pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GOLCONDA, a strong fortress of Hindustan, situated on a hill about six miles west-north-west from Hyderabad, strongly defended both by nature and art, but being situated on a rock, is excessively hot and unhealthy. The principal inhabitants and bankers of Hyderabad are permitted to reside in this fort, to which they retire with their property on any alarm. It was once the capital of an extensive kingdom of native Hindu princes, and afterwards a principal division of the Bhamence sovereignty, on the fall [7:10:605]of which it again became the seat of a monarchy under the Cuttub Shahee dynasty. It was taken by Aurungzebe by treachery in 1687, after a siege of seven months. In its vicinity are numerous handsome tombs.
GOLDAP, a circle in the Prussian government of Gumbinnen, extending over 260 square miles, and containing 23,370 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, which stands at the issue of a river out of a lake. It contains two Lutheran churches, and 3120 inhabitants. Long. 22. 12. 25. E. Lat. 54. 17. 35. N.
GOLDBERG, a circle of the Prussian government of Leignitz, in Silesia, extending over 220 square miles, and including two cities and eighty villages, with 38,900 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, which stands on an elevation of 830 feet, at the foot of which is the river Katsbach. Near to it are mines of iron and manganese, and gold was formerly found. It is now a flourishing manufacturing place, with 6000 inhabitants, who produce cloths and flannels.
GOLDEN, something which has a relation to gold, or consists of gold.

Golden Calf was a figure of a calf, which the Israelites cast in gold, or some preparation of that metal, and set up in the wilderness to worship during Moses’ absence in the mount; and which that legislator at his return burned, ground to powder, and mixed with the water the people were to drink.

Golden Fleece, in the ancient mythology, was the skin or fleece of the ram upon which Phryxus and Hella are supposed to have swum across the sea to Colchis, and which being sacrificed to Jupiter, was hung upon a tree in the grove of Mars, guarded by two brazen-hoofed bulls, and a monstrous dragon that never slept. The fleece was taken and carried off by Jason and the Argonauts.

Many authors have endeavoured to show that this fable is an allegorical representation of some real history, particularly of the philosopher’s stone; whilst others have explained it by the profit of the wool trade to Colchis, or the gold which they commonly gathered there with fleeces in the rivers.

Order of the Golden Fleece is a military order instituted by Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, in 1429. It took its denomination from a representation of the golden fleece, borne by the knights on their collars, which consisted of flints and steels.

