pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
EXTRAVAGANTES, a name given to those decretal epistles which were published from the Clementines. They were so called, because at first they were not digested or arranged with the other papal constitutions, but seemed to be as it were detached from the canon law. They continued to be called by the same name when they were afterwards inserted in the body of the canon law. The first extravagantes were those of John XXII. successor of Clement V. The last collection was brought down to the year 1483, and was called the common extravagants, notwithstanding that they were likewise incorporated with the rest of the canon law.
EXTRAVASATION, in contusions, fissures, depressions, fractures, and other accidents of the cranium, is when one or more of the blood-vessels, which are distributed in the dura mater, is broken or divided, by which means there is such a discharge of blood as greatly oppresses the brain, and disturbs its office, frequently bringing on violent pains, and at length death itself, unless the patient be timeously relieved.
EXTREME is applied to the last and outermost part of any thing, or that which finishes and terminates it on one side.

Extremes, in Logic, denote two terms of a syllogism, the predicate and subject. They are called extremes, from their relation to another term, which is a medium or mean between them. The predicate, as being likewise contained in the first proposition, is called the majus extremum 0r greater extreme; and the subject, as being put in the second or minor proposition, is called the minus extremum or lesser extreme. Thus, in the syllogism, “Man is an animal; Peter is a man; therefore Peter is an animal ;” ie word animal is the greater extreme, Peter the less extreme, and man the mediuirf.

Extreme and mean Proportion, in Geometry, is when a lne is so divided, that the whole line is to the greater se gment as that segment is to the other; or, as it is expressed by Euclid, when the line is so divided that the rectangle under the whole line, and the lesser segment, is equal to the square of the greater segment.
EXTRINSIC, among metaphysicians, is taken in various senses. Sometimes it signifies that which does not belong to the essence of another; in which sense the efficient cause and end of a thing are said to be extrinsic. Sometimes it signifies that which is not contained within another; in which sense those causes are called extrinsic which introduce something into a subject from without, as when a fire introduces heat. Sometimes it signifies a thing added or applied to another; in which sense accidentsand adherents are said to be extrinsic to the subjects to which they adhere. Sometimes the vision is said to be extrinsic from some form which does not exist in it, but is adjacent to it, or by some means or other without it.
EXUVIAE, among naturalists, denote the cast off parts or coverings of animals, as the skins of serpents, caterpillars, and other insects. It is also applied to shells and other marine bodies, frequently found in the bowels of the earth.
EY, in our old writers, the same with insula, an island; from which comes eyet, a small island or islet, vulgarly called eyght.
EYE, in Anatomy. See Anatomy and Optics. Eye, a borough town of the county of Suffolk, ninety miles from London, in the hundred of Hartismere. It is situated in a level country, and nearly surrounded with a small stream. There is a good market place, but the streets are neither wide nor well built. The greater portion of the town belonged to the late Marquis Cornwallis, but since his death has been sold to Sir Edward Kerrison. There was formerly some trade in spinning worsted, and in making inferior bone-lace; but these have been destroyed by the introduction of machinery. Two members were returned to the House of Commons, but since 1832 it sends only one. There was formerly a Benedictine monastery, the chapel of which, a fine building, is now the parish church. The market is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1734, in 1811 to 1893, in 1821 to 1882, and in 1831 to 2313.
EYEMOUTH, a town of Berwickshire, in Scotland, situated at the embouchure of the river Eye, from which circumstance it takes its name. Eyemouth lies seven miles from Berwick. It is a place of considerable antiquity, and enjoys the distinction of being a burgh of barony. It was at an early period of some importance; first, on account of its possessing a fort of great strength, which, however, is now destroyed; and, secondly, from the circumstance of its being the first harbour in the Scottish territory reached by vessels sailing from England, or along the English coast. On this account it no doubt must have frequently become a place of refuge and shelter to vessels, whether from hostile pursuit or storms at sea. Eyemouth still derives advantages from its harbour, which is well fitted for the reception of vessels in distress; and from it is exported a great deal of country produce. The town also possesses a distillery. The population amounted in 1821 to 1165, and in 1831 to 1181.
EYNAPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, belonging to the Mahrattas, twelve miles southeast from Merritch. It is of considerable size, and contains some Mahommedans, who subsist on grants of charitable lands. Long. 75. 10. E. Lat. 16. 50. N.
EYRIE, in Falconry, a brood or nest; also a place where hawks build and hatch their young.
EZEKIEL, a canonical book of the Old Testament, referring chiefly to the degenerate manners and corruptions of the Jews at the time when it was written. It abounds with fine sentences and rich comparisons, and discovers much learning in regard to profane matters.
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Ezekiel was carried captive to Babylon with Jehoiachin, and began his prophecies in the fifth year of the captivity. He was contemporary with Jeremiah, who prophesied at the same time in Judaea, and foretold many events, particularly the destruction of the temple, the fatal catastrophe of those who revolted from Babylon to Egypt, and the happy return of the Jews to their native land.
EZETOVA, a river of Asiatic Russia, which runs into the estuary of the Oby, in long. 74. 14. E. andlat. 67.50. N.
EZRA, a canonical book of the Old Testament, comprehending the history of the Jews from the time of Cyrus’s edict for their return, till the twentieth year of Artaxerxes Longimanus. It specifies the number of Jews who returned, and Cyrus’s proclamation for the rebuilding of the temple, together with the laying of its foundation, the obstruction which it met with, and the finishing of the sacred edifice in the reign of Darius.

