pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FUNFKIRCHEN, or Pets, a city of Hungary, in the circle of the Further Danube, situated on the river Pecs. It consists of a single street, near four miles in length, on the declivity of a hill by the river side. It is the seat of the civil and military boards which govern the province, of a college, and of several institutions for education. It contains above 2000 houses, and 11,500 inhabitants.
FUNGI, from βφoγγ‰fungus, the name of the fourth order of the twenty-fourth class of vegetables in the Linnaean system, comprehending all those which are of the mushroom kind. See Botany.
FUNGIBLES, in Scotch Law, are such things as are estimated by number, weight, or measure, as corn, butter, ale, and the like.
FUNNEL of a Chimney, the shaft or smallest part of the waste, where it is gathered into its least dimensions.
FURBISHER, a person who furbishes, polishes, or cleans arms, as guns, swords, pistols, &c. which is chiefly performed with emery.
FURCA, in Antiquity, a piece of timber resembling a fork, which was used by the Romans as an instrument of punishment.

There were three methods of punishing by the furca. The first, which was only ignominious, consisted in a master, for small offences, forcing a servant to carry a furca on his shoulders through the city. In the second, which was penal, the party was led round the circus, or other place, with the surca upon his neck, and whipped all the way. The third was capital. In this instance the malefactor having bis head fastened on the furca, was whipped to death.
FURCHE ’, in Heraldry, a cross forked at the ends.
FURETIERE, Anthony, an eminent French philological writer, was born at Paris in the year 1620. He first studied law, and was a counsellor of parliament; but he abandoned these pursuits, adopted the ecclesiastical profession, and became abbot of Chalivoi and Cluines. He now composed various works in prose and verse, by which he greatly distinguished himself and extended his reputation. He was elected a member of the French Academy, the meetings of which learned society he assidu ously attended; but having engaged in the compilation of a dictionary of the French language, at a time when his brother academicians collectively were employed in a similar undertaking, his conduct was deemed disrespectful to his colleagues; and a specimen of his work having been published in 1684, he was in the year following expelled the academy. He retaliated by publishing a Factum in his own defence, which, on account of its keen satire and invective, served to render his exclusion from that learned body permanent. He died in the year 1688. His dictionary was published in 1690 in two vols. folio. It was republished with improvements by Basnage de Beauval in 1701, in three vols. It afterwards received a further enlargement, and served as the basis of the Dictionnaire de Trévoux, of which an edition appeared in 1771, in eight vols. folio. Furetière’s other works were Five Satires in verse, Gospel Parables in prose, Le Roman Bourgeois, &c. There is also a collection of anecdotes by him entitled Furetieriana. (a. R. R.)
FURIES, in pagan antiquity, were goddesses whose office it was to punish the guilty after death. They were three in number, Alecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone, and were described as having snakes instead of hair, and eyes like lightning, carrying iron chains and whips in one hand, and in the other flaming torches; the latter to discover, [7:10:269]and the former to punish, the guilty. They were supposed to be constantly hovering over such persons as had been guilty of any enormous crime.

