pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LIMBURG, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of Liège, and arrondissement of Verviers. It is fortified, and stands on the river Besdre, and, including its suburb Dalhem, contains 320 houses, and 2000 inhabitants. Long. 5. 58. E. Lat. 50. 40. N.

Limburg, a city of the duchy of Nassau, in Germany, the capital of the bailiwick of that name. It is situated on the river Lahn, is surrounded with walls, and has the mint for the ducal coinage. It has some mineral springs, and contains 508 houses, with 2820 inhabitants. The neighbourhood produces the best, wheat of any part of Germany.

Limburg, a province of the Netherlands, formed out of the greater part of the former French department of the Lower Meuse, and a small portion of the department of the Roer, to which has been added a portion of Dutch Limburg, part of the bishoprick of Liège, of Austrian and Prussian Guelders, and some small part of the duchies of Cleves and Juliets, with communes taken from the circle of Westphalia in Germany. It is now a compact district, extending over 1546 square miles, between north latitude 50. 44. and 51. 45. and between east longitude 4. 52. and 6. 5. It is a level plain, except that a few hills, of no great height, rise in the south-east division. The soil is generally fertile in the vale, through which the Meuse, its only navigable river, runs; but the north-western part consists chiefly of barren heaths. The parts of these heaths that are cultivated produce scarcely any grain, except buck wheat. The meadows on the banks of the Meuse, as well as the lands adjoining to them, where clover is grown, are adapted to the breeding and fattening of cattle; and their dairies, which are conducted on the plan of the Hollanders, produce excellent butter and cheese. Much rape seed is also raised for making oil, and the crops of hemp, flax, madder, chicoy, and tobacco, are found profitable. Coals are obtained in some parts; and the quarries yield good stone, peculiarly adapted to building under water, for which there is a great demand in Holland. The manufactures of the province are inconsiderable, and confined chiefly to such articles as are of common domestic demand. There are in the province three arrondissements, divided into twenty-two cantons, and subdivided into 336 communes. The inhabitants, amounting to 292,500, are for the most part of the Walloon race; but the Dutch, Flemish, and Walloon dialects are almost equally spoken by them. The capital is Maestricht.
LIMIT, in a restricted sense, is used by mathematicians for a determined quantity to which a variable one continually approaches; in which sense, the circle may be said to be the limit of its circumscribed and inscribed polygons. In Algebra, the term limit is applied to two quantities, one of which is greater and the other less than another quantity; and in this sense it is used in speaking of the limits of equations, by which their solution is much facilitated.
LIMITED Problem denotes a problem that has but one solution, or some determinate number of solutions; as to describe a circle through three given points that do not lie in a right line, which is limited to one solution only; to divide a parallelogram into two equal parts by a line parallel to one side, which admits of two solutions, according as the line is parallel to the length or breadth of the parallelogram; or to divide a triangle in any ratio by a line parallel to one side, which is limited to three solutions, as the line may be parallel to any of the three sides.
LIMNING, the art of painting in water-colours, in contradistinction to painting executed in oil-colours.

Limning is by much the more ancient kind of painting.

Till a Flemish painter, John van Eyck, better known by the name of John of Bruges, found out the art of painting in oil, the painters all painted in water and in fresco, both on walls, on wooden boards, and on other materials. When they made use of boards, they usually glued a fine linen cloth over them, to prevent their opening, then laid on a ground of white, and lastly mixed up their colours with water and size, or with water and yolks of eggs, well beaten with the branches of a fig tree, the juice of which thus mixed with the eggs; and with this mixture they painted their pieces.

