pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ONOMATOPOEIA, in grammar and rhetoric, a figure where words are formed to resemble the sound emitted by the things signified; as the buzz of bees, the cackling of hens, or the note of the cuckoo. Resemblances of this kind are often fancied when they are not real; though, no doubt, there are in every language some words of which the sound is very like to that which those words are employed to express. Yet, to the mortification of grammarians and rhetoricians, conjunctions, which have been pronounced to be no parts of speech at all, are the only sounds uttered by men which are wholly natural, and these are fewer than is commonly supposed.

ΟΝΟΝ, a large river of Asiatic Russia, upon the frontier of Chinese Tartary, which has its rise amongst the interior mountains, and flows north-east till it forms the Chilka, which afterwards discharges itself into the Amour. The rude tribes of the Bannats and Tungusses wander along its banks.
ONONDAGA, a post township and capital of Onondaga county, New York, a hundred and thirty miles westnorth-west of Albany, and fifty miles west of Utica. It is ten miles in length by nine in breadth. Through the eastern part a broad valley extends north and south, bounded on each side by high swelling ridges. This valley, which is of rich alluvion and exuberant fertility, is watered by Onondaga Creek, which flows northward to Onondaga Lake, in the town of Salina. The post borough of Onondaga, the seat of the county buildings, is situated on a delightful eminence. The post village of Onondaga Hollow stands about one mile east of the court-house. It has an arsenal belonging to the state, and many mechanical establishments. Onondaga Castle is the chief town of the remnant of the Onondaga tribe of Indians, after whom the township has been named. It is situated three miles south of the village of Onondaga Hollow, and contains about fifty Indian houses, which are built of logs. There are about a hundred and forty persons, who annually receive a thousand dollars from the state of New York. The whole township of Onondaga in 1831 contained 5668 inhabitants, and it does not seem to be rapidly increasing.
ONORE, formerly a seaport of Hindustan, and a place of great commerce, in the province of North Canara. It is situated at the mouth of a river which communicates with a fine salt-water lake, extending nearly as far to the I east as the foot of the mountains. In 1763 it was occu-; aied by Hyder Ali, who established dock-yards for building ships of war, which were found to have been demolished by Tippoo at the time the town was recovered by the treaty of Mangalore. Part of the town has been rebuilt, and there is now a custom-house here. A trade is carried on in rice, betel-nut, pepper, cocoa-nuts, and salt fish. This trade was carried on in boats, which were much harassed by pirates from the Mahratta coast; an evil that has always existed more or less on the shores of India, but has now nearly ceased, owing to the vigilance of the British marine. No manufactures ever existed to any extent, the trade having been destroyed by Tippoo. On the first arrival of the Portuguese in India, Onore was the capital of an independent rajah, who was subdued by them. It was subsequently taken from the Portuguese by the Dutch, who appear to have relinquished it; for, in 1763, when it came into the possession of Hyder Ali, it was considered as the property of the ranee of Bednore. In 1768 it was taken by the British, and was shortly afterwards regained by Hyder. It was taken in 1783 by General Matthews, and was restored to Tippoo at the conclusion of the year. It came under the dominion of the British, with the province of Canara, when Tippoo’s empire was overthrown, in 1799. Long. 74. 25. E. Lat. 14. 18. N.
ONOSANDER, a Greek author and Platonic philosopher, who wrote Commentaries on Plato’s Politics, which are now lost. But his name is particularly famous for a treatise entitled Aογος 2τgατηγικος, a discourse on the duties and qualities of the general of an army, which has been translated into Latin, Italian, Spanish, and French. The time when he lived is not precisely known, but he is imagined to have been contemporary with the Emperor Claudius.
ONRUST, a small island in the Eastern Ocean, on the coast of Java, and Bay of Batavia. It is nearly of a circular form, about 4800 feet in circumference. Here the Dutch had formerly fortifications and extensive works, which were destroyed by a British armament under Sir Edward Pellew, and the island is now desolate. Onrust formerly contained about 3000 inhabitants. It is nine miles north-west from Batavia.
ONTAREE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, belonging to an independent chief in the district of Billounjah. Long. 83. 40. E. Lat. 24. 13. N.
