pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CAGE, an inclosure made of wire, wicker, or the like, interwoven lattice-wise, for the confinement of birds or wild beasts. The word is French, cage, formed from the Italian gaggia, of the Latin cavea, which has the same signification: a caveis theatralibus in quibus includebantur ferae.

Beasts were usually brought to Rome shut up in oaken or beechen cages artfully formed, and covered or shaded with boughs, that the creatures, deceived with the appearance of a wood, might fancy themselves in their forest. The fiercer sorts were pent in iron eages, lest wooden prisons might be broken through. In some prisons there are iron cages for the closer confinement of criminals.

Cages (caveae) denote also places in the ancient amphitheatres, wherein wild beasts were kept, ready to be let out for sport. The caveae were a sort of iron cages, different from dens, which were under ground and dark; and being airy and light, the beasts rushed out of them with more alacrity and fierceness than if they had been pent up under ground.
CAGGIANO, a city of Italy, in the province Principato-Citeriore of the kingdom of Naples, with 2777 inhabitant
CAGLIARI, the capital of the island of Sardinia, as well as of the province of the same name. It stands on the gulf of that name, and contains thirty churches, about 5000 houses, and 25,880 inhabitants. It is the residence of the viceroy, of an archbishop, and the place of assembling of the boards of administration and of the courts of justice. It has little commerce, which is chiefly confined to the sale of wine, corn, cheese, and especially of salt refined near it. Long. 9. 0. 25. E. Lat. 39. 15. 20. N.
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Cagliari, Capo Di, one of the provinces into which the island of Sardinia is divided.

Cagliari, Paolo, called Paulo Veronese, an excellent painter, was born at Verona in the year 1532. Gabriel Cagliari, his father, was a sculptor, and Antonio Badile, his uncle, was his master in painting. He was not only esteemed - the best of all the Lombard painters, but by reason of his extensive talents in the art was peculiarly styled II Pittor felice, the happy painter; and there is scarcely a church in Venice where some of his performances are not to be seen. He died of a fever at Venice in 1588, and had a tomb and a statue of brass erected to his memory in the church of St Sebastian.
CAGNANO, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province Capitanata, with 3477 inhabitants.
CAHÓRS, an arrondissement in the department of the Lot, in France. It extends over 865 square miles, and contains twelve cantons, divided into 136 communes, with 106,417 inhabitants. The chief place, from which the arrondissement takes its name, is on the right bank of the Lot, which forms almost a circle round it. It contains 1900 houses, and 11,728 inhabitants. There are in it manufactures of paper, cloths, lace, cassimeres, and leather; and some trade in wine, brandy, nut-oil, and other productions, which is increasing. Long. 1. 21. 15. E. Lat. 44. 26. 49. N.
CAHUSAC, a town of France, in the department of the Tarn, on the river Verre, with 1424 inhabitants.
CAIAPHAS, high priest of the Jews after Simon, condemned Christ to death; and was deprived of his place by the emperor 'Vitellius, for which disgrace he made away with himself.
CAIFONG. See China.
CAILLAC, an arrondissement of the department of the Tarn, in France, extending over 510 square miles. It is divided into eight cantons and eighty-four communes, and contains 63,736 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, on the river Tarn, which is navigable to a certain extent. It has 1503 houses, and 6636 inhabitants. The chief trade consists in wine, which is produced of the best quality in the vicinity, and largely shipped from Bourdeaux to the most remote markets. Long. 1. 45. E. Lat. 43. 50. N.
CAIMACAN, or Kaimacam, in Turkish affairs, a dignity of the Ottoman empire, answering to lieutenant, or rather deputy, amongst us. There are usually two caimacans, one residing at Constantinople as governor of the capital, and the other attending the grand vizir in quality of lieutenant, secretary of state, and first minister of his council, and giving audience to ambassadors. Sometimes there is a third caimacan, who attends the sultan, whom he acquaints with any public disturbances, and receives his orders concerning them.
CAIMAN, or Cayman Islands, three small islands situated fifty-five leagues north-north-west of Jamaica. The southernmost of these islands is called Great Caiman, and contains about 160 inhabitants, whose chief employment consists in fishing for turtle, with which they supply Porto Rigal and other places. A considerable number of them are also employee! as pilots.
CAIN, eldest son of Adam and Eve, killed his brother Abel, for which he was condemned by God to banishment and a vagabond state of life. Cain retired to the land of Nod on the east of Eden, and built a city, to which he gave the name of his son Enoch.
CAINITES, a sect of heretics in the second century, so called on account of their great respect for Cain. They pretended that the virtue which produced Abel was of an order inferior to that which had produced Cain, and that this was the reason why Cain had the victory over Abel and killed him; for they admitted a great number of genii, which they called virtues, of different ranks and orders. They made profession of honouring those who carry in Scripture the most visible marks of reprobation, as the inhabitants of Sodom, Esau, Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. They had, in particular, a very great veneration for the traitor Judas, under the pretence, that the death of Jesus Christ had saved mankind. They had also a forged gospel of Judas, to which they paid great respect.
CAIROAN, or Cairwan, a city of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, seated in a sandy barren soil, about five miles from the Gulf of Capres. It has neither spring, well, nor river; for which reason they are obliged to preserve rain water in tanks and cisterns. It was built by the Aglabites, and was once the seat of a considerable kingdom, but it is now much decayed. There is still, however, a very superb mosque, and the tombs of the kings of Tunis are yet to be seen. Long. 9. 12. E. Lat. 35. 40. E.
CAISSON, in the military art, a wooden chest, into which several bombs are put, though it is sometimes filled only with gunpowder. This is buried under some work of which the enemy intend to possess themselves, and when they are masters of it, is fired in order to blow them up.