Golden Number, in Chronology, a number showing what year of the moon’s cycle any given year is. See Chronology. Golden Rule, in Arithmetic, a rule or praxis, of great use and extent in the art of numbers, by which we find a fourth proportional to three quantities given. The golden rule is also called the Rule of Three and Rule of Proportion. See Arithmetic.
GOLF, the name of a certain game amongst the Scotch, and said to be peculiar to their country. Amongst this people it has been very ancient; for there are statutes prohibiting it as early as the year 1457, lest it should interfere with the sport of archery. It is commonly played on rugged or broken ground, covered with short grass, in the neighbourhood of the sea shore. A field of this sort is in Scotland called linkt. The game is generally played in parties of one or two on each side. Each party has an exceedingly hard ball, somewhat larger than a pullet’s egg; and this they strike with a slender and elastic club, of about four feet in length, crooked in the head, and having lead run into it to make it heavy. The ball being struck with this club, flies sometimes to the distance of two hundred yards, and the game is gained by the ≈who puts his ball into the hole with the fewest es. But the game does not depend solely upon striking the longest ball, but also upon measuring the strength of the stroke, and applying it in such direction as to lay the ball in smooth ground, whence it may easily be moved at the next stroke. To encourage this amusement, the city of Edinburgh, in the year 1744, gave to the company of golfers a silver club, to be played for annually by the company, the victor to append a gold or silver piece to the prize. For their better accommodation, twenty-two members of the company, in the year 1768, subscribed L30 each to build a house where their meetings might be held. The spot chosen for this purpose was the southwest corner of Leith Links, where an area was taken in feu from the magistrates of Edinburgh, and a house and tavern built upon it. St Andrews has long been celebrated tor the game of golf.
GOLTZIUS, Henry, a celebrated engraver and painter, was born in 1558, at Mu)breck, in the duchy of Ju)iers. He was taught engraving by Theodore Cuerenhert, and succeeded well in the practice of the art, notwithstanding the disadvantage of a lame hand, which was occasioned by his falling into the fire whilst young. He was first employed by his master, and afterwards he worked fo» Philip Galle. Domestic troubles and ill health having induced him to travel, he went through Germany into Italy; and passed under a feigned name, that his studies might not be interrupted. He visited Bologna, Florence, Naples, and Venice, constantly applying himself to drawing from the antique statues, and studying the works of the great masters. At Rome he resided longest; and in that city he produced several excellent engravings from Polidoro, Raphael, and other eminent painters. Ön his return to his native country he established himself at Haerlem, where he engraved many of the drawings which he had made during his abode in Italy. He died at Haerlem in 1617, aged fifty-nine.
GOMBROON, a celebrated sea-port of Persia, in the province of Laristan, situated in a barren country on a bay of the Gulf of Ormus. This was at one time the first sea-port in the kingdom of Persia, being the port of Shiraz, and of all the southern provinces; and it was at that time strongly fortified. The houses were large and handsome, but the place was considered very unhealthy. Gombroon is still a place of considerable trade. The customs amount to about 20,000 rupees a year, for which the imaum of Muskat, to whom the town is subject, accounts to the kings of Persia. The town is large, and the houses are built in a much more commodious manner than is usual in the towns of Persia. The fort of Minab, by which the town is defended, is divided into the upper, centre, and lower forts. Close to the fort a small river breaks through the hills, and forms a pass from the eastward. This river, together with the canals made to diffuse its waters, serve as ditches to the fort The country for forty-five miles around Minab is covered with villages, abounds in dates, and supplies all the neighbouring country with grain. Forage is so plentiful that the cattle of the adjoining districts are sent in great numbers to feed there during the hot season. The English obtained permission to settle a factory here in 1613. About 1620 the Dutch obtained the same privilege; and when Ormus was captured in 1622, by the English and Persians, merchants resorted thither in great numbers, and commerce greatly increased The English remained here till 1759, when the factory, defenceless and totally neglected, was attacked by the French under Count d’Estaing, to whom it surrendered. The factory was afterwards re-established, but has long since been withdrawn, in consequence of the unhealthiness of the climate. Long. 56. 12. E. Lat. 27. 18. N.
GOMERSALL, a township of Yorkshire, within the parish of Birstall, in the wapentake of Morley, in the west riding of Yorkshire. The woollen manufactory employs the greater part of the inhabitants, who in 1801 amounted to 4309, in 1811 to 5902, in 1821 to 5952, and in 1831 to 6189.
