pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DAWLISH, a town of the hundred of Exminster, in Devonshire, 177 miles from London. It is one of those places which have grown from a village to a town since the fashion of sea-bathing has extended itstfif. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1424, in 1811 to 1882, in 1821 to 2700, and in 1831 to 3151.
DAX, an arrondissement of the department of the Landes, in France, extending over 918 square miles. It is divided into eight cantons, and subdivided into 112 communes, containing 87,000 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the river Adour. It is fortified, and defended by a strong castle, and contain? 1046 houses, with 4398 inhabitants. It is celebrated for a warm spring in the centre of the town, which is used for bathing as well as for drinking. Some trade in products of the soil is carried on through Bayonne. Long. 1. 9.1. W. Laţ. 43. 42. 23. N.

*DAYMIEL, a small town in the province of New Castille, in Spain. It is situated near the sources of the Guadiana, on the lakes of Ruidera. Near it the Guadiana runs under ground about twenty-four miles, and suddenly emerges into the lake called Ojos de Guadiana.
DAZE, in Natural History, a name given by our miners to a glittering sort of stone, which often occurs in their works; and as it is an unprofitable substance, it is one of those things they call weeds. The word daze, in their phraseology, includes every stone that is hard and glittering, and therefore it comprehends the whole genus of the telangia or stony nodules which have flakes of talc in [7:7:644]their substance, and which, according to the colour of the stony matter they are embedded in, and their own colour, give the names of black, white, red, and yellow daze, to these stones.
DEACON (Diaconus), a person in the lowest degree of holy orders, whose business it is to baptize, read in the church, and assistat the celebration of the eucharist. The word is formed from the Latin diaconus, of the Greek διάκονος, minister, servant. Deacons were instituted, seven in number, by the apostles (Acts, chap, vi.), which number was retained for a long time in several churches. Their office was to serve in the Agapae, and to distribute the bread and wine to the communicants. Another part of the office of deacons was to be a sort of monitors and directors to the people in the exercise of their public devotions in the church; for which purpose they made use of certain known forms of words, to give notice when each part of the service began: and hence they are sometimes called hierokerukes, the holy criers of the church.

Deacons had, by license and authority from the bishop, a power to preach, to reconcile penitents and grant them absolution, and to represent their bishops in general councils. Their office out of the church was to take care of the necessitous, such as widows, orphans, prisoners, and all the poor and sick who had any title to be maintained out of the revenues of the church; to inquire into the morals and conversation of the people, and to make their report thereof to the bishop. On account of the variety of business, it was therefore usual to have several deacons in the same church.

