pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
COLMAR, an arrondissement of the department of the Upper Rhine, in France. It extends over 660 square miles, and contains thirteen cantons, with 142 communes, and 156,970 inhabitants. The chief place, a city of the same name, is situated on a beautiful plain, with a canal connected with others extending to Basle in Switzerland. It was formerly more completely fortified than it is at present. It is the seat of the local judicatures, and has an institution for the instruction of artillery officers. It contains 1278 houses, and 11,033 inhabitants. There are some large cotton manufactories, and near to it are royal establishments for refining saltpetre and making gunpowder. It is said that 1600 pounds of the latter can be fabricated daily. There is one of the finest nursery gardens in France, with an orangery 150 feet in length. It is in long. 7. 29. 55. E. and lat. 48. 4. 44. N.
COLMENAR, Viejo, a town situated on the Spanish river Manzanares, in the province of Guadalaxara, with 4000 inhabitants. In its manufactories of cloth seventy-seven looms are employed. There is a stone bridge over the river.
COLNA, a town of Bengal, and district of Jessore, pleasantly situated on the south-west bank of the Muddmutty or Naugunga river, which is navigable at all seasons of the year. It is situated eighty-three miles north-east from Calcutta. Long. 89. 38. E. Lat. 23. 11. N.
COLOGNA, a city of the delegation of Verona, in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy. It is on the canal of Frasene, and is a place of much trade in silk and its other products. It contains 3550 inhabitants. Long. 12. 13. 6. E. Lat. 45. 18. 11. N.
COLOGNE, one ôf the governments into which the [7:7:89] Prussian dominions on the Rhine are divided. It is bounded on the north by Dusseldorf, on the east by Arensburg, on the south by Coblentz, and on the west by Aix-la-Chapelle. It extends over 1350 square miles, or 864,000 acres; and in 1827 it contained 367,580 inhabitants, of whom 296,400 were Catholics, 48,600 Protestants of the Lutheran confession, and the rest Calvinists, Menonites, and Jews. It comprehends fifteen cities, seven market-towns, and 583 villages. .

Cologne, a city, the capital of the government of that name. It stands on the left bank of the Rhine, along which it extends in the form of a semicircle. Its appearance is magnificent, from the extent of the walls, and eighty-three towers that rise above the other buildings. The streets are narrow, the houses large and lofty, and, from being on a low situation, the place is far from being cleanly. The cathedral is a most magnificent pile, though yet unfinished. It is venerated on account of its sanctity, derived from the monkish stories of the kings, and the reliques of the eleven thousand virgins; and it contains the master-piece of Rubens, who was a native of this city. It has given birth to other men of celebrity, Cornelius Agrippa the astrologist, and Barthold Schwartz, who in 1330 discovered gunpowder. It is a place of great trade on the Rhine, and the seat of various manufactures, especially the distilled water which bears the name of the city. These give occupation to the inhabitants, who amounted in 1817 to 54,938.
COLONEL, in military matters, the commander in chief of a regiment, whether of horse, foot, or dragoons. Skinner derives the word from colony, being of opinion that the chiefs of colonies, called coloniales, might give name to chiefs or commanders of forces.

Colon el- Lieutenant, an officer who commands a regiment of guards, of which the king, prince, or other person of the first eminence, is colonel. Colonel-lieutenants had always a colonel’s commission, and are usually general officers.

Lieutenant- Colon el, the second officer in a regiment, who is at the head of the captains, and commands in the absence of the colonel.
COLONNADE, in Architecture, a range of columns, a peristyle of a circular figure, or a series of columns disposed in a circle, and insulated on the inside.

