pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
EMANCIPATION, in the Roman law, the setting free of a son from the subjection of a father; so that whatever moveables he acquires belong in property to him, and not to his father, as before emancipation.

By emancipation the son was put in a capacity of managing his own affairs, and of marrying without his father’s consent, although a minor. Emancipation differed from manumission, as the latter was the act of a master in favour of a slave, whereas the former was that of a father in favour of his son.
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There were two kinds of emancipation; the one tacit, which was by the son’s being promoted to some dignity, by his coming of age, or by his marrying, in all which cases he became his own master of course; the other express, where the father declared before a judge that he emancipated his son. In performing this act, the father executed an imaginary sale of his son to another person, who was called pater fiduciarius, or father in trust; from whom the son was immediately purchased by the natural father, who thereafter manumitted him before the judge by a verbal declaration.
EMATHIA, the ancient name of Macedonia, which was afterwards restricted to the country in the immediate vicinity of Edessa. This district was originally a part of Paeonia, and contained the extensive and fertile plains on the banks of the rivers Axius and Erigonus. (Polyb. Erag. xxiv. 8; Liv. X. 4, 11.) In the time of the Romans Emathia must have extended much farther to the south, as Ptolemy includes in this district the cities of Berrhoea and Pella.
EMBARCADERO, in Commerce, a Spanish term, much used along the coasts of America. It signifies a place which serves some other considerable city farther inland for a port or place of shipping, that is, of embarking and disembarking commodities.
EMBARGO, in Commerce, an arrest on ships or merchandise by public authority, or a prohibition of state, commonly on foreign ships, in time of war, to prevent their going out of port, or coming in, and sometimes both, for a limited time.
EMBER Wecks are those in which A ∖ e ember ox embrvng days fall.

In the laws of King Alfred and those of Canute, these days are called yrnbren, that is, circular days, from which the word was probably corrupted into ember days. By the canonists they are called quatuor anni tempora, the four cardinal seasons on which the circle of the year turns; and hence Henshaw takes the word to have been formed by corruption from tempora. The ember days are the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, after Quadragesima Sunday, after Whitsunday, after Holy-rood day in September, and after St Lucia’s day in December; which four times answer well enough to the four quarters of the year, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Mr Somner thinks they were originally fasts, instituted in order to crave God’s blessing on the fruits of the earth; agreeably to which, Skinner supposes the word ember taken from the ashes, embers, then strewed on the head. These ember weeks are now chiefly taken notice of on account of the ordination of priests and deacons; because the canon appoints the Sundays next succeeding the ember weeks for the solemn times of ordination; though the bishops, if they please, may ordain on any Sunday or holiday.
EMBLEM, a kind of painted enigma, which represents some obvious history, with reflections underneath, and instructs us in some moral truth or other matter of knowledge. Such is that very significant image of Scaevola holding his hand in the fire; with the words, Agere et pati fortiter liomanum est, to do and to suffer courageously is Roman. The word is pure Greek, formed of the verb tμβαλλt ∣ v, to cast in or insert. Suetonius relates that Tiberius caused the word to be erased from the decree of the Roman senate, because borrowed from another language. The emblem is somewhat plainer and more obvious than the enigma. Gale defines emblem an ingenious picture, representing one thing to the eye, and another to the understanding.

The Greeks also gave the name emblems, iμβ>r i μaτα, to inlaid or mosaic works, and even to all kinds of ornaments of vases, moveables, garments, and the like. The Latins also used emblema in the same sense. Accordingly, Cicero, reproaching Verres with the statues and finely wrought works he had plundered from the Sicilians, calls the ornaments fixed thereto, and which on occasion might be separated from them, emblemata : and, further, the Latin authors frequently compare the figures and ornaments of discourse to these emblemata. Thus, an ancient Latin [7:8:681]poet praising an orator, says, that all his words were ranged like the pieces in mosaic:

Quam lepide λ⅛t∣s compostae, ut tesserulae omnes, Arte pavimento, atque emblemate vermiculato.

With us emblem ordinarily signifies no more than a painting, bas-relief, or other representation, intended to convey some moral or political instruction.

