pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CHIABRERA, Gabriel, esteemed the Pindar of Italy, was born at Savona, in the republic or state of Genoa, in 1552, and went to study at Rome. The Italian princes and Urban VIII. gave him public marks of their esteem. He wrote a great number of poems; but his lyric verses are the most admired. He died at Savona in 1638, aged eighty-six. The productions of Chiabrera may be thus classed: 1. Four epic poems, entitled La Gotiade o delle guerre de Goti, 15 cantos in ottava rima, Venice, 1583; La Firenze, also in 15 cantos lfn verso sciolto), Florence, 1615; L’Amcdeida, 23 cantos, in ottava rima, Genoa, 1620; and II Ruggiero, 10 cantos, in verso sciolto, Genoa, 1653. 2. Less extensive poems entitled Poemetti, Florence, 1598, 4to. 3. A tragedy entitled Erminia, Genoa, 1622, I2mo. 4. Several pastoral comedies, or Favole Bascareccie ; as, Alcippo, Genoa, 1604; Gelopea, Venice, 1607; Meganira, Florence, 1608. 5. Some musical dramas and other dramatic compositions. 6. Several pieces formerly inedited, which appeared towards the close of last century, entitled Alcune Poesie di Gabriele Chiabrera, non mαi prima d’ora pubblicate, Genoa, 1794, 8vo.
CHIAPA, an intendancy of Mexico is bounded on the north by Tabasco, on the north-east by Yucatan, on the west by Oaxaca and Vera Cruz, and on the south by So-conusco. This province, lying alike contiguous to Mexicoand the central states, was claimed by both; but the option being given to the inhabitants, Chiapa declared its wish to join the Mexican union, while the district of So-conusco adhered to the central federation. The climate of this intendancy is hot and moist; but there are large tracts of mountainous country covered with forests of cedar, cypress, pine, and walnut trees. In the lower regions there are also extensive woods, in which the American lion, the ounce, the wild boar, parrots of great beauty, and numbers of serpents, abound. Goats, sheep, and pigs of the European breed have greatly multiplied in this intendancy, and its horses are so highly esteemed that colts are sent to Mexico The chief productions are cotton, cocoa, maize, cochineal, honey, and aromatic gums. Chiapa contains one city, one town, and an immense number of villages, with about 128,000 inhabitants, of whom a great number are Indians. Near the borders of Yucatan, the vestiges of a considerable Indian capital were accidentally discovered about the middle of the last century. They stand in the midst of a fertile and salubrious tract of country, but which is almost entirely depopulated[7:6:521]. The hieroglyphics, emblems, and architectural remains, are of a highly interesting kind. The former are said by a learned Spaniard to resemble the Egyptian.

Chiapa dos Espagnos, or Ciudad Real, the capital of the intendancy, and an episcopal city, is situated in the plain of'Gueizacattan, about 130 leagues north-west of the city of Guatimala. It contains only one parish, that of the cathedral; but there are four convents, a nunnery, a church dedicated to Our Lady of Charity, two other chapels without the walls, and five for the Indians. It is a place of some trade. The inhabitants are about 4000 in number. Long. 94. 16. W. Lat. 16. 35. N.

Ciiiapa dos Indos, the largest place in the whole province, and a very ancient vjjlage, is advantageously situated in a valley near the banks of the river Tabasco. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians, but they are reported to be rich; and a great quantity of sugar is raised in the district. The heat is excessive during the day, but the nights are cool. This place enjoys many privileges, and is rising into importance. The inhabitants are about 15,000 in number. Long. 93. 53. W. Lat. 17. 5. N.
CHIARAMONTE, a town of the intendancy of Sa-ragosa, in the island of Sicily. It is in a healthy situation, on the top of a mountain, has good buildings, and contains 7000 inhabitants, who cultivate extensive vineyards.
CHIARI, Joseph, a celebrated Italian painter, was the disciple of Carlo Maratti, and adorned the churches and palaces of Rome with a great number of fine paintings. He died of apoplexy in 1727, aged seventy-three.
CHIARO Scuro. See Claro Obscuro.