The books of Ezra, called in the English version the First and Second Boohs of Esdras, though held by some, particularly the Greeks, as canonical, are thrown by the English church into the number of apocryphal books, as they are only extant in Greek.
F, THE fourth consonant and sixth letter of the alphabet. The letter F is borrowed from the digamma or double gamma, F, of the Aeolians, as is evident from the inscription on the pedestal of the Colossus at Delos; and though this letter is not found in the modern Greek alphabet, yet it was in the ancient one, whence the Latins received and transmitted it to us. It is formed by a strong expression of the breath, and joining at the same time the upper teeth and under lip. It has but one sort of sound, which has a great affinity with v and ph, the latter being written for it by us in all Greek words, as philosophy, though the Italians write the same term filosofia. The Romans for some time used an inverted F, instead of V consonant, which had no peculiar figure in their alphabet. Thus, in inscriptions we meet with TERMINAAIT, DITI, and so on. Lipsius and others say, that it was the Emperor Claudius who introduced the use of the inverted digamma or; but it did not long subsist after his death; for Quintilian observes, that it was not used in his time. F or fa, in Music, is the fourth note in rising in this order of the gamut, ut, re, mi, fa. It likewise denotes one of the Greek keys in music, destined for the bass. F, in physical prescription, stands for Fiat, or Let it be done; thus, fi s. a. signifies fiat secundum artem. F was also a numeral letter signifying forty; according to the verse,

Sexta quaterdenos gerit quae distat ab alpha.

And when a dash was added at top, thus, F, it signified forty thousand. In the civil law, two f’s joined together thus, v ^ signify the Pandects. In the law of England, F was a stigma or brand put upon felons (by stat. 4 Henry VII. c. 13) with a hot iron, on their being admitted to the benefit of clergy.
FABIAN, or Fabyan, Robert, an aiderman of the city of London, and sheriff in the year 1493, was a person of some learning, a tolerable poet, and author of a Chronicle of England and France, entitled The Concordance of Histories, in two volumes folio, and containing several curious particulars, not elsewhere to be found, relative to the city of London. Stowe calls it “a painful labour, to the great honour of the city and of the whole realm.” We are told that Cardinal Wolsey caused as many copies of this book as he could procure to be burned, because the author had made too clear a discovery of the larð-e revenues of the clergy. Fabyan died in 1512. There have been five editions of his works, the first of which was printed by Pynson, in 1516; the second by Rastell, in 1533; the third by Reynes, in 1542; and the fourth by