In limning, all colours are proper enough, excepting the white made of lime, which is only used in fresco. The azure and ultramarine must be mixed with size or gum; but there are always applied two layers of hot size before the size colours are laid on. The colours are all ground in water, each by itself; and, as they are required in working, are diluted with size-water. When the piece is finished, they go over it with the white of an egg well beaten; and then with varnish if required.
LIMOGES, an arrondissement in the department of the Upper Vienne, in France, 769 square miles in extent. It comprehends nine cantons, divided into eighty-three communes, containing 89,500 inhabitants. The capital of the department, as well as that of the arrondissement, is the city of the same name, situated on the right bank of the river Vienne. It is ill built, with narrow and crooked streets, and very antique buildings. There is a fine Gothic cathedral, the façade of which is much admired. The episcopal palace and the mint are striking edifices. It contains 2570 houses, with 20,500 inhabitants. It is a place of great manufacturing industry, producing cotton twist, thin woollen and some linen goods; china-ware, scarcely excelled by that of Sevres; besides hats, wine, and copper articles. Long. 1. 10. E. Lat. 45. 49. N.
LIMOUX, an arrondissement of the department of the Aude, in France, 762 square miles in extent. It comprehends eight cantons, divided into 151 communes, and is inhabited by 71,800 persons. The capital is a city of the same name, situated in a district abounding in good wine, on the river Aude. It contains 1050 houses, and 6200 inhabitants, who make some of the finer descriptions of cloths, and convert to various purposes most of the iron that is found within the department. Long. 2. 11. E. Lat. 43. 5. N.
LINACRE, Thomas, a physician, was born at Canterbury about the year 1460, and educated there under the learned William Selling. He thence removed to Oxford, and in 1484 was chosen fellow of All-Souls’ College. Selling, his former instructor, being at this time appointed ambassador from King Henry VII. to the court of Rome, Mr Linacre accompanied him to Italy, where he attained a high degree of perfection in the Greek and Latin languages. At Rome he applied himself particularly to the study of Aristotle and Galen, in the original. On his return to Oxford, he was incorporated doctor of physic, and chosen public professor in that faculty. But he had not been long in England before he was commanded by Henry VII. to repair to court, to attend the young Prince Arthur as his tutor and physician. He was afterwards appointed physician to the king, and after his death to his successor Henry VIII. Dr Linacre founded two medical lectures at Oxford, and one at Cambridge; but that which has most effectually immortalized his name amongst the faculty, is his being the founder of the College of Physicians in London. He beheld with vexation the wretched state of physic in those times; and, by an application to Cardinal Wolsey, obtained a patent in 1518, by which the physicians of London were incorporated. The intention of this corporation was to prevent illiterate and ignorant persons from practising the art of healing. Dr Linacre was [7:13:351]the first president, and held the office as long as he lived. Their meetings were held in his own house in Knightrider Street, which he bequeathed to the college. But, when he was about the age of fifty, he took it into his head to study divinity, entered into orders, and, in 1509, was collated to the rectory of Mersham. In the same year he was installed as prebendary of Wells, in 1518 as prebendary of York, and in the following year was admitted precentor of that cathedral. This, we are told, he resigned for other preferments. He died of stone in the bladder in October 1524, at the age of sixty-four, and was buried in St Paul’s. Thirty-three years after his death, Dr John Caius caused a monument to be erected to his memory, with a Latin inscription, which contains the outlines of his life and character. He was a man of great natural sagacity, a skilful physician, a profound grammarian, and one of the best Greek and Latin scholars of his time. Erasmus, in his epistles, speaks highly of his translations from Galen, preferring them even to the original Greek. His works are, 1. De emendata Structura Latini Sermonis libri sex, London, printed by Pynson, 1524, 8vo, and by Stephens, 1527, 1532; 2. Rudiments of Grammar, for the use of the Princess Mary, printed by Pynson, and translated into Latin by Buchanan, Paris, 1536. He likewise translated into Latin several of Galen’s works, which were at different times printed abroad; also Procli Diadachi Sphoera, translated from the Greek, Venice, 1499, 1500.
LINCOLN, a city, the capital of the county of that name, 133 miles from London, situated at the bottom, on the side, and the top of a lofty hill, which rises from the banks of the river Wilham. It was formerly walled, and the castle, now converted into the county prison, still remains. The cathedral is on the summit of the hill, and is a most conspicuous object from an extensive surrounding country. It is a magnificent fabric, with two towers at the western front. It was found to be one of the richest in gold, silver, and precious stones, of any of the religious institutions of the kingdom in the reign of Henry VIII. and is still the seat of the largest of all the bishoprics. The city as a whole is not well built, and the streets leading from the lower to the upper town are too steep to be ascended by carriages, which make use of a circular road round the face of the hill, without the city. The town is governed by a mayor, twelve aldermen, and two sheriffs, and returns, as before, two members to parliament. The assizes and elections for the county are held here. It has no manufactures; and not much trade, what little there is, is carried on by the river William, which has a communication with the Trent, through the Foss Dyke. The city has an exempted jurisdiction, within a circuit of nearly twenty miles. It contains, besides the cathedral, ten parish churches, and seventeen parishes. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 4909, in 1811 to 8861, in 1821 to 10,367, and in 1831 to 11,892.
LINDESFARN, or Landisfarn. See Holy-Island.
LINDSEY, the third and largest division of the county of Lincoln, in England. On the east and north it is washed by the sea, into which it runs out with a large front; on the west it has Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire, from which it is parted by the rivers Trent and Dun; on the south it has Kestoven, from which it is separated by the river Witham and the Foss-dyke, which is seven miles long, and was cut by Henry I. between the Witham and the Trent, for the convenience of carriage in those parts. It derived its name from Lincoln, the capital of the county, which stands in it, and by the Romans was called Lindum, by the Britons Lindcoite i by the Saxons Lindo-collyne, probably from its situation on a hill, and the lakes or woods that were anciently thereabouts; but the Normans called it Nichol.
LINDUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of Rhodes, situated on a hill on the western side of the island. It was built by Elepolemus the son of Hercules, according to Diodorus Siculus; but by one of the Heliades, grandsons of the Sun, named Lindus, according to Strabo. It was the native place of Cleobulus, one of the wise men. Here was the famous temple of the Lindian Minerva, built by the daughters of Danaus. Cadmus enriched this temple with many splendid offerings. The citizens dedicated and hung up here the seventh of Pindar’s Olympic odes, written in letters of gold. The ruins of that superb edifice are still to be seen upon the top of a high hill which overlooks the sea. Some remains of the walls, consisting of stones of an enormous size, still show that it had been built in the Cyclopian style.