Mythologiβts suppose that Tisiphone punished the crimes which sprang from hatred or anger; Megaera those from envy; and Alecto those arising from an insatiable pursuit after riches and pleasure.
FURLING, in naval affairs, signifies the operation of wrapping up and binding any sail close to the yard.
FURLONG, an English long measure, equal to one eighth of a mile, or 660 feet.
FURLOUGH, in the military language, is a license granted by an officer to a soldier to be absent from his duty for a limited time.
FURNEAUX Islands, a cluster of islands in Bass Strait, between New Holland and Van Diemen’s Land. The exact number of these islands has never been ascertained. The principal are, Great Island, which exceeds forty miles in length, Cape Barren Island, and Clarke’s and Preservation Islands. There are, besides, several other smaller islands, and numerous islets. These islands are barren and unproductive, being sandy in the lower parts, [7:10:277]containing swamps and pools, and being overrun with brushwood and stunted trees, which rarely exceed the height of twelve feet. A singular phenomenon appears in Preservation Island, where, in a certain spot, the trees have undergone a partial petrifaction towards the roots. Two species of seals are found here; as also the kangaroo, wombat, and duck-billed ant-eater. Innumerable flocks of sea-birds, amongst which is the sooty peterel, haunt the shores. These islands are resorted to for the seal fishery, and afford a temporary residence to those employed in it, the islands being uninhabited. The navigation is intricate; and there is a scarcity of fresh water. These islands were first visited by Mr Bass, along with Captain Binders, in 1798.
FURNES, a city of the province of West Flanders, about two miles from the sea, on the canal from Dunkirk to Bruges. It is strongly fortified, and contains 3452 inhabitants. Long. 2. 34. 31. E. Lat. 51. 4. 23. N. It is the capital of a circle divided into four cantons, extending over 266 square miles, containing 76,547 inhabitants.
FURNITURE, a term in dialling, which denotes certain additional points and lines drawn on a dial, by way of ornament, such as the signs of the zodiac, length of days, parallels of declination, azimuths, points of the compass, meridians of chief cities, Babylonian, Jewish, or Italian hours, and the like.
FURRUCKABAD, a fortified town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, and capital of the district of the same name. The town was built by a Patan colony about a hundred years ago, and is situated about a mile from the western bank of the Ganges. It contains a small citadel, and the palace of the nabob. The streets are wide, and the houses and open places are shaded with trees. It carries on an extensive trade with Cashmere and other parts of India, and derives considerable benefit from the extensive military cantonments of Futtehghur in its vicinity. A civil establishment for the administration of justice and the collection of the revenue was settled here, subordinate to the Bareilly court of circuit and appeal. Its inhabitants consist nearly in an equal proportion of Hindus and Mahommedans. It was under the walls of this place that, in the year 1804, Lord Lake defeated Holkar, who narrowly escaped being made prisoner. Long. 79. 33. E. Lat. 27. 33. N.

The district of Furruckabad is situated in a country enclosed between the Ganges and the Jumna, and between the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth degrees of north latitude. It extends west along the banks of the Ganges, and formerly belonged to Canange; but in the early part of the last century it was assigned as a jagheer to an Afghan, whose descendants, after shaking off their dependence on the court of Delhi, became tributary to the nabob of Oude. In the year 1801 it was taken under the protection of the British, who assumed the civil and military administration of the country. Prior to this the country was in a wretched state; but tranquillity being now secured by the paramount power of the British, the country is in consequence improving.
FURTH, a city of the circle of the Rezat, in the kingdom of Bavaria. It stands at the junction of the rivers Rednitz and Pegnitz. It contains 1240 houses, and 13,850 inhabitants, of whom 3550 are Jews, which people have here an university with 200 students, two Hebrew printing presses, three Jewish schools, and an hospital. It is the most active manufacturing town in the kingdom; and though none of the establishments are upon a large scale, great quantities of goods are produced by them. The principal fabric consists of looking-glasses, innumerable small ones being made and distributed throughout Europe. Some hundreds of people are employed in making turnery ware; many in making locks, snuff-boxes, watches, leaf-gold, foil, spectacles, and the various other articles usually called Nuremburg goods.
FURTHCOMING, in Scotch Law, the name of an action competent to any person who has used arrestment in the hands of his debtor’s creditor, for having the subject arrested declared his property.
FUSAROLE, in Architecture, a moulding or ornament placed immediately under the echinus, in the Doric, Ionic, and Composite capitals.
FUSE, or Fuze, in artillery. See Fusei.
FUSEE, in clock-work, is that conical part drawn by the spring, and around which the chain or spring is wound.

