pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
COLDINGHAM, supposed to be the Colonia of Ptolemy, and called by Bede the city Coldana and of Colud {fJoludum), situated on the borders of Scotland, about two miles from Eyemouth,-was a place famous many agesago for its convent. This was the oldest nunnery in Scotland, for here the virgin-wife Ethełdreda took the veil in 670; but from the ancient name Coludum, ' ∖ t should seem that it had before been inhabited by the religious order called Guidées. In 870 it was destroyed by the Danes; but its name is rendered immortal by the heroism of its nuns, who, to preserve themselves inviolate from those invaders, cut off their lips and noses; and thus rendering themselves objects of horror, were, with their abbess Ebba, burnt in the monastery by the disappointed savages. After this it lay deserted till the year 1098, when King Edgar founded on its site a priory of Benedictines in honour of St Cuthbert, and bestowed it on the monks of Durham.
COLDSTREAM, a town of Scotland, in Berwickshire, situated upon the north bank of the Tweed. It is an irregularly-built but thriving town, the chief thoroughfare from Edinburgh to Newcastle and other parts in that direction passing through it. The Tweed is here crossed by a strong bridge of five arches. Coldstream is nearly nine miles east from Kelso, and fourteen west from Berwick. The population of the town and parish amounted in 1821 to 2675.
COLE, William, a well-known botanist, was born at Adderbury, in Oxfordshire, about the year 1626, and studied at Merton College, in Oxford. He at length removed to Putney, near London, and published The Art of Simpling, and Adam in Eden, or Nature’s Paradise. Upon the restoration of King Charles II. he was made secretary to Dr Duppa, bishop of Winchester; but died two years after, at the age of thirty-seven.
COLERAIN, a borough, market, fair, and post town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry and province of Ulster. It is situated on the east bank of the Lower Bann. Formerly it was a place of great consideration, being the chief town of a county, erected by Sir John Perrot during his government of Ireland; whereas it is now only the head of one of the baronies in the county of Londonderry: but it is still a corporation. It consists of a square called the Diamond, where the market is held. Small streets diverge from each angle of the Diamond, and the general appearance of the place is elegant and respectable. It possesses a church, market-house, several meeting-houses of dissenters, and various genteel residences. The linen trade is carried on extensively; and this is one of the principal markets in Ulster for the sale of that manufacture. A small import trade exists here, the tide coming up to the town, and the river being navigable; but the sea entrance of the bar is difficult and dangerous. The salmon fishery of this place is very productive. It is distant 159 miles north of Dublin. The population amounts to 1530.
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COLESHILL, a market-town of the hundred of Hem-lingford, in the county of Warwick, 104 miles from London. It is a well-built town, situated on a hill, at the bottom of which runs the river from whence it takes its name. It has a market on Wednesday. The population in 1811 amounted to 1639, in 1821 to 1760, and in 1831 to 1853.
COLESHY, a town of Southern India, in the province of Travancore. It has a small harbour, which is secure from all winds, under the protection of some rocks. Here the Danes had formerly a factory. It is thirty-three miles north-west from Cape Comorin. Long. 77. 11. E. Lat. 8, 12. W.
COLET, John, dean of St Paul’s, the son of Henry Colet, knight, was born in London in the year 1466. His education commenced in St Anthony’s school in that city, whence, in 1483, he was sent to Oxford, and probably to Magdalene College. After seven years study of logic and philosophy, he took his degrees in arts. About the year 1493, Mr Colet went to Paris, and thence to Italy, probably with the design of improving himself in the Greek and Latin languages, which at that time were imperfectly taught in our universities. On his return to England in 1497, he took orders, and returned to Oxford, where he read lectures gratis on the epistles of St Paul. At this period he possessed the rectory of St Dennington in Suffolk, to which indeed he had been instituted at the age of nineteen; and he was also prebendary of York, and canon of St Martin’s le Grand in London. In 1502 he became prebendary of Sarum, in 1505 prebendary of St Paul’s, and immediately after dean of that cathedral, having previously taken the degree of doctor in divinity. He was no sooner raised to this dignity than he introduced the practice of preaching and expounding the Scriptures; and soon afterwards established a perpetual divinity lecture, three days every week, in St Paul’s Church; an institution which gradually made way for the Reformation. About the year 1508, Dean Colet formed’his plan for the foundation of St Paul’s school, which he completed in 1512, and endowed with estates to the amount of L.122 and upwards. The celebrated grammarian William Lyle was the first master, and the company of mercers were appointed trustees. The dean’s notions of religion were so much more rational than those of the contemporary clergy, that they deemed him little better than a heretic; and on this account he was so frequently molested that he at last determined to spend the rest of his days in peaceful retirement. With such intention he built a house near the palace of Richmond; but being seized with the sweating sickness, he died in 1519, in the fifty-third year of his age, and was buried on the south side of the choir of St Paul’s, where a stone was laid over his grave, with no other inscription than his name. Besides the preferments above mentioned, he was rector of the guild of Jesus at St Paul’s, and chaplain to King Henry VIII. Dean Colet, though a Catholic, was an enemy to the gross superstitions of the church of Rome. He disapproved of auricular confession, the celibacy of priests, and such other tenets and ceremonies as have since been condemned by all protestant dissenters from the church of Rome. He wrote, L Absolutissimus de octo Orationis partium constructione Libellus, Antwerp, 1530, 8vo; 2. Rudimenta Grammatices, London, ] 539,8vo; 3. Daily Devotions ; 4. Epistoloe ad Erasmum ; 5. Commentaries on different parts of the sacred books, and a number of works on theology.
COLGONG, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, and district of Monghir, delightfully situated on the south-east bank of the Ganges. The surrounding country is well stocked with game of all sorts, from the rhinoceros and tiger to the quail and ortolan. It is 102 miles northwest from Moorshedabad. Long, 87.10. E, Lat. 25.14. N.
COLIBERTS (Colibertif, in Law, were tenants in soccage, and particularly such villeins as were manumitted or made freemen: but they had not an absolute freedom; for though they were better than servants, yet they had superior lords to whom they paid certain duties, and in that respect might be called servants, though they were of a middle condition between freemen and servants.
COLIGNI, Gaspard de, admiral of France, was born at Châtillon-sur-Loin in 1517. He signalized himself in his youth, during the reigns of Francis I. and Henry IL, and was made colonel of infantry and admiral of France in 1552. Henry II. employed him in the most important affairs; but after the death of that prince lie embraced the reformed religion, and became the chief of the Hu-gonot or Protestant party. He strongly opposed the house of Guise, and rendered this opposition so formidable that it was thought he would have overturned the French government. On the peace concluded after the battles of Jernac and Montcontour, Charles XI. deluded Coligni into security by his deceitful favours; and though he recovered from one attempt on his life, when he attended the nuptials of the prince of Navarre, yet he fell in the dreadful massacre of the Protestants perpetrated on St Bartholomew’s day, 24th August 1572, and his body was treated with wanton brutality by a fanatical and excited populace. History has preserved the name of the wretch who assassinated the admiral. He was a Bohemian or Gipsy, called Bêine, whom Guise had employed for the purpose, and who, even in that day of blood, distinguished himself for more wanton barbarities than his fellow murderers.
COLINDA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, and district of Tipperah. It is situated on the high road between Dacca and Chittagong, and is principally inhabited by weavers, who manufacture a strong cotton cloth called baftah, of an excellent quality, remarkable for the raw material it contains. It is seventy-three miles south-east from Dacca. Long. 91. 6. E. Lat. 22. 58. N.
COLISEUM, or Colisaeum, in the ancient architecture, an oval amphitheatre, built at Rome by Vespasian, in the place where stood the basin of Nero’s gilded house. The word is formed from colossaeum, on account of the colossus of Nero that stood near it, or, according to Nardini, from the Italian codisco. In this amphitheatre were placed statues representing all the provinces of the empire; and in the middle stood that of Rome, holding a golden apple in her hand. The term coliseum is also applied to another amphitheatre of the Emperor Severus. In these colisea were represented games, and combats of men and wild beasts; but there is now little remaining of either of them, time and war having reduced them to ruins.
COLLAR, in Roman antiquity, a sort of chain put generally round the neck of runaway slaves after they were re-taken, with an inscription round it, intimating that they were deserters, and requiring that they should be restored to their proper owners, in the event of their again running away.