What distinguishes an emblem from a device is, that the words of an emblem have a full and complete sense of themselves; whereas those of a device are significative only with reference to some particular person or thing. A device, in short, is a symbol appropriated to some person, or that expresses something which concerns him particularly; whereas an emblem is a symbol that regards all the world alike. These differences will be more apparent from comparing the emblem above quoted, with the device of a candle lighted, and the words Juvando consumor, I am wasted in doing good.
EMBOLISMUS, Έ.μβο\ιδμος, in Chronology, signifies intercalation. The word is formed from i∕z,6αλλf∕v, to insert. As the Greeks made use of the lunar year, which is only 354 days, in order to bring it to the solar, which is 365 days, they had every two or three years an embolism, that is, they added a thirteenth lunar month every two or three years, which additional month they called embolimaeus, ιμβο∙ "λ ∣ μαιος, because inserted or intercalated.
EMBOSSING, or Imbossing, in Architecture and Sculpture, the forming or fashioning of works in relief, whether cut with a chisel or otherwise. Embossing is a kind of sculpture in which the figure stands out from the plane on which it is cut; and according as the figures are more or less prominent, they are said to be in alto, mezzo, or basso-relievo; or high, intermediate, or low relief.
EMBRASURE, in Architecture, an enlargement made of the aperture of a door or window on the inside of the wall, the use of which is to give greater play for the opening of the door or casement, or to admit more light.
EMBROIDERY, a work in gold, or silver, or silk thread, wrought by the needle upon cloth, stuffs, or muslin, into various figures. In embroidering stuffs, the work is performed in a kind of loom, because the more the piece is stretched the easier it is worked. As to muslin, it is spread upon a pattern ready designed, and sometimes, before it is stretched upon the pattern, it is starched, to make it more easy to be handled. Embroidery on the loom is less tedious than the other, in which, whilst the flowers are worked, all the threads of the muslin, both lengthwise and breadthwise, must be continually counted; but, on the other hand, this last is much richer in points, and susceptible of greater variety. Cloths too much milled are scarcely susceptible of this ornament, and in effect we seldom see them embroidered.

There are several kinds of embroidery, viz. 1. Embroidery on the stamp, where the figures are raised and rounded, having cotton or parchment put under them to support them. 2. Low embroidery, where the gold and silver lie low upon the sketch, and are stitched with silk of the same colour. 3. Guimped embroidery. This is performed either in gold or silver. A sketch is first made upon the cloth, then put on cut vellum, and afterwards sewed on the gold and silver with silk thread; and on this kind of embroidery are often put gold and silver cord, tinsel, and spangles. 4. Embroidery on both sides, that which appears on both sides of the stuff. 5. Plain embroidery, or where the figures are flat and even, without cords, spangles, or other ornaments.
EMBRUN, an arrondissement of the department of the Upper Alps, in France, extending over 583 square miles. It is divided into five cantons and thirty-six communes, and contains 28,628 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the top of a steep rock, at the foot of which flows the river Durance. It has a cathedral, an episcopal palace, and a large prison; and contains 700 houses and 3133 inhabitants. Long. 6. 20. E. Lat. 44. 34. N.
EMBRYO, in Physiology, the rudiments of an animal in the uterus, before the several members are distinctly formed, after which period it is denominated a foetus.
EMDEN, a bailiwick of the province of West Friesland, in the kingdom of Hanover, extending over eighty-one square miles, and containing a city, a market-town, and thirty parishes, with 18,925 inhabitants. It is mostly marsh land, and is only preserved from inundation by powerful dikes or embankments, which are maintained at a vast expense; but the land is highly fertile, and more than adequate to defray these charges. It is especially productive in oats, and in butter and cheese. The capital, from which it takes its name, is situated on the river Ems, but a mile and a half distant, and is surrounded with walls, which, however, are indefensible. It contains four reformed, one Lutheran, and one Catholic church, a Menonite chapel, and a Jews’ synagogue, with 1808 houses, and 12,100 inhabitants. It is a place of great trade, as well for the export of oats, butter, cheese, and bacon, as for the herring fishery; and there are many breweries and distilleries, some ship-building, and other occupations of industry. It is, besides, the seat of government for East Friesland. Long. 7. 5. 35. E. Lat. 53. 22. 8. N.
EMERSION, in Physics, the rising of any solid above the surface of a fluid specifically heavier than itself, into which it had been violently immerged or thrust down.

It is one of the known laws of hydrostatics, that a lighter solid being forced down into a heavier fluid, immediately endeavours to emerge, and that with a force or momentum equal to the excess of weight of a quantity of the fluid above that of an equal bulk of the solid. Thus, if a solid be immerged in a fluid of double its specific gravity, it will emerge again till half its bulk or body be above the surface of the fluid.

Emersion, in Astronomy, is when the sun, moon, or other planet, begins to re-appear after having been eclipsed, or hid by the interposition of the moon, earth, or other body.

The difference of longitude is sometimes found by observing the immersions and emersions of the first of Jupiter’s satellites. The immersions are observed from the time of Jupiter’s being in conjunction with the sun to his opposition, and the emersions from the opposition to the conjunction; two intervals which are usually six months each, and divide the year between them. But when Jupiter is in conjunction with the sun, and fifteen days before and afterwards, there is nothing to be observed, the planet, with his satellites, being then lost in the light of the sun.

