pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GESA, a city of the grand duchy of Saxe Weimar, in Germany, in the principality of Eisenach. It is situated on the river Ulsten, and contains 304 houses, with 1890 inhabitants. It is the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, formerly a part of Fulda, containing 6410 inhabitants.
GESTURE, a motion of the body, intended to signify some idea or passion of the mind. It consists principally in the action of the hands and face, and may be defined, a suitable conformity of the motions of the countenance, and of several parts of the body, in speaking, to the subject-matter of the discourse.
GETHIN, Lady Grace, an English lady of uncommon talents, was the daughter of Sir George Norton of Abbot’s Leigh, in Somersetshire, and born in the year 1676. She [7:10:495]had all the advantages of a liberal education, and became the wife of Sir Richard Gethin, of Gethin Grott in Ireland. She was mistress of great accomplishments, natural and acquired, but did not live long enough to display them to the world, having, unfortunately, died in the twenty-first year of her age. She was buried in Westminster Abbey, where a beautiful monument with an inscription is erected over her remains; and for perpetuating her memory, provision was made that a sermon should be preached in Westminster Abbey yearly, on Ash Wednesday. She wrote, and left behind her, in loose papers, a work, which soon after her death was methodized, and published under the title of Reliquite Gethiniantε ; or, some Remains of Grace, Lady Gethin. This was a collection of choice discourses, pleasant apophthegms, and witty sentences, written by her, for the most part, by way of essay, and at leisure hours. London, 1700, 4∙to.
GETHSEMANE, in Ancient Geography, a village in the Mount of Olives, whither Jesus Christ sometimes retired in the night-time. It was in a garden belonging to this village that he suffered the agony in which he sweated drops of blood; and here also he was arrested by Judas, and the rest who were conducted by that traitor.
GHASSA, the capital of a district in Bootan, and the station of a provincial governor. It is surrounded with high mountains covered with snow throughout the year, at the base of which is a spring of water of so high a temperature as scarcely to admit of bathing.
GHENT, a city, the capital of the province of East Flanders. It stands on the river Scheldt, where it receives the waters of the Lys, the Lieve, and the More, and is connected with several navigable canals, which form twenty-six islands, over which there are many bridges. It contains about 10,000 houses, and 30,000 inhabitants. It is a sumptuously built ancient city, with many public buildings, some venerable for their antiquity, and others for their architecture. It was before 1830 a place of most extensive manufactures, which had grown up in the preceding fifteen years with a degree of rapidity which has no parallel on the Continent. The commerce and the benevolent institutions were, up to the same period, in a most meritorious state, and yet improving. It is to be hoped that peace may restore the city to its former state of prosperity. Long. 3. 38. 30. E. Lat. 51. 3. 21. N.
GHEP, or Gheep, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, situated principally between the thirty-second and thirty-third degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the north-west by Sohaan, and on the southeast by Jhylum rivers. It produces a considerable quantity of fossil salt, great part of which is exported to the more eastern and southern provinces of Hindustan. Part of it belongs to the Sikkβ, and the remainder to the Afghans. The principal towns are Pirhala, Muckealab, and Varsha.
GHERIAH, a fortress of Hindustan, in the south of India, situated on a rocky promontory in the province of Concan, about one mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad. It is joined to the main land by a narrow neck of land; and lies about a mile from the entrance of a capacious harbour, formed by the mouth of a river which descends from the Western Ghauts. It was taken possession of by the Mahrattas in the seventeenth century; and in 1707, Conajee Angria had established an independent sovereignty here, and possessed a numerous piratical fleet. The depredations of these pirates drew on them the vengeance of the British; and in 1756 Angria’s fleet was destroyed by Admiral VVatson and Colonel Clive. The first which was taken was found to contain 206 pieces of ordnance, and an immense quantity of ammunition and naval stores, besides L.120,000 in specie or valuables.
GHEROUD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Khandesh, belonging to the Mahrattas. Long. 79. 49. E. Lat. 21. 58. N.