Caisson is also used for a wooden frame or chest used in laying the foundations of the piers of a bridge.
CAISTOR, a market-town in the hundred of Yarborough and county of Lincoln. It is joined by a canal to the town of Głanford Brigg. It is a place of great antiquity, said to have been built by the Saxon Hengist. The town is supplied with water by four springs, whose streams, after passing through it, unite and form the river Ancolm. It is 157 miles from London. The market is held on Monday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1051, in 1821 to 1253, and in 1831 to 1525.
CAIUS, Kaye, or Keye, Dr John, the founder of Caius College in Cambridge, was born at Norwich in 1510. He was admitted very young a student in Gonville Hall in the above-mentioned university; and at the age of twenty-one translated from Greek into Latin some pieces of divinity, and into English Erasmus’s paraphrase on Jude, and other works. From these his juvenile labours, it seems probable that he first intended to prosecute the study of divinity. But be this as it may, he travelled into Italy, and at Padua studied physic under the celebrated Montanus. In that university he continued some time, where we are told he read Greek lectures with great applause. In 1543 he travelled through part of Italy, Germany, and France; and returning to England, commenced doctor of physic at Cambridge. He practised first at Shrewsbury, and afterwards at Norwich; but removing to London in 1547, he was admitted fellow of the college of physicians, of which he was several years president. In 1557, being then physician to Queen Mary, and in great favour, he obtained a license to advance Gonville-hall, where he had been educated, into a college, which he endowed with several considerable estates, adding an entire new square at the expense or L.1834. Of this college he accepted the mastership, which he held till within a short period of his death. He was physician to Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth. Towards the latter end of his life he retired to his own college at Cambridge, where having resigned the mastership to Dr Legge of Norwich, he spent the remainder of his life as a fellow commoner. He died in July 1573, aged sixty-three, and was buried in the chapel of his own college. Dr Caius was a learned, active, and benevolent man. In 1557 he erected a monument in St Paul’s, to the memory of the famous Linacre. In 1563 he obtained a grant for the college of physicians to take the bodies of two malefactors annually for dissection; and he was the inventor of the insignia which distinguish the president from the rest of the fellows. He wrote, 1. Annals of the College from 1555 to 1572. 2. Translation of several of Galen’s works, printed at different times abroad. 3. Hippocrates de Medicamentis ; first discovered and published by our author; also De Patione Victus, Lov. 1556, 8vo. 4. De Medendi Methodo, Basel, 1554; Lond. 1556, 8vo. 5. Account of the Sweating Sickness in England, Lond. 1556, 1721. It is entitled De Ephemera Britannica. 6. History of the University of Cambridge, Lond. 1568, 8vo; 1574, 4to, in Latin. 7. De Thermis Britannicis ; but it is doubtful whether this work was ever printed. 8. Of some Rare Plants and Animals, Lond. 1570. 9. De Canibus Britannicis, 1570, 1729. 10. De Pronumciatione Groecoeet Latinae Linguoe, Lond. 1574. 11. De Libris propriis, Lond. 1570. Besides many other works which never were printed.
CAJARE, a market-town of the department of the Lot, in France, on the right bank of the Dordogne, with 1912 inhabitants.
CAJAZZO, a city of Italy, in the province Terra di Lavoro, of the kingdom of Naples, near the Volturno. It has a cathedral, several other churches, and 2765 inhabitants.
CAJETAN, Cardinal, was born at Cajeta, in the kingdom of Naples, in the year 1469. His proper name was Thomas de Vio, but he adopted that of Cajetan from the place of his nativity. He defended the authority of the pope, which had suffered greatly at the council of Nice, in a work entitled Of the Power of the Pope ; and for this work he obtained the bishopric of Cajeta. He was afterwards raised to the archiepiscopal see of Palermo, and in 1517 was made a cardinal by Pope Leo X. The year after, he was sent as legate into Germany, to quiet the commotions raised against indulgences by Martin Luther; but Luther, under protection of Frederic elector of Saxony, set him at defiance; for though he obeyed the cardinal’s summons in repairing to Augsburg, yet he rendered all his proceedings ineffectual. Cajetan was employed in several other negociations and transactions, being as ready in business as in letters. He died in 1534. He wrote commentaries upon Aristotle’s philosophy, and upon Thomas Aquinas’s theology; and made a free translation of the Old and New Testaments.
CAJUPUT OIL, a volatile oil obtained by distillation from a species of melaleuca, which has lately obtained the name of melaleuca cajuputi; cajuputi being its Malay name. This tree, or rather shrub, is a natlve of the island of Amboyna, and of the southern part of Borneo. Cajuput oil is prepared from the leaves which are collected in a hot dry day, macerated in water, and distilled after fermenting for a night. Five bags of the dried leaves, it is said, are required to produce one ounce of the oil, which when distilled is limpid; but being generally transported to Europe in copper vessels, attains a greenish colour. When imported in glass bottles, it is perfectly pellucid. As the real cajuput oil is high priced, it is much exposed to adulteration.