Fusee, Fuze, or Fuse, is a tube, generally made of very dry beech-wood, and sometimes of horn-beam, taken near the root, which, being filled with a composition of saltpetre, sulphur, and mealed powder, hard rammed, is driven into a loaded shell, which it serves to explode. The fuze must be of such length as to continue burning all the time the shell is in its flight or range, and to inflame the powder within as soon as it reaches the ground. Fuzes are of various kinds, according to the purposes to which they are applied. Fusees ã bombes à feu mart, or bomb-fuzes with dead light, differ from the ordinary ones in this, that the eye, instead of being pierced and hollow, is full, and of a half spherical shape. Fusees à grenades, or fuzes for grenades, are made of the same quality of wood as that adopted for bombs, and required to be charged with the same care and precision. Fusées tsobus, or howitzer fuzes, are generally made of the same wood and composition as those of bombs, and are loaded in a similar manner. Fusees votantes, or rockets, are made of various dimensions, and serve as signals in time of war.
FUSIL, in Heraldry, a bearing of a rhomboidal figure, longer than the lozenge, and having its upper and lower angles more acute than the other two in the middle. It is called in Latin fusus, a spindle, from its shape.
FUSILIERS, Fusileers, or Fuzileers, are men armed with fusils or light muskets. When pikes were in use amongst the French, each regiment had only four fusileers, exclusively of ten grenadiers who also carried muskets. At present, fusils or muskets are universally adopted in all European armies, though some regiments still retain the name of fusi)eers, which was anciently applied only to that one which was exclusively armed with fusils.
FUSTIAN, in Commerce, a kind of cotton stuff, tweelled or ribbed on one side. Fustians should be altogether made of cotton yarn, both woof and warp; but a great many are made, the warp of which is flax, or even hemp. Fustians are made of several kinds, wide, narrow, fine, coarse; with shag or nap, and without it.

Fustian is also employed to denote an inflated or bombastical style of composition.
FUSTIGATIO, in the Roman customs, a punishment inflicted by beating with a cudgel. This punishment was peculiar to freemen; for the slaves were scourged with thongs.
FUTTEHGHUR 1 a town of Hindustan, situated on the western bank of the Ganges, three miles from the city of Furruckabad, formerly a very extensive military cantonment, but now occupied by the civil establishment of the Furruckabad district.
FUTTEHPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, twenty-four miles from the town of that name. It was enlarged and embellished by Akbar, in honour of a celebrated saint, to whose prayers the Emperor Akbar thought that he was indebted for a son. The tomb of this saint is situated on a mountain near the town, and is still the resort of Mahommedan pilgrims. The place is enclosed with a high stone wall of great extent; but the space within appears never to have been filled with buildings. It presents at present a wide extent of ruined houses and mosques, interspersed with fields cultivated with rice and mustard, and a few tamarind trees; and nearly in the middle, on a high ridge of rocky hills, is a range of numerous palaces, serais, and other public buildings, in the best style of Mussulman architecture, with a noble mosque in good repair. Long. 77. 34. E. Lat. 27.
FUTTOCKS, in a ship, the timbers raised over the keel, or the encompassing timbers which form her breadth and capacity.
FUTWA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, situated at the confluence of the river Pompon with the Ganges, nine miles south of Patna, over which is a good bridge, built of brick. In the year 1574, when the Afghan army was retreating before Akbar, the bridge broke down, and they were mostly either drowned or put to the sword. It is noted for the manufacture of table-cloths and sheeting. Long. 85. 28. E. Lat. 25. 30. N.
FUTTYPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, within the territory of the Tcynagur rajpoots, and seventy miles north-north-west from Teynagur. Long. 75. 7. E. Lat. 27. 51. N.
FUTURE, something to be, or to come hereafter.

