pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
JUAN FERNANDEZ, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, about one hundred and ten leagues west of Chili, of which it may be considered an appendage, the governor of it being appointed by the president of that republic. It is about twelve miles in length, and hardly six in breadth; but, though small, it is so diversified by lofty hills, streams, and varied vegetation, that it has been described as one of the most enchanting spots upon the sea. It abounds with excellent timber trees, amongst which are the sandal, the yellow wood, and the chon ta, a species of palm, which produces a pleasant fruit. It is noted for the refreshments it has afforded to navigators, from its wild goats, vegetables, and water. This island was discovered by Juan Fernandez, from whom it derived its name, and was early settled from the continent of South America. After the death of the discoverer it was deserted, but subsequently the Spaniards made a permanent establishment on it, and settled the port called Juan Fernandez on the south-west coast. There is another port lying to the south, which is called English Harbour, from the circumstance of its having given shelter to Anson’s squadron during his celebrated voyage round the world. It was also early noted for having been the solitary residence for several years of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch mariner, who was cast away upon it; an event upon which, as is well known, De Foe founded his celebrated narrative of Robinson Crusoe. Long. 78. 58.15. W. Lat. 33. 40. 0. S.

Juan de Ulloa, or the island of Sacrifices, is an island on the west coast of Mexico in the bay of Vera Cruz. It was first visited by Grijalva, who gave it its name from having found on it a temple in which a human sacrifice had been offered up the day previous to his landing. It is now a mere heap of sand, but there are vestiges of ruins upon it; and when Humboldt was in this quarter of the world, one wretched Indian family constituted its only inhabitants.

Juan Dlanco, or White Jack, a Spanish name for platina.
JUDAH, the fourth son of Jacob, and father of the chief of the tribes of the Jews, distinguished by his name, and honoured by giving birth to the Messiah, died in the year before Christ 1636.

Judah Hahhadosh, or the Saint, a rabbi celebrated for his learning and riches, who lived in the time of the Emperor Antoninus, and was the friend and preceptor of that prince. Leo of Modena, a rabbi of Venice, tells us that Rabbi Judah, who was very rich, collected, about twenty-six years after the destruction of the temple, in a book which he called Misnia, the constitutions and traditions of the Jewish magistrates who had preceded him. But as this book was short and obscure, two Babylonian rabbin, Rab-bina and Ase, collected all the interpretations, disputes, and additions, which had been made upon the Misnia until their time, and formed the book called the Babylonian Talmud or Gemara, which is preferable to the Jerusalem Talmud, composed some years before by Rabbi Jochonan of Jerusalem. The Misnia is the text of the Talmud, of which there is a good edition in Hebrew and Latin by Surenhusius, with notes, in three vols. folio. It were to be wished that as much had been done for the Gemara.

The Kingdom of Judah -was of small extent compared with that of the kingdom of Israel, consisting only of two tribes, Benjamin and Judah. Its eastern boundary was the Jordan; on the west it had the Mediterranean in common with the Danites, if we except some places taken by the kings of Israel, which had been recovered by the Philistines and others; on the south its limits seem to have been contracted under Hadad, of the royal family of Edom (1 Kings, xi. 14).

Tribe of Judah, one of the twelve divisions of Palestine by tribes (Josh, xv.), having Idumea on the south, from the extremity of the Lake Asphaltites, and also the wilderness of Zin, Cadesbarnea, and the brook or river of Egypt; [7:12:625]on the east the Lake Asphaltites; on the west the Mediterranean; and on the north the mouth of the lake, where it receives the Jordan, Bethsemes, and Thimna, as far as Ekron on the sea.
JUDAISM, the religious doctrines and rites of the Jews. Judaism was but a temporary dispensation, and destined to give way, at least the ceremonial part of it, at the coming of the Messiah. For a complete system of Judaism, it is only necessary to refer to the books of Moses. Judaism was anciently divided into several sects, the principal of which were the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenians. At present there are but two sects amongst the Jews, viz. the Caraites, who admit of no rule of religion but the law written by Moses; and the Rabbinists, who add to the law the traditions of the Talmud.
JUDAS Maccabeus, a celebrated general of the Jews, renowned for the many victories which he gained over his enemies, was at last slain in battle, 261 before Christ. See Jews.
JUDE, St, brother of St James the younger, and son of Joseph (Mat. xiii. 55). He preached in Mesopotamia, Arabia, Syria, Idumea, and died in Berytus for the profession of the faith of Christ. He wrote the epistle which goes under his name, and which was composed after the death of most of the apostles. He was cruelly put to death for reproving the superstition of the Magi.