A Polystyle Colonnade is that the number of whose columns is too great to be taken in by the eye at a single view. Such is the colonnade of the church of St Peter’s at Rome, consisting of 284 columns of the Doric order, each above four feet and a half diameter, all in Tiburtine marble.
COLONUS, a husbandman or villager, who was.bound to pay yearly a certain tribute, or at stated times of the year to plough a certain part of the lord’s land; and hence is derived the word clown, which is synonymous with the Dutch boor.
COLOPHONITE, in Mineralogy, a variety of garnet generally possessing a dark colour«, and a vitreous, half fused-like appearance. It occurs massive, or in large granular concretions; has a specific gravity of 4∙0, and is met with in the beds of magnetic iron at Arendal in Norway, in Piedmont, and also in Ceylon.
COLORATURA, in Music, denotes all manner of variations, trillos, diminutions, and the like, serving to make a song agreeable.
COLOSSUS, a statue of enormous or gigantic size. The most eminent specimen of this kind was the Colossus of Rhodes, a statue of Apollo, so high that ships passed with full sails betwixt its legs. It was the workmanship of Chares, a disciple of Lysippus, who spent twelve years in making it. But it was at length overthrown by an earthquake, after having stood 1360 years. Its height was six score and six feet; and there were few people who could fathom its thumb. When the Saracens became possessed [7:7:127]of the island, the statue was found prostiate on the ground; and they sold it to a Jew, who loaded nine hundred camels with the brass. The basis which supported it was a triangular figure; and its extremities were sustained by sixty pillars of marble. There was a winding staircase to go up to the top of it, where might be discovered Syria, and the ships proceeding to Egypt, in a great looking-glass, suspended about the neck of the statue.

Among the antiquities of Rome there are seven colossuses; namely, two of Jupiter, as many of Apollo, one of Nero, one of Domitian, and one of the Sun.
COLOSTRUM, the first milk of any animal after bringing forth it,s young, called in some places beestings. It is remarkable that this milk is generally cathartic, and purges the meconium; thus serving both as aliment and as medicine. An emulsion prepared with turpentine dissolved with the yolk of an egg, is sometimes called by this name.
COLRAN, or Coleroon River, the northern branch of the Cavery, from which it separates below the island of Seringham, near Trichinopoly, and falls into the sea at Dericota, after a course of about eighty miles.
COLT, the young of the horse kind. See Farriery.
COLTIE, a term used by timber merchants, for a defect or blemish in some of the annular circles of a tree, by which its value is much diminished.
COLUBER, in Zoology, the name of a genus of serpents.
COLUMB-KILL. See Iona.
COLUMBA, the Pigeon, a genus of birds. See Ornithology.
COLUMBA, St, in allusion to whose name the island of Icolmkill, one of the Hebrides, received its ancient name of Iona, which is derived from a Hebrew word, signifying a dove. In the year 565, this holy man, instigated by his zeal, left his native country of Ireland, with the pious design of preaching the gospel to the Picts. It appears that he left his native land with warm resentment, vowing never to settle within sight of that hated island. He made his first trial at Oronsay; but finding that place toonear to Ireland, he succeeded to his wish at Hy, which was the name of Iona at the period of his arrival.