CHIAVARI, a city of Italy, in the Sardinian province of Genoa. It is situated in the Bay of Rapallo, where the Sturla empties itself into the sea. It contains 7680 inhabitants, who subsist by the fisheries, and by the cultivation of wine, oil, and silk.
CHIAVENNA, a market-town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Sondrio. It is situated on the river Maira, where two roads over the Alps meet. It contains about 2800 inhabitants, who chiefly depend for subsistence on the silk trade. Long. 9. 16. E. Lat. 46. 15. N∙
CHIAUSI, among the Turks, officers employed in executing the viziers, pashas, and other great men. The orders for this purpose are sent by the grand signior wrapped up in a black cloth; on the reception of which the chiausi immediately perform their office.
CHICA Nayakana Hully, a large square town of Hindustan, in the province of Mysore, strongly fortified with mud walls and cavaliers at the angles. In the centre is a square citadel fortified in a similar manner. The town contains about six hundred houses, eighty of which are occupied by Brahmins. The houses are at present very mean and ruinous, and do not nearly occupy the whole space within the walls. There is a garden which belongs to the government in great disorder, the appearance of which is destroyed by two banyan trees loaded with large bats, which the people will not disturb. There was formerly a large suburb to the south of the town, which about sixty years ago was destroyed by an invasion of the Mahrattas. It was again plundered by a Mahratta leader on his way to join Lord Cornwallis; and when the inhabitants withdrew, they were enticed back by promises of protection, and were put to the torture in order to extort a discovery of their hidden treasures. During the remainder of Tippoo’s reign the town continued to languish. It possesses a small manufacture of coarse cotton cloth, and has also a weekly fair, at which their goods, and the produce of the numerous palm gardens in the neighbourhood, are sold. Many of the inhabitants act as carriers, and transport goods to different places. The name signifies the town of the little chief, which was given to it by the Polygars, who fortified it three hundred years ago.
CHICHACOTTA, a town of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Bootan, not far from Cooch Bahar, in Bengal. It was taken in 1772 from the Booteas, who defended it with great obstinacy; but with all their personal courage they could not long contend with matchlocks, sabres, and bows, against musketry and cannon. It was restored at the conclusion of the war, and now constitutes the frontier between Bootan and Bengal.
CHICANE, or Chicanery, in Law, an abuse ofjudicial proceeding, tending to delay the cause, to puzzle the judge, or to impose upon the parties.
CHICHAS, a province of Bolivia, in the department of Potosi, in South America. It is an elevated district, and hence the climate is cold. Some parts of it, however, enjoy a milder temperature, and accordingly the vegetation is more abundant and varied. Grain and wine are in such situations produced in considerable quantities; but this province derives its chief importance from its silver mines, which have obtained celebrity on account of the richness and abundance of their ores. The value of some of these, however, is considerably lessened by being situated in a barren and unproductive region, where water is scarce.
CHICHESTER, a city, the capital of the county of Sussex. It is a well-built town, consisting of four principal streets, in the form of a cross, which are broad, well paved, and handsome, and to which formerly four gates corresponded. The situation is fine, in a fertile country at the foot of the South Down range of hills, which afford shelter from the north and east winds; and the small river Levant washes it on all sides except the north. The cathedral has nothing remarkable except a beautiful spire three hundred feet in height. The see comprehends the whole county of Sussex except twenty-two parishes, which are peculiars. The haven is about a mile from the city. The fishermen catch excellent lobsters, and especially abundance of prawns. The city is governed by a mayor, recorder, and thirty-eight common-council men, from whom four aidermen are chosen as justices of the peace. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 6425, in 1821 to 7362, and in 1831 to 8270.
CHICKLANA, a town of Spain, in the province of Andalusia. It is most delightfully situated, on the river Sante Pteri; and being but twelve miles from Cadiz, and accessible either by land or by water, it is the place of resort where the richer merchants have their country residences. It contains about 8000 inhabitants, and some very beautiful public and private buildings. The hills that surround it abound with mines and springs of sulphurous impregnation, which are administered for many complaints. The field of Barrosa is about one mile from it, and the object of the army who fought the gallant battle there was to drive the French from the town, and thereby raise the siege of Cadiz.