Jude, or the General Epistle of Jude, a canonical book of the New Testament, written against the heretics, who, by their disorderly lives and impious doctrines, corrupted the faith and morals of the Christians. St Jude draws them in lively colours, as men given up to their passions, full of vanity, and conducting themselves by worldly wisdom, and not by the spirit of God.
JUDEA, or Judaea, in Ancient Geography, taken largely, denotes either all Palestine, or the greater part of it, and thus it is generally employed in the Roman history; Ptolemy, Rutilinus, Jerome, Origen, and Eusebius, using the word to signify the whole of Palestine. Here we consider it as denoting the third part of the country on this side of the Jordan, the southern part being distinct from Samaria and Galilee; and under such restriction it is often employed, not only in Josephus, but also in the New Testament. It contained four tribes, Judah, Benjamin, Dan, and Simeon, together with Philistia and Idumea; and hence it was included between Samaria on the north, Arabia Petraea on the south, the Mediterranean on the west, and the Lake Asphaltites, with part of Jordan, on the east. Josephus divides it into eleven toparchies, and Pliny into ten; so that, according to both, it had a greater extent than that which is just mentioned. See Palestine.
JUDENBURG, a circle of the Austrian province of Steyermark, extending over 2312 square miles, and containing five cities with their suburbs, fourteen markettowns, and 387 villages, with 16,624 houses, and 87,388 inhabitants. The chief place, which gives its name to the circle, is situated on the river Mur, in the most fertile part of the province. It contains three churches, and 1684 inhabitants, living in 260 houses. Long. 14. 35. 25. Ľ. Lat. 47. 23. 29. N.
JUDEX, Matthew, one of the principal writers of the Centuries of Madgeburg, was born at Tippleswolde in Misnia in 1528. He taught theology with great reputation; but, owing to party feuds, met with many annoyances in the exercise of his ministry. He wrote several works, and died in 1564.
JUDGE, a chief magistrate of the law, appointed to hear causes, to explain the laws, and to pronounce sentence.

Judges, in Jewish antiquity, certain supreme magistrates who governed the Israelites from the time of Joshua till the reign of Saul. These judges resembled the Athenian archons and the Roman dictators. The dignity of judge was for life, but not always in uninterrupted succession. God himself, by an express declaration of his will, regularly appointed the judges. The Israelites, however, did not always wait for his appointment, but sometimes chose for themselves a judge in times of danger. The power of the judges extended to affairs of peace and war. They were protectors of the law, defenders of religion, and avengers of all crimes; but they could make no laws, nor impose any new burdens upon the people. They lived without pomp or retinue, unicss their own fortunes enabled them to do so; for the revenues of their office consisted in voluntary presents from the people. They continued from the death of Joshua till the beginning of the reign of Saul, being a space of about 339 years.

Judges, in ordinary affairs, civil and religious, were appointed by Moses in every city, to terminate differences; but in affairs of greater consequence, the differences wcrc referred to the priests of Aaron’s family, and the judge of the people or prince at that time established. Moses likewise established two courts in all the cities; one consisting of priests and Levites, to determine points concerning the law and religion; the other consisting of heads of families, to decide in civil matters.

Booh of Judges, a canonical book of the Old Testament, so Called from its relating to the state of the Israel ites under the administration of those illustrious persons who were called judges, from being both the civil and military governors of the people, and who were raised up by God upon special occasions after the death of Joshua till the time of their making a king. In the time of this peculiar polity, there were several remarkable occurrences, which are recorded in this book. It acquaints us with the gross impiety of a new generation which sprung up after the death of Joshua; and it gives us a short view of the dispensations of heaven towards this people, sometimes relieving and delivering them, and at others severely chastising them by the hands of their enemies.