Collar, in a more modern sense, an ornament consisting of a chain of gold, enamelled, and frequently set with ciphers or other devices, with the badge of the order hanging at the bottom, worn by the knights of several military orders over their shoulders, on the mantle, while its figure is drawn round their armories. Thus the collar of the order of the garter consists of S. S., with roses enamelled red, within a garter enamelled blue, and the George at the bottom.

Knights of the Collar, a military order in the republic of Venice, called also the order of St Mark, or the Medal. The doge and the senate conferred this order; but the knights wore no particular habit, only the collar, which the [7:7:68]doge put around their neck, with a medal, in which was represented the winged lion of the republic.
COLLARASS, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, and district of Narwar. It is situated on the bank of a small river, and is surrounded by an old stone wall of no strength. It was taken in 1781 by the British troops; but they were obliged to retreat before a large Mahratta army, led by Scindia. The surrounding country is woody, intersected by ravines, and thinly inhabited. Except in the immediate vicinity of the Sinde river, it is ill supplied with water during the dry season. Long. 77. 42. E. Lat. 25. 13. N.
COLLATERAL, any thing, place, country, &c. situated by the side of another.

Collateral, in genealogy, those relations which proceed from the same stock, but not in the same line of ascendants or descendants, yet are as it were beside each other. Thus uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, and cousins, are collaterals, or in the same collateral line. Those in a higher degree, and nearer the common root, represent a kind of paternity with regard to those more remote.