Kingston, in 1559, all in folio; whilst the fifth forms part of the series of Chronicles edited by Ellis, and is reprinted from Pynson’s edition, with various collations and improvements.
FABII, a noble family at Rome, of Sabine origin, said to have derived its name irornfabα, a bean, because some of its ancestors had cultivated that pulse. It is a curious circumstance, to which the annals of the Roman republic afford no parallel, that for seventeen consecutive years, from 495 to 479 b. c., one of the seats in the consulship was always filled by members of this house. At this period they were firm adherents of the aristocratic party, and exerted all their influence to support their privileges; but at last, convinced of the fatal consequences that must ensue to their country from an obstinate resistance to the wishes of the great body of the nation, the Fabii changed the policy of their family, and joined the popular party. When they found themselves regarded as traitors and apostates, they came to the resolution of leaving, with their dependents and adherents, a place where they could no longer live in peace, and of founding a settlement which might at least be of use to the people whom they were so intimately allied to by blood and birth. It is in this way that we explain the fact of their being found near Veil. We may infer from Gellius (xvii. 21), that they were not merely an advanced guard, occupying a fort in the enemy’s country, but that they had a settlement on the banks of the Cremera. Here the whole family was destroyed by the Veientes, 477 B. c. Only one remained to perpetuate the name, whose tender years, according to Livy, had kept him at Rome; but as he was consul ten years afterwards, we must regard this statement as purely legendary.
FABLE, a tale' or feigned narrative, disguised under allegory, and designed both to amuse and instruct.

Fable is also used for the plot of an epic or dramatic poem; being, according to Aristotle, the principal part, and, as it were, the soul of the poem. See Poetry.
FABRIANO, Gentile da, an historical painter, was born at Verona in 1332, and became a disciple of Giovanni da Fiesole. In that early age of painting he rendered himself famous, and was employed to adorn a great number of churches and palaces at Florence, Urbino, Siena, Perugia, and Rome, but particularly in the Vatican; and one picture of his, representing the Virgin and Child, attended by Joseph, which is preserved in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, was highly commended by Michel Angelo. By order of the doge and senate of Venice, he painted a picture in the great council chamber, which was considered as so extraordinary a performance, that his employers granted him a pension for life, and conferred upon him the highest honour of their state, namely, the privilege of wearing the habit of a noble Venetian. He died in 1412.
FABRIANO, a city of the papal delegation of Macerata, in Italy, on the river Giano. It is the seat of a bishop, has nine monasteries, nine nunneries, and 7224 inhabitants, who are occupied in making paper and preparing parchment. The paper made here is celebrated throughout Italy.
FABULOUS, something consisting of or connected with fable.
FACATA, or Fucata, a seaport of Japan, in the island of Ximo, where the Jesuits formerly had a considerable establishment and a church. It is twenty-seven miles west-north-west of Taisero.
FACE, the surface or first side which a body presents to the eye. Thus, we say, the face of the earth, of the waters, and the like; polyhedrons have several faces ; a die or cube has six faces. Face is particularly used for the visage of an animal, especially of man, and comprehends, in the latter, all that part of the head which is not covered with long hair. The Latins call it facies, vultus, os. .
FACIES Hippocratica, in Medicine, is when the nostrils are sharp, the eyes hollow, the temples low, the tips of the ears contracted and cold, the forehead dry and wrinkled, and the complexion pale or livid. The Hippocratic face is chiefly observed towards the close of phthisis pulmonalis, and other consumptions, and is held as a sure prognostic of death. If it appear within three days after the attack of an acute disease, it is deemed a fatal symptom.
FACTION, a cabal or party formed in a state, city, or company.

