pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HARLEQUIN, in the Italian comedy, a buffoon, dressed in parti-coloured clothes, and answering to our merry-andrew or jack-pudding. We have also introduced harlequin upon our stage, and this is one of the standing characters in the modern grotesque or pantomime entertainments. The term is said to have taken its origin from a famous Italian comedian who appeared in Paris under Henry III., and, from frequenting the house of Μ. de Harlay, was called by his companions Harlequino, or little Harlay; a name which has descended to those of the same rank and profession.
HARLESTON, a town of Norfolk, in the hundred of Earsham, a portion of the parish of Redenhall. It is situated on the river Waveney, 100 miles from London, and there is a good corn market on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1459, in 1811 to 1538, in 1821 to 1641, and in 1831 to 1784.
HARLEY, Robert, Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, was the eldest son of Sir Edward Harley, and born in 1661. At the Revolution, Sir Edward and his son raised a troop of horse at their own expense; and after the accession of William and Mary he obtained a seat in parliament. His promotion was rapid. In 1702 he was chosen Speaker of the House of Commons; in 1704, he was sworn of Queen Anne’s privy council, and the same year made secretary of state; in 1706 he acted as one of the commissioners for the treaty of union with Scotland; and in 1710 he was appointed a commissioner of the treasury, and chancellor and under-treasurer of the exchequer. A daring attempt was made on his life on the 8th of March 1711, by the Marquis of Guiscard, a Frenchman, who, when under an examination before a committee of the privy council, stabbed him with a penknife. Of this wound, however, he soon recovered; and he was the same year created Earl of Oxford and lord high treasurer, which office he resigned immediately before the queen’s death. In 1715 he was impeached of high treason, and committed to the Tower; but he was cleared of the charge by trial, and died in 1724. He was not only an encourager of literature, but the greatest collector in his time of curious books and manuscripts. See Harleian Collection.
HARLING. See Herling.
HARLING, East, a town of Norfolk, in the hundred [7:11:148]of Guilteross, ninety-three miles from London, with a market on Thursdays. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 674, in 1811 to 752, in 1821 to 867, and in 1831 to 1031.
HARLINGEN, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of Friesland. It is strongly fortified, stands on the Zuyder Zee, at the mouth of the river Blies, and is surrounded by a fertile district. It has a good harbour, but large ships must be lightened before they can enter it. It contains five churches, a very fine admiralty, and about 1000 houses, with (in 1831) 7537 inhabitants. The streets are broad, straight, and clean. There are many manufactures carried on, especially of cloth, half linen half cotton, and of sailcloth. There is also much trade in bricks and tiles, and in timber of all kinds. Long. 5. 36. 30. E. Lat. 53. 17. 20. N.
HARLOT, a woman given to incontinency. The word is supposed by some to be the diminutive whorelet, but others derive it from Arietta, mistress to Robert duke of Normandy, and mother to William the Conqueror. Camden, however, derives it from Arlotha, concubine to William the Conqueror. Harlots were tolerated amongst Jews, Greeks, and Romans. Fornication indeed was prohibited amongst the Jews, under severe penalties; but those they explained as extending only to women of their own nation. The public stews were therefore stocked with foreign prostitutes, who seem to have been taken under the protection of government. This appears to be the reason why the expression strange women is often found to signify a harlot. At Athens the prostitutes were generally strangers; and such as debauched an Athenian female were liable to a severe penalty. Corinth was a remarkable nursery of loose women, and gave birth to the noted Lais. Their accomplishments were oftentimes great, extending to philosophy, dancing, singing, rhetoric, and other acquisitions. Aspasia, the mistress of Pericles, was admired by Socrates for her learning. The more accomplished females of this description frequently amassed large fortunes. A remarkable instance of this we have in Phryne, who offered to rebuild the walls of Thebes, when destroyed by Alexander, on condition that they would perpetuate her memory and profession by an inscription.
HARLOW, a town of the county of Essex, twenty-three miles from London, in the hundred of the same name. It had formerly a market, but of late years it has not been frequented. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1514, in 1811 to 1695, in 1821 to 1928, and in 1831 to 2101.
