pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ABINGDON, a market-town in Berkshire, Situated on a branch of the Thames, derives its name from an ancient abbey. The streets, which are well paved, terminate in a spacious area, in which the market is held; and in the centre of this area is the market-house, which is supported on lofty pillars, with a large hall of freestone above, in which the summer assizes for the county are held, and other public business done, the Lent assizes being held at Reading. It has two churches; one dedicated to St Nicholas, and the other to St Helena: the latter is adorned with a spire, and both are said to have been erected by the abbots of Abingdon. Here are also two hospitals, one for six, and the other for thirteen poor men, and as many poor women; a free school; and a charity school. The town was incorporated by Queen Mary. It sends two members to parliament, who are chosen by the inhabitants at large not receiving alms. Its great manufactures are sail-cloth, sacking, and especially malt, large quantities of which are sent by water to London. It is seven miles south of Oxford, 47 east of Gloucester, and 55 west of London. This town is supposed by Bishop Gibson to be the place called in the Saxon annals, Clove-shoo. Long. 1. 12. W. Lat. 51. 42. N. The population in 1801 was 4356; in 1811, 4696; and in 1821, 5137.
ABINTESTATE, in Law, is applied to a person who inherits the right of one who died intestate, or without making a will.
ABIPONIANS, a tribe of American Indians, who formerly inhabited the district of Chaks in Paraguay; but’ the hostilities of the Spaniards have now obliged them to remove southward into the territory lying between Santa Fe and St Jago. Μ. Dobrizhoffer, who lived seven years in their country, informs us, in his account of them published in 1785, that they are not numerous, the whole nation not much exceeding 5000; for which he assigns as a reason an unnatural custom among their women of sometimes destroying their own children, from motives of jealousy lest their husbands should take other mates during the long time they give suck, which is not less than two years. They are naturally white, but, by exposure to the air and smoke, become of a brown colour. They are a strong and hardy race of people, which our author attributes to their marrying so late, an Abiponian seldom or never thinking of marriage till 30 years of age. They are greatly celebrated on account of their chastity and other virtues; though, according to our author, they have no knowledge of a Deity. They make frequent incursions into the territories of the Spaniards, mounted on the horses which run wild in those parts. They have a kind of order of chivalry for their warriors; and are so formidable, that 100 of their enemies will fly before ten of these horsemen. The hatred which these savages, whose manners, though rude and uncultivated, are in many respects pure and virtuous, bear to the Spaniards, is invincible. “These pretended Christians,” says our author, “who are the scum of the Spanish nation, practise every kind of fraud and villany among these poor barbarians; and their corrupt and vicious morals are so adapted to prejudice the Abiponians aĝainst the Christian religion, that the Jesuit missionaries have, by a severe law, prohibited any Spaniard from coming, without a formal permission, into any of their colonies.” From his account of the success of the Jesuits in converting them to Christianity, however, it does not appear that they have been able to do more than bribe them to a compliance with the ceremonies of the Popish superstition; so that in general they are quite ignorant and uncivilized; a most striking instance of which is, that in counting they can go no further than three; and all the art of the Jesuits to teach them the simplest use and expression of numbers has proved unsuccessful. Dobrizhoffer’s account of this people was translated into English by Mr Southey, and published in 1822, in 3 vols. 8vo.
ABIRAM, a seditious Levite, who, in concert with Ko-rah and Dathan, rebelled against Moses and Aaron, in order to share with them in the government of the people; when Moses ordering them to come with their censers before the altar of the Lord, the earth suddenly opened under their feet, and swallowed up them and their tents; and at the same instant fire came from heaven and consumed 250 of their followers. Numb. chap. xvi.
ABISHAI, son of Zeruiah, and brother to Joab, was one of the celebrated warriors who flourished in the reign of David: he killed with his own hand 300 men, with no other weapon but his lance; and slew a Philistine giant, the iron of whose spear weighed 300 shekels. 1 Sam. chap, xxvi. 2 Sam. chap, xxiii.
ABJURATION, in our ancient customs, implied an oath taken by a person guilty of felony, and who had fled to a place of sanctuary, whereby he solemnly engaged to leave the kingdom for ever.

