pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CLONES, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, and province of Ulster. It is a place of considerable antiquity. An abbey for regular canons was founded here in the beginning of the sixth century. Near the town are the ruins of an abbey and chapel, two Danish raths, and one of the ancient pillar towers peculiar to Ireland. It is distant from Dublin eight-five miles north-west by north. The population amounts to 2240.
CLONMELL, the assize town of the county of Tipperary, in Ireland, is situated on the river Suir, which is navigable from this town to Carrick and Waterford. This place is of considerable antiquity, and was originally protected by walls and a castle; but these were destroyed by Cromwell. The town consists at present of several good streets, a market-house, court-house, jail, church, Roman Catholic chapel, and other public buildings; and it has a [7:7:2]handsome bridge of twenty arches over the Snir. The manufacture of woollens is carried on here; and there is a considerable carrying-trade of agricultural produce from this place to the sea-port of Waterford, by means of the river Suir. The celebrated Sterne was born here. It is distant from Dublin 123 miles south-west by south.
CLOSE, in Heraldry. When any bird is drawn in a coat of arms with its wings close down about it (that is, not displayed), and in a standing posture, they blazon it by the word close; but if it be flying, they call it volant. Close- Hauled, in Navigation, the general arrangement or trim of a ship’s sails when she endeavours to make progress in the nearest direction possible towards that point of the compass from which the wind blows. In this manner of sailing the keel commonly makes an angle of six points with the line of the wind; but sloops and some other small vessels are said to sail almost a point nearer. All vessels, however, are supposed to make nearly a point of lee-way when close-hauled, even when they' have the advantage of a good sailing breeze and smooth water. The angle of lee-way, however, increases in proportion to the increase of the wind and sea. In this disposition of the sails they are all extended sideways on the ship, so that the wind, as it crosses the ship obliquely towards the stern from forwards, may fill their cavities. But as the current of wind also enters the sails in an oblique direction, the effort of it to make the ship advance is considerably diminished; she will therefore make the least progress when sailing in this manner. The ship is said to be close-hauled, because at this time her tacks, or lower corners of the principal sails, arc drawn close down to her side to windward, the sheets hauled close-aft, and all the bow-lines drawn to their greatest extension, to keep the sails steady.
CLOTH, in commerce, a manufacture made of wool, and woven in the loom. Sec Woollen Manufacture.
CLOTHO, the youngest of the three Parcae, daughters of Jupiter and Themis. She was supposed to preside over the moment when men were born. She held the distaff in her hand, and spun the thread of life, whence her name κλω‰∕y, to spin. She was represented as wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered with a variegated robe.
CLOUD, St, a town of France, in the department of the Seine and Oise. It is in a fine situation, overlooking the most beautiful part of the Seine. The palace and park are elegant and tasteful. It contains many other houses on a small scale, and 1250 inhabitants. It is a great resort of the Parisians, especially at those times when the waters are exhibited.
CLOVIO, Giorgio Giulio, historical and portrait painter, was born in Sclavonia in 1498. Having in the early part of his youth applied himself to literature, his genius prompted him to pursue the art of painting as a profession; and at the age of eighteen he went to Rome, where he spent three years to perfect himself in drawing, and devoted himself entirely to painting in miniature. His knowledge of colouring was derived from the instructions of Julio Romano, and his taste in composition and design was formed by the observations he made on the works of Michael Angelo Buonarotti. With this assistance he arrived at such a degree of excellence in portrait as well as in historical painting, that he was accounted equal to Titian in the former, and in the latter not inferior to Buonarotti himself. He died in 1578.
CLOVIS I. was the real founder of the French monarchy. He was the first who conquered the several provinces of Gaul, which before his time had been possessed by the Romans, Germans, and Goths. Having united these to the then scanty dominions of France, he removed the seat of government from Soissons to Paris, and made this city the capital of his new kingdom. He died in 511, in the forty-sixth year of his age and thirty-first of his reign.
CLOYNE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and province of Munster. It is but a small place, though an episcopal residence. A church was built, and a bishopric erected here, by St Colman, who died on the 4th of November 604; and an abbey was also founded in 707. In 1430 the bishopric was united to that of Cork; but since the year 1678 this see has been governed by its own prelates, one of whom was the celebrated Berkeley. The population of the town amounts to 1847.
CLUNY, a city of the department of the Saone and Loire, in France, on the river Grone. It contains 467 houses, and 4019 inhabitants, who are employed in making hats, gloves, cotton twist, and other articles. It is celebrated on account of its large Benedictine monastery, the buildings of which resemble a city, while its church is 600 feet in length and 120 in breadth. It has produced many eminent men at different periods, and given to the church no less than six popes, among whom may be mentioned Pope Gregory VII. Long. 4. 33. 45. E. Lat. 46. 24. N.