Columba was soon distinguished for the sanctity of his manners; and a miracle which he wrought so operated on the Pictish king Bradeus, that the latter immediately made a present of the little island to the saint. It seems that h⅛ a majesty had not only refused Columba an audience, but had even proceeded so far as to order the palace-gates to be shut against him. The saint, however, was not to be excluded in this way, and by the power of his word instantly caused the gates to fly open. As soon as he was in possession of Iona, Columba founded a cell of monks, borrowing his institutions from a certain oriental monastic order. It is said that the first religious persons in Iona were canons regular, of whom the founder was the first abbot; and that the monks, till the year 716, differed from those of the church of Rome, both in the observation of Easter and in the clerical tonsure. In this insular retreat Columba led an exemplary life, and was highly respected for the sanctity of his manners. He is the first on record who pretended to the faculty of second-sight ; for he is said to have told the victory of Aidan over the Picts and Saxons at the very instant it happened. He had the honour of burying in this island Convallius and Kinnatil, two kings of Scotland, and of crowning a third. At length the saint, worn out with age, died in Iona in the arms of his disciples, and was interred there; but, as the Irish pretend, his corpse was in after times translated to Down, where, according to the epitaph, his remains were deposited beside those of St Bridget and St Patrick. See Pinkerton’s Lives of the Sainis, art. Columba; and Johnson’s Tour to the Hebrides.
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COLUMBANUS, a saint and poet, was born in Ireland, and brought up to a religious life among the disciples of St Columba. He made uncommon progress in learning, and very early in life distinguished himself for poetical abilities by the composition of a book of psalms, and a number of moral poems, intended also to be set to music. Jonas, a writer of ecclesiastical history, mentions that Columbanus belonged originally to a monastery of the name of Benchor. The same monastery is mentioned by St Bernard in his life of his friend St Malachi; and he relates that it sent out a great number of monks, who spread themselves all over Europe. Columbanus passed from Britain into France in the year 589, and founded the monastery of Luxevillc, near Besançon. He had been kindly received and patronized by King Childebert; but he was afterwards expelled from France by the wicked queen Brunichild. He retired to Lombardy in Italy, where he founded the monastery of Bobbio.
COLUMBIA, a post-town in Richland district, South Carolina. It is situated opposite to the confluence of the Saluda and Broad Rivers, which here unite to form the Con-garee. The town is a handsome and flourishing place, and is the seat of the state government. The population amounts to about 4000. Long. 81. 7. W. Lat. 33. 57. N.

Columbia River, a large river of North America, which rises, according to Mackenzie, in the Rocky Mountains, about long. 121. W. and lat. 54. 23. N. and, after a course of'about 1500 miles, flows into the Pacific Ocean between Point Adams and Cape Disappointment, in long. 123. 54. W. and Iat. 46. 19. N. The three great tributaries of this river are the Multnomah, 139 miles from its mouth, Lewis, 413, and Clark’s, 600 miles. The tide flows up to within seven miles of the great rapids, a distance of 183 miles. Vessels of 300 tons burden can ascend to the .Multnomah, and large sloops may ascend as far up as the tide. The entrance of the Columbia lies between breakers which extend from Cape Disappointment to a point on the southern shore, over a sort of bar or extensive flat. Ingress and egress is difficult at all seasons, and from October to April extremely dangerous. It is the opinion of experienced navigators that it should not at any time be entered by loaded vessels of 400 tons burden. The westerly wind prevails on this coast, and the sea breaks upon the bar with great violence.
COLUMBRETES, a cluster of islands belonging to Spain, off the coast of Valencia.
COLUMELLA, Lucius Junius Moderatus, a celebrated Roman writer on agriculture,,was a native of Cadiz, and lived under the emperor Claudius. He composed his works about the year 42 of our era. These consist of a treatise on agriculture, entitled De Re Rustica, and another De Arboribus. The treatise De Re Rustica is divided into twelve books, of which the tenth is in verse; that De Arboribus is ordinarily printed along with the former, in which case it forms a thirteenth or supplemental book. The first edition is that of Jenson, Venice, 1472, folio, very rare, under the title Rei Rusticce Authores variι, Cato, Varro, Columella, Palladius Rutilius; the second, that published at the same place in 1492, folio; the third, that of Bologna, with explanations and commentaries by Be-roaldus, 1494, folio. But the most complete and accurate edition is that of Gesner, entitled Rei Rusticae Scriptores veteres Latini, cum notis variorum, et ex nova Matth. Ges-neri recensione, Leipsic, 1735, two vols. in 4to. The two works of Columella were printed separately, at Strasburg in 1543, 8vo; at Lyons in 1548, 8vo; and at Bologna, with interpretations by Bio, in 1520, folio. They have been translated into the German, the Italian, and the French.
COLUMNARIUM, in Roman antiquity, a tribute demanded for every pillar of a house. It was first laid on by Julius Caesar, in order to put a stop to the extravagant expenses laid out on buildings.
COLURES, in Astronomy and Geography, two great circles supposed to intersect each other at right angles in the poles of the world, and to pass through the solstitial and equinoctial points of the ecliptic. See Geography.
COLURI, a little island in the Gulf of Engia, in the Archipelago, formerly called Salamis. The principal town is of the same name, and situated to the south side, at the bottom of the harbour, which is one of the finest in the world. The famous Grecian hero Ajax, who makes such a figure in Homer’s Iliad, was king of this island. It is now, however, but a poor place, its commodities consisting of wheat, barley, tar, rosin, pit-coal, sponges, and potashes, which they carry to Athens. It is seven miles south from Athens, and is separated from the continent by a strait about a mile in breadth.
COLYBA, or Colybus, a term in the Greek liturgy, signifying an offering of corn and boiled pulse, made in honour of the saints, and for the sake of the dead.