Lindo, the modern city, stands at the foot of the hill. A bay of considerable wideness and depth serves as a harbour to the city. Ships find good anchorage there in twenty fathoms water. They are safely sheltered from the south-west winds, which constantly prevail during the severe[7:13:359] season of the year. In the beginning of winter, they cast anchor off a small village named Massary. Before the building of Rhodes, Lindus was the harbour which received the fleets of Egypt and of Tyre; and it was enriched by commerce. Mr Savary observes, that a judicious government, by taking advantage of its harbour and happy situation, might yet restore it to a flourishing state.
LINE, in Geometry, a quantity extended in length only, without breadth or thickness. It is formed by the flux or motion of a point.

Line, in the art of war, is understood of the disposition of an army ranged in order of battle, with the front extended out, so that it may not be flanked.

Line of Battle, is also understood of the disposition of a fleet in the day of engagement; on which occasion the vessels are usually drawn up as much as possible in a straight line, as well to gain and keep the advantage of the wind, as to run the same board. See Naval Tactics. Horizontal Line, in Geography and Astronomy, a line drawn parallel to the horizon of any part of the earth.

Equinoctial Line, in Geography, is a great circle on the earth’s surface, exactly at the distance of 90° from each of the poles, and of consequence bisecting the earth in that part. From this imaginary line, the degrees of longitude and latitude are reckoned. In astronomy, the equinoctial line is that circle which the sun seems to describe round the earth on the days of the equinox in March and September.

Meridian Line, is an imaginary circle drawn through the two poles of the earth and any part of its surface.

Ship of the Line, a vessel large enough to be drawn up in the line of battle, and to have a place in a sea-fight.

Line, in Genealogy, a series or succession of relations in various degrees, all descending from the same common father.