Abjuration is now used to signify the renouncing, disclaiming, and denying upon oath, the Pretender to have any kind of right to the crown of these kingdoms.

Abjuration of Heresy, the solemn recantation of any doctrine as false and wicked.
ABLA, a town on the river Almeria, in the department of Guadix and province of Granada, in Spain.
ABLACH, a river in the grand duchy of Baden, in Germany, which soon falls into the Danube on the border of Wirtemberg.
ABLACQUEATION, an old term in Gardening, signifies the operation of removing the earth, and baring the roots of trees in winter, to expose them more freely to the air, rain, snow, &c.
ABLACTATION, among the ancient gardeners, the same with what is now called Grafting by approach, is a method of ingrafting, by which the scion of one tree being [7:2:38]for some time united to the stock of another, is afterwards cut off, and, as it were, weaned from the parent tree.
ABLANCOURT. See Perrot.
ABLANQUEJO, a river of Spain, in the province of Soria, which falls into the Tagus.
ABLATIVE, in Grammar, the sixth case of Latin nouns. The word is formed from auferre, “to take away.” -Priscian also calls it the comparative case; as serving among the Latins for comparing, as well as taking away.

The ablative is opposite to the dative ; the first expressing the action of taking away, and the latter that of giving.

In English, French, &c. there is no precise mark whereby to distinguish the ablative from other cases; and we only use the term from analogy to the Latin. Thus, in the two phrases, the magnitude of the city, and he spoke much of the city ; we say, that of the city in the first is genitive, and in the latter ablative ; because it would be so if the two phrases were expressed in Latin.

The question concerning the Greek ablative has been the subject of a famous literary war between two great grammarians, Frischlin and Crusius; the former maintaining, and the latter opposing, the reality of it. The dispute still subsists among their respective followers. The chief reason alleged by the former is, that the Roman writers often joined Greek words with the Latin prepositions which govern ablative cases, as well as with nouns of the same case. To which their opponents answer, that the Latins anciently had no ablative themselves, but instead thereof made use, like the Greeks, of the dative case; till at length they formed an ablative, governed by prepositions, which were not put before the dative: that, at first, the two cases had always the same termination, as they still have in many instances; but that this was afterwards changed in certain words. It is no wonder, then, that the Latins sometimes join prepositions which govern an ablative case, or nouns in the ablative case, with Greek datives, since they were originally the same; and that the Greek dative has the same effect as the Latin ablative.

Ablative Absolute, in Grammar, is a phrase detached or independent of the other parts of a sentence or discourse. In the Latin language it is frequent, and it has been adopted by the moderns.
ABLAY, a country of Great Tartary, governed by a Calmuck chief, but subject to Russia, to obtain its protection. It lies east of the river Irtisch, and extends 500 leagues along the southern frontiers of Siberia.
ABLE, or Abel, Thomas, chaplain to Queen Catherine, consort to Henry VIII. distinguished himself by his •zeal in opposing the proceedings against that unfortunate princess for a divorce. For this purpose he wrote a piece entitled Tractatus de non dissolvendo Hernici ct Catharinae matrimonio. But the title of the book, according to Bishop Tanner, was Invicta Veritas. He took the degree of bachelor of arts at Oxford on the 4th of July 1513, and that of master of arts on the 27th July 1516. In 1534 he fell under a prosecution for* being concerned in the affair of Elizabeth Barton, called the Holy Maid of Kent. This was an infamous impostor, suborned by the monks to use strange gesticulations, exhibit fictitious miracles, and to feign the gift of prophecy; and so well did she act her part, that she drew some persons of respectability to her interest: but being detected, she was condemned and executed, after discovering the names of her principal accomplices and instigators. On her account Able was charged with misprision of treason; and being also one of those who denied the king’s supremacy over the church, he was apprehended and imprisoned. He was afterwards hanged, drawn, and quartered, at Smithfield, in
ABLECTI, in Roman antiquity, a select body of soldiers chosen from among those called Extraordinarii.
ABLEGMINA, in Roman antiquity, those choice parts of the entrails of victims which were offered in sacrifice to the gods. They were sprinkled with flour, and burnt upon the altar; the priests pouring some wine on them.