Emersion is also used when a star, before hid by the sun, as being too near him, begins to re-appear and to get out of his rays.
EMERY, a rich iron ore, found in large masses of no determinate shape or size, but extremely hard and very heavy. It is usually of a dusky-brownish red on the surface[7:8:683]; but when broken it is of a fine bright iron grey, though not without some tinge of redness, and is spangled all over with shining specks, which are small flakes of a foliaceous talc, highly impregnated with iron. It is found in some of the Greek islands, in Tuscany, and in some parts of Germany.
EMINENCE, in Geography, a little hillock or ascent above the level of the adjoining champaign country.

Eminence is also a title of honour given to cardinals. The decree of the pope, by which it was appointed that the cardinals should be addressed under the quality of eminence, bears date the 10th of January 1630. They then laid aside the titles of illustrissimi and reverendissimi, which they had before borne. The grand master of Malta was likewise addressed under the quality of eminence. The popes John VIII. and Gregory VII. gave the same title to the kings of France. The emperors have likewise borne it.
EMIR, a title of dignity amongst the Turks, signifying a prince. This title was first given to the caliphs; but when they assumed the title of sultans, that of emir remained to their children, as that of Caesar among the Romans. At length the title came to be attributed to all who were judged to be descended from Mahommed by his daughter Fatima, and who consequently wear the green turban instead of the white. The Turks make an observation, that the emirs, before their fortieth year, are men of the greatest gravity, learning, and wisdom; but after this, if they are not great fools, they discover some signs of levity and stupidity. This is interpreted by the Turks as a sort of divine impulse in token of their birth and sanctity. The Turks also call the vizirs, pashas, or governors of provinces, by this name.
EMISSARY, in a political sense, a person employed by another to sound the opinions of people, spread certain reports, or act as a spy over other people’s actions.
EMMANUEL, or Immanuel, a Hebrew word, which signifies “God with us.” Isaiah (vii. 14), in that celebrated prophecy in which he declares to Ahaz the birth of the Messiah, who was to be born of a virgin, says, this child shall be called, and really be, Emmanuel, that is, God with us. The same prophet (viii. 8) repeats the same thing, whilst speaking of the enemy’s army, which, like a torrent, was to overspread Judea. “The stretching out of his wings shall fill the breadth of thy land, 0 Emmanuel.” The evangelist Matthew (i. 23) informs us, that this prophecy was accomplished in the birth of Christ, born of the virgin Mary; in whom the two natures, divine and human, were united, and so in this sense he was really Emmanuel, or God with us.
EMMERICH, a city of the Prussian Rhenish province of Julich-Cleeves, in the circle of Rees. It stands on the river Rhine, and contains two Catholic, a Lutheran, a Calvinist, and a Mennonite church, with 980 houses and 4450 inhabitants. It has linen and woollen manufactories, and enjoys considerable trade by the Rhine, and especially in leather. Long. 6. 7. 37. E. Lat. 51. 50. 17. N.
EMMIUS, Ubbo, born at Gretha in East Friesland in 1547, was a very learned professor, and chosen rector of the college of Norden in 1579. This seminary flourished exceedingly under his care; but it declined as visibly after he was ejected, in 1587, for refusing to subscribe the confession of Augsburg. The year afterwards he was made rector of the co “ege of Leer; and when the city of Groningen confederated with the United Provinces, the magistrates appointed him rector of that college; which employment he filled with high reputation for nearly twenty[7:8:692] years, until the college was erected into an university, when he became the first rector, and one of its chief ornaments by his lectures, till his infirmities prevented his public appearance. His wisdom was equal to his learning, so that the governor of Friesland and Groningen often consulted him, and seldom failed to follow his advice. He wrote, 1. Opłis Chronologicum, Groningen, 1619, fol.; 2. Vetus Graecia illustrata, Leyden, 1626, 8vo; 3. Rerum Erisicarum Historia, Lcyden, 1616, fol.; 4. Historia Temporis nostri, Groningen, 1732, 4to; and other works. He died in 1625.
EMMENAGOGUES, Έμμηναγωγα, in Medicine, such remedies as promote the menstrual discharge. They are thus called from tv, in, μηv, month, αγοt, duco, 1 lead, because the natural period of flowing is once a month.
EMOLLIENTS, in Medicine and Pharmacy, are such remedies as soften the asperity of the humours, and at the same time relax the rigidity of the solids.
EMOLUMENT is properly applied to the profits arising daily from an office or employment. The word is formed from the Latin emolumentum, which, according to some, primarily signifies the profits redounding to the miller from his mill. The patent, or other instrument, by which a person is preferred to an office, gives him a right to enjoy all the duties, honours, profits, and emoluments belonging thereto. Emolument is also used, with somewhat greater latitude, to signify profit or advantage in general.