ONTINIENTE, a large town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, in the department of San Felipe. It is an open town, in the vicinity of the mountains, but stands in a fruitful spot, and is remarkable for the salubrity of its climate. Figs are cultivated near it of good quality, of which about 7000 quintals are annually collected and sent to other districts. The hilly parts in the vicinity produce excellent pears and apples, and near them is raised the best wheat in Spain. The inhabitants amount to 11,700, who, besides cultivation, have some employment in making linen and woollen goods, paper, and copper wares. Being inland, and out of any great road, it is a place very rarely visited by foreign travellers.
ONTONG Java, a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, called by Mendana, Baxos de la Candelaria. They are twenty-two in number, and are now called New Ireland. Long. 156. E. Lat. 6. 15. S.
ONYCOMANCY, or, as some persons write it, Ony-mancy, a kind of divination by means of the nails of the fingers. 1he word is formed from the Greek oivξ, a nail, and μαντεια, divination. The ancient practice was to rub the nails of a youth with oil and soot, or wax, and to hold up the nails thus smeared against the sun, when certain figures or characters, showing the thing required, were supposed to appear upon them.
ONYX, a mineral substance usually ranked amongst gems, and which derives its name from the colour resembling that of the nail of the finger.
OOCHASEER, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Cutch, and district of Neyer, about twenty-five miles south-west from Theraud, which belongs to the chief of Morwara. It is surrounded by a thorn hedge instead of fortifications, and has a tank of bad water, with some excellent wells. Its inhabitants are low classes of Hindus.
OOCHINADROOG, a celebrated hill-fort of Hindustan, in the district of Harpoonelly. It is of great natural strength, having an abrupt ascent of very great height, particularly to the north and west, where it is almost perpendicular. It was besieged in 1793, and taken after a siege of three months, by Tippoo, who, with the cruelty of a tyrant, mutilated all the boys and youths in the fortress, most of whom died in consequence. Long. 75. 55. E. Lat. 14. 32. N.
OODEADARGAM, a town of the south of India, in the province of Mysore. It was taken by the British in the year 1800, and now belongs to the rajah of Mysore. It gives name to a celebrated pass in the mountains, and is thirty-one miles south-east of Bangalore.
OON, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, and district of Werrear, fifteen miles north of Rahdunpoor. The town contains about 2000 tolerably well-built houses, and the palace of the rajah. It is an open town, with one long street, which is a bazaar. 'The chief of this town is a Hindu of a low tribe, who derives his income of 12,000 rupees a year chiefly from the plunder of his neighbours. Long. 71. 45. E. Lat. 24. 15. N.
OONAE, a small village of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, belonging to the Mahrattas. It has in its vicinity a remarkable hot spring, which, like all the other extraordinary phenomena of nature, is held sacred by the Hindus, and a great resort of pilgrims, who ascribe to it the most wonderful qualities.
OONARANG, a small European town and fort of Java, on the south coast, where the Dutch governor Janssens made his last stand when the island was attacked by the British general. It is eleven miles south from Samarang.
OONIARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajracer. It is strongly fortified with a wall and round towers; the houses are mostly built of stone, and the palace is neatly constructed with a stone enclosure, surrounded by a ditch. Long. 75. 58. E. Lat. 25. 51. N.
OONOMAFOU, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, about six miles in length, and covered with verdure. It was discovered in 1616 by Schonten and Le Maire. Long. 175. 51. W. Lat. 15. 53. S.
OOREECHA, a populous town of Hindustan, belonging to the rajah of Jyenagur, in the province of Ajmeer.
OOREY, a town of F1industan, in the province of Agra, fifteen miles west of the river Jumna. Long. 79. 35. E. Lat. 25. 58. N.
OOSCAT, a considerable town of Anatolia, in Asia Minor, situated in a hollow, surrounded on all sides by naked and barren hills. The houses are neatly constructed of brick and wood, painted like those in theother Turkish towns. The palace is a very extensive building of brick and wood, but only two stories high; and a handsome mosque has lately been erected, of hewn stone, in imitation of St Sophia. It is surrounded by a slight wall, built of sun-dried brick and mud. The inhabitants amount to 16,000, of whom the greater number are Turks, and the remainder Greeks, Armenians, and Jews. It is 110 miles east of Angora. Lat. 39. 42. N.