In the Roman Catholic church it is the deacon’s office to incense the officiating priest or prelate; to lay the corporal on the altar; to receive the patten or cup from the subdeacon, and present it to the person officiating; to incense the choir; to receive the pix from the officiating prelate, and carry it to the subdeacon; and at the pontifical mass, when the bishop gives the blessing, to put the mitre on his head, and to take off the archbishop’s pall and lay it on the altar. In England, the form of ordaining deacons declares that it is their office to assist the priest in the distribution of the holy communion; in which, agreeably to the practice of the ancient church, they are confined to the administering of the wine to the communicants. A deacon in England is not capable of any ecclesiastical promotion, yet he may be a chaplain to a family, curate to a beneficed clergyman, or lecturer to a parish-church. He maybe ordained at twenty-three years of age, anno currente ; but it is expressly provided that the bishop shall not ordain tile same person a priest and deacon in the same day. Deacons, according to StPaul, shouldbe chaste, sincere, and blameless; neither immoderate drinkers, nor given to filthy lucre: they should hold the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience, and should be well approved before they are admitted to the ministry. In the church of Scotland, the deacon’s office is only to take care of the poor.
DEACONESS, a female deacon; an order of women who had their distinct offices and services in the primitive church. This office appears to have been as ancient as the apostolical age; for St Paul calls Phebe a servant of the church of Cenchrea. The original word is διάκονος, answering to the Latin word ministra. Tertullian calls them vi-duoe, widows, because they were commonly chosen out of the widows of the church; and, for the same reason, Epiphanius, and the council of Laodicea, called them ¶pts-βrh'δat, elderly women, because none but such were ordinarily admitted into this office. For, by some ancient laws, four qualifications are required in every one who was to be admitted into this order: First, that she should be a widow; secondly, that she should be a widow who had born children; thirdly, a widow who was but once married; fourthly, one of a considerable age, forty, fifty, or sixty years old. But all these rules admitted of exceptions. Concerning their ordination, whether it was performed by imposition of hands, the learned are much divided in opinion. Baronius and Valesius think they were not, and made no other account of them than as mere lay persons; but the author of the Constitutions, speaking of their ordination, requires the bishop to use imposition of hands, with the form of prayer which is there recited. W r e are not, however, to imagine that this ordination gave them any power to execute any part of the sacerdotal office. They were only to perform some inferior services of the church, and those chiefly relating to the women, for whose sakes'they were ordained. One part of their office was to assist the minister in baptizing women, to undress them for immersion, and to dress them again, that the whole ceremony might be performed with all the decency becoming so sacred a rite. Another part of their office was to be private catechists to the women-catechumens who were preparing for baptism. They were likewise to attend the women who were sick and in distress; to minister to martyrs and confessors in prison; to attend the women’s gate in the church; and, lastly, to assign all women their places in the church, regulate their behaviour, and preside over the rest of the widows. Accordingly, in some canons they are called K1οκabr i μiνaι, or governesses. This order, which since the tenth or twelfth century has been wholly laid aside, was not abolished everywhere at once, but continued in the Greek church longer than in the Latin, and in some of the Latin churches longer than in others.
DEACONRY, Diaconate, the order or ministry of a deacon or deaconess.
DEAD Reckoning, in Navigation, the judgment or estimation which is made of the place where a ship is situated, without any observation of the heavenly bodies. It is discovered by keeping an account of the distance she has run by the log, and of her course steered by the compass, and by rectifying these data by the usual allowance for drift, lee-way, and so forth, according to the ship’s known trim. This reckoning, however, is always to be corrected as often as any good observation of the sun can be obtained.

Dead Sea. See Asphaltites. Deadly Feud, in English law-books, a profession of irreconcilable hostility, till a person is revenged by the death of his enemy. The word feud is derived from the German feud, which, as Hottoman observes, signifies modo bellum, modo capitales inimicitiae. Such enmity and revenge were allowed by the law in the time of the Saxons. If any man was killed, and a pecuniary satisfaction was not made to the kindred, it became lawful for them to take up arms and revenge themselves on the murderer; which was called deadly feud.
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DEAFNESS, the state of a person who wants the sense of hearing; or the disease of the ear, which prevents the due reception and discrimination of sounds. See Medicine.
DEALS, a thin kind of fir-planks, of great use in carpentry. They are formed by sawing the trunk of a tree into a great many longitudinal divisions, of more or less thickness according to the purposes which they are intended to serve.
DEAL, a market-town of the hundred of Cornilo, in the county of Kent, seventy-four miles from London. It is situated on the sea-shore, facing the road-stead of the Downs, and is celebrated as the landing-place of Julius Caesar, and at a later period as that of Perkin Warbeck. It consists of one long street, on the shore, and of another which runs parallel to it. The chief trade consists in supplying the ships at anchor in the Downs, and in smuggling. It has markets on Tuesday and Wednesday. It is also a borough, but sends no member to parliament. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 5420, in 1811 to 7351, in 1821 to 6811, and in 1831 to 7268.
DEALPOOR, a district of Hindustan, in the province [7:7:660] of Moultan, and situated about the thirty-first degree of north latitude. It is annually overflowed by the waters of the rivers Beyah and Suttledge, and is famous for its pastures, on which are reared not only fine cattle, but an excellent breed of horses, from which the British cavalry are recruited. The chief town is Dcbalpoor. This country now belongs to the Sikks.
DEAN, an ecclesiastical dignitary in cathedral and collegiate churches, and head of the chapter.