Select Judges (Judices selecti), in Antiquity, were persons summoned by the prsetor to give their verdict in criminal matters in the Roman courts, as juries do in ours. No person could be regularly admitted into this number till he was twenty-five years of age. The Sortitio Judicum, or impannelling of the jury, was the office of the Judex ∖ Questionis, and was performed after both parties had come into court, each having a right to reject or challenge whomsoever he pleased. The number of the Judices selecti varied, according to the nature of the charge. When the proper number appeared, they were sworn, took their places in the subsellia, and heard the trial.
JUDICATURE, the quality or profession of those who administer justice.

Judicature is also used to signify the extent of the jurisdiction of the judge, aiid the court in which he sits to render justice.
JUDICIA Centumviralia, in Roman antiquity, were trials before the Centumviri, to whom the praetor committed the decision of certain matters of inferior nature, like our justices of the peace at the quarter-sessions. During judicia centumviralia, a spear was stuck up in the forum, to signify that the court was sitting.
JUDICIUM Calumniae was an action brought against the plaintiff for false accusation. The punishment, upon conviction, was inustio frontis, or branding in the forehead.

Judicium Pei, Judgment of God, was a term anciently applied to all extraordinary trials of secret crimes, as those by arms and single combat, and the ordeals, or those by fire or red-hot ploughshares, by plunging the arm in boiling water, or the whole body in cold water, in hopes that God would work a miracle rather than suffe,r truth and innocence to perish. These customs were a long time kept up even amongst Christians; and they are still in use amongst some nations. Trials of this sort were usually held in churches in presence of the bishops, priests, and secular judges, after three days’ fasting, confession, and communion, with many adjurations and ceremonies, which are described at large by Ûu Cange.

Judicium Pa ∣ ium denotes a trial by a man’s equals, that is, of peers by peers, and of commoners by commons. In Magna Charta it is more than once insisted on as the principal bulwark of our liberties, that no freeman shall be hurt either in his person or in property, nisi per legale judicium parium suorum velper legem terroe. And this was esteemed in all countries a privilege of the highest and most beneficial nature.

Judicium l’alsi was an action which lay against the judges for corruption or unjust proceedings.

Judicium Praevaricationis was an action brought against the prosecutor, after the criminal was acquitted, for suppressing the evidence of, or extenuating, Ins guilt, rather than urging it home, and bringing it to light.
JUGGLERS, a kind of people whose profession, namely, to perform slight-of-band tricks, has not often been deemed either respectable or useful. Yet Professor Beckmann, in the third volume of his History of Inventions, defends them, and pleads ably the cause of the practitioners of legerdemain, including rope-dancers, and such as exhibit feats of uncommon strength. He places all these under the general denomination of jugglers; and taking it for granted that every useful employment is full, he contends, strangely enough, that there would not be room on the earth for all its present inhabitants, did not some of them practise the art of juggling.

These arts, he observes, are not unprofitable, for they afford a comfortable subsistence to those who practise them, which they usually spend upon the spot; and this he considers as a good reason why their sojourning in a place ought to be encouraged. He is also of opinion, that if the arts of juggling served no other end than to amuse the most ignorant of our citizens, it is proper that they should be encouraged, for the sake of those who cannot enjoy the more expensive deceptions of an opera. They convey instruction in the most acceptable manner, and serve as an antidote to superstition. We scarcely think, however, that it is innocent to entice the labouring poor, by useless deceptions, to part with their hard-earned pittance to idle vagabonds, whose life cannot be comfortable, being passed amidst scenes of the most grovelling dissipation.