CHICKOORY, a large and respectable town of Hindustan, in the territory of the Poonah Mahrattas. It has an extensive bazar, and is pleasantly situated near a rivulet. It has a manufactory of cloth, chiefly for the dress of the country people, and is forty-five miles S.S.W. from Merritch. Long. 74. 50. E. Lat. 16. 23. N.
CHIEF, a term signifying the head or principal part of a thing or person. Thus we say, the chief of a party, the chief of a family, and the like. The word is formed of the French chef, head, from the Greek κipaλjj, caput, head, though Menage derives it from the Indian capo, formed from the Latin caput. Chief, in Heraldry, is that which occupies all the upper part of the escutcheon from side to side, and represents[7:6:522] a man’s head. The phrase in chief, imports something borne in the chief part or top of the escutcheon.
CHIEFTAIN denotes the captain or chief of any class, family, or sept of men. Thus the chieftains or chiefs of the Highland clans were the patriarchal and feudal heads and captains of their respective clans or septs.
CHIERI, a'city of Italy, in the province of Turin, and kingdom of Sardinia. It is well buììt, and contains several churches, monasteries, and nunneries, with 10,100 inhabitants, who are employed in manufacturing cotton, silk, and linen goods. It is a great mart for raw silk. Long. 7. 40. E. Lat. 44. 53. N.
CHIETI, or Civita di Chicti, a city of Italy, the capital of the Neapolitan province Abruzzo Citeriore. It is situated near Pescara, on an elevated spot, commanding a fine prospect over the Adriatic. It is surrounded with walls, has a cathedral and twelve churches, and many religious and charitable institutions. It contains 12,600 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in wine, oil, and other productions of the soil. Long. 14.43. E. Lat. 42. 42. N.
CHIGI, Fabio, or Pope Alexander VII. was born at Sienna in 1599. His family finding him a hopeful youth, sent him carly to Rome, where he soon formed a friendship with the Marquis Pallavicini, who recommended him so effectually to Pope Urban VIII. as to procure for him the post of inquisitor at Malta. He was sent as vice-legate to Ferrara, and afterwards as nuncio into Germany, where he had an opportunity of displaying his intriguing genius; for he was mediator at Munster, in the long conference held there in order to conclude a peace with Spain. Cardinal Mazarin cherished some resentment against Chigi, who was soon afterwards made cardinal and secretary of state by Innocent X.; but this resentment was sacrificed to political views. In 1665, when a pope was to be chosen, Cardinal Sacchetti, Mazarin’s great friend, finding it impossible for him to compass St Peter’s chair, by reason of the powerful opposition made by the Spanish faction, desired Cardinal Mazarin to consent to Chigi’s exaltation. His request was granted, and Chigi was elected pope by the votes of all the sixty-four cardinals who were in the conclave; a unanimity of which there are but few instances in the election of popes. There is ι a volume of his poems extant. He was extremely fond of stately buildings; and the grand plan of the college Della Sapienza, which he finished, and adorned with a fine library, remains a proof of his taste in architecture. He died in 1667.
CHIHUAHUA, a district of Mexico in the intendancy of Durango, is bounded on the cast by Cohahuila, on the south by Durango, and on the west by Sinaloa and Sonora. It contains several gold and silver mines, but being situated in an elevated region, it suffers from want of water.

Chihuahua, the capital of the above province, is situated on a small branch of the Conchos, 180 miles northwest of Mexico This town is of an oblong rectangular form, and contains several elegant churches, three missions, a town-house, and other public edifices. There are at Chihuahua fifteen mines, thirteen of which are of gold, one of silver, and another of copper. About a mile to the south of the town is a large aqueduct, which conveys the water round it to the east, into the main stream below the town, at the centre of which is a reservoir, whence the water is conducted by pipes to the different parts of the city. The principal church of this place is considered as the most superb in New Spain. The population amounts to about 11,000. Long. 107. 30. W. Lat. 29. N.