ABLITAS, a town of Spain, in the circle of Tudela, and kingdom or province of Navarre. It is situated near the lake of Santo.
ABLOCH, a river of Germany, rising in the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, and runs to the Danube.
ABLUENTS, in Medicine, the same with diluters or Diluents.
ABLUTION, a ceremony in use among the ancients, and still practised in several parts of the world; it consisted in washing the body, which was always done before sacrificing, or even entering their houses. Ablutions appear to be as old as any ceremonies, and external worship itself. Mioses enjoined them, the heathens adopted them, and Mahomet and his followers have continued them; thus they have got footing among most nations, and make a considerable part of many established religions.
ABNER, the son of Ner, father-in-law to Saul, and general of all his forces, served him on all occasions with fidelity and courage. After the death of that prince, Abner set Ishbosheth, Saul’s son, on the throne. A war breaking out between the tribe of Judah, who had elected David king, and Israel, Abner marched against that prince with the flower of his troops, but was defeated. Abner afterward, being disgusted, went over to David, and induced the chiefs of the army and the elders of Israel to declare for him. He was received by David with every mark of affection, which gave offence to Joab, by whom he was insidiously put to death, A. Μ. 2956.
ABNOBA, now Abenow, in Geography, a long range of mountains in Germany, extending from the Rhine to· the Necker, and having different names according to the different countries through which they stretch. About the river Maine they are called the Oden or Otenwald ; between Hesse and Franconia, the Spessart ; and about the duchy of Wirtemberg, where the Danube takes its rise, they receive the name of Baar.
ABO, a circle in the province of Finland, recently transferred to Russia from Sweden. By the new division, it extends over 12,145 square miles, between Lat. 59. 50. and 62. 20. Ņ. and Long. 19. 10. and 23. 46. E. It is bounded on the north by the circle of Wasaj∙on the east by Helsingfors; on the south by the Gulf of Finland; on the south-east by the Baltic Sea; and on the west by the Gulf of Bothnia, in which the Aland group of islands comprehended in this circle are situated. It contains 6 cities, and 4980 hamlets. The inhabitants, at the census of 1805, were 207,960; of whom 18,591 lived in the citieδ, and the remainder in the country places. On the seacoast, and on the eastern side of the circle, it is rather hilly; but the centre is chiefly a level country. The land is of medium fertility, producing rye, potatoes, hemp, flax, hops, and tobacco. The forests produce plants, pitch, and tar, and some potash. The coasts yield abundance of fish. It is divided into 9 horads or baronies.
ABO, a city, the capital of the late Swedish, but now Russian, province of Finland. The river Aurajchi divides it into two parts. By a most extensive fire in November 1827, nearly the whole city was destroyed, with the public buildings, including the university, and its valuable library. Before this calamity, Abo contained 1100 houses and 11,300 inhabitants, was the see of a bishop, and the chief [7:2:39]trading port of Finland. The entrance of the Aurajchi is defended by a castle. Vessels drawing 9 or 10 feet l water go up to the town; but those drawing more anchor at 3 miles south-west of the river, where there is a good harbour; and thence the goods are sent by small craft to Abo. The great church is in Lat. 60. 27. 14. N. and in Long. 22. 18. 10. E. from Greenwich.
ABOARD, the inside of a' ship. Hence any person who enters a ship is said to go aboard : but when an enemy enters in the time of battle, he is said to board ; a phrase which always implies hostility To fall aboard of is to strike or encounter another ship when one or both arc in motion, or to be driven upon a ship by the force of the wind or current.— Aboard-main-tack, the order to draw the main-tack, i. e. the lower corner of the main-sail, down to the Chess-tree.
ABOCRO, or Aborrel, in Geography, a town near the river Ankobar or Cobre, on the African Gold Coast. It gives name to a republican province.
ABOD, a market town of Hungary, in the circle of hither Theiss, and the district of Erlau, where woollen manufactories are established.
ABOLA, in Geography, a division of the Agow, in Abyssinia, is a narrow valley, through which runs a river of the same name, whose waters receive many tributary streams from the lofty, rugged, and woody mountains that form the valley.