HARMODIUS and Aristogeiton, two Athenians, whose names are connected with one of the brightest and most celebrated deeds of Grecian story. The noble qualities of Pisistratus, and the mildness of his government, seem to have reconciled the Athenians to the loss of their independence, and enabled that prince to transmit his power unimpaired to his two sons Hippias and Hipparchus. It would appear that at first these young princes wisely followed the footsteps of their father, and that all classes hailed with joy their ascent to the throne. But this feeling did not long continue; for the possession of unrestrained power soon perverted the minds of the princes, and their tyrannical conduct excited conspiracies against them. The one of which we have the most circumstantial account is that headed by Harmodius and Aristogeiton; but the cause of its breaking out is variously stated by different authors. According to Aelian, the refusal of Hipparchus to admit the sister of Harmodius to the Panathenaic festival was the reason; whilst Plato states one of a less honourable kind. But be this as it may, Harmodius slew Hipparchus, 514 b. c., in the midst of his guards, and was himself cut to pieces on the spot. Aristogeiton was seized by Hippias, and torture applied, with the view of discovering his associates. Aristogeiton accused all the friends of Hippias, and when they had been put to death, informed the tyrant of the stratagem which he had employed (Polyaen. Strat. i. 22; Sence. de Iva, ii. 23). Statues were afterwards erected to their honour, which were still in existence in the time of Pausanias, a. d. 174 (Pausan. i. 8, 5), and a law was passed which forbade a slave to receive either of their names. (Gell. ix. 2.)
HARMONIA, in fabulous history, the wife of Cadmus, was, according to some, daughter of Jupiter and Electra, but according to others, of Mars and Venus. Her marriage was a remarkable event in Grecian fable, and rivalled in magnificence those of Perseus, Pirithous, and Peleus. The gods honoured it with their presence, and from them she received a magnificent robe (peplunì) and necklace, the workmanship of Vulcan. But these divine gifts afterwards proved .the cause of many catastrophes. (See Alemaeon, Eriphyle.) Harmonia had four daughters, Semele, Ino, Agave, and Autonoe, and a son Polydorus. When every species of calamity overwhelmed the race of Cadmus at Thebes, she attended her husband to Epirus, and was changed into a serpent. (Apollodor. iii. 4, 5; Diodor. Sic. iv. 66, v. 49; Eustath.; Dionys. Peri. 391.)
HARMONIC signifies in general any thing belonging to harmony, though in our language the adjective is more properly written harmonical. In this case it may be applied to the harmonical divisions, or to a monochord, or, in a word, to consonances in general. As a substantive neuter, it imports all the concomitant or accessary sounds which, upon the principles resulting from the experiments made on sonorous bodies, attend any given sound whatever, and render it appreciable. Thus all the aliquot parts of a musical string produce harmonical sounds, or harmonics.
HARMOSTES, or Harmosta, in Antiquity, a sort of magistrate amongst the Spartans. Of these there were several, whose business it was to look to the building of citadels, and repairing the forts and fortifications of the cities. The word is αg∕⅛otfrjjς, formed from aομοζω, apto, concino, to adapt or concert.
HARMOSYNIANS, ⅛∕wΛ≡, in Antiquity, were magistrates amongst the Spartans, who, after the death of Lycurgus, were appointed to enforce the observance of that law of the Spartan legislator which required married women to wear a veil when they appeared in the streets, by which they were distinguished from single females, who were allowed to appear abroad with their faces uncovered.
HARNESS, a complete armour, or the whole equipage and accoutrements of a cavalier heavily armed. The word is formed from the 'French harnois, which some derive from the Greek aξmiuς, a lamb ’ s shin, because they anciently covered themselves therewith. Du Cange observes, that the word liarnesium is used in the corrupt Latin in the same sense, and that it comes from the High Dutch harnas or harnisch ; but others derive it from the Italian arnese, and others from the Celtic harnes, a cuirass.

Harness is also used to signify the furniture put on a horse to draw in a coach or waggon, or other carriage; such as collars, leathers, traces, and so forth.
HARO, a small town of Spain, in Old Castille, on the Ebro, surrounded with walls. Long. 2. 23. W. Lat. 42. 40. N.