OOSCOTTA, a fortress of the south of India, in the province of Mysore. It was occupied by the Mahrattas in the year 1688, but was taken from them by the nabob of Cuddapah, and retaken by the Mahrattas. In 1761 it was besieged and taken by Hyder Ali; and seven years afterwards it was taken by the British, but recovered by Hyder in 1773. It fell under the power of the British in [7:16:344]1779, and was made over to the new rajah of Mysore along with the province. It is fifteen miles north-east of Bangalore.
OOSSOOR, or OusooR, a fortress of Hindustan, in the southern province of Mysore. It was first taken by the British in 1768, and again in 1791. After the death of Tippoo, this town, with the province, was made over to the new rajah of Mysore. It is twenty miles south-south-east from Bangalore. Long. 72. 52. E. Lat. 12. 4L N.
OOSTERHOUT, a market-town of the Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant, and the arrondissement of Breda. It is a considerable place for making pottery ware and tiles, and has large markets three times a year for the sale of linen cloth. It is five miles to the north of Breda, and contains 6950 inhabitants.
OOTAPALLIUM, a town and district of the south of India, in the district of Dindigul. Long. 77. 30. E. Lat. 9. 50. N.
OOTATATOOR, a town of the south of India, in the district of Tanjore. Long. 70. 58. E. Lat. 11. 7. N.
OOTRADOORG, one of the numerous fortresses with which the country of Mysore is covered. It was taken by the British in 1792. Long. 77. 17. E. Lat. 12. 56. N.
OOTRIMALOOR, a town of the south of India, in the province of the Carnatic. Long. 79. 50. E. Lat. 12. 33. N.
OPALIA, in Antiquity, feasts celebrated at Rome in honour of the goddess Ops. Varro says they were held on the 19th of December, which was one of the days of the Saturnalia. These two feasts were celebrated in the same month, because Saturn and Ops were husband and wife; but the vows offered to the goddess were made sitting on the ground.
OPARO, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Vancouver in 1791. It consists of a cluster of high craggy mountains. The natives are estimated at 1500, who appeared to be well fed, and to have open and cheerful countenances. Long. 215. 58. E. Lat. 27. 36. S.
OPERA, a lyrical drama set to music in recitations, airs, duetts, trios, quartetts, choruses, and finales; preceded by an instrumental overture, and accompanied by an orchestra; and, when performed, enforced and embellished by action and declamation, and appropriate costumes and scenery. The opera appears to have originated at Florence about the end of the sixteenth century. (See Doni’s works, passim.') The Italians divide their operas into four kinds; the sacred opera, the serious opera, the semi-serious opera, and the opera buffa, or comic opera. The French have their grand’opera, in which the whole lyrical drama is sung; and the opera comique, in which the singing is intermingled with spoken dialogue. The Germans have a greater variety of such distinctions of operas; as the grand opera, the serious opera, the tragic opera, the heroic opera, the romantic opera, the allegorical opera, the military melodrama, the comic opera, and some others.

Much amusing and interesting matter relative to the rise and progress of the opera may be found in Dr Burney’s Tours, and History, in the Baron de Grimm’s Correspondence, and in various German periodicals conducted by musicians. See also Arteaga, Manfredini, Signorelli, &c. For some technicalities relative to operatic music, see the article Music.
OPHICLEIDE, or Keyed-Serpent. See Music.
OPHIOLOGY is composed of two Greek words, namely, lφις, a serpent, and aoyoς, a discourse, and consequently denotes that branch of zoology which treats of serpents. See Reptilia.
OPHIOMANCY, in Antiquity, the art of predicting future events from the motions or habits of serpents. Thus Calchas, on seeing a serpent devour eight sparrows, with their dam, foretold the duration of the siege of Troy; and the seven coils of a serpent which was seen on the tomb of Anchises were interpreted to mean the seven years during which Aeneas wandered from place to place before he arrived at Latium.