The Rural-DsAN, called also Arch-Presbyter, originally exercised jurisdiction over ten churches in the country, and afterwards became only the bishop’s substitute, in order to grant letters of administration, probate of wills, and the like; to convocate the clergy, and signify to them, sometimes by letter, the bishop’s will; and to give induction to the archdeacon. The office is now merged in that of the archdeacons and chancellors.

Dean of a Monastery, was a superior established under the abbot, to assist him in taking care of the monks; from which he was called decanus. Dean and Chapter, are the council of the bishop, to assist him with their advice in affairs of religion, and also in the temporal concerns of his see. When the rest of the clergy were settled in the several parishes of each diocese, these were reserved for the celebration of divine service in the bishop’s own cathedral; and the chief of them, who presided over the rest, obtained the name of decanus or dean, being probably at first appointed to superintend ten canons or prebendaries.

All ancient deans are elected by the chapter by conge délire from the king, and letters missive of recommendation, in the same manner as bishops; but in those chapters which were founded by Henry VIII. out of the spoils of the dissolved monasteries, the deanery is donative, and the installation merely by the king’s letters patent. The chapter, consisting of canons or prebendaries, is sometimes appointed by the king, sometimes by the bishop, and sometimes elected.

The dean and chapter arc the nominal electors of a bishop. The bishop is their ordinary and immediate superior; and has, generally speaking, the power of visiting them, and of correcting their excesses and enormities. They had also a check on the bishop at common law; for until the statute of 32 Hen. VIII. c. 28, his grant or lease would not have bound his successors, unless it had been confirmed by the dean and chapter.
DEANERY, is the office of a dean. Deaneries and prebends may become void like a bishopric, by death, by deprivation, or by resignation either to the king or bishop. If a dean, prebendary, or other spiritual person, be made a bishop, all the preferments of which he was before possessed become void; and the king may present to them in right of his royal prerogative. They are not void by the election, however, but only by the consecration.
DEARGOUN, an elevated country of Hindustan, in the province of Assam, situated on one of the branches of the Brahmaputra river, and in which there is a celebrated Hindu temple.
DEBENHAM, a town in the hundred of Thredling, in Suffolk, eighty-two miles from London and twelve from Ipswich. The population amounted in 1801 to 1215,in 1811 to 1224, in 1821 to 1535, and in 1831 to 1629.
DEBENTURE, a term of trade used at the customhouse for a kind of certificate signed by the officers of the customs, which entitles a merchant exporting goods to the receipt of a bounty or drawback.
DEBRECZYN, or Debretzin, a city of Hungary, in the province of Farther Theis, and the capital of the circle of Sarrether. Next to Pest, it is the most considerable place in the kingdom. It is an ill-built open town, containing one Catholic, two reformed, and two Greek churches, several hospitals and monasteries, and 3000 houses, with about 40,000 inhabitants. These find employment in various manufactures, of woollen cloth, iron and steel articles, leather, mineral alkali, tobacco, earthenware, and other coarse goods, for the supply of the country. There is a college for the Protestants, with seven professors, 550 students, and a library consisting of 20,000 volumes. There is also a Catholic gymnasium and free grammar school. It is 165 miles east-south-east from Vienna. Long. 21. 31. 5. E. Lat. 47. 31. 40. N.
DEBRUIZED, in Heraldry, a term peculiar to the English, by which is intimated the grievous restraint of any animal debarred of its natural freedom, by any of the ordinaries being laid over it.
DEBT, National. See England, and Funding System.
DECADE, a word used by some old writers for the number ten, and decades for an enumeration by tens. The word is formed from the Latin decas, which is derived from a Greek word of the same import.
DECAGON, in Geometry, a plain figure with ten sides and ten angles.
DECALOGUE, the ten precepts or commandments delivered by God to Moses, after engraving them on two tables of stone.