CLUPEA. See Herring.
CLUVIER, Philip, in Latin Cluverius, a celebrated geographer, born at Dantzic in 1580. He was originally intended for the bar, but nature had designed him for different pursuits. He travelled into Germany and the Netherlands, in order to study law; but while at Leyden, Joseph Scaliger persuaded him to give way to his genius for geography. Cluvier followed his advice, and for this purpose visited the greater part of the European states. He was well versed in many languages, and wherever he went he obtained friends and protectors. On his return to Leyden, he taught there with great applause; and died in 1623, at the age of forty-three. He wrote, 1. De tribus Rheni alveis atque ostiis, et de quinque populis quondam accolis, inserted in the Recueil des Antiquités de la Germanie Inférieure, Leyden, 1611, 4to; 2. Germanies Antiquae libri tres, ncenon Vindelicicl et Noricum, Leyden, 1616, 2 vols. fol.; 3. Sicilice Antiques libri duo, Sardinia ac Corsica Antiques, Leyden, 1619, fol.; 4. Italia Antiqua, Leyden, 1624, two vols. in one, fol.; 5. Introductionis in Universam Geographiam tam veterem quam novam, libri sex, Leyden, 1629, 12mo. The best edition of this last work is that of Amsterdam, 1729, in quarto, with notes by Bunon, Hekel, and De la Martinière.
CLYDE, a large river of Scotland, formed by a concentration of a number of rivulets rising amidst the mountains and wastes which separate Lanarkshire from the counties of Peebles and Dumfries. This river is the third in point of magnitude in Scotland, but the most useful for commerce. From its source it pursues a northerly course, and after being joined by a number of tributaries, and flowing for nearly an hundred miles, it discharges itself into the broad expanse of the Atlantic, through the great estuary called the Frith of Clyde. Some of the numerous cataracts which it forms in its progress to the ocean, particularly those of Corra Linn and Stonebyres, are considered as among the finest of the kind in Great Britain. It is navigable for small vessels up to Glasgow. The canal which connects it with the Forth falls into the Clyde ten miles below that city.
CLYTEMNESTRA, in fabulous history, the daughter of Jupiter and Leda. She married Agamemnon; but whilst that prince was at the siege of Troy, she had an amorous intrigue with Aegisthus, whom she engaged to murder Agamemnon on his return to his dominions. Her son Orestes, however, revenged the death of his father by killing Aegisthus, and his mother Clytemnestra; but he was afterwards haunted by the Furies as long as he lived.
COAK, or charred pitcoal, is prepared for the smelting of iron orč, by igniting the coals piled up in long ridges in the open air, and closing in the cinders with earth, when brought to a glowing red heat. For the use of the manufacturers, the method hitherto most in practice has been to burn the small or screened coal in conical ovens, built of firestone or brick, the floor being generally about six feet diameter, and the oven eight feet high, while an aperture of eighteen inches diameter is left at top. The small coal is thrown in to the depth of fifteen inches or more, and then ignited. The oven door is at first kept open, and the hole at the top left uncovered till the mass is red-hot. The door is then closed, and by degrees the hole at the top is covered over by two large flat stones, gradually approaching each other, when the whole is left to cool. When sufficiently cooled, it is drawn out with long iron rakes, and the mass is found to have assumed a rude columnar arrangement, not much unlike starch. The oven is immediately charged again with small coal, which the heat remaining in the floor is found sufficient to ignite, and so the operation goes on. In both the above ways good coaks are made, but the volatile products are lost. To save these, Lord Dundonald proposed to burn the coals in a close furnace, to which he adapted an apparatus for conveying the coal-tar, with the ammoniacal products, into proper recipients. About the same time Baron Von Haak, a German, constructed works in the neighbourhood of Newcastle, for distilling the small coal in large cast-iron cylinders, upon the plan wly∙ch has since been adopted in the gas works; except that the soot from the furnace fires is, at Newcastle, during a certain period of the combustion, before any gray ashes have begun to arise, conveyed into a chamber contrived for the purpose, and collected for lamp-black; an economical practice, which does not appear to have been carried into the gas works. It is probable that, as the practice extends of lighting our towns with carburetted hydrogen gas, most of the coak used in manufactures will be furnished in this way; but as the coak thus produced will probably contain more sulphur, it is not likely that it will be fit for the smelting of iron-ore; the coak for which must, therefore, continue to be made in the old way.
COAL. See Mineralogy.
COAMINGS, in ship-building, arc the planks, or frame, forming aborder round the hatches, which raise them higher than the rest of the deck. Loop-holes for musketry are often made in the coamings, in order to clear the deck of the enemy when the ship is boarded. .
COAST, a sea-shore, or the country adjoining to the edge or margin of the sea. The chief advantages arising from an extensive sea-coast arc, that it affords a convenient opportunity for exportation and importation to and from all parts of the kingdom.