GOMOR, a circle of the Hungarian province of the Hither Theiss, extending over 1596 square miles, and comprehending a city, twelve market-towns, and two hundred and sixty villages, with 164,000 inhabitants. It is the most mountainous portion of Hungary, and includes part of the Carpathian range. It contains many mines, and the metals obtained from these give occupation to the people, who apply them to making hardware. The climate is cold and raw, but the soil produces flax, tobacco, and some corn, abundance of cattle, and some butter and cheese. Linen goods are manufactured to some extent. The capital is a small town of the same name, where the Lutherans have a college with a good library.
GOMORRAH, one of the cities of the plain or of the vale of Siddim, in Judaea, destroyed together with Sodom by fire from heaven, on account of the wickedness of the inhabitants.
GONDAR, the capital of Abyssinia, situated, according to Mr Bruce’s observations, in latitude 12. 30. north, and longitude 57. 40. east from Greenwich. See Abyssinia.
GONDI. See Retz, Cardinal de.
GONDOLA, a flat boat, very long and narrow, and chiefly used at Venice for rowing on the canals. The word is Italian, gondola. Du Cange derives it from the modem Greek xoυ>riaας, a bark or little “hip ; but Lancelot deduces it from yoŵ, a term in Athenaeus for a sort of vase.
GONIEH, a fortified town on the coast of the Black Sea, on the south of the Phasis, and which, though properly forming part of Georgia, is almost entirely dependent on the Turkish government. It was formerly a considerable[7:10:610] place, but is now sunk into a miserable village. It is 80 miles east-north-east of Trebisond.
GONONG APEE, one of the smaller Banda Islands, at the north-east end of the harbour of Beema, in the island of Sumbawa, and forming the west side of the north entrance of Sapy Straits. It derives its name from a large volcano about 1500 feet in height, and which terminates in two high peaks, and constantly emits smoke and ashes. It is separated from Neira by a narrow strait, and at a distance has the appearance of a heap of cinders. On the south side of the island are two forts, originally intended to defend the west channel of Lantore harbour; but owing to the eruption of the volcano in 1778, the lava flowed down in such quantities as to render them in a great degree useless.
GONONG TELLOO, a town in the island of Celebes, situated on a river of the same name, two miles from the sea, on the north side of the great bay of Tominie or Gonong Telloo, which stretches inland nearly to the west side of Celebes. It was subject to the Dutch, who had a considerable fort on the river, with two small ones at its entrance, but it was reduced when the island of Celebes was taken possession of by the British in 1812. Ships can anchor at the entrance of the river in deep water; and just within the entrance are two small coves, either of which a ship may haul into, and be sheltered from the strong freshes that come down the river. The inhabitants are Malays and Mahommedans. A considerable trade is carried on, and the rajah is the principal merchant. The articles chiefly imported are opium, iron, gunpowder, piece-goods of a common kind, and coarse cutlery. Gold is one of the principal exports, and also tortoise-shell; the gold is procured from a mine to the westward of Gonong Telloo. Long. 123. E. Lat. 0. 30. S.
GONIOMETRY, a method of measuring angles, so called by Μ. de Lagny, who published several papers on this method in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences in the years 1724, 1725, 1729. Μ. de Lagny’s method of goniometry consists in measuring the angles with a pair of compasses, and that without any scale whatsoever, except an undivided semicircle. Thus, having anyangle drawn upon paper to be measured, produce one of the sides of the angle backwards behind the angular point; then with a pair of fine compasses describe a pretty large semicircle from the angular point as a centre, cutting the sides of the proposed angle, which will intercept a part of the semicircle. Take this intercepted part exactly between the points of the compasses, and turn them successively over upon the arc of the semicircle, to find how often it is contained in it; and as after this there is commonly some remainder, take such remainder in the compasses, and in like manner find how often it is contained in the last of the integral parts of the first arc; and if there be again some remainder, find in like manner how often this last is contained in the former; and so on continually, till the remainder become too small to be taken and applied as a measure. By this means may be obtained a series of quotients, or fractional parts, one of another, which being properly reduced into one fraction, give the ratio of the first arc to the semicircle, or of the proposed angle to two right angles, or a hundred and eighty degrees, and consequently that angle itself in degrees and minutes.
GONORRHOEA, an efllux of matter from the urethra, most commonly owing to venereal infection.
GOOCHNAUTH, a village of Hindustan, in the province of Gujrat and district of Werrear, situated on the south bank of the Bunass river about three miles southeast frotn Rahdunpoor. The neighbouring country is in a state of high cultivation, and most of the fields are enclosed. It belongs to a Mahommedan chief.
GOOD, in general, whatever is apt to increase pleasure, to diminish pain; or, which amounts to the same thing, whatever is calculated to procure or preserve to us the possession of agreeable sensations, and remove those of an opposite nature. See Moral Philosophy. Good’s Island, an island on the north coast of New Holland, in Torres Strait, about two miles in length. It has a rocky soil, and is hilly and covered with wood. It abounds in a species of silk cotton plant. Long. 142. 10. E. Lat. 10. 32. S.