Balsamon, Goar, Leo Allatius, and others, have written on the subject of colybae. The substance of what they have said is as follows: The Greeks boil a quantity of wheat, and lay it in little heaps on a plate, adding beaten peas, nuts cut small, and grape-stones, which they divide into several compartments, separated from each other by leaves of parsley. A little heap of wheat, thus seasoned, they call %oλuζα. They have a particular formula for the benediction of the colybae, in which, praying that the children of Babylon may be fed with pulse, and that they may be in better condition than other people, they beseech God to bless those fruits, and the persons who eat them, because offered to his glory, to the honour of such a saint, and in memory of the faithful deceased. Balsamon ascribes the institution of this ceremony to St Athanasius; but the Greek Synaxary refers it to the time of Julian the apostate.
COLYTON, a market-town of the hundred of that name, in Devonshire, 151 miles from London, and situated on the river Cole, at its junction with the Axe. The trade formerly carried on in serges is nearly lost. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1774-, in 1821 to 1945, and in 1831 to 2182.
COMA, a small town of Syria, on the road from Aleppo to Bassora, containing a warm spring. It is 150 miles east-south-east from Aleppo.

Coma ^Berenices, Berenice’s hair, in Astronomy, a modern constellation of the northern hemisphere, composed of unformed stars, between the Lion’s tail and Bootes. This constellation is said to have been formed by Conon, an astronomer, in order to console the queen of Ptolemy Euergetes for the loss of a lock of her hair, which was stolen out of the temple of Venus, where she had dedicated it on account of a victory obtained by her husband.
COMBAT, in a general sense, denotes an engagement, or a difference decided by arms.

Combat, in our ancient law, was a formal trial of some doubtful cause or quarrel, by the swords or bastons of two champions. This form of proceeding was very frequent, not only in criminal, but in civil causes; being founded on a supposition that God would never grant the victory but to him who had the best right. See Battle.
COMBINATION properly denotes an assemblage of several things, two by two.
COMBOOCONAM, a town of Southern India, in the province of Tanjore. This was the ancient capital of the Chola race, one of the oldest Hindu dynastics of which any traces remain, and from whom the whole coast of Coromandel, properly Cholamundel, derives its name. It still retains many visible indications of its ancient splendour. Its inhabitants are now chiefly Brahmins, whose habitations are neat, and the district is thriving. Some of the tanks and pagodas are represented by travellers as very fine, and as indicating the former splendour of the town. The surrounding country is in a high state of cultivation.
COMBUMPADOO, the principal town of a district of the same name, in the Nizam’s territories, and province of Hyderabad. It is eighty miles east of the city of Hyderabad. Long. 79. 56. E. Lat. 17. 23. N. The district is situated between the seventeenth and eighteenth degrees of north latitude.
COMBUST, in Astronomy. When a planet is in conjunction with the sun, or not distant from it above half its disk, it is said to be combust, or in combustion.

