pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CLEMENTINE, a term used among the Augustines, and applied to a person w ho, after having been nine years a superior, ceases to be so, and becomes a private monk, under the command of a superior. The word had its rise from the circumstance of Pope Clement having, by a bull, prohibited any superior among the Augustines from .continuing above nine years in office.

Clementines, in the canon law, are the constitutions of Pope Clement V. and the canons of the council of Vienne.
CLENARD, or Kleinarts, Nicholas, a celebrated grammarian of the sixteenth century, was born at Diest, in Brabant, in 1495; and after having taught humanity at Louvain, where he had studied, he travelled into France, Spain, Portugal, and Africa. Clenard’s works arc, 1. Tabula in Grammaticam Hebracam, Louvain, 1529, 8vo; 2. Institutiones Linguae Graecae, Louvain, 1530, composed with the aid of Rescius; 3. Meditationes Graecanicae, Louvain, 1531; 4. Epistolarzιm Libri duo, Louvain, 1550, 8vo. Clenard died at Grenada, on his return from Africa, in 1542.
CLEOBIS and Biton, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it forty-five stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on the filial piety of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that could be granted to a mortal; upon which they went to rest and awoke no more; and by this the goddess showed that death is the only truly fortunate event that can happen to man. The Argives raised them statues at Delphi.
CLEOMBROTUS, a king of Sparta, son of Anaxan-drides, who was deterred from building a wall across the isthmus of Corinth, against the approach of the Persians, by an eclipse of the sun. He died in the 75th Olympiad, and was succeeded by Plistarchus, son of Leonidas, a minor.

Cleombrotus II. son of Pausanias, king of Sparta, and brother to Agesipolis I. He made war against the Boeotians, and, lest he should be suspected of treacherous communications with Epaminondas, he gave that general battle at Leuctra, on very disadvantageous ground. He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, in the year of Rome 382.

Cleombrotus III. a son-in-law of Leonidas, king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the kingdom after the expulsion of his father-in-law. Upon the rccal of Leonidas, Clcombrotus was banished, and his wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her father, now attended her husband in his exile.
CLEOMENES, king of Sparta, who conquered the Argives, and freed Athens from the tyranny of the Peisistratidae. By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, because the latter refused to punish the people of Aegina, who had deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of insanity.

Cleomenes II. succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned thirty-four years in the greatest tranquillity, and left two sons, Acrotatus and Cleonymus. He was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus.

Cleomenes III. succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force. He killed the Ephori, removed by poison his royal colleague Eu-rydamides, and created his own brother Euclidas king, against the laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achaeans, and attempted to destroy the Achaean league. Aratus, the general of the Achaeans, who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, retired into Egypt to the court of Ptolemy Euergetes, whither his wife and [7:6:738] children had gone before him. Ptolemy received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed and exposed on a cross, in the 140th Olympiad.
CLEON, the name of several noted men of antiquity: 1. Of an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became, by means of his intrigues and eloquence, general of the armies of the state, took Thoron in Thrace, and was killed at Amphibolis in a battle with Brasidas, the Spartan general; 2. Of a general of Messenia, who disputed with Aristodemus the sovereignty of that country; 3. Of a statuary; 4. Of a poet, who wrote a poem on the Argonauts; 5. Of an orator of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysandcr, in which he intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective; and 6. Of a Magnesian who wrote some commentaries, in which he treats of portentous events.
CLEOPATRA, the celebrated queen of Egypt, was daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. By her extraordinary beauty she subdued the two renowned Roman generals Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, the latter of whom, it is thought, lost the empire of Rome by his attachment to her. At length Mark Antony being subdued by Octavius Caesar, she tried the force of her declining charms upon the conqueror, but in vain; upon which,‘expecting no mercy from him, she poisoned herself, thirty years before Christ. According to some authors, she was the restorer of the Alexandrian library, to which she added that of Pergamos; and it is said that she studied philosophy, to console her for the absence of Antony. With her ended the family of the Ptolemies in Egypt, where it had reigned 294 years, from the death of Alexander; for Egypt, after this, was reduced into a Roman province, in which state it remained till it was taken by the Saracens, a. d. 641.
CLEOSTRATUS, a celebrated astronomer, born in Tenedos, was, according to Pliny, the first who discovered the signs of the zodiac; but others say that he only discovered the signs Aries and Sagittarius. He also corrected the errors of the Grecian year, about the 306th year before Christ.
CLEPSYDRA, an instrument or machine serving to measure time by the fall of a certain quantity of water. The word comes from %λsrrrω, condo, and υδωg, aqua, water; though there have likewise been clepsydrae in which mercury was used. The Egyptians, by this machine, measured the course of the sun. Tycho Brahe made use of it to measure the motion of the stars; and Dudley used the same contrivance in making his maritime observations. Clepsydrae were invented in Egypt under the Ptolemies, as were also sun-dials. Their use was chiefly confined to the winter. The sun-dials served in the summer. They had two great defects; the one, that the water ran out with a greater or less facility, as the air was more or less dense; the other, that the water flowed out more readily at the beginning than towards the conclusion.