ABOLITION, in the Roman law, is the annulling a prosecution, or legal accusation: and in this sense it is different from amnesty; for, in the former, the accusation might be renewed by the same prosecutor, but in the latter it was extinguished for ever. Within 30 days after a public abolition, the same accuser, with the prince’s licence, was allowed to renew the charge; after a private abolition, another accuser might renew it, but the same could not. Abolition was also used for expunging a person’s name from the public list of the accused, hung up in the treasury. It was either public, as that under Augustus, when all the names which had long hung up were expunged at once; or private, when it was done at the motion of one of the parties.
ABOLLA, in antiquity, a warm kind of garment, lined or doubled, worn by the Greeks and Romans, chiefly out of the city, in following the camp. Critics and antiquaries are greatly divided as to the form, use, kinds, &c. of this garment. Papias makes it a species of the toga, or gown; but Nonnius, and most others, suppose it to be a species of the pallium, or cloak. The abolla seems rather to have stood opposed to the toga, which was a garment of peace, as the abolla was of war; at least Varro and Martial place them in this opposite light. There seem to have been different kinds of abollae, appropriated to different characters and occasions. Even kings appear to have used the abolla : Caligula was offended with King Ptolemy for appearing at the shows in a purple abolla, the splendour of which drew the eyes of the spectators from the emperor to himself.
ABON, Abona, or Abonis, in Ancient Geography, a town and river of Albion. The town, according to Camden, is Abingdon; and the river, Abhon or Avon. Others take the town to be Porshut, at the mouth of the river Avon, near Bristol. Abuin or Avon, in the Celtic language, denotes a river.
ABORAS, in Ancient Geography, by Xenophon called Araxes, a river of Mesopotamia, which flows into the Euphrates at Circesium. In the negotiation between Dioclesian and Narses, near the end of the third century, it was fixed as the boundary between the Roman and Persian empires.
ABORIGINES, in History, originally a proper name, given to a certain people in Italy, who inhabited the ancient Latium, or country now called Campagna di Poma. Whence this people came by the appellation is much disputed. St Jerome says, they were so called, as being absque origine, the primitive planters of the country after the flood: Dionysius of Halicarnassus accounts for the name, as denoting them the founders of the race of inhabitants of that country: others think them so called as being originally Arcadians, who claimed to be earth-born, and not descended from any people. The term Aborigines, in modern geography, is applied to the primitive inhabitants of a country, in contradistinction to colonies, or new races of people.
ABOUKIR, a small town of Egypt, with a castle and a little island adjoining, with which it is connected by a chain of rocks. It stands at the eastern extremity of the long neck of land between the sea and the lakes Mareotis and Maadie, upon which Alexandria, about twelve miles to the westward, is also situated. Eastward lies the spacious bay of Aboukir, reaching to the mouth of the Nile. This vicinity was the scene of some of the greatest events which distinguished the late war between Britain and France. In the bay of Aboukir, Nelson found the French fleet which had conveyed Buonaparte to Egypt, and instantly penetrating its line, gained that signal victory usually called the “Battle of the Nile,” in which the whole of the enemy’s fleet, with the exception of two vessels, were destroyed or captured. It was at Aboukir also that Sir Ralph Abercroraby, in 1801, effected his landing, and having driven the enemy up the sand hills, took possession of the place. In other respects Aboukir is not of much importance.
ABOUTIGE, a town of Upper Egypt, in Africa, near the Nile, where they made the best opium in all the Levant. It was formerly a large, but now is a mean place. N. Lat. 26. 50.
ABRA, a silver coin struck in Poland, and worth about one shilling sterling. It is current in several parts of Germany, at Constantinople, Astracan, Smyrna, and Grand Cairo.