According to Argol, a planet is combust, or in combustion, when not above eight degrees and thirty minutes distant from the sun, either before or after him.
COMBUSTIO Pecuniae, the ancient way of trying mixed and corrupt money, by melting it down upon payments into the exchequer. In the time of King Henry II. a constitution was made, called the trial by combustion ; the practice of which differed little or nothing from the present method of assaying silver. But whether this examination of money by combustion was to reduce an equation of money only to sterling, viz. a due proportion of alloy with copper, or to reduce it to pure silver, does not appear. On making the constitution of trial it was considered, that though the money did answer numero et pondere, it might be deficient in value, by being mixed with copper, brass, or other alloy.
COMBUSTION, a term denoting the operation of fire upon any inflammable substance, by which it smokes, flames, and is reduced to ashes.
COMEDY, that branch of dramatic poetry which gives a view of common and private life, recommends virtue, and corrects the vices and follies of mankind by means of ridicule. See the article Drama.

This last kind alone was received among the Romans, who nevertheless made a new subdivision of it into ancient, middle, and new, according to the various periods of the commonwealth. Among the ancient comedies were reckoned those of Livius Andronicus; among the middle, those of Pacuvius; and among the new, those of Terence. They likewise distinguished comedy according to the quality of the persons represented, and the dress they wore, namely, into togatoe, praetextatae, trabeatae, and tabernariae, which last agrees pretty nearly with our farces. Among us, comedy is distinguished from farce; the former representing nature as she is, while the latter distorts and overcharges her. They both paint from the life, but with different views; the one to make nature known, the other to make her ridiculous.
COMENIUS, John Amos, a grammarian and protestant divine, born in Moravia in 1592. He entertained a design to introduce a new method of teaching languages; for which purpose he published some essays in 1616, and had prepared some others, when the Spaniards pillaged his library, after having taken the city of Fulnce, where he was minister and master of the school. Comenius fled to Lesna, a city of Poland, and taught Latin there. The book he published in 1631, under the title of Janua Linguarum Reserata, gained him a prodigious reputation, insomuch that he was offered a commission for regulating all the schools in Poland. The parliament of England also desired his assistance to regulate the schools in that kingdom. He arrived at London in 1641, and would have been received by a committee to hear his plan, had not the parliament been occupied with other matters. He therefore went to Sweden, being invited by a generous patron, who settled upon him a stipend which delivered him from the fatigues of teaching; and now he employed himself wholly in discovering general methods for those who instructed youth. In 1657 he published the different parts of his new method of teaching. He was not only occupied with the reformation of schools; but he also filled his brain with prophecies, as the fall of Antichrist, the Millennium, and such like. At last Comenius took it into his head to address Louis XIV. of France, and to send him a copy of the prophecies of Drabicius; insinuating, that it was to this monarch God had promised the empire of the world. He became sensible at last of the vanity of his labours, and died in 1671.
COMERCOLLY, a flourishing town of Bengal, in the district of Rajishy. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Nouganga, which is open at all seasons of the year; and it is in consequence a great mart of the commerce which is carried on between the north-west provinces and Calcutta. The East India Company have here a commercial factory for the purchase of cotton and silk goods. It is 64 miles south-east from Moorshedabad. Long. 89. 11. E. Lat. 23. 52. N.
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COMILLAH, a town of Bengal, district of Tipperah, of which it is the capital, situated on the south bank of the Goomat river. It is the modern town, the former capital having been Odeypore, which lies thirty miles farther east. It is fifty-one miles south-east from Dacca. Long. 91. 2. E. Lat. 23. 28. N.
COMIT z∖, a town of Sicily, in the intendancy of Tre-pani, north-west from Salerni, containing 3500 inhabitants.
COMITATUS, in law, a county. England was first divided into counties, and the counties into hundreds, and these again into tythings, by King Alfred. Sometimes it is taken for a territory or jurisdiction of a particular place.
COMITIALIS Morbus, an appellation given to the epilepsy, by reason that the comitia of ancient Rome were dissolved if any person in the assembly happened to be seized with this distemper.
COMITIUM, in Roman Antiquity, a large hall in the forum, where the comitia were ordinarily held.