Haro, Harou, or Harol, in the Norman customs. C7α- [7:11:152]mour de haro is a cry or formula of invoking the assistance of justice against the violence of some offender, who upon hearing the word haro is obliged to desist, on pain of being severely punished for his outrage, and to go with the party before the judge. The word is commonly derived from ha and roul, as being supposed an invocation of the sovereign power, to assist the weak against the strong, because Raoul, first duke of Normandy, rendered himself venerable to his subjects by the severity of his justice, and hence they invoked him even after his death when they suffered any oppression. Some derive it from Harola, king of Denmark, who in the year 826 was made grand conservator of justice at Mentz; and others from the Danish aa rau, signifying help me, a cry raised by the Normans in flying from a king of Denmark named Roux, who made himself duke of Normandy. The. letters of the French chancery formerly bore Nonobstant clameur de haro, &c. The haro had anciently such vast power, that a poor man of the city of Caen named Asselin, in virtue thereof, arrested the corpse of William the Conqueror, in the middle of the funeral procession, till such time as his son Henry had paid the value of the land in question, being that on which the chapel was built in which he was interred.
HARPAGINES, in Antiquity, were hooks of iron, hanging on the top of a pole, which being secured with chains to the masts of ships, and then let down with great velocity into the enemy’s vessels, caught them up into the air. By way of defence against these machines, they covered their ships with hides, which broke and blunted the force of the iron. The harpagines, by the Greeks called âf¢rayíř, owe their invention to Anacharsis the Scythian philosopher.
HARPAGUS, one of the ablest and most confidential ministers of Astyages, king of Media, whose history is given with considerable detail by Herodotus. When Astyages, warned by an oracle, feared deposition by the hands of his grandson, Harpagus was employed to destroy the infant Cyrus, and thereby remove all his fears. But, guided rather by the dread of Mandane, the prince’s mother, than by a feeling of humanity, he did not obey the command. His disobedience reached the ears of the king, and he was summoned to answer for his conduct. The king apparently yielded to the reasons he gave, but having invited him to supper, placed before him the body of his son prepared as food. Indignant at this treatment, he assisted Cyrus to dethrone his grandfather (about 561 B. c.), and having been afterwards appointed as governor of Lydia (about 540 B. c.), he reduced under subjection the cities of Ionia and the greater part of Asia Minor. (Herodotus, book i.)
HARPALUS, a Greek astronomer, the place of whose birth, and the exact period when he flourished, it is impossible to determine. He must have lived at least before the time of Meton, 433 b. c. Harpalus is known for an attempt to fix the cycle which the sun and moon require to run before they reach the point from which they started. Before his time, Cleostratus had fixed it at eight years, but he added another and made it nine. It was Meton, however, who discovered that the cycle was really nineteen years. (Festus Avienus.)
HARPIES, in Latin Harpyiae, ancient goddesses, who [7:11:153]seem to have presided over the winds and tempests, generally considered as the daughters of Thaumas and Electra (A pollod. i. 2, 6), or of Typhon (Val. Flac. iv. 515), and originally two in number, Aëllo and Ocypete, to whom was added Celaeno, or, according to Hesiod, Iris. They are represented by Virgil as winged monsters, with the face of a virgin, the body of a vulture, and the feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. They carried off whatever food was placed upon the table, or spoiled it by their filth. (Virg. Aen. iii. 216.) They were sent by Jupiter to punish Phineas, son of Agenor, kingof Salmydessus in Thrace, where they remained till they were driven away during the expedition of the Argonauts, by Zethus and Calais, when they proceeded to the islands called Strophades, where they were found by Aeneas. (Pausanias, iii. 18, v. 17.)
HARPINGS, the fore-parts of the wales which encompass the bow of a ship, and are fastened to the stem, being thicker than the after-part of the wales, in order to reinforce the ship in this place, where she sustains the greatest shock of resistance in plunging into the sea, or dividing it, under a great pressure of sail.
HARPOCRATES, in Mythology, the son of Isis and Osiris, an Egyptian deity, whose distinguishing attribute it is, that he is represented with his fingers applied to his mouth* denoting that he is the god of silence. The statue of this idol was fixed in the entrance of most of the Egyptian temples, and he was commonly exhibited under the figure of a young man naked, crowned with an Egyptian mitre, holding in one hand a cornucopia, in the other the flower of the lotus, and sometimes bearing a quiver.