Coast Castle, Cape, or Cabo Corso, the capital of the British settlements on the Gold Coast of Africa. It was first settled in 1610 by the Portuguese; but they were dislodged a few years afterwards by the Dutch, who were in their turn ejected in 1661 by the British, in whose hands the place has remained ever since. It is irregularly built, and dirty; the houses are of clay, and generally of a square shape. The town is walled, and possesses a fort. The population amounts to about 8000. Long. 22. W. Lat. 5. 18. N.
COASTING, in Navigation, the act of sailing along the sea-coast of any country. The principal points relating to this branch of navigation are, observance of the time and direction of the tide, knowledge of the reigning winds, of the roads and havens, of the different depths of the water, and the qualities of the ground.

CoAsriNG-Pilot, a pilot who by long experience has become sufficiently acquainted with the naturć of any particular coast, and of the requisites mentioned in the preceding article for conducting a ship or fleet from one part of it to another.
COAT, or Coat of Arms, in Heraldry, a habit worn by the ancient knights over their arms, both in war and tournaments, and still borne by heralds at arms. It was a kind of surcoat, reaching as low as the navel, open at the sides, with short sleeves, sometimes furred with ermine and hair, upon which were applied the armories of the knights embroidered in gold and silver, and enamelled with beaten tin, coloured black, green, red, and blue; and hence the rule never to apply colour on colour, nor metal on metal. The coats of arms were frequently open, and diversified with bands and fillets of several colours, alternately placed, as we still see cloths scarleted, watered, and the like. Hence they were called devices, as being divided and composed of several pieces sewed together; hence the words fess, pale, chevron, bend, cross, saltier, lozenge, and the 'ike, which have since become honourable pieces, or ordinaries of the shield.

Coat of Mail, a kind of armour made in form of a shirt, consisting of iron rings interwoven netwise.
COAZZO, a town of Italy, in the province of Susa and kingdom of Sardinia. It stands at the junction of the rivers Cangone and Sangonetto, and contains 32u0 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable linen weaving trade.
COBADONGA, a small town of Spain, in the province of Asturias. Its fame has been spread through the peninsula, on account of the antiquity and sanctity of its Gothic cathedral, in which was consecrated Pelagius, the first of those zealous Christians that took arms against the Arabian invaders of Spain. In the retreats in this vicinity, the first assemblages of the remnant of the Goths were collected, and from thence they spread with growing strength, till at length, after more than seven hundred years of unceasing hostilities, the whole of the Moorish race was driven from the soil of Spain.
COBALT. The word cobalt is commonly used to denote a metallic ore consisting of arsenic combined with the metal which is properly called cobalt. It therefore does not occur in a native state, but in that of different ores, which, according to their combinations, come under one or other of the following heads:

1. Gray cobalt, the octahedral cobalt pyrites of Mohs, and bright or tin-white cobalt of Phillips and Jameson, whose colour is white inclining to steel-gray, streak grayish black, and fracture uneven. It contains, according to Stromeyer,
[table]

It occurs both crystalline and massive, the crystals being generally rent and cracked. It is met with principally in veins accompanying ores of silver or copper, as at Freyberg, Annaberg, and particularly at Schneeberg in Saxony; at Ioachimsthal in Bohemia; and at Wheel Sparnon, near Redruth, in Cornwall.