The Jews, by way of excellence, call these commandments the ten words, from which they had afterwards the name of decalogue ; but it is to be observed that they joined the first and second into one, and divided the last into two. They understand that against stealing to relate to the stealing of men, or kidnapping; alleging that the stealing of one another’s goods or property is forbidden in the last commandment.

The Emperor Julian objected to the decalogue, that the precepts it contained, with the exception of those which concern the worship of false gods and the observation of the Sabbath, were already so familiar to all nations, and so universally received, that they were unworthy, for that very reason, to be delivered by so great a legislator to so peculiar a people.
DECCAN, or the Country of the South, formerly included, according to the Hindu geographers, the whole of the countries situated to the south of the river Nerbuddah; at last, however, it came to apply to the country which was situated between this river and the Krishna, the latter being for a long period the southern boundary of the Mahommedan possessions in India, and to the present day it bears this popular acceptation. In 1690, when the Deccan was subdued by Aurungzebe, it was divided into six soubahs or viceroyalties, namely, 1. Khandesh; 2. Aurungabad or Ahmednuggur; 3. Beder or Kalbergah; 4. Hyderabad; 5. Bejapoor; and 6. the Province of Berar. The chief part of the population is Hindu, especially in those provinces which are under the Mahratta government. In those , parts which are under the dominion of the nizam the Mahommedan population is considerable; but those who are cultivators of the soil have partly adopted the manners and customs of the Hindus. The Mahrattas who inhabit the Deccan are a peaceable and industrious race, among whom very few crimes occur. The cottages in which the natives reside are small and mean, with steep thatched roofs, and very low side-walls of loose stones; and there is a general appearance of poverty both in the^dress and farming implements of the people. A supply of English manufactures, consisting of woollen, English chintzes, knives, scissors, &c. are introduced into this country by travelling merchants, who purchase them at Bombay, and retail them all over the Deccan. The Deccan, says Bishop Heber, is in its general character a barren country, and its population evidently falls short of the average of Europe. It is destitute of trees. Its climate is highly praised during the rainy and cool seasons, and the hot winds arc of no long duration.

f In early times this country was possessed by the rajah of Telingana and other Hindu princes. It was first invaded by the Mahommedans in the year 1293, who plundered the country. In the year 1323 the Mahommedans made still greater progress in its conquest, and the Hindu dynasty was extirpated. The independent monarchy of the Bhamence sultans was established in 1347, which continued till the year 1518. It was on the dissolution of this empire that the Deccan was subdivided into five states; and during the reign of Aurungzebe, in the latter half of the seventeenth century, all those states were reduced, and the Deccan annexed to the kingdom of Delhi, when it was divided into six governments, as stated above. In the subsequent reigns, when the great empire of Aurungzebe fell into decay, the nizam, taking advantage of the weak state of the court of Delhi after the Persian invasion in 1739, threw off his allegiance, became an independent sovereign, and fixed his court at Hyderabad. But the rise of the Mahratta power circumscribed his dominions, and he was obliged to cede to them the territories which formerly belonged to the peshwa and the rajah of Berar.
DECANTATION, among chemists and others, the gently pouring off a liquor from its faeces, by inclining the lip or canthus of the vessel; and hence the name.
DECANUS, in Roman antiquity, an officer who presided over the other ten officers, and was head of the contubernium, or serjeant of a file of soldiers.
DECAPOLIS, in Ancient Geography, a district beyond Jordan, almost all of it belonging to the half tribe of Manassch; before the captivity called Bethsan, but afterwards occupied by the heathen, who could not be driven out of it. It comprised, as the name denotes, ten principal cities on the other side the Jordan, if we except Scythopolis, which stood on this side, but had its territory on the other.
DECAPROTI, Decemprimi, in Roman antiquity, officers for gathering the tributes and taxes.

