. His vast erudition embraced philology, criticism, history, and antiquities, as we gather from his works, of which the following is an enumeration, viz. 1. Adversaria Anatomica prima, Bologna, 1706, in 4to, altera et tertia, Paris, 1717, in 4to, quarta, jquinta, et sexta, Padua, 1719, in 4to, Adversaria Omnia, Padua, 1719, in 4to; 2. Nova Institutionum Medicarum Idea, Padua, 1712, in 4to; 3. In Aurei. Cornelium Celsum et Quintum Serenum Samonicum Epistolae quatuor, Hague, 1724, in 4to; 4. Epistolae Anatomicae duae, novas Observationes et Animadversiones continentes, Leyden, 1728, in 4to; 5. Epistolae Anatomicae duodeviginti, Venice, 1749, in two vols. 4to; 6. De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomen indagatis, libri v. Venice, 1761, in [7:15:501] two vols. fol.; 7. Miscellanea Opuscula, Venice, 1763, in fol. The works of Morgagni were collected and published in an uniform manner by his disciple Antony Larber, under the title of Opera Omnia, Bassano, 1765, in two large volumes folio; and his life was written, first by Fabroni in the Vitae Italorum, and next separately by Mossea, Naples, 1768, in 8vo. (a.)
MORGARTEN, a small village on a hill in Switzerland, on the frontier of the two cantons of Zug and Schwitz. It is of small extent and population, and only remarkable from its historical recollections. It was the field of the first battle fought by the Swiss for their independence in 1315, when they defeated the Austrians under Duke Leopold. It is situated on a small lake, which must formerly have been higher than it is at present, as the local circumstances of that battle do not exactly suit the present situation. It was also the battle-field in 1798, where the peasantry of Switzerland defeated the French invaders; and, finally, it was the spot where a division of the French army was defeated by the Austrians in 1799.