Juggling is certainly of very great antiquity. The deception of breathing out flames was practised by some of the slaves in Sicily about 150 years before the commencement of the Christian era. It is, however, practised in modern times with much greater dexterity. The ancients made use of naphtha, a liquid mineral oil, which kindles when it only approaches a flame. According to Plutarch, Alexander the Great was astonished and delighted with the secret effects of naphtha, which were exhibited to him at Ecbatana. Wonder has been excited in modern times by persons walking over burning coals or red-hot iron; but this is easily done by rendering the skin of the feet callous and insensible, so that the nerves under it are secured from injury. We are told by Beckmann that the Hirpi, who dwelt near Rome, jumped through burning coals; that women were accustomed to walk over burning coals at Castabala, near the temple dedicated to Diana; that the exhibition of cups and balls is often mentioned in the works of the ancients; and that the various feats of horsemanship exhibited in our circuses passed, in the thirteenth century, from Egypt to the Byzantine court, and thence over all Europe.
JUGLANS, the Walnut, a genus of plants belonging to the polyandria class, and in the natural method ranking under the fiftieth order Amentaceae. See Botany.
JUGULAR, amongst anatomists, is applied to certain veins and glands of the neck. See Anatomy.
JUGULARES, in the Linnaean system, is the name of an order or division of fish, the general character of which is, that the ventral fins are placed before the pectoral. See Ichthyology.
JUGUM, an humiliating mode of punishment inflicted by the victorious Romans upon their vanquished enemies. It was done in this way: They set up two spears, and laying a third across, in the form of a gallows, they ordered those who had surrendered themselves to pass under this ignominious erection, without arms or belts. None suffered this disgrace of passing sub jugo except such as had been obliged to surrender.
JUIST, an island in the German Ocean, belonging to the Hanoverian province of East Friesland. It has a Lutheran church, and 280 inhabitants, who live by fishing, and as mariners. Long. 6. 54. 53. E. Lat. 53. 41. 11. N.
JUJUBES, in the Materia Medica, the name of a fruit of the pulpy kind, produced on a tree which Linnaeus considers as a species of rhamnus. See Rhamnus.

The jujubes have been made a general ingredient in pectoral decoctions; but they are now seldom used on these occasions, and are scarcely at all heard of in prescription, or to be met with except in onr shops.
JUL, or Jol, a Gothic word, signifying a “sumptuous treat,” and particularly applied to a religious festival, first amongst the heathens, and afterwards amongst the Christians. By the latter it was given at Christmas, which is still known under the name of Iul, or Yool, in Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Sweden, and even in Scotland; and hence the month of Januarius was by the Saxons styled Giuli, or the “Festival.” As this feast had originally been dedicated by our heathen ancestors to the sun, tĥeir supreme deity, so the Christians, for the purpose of engaging the minds of their Ethnic or gentilc brethren, ordered that it should be celebrated in memory of the birth of Christ; and thus it has been through ages a feast of joy and entertainment. We are indebted to Procopius for the first account of this feast.
JULAMERICK, a district in the east of Kurdistan, bounded by Armenia on the north, and by the pachalic of Bagdad on the south. It is a hilly country throughout, producing in some places a quantity of corn, and in all abundance of pasturage. Its chief town bears the name of the province, and there are, besides, numerous villages. It contains a thousand inhabitants, and is situated on the banks of the Hakiar. It is defended by a citadel of stone, and is a hundred and twenty miles east-south-east of Betlis.
JULEP, in Pharmacy, a medicine composed of some proper liquor and a syrup or sugar, of extemporaneous preparation, without decoction.
JULIERS, a fortified city of Prussia, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of Aachen or Aix-la-Chapelle. It stands on the river Roer, the water of which fills theditches that surround the walls. The citadel is a very strong frontier defence. It contains 460 houses, and 3290 inhabitants. The trade is inconsiderable. Long. 6. 25. E. Lat. 50. 55. N.
JULIO Romano. See Romano.
JULIUS Caesar. See Caesar. Julius II. a pope, remarkable for bis warlike disposition, and his political negotiations. By the latter, he induced the principal powers of Europe to unite with him against the republic of Venice, in the confederacy called the league of Cambray, signed in 1508. The Venetians having purchased peace by the cession of part of Romania, Julius turned bis arms against Louis XII. king of France, and appeared in person, armed cap-á-pied, at the siege of Mirandola, which place he took by assault in 1511. But proceeding to excommunicate Louis, the king wisely turned his own weapons against him, by calling a general council at Pisa. The pope having refused to appear, was declared to be suspended from the holy see; and Louis, in his turn, excommunicated the pontiff, who died soon afterwards, in the year 1512. He built the famous church of St Peter at Rome, and was a patron of the polite arts.