GHIDDILOW, a town of Bengal, in the district of Conch Beyhar, situated on the northern bank of the Durlah river, which divides that district from Rungpore. Long. 89. 38. Ľ. Lat. 26. N.
GHIDDORE, a town of Bengal, district of Monghir, situated on the road leading from Calcutta to Patna, through Birbhoom. The fort which it formerly possessed is now in a state of ruin. Long. 86. 18. E. Lat. 24. 50. N.
GHORAGHAUT, a district of Bengal, containing about a hundred and fifty souare miles, but formerlv much more [7:10:498]extensive, as it not only embraced great part of the district of Dinagepore, but also extended across the Brahmaputra river, and included the small district of Carrybary; it is pleasantly situated on the western bank of the Currutya river, and formerly carried on a considerable trade with Bootan for 'l’angan horses, musk, &c. Long. 89. 25. E. Lat. 25. 13. N.

Ghoraghaut, a fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Gurjerat. It is die capital of the above district, situated on the borders of the extensive salt morass of die Run, which affords good pasturage for horses, and divides Guŗjerat from Cutch. It serves as a barrier fortress to the Run; a strong garrison being always kept in it by die Jam of Noanagur.
GHORE, or Ghour, a considerable district of Afghanistan, situated between the thirty-fifth and thirty-seventh degrees of north latitude, and the sixty-seventh and sixty-ninth degrees of east longitude. This was formerly one of the Persian governments; but in the twelfth century its chiefs became independent, overturned the Ghiznian empire, and carried their arms as far as Benares. One of their slaves named Cuttub founded, about the year 1206, the Mahommedan kingdom of Delhi. This-country was overrun in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries by the armies of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane, and it is now in possession of the Usbec Tartars. The Ghory tribe, being of pastoral habits, have emigrated to the vicinity of Peshawer, and are now subdivided into three tribes. Its chief towns are Ghore and Firoy Koh. Ghore is the name of the capital, and was once the residence of a long line of. sovereigns. It was taken by the king of Kharezm, and was subsequently sacked by the armies of Genghis and Tamerlane, from which it has never recovered, and is now scarcely known. Long. 67. 48. E. Lat. 35. 45. N.
GHOSEGONG, a small town in the Garrow country, on the western frontier of Bengal, and situated on the west side of the Natee river. It consists of a considerable number of thatched houses belonging to the Garrow tribe, some of them a hundred and fifty feet long and thirty wide. The soil in the vicinity is good, and produces rice, mustard seed, and hemp. The pasture is also good, and the ghee produce is of an excellent quality,
GHOORBUND, a district of Afghanistan, situated to the south of the Hindu Coosh range of mountains, about fifty-six miles to the north-north-west of Cabul. It is a fertile valley, which yields abundance of wheat; but the favourite food of the natives is dried mulberries. It produces also lapis lazuli. The inhabitants are of Persian descent, being of the Sheea sect, while all the other Afghans are Soonees.
GONFODE, or Ghunfude, a sea-port of Arabia, in the province of Hedsjaz, in Arabia. All vessels carrying coffee to Jidda are compelled to anchor here, and to pay a duty. It is 145 miles south of Mecca.
GHURKA. See Aurungabad.
GHYSEABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Malwah, 50 miles south from Chatterpoor. Long. 79. 56. E. Lat. 24. 8. N.
GHOST, an apparition, or spirit of a person deceased, rendered visιble to the eye of sense. Sec Apparitions.
GIAGH, in Chronology, a cycle of twelve years, in use amongst the Turks and Cathayans or Chinese. Each year of a giagh bears the name of some animal; the first that of a mouse, the second that of a bullock, the third that of a lynx or leopard, the fourth that of a hare, the fifth that of a crocodile, the sixth that of a serpent, the seventh that of a horse, the eighth that of a sheep, the ninth that of a monkey, the tenth that of a hen, the eleventh that of a dog, and the twelfth that of a hog. The day is also divided into twelve parts, called giaghs, and distinguished by the name of some animals. Each giagh contains two of two of our hours, and is divided into eight kehs, each equal to a quarter of an hour with us.