2. White cobalt. The hexahedral cobalt pyrites of Mohs, and the silver-white cobalt of Jameson. This generally occurs in cubes and pentagonal dodecahedrons, having a very bright metallic lustre, a silver-white colour tinged at times of a reddish hue, and a cleavage perfectly [7:7:10]parallel to the faces of the cube. It contains, according to Stromeyer,
[table]

At Tunaberg in Sweden it is met with, in large, resplendent, distinctly-pronounced crystals; also at Modum in Norway, and in Silesia. The richest known mines are, however, those of Wehna, in Sweden, where, though the ore only occurs massive, and is associated with mica slate, it is so easily obtained, and got in such considerable quantity, as to afford a source of much profit.

Both these ores give off a large quantity of arsenical fumes when exposed to the action of the blowpipe, and fuse only after being roasted. They impart a blue colour to borax and other fluxes, and afford a pink solution with nitric acid. The residuum of cobalt, after the sulphur, arsenic, and other volatile matters are driven off by calcination, is termed zaffre, and in that state iζ is imported into this country for the purpose of colouring earthenware and making smalt. The colouring power of oxide of cobalt on vitrifiable mixtures is greater perhaps than that of any other metal; one grain giving a full blue to 240 grains of glass.

The remaining ores of cobalt are the red cobalt, arseniate of cobalt,, or cobalt bloom as it is called, possessing a beautiful crimson-red or peach-blossom colour, generally crystallized in small four-sided prisms, and for the most part a native of Schneeberg in Saxony, and Saalfeld in Thuringia; and cobalt-ochre, a black, brown, or even yellowish-coloured mineral, forming friable, indurated, earthy-like masses, which are generally soft to the touch, easily sectile, and of a comparatively low specific gravity.
COBBING, a punishment sometimes inflicted at sea. It is performed by striking the offender a certain number of times on the breach with a fiat piece of wood called the cobbing-board. It is used chiefly as a punishment for those who quit their station during the night-watch.
COBLE, a boat used in the turbot fishery, twenty feet six inches in length, and five feet in breadth. It is about one ton burthen, rowed with three pair of oars, and admirably constructed for encountering a heavy sea.
COBLENTZ, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine. The circle js on both sides of the Rhine, and extends over 135 square miles, or 86,400 acres, and contains four cities, three towns, and 136 villages, and 40,134 inhabitants.

The city is situated on the left bank of the Rhine, over which is a flying bridge, connecting it with Ehrenbreitstein. The situation is beautiful, on an extended plain between mountains, at the junction of the Moselle with the Rhine. The soil is highly fertile in the valley, and the sides of the hills around are covered with vineyards. The city is walled, but its chief defences are two strong forts, and the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein, on the opposite side of the river, which completely command it. The town is well built, the squares are fine, and some of the public edifices are magnificent. It contains one Protestant and fourteen Catholic churches, 1050 houses, with (in 1817) 13,314 inhabitants, including the garrison.