Cajuput oil should be free from colour, or of a bluish green: it is extremely pungent to the taste, and has the odour of a mixture of turpentine and camphor. When dropped in water, it diffuses itself over its surface, and then entirely evaporates. It should burn without leaving any residuum. It is very soluble in alcohol, and sparingly so in water. Like other volatile oils, the cajuput is a powerful stimulant, and is used medicinally where such medicines are required. Some practitioners have given it a high character as a remedy for the pestilence which is at present ravaging Europe. It does not appear, however, to have any claim as a specific in the treatment of cholera. The dose taken internally is about five drops. It is used externally .as a rubifacient, and is also resorted too ccasion-ally with advantage in toothach.
CAKE, a finer sort of bread, so denominated from its flat round figure, <. , [7:5:783]• The Hebrews had several sorts of cakes, which they offered in the temple. These were made of the meal either of wheat or barley, and were kneaded sometimes with oil and sometimes with honey; though sometimes they only rubbed them over with oil when they were baked, or fried them with oil in a frying-pan upon the fire. In the ceremony of Aaron’s consecration, they sacrificed a calf and two rams, and offered unleavened bread, and cakes unleavened tempered with oil, and wafers unleavened anointed with oil; the whole being made of fine wheaten flour.
CALABASH, in Commerce, a light kind of vessel fφ∙med of the shell of a gourd emptied and dried, serving to put divers kinds of goods in, as pitch, rosin, and the like. The word in Spanish, calabaça, signifies the same.
CALABRIA Citeriore, one of the southern provinces into which the kingdom of Naples, in Italy, is divided. It is bounded on the south by Calabria Ulteriore, on the east by the Ionic Sea, on the north by Basilicata, and on the west by the Mediterranean. Its extent is 3652 square miles, or 2,337,280 English acres. The Appenines are continued into this province, but are inferior to the height they attain in Abruzzo. In the south the mountains of Silla extend over more than 220 square miles. The province is watered by numberless small streams, whose course is short, and commonly rapid. The climate is mild, and, except on the mountains, the snow never remains. The productive power of the soil is very various, but it yields sufficient corn for the inhabitants. The products are wheat, barley, beans, maize, rice, flax, and hemp; besides cotton, tobacco, saffron, liquorice, and wine of great strength. Oil and silk are also produced. The fishery is an important means of affording employment to numerous persons, who catch large quantities of the tunny, and of sardinias. There are scarcely any roads through the province, and of the few, some are nearly impassable; consequently there is little internal traffic. What little external commerce exists, centres in the capital Cosenza. The number of inhabitants, by a census of 1793, appeared to be 345,532; but in 1807, by the product of a tax on fire-places, the population was estimated at 374,000. It is divided into four districts, viz. Cösenza, Rossano, Amantea, and Castrovillari.