The decaproti were also obliged to pay for the dead, or to answer to the emperor for the quota of such as died out of their own estates.
DECASTYLE, in the ancient architecture, a building with ten columns in front, such as the temple of Jupiter Olympius.
DECEMBER, the last month of the year, in which the sun enters the tropic of Capricon, and makes the winter solstice. In Romulus’s year, December was the tenth month, and hence the name is probably composed of decem, ten, and ab vere, from the spring; for the Romans began [7:7:662]their year in March. The month of December was under the protection of Vesta. Romulus assigned it thirty days, and Numa reduced it to twenty-nine, but Julius Caesar increased it to thirty-one. Under the reign of Commodus, this month was called, by way of flattery, Amazonius, in honour of a courtezan whom that prince passionately loved, and had got painted like an Amazon; but it only retained the name during that emperor’s life. At the latter end of this month were celebrated the ludi juveniles ; and the country people kept the feast of the goddess Vacuna in the fields, having then gathered in their fruits and sown their corn, whence seems to be derived our popular festival called harvest-home.
DECEMPEDA, ∆eκα∙rouς, ten-feet rod, an instrument used by the ancients in measuring.

The decempeda was a rule or rod divided into ten feet; and hence its name, from decem, ten, and pes, foot. The foot was subdivided into twelve inches, and each inch into ten'digits. The decempeda was used both in the measuring of land, like the chain among us; and by architects in giving the proper dimensions and proportions to the parts of their buildings, which use it still retains. Horace (lib. ii. od. 15), blaming the magnificence and delicacy of the buildings of his time, observes, that it was otherwise in the times of Romulus and Cato; that in the houses of private persons there were not then known any porticos measured out with the decempeda, nor turned to the north to admit the cool air.
DECEMVIRI, ten magistrates of absolute authority among the Romans. The privileges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the plebeians, who, though freed from the power of the Tarquins, still saw that the administration of justice depended upon the will and caprice of their superiors, without any written statute to direct them, and convince the people that they were governed with equity and impartiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded that a code of laws might be framed for the use and benefit of the Roman people. The petition was complied with, and three ambassadors were sent to Athens and all the other Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon and of the other celebrated legislators of Greece. Upon the return of these commissioners, it was universally agreed that ten new magistrates, called Decemviri, should be elected from the senate, in order to carry the project into execution. Their power was absolute, all other offices ceased after their election, and they presided over the city with regal authority. They were invested with the badges of the consul, which they held by turns; and only one was preceded by the fasces, and had the power of assembling the senate and confirming its decrees. The first decémvirs were Appius Claudius, T. Genutius, P. Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, A. Manlius, Ser. Sulpitius, Plu-riatius, T. Romulus, and Sp. Posthumius, in the year of Rome 302. Under them the laws, which had been exposed to public view, in order that every citizen might speak his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and ratified by the priests and augurs in the most solemn and religious manner. They were ten in number, and were engraved on tablets of brass; but two were afterwards added, and they were called the laws of the twelve tables, leges duodecim tabularum, and leges decemvirales. The dccemviral power, which was beheld by all ranks of people with the greatest satisfaction, was continued; but in the third year after their creation the decemvirs became odious on account of their tyranny; and the attempt of Appius Claudius to ravish Virginia led to the total abolition of that office. The people were so exasperated that they demanded of the senate to cause them to be burned alive. Consuls were again appointed, and tranquillity was re-established in the state. There were other officers in Rome called decemvirs, who were originally appointed, in the absence of the praetor, to administer justice. Their appointment became afterwards necessary, and they generally assisted at sales, called subhastationes, because a spear, hasta, was fixed at the door of the place where the goods were exposed to sale. They were called decemviri litibus judicandis. The officers whom Tarquin appointed to guard the Sibylline books were also called decemviri. They were originally two in number, called duumviri, till the year of Rome 388, when their number was increased to ten, five of whom were chosen from the plebeians and five from the patricians. Sylla increased their number to fifteen, so that they were called quindecemviri.