GIARITCHAS Isles, a cluster of five small islands, about six miles south-south-west from Makiam. They are of moderate height, and contain many bare rocks intermixed with trees.
GIAVENO, a city of Italy, in the kingdom of Sardinia and province of Susa. It stands on a hill, at whose base the river Sangone flows. It has the remains of an ancient wall, and contains a college. The inhabitants amount to 8300, who are employed in silk manufactures and in tanneries, and make some very good wine.
GIBBET, a machine in manner of a gallows, on which notorious criminals, after execution, are hung in irons or chains, as spectacles in terrorem. The word in French, gibet, properly denotes what we call gallows; and it is supposed to come originally from the Arabic gibel, a mount, or elevation of ground, by reason that gibbets are usually placed on hills or eminences.
GIBBOUS, a term in Medicine, denoting any protuberance or convexity of the body, such as hunched or humpbacked.

Gibbous, in Astronomy, a term used in reference to the enlightened parts of the moon, while she is moving from the first quarter to the full, and from the full to the last quarter; for all that time the dark part appears horned or falcated, and the illuminated part hunched out, convex, or gibbous.
GIBELINES, or Ghibelines, a famous faction in Italy, opposed to another called the Guelphs. Those two factions ravaged and laid waste Italy for a long series of years; so that the history of that country, for the space of two centuries, is little more than a detail of their mutual violence and slaughter. The Gibelines stood for the emperor against the pope; but concerning their origin and the reason of their names we have only a very obscure account. According to the generality of authors, they rose about the year 1240, upon the Emperor Frederick II. being excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX. Other writers maintain, that the two factions arose ten years before, though still under the same pope and emperor. But the most probable opinion is that of Maimbourg, who says that these factions arose in consequence of a quarrel between two ancient and illustrious houses on the confines of Germany; that of the Henries of Gibeling, and that of the Guelphs of Adorf.
GIBEON, a city seated on an eminence about forty furlongs northward from Jerusalem. The Gibeonites were descended from the Hivites, the old inhabitante of that country, and possessed four cities, of which Gibeon was the capital.
GIBLETS, the offals or entrails of a goose, including the heart, liver, feet, gizzard, &c. The word is supposed to be formed from the French gobeau, a mouthful. Giblets form a considerable article in cookery.
GIDEON, the son of Joash, of the tribe of Manassch. He dwelt in the city of Ophrah; and had a very extraordinary call to deliver the Israelites from the oppression of the Midianites, to which they had become subject after the death of Barak and Deborah. Having effected their deliverance by supernatural aid, he was chosen judge of Israel in the year of the world 2759, and died in 2768.
GIESSEN, a city of the grand duchy of Hesse, in Germany, in the province of Upper Hesse. It stands on the river Lahn, at its junction with the Wieseck, and is the seat of the several boards of government, of justice, and of the ecclesiastical superintendent. The university, founded in 1607, is flourishing, and has twenty-three professors and between two and three hundred students. It has connected with it two public libraries, a botanical garden, and various museums. It contains 720 houses and 7000 inhabitants, including the university. Long. 9. 38. E. Lat. 50. 36. N. It is the capita) of a bailiwick of the same name, comprehending two cities, one market-town, and thirty-five villages, with 3219 houses and 20,450 inhabitants.
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GIFT, in the law of England, is a conveyance which passes either lands or goods, and is of a larger extent than a grant, being applied to things moveable and immoveable; yet as to things immoveable, when taken strictly, it is applicable only to lands and tenements given in tail. But gift and grant are too often confounded.