Calabria Ulteriore, a province of the Neapolitan kingdom of Italy. It is usually divided into two parts, numbered one and two, but these are here described together. The province is a peninsula, bearing a resemblance to the foot of the boot to which the map of Italy has been likened. It is surrounded by the sea, except on the north, where it is bounded by Calabria Citeriore. The extent is 3388 square miles, or 2,178,320 English acres.

Although the continuation of the ridge of the Appenines is obvious throughout the whole province, yet their elevation generally decreases towards the south. The soil is generally fertile; and the heat of the climate makes it a kind of forcing house as compared with the other parts of Italy. Snow and ice are scarcely known; and the aloe and date trees come to perfection in the open air. In summer, however, the whole province is burnt up, and the sirocco extends the scorching breath of Africa over all the land. The products are wheat, maize, barley, beans, rice, cotton, buck-wheat, sugar-canes, tobacco, licorice, and melons, with other fruits. Besides these, much silk of an excellent quality is raised; and pitch, tar, and turpentine, are made from the trees. The sheep and other cattle are by no means so abundant as in the other Calabria. There are marks of gold, silver, lead, and copper, but no mines are worked of any of these metals. Manufactures are at a low ebb, and confined to silk and wool. There are a few coasting vessels, and some fishing vessels belonging to the Calabrese, but there is no foreign trade. The whole population of the province amounts to about 450,000 individuals.
CALABRITTO, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province Principato-Citeriore, with 2160 inhabitants.
CALAHORRA, a town of Spain, in the province of Old Castile, and in the district of Soria. It was a city of considerable distinction in past ages, and the vestiges of its grandeur are still visible around it. The vicinity of the place yields a considerable quantity of fine wool. It is on the banks of the little river Yregua, which falls into the Ebro. It is the seat of a bishop, and contains 7200 inhabitants; and there is a beautiful bridge of ten arches over the river. This town was the birth-place of Quintilian.
CALAIS, a city of the arrondissement of Boulogne, and department of Calais, in France. It is a place of importance from being the nearest point to England, and the landing place of those who pass from thence to the Continent. The harbour, which is dry at low water, is only fit for the reception of small vessels. It is fortified strongly both on the land and sea sides. The walls form a pleasing, and indeed the only promenade. It is well built, with a good square, and with streets leading from it in straight lines. It contains 900 houses, besides barracks; and the inhabitants amount to 8500. The place suffers from want of good water.

Calais, Pas de, one of the departments of France, on the sea coast. It is bounded on the north by the British Channel, on the north-east by the department of the north, on the south by that of the Somme, and on the west by the Channel. It extends over 2596 square miles, and is divided into six arrondissements, and these are subdivided into forty-three cantons and 953 communes. The population amounts to 584,650. It is generally a level district, near the sea-coast, rather marshy, but remarkable for excellent pasture and dairy land. The greater portion of the land is under the plough, and is well cultivated on the Flemish system. The department is abundantly supplied with water, which is applied both to purposes of navigation and of irrigation. With a few exceptions, it is by far the best cultivated of any part of France, and in the greater part of the arrondissements of Arras, Bethune, and St Omer, it is scarcely possible to find a spot of land not highly productive. Green crops are abundantly raised, and the dung from the animals fed on them provides abundant manure for the corn land; while the mode of ploughing the land and furrowing it operates to prevent injury from too much rain. It is a manufacturing as well as an agricultural district. Woollen, linen, and cotton goods, hosiery, lace, leather, earthenware, beer, corn, spirits, paper, hats, and soap, are extensively produced, besides flax, hemp, and linseed oil. There are considerable fisheries on the sea-coast and in the several rivers.

