pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ROTHENBURG, a city of the kingdom of Bavaria, and the capital of the bailiwick of the same name, in the circle of the Rezat. It is situated on the river Tauber, and is surrounded by ancient walls and thirty-three towers. It is built in the antique German style, comprehends a fine council-house, with eight churches, and contains 1160 houses, with 6400 inhabitants. Its chief trade is in the productions of its vicinity. Long. 11. 43. E. Lat. 49. 30. N.

Rothenburg, a city of the kingdom of Wirtemburg, in the circle of the Black Forest, and the capital of a bailiwick of its own name. It is situated on the river Neckar, which divides it into two parts, of which that on the left bank was formerly a distinct city called Ehingen. It is the seat of the Catholic hierarchy of the whole kingdom, with six churches of that sect, and contains 620 houses, with 5450 inhabitants. It has some trade in paper, leather, and breweries.
ROTHENFELS, a town of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the circle of the Lower Maine, and in a patrimonial bailiwick of the mediatized prince Lowenstein. It extends over eighty-four square miles, inhabited by 8500 persons. The town is situated on the river Maine, and contains 240 houses, with 1520 inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in the cultivation of vines, and in making wine.
ROTHERHAM, a market-town of the west riding of the county of York, in the wapentake of Stratforth and Tickhill, 158 miles from London, and six from Sheffield. It is situated at the conflux of the rivers Rother and Don, which are navigable to Hull. There is a good market, which is held on Thursday. It is a considerable place for iron manufactures of the heavier kind. The population of the town amounted in 1801 to 3070, in 1811 to 2950, in 1821 to 3548, and in 1831 to 4083; but the parish contains eight other townships or hamlets, and the whole inhabitants, amounted in 1831 to 10,417.
ROTHSAY, a town in the island and county of Bute, in Scotland. See Bute.
ROTHWELL or sometimes called Rowell, a town of the county of Northampton, in the hundred of the same name, seventy-nine miles from London. It has lost its market. The population amounted in 1801 to 1409, in 1811 to 1451, in 1821 to 1742, and in 1831 to 1875.
ROTONDO or Rotundo, in Architecture, an appellation given to any building that is round both within and without, whether it be a church, a saloon, or the like. The most celebrated rotundo of the ancients is the Pantheon at Rome.
ROTTERDAM, a city of the kingdom of Holland, and the capital of the circle of its own name. It is situated on the right bank of the river Maese, which here receives the waters of the river Rotte. It is a well-built city, in an antique style, with abundance of fine and large houses, many of them five or six stories in height. The Boomjee, a row of houses facing the river, with a broad quay between, planted with trees, is perhaps one of the finest promenades in Europe. The city is intersected with canals, and by means of them the goods from ships are brought to the warehouses of the merchants, which are at the backs of their houses; and by the same means the productions intended for exportation are brought to the several places of deposit.

The markets also are supplied from the country by means of these canals; and on the market-days, instead of the roads being filled with carts and waggons, the canals are crowded with country barges. These barges are drawn . more by men than horses, and indeed horses are rarely seen in the streets. Many of the public buildings are of a magnificent appearance. Amongst these, that of the defunct East India Company, now added to the customhouse, may be viewed with admiration. The house of the assembly of the ancient states of Zealand was built at an early period of the establishment of the independence of the United States. It is spacious, being in the most sumptuous style of the architecture of that age; and when Bonaparte assumed the sovereignty of the country, it was decorated and furnished for his residence at the expense of the city. The ancient stadthouse has been appropriated to other than its original purpose; atad a new modern building has been erected, whose portico although massive, is elegant, as far as regards the pillars that support it. The ecclesiastical buildings belonging to the Calvinists are the most ancient and the largest, particularly the church of St Lawrence. It has an organ, lately erected, of the greatest power of any in existence, and said to contain eight hundred pipes more than the celebrated organ of Harlem. The Lutheran church is a large and fine building. There are three churches where the service is in English; one for the Episcopalian, one for the Kirk of Scotland, and one for Independents, in the latter of which the celebrated Hugh Peters once officiated.

