pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ERMINES, in Heraldry, the reverse of ermine, that is, white spots on a black field.
ERMINOIS, in Heraldry, signifies the field or, and the spots black.
ERNATIA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, situated on the Gulf of Satalia, sixteen miles north-west of Sa-taha. Long. 30. 24. E. Lat. 36. 50. N.
EROS (from iξως, love), in Mythology, one of two chiefs' of the cupids, being the cause of love.
EROSION, among physicians, denotes nearly the same thing with corrosion, only in a stronger degree.
EROTIA, a festival instituted in honour of Eros, the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year, with sports and games, when musicians and others contended. If any quarrels or seditions had arisen amongst the people, it was. then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to the god that he would totally remove them.
EROTIC (derived from fgως, love, whence igwnκoς) is applied to any thing which has a relation to the passion of love.
EROUAD, or Erroad, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Coimbetoor. It contained during the reign of Hyder about 3000 houses, but was reduced to one third in the reign of Tippoo; and during the invasion of Gênerai Meadows the town was destroyed. It is now fast recovering, and contains about 400 houses. It was taken by the British in 1768, and retaken the same year by Hyder. It was again taken by the British in 1790, and retaken by Tippoo; but it came into the final possession of the British, along with the province, in 1799. A canal has lately been cut in its vicinity, and is expected to be productive of much benefit to the inhabitants. Long. 77. 50. E. Lat. 11. 19. N.
ERPETOLOGY. See Reptilia.
ERRATIC, in general, something that wanders, oris not regular. Hence the planets are called erratic stars.
ERROMANGO, an island in the South Pacific Ocean one of the New Hebrides, about ninety miles in circumference. The inhabitants are black. Long. 169. 20. E Lat. 13. 50. S.
ERROOR, a fortified town of the south of India, in the province of Mysore. The Hoggree river runs close past the fortifications, to which there is a flight of steps from the water’s edge, built by some pious Mahommedan. It was plundered by the Mahrattas in 1790. Long. 76. 39. E. Lat. 13. 48. N.
ERROR, in Philosophy, a mistake of the judgment, or giving assent to that which is not true. Mr Locke reduces the causes of error into these four: first, want of proofs; secondly, want of ability to use them; thirdly, want of will to use them; and, fourthly, wrong measures of probability.
ERYMANTHUS, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, the carcass of which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid himself in a brazen vessel.
ERYSIPELAS, in Medicine, an eruption of a red or fiery kind, from which no part of the body is exempted, though it chiefly attacks the face.
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ERYTHRAE, in Ancient Geography, a port of Aetolia, on the Bay of Corinth. The Erythraeans considered the Sibyl Herophile as their countrywoman, and she was thence surnamed Erythraea. Erythrae was famous for an ancient temple of Hercules.
ERYTHRAEUM Mare was used, at the time when the Greeks possessed little accurate information respecting India, to designate the whole ocean to the south of Asia, which washed the coasts of Arabia, Persia, and Western India. The boundary of the Erythraean Sea was determined by a line drawn from the outlet of the Red Sea or Arabian Gulf, to the southern extremity of India. Its name was probably derived from that of some prince; for we can scarcely ascribe it to any supposed redness of colour, which the word in the Greek language means. In course of time, however, it was restricted to the sea south of Arabia; and in this signification it was understood by Strabo (xvi. 765, 766). Herodotus (i. 180), indeed, seems to have known nothing of the Persian Gulf, but to have considered the river Euphrates as falling at once into the Mare Erythrocum.
ERYX, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight him with the cestus. After many had yielded to his superior dexterity, Hercules accepted his challenge, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus (Virg. Aen. v. 402). A mountain of Sicily near Drepanum also received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready to tumble down; but Daedalus enlarged the top, which he enclosed with a strong wall, and also consecrated to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resembled life that it seemed to exceed the power of art.
ERZERUM, the capital of one of the most considerable pashaliks in Armenia, of the same name, which is ruled by a pasha of three tails. It is surrounded on all sides by mountains, the highest peaks of which are covered with snow; and it lies in a valley beneath. The streets are in general paved, and the houses are built of stone, with rafters of wood and terraces. On the tops of these the grass grows, and they afford pasture for sheep; so that when seen from a distance they appear to form part of the plain in front of the town, which is about twenty miles in circumference, and is embellished with upwards of sixty villages. Towards the south the town is protected by a citadel, mounting twenty pieces of cannon of different calibres. It is surrounded by a double wall of stone, and has four gates covered with plates of iron. On the eastern face this work assumes a modern appearance, having regular embrasures; but, from its want of solidity, it is equally defenceless with any other part of the castle. In the eastern part of the city is an old brick tower, the loftiest building in the place, with a clock on the summit which strikes the hours with tolerable regularity. It contains forty-five mosques and two churches. Two of the most ancient of the mosques are beautifully ornamented with bricks and coloured tiles, which lofty domes, together with the glittering minarets of others, give a delusive appearance of splendour to the city when seen from a little distance, which totally vanishes on a nearer view. There are, besides, a Greek church and a large Arminian chapel; and at some distance from the city are three celebrated monasteries. The bazars are extensive, and well supplied with provisions, excepting fruit, which is brought by the Georgians from the province of Akiska, a distance of three or four days’ journey. It has manufactures of considerable importance, and carries on an extensive trade in copper, and in articles from Persia, and from the countries to the north-west of Hindustan. In winter the cold is intense; it commences in August, and snow lies on the ground from October to