HARPOCRATION, a grammarian of Alexandria, in Egypt, respecting whose personal history we are entirely ignorant, and even the period during which he flourished is not clearly ascertained. Some have considered him to be the Greek instructor of the Emperor Lucius Verus, mentioned by Julius Capitolinus (Life of Verus, c. 2), whilst others have made him live so late as a. d. 360, because several passages are found in his work taken from Athenaeus, who is supposed to have flourished about a. d. 300. But however this may be, we are indebted to him for a very useful, though not very complete Dictionary on the ten chief Attic Orators. It contains, though not in strictly alphabetical arrangement, historical notices of more or less known persons or circumstances, as also explanations of phrases derived from common life, and of legal terms. Its value perhaps has been enhanced by the accidental circumstance of all the dictionaries on the Greek orators, of which the ancients possessed many, being lost. Suidas and the author of the Etymologicum Magnum have both borrowed from this work. He is also the author of a work entitled ’Aiŵļ¢av Sυvαyωyij, a collection of beautiful passages from various authors. The first edition was published along with Ulpian’s Scholia to thePhilippics of Demosthenes, by Aldus, Ven. 1503. Perhaps the best edition is that of Diudorf, Leipsic, 1824, 2 vols.; but a later edition has been published by Bekker, Berlin, 1833.
HARPONULLY, a district in the south of India, bounded on the north by the Toombuddra river, and situated between the 14th and 16th degrees of north latitude. It is a fertile country, and not so hilly as some of the ad-jacentdistricts; and it possesses the strong fortressof Ouch-imadroog. The rajah of this district was tributary to the kings of Bejanagur and Bejapore, to the Moguls, and the Mahrattas; in 1774 he became tributary to Hyder, and in 1786 he was completely subdued by Tippoo, and sent prisoner to Seringapatam. On the capture of that city, Harponully was taken possession of by the heir. It was then assigned to the nizam as a portion of his division of Tippoo’s territory, and by him assigned to the British in 1800. It is now included in the Bellary collectorship, and is yearly improving in value. Harponully is the capital, and 18 l EθL l t le i4 θ 47 l "hf WeSt fr ° m serin S a P atam ∙ Lon g‘
HARPOON, or Harping-Iron, a spear or javelin used to strike the whales in the Greenland fishery. See Whale Fishery.
HARPISCHORD, the most harmonious of all the musical instruments of the stringed kind. It is played on after the manner of the organ, and is furnished with one set, sometimes with two sets of keys. The touching or striking of these keys moves a kind of little jacks, which also move a double row of chords or strings of brass or iron, stretched oyer four bridges on the tabic of the instrument.
HARPSTED, a town of the kingdom of Hanover, the capital of a bailiwick or the same name, in the province of Hoya. It is situated on the river Dehne, and contains 152 houses, with 1030 inhabitants.
HARQUEBUSS, a piece of fire-arms of the length of a musket, and cocked by means of a wheel. It carried a ball that weighed one ounce seven eighths. There was also a larger sort, called the great harquebuss, used for the defence of strong places, which carried a ball of about three ounces and a half.
HARRIER, a kind of hound, endowed with an acute sense of smelling, and very bold in the pursuit of game.
HARRIOT, Thomas, an eminent mathematician, was born at Oxford in 1560. Having been instructed in grammar, he entered St Mary Hall as a commoner, and took his bachelor’s degree in 1579. He then distinguished himself by his skill in the mathematics, and became preceptor in that science to Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1585, he accompanied the first colony sent out to Virginia; and having surveyed that country, ascertained its natural productions, and observed the manners and customs of the aboriginal population, he published an account of it, which was afterwards reprinted in Hackluyt’s Voyages. On his return to England, after an absence of two years, he resumed his mathematical studies with such zeal and success, that Henry carl of Northumberland, the liberal and enlightened protector of the learned, assigned him a yearly pension of L.120. The same nobleman also pensioned Robert Hues, known by his Treatise on the Globes, and Walter Warner, who is supposed to have communicated to Harvey the first hint concerning the circulation of the blood. Both these persons were mathematicians; and, in 1608, when the earl was committed to the Tower for life, they, along with Harriot, were his constant companions, and usually styled his magicians. They had a table at the charge of the earl, who constantly conversed with them, to beguile the tedium of his confinement, as did also Sir Walter Raleigh, who was then a prisoner in the Tower. Harriot lived for some time at Sion College, and died at London on the 2d of July 1621, at the age of sixty, after having suffered much from a cancer in the lip, occasioned by a habit he had contracted of holding in his mouth instruments of brass often charged with verdigris. He was universally esteemed on account of his learning. A manuscript of his entitled Ephemeris Chrysometria is preserved in Sion College; and his Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas t resolvendas was published at London in 1631, folio. Descartes has been charged with taking from this book many improvements in algebra, which he afterwards published to the world as his own; but notwithstanding all that has been said by Wallis in his account of the discoveries of Harriot, and by Zach in the Astronomical Ephemeris for 1788, there seems to be no good ground for the charge; and it would even appear that much that incontestibly belongs to Vieta or Descartes has been ascribed to Harriot. Montucla has reduced to their just value the services of the English mathematician, and shown that these, when truly estimated, are sufficiently important to entitle him to a place, in the second rank, amongst those men who have contributed to the progress of the mathematical sciences. (See Dissertations Third and Fourth, prefixed to this work). From some papers of Harriot, discovered in 1784, it appears that he had either procured a telescope from Holland, or divined the construction of that instrument; and that he coincided, in point of time, with Galileo in discovering the spots on the sun’s disc, (a.)