The trade of Rotterdam is very extensive. That to the West Indies, has declined of late years, but that to the East Indies, chiefly to Batavia, has been recently very beneficial; and its commerce for the last fifteen years has increased more rapidly than that of any town in the kingdom. The fishery is an extensive source of employment and wealth. The trade with the Baltic employs much shipping, and affords moderate-priced corn for the distillers of gin. The business of ship-building employs many persons, both in the government arsenal and in the private docks; and the vessels now built are admirably constructed and equipped. The supply of colonial produce to the interior of Germany by the Rhine is very beneficial. The population of the city amounted in 1832 to 72,294. Long. 4. 29.14. E. Lat. 51. 55. 9. N.
ROTTINGDEAN, a village of the county of Sussex, in the hundred of Youngsmere, and rape of Lewes, fifty-six miles from London, and four from Brighton. It is situated on the sea-shore, between two cliffs, and is much resorted to in the summer season by bathing visitors who wish for retirement. The population amounted in 1801 to 543, in 1811 to 559, in 1821 to 772, and in 1831 to 880.
ROUBAIX, a large market-town of France, in the department of the North, and the arrondissement of Lisle. It is a place of extensive manufactories, formerly of woollens, but of late years almost exclusively of cottons. There are several mills for spinning; and a great quantity of quiltings, dimities, nankeens, and other cotton articles, are made, and of good quality. The town, in 1836, contained 18,187 inhabitants.
ROUEN, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Seine, in France. It extends over 506 square miles, and comprehends fifteen cantons, divided into 155 communes, which, in 1836, contained 238,805 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated in a valley on the banks of the Seine, over which there is a bridge of boats leading to the suburb St Sever. The river Robec passes through a part of the city, and falls into the Seine, and in its progress gives power to several mills and other machinery. It is not a well-built town, having many large but antique houses, and others of wood, with narrow and crooked streets. It is the see of an archbishop, whose cathedral, as [7:19:506]well as the church of St Ouen, are noble specimens of Gothic architecture. There is an academy of arts and sciences, with a library of seventy thousand volumes, and institutions for various branches of education. It is the chief seat of the cotton manufacture, and hence has vastly increased since the peace in population and in wealth. There are many other goods made here, such as various kinds of thin stuffs, and other woollens, linen of all qualities, combs, vitriol, aquafortis, tin wares, and porcelain, besides refined sugar. The neighbourhood is celebrated for its apples and pears. It contains above 11,500 houses, and in 1836 the inhabitants amounted to 92,083. Long. 1. 0. 39. E. Lat. 49. 26. 27. N.
ROUNDA, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, and the province of Kandeish. It is situated on the east side of the Ghirah river, forty-six miles south-west from Burhampoor. Long. 75. 47. E. Lat. 20. 54. N.
ROUNDELAY or Rondo, a sort of ancient poem, deriving its name, according to Ménage, from its form, and because it still turns back again to the first verse, and thus goes round. The common roundelay consists of thirteen verses, eight of which are in one rhyme and five in another. It is divided into couplets, at the end of the second and third of which the beginning of the roundelay is repeated, and that, if possible, in an equivocal or a punning sense. The roundelay is a popular poem in France, but is little known amongst us. Marrot and Voiture have succeeded the best in it. Rapin remarks, that if the roundelay be not very exquisite, it is intolerably bad. In all the ancient ones, observes Ménage, the verse preceding has a less complete sense, and yet joins agreeably with that of the close, without depending necessarily thereon. This rule, well observed, makes the roundelay more ingenious, and is one of the artifices of the poem. Some of the ancient writers speak of the roundelay or roundel as a kind of air appropriated to dancing; and in this sense the term seems to indicate little more than dancing in a circle with the hands joined.
ROUND-HOUSE, a kind of prison for the nightly watch in London, to secure disorderly persons till they can be carried before a magistrate.
ROUNDS, in military matters, a detachment from the main-guard, of an officer or a non-commissioned officer and six men, who go round the rampart of a garrison, to listen if any thing be stirring without the place, and to see that the sentinels be diligent upon their duty, and all in order. In strict garrisons the rounds go every half-hour. The sentinels have orders to challenge at a distance, and to rest their arms as the round passes. All guards turn out, challenge, exchange the parole, and rest their arms.