March. The air is however pure, the water good, and the inhabitants in general healthy. The town was visited by the plague in 1807, which carried off a great number of the inhabitants. The population amounts, according to some, to 100,000 or 130,000, and consists of Turks, Greeks, Persians, and Armenians. Sir R. K. Porter’s estimate is only 6000 Christians and 50,000 Mahommedans. It is two hundred and fifty miles north-north-east of Aleppo Long. 40. 57. E. Lat. 39. 57. N. .
ESARHADDON, the son of Sennacherib, and his successor in the kingdom of Assyria. He is said to have reigned twenty-nine years at Nineveh, from the year 3294 to 3322; besides which he reigned thirteen years at Babylon, making in all forty-two years. He died in the year of the world 3336, and was succeeded by Saosduchinus. Esarhaddon Sir Isaac Newton considers as the same with the Sardanapalus, who, according to Clectarchus, died of old age, after the revolt of Syria; the name Sardanαραlui being derived from Asserhadon Pul.
ESCALADE, or Scalade, an attack of a place without proceeding in form, or carrying forward regular approaches. It is usually made by means of ladders, which are employed for enabling the assailants to descend into the ditch, where such exists, and then to scale the rampart.
ESCHEAT, in Law, signifies any land or tenement that casually falls to a lord within the manor.
ESCHENBACH, a bailiwick of the circle of the Upper Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending 264 square miles. It contains two cities, three towns, 166 villages, and 2480 houses, with 15,316 inhabitants. The chief town, of the same name, once fortified, containing 180 houses, and 1056 inhabitants, employed in making linen cloth.
ESCHERSHAUSEN, a town in the Weser district of the duchy of Brunswick, on the river Lenne, containing, with Wickersen, 146 houses, and 1046 inhabitants. It is the capital of a bailiwick, which has 2030 houses, and 15,890 inhabitants.
ESCHEVIN, or Echevin {Scabinus), in the French and Dutch polity, a magistrate elected by the inhabitants of a city, to manage their common concerns, and promote the good order, convenience, and decoration of the city.
ESCHRAKITES, or Esrakites, a sect of philosophers amongst the Mahommedans, who adhere to the doctrines and opinions of Plato. The word is derived from the Arabic schraha, which in the fourth conjugation signifies to shine or glitter like the sun, so that Eschrakite seems to signify illuminated.