New Year’s Gifts, presents made on new year’s day, as a token of the giver’s good will, as well as by way of presage of a happy year. This practice is very ancient, the origin of it among the Romans being referred to Tatius king of the Sabines, who reigned at Rome conjointly with Romulus, and who, having considered as a good omen a present of some sprigs of vervain gathered in a wood consecrated to Strenia, the goddess of strength, which he received on the first day of the new year, authorized this custom afterwards, and gave to these presents the name of Strenoe. But however this may be, the Romans on that day celebrated a festival in honour of Janus; paid their respects at the same time to Juno; and avoided passing it in idleness, lest they should become indolent during the rest of the year. '1 hey sent presents to one another of figs, dates, honey, and other articles, to show their friends that they wished them a happy and agreeable life. Clients, that is to say, those who were under the protection of the great, carried presents of this kind to their patrons, adding to them a small piece of silver. Under Augustus, the senate, the knights, and the people, presented such gifts to the emperor, and in his absence deposited them in the Capitol. Of the succeeding princes, some adopted this custom, and others abolished it; but it always continued amongst the people. The early Christians condemned it, because it. appeared to be a relic of paganism, and a species of superstition; but when it began to have no other object than that of being a mark of veneration and esteem, the church ceased to disapprove of it.
GIGG, Giga, or Jig, in Music and Dancing, a gay, brisk, sprightly composition, yet in full measure, as well as the allemand, which is more serious. Ménage conceives the word to spring from the Italian gieg, a musical instrument mentioned by Dante. Others suppose it to be derived from the Teutonic giga, or ghiighe, a fiddle. This is a favourite air in most nations of Europe; its characteristic is duple time, and it consists of two strains, without any determinate number of bars.
GIGLEWICK, a township of the west riding of the county of York, in the wapentake of Staincliff and Ewer-cross. It stands at the base of a rock 300 feet in height, on the summit of which is the parish church, to which the ascent is by steps cut in the limestone. Within the parish are some valuable stone quarries. The population amounted in 1801 to 2201, in 1811 to 2428, in 1821 to 2817, and in 1831 to 3017.
GIJON, a city of Spain, in the province of Asturias. It is built at the foot of a hill, on the sea shore, and has a port, which is by far the best in the province, and in which the greater portion of its foreign commerce centres. The harbour is well defended by a castle on the hill nearthecity, and by batteries constructed on the mole. The entrance is very narrow and difficult, and the difficulty gradually increases, from the sea receding in such a manner as to alarm the merchants with the apprehension that their harbour will in a few years, become wholly dry land. The city is very beautiful, the streets are wide and straight, and cross each other at right angles; and most of the houses are of recent construction, and well built. An institution for the promotion of scientific knowledge was formed here in 1794, and the pupils are instructed in mathematics, and the application of geometry to mechanics, navigation, and the other arts; and mineralogical and geological lectures are delivered. Its longitude is 5. 13. 39. west from London, and its latitude 43. 35. 10. north. This town contains 3200 inhabitants, who are employed in making earthenware, buttons, and cider.
GILBERTINES, a religious order so called from St Gilbert of Sempringham, in the county of Lincoln, who founded the same about the year 1148. The monks of this order observed the rule of St Augustin, and were accounted canons; the nuns observed that of St Benedict. The founder of this order erected a double monastery, or rather two different ones, contiguous to each other, the one for men, the other for women, but separated by a very high wall. St Gilbert himself founded thirteen monasteries of this order, viz. four for men alone, and nine for men and women together, which had in them seven hundred brethren and fifteen hundred sisters. At the dissolution there were about twenty-five houses of this order in England and Wales.