Owing to the two navigable rivers, it carries on a considerable trade,' especially in Rhine and Moselle wine. There are some few manufacturers, but none considerable, as the city depends principally on being the seat of government and of the courts of law, and occupying a position on the great road to the interior of Germany. Long. 7. 25. 49. E. Lat. 50. 21. 55. N.
COBURG. See Saxe-Coburg. Coburg, a city, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg. It stands in a pleasant and fruitful district on the river Its, and is surrounded by mountains, whose sides are covered with vines, and at whose feet are well cultivated gardens. It contains 765 houses, and, including the military, 8154 inhabitants. The ducal palace is a magnificent pile of building, which incloses the court, church, and the public library, consisting of more than 25,000 volumes, and all the state papers. There are five other churches, and appropriate institutions for education and charity. But the manufactures are few, and the trade only such as is attracted by the markets and fairs. Long. 10. 52. 59. Ľ. Lat. 50. 15. 14. N.
COCCEIUS, John, professor of theology at Bremen, was founder of a sect called Cocceians, who, amongst other singular opinions, held that of a visible reign of Christ in this world, after a general conversion of the Jews and all other people to the true Christian faith, as laid down in the voluminous works of Cocceius. He died in 1699, at the age of sixty-six.
COCCOLITE, in Mineralogy, a green-coloured variety of hornblende, which generally occurs massive, or in concretions so loosely aggregated as to admit of being separated by the fingers. It fuses with difficulty before the blowpipe, and has a specific gravity of 3∙3. It occurs with garnet and granular limestone in the iron mines of Arendal in Norway, at Pargas in Finland, and elsewhere.
COCHABAMBA, a department of Bolivia, in South America. The climate is mild and the soil productive. Cochabamba is also the name of a province and town in this department. The town is situated at an elevation of 8448 feet above the level of the sea, and is considered as one of the most healthy and agreeable places in Bolivia. The population of the department amounts to 435,000.
COCHINEAL, or Cociiineel, a drug used by dyers and others, for producing red colours, especially crimsons and scarlets, and for making carmine; and likewise in medicine as a cardiac, cordial, sudorific, alexipharmic, and febrifuge.

The cochineal, in the state in which it is brought to us, is in small bodies of an irregular figure, usually convex, ridged and furrowed on one side, and concave on the other. The colour of the best is a purplish gray, powdered over with a sort of white dust. All that the world knew of it for a long time was, that it was gathered from certain plants in Mexico and therefore it was naturally supposed to be a seed, till in the year 1692 Father Plumier gave Pomet an account of its being an animal; and this, though then disregarded, has been confirmed by subsequent observations.
COCKERMOUTH, a borough-town in the ward of Allerdale, in Cumberland, twenty-five miles from Carlisle, and 302 from London. It stands near the confluence of the rivers Derwent and Cocker, and contains the remains of an ancient castle, which must have been of great strength. There are manufactures of leather, hats, shalloons, coarse woollens, and linens. The town is governed by a bailiff and a jury of sixteen burgesses. The principal market is held on Monday, and there is a smaller one on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2865, in 1811 to 29G4, and in 1821 to 3790.
COCKET is a seal belonging to the king’s customhouse, or rather a scroll of parchment sealed and delivered by the officers of the customs to merchants, as a warrant that their merchandise has been customed.

It is also used for the office where goods transported were first entered and paid their custom, and had a cocket or certificate of discharge.
COCKNEY, a very ancient nickname for a citizen of London. Ray interprets it to mean a young person coaxed or cockered, made a wanton or nestle-cock, and delicately bred and brought up, so as when arrived at man’s estate to be unable to bear the least hardship. According to another writer, it signifies a person ignorant of country economy. The terra itself originated as follows: A young citizen having been ridiculed for calling the neighing of a horse laughing, and told that it was called neighing, next morning, on hearing a cock crow, being anxious to show that instruction had not been thrown away upon him, exclaimed to his former instructor, How that cock neighs! from which circumstance the citizens of London have ever since been called cockneighs or cockneys. But whatever may be the origin of the term, we learn from the following verses, attributed to Hugh Bagot, earl of Norfolk, that it was in use in the time of King Henry II.

Was I in my castle at Bungay, Fast by the river Wavenay, I would not care for the king of Cockney.

The king of the cockney occurs among the regulations for the sports and shows formerly held in the Middle Temple on Childermas day, when he had his officers, a marshal, constable, butler, and others. See Dugdale’s Origines Juridicales, p. 247.
COCKSWAIN, or Cockson, an officer on board a man of war, who has the care of a boat or sloop, and all things belonging to it. His duty is to be always ready with his boat’s gang or crew, and to man the boat upon all occasions. He sits in the stern of the boat, which he steers, and has a whistle to call and encourage his men.