Julius Vicus, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Nemetes, in Gallia Belgica, situated between the Tres Tabernae and Noviomagus. It is now Gemersheim, a town of the Lower Palatinate, on the west side of the Rhine. Long. 15. 8. E. Lat. 49. 12. N.

Julius Pollux. See Pollux.
JULY, the seventh month of the year, during which the sun enters the sign Leo. The word is derived from the Latin Julius, the surname of Caesar the dictator, who was born in it. Mark Antony first gave this month the name July, which before was called Quintilis, as being the fifth month of the year in the old Roman calendar established by Romulus, which began in the month of March. For the same reason, August was called Sextilis ; and September, October, November, and December, still retain the names of their original rank. On the 19th day of this month the dog-days are commonly supposed to commence, when, according to Hippocrates and Pliny, the sea boils, wine turns sour, dogs go mad, the bile is increased and irritated, and all animals decline and languish.

July- Plowers. See Dianthus, Botany.
JUMBASIER River, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, and district of Broach. It exports to Bombay and other places, cotton, grain, oil, and piece-goods. The tide rises from five to six fathoms. It is twenty-eight miles from the town of Broach. Long. 72. 58. E. Lat. 22. 5. N.
JUMNA. This celebrated river takes its rise in the Himalaya Mountains, probably on the southern side, where the Ganges has its rise, though its source has never been accurately explored. It flows through the province of Scrinagur, in a southern direction, in a line nearly parallel to the Ganges, from which, at the village of Gurud-war, in latitude 32. 22. north, it is only forty miles distant, and is between 200 and 300 yards broad, after emerging from the mountains. The Jumna enters Hindustan in the province of Delhi, and directs its course, at the distance of sixty or seventy miles, in a parallel line to that of the Ganges, until, after passing the cities of Delhi and Agra, it falls into the Ganges at Allahabad, in which, as the holier and rather the larger stream, its name is absorbed. The length of the stream, including its windings, is estimated at 780 miles. The Jumna is only useful as a military barrier to the British territories during the rainy season, when all field operations are impracticable. At this period it may be navigated by flat-bottomed boats of considerable burden; but at other times it is of no utility to commerce. Above its junction with the Chumbul, or ten miles below the fort of Etaych, it is fordable, except for a few weeks during the rainy season. From Calpee to its junction with the Ganges there is no obstruction, and only one place where, in the dry season, the passage is rendered difficult by a bank of limestone. It is mentioned by Bishop Heber that its waters act on strangers like the Cheltenham waters.
JUNAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, possessed by an independent native chief, now one of the British allies. He and other chiefs engaged, in 1808, with the Bombay government, not to connive at piracy, and to permit a free and open commerce with the British vessels, on paying the stipulated duties.
JUNCI Lapidei, the name given by old authors to a species of coral of the tubularia kind, and composed of a congeries of small tubules. See Helminthology.
JUNCTURE, a joining or closing of two bodies. Seo Joint.
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Juncture, in Oratory, is a part of composition particularly recommended by Quintilian, and denotes such an attention to the nature of the vowels and consonants, in the connection of words, with reference to their sound, as will render their pronunciation most easy and pleasant, and best promote the harmony of the sentence. Thus the coalition of two vowels, occasioning a hollow and obscure sound, and likewise of some consonants, rendering it harsh and rough, should be avoided; nor ought the same syllable to be repeated at the beginning and end of words, because thereby the sound becomes harsh and unpleasant. The first verse in Virgil’s Aeneid is an example of juncture.
JUNCUS, the Rush, a genus of plants belonging to the hexandria class, and in the natural method ranking under the fifth order, Tripetaloideae. See Botany.
JUNE, the sixth month of the year, during which the sun enters the sign of Cancer. The word comes from the Latin Junius, which some derive a Junone ; and hence Ovid, in the sixth of his Fasti, makes the goddess say,

Junius a nostro nomine nomen habet.

Others rather derive it a junioribus, this being for young people what the month of May was for old ones. In this month is the summer solstice.
JUNGER POOR, a town of Hindustan, possessed by native chiefs, situated in the province of Gujerat, ninety miles north-east from Ahmedabad. These chiefs are occasionally tributary to the Mahrattas. Long. 73. 38. E. Lat. 23. 49. N.