EMOTION and Passion are thus distinguished by Lord Kames, in his Elements of Criticism. “An internal motion or agitation of the mind, when it passeth away without desire, is denominated an emotion ; when desire follows, the motion or agitation is denominated a passion. A fine face, for example, raiseth in me a pleasant feeling; if that feeling vanish without producing any effect, it is in proper language an emotion; but if the feeling, by reiterated views of the object, become sufficiently strong to occasion desire, it loses its name of emotion, and acquires that of passion. The same holds in all the other passions. The painful feeling raised in a spectator by a slight injury done to a stranger, being accompanied with no desire of revenge, is termed an emotion; but that injury raiseth in the stranger a stronger emotion, which being accompanied with desire of revenge, is a passion. External expressions of distress produce in the spectator a painful feeling, which being sometimes so slight as to pass away without any effect, is an emotion; but if the feeling be so strong as to prompt desire of affording relief, it is a passion, and is termed a pity. Envy is emulation in excess; if the exaltation of a competitor be barely disagreeable, the painful feeling is an emotion; if it produce desire to depress him, it is a passion.”
EMOUY, Amoy, or Hiamen, an island of China, near the south-east coast, belonging to the province of Fokien. It was formerly resorted to by Europeans before their commerce was restricted to Canton. It is about fifteen miles in circuit, and has a fort constructed between the island and the main. Here are several temples, one of them dedicated to the god Fo, with his statue of colossal size; and here also are the images of numerous other divinities, besides strange allegorical paintings. Long. 118. 22. E. Lat. 24. 30. N.
EMPALEMENT, an ancient punishment, which consisted in thrusting a stake through the fundament. The word comes from the French empaler, or the Italian im-palare; or rather, both are derived from the Latin palus, a stake, and the preposition in, in or into. We find mention made of empaling in Juvenal. It was frequently practised in the time of Nero, and continues to be so in Turkey.
EMPEDOCLES, a celebrated philosopher and poet, was born at Agrigentum, a city in Sicily. He followed the Pythagorean philosophy, and admitted the doctrine of the metempsychosis. He constantly appeared with a crown of gold on his head, in order to maintain, by this outward pomp, the reputation which he had acquired of being a very extraordinary person. Yet Aristotle says that he was a great lover of liberty, extremely averse to state and command, and that he even refused a kingdom which was offered him. His principal work was a treatise in verse on the Nature and Principles of Things. Aristotle, Lucretius, and all the ancients, pronounce the most magnificent eulogiums on his poetry and eloquence. Empedocles taught rhetoric, and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind, as well as the pains of his body, with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit the flames of the crater of Aetna proved fatal to him. Some maintain that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and, in order that his death might be unknown, threw himself into the crater, and perished in the flames. If such were his expectations, however, they were frustrated; for the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others report that he lived to an extreme old age, and was drowned in the sea about 440 years before the Christian cra.
EMPEROR (imperator), among the ancient Romans, signified a general of an army, who, for some extraordinary success, had been complimented with this appellation. Thus Augustus, having obtained no less than twenty famous victories, was as often saluted with the title emperor ; and Titus was denominated emperor by his army after the reduction of Jerusalem. Subsequently it came to denominate an absolute monarch or supreme commander of an empire. In this sense Julius Caesar was called emperor ; the same title descended with the dignity to Octavianus Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula; and afterwards it became elective. In strictness the title emperor does not, and cannot, add any thing to the rights of sovereignty; its effect is only to give precedence and pre-eminence above other sovereigns; and as such, it raises those invested with it to the summit of all human greatness. In the east, the title and quality of emperor are more frequent than in Europe; thus, the sovereign princes of China, Japan, Mogul, &c. are all emperors. In Europe, the first who bore the title was Charlemagne, upon whom it was conferred by Pope Leo III. though he had all the power before.
EMPHASIS, in Rhetoric, a particular stress of the voice and action, laid on such parts or words of the oration as the orator wants to enforce upon his audience.
EMPHYSEMA, in Surgery, a windy tumour, generally occasioned by a fracture of the ribs, and formed by the air insinuating itself, by a small wound, between the skin and muscles, into the substance of the cellular or adipose membrane, and then spreading itself up to the neck, head, belly, and other parts, much in the same manner as butchers blow up their veal.