The Eschrahites, or Mahommedan Platonists, place their highest good and happiness in the contemplation of the Divine Majesty, despising the sensual imaginations in the Koran concerning paradise. They are careful in avoiding all vice; they preserve an equal and easy temper, love music, and divert themselves with composing little poems or spiritual songs.
ESCHWEGE, a city of the province of Lower Hesse, in the principality of Hesse Casel. It is situated on the river Werra, and contains four churches, 782 houses, and 4845 inhabitants, employed in making cloth and tanning leather. It has some navigation on the Werra. In the vicinity a considerable quantity of tobacco is cultivated.
ESCOBAR, a town of Andalusia, in Spain, in the prθ' vince of Jaen. It is situated on the declivity of the mountains of the Sierra Morena, near the descent of the river Jandula, which runs into the Guadalquiver.
ESCUAGE, in our old customs, a kind of knight-service, called service of the shield, by which the tenant was bound to follow his lord to the wars on his own charge.
ESCULENT, an appellation given to plants or rooW which may be eaten; as beets, carrots, artichokes, lee > onions, parsnips, potatoes, radishes, and the like.
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ESCUTCHEON, or Scutcheon, in Heraldry, is derived from the French escusson, which is a corruption of the Latin scutum, and signifies the shield on which coats of arms are represented or emblazoned. Most nations, even from the remotest antiquity, were wont to have their shields distinguished by certain marks painted on them; and to be able to display these on their shields was a token of honour, none being permitted to have such until they had performed some honourable action.
ESDRAS, a Jewish priest, and doctor of the law. Artaxerxes Longimanus sent him with rich presents for the adornment of the temple at Jerusalem, which was rebuilt under Zerubbabel; and the king also ordered the neighbouring governors to provide him with whatever might conduce to the pomp of the Jewish religion, as well as to the exemption of the priests from paying taxes. He is supposed to have been the collector of the canon of Scripture, and to have added by divine inspiration some things which happened after the deaths of the authors. It is conjectured that he wrote the Chronicles, besides those books which bear his name, the last two of which are exploded even by the church of Rome.
ESHER, a town of Surrey, in the hundred of Elmbridge, on the road to Portsmouth, seventeen miles from London. An ancient palace of the bishops of Winchester, but which has been celebrated as the residence of Wolsey, continues in a modernized form to be an object of attention, but especially its park, through which meanders the river Mole. The population in 1801 amounted to 846, in 1811 to 951, in 1821 to 1108, and in 1831 to 1215.
ESK, the name of several rivers both in England and Scotland, particularly of one which forms part of the boundary between the two kingdoms. It runs from northeast to south-west, and gives name to the district of Eskdale.
ESKI-HISSAR, a small town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia. It is supposed to stand on the site of the ancient Stratonica, which was founded by a colony of Macedonians. The neighbouring plain is fertile in tobacco, which is collected by the inhabitants, who hang it up in their cottages to dry. It is situated sixteen miles westward from Mogla.
ESNE, or Esnch, a considerable town of Upper Egypt. “Esnch,” says Denon (Travels, ii. 103), “is the ancient Latopolis. Some remains are still visible of its port or quay on the bank of the Nile, which has often been repaired, but, notwithstanding all that has been done for it, still remains in a very miserable condition. This town also contains the portico of a temple, which appears to me to be the most perfect monument of ancient architecture. It is situated near the bazar in the great square, and would make an incomparable ornament to this spot, if the inhabitants[7:9:368] had any idea of its merit; but instead of this, they have deformed it by the most miserable ruined hovels, and have devoted it to the vilest purposes. The portico is very well preserved, and possesses great richness of sculpture. It is composed of eighteen columns with broad capitals: these columns are noble and elegant, though they now appear in the most disadvantageous light: the rubbish should be cleared to find if any part of the cella remains.” See article Egypt.
ESPALIERS, in Gardening. See Horticulture.
ESPALION, an arrondissement of the department of the Aveiron, in France, extending over 639 square miles. It is divided into nine cantons and 101 communes, and contains 63,376 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Lot, on which are some mills for spinning cotton, and establishments for curing various kinds of leather. It contains 2038 inhabitants.
ESPLANADE, in Fortification, is the sloping of the parapet of the covered-way towards the field, and the same as the glacis of the counterscarp; but it has become in a great measure antiquated in this sense, and is now only applied to the empty space between the glacis of a citadel and the first houses of the town.
ESPOUSALS, in Law, signify a contract or promise made between a man and a woman to marry each other; and in cases where marriages may be consummated, espousals take place previously. Marriage is termed an espousal de prũedenti.