Calais, St, an arrondissement in the department of the Sarthe, in France, extending over 465 square miles. It is divided into six cantons, and these again into sixty communes, containing 66,330 inhabitants. The chief place is a city of the same name, on the river Anille, in an unfruitful spot, containing 3646 inhabitants, occupied in manufacturing serges, flannels, and some kinds of linen goods.
CALAMANCO, a sort of woollen stuff’ manufactured in England and Brabant. It has a fine gloss, and is checkered in the warp, whence the checks appear only on the right side. Some calamancoes are quite plain, others have broad stripes adorned with flowers, others plain broad stripes, others narrow stripes, and others are watered.
CALAMIANES, a group of small islands in the Eastern Seas, about twelve in number, and situated to the north arid north-east of the Philippines. They are surrounded by numerous shoals and rocks, which render the navigation intricate and dangerous. The largest of these islands are' called Busvagon and Calamiane, and the latter is about twenty-three miles in length by five in breadth;- [7:5:784]the whole constituting a province under its name, which is divided between the Sultan of Borneo and the Spaniards. There are besides numerous tribes of natives who dwell in the interior parts, without chiefs or established laws The island produces the edible birds-nests which the Chinese consider as so great a delicacy, and it trades besides in rice, honey, and wax. Pearls are found on the coast. Long. 120. 20. E. Lat. 12. N.
CALAMINE, the native carbonate and silicate of zinc, which, though very generally found in the same deposits, differ materially both in their mineralogical and chemical characters. The most prevalent colour of Calamine is white; occasionally, however, it is blue, green, yellow, or brown. It varies also from transparent to opake; has a vitreous lustre; and occurs both crystallized, stalactitic, mamillatcd, and massive. It is frequently found in veins, associated with blende, and ores of iron and lead. Considerable quantities occur at Bleibcrg and Raibel in Carinthia, Tarnowitz in Silesia, Altenberg near Aix-la-Chapelle, in the Mendip-hills of Somersetshire, at Wanlockhead in Dumfriesshire, and at Alston Moor in Cumberland. It is a very useful ore of zinc, containing generally from sixty to seventy per cent, of that metal. For further particulars see Mineralogy.
CALAMOTA, an island on the coast of the Austrian kingdom of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic Sea. It is a little to the west of Ragusa, and contains only one town, or rather large village.
CALAMUS, in the ancient poets, denotes a simple kind of pipe or fistula, the musical instrument of the shepherds and herdsmen, and usually made either of an oaten stalk or a reed.

Calamus Scriptorius, in antiquity, a reed or rush to write with. The ancients made use of styles to write on tables covered with wax, and of reed or rush to write on parchment or Egyptian paper.
CALAMY, Edmund, an eminent Presbyterian divine, born at London in the year 1600, and educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where his attachment to the Arminian party excluded him from a fellowship. Dr Felton, bishop of Ely, however, made him his chaplain; and in 1639 he was chosen minister of St Mary Aldermary, in the city of London. Upon the opening of the long parliament he distinguished himself in defence of the Presbyterian cause, and had a principal hand in writing the famous Smectymnus, which, he himself says, gave the first deadly blow to Episcopacy. The authors of this tract were five, the initials of whose names formed the name under which it was published, viz. Stephen Marshal, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Mathew Newcomen, and William Sparstow. He was afterwards an active member in the assembly of divines, and a strenuous opposer of sectaries; and he used his utmost endeavours to prevent the violences which were committed after the king was brought from the Isle of W ight. In Cromwell’s time he lived privately, but was assiduous in promoting the king’s return; for which he was afterwards offered a bishopric, but refused it. He was ejected for nonconformity in 1662, and died of grief at the sight of the great fire of London.
CALANORE, the chief town of a small district of the same name in Hindustan, province of Lahore. Acbar was here first proclaimed emperor on the death of his father in 1556. Long. 75. 0. E. Lat. 31. 51. N. The district is situated in the Sikk territories, between the 31st and 32d degrees of north latitude.