Construction of a Clepsydua. To divide any cylindric vessel into parts to be emptied in each division of time; the time in which the whole, and that in which any part, is to be evacuated, being given. Suppose, for example, a cylindric vessel, whose charge of water thrown out in twelve hours was required to be divided into parts to be evacuated each hour. 1. As the part of time one is to the whole time twelve, so is the same time twelve to a fourth proportional, 144. 2. Divide the altitude of the vessel into 144 equal parts: here the last will fall to the last hour; the three next above to the last part but one; the five next to the tenth hour, &c.; and the twenty-three last to the first hour. For since the times increase in the series of the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. and the altitudes, if the numeration be in retrograde order from the twelfth hour, increase in the series of the unequal numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c., the altitude, computed from the twelfth hour, will be as the squares of the times I, 4, 9, 16, 25, &c.; therefore the square of the whole time 144 comprehends all the parts of the altitude of the vessel to be evacuated. But a third proportional to one and twelve is the square of twelve, and consequently it is the number of equal parts into which the altitude is to be divided, to be distributed according to the series of the unequal numbers, through the equal intervals of hours. But since in lieu of parts of the same vessel, other less vessels equal thereto may be substituted, the altitude of a vessel emptied in a given space of time being given, the altitude of another vessel to be emptied in a given time may be found, viz. by making the altitudes as the squares of the times.
CLERKE, Captain Charles, a celebrated English navigator, was bred up in the navy from his youth, and was present in several actions during the war of 1755. In the engagement between the Bellona and Courageux he was in imminent danger; for having been stationed in the mizen-top of the Bellona, the mast was carried overboard by a shot, and he fell into the sea along with it, but he was taken up without having received any injury. When Commodore Byron made his first voyage round the world, Mr Clerke served on board his ship in capacity of midshipman; and he was afterwards on the American station. In the year 1768 he sailed round the world a second time in the Endeavour; on board of which he served in the station of master’s mate, but, during the voyage, succeeded to a lieutenancy. He returned in 1775, and was soon afterwards appointed master and commander. When Captain Cook undertook his last voyage, Mr Clerke was appointed captain of the Discovery; and in consequence of the death of Captain Cook, he naturally succeeded to the chief command. He did not, however, long enjoy his new dignity. Before his departure from England he had exhibited manifest symptoms of consumption. Of this disease he lingered during the whole of the voyage; and his long residence in the cold northern climates cut off all hopes of recovery. But though sensible that the only chance he had of prolonging his life was by a speedy return to a warmer climate, his attention to his duty was so great that he persevered in search of a passage between the Asiatic and American continents until every one of [7:6:743]the officers came to be of opinion that it was impracticable. He bore his distemper with great firmness and equanimity, retaining his usual spirits to the last; and died on the 22d of August 1778, in the thirty-eighth year of his age, the ship being then within view of the coast of Kamtschatka.

Clerke’s Island, a pretty large island in the North Pacific Ocean, in which are several hills all connected by low ground, which at a distance present the appearance of a group of islands. Near its eastern extremity is a little island remarkable for having upon it three elevated rocks. Both the large and small islands are inhabited. Long. 190. 30. E. Lat. 63. 15. N.
CLERMONT, an arrondissement of the department of the Oise, in France, extending over 530 square miles, divided into eight cantons and 178 communes, and containing 86,760 inhabitants. The city which gives its name to the arrondissement is in a picturesque situation, overlooking the river Bresehe. It contains 495 houses, and 2072 inhabitants, who manufacture a considerable quantity of fine linen, and cambrics, and silk ribbons.

Clermont, an arrondissement of the department of Puy de Dôrnc, in France, extending over 774 square miles. It is divided into fourteen cantons, and subdivided into 106 communes, containing 169,105 inhabitants. The capital, from which the arrondissement takes its name, is seated between the two small rivers Beda and Arlier. It contains, including the suburbs, which are extensive, 2167 houses and 31,509 inhabitants. There are an academy, a royal college, a botanic garden, and other institutions for scientific purposes. It is a place of great trade, partly as the entrepôt to the north and south of France, but in a great measure from the sale of its own products. There are in the city several medicinal natural springs, frequented by invalids. Long. 3. 0. E. Lat. 45. 46. Ń.