The espousals amongst the Jews were either by writing, or by a piece of silver given and received, or by cohabitation. Amongst the Greeks, after the parents and friends of the young people had finished their negotiation, the couple themselves pledged their faith to each other; the man swearing that he would be constant and true, the woman that she would marry him, and make him master of all she had. They then ratified their agreement by a kiss and by joining right hands.

Amongst the Romans the espousals consisted in an engagement of friends on both sides, whether absent or present, in public or without witnesses. But the common way was by means of writings drawn up by common consent, and sealed by both parties; and besides this, the man sent a ring to the woman, consisting of iron, and without a stone.
ESQUIMAUX, a people of North America, inhabiting the vast tract of land known by the name of Labrador. They differ very considerably, both in aspect and manners, from the other American nations, and agree in most respects with the inhabitants of West Greenland.
ESQUIRE (from the French escu, and the Latin scutum, in Greek <; ’ zυτoς, which signifies a hide, of which shields were anciently made, and with which they were afterwards covered) was originally he who, attending a knight in time of war, carried his shield; from which circumstance he was called escuier in French, and scutifer or armiger in Latin.

It is a matter somewhat unsettled, says Blackstone (b. i. ch. 12), what now constitutes this distinction, or who is a real esquire; for it is not an estate, however large, that confers this rank upon its owner. Camden, he adds, distinguishes them the most accurately, and he reckons four sorts of esquires: 1. The eldest sons of knights, and their oldest sons, in perpetual succession; 2. The eldest sons of younger sous of peers, and their eldest sons, in like succession; 3. Esquires created by the king’s letters patent, and their eldest sons; 4. Esquires by virtue of their office, as justices of the peace, and others bearing any office of trust under the crown.
ESSAY, a trial or experiment for proving the quality of any thing; or an attempt to ascertain whether or not any invention will succeed.

Essay, in Literature, a peculiar kind of composition the character of which is freedom, ease, and natural simpli’ city, without being confined to strict order and method i or worked up and finished like a formal system.
ESSAYING, or Assaying. Sec Assaying.
ESSEDARII, a sort of gladiators, mentioned by Seneca, Suetonius, and Cicero, who on some occasions engaged one another from chariots called esseda. The esseehim was a sort of heavy chariot from which the Gauls and Britons engaged the Romans. See Gladiator.
ESSEN, a city of the Prussian province of Cleeve-Juliers, the capital of a circle of the same name. If is situated on the river Berne, is surrounded with walls, and contains two Catholic, a Lutheran, and a Reformed church with 799 houses, and 5100 inhabitants, employed in making ironmongery articles, especially coffee-mills and cards for dressing cloths. Near to it are some very valuable coal-mines. Long. 6. 56. 1. E. Lat. 51. 27. 49. N.
ESSENCE, in Metaphysics, that which constitutes the particular nature of each genus or kind, and distinguishes it from all others.
ESSENES, or Essenians, in Jewish antiquity, one of the three ancient sects amongst that people. They believed in a future state, but denied a resurrection from the dead. Their way of life was singular, inasmuch as they did not marry, but adopted the children of others, whom they bred up in the .institutions of their sect, and, despising riches, had all things in common, never changing their clothes till these were entirely worn out. When initiated, they were strictly bound not to communicate the mysteries of their sect to others; and if any of their members were found guilty of enormous crimes, they were expelled. Pliny tells us that they dwelt on the western side of Lake Asphaltites; that they were"¾ solitary kind of men, living without women or money, and feeding upon the fruit of the palm-tree; and that they were constantly recruited by new-comers, whom ill fortune had made weary of the world. The reason why we find no mention made of them in the New Testament may be their recluse and retired way of life, no less than their great simplicity and honesty, in consequence of which they did not lie open to censure or reproof.
ESSENTIAL, something necessarily belonging to a thing, and from which it cannot be conceived as distinct. Thus the primary qualities of bodies, such as extension, figure, number, and so on, are essential or inseparable from them in all their changes and alterations.