Good Fortune, or Poro, an island in the Eastern Seas, near the west coast of Sumatra, about thirty-six miles in length and six in breadth. Long. 98. 30. E. Lat. 1.5. S.

Good Friday, a fast of the Christian church, in memory of the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ. It is observed on the Friday in holy or passion week; and it is called, by way of eminence, good, because of the blessed effects of our Saviour’s sufferings, which were a propitiatory or expiating sacrifice for the sins of the world. The commemoration of our Saviour’s sufferings has been observed from the very first ages of Christianity, and was always kept as a day of the strictest fasting and humiliation. Amongst the Saxons it was called Long Friday, but for what reason, except perhaps the long fastings an.l offices then used, is uncertain.
GOODOUR, a town of Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded territory, ten miles west by south from the town of Carnaul. Long. 77. 51. E. Lat. 15. 46. N.
GOOHAUT, a town in the Afghan territories, in the province of Cabul, twelve miles west of the Indus. Long. 76. 40. E. Lat. 32. 51. N.
GOOLE, a hamlet in the parish of Snaith and the wapentake of Osgoldeross, in the west riding of Yorkshire. As it stands on the river Ouse, which is navigable to that point, it has appeared advisable to establish a customhouse there, by which the trade of the whole surrounding country has been considerably facilitated and increased. The population amounted in 1801 to 294, in 1811 to 320, in 1821 to 450, and in 1831 to 1671.
GOOLGUNGE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad and district of Bundelcund, twenty-six miles south-south-east from Patna. It is situated in long. 85. 38. Ľ. and lat. 24. 26. N.
GOOLPUSSRA, a town or village in the Nepaul dominions. It stands on the skirts of the great forest; and although it is the thoroughfare for most of the merchandise which passes between Nepaul, Benares, Oude, and Patna, over the Cheesapany Mountains, it is but a mean village. The road thence to Becbiacori through the great forest is practicable for wheel-carriages, and there are two or three stations on the way. In the vicinity of thiι place is an extensive forest of fine timber, especially ol that kind called saul, next in value to teak, some of the trees of which measure a hundred feet between the branches, and from eight to nine feet in the girth. Long. 85. 10. E. Lat. 27. 1. N.
GOOMSUR, a town of Hindustan, at the north-wesl extremity of the Northern Circars, forty-three miles northwest from Ganjam. The neighbouring country is covered with impervious forests of bamboo, on which the inhabitants were wont to rely for their defence, and did no) think it necessary to erect redoubts. The whole district is considered as one of the hottest regions in India. Long. 84. 55. E. Lat. 19. 53. N.
GOOMTY, a river of Hindustan, so named from its winding course, and which has its source in the mountains of Kemaon, whence it flows in a south-east direction through the province of Oude, and, after passing the cities of Lucknow, Sultanpore, and Joanpore, falls into the Ganges about fourteen miles below Benares. It is navigable for boats as high as Lucknow at all times of the year.
GOONDIPOORAM, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, sorty-six miles north by west from Cicacole It is in long. 83. 51. E. and lat. 18. 59. N.
GOONEE, a river of Hindustan, in the provinceor Sinde, which rises in the hills of Poollejar, and flowing [7:10:615]in a westerly direction, afterwards falls into the Indus, with which it forms a very large island called Majur. During the rainy season it is navigable for boats from Mandavie, a port of Cutch, to Hyderabad, the capital of Sinde.
GOORACKPOOR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Oude, situated to the north of the Goggrah or Dewah river, and between the 26th and 28th degrees of north latitude. To the north it is separated by hills and forests from the Nepaulese territories, to the south it is bounded by the Dewah or Goggrah river, and on the east by the Gunduck. In 1801 this district was ceded to the British, in virtue of a treaty concluded between the nabob of Oude and the Marquis Wellesley. The country abounds with forests of fine timber; and since it came into the possession of the British, periodical fairs have been established, in order to promote a free intercourse with the Nepaulese, and the other inhabitants of the mountains to the north, and with Goorackpoor. These fairs are numerously attended by traders from the neighbouring provinces, and to them also was sent part of the company’s investment of woollens. The principal towns are Goorackpoor, Buckrah, and Mutgur. If this district were properly cleared and cultivated, it is thought that it would be one of the finest parts of the British dominions in India, being situated to the north of Bengal, and watered by three rivers, and various streams from the hills.

Goorackpoor, the capital of the above-mentioned district, situated on the eastern bank of the Boora Rapty river, which is navigable for boats at all seasons of the Ĩear. It had formerly a brick wall, which is now in ruins, t is the residence of the civil establishment of the district. The travelling distance east from Lucknow is 170 miles. Long. 83. 22. E. Lat. 26. 45. N.
GOOSE. See Ornithology. Goose-Neck, in a ship, a piece of iron fixed on the one end of the tiller, to which the lanyard of the whip-staff or the wheel-rope comes, for steering the ship.