HARROW, a town in the county of Middlesex, in the hundred of Gore, ten miles from London. It is usually distinguished from its situation by the adjunct “on-the-Hill.” It commands extensive prospects on every side, over well cultivated and undulating districts. The church and spire at the highest point present a distinguishing object to the whole country around it. The free school, founded here in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, is one of the most celebrated seminaries for classical learning in the kingdom, and in it the youth of the first families receive the first rudiments of education. The population in 1801 amounted to 2485, in 1811 to 2813, in 1821 to 3017, and in 1831 to 3861.
HARROWGATE, a township within the parish of Knaresborough, in the wapentake of Claro, of the west riding of Yorkshire, 212 miles from London, and twenty-two from York. It is situated in a cold exposed heath, but is much visited in the summer season, on account of its mineral springs, some of which are chalybeate, and others sulphureous. There are appropriate boarding-houses and taverns, with libraries and a theatre, and the other accommodations usual at a well-frequented watering place.
HARROWTY, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, situated between the 25th and 26th degrees of north latitude, and intersected by the river Chumbul. The chief towns are Kotah and Boondee, each of which is the residence of a rajah of the Chohan tribe, and denominated half-rajpoots. The cultivators are Rajpoots, Jauts, Brahmins, Bheels, and other castes or tribes.
HARSEFELD, a town, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the province Hoya with Diepholz, in the kingdom of Hanover, having 146 houses and 1140 inhabitants.
HART, a stag or male deer, in the sixth year. See Mammalia. Harts Horns, the horns of the common male deer. The scrapings or raspings of the horn of this animal are medicinal, and used in decoctions, ptisans, and the like.
HARTBERG, a town of the Austrian province of Steyermark, in the circle of Gratz. It has a large woollen cloth manufactory, and an establishment for refining saltpetre. It contains 296 houses, and 1520 inhabitants.
HARTLAND, a town of the county of Devon, in the hundred of the same name, 146 miles from London. It stands on a point of land projecting into the Bristol Channel, which forms one of the boundaries of the bay of Barnstaple. It has a market on Saturday, attended chiefly by persons from the adjoining county of Cornwall. The harbour is rendered secure by a pier. The population amounted in 1801 to 1546, in 1811 to 1734, in 1821 to 1968, and in 1831 to 2143.
HARTLEBURY, a town in the hundred of Oswaldslow, in the county of Worcester, 122 miles from London. It is situated at the junction of the river Stour with the Severn. It is chiefly remarkable from the palace of the Bishop of Worcester, altered from an ancient castle erected by Henry 1I1., and much beautified by successive prelates, especially by Madox and Hurd. The population amounted in 1801 to 1534, in 1811 to 1673, in 1821 to 1676, and in 1831 to 1746.
HARTLEPOOL, a market-town and sea-port in the ward of Stockton, of the county of Durham. It is an incorporated town, with a mayor and aidermen; but the [7:11:157]trade is inconsiderable, consisting chiefly of the export of coals. It is frequented in the months of summer as a sea-bathing place. The population amounted in 1801 to 993, in 1811 to 1047, in 1821 to 1249, and in 1831 to 1330.