GILCHRIST, Da Ebenezer, an eminent Scotch physician, was born at Dumfries in 1707. He began the study of medicine at Edinburgh, which he afterwards prosecuted at London and Paris. He obtained the degree of doctor of medicine from the university of Rheims; and in the year 1732 he returned to the place of his nativity, where he afterwards constantly resided, and continued the practice of medicine till his death. It may with justice be said, that few physicians of the past century exercised their profession in a manner more respectable or more successful thaï. Dr Gilchrist; and few have contributed so largely to the improvement of the healing art. Having engaged in business at an early period of life, his attention was wholly devoted to observation. Endowed by nature with a judg ment acute and solid, and a genius active and inventive, he soon distinguished himself by departing, in various important particulars, from established but unsuccessful modes of practice. Several of the improvements which he introduced have procured him great and deserved reputation both at home and abroad. His practice, in ordinary cases, was allowed to be judicious, and placed him high in the confidence and esteem of the inhabitants of that part of the country where he lived. But his usefulness was not confined to his own neighbourhood. Upon many occasions he was consulted by letter from the most distant parts of the country. In different collections are to be found several of his performances, which prove that he had something new and useful to offer upon every subject to which he applied himself. But those writings which do him the greatest honour are two dissertations on nervous fevers, in the medical essays and observations published by a society in Edinburgh; and a treatise on the use of sea voyages in medicine, which first made its appearance in the year 1757, and was afterwards reprinted in 1771. Dr Gilchrist died in 1774.
GILD, or Guild. See Guild.
GILDAS, the oldest British historian, and surnamed the Wise, was born in Wales in the year 511. It is uncertain where he was educated; but it appears from his own writings that he was a monk. Some writers say that he went over to Ireland; and others, that he visited France and Italy. They agree however in asserting, that after his return to England he became a celebrated and most assiduous preacher of Christianity. Dupin says he founded a monastery at Venetia in Britain. Gildas is the only British author of the sixth century whose works are printed; they are therefore valuable on account of their antiquity, and as containing the only information we have concerning the times of which he wrote. The only work, however, attributed to him with certainty is his Èpistola de excidio Britannia, et Castigatio ordinis ecclesiastici, London, 1525, in 8vo, Bâle, 1541, in 12mo, and by Gale in his Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores veteres, 1684, 1687, in folio. In this production he laments the miseries and almost total ruin of his countrymen, and severely reproves the corruption and profligacy of his age. The first part contains a vague account of events from the Roman invasion to his own times, and on this account is valuable, notwithstanding the inelegance and obscurity of the style. Gildas is also the supposed author of Canons and Regulations of Discipline for the use of Ireland, collected by Dom Luc d’Achery in the ninth volume of his Specilegia. The time and place of his death have not been ascertained.
GILEAD, the son of Machir, and grandson of Manassch, had his inheritance allotted him in the mountains of Gilead, whence he took his name. The mountains of Gilead were part of the ridge which runs from Mount Lebanon southward, on the east of the Holy Land; and they gave their name to the whole country which lies on the east of the sea of Galilee, and includes the mountainous region called in the New Testament Trachonitis.
GILIBANTA, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the coast of Cumbava, situated in long. 119. 36. Ľ. lat. 8. 22. S.
GILLINGHAM, a parish of Dorsetshire, in the hundred of Redlane, 105 miles from London, and five miles from Shaftesbury. It lies on the river Stour, and is the largest parish in the county, being forty miles in circumference. It is a fertile district, producing large quantities of excellent butter. A palace of one of the Saxon kings was erected here, which, by the remains that can be traced, appears to have been of stupendous magnitude and strength. A battle was fought here in 1016, when Edmund Ironside totally defeated a large army of Danish invaders. The population in 1801 amounted to 1873, in 1811 to 1992, in 1821 to 2246, and in 1831 to 2520.

Gillingham, a parish of the county of Kent, in the hundred of Chatham and Gillingham, thirty-two miles from London. It is situated on a hill near to, and commanding a view of, the river Medway, and containing within its limits a part of the town of Chatham, and of Brompton. A large portion of it is covered with those fortifications which form the defences of the important naval arsenal of Chatham. The barracks for the marines consist of a handsome pile of buildings, and are deemed peculiarly healthy for the troops quartered in them. The population amounted in 1801 to 4135, in 1811 to 5135, in 1821 to 6209, and in 1831 to 6734.
GILLY SINDE, a river of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah, which has its source in the Vindhya Mountains, and afterwards flowing in a northerly direction, falls into the Sepra river, which afterwards joins the Chumbul.