Goose-Wing, in nautical language. When a ship sails before or with a quarter-wind on a fresh gale, to make the more way, a boom and sail are launched out on the leeside, and the sail so fitted is called a goose-toing.
GOOTY, a hilly district of Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded territories, situated chiefly between the 15th and 16th degrees of north latitude. Gooty formed a district in the empire of Aurungzebe. Between the years 1776 and 1779 it was conquered by Hyder, and the rajah was carried off, and never more heard of. With the rest of the Balaghaut, it was ceded by the nizam to the company in 1804, and now forms part of the collectorship of Bellary. The fortress of Gooty is the capital, and was formerly the seat of an independent Mahratta government. It is 228 miles travelling distance from Seringapatam, and 269 from Madras. Long. 77. 35. E. Lat. 15. 9. N.
GOPPINGEN, a bailiwick of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, in the circle of the Black Forest. It extends over 114 square miles, comprehending one city, three market towns, and sixty-nine villages, occupied by 28,106 persons. It is mountainous and woody, with little corn land; but produces large quantities of flax, and breeds much black cattle. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Fils, and was burnt down in 1782; but it has been rebuilt, and now contains 620 houses, with 4940 inhabitants, who are employed in spinning and weaving cotton, and in making paper, hats, porcelain, woollen cloth, and other articles. Long. 9.30.10. E. Lat. 48. 4L 20. N.
GORAGAUT, a town and zemindary of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, ninety miles north-east from Moorβhedabad. Long. 89. 10. Ľ. Lat. 25. 13. N.
GORAM Isle, a small island in the Eastern Seas> about twenty miles in circumference, and about one day’s sail east by north from Banda. It is inhabited by Mahommedans, and is said to contain twelve mosques. In 1774 the Dutch attacked it with an armed force of Buggesses, but they were repulsed by the inhabitants.
GORCAH, or Ghoorcah, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Nepaul. It is situated between the 28th and 29th degrees of north latitude, and between the 84th and 85th degrees of east longitude. The country is mountainous and barren, and is intersected by a branch of the Kaly Gunduk river. The territory is principally occupied by the Brahminical and Khebric tribes, though it contains several Rajpoot families. It was formerly ruled by an aristocracy, consisting of thirty heads of families; but about fifty years ago one of their chiefs having gained the ascendency, conquered Nepaul, and became the sovereign of the whole country; since which period the history of this district is merged in that of Nepaul.

Gorcah, or Ghoorca, is the capital of the above-mentioned district. After the conquest of Nepaul in 1768, the seat of government was transferred to Catmandoo; and this place having been neglected, is now gone to decay. Near the city is a considerable mass of rock crystal.
GORCUM, a city of the province of Holland, in the Netherlands. It is situated on the right bank of the river Merwe, is strongly fortified, and contains 1390 houses, with 5169 inhabitants, who carry on extensive fisheries, and much trade in corn. Long. 4. 53. 10. E. Lat. 51. 49. 50. N. It is the capital of a circle of the same name, containing 32,680 inhabitants.
GORDIAN Knot, in Antiquity, a knot made in the leathers or harness of the chariot of Gordius king of Phrygia, so very intricate that there was no finding where it began or ended. The inhabitants had a tradition, that the oracle had declared that he who untied this knot should be master of Asia. Alexander having undertaken it, was unable to accomplish it; when, fearing lest his not untying it should be deemed an ill augury, and prove a check in the way of his conquests, he cut it asunder with his sword, and thus either accomplished or eluded the oracle.
GORE, in Heraldry, one of the abatements, which, according to Guillim, denotes a coward. It is a figure consisting of two arch lines, drawn one from the sinister chief and the other from the sinister base, and both meeting in an acute angle in the middle of the fess point. See Heraldry.
GORGE, in Architecture, the narrowest part of the Tuscan and Doric capitals, between the astragal, above the shaft of the pillar and the annulets.

Gorge, in Fortification, the entrance into any piece of fortification, consisting of the distance or space between the extremities of the two faces; as between the faces of a half-moon, redoubt, or bastion.
GORGED, in Heraldry, the bearing of a crown, coronet, or the like, about the neck of a lion, a swan, or other animal; in which case it is said the lion or cygnet is gorged with a ducal or other coronet.

Gorged is also used when the gorge or neck of a peacock, swan, or the like bird, is of a different colour or metal from the rest.
GORGET, a kind of breastplate, like a half-moon, with some device thereon.