CHILBLAIN (pernio), in Medicine, a tumour affecting the feet and hands, accompanied with an inflammation, pains, and sometimes an ulcer, in which case it takes the denomination of chaps on the hands, and of kibes on the heels. Chilblain is compounded of chill and 5Zα⅛; that is, a blain or sore contracted by cold. Pernio is the Latin name adopted by physicians, and is derived byVos-sius from perna, a gammon of bacon, on account of some fancied resemblance. Chap alludes to gap, both in sound and appearance. Kibes, in Welch hibws, may be derived from the German kerben, to cut; the skin when broken appearing like a cut.

CHILDERMAS-Day, or Innocents Day, an anniversary held by the church of England on the 28th of December, in commemoration of the children of Bethlehem massacred by order of Herod.
CHILIAD, an assemblage of several things ranged by thousands. The word is formed from the Greek ^λ∕αj, mille, a thousand.
CHILIAGON, in Geometry, a regular plane figure of a thousand sides and angles. Though the imagination cannot form the idea of such a figure, yet we may have a very clear notion of it in the mind, and can easily demonstrate that the sum of all its angles is equal to 1996 right angles; for the internal angles of every plane figure are equal to twice as many right angles as the figure has sides, except the four which are about the centre of the figure, and hence it may be resolved into as many triangles as it has sides.
CHILLAN, a province and town in the south of Chile-The province is fifty-five miles long from east to west, and forty broad from north to south, and contains about 2200 square miles of superficies. It extends from the summit of the Andes on the east, to the province of Itata, which separates it from the Pacific Ocean. It is watered by a number of streams, the Nuble, Cato, Chillan, Dinguillin, Danicalguin, and Guilliayo, which flow from the Cordillera, and unite to form the Itata river. It is a small but very fertile province, consisting of mountain ranges to the cast, and beautiful and well-watered plains and valleys to the west. The town of Chillan was built on the margin of the same river, but it has been frequently inundated by the water of the Chillan, and it was levelled with the dust by an earthquake in 1751, but subsequently rebuilt in its present situation. Before the revolution, the town and province were more populous than at present, as the revolutionary war and frequent incursions of the unsubdued Araucanian Indians have greatly diminished the extent of cultivation and the number of inhabitants in the province. Its present population may be estimated at 30,000.
CHILKA, a lake in Hindustan, at the north-castern ex-tremity of the Northern Circars, which province it separates towards the sea from that of Cuttack. It extends about thirty-five miles in length by ten or twelve in breadth, and appears to have originated in a breach of the sea over a flat and sandy shore. The border of sand, about a mile broad, by which it is separated from the sea, is not visible, so that the lake has the appearance of a deep bay. It is very shallow, and contains several inhabited islands. On the north-west it is bounded by a ridge of mountains, which forms a continuation of those which extend from the Mahanuddy to the Godavery river, and inclose the Northern Circars towards the continent. It is forty miles south-west of Cuttack.
CHILLAMBARAM Pagoda. This pagoda is situated on the sea-coast of the Carnatic, eight miles south of Porto Novo, and 120 south-south-west of Madras, and is held in high veneration by the Hindus. The whole structure extends 1332 feet by 936, and is entered by a lofty gateway under a pyramid 122 feet high, built of enormous stones, forty feet long and more than five feet square, and all covered with plates of copper adorned with a variety of figures neatly executed. In 1781 Sir Eyre Coote made an unsuccessful attack on a garrison in this pagoda belonging to Hyder, who was defeated a few days after with great loss. Long. 79. 52. E. Lat. 11. 27. N.
CHILLICOTHE, a post town, and capital of Ross county, Ohio, on the western bank of the Scioto, forty-five miles in a right line from its mouth. It is pleasantly situated on the borders of an elevated and fertile plain, regularly laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. This town is a flourishing place, and contains several elegant public buildings. In its vicinity there are a number of valuable mills. The population amounts to nearly 6000. Long. 82. 57. W. Eat. 39. 18. N.