ROUSSELAER, or Roclers, a city of Belgium, in the province of West Flanders, and the circle of Courtray. It is situated on the river Mandelbeke, and has a royal college, with eight professors. It contains 1100 houses, with 8840 inhabitants, who are occupied in making linen goods of various kinds, in refining salt, and in cultivating fine flax.
ROVEREDO, a city of the Austrian province of Tyrol, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 748 square miles, and contains, in three cities and towns, and 355 villages, 95,600 inhabitants. It is an open place, situated on the river Etsch, is well built, and defended by a strong fortress, and contains more than 1000 houses, with about 12,000 inhabitants. It is a great place for the several branches of the silk trade, which affords occupation to two thirds of the population. The silk produced near it is very highly esteemed. Long. 10. 55. 5. E. Lat. 45. 55. 36. N.
ROVIGNO, a city of the Austrian government of Trieste, and the capital of a district of the same name, which extends over 399 square miles, and contains 26,900 inhabitants. It is situated on a promontory running into the sea, and is well built, containing ten churches, 1150 houses, and 10,650 inhabitants. It has two harbours, with good wharfs, several yards for ship-building, and extensive fisheries, especially for anchovies. Near to it the vine and the olive are extensively cultivated, and very productive. Long. 13.43. 15. E. Lat. 45. 1. 30. N.
ROVIGO, a city of Austrian Italy, in the province of Milan, and the capital of the delegation of Polesina. It is situated on the river Adigetto, over which are four bridges, by which it is connected with its suburbs. It is fortified, and is the seat of the bishop of Adria, who has a palace and an ecclesiastical seminary, and twenty-six churches, under his care. It contains 1200 houses, with 6950 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in making leather and in refining saltpetre. Long. 11. 42. 43. E. Lat. 45. 3. 57. N.
ROWEL, amongst farriers, a kind of issue, answering to what in surgery is called a seton.
ROWLEY, a monk who is said to have flourished at Bristol in the fifteenth century. Of the poems attributed to him various opinions have been entertained, which we have noticed under the article on Chatterton.

Rowley, William, who stands in the third class of dramatic writers, lived in the reign of King Charles I. and received his education at the University of Cambridge; but whether he took any degree there, is not evident, there beng but few particulars preserved in regard to him, except his close intimacy and connection with all the principal wits and poetical geniuses of that age, by whom he was well beloved, and with some of whom he joined in their writings. Wood styles him “the ornament, for wit and ingenuity, of Pembroke Hall in Cambridge.” In a word, he was a very great benefactor to the English stage, having, exclusively of his aid lent to Middleton, Day, Heywood, Webster, and others, left us five plays of his own composition, and one in which even the immortal Shakspeare afforded him some assistance.

Rowley Regis, a town of the parish of Dudley, in Worcestershire, although within the hundred of Seisdon, in Staffordshire, and chiefly inhabited by nail-makers and other workers in iron. The population amounted in 1901 to 5027, in 1811 to 4974, in 1821 to 6062, and in 1831 to 7438.
ROWNING, John, an English mathematician and philosopher of considerable ingenuity, was fellow of Magdalen College, Cambridge, and afterwards rector of Anderby in Lincolnshire, in the gift of that society. He constantly attended the meetings of the Spalding Society, and was a man of an extraordinary philosophical habit of mind, whilst at the same time his dispositions were social and cheerful. His genius was peculiarly fitted for mechanical contrivances or inventions. He published a compendious system of Natural Philosophy at Cambridge, in the year 1738, in two volumes 8vo; a work of much ingenuity, which has gone through several editions. He likewise inserted two pieces in the Philosophical Transactions, namely, a description of a barometer, wherein the scale of variation may be increased at pleasure (vol. xxxviii. p. 39); and directions for making a machine for finding the roots of equations universally, together with the manner in which it should be used (vol. lx. p. 240). He died at his lodgings in Carey Street, near Lincoln’s-Inn Fields, in the end of November 1771, in the seventy-second year of his age. Though a man both ingenious and pleasant, his external appearance was rather forbidding, being tall, and low in the shoulders, with his countenance down-looking and sallow.
ROY BAREILLY, a town of Hindustan, in the nabob of Oude’s territories, situated on the Sye river, forty-five miles south-east by south from Lucknow. Long. 81.12. E. Lat. 26. 16. N.