OPHIR, a country mentioned in Scripture, from whence Solomon received great quantities of gold in ships which he sent out for that purpose. The difficulty, however, is, where to fix its situation. Some have gone in search of it to the West, others to the East Indies, and a few to the eastern coast of Africa. Mr Bruce places it in the kingdom of Sofala, on the coast of Mozambique; and he supports this hypothesis with great learning and ingenuity. It was, on the other hand, strenuously maintained by Dr Doig, a learned contributor to the third edition of this Encyclopaedia, that it was situated somewhere on the western coast of Africa, and that the Tarshish of Solomon was the ancient Baetica in Spain. Whether the one hypothesis or the other be the true one, it is not for us to decide. Both are plausible, and both supported by much ingenuity and erudition; but we do not think that the arguments of either writer furnish a complete confutation of those employed by the other.
OPHITES, in Ecclesiastical History, Christian heretics, so called both from the veneration they had for the serpent which tempted Eve, and the worship they paid to a real serpent. They pretended that the serpent was Jesus Christ, and that he taught men the knowledge of good and evil. They distinguished between Jesus and Christ. Jesus, they said, was born of the Virgin Mary, but Christ came down from heaven to be unitecĭ with him; Jesus was crucified, but Christ had left him to return to heaven. They likewise distinguished the God of the Jews, whom they termed Jaldabaoth, from the supreme God; ascribing to the former the body, and to the latter the soul of man. They had a live serpent, which they kept in a kind of cage: and at certain times they opened the cage door, and called to the reptile. The animal came out, and mounting upon the table, twined itself about some loaves of bread, which they broke and distributed to the company, all of whom kissed the serpent. And this, by a horrid blasphemy, they called their Eucharist.
OPHTHALMOSCOPY, a branch of physiognomy, which deduces the knowledge of a man’s temper and character from the appearance of his eyes.
OPIATES, medicines which are administered to procure sleep, whether in the form of electuaries, drops, or pills.
OPINION is that judgment which the mind forms of any proposition, for the truth or falsehood of which there is not sufficient evidence to produce science or absolute belief. That the three angles of a plane triangle are equal to two right angles, is not a matter of opinion, nor can it with propriety be called an object of the mathematician’s belief; he does more than believe it, he knows it to be true. When two or three men, under no temptation to deceive, declare that they were witnesses of an uncommon though not preternatural event, their testimony is complete evidence, and produces absolute belief in the minds of those to whom it is given; but it does not produce science like rigid demonstration. The fact is not doubted, but those who have it on report do not know it to be true, as they know the truth of propositions intuitively or demonstrably certain. When one or two men relate a story including many circumstances to a third person, and another comes who positively contradicts it either in whole or in part, he to whom these jarring testimonies are given weighs all the circumstances in his own mind, balances the one against the other, and lends an assent, more or less wavering, to that side on which the evidence appears to preponderate. This assent is his opinion respecting the facts of which he has received such different accounts.
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OPIUM, in the Materia Medica, is an inspissated juice, obtained from the capsule of the white poppy; it is partly of the resinous and partly of the gummy kind, and possesses also a narcotic principle.
OPOCALPASUM, Opocarbasum, or Apocalpasum, a gummy, resinous substance, which has a strong resemblance to liquid myrrh, and which in the time of Galen was mixed with myrrh. According to this writer, it was difficult to distinguish the one from the other except by their effects, the former being of a poisonous nature, and frequently producing lethargy.
OPPELN forms one of three provincial governments of Prussia, into which the province of Silesia is divided. It is bounded on the north by the government of Breslau, on the east by the kingdom of Poland and the republic of Cracow, on the south-east by Gallicia, on the south and south-west by Moravia, or rather Austrian Silesia, and on the west by the province of Reichenbach. In extent it is 5230 square miles, comprehending fifty-four cities and towns, and 1492 villages; and it is divided into fifteen circles. The population, according to the census of 1817, amounted to 529,964 individuals, and, according to that of 1826, had increased to 660,756. Of these inhabitants, about nine tenths are Catholics, and the remainder is divided into various sects. It is drained by the river Oder, into which all the streams run. The soil is not very fertile, and its most valuable produce is derived from its extensive forests. The chief industry is applied to spinning and to making wooden ware. The city of Oppeln, the capital of the province, as well as of the circle of the same name, stands on the Oder, and contains 380 houses, with 4500 inhabitants. It is surrounded with walls, and defended by a castle; and it has some trade in linen, in timber, and in ironmongery.