Essential Oils are such as are. really contained in a plant, and are drawn from it by distillation. They are so called in contradistinction to empyreumatic oils.
ESSEQUIBO, a river of English Guiana, in South America, which discharges its waters into the Atlantic. Long. 58. 30. W. Lat. 7. N. At its mouth it is twenty miles broad, but of difficult navigation, even for small vessels, on account of the numerous sand-banks whjch run in different directions across its entrance. There are three islands at the mouth of the river, and for nearly thirty miles upwards there is a succession of islands. The influence of the tide is felt for a hundred miles up the river.

Essequibo, a settlement of Guiana, on the banks of the above-mentioned river. The country is well cultivated and flourishing, the soil being fertile in the production of coffee, cotton, cocoa, and sugar. Essequibo originally belonged to the Dutch, and was first settled in 1698; but an erroneou prejudice that the land was unfit for cultivation obstructed the progress of the colony for many years. Political sirug∙ gles, and the injudicious policy of the mother country, also for a considerable time deprived the colonists of the a - vantages which the country presented to them. During the American war it more than once changed masters [7:9:369]but it was finally ceded to Great Britain at the peace of ) 1814, since which period it has advanced in prosperity. It is separated on the west from Demerara by the small river Borasierri.
ESSLINGEN, a city of the circle of the Neckar, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the river Neckar, in a fertile district, and contains five churches, 980 houses, and 5591 inhabitants, who carry on woollen and cotton manufactures by machinery. Long. 9. 13. 25. E. Lat. 48. 44. 27. N.
ESTAIRES, a city of France, in the department of the North, on the navigable river Lys. It is an ill-built manufacturing town, producing table-linen, lace, and other goods, with 557 houses, and 5913 inhabitants.
ESTACHAR, Estaker, or Istakhar, a town of Persia, in the province of Kuzistan. near to which are the ruins of the celebrated city of Persepolis. It is thirty miles north-north-east of Schiraz, and 160 south-south-east of Ispahan. Long. 53. 40. E. Lat. 30. 5. N.
ESTAMBOLIC, or Istambel, a town of Arabia, in the jurisdiction of the schereef of Mecca, near the coast of the Red Sea. It is 180 miles north-north-west of Medina.
ESTATE, in Law, signifies the title or interest which a person has in lands, tenements, or other effects. A feesimple is the amplest estate the law admits of.

Estates, in a political sense, is a term used to denote either the dominions of some prince, or the general classes into which the people are divided.

In Britain, the estates are the king, lords, and commons; or rather the lords and commons, who meet the king in parliament, for the purpose of reforming abuses, and enacting good and wholesome laws.
ESTE, a city of Italy, in the Austrian government of Venice, situated on the canal of Monselice. It is fortified, and contains a cathedral, several palaces, and 7534 inhabitants, who carry on a brisk trade in spinning silk and making silk goods. It is rich in antiquities, and is the place whence originated the family which at present sits on the British throne. Long. 21. 25. 30. E. Lat. 45. 31. 21. N.
ETAWEH, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, and capital of a district of the same name. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Jumna, many parts of which, during the dry season, are sixty feet in height. The town is built on the heights, and, as it approaches the river, is divided into separate hills by deep ravines. It was formerly the residence of a rajah, and a place of considerable consequence; and it still carries on a considerable traffic in grain, sugar, and cotton. There is also an extensive manufacture of coarse cotton cloths in the vicinity. It is now the station of the civil establishment of the district. Long. 78. 58. E. Lat. 26. 46. N. The district is situated in the Doab, or between the Ganges and the Jumna, and about the 27th degree of north latitude; and, with the rest of the Doab, it was ceded to the British by the nabob of Oude in 1801.
ESTELLA, a city of Spain, upon the Ega, in the province of Navarre, containing 4600 inhabitants. It possesses an old castle and a college. Many distilleries of brandy and wine are carried on here, as well as a manufactory of cloth, which supplies the army.