ABRABANEL, Abarbanel, or Avravanel, Isaac, a celebrated rabbi, descended from King David, and born at Lisbon a. d. 1437. He became counsellor to Alphonso V. king of Portugal, and afterwards to Ferdinand the Catholic; but in 1492 was obliged to leave Spain with the other Jews. In short, after residing at Naples, Corfu, and several other cities, he died at Venice in 1508, aged 71. Abrabanel passed for one of the most learned of the rabbis; and the Jews gave him the names of the Sage, the Prince, and the Great Politician. We have a commentary of his on all the Old Testament, which is pretty scarce: he there principally adheres to the literal sense; and his style is clear, but a little diffuse. His other works are, A Treatise on the Creation of the World; in which he refutes Aristotle, who imagined that the world was eternal: A Treatise on the Explication of the Prophecies relating to the Messiah, against the Christians: A book concerning Articles of Faith; and some others less sought after. Though Abrabanel discovers his implacable aversion to Christianity in all his writings, yet he treated Christians with politeness and good manners in the common affairs of life.
ABRACADABRA, a magical word, recommended by Serenus Samonicus as an antidote against agues and several other diseases. It was to be written upon a piece of paper as many times as the word contains letters, omitting the last letter of the former every time, as in the margin,^[1. abracadabra abracadabr abracadab abracada abracad abraca abrac abra abr ab a ] and repeated in the same order; and then suspended about the neck by a linen thread. Abracadabra was the name of a god worshipped by the Syrians, the wearing of whose name was a sort of invocation of his aid.
ABRAHAMITES, an order of monks exterminated for idolatry by Theophilus in the ninth century. Also the name of another sect of heretics who had adopted the errors of Paulus.
ABRAHAMSDORF, or Abrahamsfalva, a village in Hungary, in the circle of hither Theiss, one of sixteen which were formerly part of Poland, but in 1772 united with Hungary, in consequence of which they all enjoy some peculiar rights of exemption from the Austrian taxes and judicatories.
ABRANTES, a town of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura. It is situated on the Tagus, near its junction with the Zezare, which is navigable for barges. The situation is delightful, on the upper part of a sloping hill, with a country below it covered with olive trees, and interspersed with vineyards. One of Buonaparte’s generals had the title of .duke of this place conferred on him. It has 4 monasteries, 1 hospital, 1 poor-house, and 3500 inhabitants. Its trade with Lisbon employs 100 boats.
ABRASAX, or Abraxas, the supreme god of the Basilidian heretics. It is a mystical or cabbalistic word, composed of the Greek letters c¢, ĉ, g, α, ξ, α , ς, which together, according to the Grecian mode of numeration, make up the number 365. For Basilides taught, that there were 365 heavens between the earth and the empyrean; each of which heavens had its angel or intelligence, which created it; each of which angels likewise was created by the angel next above it; thus ascending by a scale to the Supreme Being, or first Creator. The Basilidians used the word Abraxas by way of charm or amulet.
ABRASION is sometimes used among medical writers for the effect of sharp corrosive medicines or humours in wearing away the natural mucus which covers the membranes, and particularly those of the stomach and intestines. The word is composed of the Latin ab and rado, to shave or scrape off.
ABRAVANÑUS, in Ancient Geography, the name of a promontory and river of Galloway in Scotland, so called from the Celtic term Aber, signifying either the mouth of a river or the confluence of two rivers, and Avon, a river.
ABRAUM, in Natural History, a name given by some writers to a species of red clay, used in England by the cabinet-makers, &c. to give a red colour to new mahogany wood. We have it from the Isle of Wight; but it is also found in Germany and Italy.
ABRAXAS, an antique stone with the word abraxas engraven on it. They arc of various sizes, and most of them as old as the third century. They are frequent in the cabinets of the curious; and a collection of them, as complete as possible, has been desired by several. There is a fine one m the abbey of St Genevieve, which has occasioned much speculation. Most of them seem to have come from Egypt; whence they are of some use for explaining the antiquities of that country. Sometimes they have no other inscription besides the word: but others have the names of saints, angels, or Jehovah himself annexed; though most usually the name of the Basilidian god. Sometimes there is a representation of Isis sitting on a lotus, or Apis surrounded with stars; sometimes monstrous compositions of animals, obscene images, Phalli and Ithyphalli. The engraving is rarely good, but the word on the reverse is sometimes said to be in a more modern style than the other. The characters are usually Greek, Hebrew, Coptic, or Hetrurian, and sometimes of a móng-rel kind, invented, as it would seem, to render their meaning the more inscrutable. It is disputed whether the Veronica of Montreuil, or the granite obelisk mentioned by Gori, be Abraxases.