Clermont de Lodeve, a city of the department of the Hérault, in France, on the river Ergue. It contains 791 houses and 5810 inhabitants.

Clermont Manuscript is a copy of St Paul’s Epistles, found in the monastery of Clermont in France, and used by Beza, together with the Cambridge manuscript, in preparing his edition of the New Testament. This copy is in the octavo form, and is written on fine vellum, in Greek and Latin, with some mutilations. Beza supposes that it is of equal antiquity with the Cambridge copy; but both were probably written by a Latin scribe at a later period than he assigns to them. The various readings of this manuscript were communicated to Archbishop Usher, and they are preserved by Walton. The manuscript itself was in the possession of Morinus, and after his death deposited among the manuscript copies in the royal library at Paris.
CLEROMANCY, a kind of divination performed by the throwing of dice, and observing the points or marks turned up. The word comes from κλτjgoς, lot, and μαwua, divination. At Bura, a city of Achaia, there were a temple and celebrated oracle of Hercules, where such as consulted the oracle, after praying to the idol, threw four dice, from the points of which, when well scanned, the priest was supposed to derive an answer or response. Something of this kind seems to have been practised with regard to Jonah.
CLESIDES, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, in the reign of Antiochus I. He revenged the injuries he had received from Queen Stratonice, by representing her in the arms of a fisherman. But however indecent the painter’s representation of the queen, she was drawn with such personal beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the artist.
CLEVELAND, John, an English poet of some eminence in his time, who, during the civil war under Charles I., engaged as a literary champion in the royal cause against the parliamentarians. He was born in 1613, and died in 1659, much extolled by his party. FIis works, which consist of poems, characters, orations, epistles, &c. were printed in octavo in 1677. The last edition of this collection appeared so long ago as the year 1687; yet Cleveland was in his day esteemed one of the best of the English poets, and enjoyed a popularity far surpassing that of Milton.
CLIENT, among the Romans, a citizen who put himself under the protection of some great man, who, in respect of that relation, was called patron. This patron assisted his client with his protection, interest, and goods; and the client gave his vote for his patron, when the latter sought any office for himself or his friends. Clients owed respect to their patrons, and patrons owed their clients protection. The right of patronage was appointed by Romulus, in order to unite the rich and the poor in such a manner as that the one might live without contempt, and the other without envy; but the condition of a client became in course of time little else than a species of servitude.

Client is now used to signify a party in a law-suit, who has entrusted his cause into the hands of a counsellor or solicitor.
CLIFTON, a large parish, forming a kind of suburb to the city of Bristol, and the residence of the richest class of its inhabitants, as well as of many other opulent families. It forms a portion of the hundred of Barton Regis, in Gloucestershire, and consists of rows and crescents of handsome and convenient houses; while from its picturesque situation, and the purity of its air, it is much frequented by occasional visitors. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 6981, in 1821 to 8811, and in 1831 to 12,032.
CLIMACTERIC (from climacter, a ladder) signifies, among physicians, a critical year in a person’s life.