Faction, in Antiquity, a name given to the different companies of combatants in the circus. They were four in all; the white, the red, the green, and the blue, to which Domitian added another of purple colour. They were so denominated from the colour of the liveries they wore, and were dedicated to the four seasons of the year; the green being consecrated to spring, the blue to winter, the red to summer, and the white to autumn. It appears rom ancient inscriptions, that each faction had its procurators and physician; and that party rage ran so high amongst them, that in a dissension between two factions, ιn the time of Justinian, nearly forty thousand men lost their lives.
FACTITIOUS, any thing made by art, in opposition to that which is the production of nature. Thus, factitious cinnabar is opposed to native cinnabar.
FACTOR, in Commerce, is an agent employed by merchants residing at other places, to buy or sell goods, negotiate bills, or transact any kind of business on their account, and entitled to a certain allowance for his trouble.

A supercargo differs from a factor in this, that the business of the former is limited to the care of a particular cargo; he goes along with it, and generally returns when his business is completed; whereas the latter has a fixed residence abroad, and executes business for different merchants.

Factor, in Multiplication, a name given to the multiplier and multiplicand, because they constitute the product.
FACTORAGE, called also commission, is the allowance given to factors by the merchant who employs them.
FACTORY is a place where a considerable number of factors reside, in order to negotiate for their masters or employers.
FACULAE, in Astronomy, certain bright and shining parts, which the modern astronomers have, by means of telescopes, observed on the surface or disc of the sun. The word is Latin, being a diminutive c>{fax, a torch, and supposed, in this case, to be applied from these spots appearing and disappearing by turns.
FACULTY, in Law, a privilege granted to a person, by favour and indlugence, of doing that which by law he ought not to do.

Faculty, in the schools, a term applied to the different members of an university, divided according to the arts and sciences taught there. Thus, in most universities there are four faculties; that of arts, which includes humanity and philosophy; that of theology; that of medicine; and that of law.
FAENZA, a city of Italy, in the delegation of Ravenna, in the papal dominions. It is situated on a plain watered by the river Lamona, from which a canal is formed to join the Po Primero. It contains, besides a cathedral, twenty-eight churches, eight monasteries, and eight nunneries, with 14,000 inhabitants, who are employed in silk and other manufactures. At this place the invention of porcelain was introduced; and hence, in most of the languages of Europe, that commodity has obtained the name of the city. It was the birth-place of the celebrated Torricelli, the disciple of Galileo. Long. 11. 36. E. Lat. 44. 21. N.
FAERNUS, Gabriel, a celebrated modern Latin poet, was a native of Cremona, and flourished during the sixteenth century. He was so eminently skilled in all parts of polite literature, that the Cardinal de’ Medicis, afterwards Pope Pius IV. held him in high estimation. He was the author of some Latin elegies, of a hundred Latin fables in iambic verse, selected from the ancients, and of several pieces of criticism. He was also remarkably dexterous in deciphering manuscripts, and in restoring ancient authors; and he took such pains with Terence, that Bentley has adopted all his notes in the edition which he published of that dramatist. Facrnus died at Rome in 1561; and De Thou, who wrote his eulogy, says that the learned world was greatly indebted to him, and would have been still more so, if, instead of suppressing the then unknown fables of Phaedrus, from fear of lessening the value of his own Latin fables, written in imitation of Aesop, he had been content with imitating them. Perrault, however, who translated the fables of Faernus into French, has defended him from this imputation, by showing that the first manuscript of Phaedrus’s fables, found in the dust of an old library, was not discovered till about thirty years after the death of Faernus. In fact, Plautus and Terence were his models; and the merit of his elegant style is enhanced by the circumstance that he was not an imitator of Phaedrus, whom it has been satisfactorily shown he did not know. His fables, immediately upon their appearance, obtained universal applause, and were reprinted at Cologne, at Antwerp, and at Brussels. Faernus also wrote, 1. Two Books of Corrections on the philippics and three other speeches of Cicero, from a manuscript which had been discovered in the Vatican Library, and which he regarded as the most ancient of all those that existed of the works of Cicero; and, 2. Notes on Catullus and Plautus, and a Commentary on Terence, which was printed by [7:9:476]Pietro Vettori, Florence, 1567, in 8vo, and reprinted at Paris, 1602, in 4to.
FAGGOT, in the times of persecution, was a badge worn on the sleeve of the upper garment, by such persons as had recanted or abjured what was then termed heresy. It was put on after the person had carried a faggot, by way of penance, to some appointed place of solemnity. Leaving off wearing this badge was sometimes interpreted as a sign of apostasy.