Future, or Future Tense, in Grammar, denotes an inflection of verbs, denoting that a thing will be in some time yet to come. See Grammar.
FYZABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Oude, situated on the southern bank of the river Dewah or Gogra. This city is said to have owed its origin to the nabob Sufder Jung, who, in Í740, erected some temporary houses in an extensive garden at this place. His son Shuja Addowleh, after the battle of Buxar, removed his residence to this place, and gave orders for erecting a palace and other public buildings. The city was in consequence quickly enlarged, and rose into importance; but the nabob Assup Addowleh having transferred his residence to Lucknow, many of the houses, having been hastily built, fell into decay. It is still, however, a considerable city, and contains a numerous population, chiefly of the lower classes, the merchants and bankers having removed to Lucknow along with the court. It was the residence [7:10:280]of the two celebrated Begums, the mother and grandmother of the last-mentioned nabob. Adjoining is the ancient city of Oude or Ayodha, the capital of the great Ram, who conquered Ceylon. The city contains some handsome tombs belonging to the reigning family; and its gardens are celebrated for grapes and other fruits. It is eighty miles east from Lucknow. Long. 82. 10. E. Lat. 26. 46. N.
GABALE, in Mythology, a deity worshipped at Heliopolis under the figure of a lion with a radiant head.
GABARA, or Gabbara, in Antiquity, the dead bodies which the Egyptians embalmed and kept in their houses, especially those of such of their friends as had died with the reputation of great piety and holiness, or as martyrs.
GABARDINE, from the Italian gavardina, has been sometimes used to denote a coarse frock, or mean dress. In this sense it is used by Shakspeare in his Tempest and Merchant of Venice, and by Butler in his Hudibras.
GABEL (Gabella, Gablum, Gablagium), in French Gabelle, that is, Vectigal, has the same signification among the ancient English writers which gabelle has in France. It is a tax, but the term has been variously used for a rent, custom, service, and the like. Where it was a payment of rent, those who paid it were termed gablatores. When the word was used without any addition to it, it signified the tax on salt, though afterwards it was applied to all other taxes. See the article France. Gabel, or Gablona, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia, in the circle of Buntzlau. It is surrounded with walls, and contains 380 houses, and 1980 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in making woollen cloths. It is celebrated for a battle fought there in 1757, with the Prussians.
GABINIAN Laws, in Roman antiquities, laws instituted upon several occasions by persons of the name of Gabinius.
GABINIUS, Aulus, a Roman general, the chief events of whose life are included between his tribunate, b. c. 67, and his death, b. c. 49. He seems to have been of an active, enterprising disposition, but without principle, and ready to prostitute his talents to advance his interest«.
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In the Mithridatic war, b. c. 81, be served under Sy Ila with considerable distinction; but it was not till be had reached the dignity of tribune that he took an important share in public transactions. He proposed to the peoples law, by which an unlimited power over the Mediterranean was intrusted to Pompey, on the pretence of putting down the Cilician pirates; and though the senate could not prevent its enactment, they determined that Gabinius should not succeed in his desire of being appointed lieutenant to Pompey. Through the interest of Caesar we find him consul, B. c. 58, and lending his official influence to Clodius to procure the banishment of Cicero. Neither the known wishes of the senate, nor the entreaties of the knights, could alter his determination, and Cicero found himself obliged to .yield to the storm. The reward he received for this conduct was the province of Syria, and money from Clodius to enable him to equip his troops. Upon his arrival in Syria he made war on the Jews, and, having defeated Aristobulus, their king, compelled him to sue for peace. Gabinius addressed a public letter to the senate annoι ncing his victory, and demanding that a day of public thanksgiving should be appointed. This the senate refused, and ordered him to return; but he was not of a disposition likely to attend to their orders, if it did not suit his inclination. He continued in Syria, and was preparing an expedition against the Arabians, when he received a letter from Pompey, requesting him to restore the exiled Ptolemy to his kingdom of Egypt. Though both the Sibylline books and the senate forbade an army to be led into Egypt, Gabinius disregarded all consequences, and immediately restored Ptolemy. Such conduct was heard with astonishment at Home, and imperative orders were given him to return home. This time he thought proper to obey, and the exertions of Pompey and his friends procured his acquittal. In the civil wars he joined the party of Caesar, and we find him commanding the troops in Illyria, where he was cut off by a body of the enemy, or, according to others, being shut up in Salona, died of vexation. (Appian. Mithr. 6G, 94; Bell. Civ. 11, 14; Syr. 51; Illyr. 12, 25; Dion. Cass, xxxix. 55-63; Hist. Alex. 43.)
GABION, in Fortification, is a kind of basket made of ozier twigs, of a cylindrical form, having different dimensions, according to the purpose for which it is used. Some gabions are five or six feet in height and three feet in diameter, and serve in sieges to carry on the approaches, when these have advanced near the body of the place. Those used in field-works are from three to four feet in height, and from two and a half to three feet in diameter. Gabions of a still smaller size are placed along the top of the parapet, to cover the troops in firing over it.
GABLE, or Gabel End, of a house (from gaval, Welsh), is the upright triangular end from the cornice or eaves to the top of the house.
GABRES, or Gλvres, called also Gebres, Guebres, Gevres, and Giaours, a religious sect in Persia and India. The lurks call the Christians Giaours, or people of a false religion, or rather, as Leunclavius observes, Heathens or Gentiles; the word amongst the Turks having the same signification as Pagan or Infidel amongst the Christians, and denoting any thing not Mahommedan. In Persia the word has a more peculiar signification, being applied to a sect dispersed throughout the country, and said to be the remains of the ancient Persians, or followers of Zoroaster.
GABRIEL, the name of one of the principal angels in heaven. The name signifies The Strength of God.
GABRIELITES, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of Anabaptists who appeared in Pomerania in 1530. They derive the 1 r name from Gabriel Scberlinr. who. after hav. mg been for some time tolerated in that country, was at length obliged to remove, and died in Poland.
GAD, a Jewish prophet, the seer or domestic prophet of King David, and his adviser in all matters of importance.