ROYMUNGUL, a river of Bengal, which falls into the Sunderbunds, and is strongly affected by the tides. The East India Company have an extensive salt manufactory on its banks.
ROYSTON, a market-town on the northern border of the county of Hertford, and partly within the county of Cambridge, thirty-eight miles from London. There was here an ancient priory, said to have been founded in the reign of Henry II. by a lady of the name of Roysia, from whom the town takes its name. The chapel of the priory now serves as the parish church. There is a large market held on Thursday, at which much corn is sold. There are some considerable brewers. The population amounted in 1811 to 1331, in 1821 to 1474, and in 1831 to 1757.
RSHOW, Waldimirow, a city of Russia, in the province of Twer, and the capital of a circle of the same name. It is situated on the river Volga, where it receives the waters of the Ryolenka. It contains twelve churches, 1252 houses, and 7500 inhabitants. It has considerable trade by the river in the productions of the land, and some manufactures. Long. 34. 29. E. Lat. 56. 10. N.
RUABON, a large village or town of the county of Denbigh, in North Wales, 192 miles from London, and four from Wrexham. It is pleasantly situated on an elevation, and has a neat church, with some elegant monuments to the family of Sir Watkins William Wynn, whose magnificent seat of Wynnstay is near to it. The agricultural society established at this place has much contributed to the improvement of the soil and of cultivation. The population amounted in 1801 to 5598, in 1811 to 6122, in 1821 to 8556, and in 1831 to 8353; but it includes the whole parish, which comprehended five townships.
RUANELLI, a valley in the island of Ceylon, famed for its precious stones. The river on which Columbo, the capital, is situated, is navigable to this place by boats. The precious stones and other metallic substances are found in the environs of Ruanelli, amongst the sand and gravel of the river. They consist chiefly of sapphires, topazes, garnets, amethysts, moonstone, tourmalines, and cats-eyes. The land is let on short leases to the highest bidder; and although they are exempted from duties, it produces, after all, but a trifling revenue.
RUBBER, India. See Caoutchouc.
RUBIN or ROBOAN, a small island in the Red Sea, at the Straits of Bahelmandel, separated from the continent by a channel not above a stone-cast in breadth, which may be forded at low water. Here pilots are taken in for the voyage up the Red Sea, and to its different ports.
RUBRIC, in the canon law, signifies a title or article in certain ancient law-books, and which was so called because written, as the titles of the chapters in our ancient bibles are, in red letters.
RUBY, a species of precious stone, belonging to the siliceous genus. The ruby is of various colours, as, of a deep red colour inclining a little to purple, or the carbuncle of Pliny; the spinell, of the colour of a bright corn poppy flower; and the balass or pale red inclining to violet. Tavernier and Dutens inform us that in the East Indies all coloured gems are named rubies, without regard to what their colours may be; and that the particular colour is added to the name of each in order to distinguish them from one another. The spinell rubies are above half the value of diamonds of the same weight; and the balass is valued at thirty shillings per carat. Tavernier mentions one hundred and eight rubies in the throne of the Great Mogul, from one to two hundred carats, and a round one almost two and a half ounces. There is also mention made by other travellers, of rubies exceeding two hundred carats in weight. According to Dutens, a perfect ruby, if it weigh more than three and a half carats, is of greater value than a diamond of the same weight. If it weigh one carat, it is worth ten guineas; if two carats, forty guineas; three carats, a hundred and fifty guineas; if six carats, upwards of a thousand guineas.
RUCTATION, a ventosity arising from indigestion, and discharging itself at the mouth with a very disagreeable noise.
RUDBECK, Olaus, a learned Swedish physician, was born of an ancient and noble family in 1630. He became professor of medicine at Upsal, where he acquired great applause by his extensive knowledge, and died in 1702. His principal works are twofold, 1. Exercitatio Anatomica, ex-hibens ductus novos hepatico aquosos, et vasa glandularum serosa, in 4to; 2. Atlantica, sive Manheim, vera Jopheti posterorum sedes ac patria, four vols. folio. He there endeavours to prove that Sweden was the country whence all the ancient Pagan divinities and our first parents were derived; and that the Germans, English, French, Danes, Greeks, and Romans, with all other nations, originally came from thence. This work, in a complete state, is of the greatest rarity.