Lines, in Heraldry, the figures used in armories to divide the shield into different parts, and to compose different figures. These lines, according to their different forms and names, give denomination to the pieces or figures which they form, except the straight or plain lines.
LINEAMENT, amongst painters, is used for the outlines of a face.
LINEAR Numbers, in Mathematics, such as have relation to length only; like a number which represents one side of a plain figure. If the plain figure be a square, the linear figure is called a root. Linear Problem, that which may be solved geometrically by the intersection of two right lines. This is called a simple problem, and is capable of but one solution.
LINGEN, a city of the province of Osnaburg, in the kingdom of Hanover, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the river Ems, which is only navigable thereto for a few months in the year. It is surrounded with ditches, contains a Catholic, a Reformed, and a Lutheran church, 380 houses, and 1930 inhabitants. There is a seminary, sometimes called a university, with five professors. It has some manufactures of woollen goods. Long. 7. 12. 16. E. Lat. 52. 31. 4L N.
LINKOPING, a province in the south of Sweden, which extends in north latitude from 57.41. to 59. 1., and in east longitûde from 14. 26. to 17. 1., including 4510 square miles. It is a most picturesque country, covered with mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, and forests, but inhabited by only 165,000 inhabitants, in five cities or towns, and 5489 detached settlements. The chief employment is cutlery, sawing wood, and extracting some copper and iron from the mines. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the Stang An, over which there is a well-constructed stone bridge. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a respectable cathedral, and two other churches; a gymnasium, with a good library and collections of natural history and medals; with 550 houses, and 2995 inhabitants, who carry on some trade in tanning and in linen weaving. Long. 15. 27. 48. E. Lat. 58. 22. 28. N.
LINLITHGOW, the capital of the county of that name, and once a place of some importance, is pleasantly situated on the bank of a fine lake, sixteen miles west from Edinburgh, and thirty-one east from Glasgow. It consists chiefly of a single street, running east and west along the south bank of the lake, containing many substantial though old houses; and is gradually improving in appearance, in consequence of the increasing number of modern buildings. The name Linlithgow is supposed by some tυ signify the concavity of the Lin or Loch, and according to others the lake of the sheltered valley. It is a very ancient town, having been the residence of royalty, and hence was entitled to be called a king’s burgh in the twelfth century. It possesses an old palace or castle built by David I., which was destroyed by fire in 1745, and has not since been repaired. It has also a very ancient church, built in the Gothic style, ornamented with a spire of some height; and three dissenting meeting-houses. Though the town is very dull in appearance, the inhabitants are by no means inactive. The tanning of leather, for which the adjoining lake affords great convenience, is carried on to a considerable extent; as also the craft of shoemaking. Linen and woollen manufactures are pretty extensive, and there is a large calico-printing establishment about a mile from the town. It receives great advantage from the Union Canal, which passes in the immediate vicinity, for transporting goods to the capital. There is a weekly stock market held on Friday. The population in 1831 amounted to 4874.
LINOSA, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to the kingdom of Naples. It is about six miles in circumference, and entirely volcanic, with an extinct crater in [its eastern side, and three others, smaller, but distinctly marked, in other parts. It is uninhabited. Long. 12. 52. 9. E. Lat. 35. 51. 50. N.
LINT. See Flax and Linen. Lint, in Surgery, is the scrapings of fine linen, used by surgeons in dressing wounds. It is made into various forms, which acquire different names according to the difference of the figures. Lint made up in an oval or orbicular form is called a pledgit ; if in a cylindrical form, or in the shape of a date, or olive-stone, it is called a dossil.
LINTON, a market-town of Cambridgeshire, in the hundred of Chilford, forty-six miles from London, and ten from Cambridge. The ancient Roman road, the Ikeneld Street, runs to this town, and the river Granta flows at the end of it. The market day is Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1157, in 1811 to 1373, in 1821 to 1519, and in 1831 to 1678.
LINTSTOCK, in military affairs, a wooden staff about three feet long, having a sharp point in one end, and a sort of fork or crotch on the other; the latter serving to contain a lighted match, whilst by the former the lintstock is occasionally stuck in the ground, or in the deck of a ship during an engagement. It is frequently used in small vessels, where there is commonly one fixed between every two guns, by which the match is always kept dry, and ready for firing.
LINZ, a city of Austria, in the circle of Muhlviertel, and province of Upper Ens. It is the capital of the province and the circle, and stands on the right bank of the Danube. It is a well-built city, with three suburbs, a fine market-place, and a castle upon a hill which overlooks it. It contains three churches, three monasteries, and two nunneries, 1280 houses, and 18,500 inhabitants. There is an academical institution, with eighteen professors, directing studies in divinity, law, philosophy, surgery, and medicine, and a library of 22,000 volumes. It is a place of manufacturing industry, producing good woollen cloths, cassimeres, and carpets, as well as some cotton goods and hosiery. It carries on considerable trade by the Danube, both upwards and downwards, and has two fairs annually, which continue fourteen days. Long. 14. 11. 25. E. Lat. 48. 18. 54. N.

Linz, a city, the capital of the circle of the same name, in the Prussian government of Coblentz. It is situated on the river Rhine, and contains 380 houses, with 1980 inhabitants, who grow some wine, and carry on fisheries, and also navigation on the river. Near it are some iron-works.
LINUS, in classical history, a native of Colchis, who was contemporary with Orpheus, and one of the most ancient poets and musicians of Greece. It is impossible, at this distance of time, to discover whether Linus was the disciple of Orpheus, or Orpheus of Linus. The majority, however, seem to decide this question in favour of Linus. According to Archbishop Usher, he flourished about 1280 B. c. and is mentioned by Eusebius amongst the poets who wrote before the time of Moses. Diodorus Siculus tells us, on the authority of Dionysius of Mitylene the historian, who was contemporary with Cicero, that Linus was the first amongst the Greeks who invented verses and music, as Cadmus first taught them the use of letters. The same writer likewise attributes to him an account of the exploits of the first Bacchus, and a treatise upon Greek mythology, written in Pelasgic characters, which were also those used by Orpheus, and by Pronapides the preceptor of Homer. Diodorus says that he added the string called liclianos to the Mercurian lyre, and ascribes to him the invention of rhythm and melody, which Suidas, who regards him as the most ancient of lyric poets, confirms. Marpurg conceives that Linus invented catgut strings for the use of the lyre, which, before his time, was only strung with thongs of leather, or with different threads of wax strung together. He is said by many writers to have had several disciples of great renown; amongst whom were Hercules, Thamyris, and, according to some, Orpheus. Hercules, says Diodorus, in learning from Linus to play upon the lyre, being extremely dull and obstinate, provoked his master to strike him; which so enraged the young hero, that instantly seizing the lyre, he beat out the brains of the musician with his own instrument.
LIONCELLES, in Heraldry, a term used for, several lions borne in the same coat of arms.