Gad, in Ancient Geography, a district of the Transjordan Palestine, situated between Gilead and the kingdom of Bashan on the north, and the kingdom of the Amorite* on the south, having the Jordan on the west, and bounded by various tribes on the east. It is so called from a tribe of that name.
GADES, called by the Greeks Gadeira, an ancient city of Spain, situated on an island of the same name, now Isla de Leon, 750 stadia west of Calpe, the Straits of Gibraltar. It was placed on the western side of the island, being, it is said, founded by a colony from Tyre, 348 years before the building of Rome. It seems to have been a flourishing city at a very early period, being the central point from which the Phoenicians directed all their commercial expeditions to the west of Africa and Europe. From this city Hanno started in his exploratory expedition towards the western coasts of Africa, and the Carthaginian Himilco in his voyage to the north-western parts of Europe. Gades and Carthage alone reaped the fruits of their discoveries; they concealed the knowledge thus acquired from the rest of the world. Gades thus became one of the richest cities in Europe; and, as a proof, Strabo states that she could produce in his time five hundred knights, a greater number than could be found in any city of Italy excepting Rome and Padua.

In the first Punic war Gades submitted to the Carthaginians, and at the conclusion of the second it followed the example of the rest of Iberia, in yielding to the superior arms of Rome. From Julius Caesar it received the privileges of a Roman colony, and at a later period the honorary title of Angusta Julia Gaditana. It was celebrated for a temple of Hercules, the ruins of which are said to be still seen at the tower of Saint Peter, on the side of the island nearest to the main land.

Gades gradually sunk, till in the fourth century we find Avienus lamenting bitterly over its fallen state, and adding that it afforded nothing worthy of notice, excepting the festival which was celebrated in honour of Saturn. In later times the city of Cadiz occupied the position of the ancient Gades.
GAETA, a fortified maritime city of the province Terra di Lavoro, in the kingdom of Naples. It is a very irregular and ill-built place, with a cathedral, several other churches and monasteries, and 11,000 inhabitants, who subsist chiefly on the coasting trade and the fisheries. The country around supplies good wine, oil, and fruit. On a hill opposite stands the walled castle of Otranto. Long. 13. 27. E. Lat. 41. 50. N.
GAFFAREL, James, a French divine, and learned writer, born about 1601. He acquired great skill in the oriental and several other languages, and was particularly conversant in the cabalistic and occult sciences, which he learned, exposed, and refuted. Cardinal Richelieu made choice of him as his librarian, and sent him into Italy to collect the best manuscripts and books. He published a work entitled Curiositez Innouies. It is said the cardinal designed to employ him in his grand project for the reunion of religions. He died in 1681, aged fourscore.
GAGA, a small uninhabited island in the Eastern Seas, between the two islands of Waygiou and Gilolo. It has a harbour on the south side of the island, and produces sago and timber in abundance. Long. 126. 40. E. Lat. 0. 18. S.