RUDDER, in Navigation, a piece of timber turning on hinges in the Stem of the ship, and which, opposing sometimes one side in the water and sometimes another, turns or directs the vessel this way or that. See the article Shipbuilding.
RUDGELEY, a market-town in the county of Stafford, of the hundred of Cuttlestone, 131 miles from London, and seven from Lichfield. It is a well-built place, and contains many manufacturers of hats and of other articles; and being, by meansof canals, favoured with water communication with the whole of the interior of the kingdom, has considerable trade. There is a good market, which is held on Tuesday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2030, in 1811 to 2213, in 1821 to 2677, and in 1831 to 3165.
RUDOLSTADT, a city, the capital of the principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, in Germany. It is situated on the river Saale, over which there is a stone bridge. It is surrounded with walls, is well built and paved, and contains 1 the palace of the prince, two churches, a theological seminary, and two hospitals, with 550 houses, and 4160 inhabitants, who subsist by the expenditure of the government and the college, by making woollen goods, and by breweries and distilleries. Long. 11. 15. 15. E. Lat. 50. 43. 51. N.
RUDIMENTS, the first principles or grounds of any art or science.
RUDRAPRAYAGA, a celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage, in the province of Serinagur. It is situated at the confluence of the rivers Alcananda and Calyganga, a large stream which rises in the mountains of Kedar. The confluence of these rivers is esteemed one of the sacred places of ablution, and is annually visited by an immense concourse of pilgrims of both sexes. Long. 79. 2. E. Lat 30. 19. N.
RUE, Charles de la, a French orator and poet, was born at Paris in the year 1643. He was educated at the college of the Jesuits, where he afterwards became professor of humanity and rhetoric. At an early age his talent for poetry disclosed itself. In 1667, when he was only twenty-four years old, he composed a Latin poem on the conquests of Louis XIV.; which was so much esteemed by Corneille that he translated it into French, presented it to the king, and at the same time passed so high encomiums on the superior merit of the original, that the author was received into the favour of that monarch, and ever after treated by him with singular respect.

De la Rue, anxious to preach the gospel to the Canadians, requested leave of absence from his superiors; but having destined him for the pulpit, they refused to comply with his request. Accordingly, he commenced preacher, and became one of the most eminent orators of his age. In his discourses he would probably have been too lavish of his wit, if he had not been cautioned against it by a judicious courtier. “Continue,” said he, “to preach as you do. We will hear you with pleasure as long as you reason with us; but avoid wit. We value the wit contained in two verses of a song more than all that is contained in most of the sermons in Lent.”

De la Rue died at Paris on the 27th of May 1725, at the advanced age of eighty-two. He was one of those who published editions of the classics for the use of the Dauphin. Virgil, which fell to his share, was published with notes and a life of the poet in 1675, 4to, and is a valuable and useful edition.
RUFFHEAD, Dr Owen, was the son of his majesty’s baker in Piccadilly. His father having bought a lottery ticket for him in his infancy, which happened to be drawn a prize of L.500, this sum was applied to educate him for the law. He accordingly entered in the Middle Temple, and seconded so well the views of his father, that he became a good scholar and an acute barrister. Whilst he was waiting for opportunities to distinguish himself in his profession, he wrote a variety of pamphlets on the politics of the day, and was afterwards distinguished by his accurate edition of the Statutes at Large, in 4to. He now obtained good business, though more as a chamber counsellor in framing bills for parliament than as a pleader; but his close application to study, with the variety of works he engaged in as an author, so impaired his constitution, that after the last exertion of his abilities to defend, by a pamphlet, the conduct of administration towards Mr Wilkes, he was prevented from receiving the reward of a place in the treasury by his death in 1769, at about forty-six years of age. Some time before his death, Bishop Warburton had engaged him to write his long-promised Life of Alexander Pope, which, however, when executed, was very far from giving general satisfaction. The author attributed his ill success to the deficiency of his materials; whilst the public seemed rather to be of opinion that, as a lawyer, he ventured beyond his proper line when he assumed the task of a critic in poetry.