Faggots, amongst military men, persons hired by officers, whose companies were not full, to muster and conceal the deficiencies of such companies. This disgraceful practice has long ceased in our army.
FAID, or Feid, a town of Arabia, in the province of Nedsjed, 140 miles north-east of Hagiar. Long. 40. 36. E. Lat. 26. 54. N.
FAIFO, or ITaifo, a town of Cochin-China, situated about ten miles from the sea, on a navigable river, which flows into the bay of Huron. It was at one time a place of some importance, the streets being regular, and the houses built of brick. But it was destroyed in the course of the revolutions which befel the country; and its prosperity is now only reviving. Long. 108. 10. E. Lat. 15. 50. N.
FAILSWORTH, a township of the county of Lancaster, within the parish of Manchester, inhabited chiefly by manufacturers of cotton goods, whose numbers amounted in 1801 to 2622, in 1811 to 2875, in 1821 to 3358, and in 1831 to 3667.
FAINT Action, in Zαw, a feigned action, or such as, although the words of the writ are true, yet, for certain causes, the plaintiff has no title to recover thereby.
FAIR Isle, an island belonging to Zetland, lying between that group of islands and the Orkneys, extending fully three miles in length by about two in breadth, and of an oblong form. It is quite mountainous, with a precipitous and dangerous coast, which is only accessible upon the south-eastern side. It is inhabited; but the soil chiefly affords pasturage for sheep.
FAIRFORD, a market-town of Gloucestershire, in the hundred of Brightwalls Barrow, 80 miles from London. It is situated on the small river Coin, at its junction with the Thames, over which are two bridges. The church is a remarkably fine Gothic structure, erected about the year 1470 by an individual; and the painted window, said to have been captured by a ship belonging to the founder, a merchant of London, is highly beautiful. It is about three miles from the Thames and Severn Canal, by which some trade is carried on in coals, salt, and other heavy goods. The market is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1326, in 1811 to 1444, in 1821 to 1547, and in 1831 to 1574.
FAITH, in Theology, that assent which we give to a proposition advanced by another, the truth of which we do not immediately perceive from our own reason or experience; or it is a judgment or assent of the mind, the motive of which is not so much any intrinsic evidence, as the authority or testimony of some other who reveals or relates it. Hence, as there are two kinds of authorities and testimonies, the one of God and the other of man, faith becomes distinguished into divine and human. Dirwe faith is that founded on the authority of God; or it is [7:9:481]that assent which we give to what is revealed by God. The objects of this faith, therefore, are matters of revelation. Human faith is that by which we believe what is told us by men; and its object is matter of human testimony and evidence.

Faith, in practical theology, constitutes the first of the theological virtues or graces.

Faith in God, in this sense, denotes such a conviction of his being, perfections, character, and government, as produces love, trust, worship, obedience, and resignation. Faith in Christ, as it has been defined by some theologians, is a mere assent to the gospel as true; but according to others, it signifies such a persuasion that he is the Messiah, and such a desire and expectation of the blessings which he has promised in his gospel to his sincere disciples, as engage the mind to fix its dependence upon him, and to subject itself to him in holy obedience. Faith likewise, in respect of futurity, is a moral principle, implying such a conviction of the reality and importance of a future state, as is sufficient to regulate the etmper and conduct in the affairs of this life.