CHILLINGWORTH, William, an eminent divine of the church of England, was born at Oxford in 1602, and educated at the same place. Being of a very quick genius, he early made great proficiency in his studies; and he became an expert mathematician, as well as an able divine and a respectable poet. As study and conversation at the university turned much upon the controversy between the church of England and that of Rome, on account of the king’s marriage with Henriette, daughter of Henry IV. king of France, Mr Chillingworth was induced to abandon the church of England and to embrace the Roman Catholic religion. Dr Laud, then bishop of London, hearing of his conversion, and being greatly concerned at it, wrote Mr Chillingworth; and as the latter in reply expressed much candour and impartiality, the prelate continued to correspond with him. This set Mr Chillingworth upon a new inquiry; and the result was, that he at length determined to return to his former religion. In 1634 he wrote a confutation of the arguments which had induced him to join the communion of the church of Rome; but, at the same time, he spoke freely to his friends of all the difficulties which had occurred to him; a circumstance which gave rise to a groundless report that he had turned Catholic a second time, and then Protestant again. His return to the communion of the church of England made a great noise, and engaged him in several disputes with persons of the Catholic persuasion. But in 1635 he engaged in a work which gave him a better opportunity of confuting the principles of the church of Rome, and of vindicating the Protestant religion. This was, The Religion of Protestants a safe way to Salvation. About the same time Sir Thomas Coventry, lord keeper of the great seal, offered him preferment; but Mr Chillingworth refused to accept it on account of his scruples with regard to the subscription of the thirty-nine articles. At last, however, he surmounted these scruples; and being promoted to the chancellorship of the church of Sarum, with the prebend of Brixworth in Northamptonshire annexed to it, he complied with the usual subscription. Mr Chillingworth was zealously attached to the royal party; and, in August 1643, he was present in Charles’s army at the siege of Gloucester, where he suggested and directed the construction of certain engines for assaulting the town. Soon afterwards, having accompanied Lord Hopton, general of the king’s forces in the west, to Arundel Castle, in Sussex, he was there taken prisoner by the parliamentary forces under the command of Sir William Waller, who obliged the castle to surrender. But his illness increasing, he was conveyed to Chichester, where, after a short sickness, he died in 1644. His character has been delineated by Anthony Wood, by Archbishop Tillotson, and, with his usual felicity of discrimination, by Lord Clarendon. There is a collection of his theological and controversial pieces, comprised in a folio volume, of which the tenth edition appeared in 1742.
CHILLIS, or Khillis, an ancient town of Syria, in the pashalic of Aleppo, situated at the foot of Mount Tauris. Coins are sometimes found there, and are the only remains of antiquity which it possesses. It has fifteen mosques and large bazars, and is a noted mart for cotton. It is fifteen miles north of Aleppo.
CHILO, one of the seven sages of Greece, and of the ephori of Sparta, the place of his birth, flourished about 556 years before Christ. He was accustomed to say that there were three things very difficult—to keep a seeret, to know how best to employ time, and to suffer injuries without murmuring. According to Pliny, it was he who caused the short sentence, Know thyself, to be inscribed in letters of gold on the temple of Delphos. It is said that he died of joy while embracing his son, who had been crowned as victor at the Olympic games.
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CHILOE. See Chile.
CHILTERN, a chain of chalky hills forming the southern part of Buckinghamshire, the northern part of the county being distinguished by the name of the Vale. The air on these heights is extremely healthful. The soil, though stony, produces good crops of wheat and barley; and in many places it is covered with thick woods, among which are great quantities of beech. Chiltern is also applied to the hilly parts of Berkshire, and is believed to have the same meaning in some other counties. Hence the hundreds situated in those parts are denominated the Chiltern Hundreds. Chiltern Hundreds, Stewards of. Of the hundreds into which many of the English counties were divided by King Alfred for their better government, the jurisdiction was originally vested in peculiar courts; but it came afterwards to be devolved on the county courts, and so it remains at present, excepting with regard to some, as the Chilterns, which have by privilege been annexed to the crown. The latter having still their own courts, a steward of these courts is appointed by the chancellor of the exchequer, with a salary of twenty shillings, and all fees and perquisites belonging to the office; and this is deemed an appointment of sufficient profit to vacate a seat in parliament.