According to some, this is every seventh year; but others admit only the years produced by multiplying seven by the odd numbers three, five, seven, and nine, to be climacterical. These years, they say, bring with them some remarkable change with respect to health, life, or fortune. The grand climacteric is the sixty-third year; but some, making two, add to this the cighty-first. The other remarkable climacterics are the seventh, twenty-first, thirty-fifth, forty-ninth, and fifty-sixth.
CLINCH, in nautical language, that part of a cable which is bended about the ring of the anchor, and then seized or made fast.
CLINCHING, in nautical language, a kind of slight caulking used at sea, about the posts, in prospect of foul weather. It consists in driving a little oakum into their seams, to prevent the water entering by them.
CLINIAS, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, who flourished in the 65th Olympiad. Being very choleric, he was wont to assuage his passion by his lyre.
CLIO, in Pagan Mythology, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history, and is represented as crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and in the other a book. Sometimes she holds a plectrum or quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour and reputation, κλ≡oς, gloria ; and it was her office to record faithfully the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. Clio had -Hyacintha by Pierius, son of Magnes.
CLISTHENES, a famous Athenian magistrate, the author of the mode of banishing ambitious citizens by ostracism, or writing their names upon a shell; in other words, by a species of ballot. The intention was patriotic, but, like all other human institutions, it was abused; and some of the worthiest citizens of Athens were thus exiled. Clisthenes died 510 years before Christ.
CLITHEROE, a borough-town of the hundred of Blackburn, in Lancashire, distant thirty miles from Manchester, and 283 from London. It stands on the river Ribble, and has a canal navigation connecting it with most parts of the kingdom. The cotton trade has been extensively introduced here of late years. The market is held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1769, in 1821 to 3213, and in 1831 to 5213.
CLITOMACHUS, a philosopher who flourished about 140 years before Christ. He was born at Carthage, but quitted his country at forty years of age, and went to Athens,where he became the disciple and successor of Carneades. He composed many books, but they were all lost CLITUMNUS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Umbria, on this side of the Apennines. According to Pliny, it was a fountain consisting of several veins, situated between[7:6:765] Hispellum and Spolctium, which soon after swelled into a navigable river, running from east to west into the Tinia, and both together into the Tiber. This river was famous for its milk-white flocks and herds. The god of the river was called Clitumnus.
CLITUS, brother to Alexander the Great’s nurse. He fo'lowed that prince in his conquests, and saved his life by cutting off the hand of Rosaces, who held an axe uplifted to kill him at the passage of the Granicus. Alexander, who had a great regard for him, some time afterwards invited him to supper; when Clitus, at the end of the repast, being heated with wine, depreciated the exploits of that prince, in order to magnify those of his father Philip. This so enraged Alexander, that he killed Clitus with his own hand; but he was afterwards so afflicted at what he had done, that he attempted his own life.
CLOACAE, in Antiquity, the common sewers of Rome, to carry off the dirt and soil of the city into the Tiber; justly reckoned amongst the grand works of the Romans. The first common sewer, called Cloaca Maxima, was built by Tarquinius (some say Priscus, others Superbus), of huge blocks of stone joined together without any cement, in the manner of the edifices of those early times, consisting of three rows of arches, one above another, which at length conjoined and united together, measuring in the clear eighteen palms in height, and as many in width. Under these arches people rowed in boats, which caused Pliny say that the city was suspended in air, and that they sailed beneath the houses. Under these arches also were ways through which carts loaded with hay could pass with ease. This Cloaca commenced in the Forum Romanum, measured 300 paces in length, and emptied itself between the temple of Vesta and the Pons Senatorius. There were as many principal sewers as there were hills. Pliny infers their firmness and strength from their standing during so many ages the shock of earthquakes, the fall of houses, and the vast load and weights moved over them.
CLOACINA, the goddess of jakes and common sewérs among the Romans.
CLODIUS, Publius, a Roman descended of an illustrious family, who rendered himself famous for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He introduced himself in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Caesar, whilst Pompeia, Caesar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea, where no man was permitted to appear. He was publicly accused of this violation of human and divine laws; but he got himself chosen tribune, and by this means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family in order to become tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato that he got him appointed with praetorian power to command an expedition against Ptolemy, king of Cyprus, that by the difficulty of the campaign he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the designs of Clodius. This man was also an inveterate enemy of Cicero, and by his influence got him banished from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished with death and without trial the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; but, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy them. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods were restored to him. Clodius was some time afterwards murdered in an accidental rencontre by Milo, whose defence Cicero undertook, and wrote, but did not pronounce, the celebrated oration pro Milone, which is considered as his masterpiece.

CLOEBURY-Mortimer, a market-town of the hundred of Stoddesden, in Shropshire, 137 miles distant from London. It is situated on the river Cleme, near the Clie Hills. The market is held on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 1602, and in 1831 to 1716.
CLOGHER, an episcopal town of Ireland, in the coun-, ty of Tyrone, and province of Ulster. In a very early age an abbey of regular canons, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was founded here. This was once a place of some consequence, but there is nothing about it now which entitles it to its former appellation of city. It is distant about 105 miles north-west of Dublin.
CLOGHNAKILTY, or Clonakilty, a market, post, and fair-town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is in a rapid state of improvement, the annual value of sales of linen and yarn effected here amounting to upwards of £30,000. There are here a permanent barrack, an endowed classical school, two subscription and two endowed poorschools. It is distant 198 miles south-west from Dublin. The population amounts to 4033.
CLOISTER, a habitation surrounded with walls, and inhabited by canons or religious persons. In a more general sense, cloister is used for a monastery of religious persons of either sex. In a more restricted sense, cloister is used for the principal part of a regular monastery, consisting of a square built around, which is ordinarily between the church, the chapter-house, and the refectory, and over which is the dormitory. The cloisters served for several purposes in the ancient monasteries. Petrus thesensis observes that it was there the monks held their lectures. The lecture of morality was at the north side, next the church; the school was on the west, and the chapter-house on the east; while spiritual meditation, and the like, were reserved for the church. Lanfranc observes that the proper use of the cloister was for the monks to meet in and converse together, at certain hours of the day. The form of the cloister was square; and it had its name claustrum, from claudo, “I shut or close as being inclosed on its four sides with buildings. Hence, in architecture, a building is still said to be in the form of a cloister when there are buildings on each of the four sides of the court.