OPPIDO, a city of Italy, in the province of Calabria Ulteriore I., in the kingdom of Naples. It stands on a hill between lhe rivers Modena and Trecosio, is the see of a bishop, and contains a cathedral and three other churches, with 6000 inhabitants. It suffered most severely in the earthquake of 1783, when nearly one half of the population was destroyed.
OPPILATION, in Medicine, the act of obstructing or stopping up the passage of the body, by redundant or peccant humours. This word is used chiefly to denote obstructions in the lower intestines.
OPOUN, the most easterly of the Navigators’ Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. Long. 169. 7. W. Lat. 14.7. S.
OPTATIVE Mood, in Grammar, that which serves to express a desire or wish for something. In most languages, except the Greek, the optative is expressed by prefixing to the subjunctive a conjunction, which, with the verb, expresses the thing wished tor, leaving the mind to supply the verb indicative of desire; as utinam saperes, “that you were wise,” or, in other words, “I wish that you were wise.”
OPTIC Angle, the angle which the optic axes of both eyes make with one another, as they tend to meet at some distance before the eyes.

Optic Axis, the axis of the eye, or a line going through the middle of the pupil and the centre of the eye.
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OPTIMATES, one of the divisions of the Roman people, and opposed to populares. It is not easy to ascertain the characteristic differences of these two parties. Some say the optimates were warm supporters of the dignity of the chief magistrate, and promoters of the grandeur of the state, caring not if the inferior members suffered, provided the superior powers were advanced; whereas the populares boldly contended for the rights of the people, claimed larger privileges, and laboured to bring matters nearer to an equality. In short, according to this account, they resembled the court and country parties amongst the people of this island. Cicero says that the optimates were the best citizens, who wished to deserve the approbation of the better sort; and that the populares courted the favour of the populace, not so much considering what was right, as what would please the people and gratify their own thirst of vain-glory and applause.
OPTIO, an officer in the Roman army, who was an assistant or lieutenant to the centurion. The optio was so called because in later times he was the choice or option of the centurion; at first, however, he derived his appointment from the tribune or commander of the legion. Sometimes the optiones were also called succenturiones and tergiductores ; the latter name having been given them because their post was in the rear of the company. Several authors mention sub-optiones or sub-lieutenants. It is proper, however, to add, that optiones were not peculiar to the camp, but were also employed in a variety of other offices.
OR, the French word for gold, by which this metal is expressed in heraldry. In engraving it is denoted by small points all over the field or bearing.
ORA, in Antiquity, was a term equivalent to ounce; but it has been much debated amongst our antiquaries, whether the ora, the mention of which so often occurs, was a coin, or only money of account. Dr Hickes observes, that the mode of reckoning money by marcs and oras was never known in England until after the settlement of the Danes; and by examining the old nummulary estimates amongst the principal Gothic states upon the Baltic, it appears that the ora and solidus were synonymous terms, and that the ora was the eighth part of the marc. From several of the Danish laws, it likewise appears that the Danish ora, derived by corruption from aurea, was the same as the Frank solidus of twelve pence. As a weight, the ora was regarded as the uncia or unit, by which the Danish marc was divided; and in Doomsday-book the ora is used for the ounce, or the twelfth part of the nummulary Saxon pound, and the fifteenth of the commercial. As a coin it was an aureus, or the Frank solidus of twelve pence; and from the accidental coincidence of the Frank aureus with the eighth part of the marc, the Danes probably took occasion to give it the new name of ora. Another ora is mentioned in the rolls of the 27th of Henry III. the value of which was sixteen pence; and this was probably derived from the half mancus of the Saxons, as there were no aurei of that period to which these two denominations of money of sixteen and twelve pence could possibly be ascribed. It may be further observed, that the name ora distinguishes the gold coins in several parts of Europe to this day. The Portuguese moidore is nothing else but moeda d ’ oro, from the Latin moneta de αurος the French louis d ’ or comes from the same use of the word, and owes its appellation to the ora.
ORAEA, certain solemn sacrifices of fruits, which were offered in the four seasons of the year, in order to obtain mild and temperate weather. They were offered to the goddesses who presided over the seasons, attended upon the sun, and received divine worship at Athens.
ORAL, something delivered by word of mouth, without being committed to writing. In this sense we say oral law, oral tradition, oral communication, and the like.