Collateral Succession. When a defunct, for want of heirs descended of himself, is succeeded in his estate by a brother or sister, or their descendants, the estate is said to have gone to collateral heirs.
COLLATION, in the canon law, the giving or bestowing of a benefice on a clergyman by a bishop, who has it in his own gift or patronage. It differs from institution in this, that institution is performed by the bishop upon the presentation of another, and collation is his own gift or presentation; and it differs from a common presentation, as it is the giving of the church to the person, whereas presentation is the giving or offering of the person to the church. But collation supplies the place of presentation and institution, and amounts to the same as institution, where the bishop is both patron and ordinary. Anciently the right of presentation to all churches was vested in the bishop; and now, if the patron neglects to present to a church, this right returns to the bishop by collation. But if the bishop neglects to collate within six months after the elapse of the patron, then the archbishop has a right to do it; and if the archbishop neglects, then it devolves to the king; the one as superior, to supply the defects of bishops, the other as supreme, to supply all defects of government.

Collation, in common law, the comparison or presentation of a copy to its original, to see whether or not it be conformable; or the report or act of the officer who made the comparison. A collated act is equivalent to its original, provided all the parties concerned were present at the collation.

Collation, in Scotch law, the right which an heir has of throwing the whole heritable and moveable estates of the deceased into one mass, and sharing it equally with the others in the same degree of kindred, when he thinks such share will be more than the value of the heritage to which he had an exclusive title.
COLLECT, Collection, a voluntary gathering of money for some pious or charitable purpose. Some say the name collect, or collection, was used by reason that those gatherings were anciently made on the days of collects and in collects, that is, in assemblies of Christians; but, more probably, quia colligebatur pecunia. Collect is sometimes used to signify a tax or imposition raised by a prince for any pious design. Thus histories say, that in 1166 the king of England, on going into Normandy, appointed a collect for the relief of the Holy Land, at the desire and after the example of the king of France.

Collect, in the liturgy of the church of England, and in the mass of the Catholic Church, denotes a prayer, accommodated to any particular day, occasion, or the like.

In general, all the prayers in each office are called collects ; either because the priest speaks in the name of the whole assembly, whose sentiments and desires he sums up by the word oremus, “let us pray,” as is observed by Pope'Innocent III.; or because those prayers are offered when the people are assembled together, as is the opinion of Pamelius in his commentary on Tertullian.

The congregation itself, however, is in some ancient authors called collect. The popes Gelasius and Gregory are said to have been the first who established collects. De-spence, a doctor of the faculty of Paris, wrote a treatise on collects, their origin, antiquity, authors, and the like.
COLLEGAL PETTAH, a town of India, in the province of Coimbetoor, situated on the borders of Mysore. It has two large temples, and contains 600 houses; and is a mart for the traders between Seringapatam and the country below the Ghauts, near the Cavery. It is thirty-one miles east-south-east from Seringapatam. Long. 77. 14. E. Lat. 12. 13. N.
COLLEGIANS, Collegiani, Collegiants, a religious sect formed among the Arminians and Anabaptists in Holland, about the beginning of the seventeenth century, and so called because of their colleges or meetings twice a week, where every one, females excepted, had the liberty of expounding the Scripture, praying, &c. They are said to have been all either Arians or Socinians; they never communicated in the college, but met twice a year from all parts of Holland at Rhinsberg, a village two miles from Leyden, where they communicated together; and they admitted every one who presented himself, without regard to his sect or opinion, provided he professed his [7:7:70]faith in the divinity of the Holy Scriptures, and his resolution to live suitably to their precepts and doctrines. They have no particular ministers, but each officiates as he is disposed. They never baptize without dipping.
COLLEGIATE, or Collegial, churches, are those which have no bishop’s see, yet have the ancient retinue of the bishop, the canons and prebends. Such are Westminster, Rippon, Windsor, &c. governed by deans and chapters. Collegiate churches, in Scotland, are those where two ministers serve the cure as colleagues; dividing the duty between them in such proportions as may be arranged or convenient, and generally preaching alternately.
COLLIER, Jeremy, a learned English nonjuring divine, born in 1650, and educated in Caius College, Cambridge. He had first the small rectory of Ampton, near St Edmund’s Bury, in Suffolk, which, in six years, he resigned, in order to proceed to London, where, in 1685, he was made lecturer of Gray’s Inn; but the change of government that followed soon rendered the public exercise of his function impracticable. He was committed to Newgate for writing against the revolution; and again, for carrying on a correspondence which that change of events made treasonable; but he was released both times without trial, by the intervention of friends. It is observable that he carried his scruples so far as to prefer confinement to the tacit acknowledgment of the jurisdiction of the court by accepting bis liberty upon bail. Conformably to these princi ples, he next acted a very extraordinary part with two other clergymen of his own way of thinking, at the execution of Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins for the assassination plot; namely, by giving them solemn absolution, and by imposition of hands. After this he absconded, and continued under an outlawry till the day of his death. These proceedings having put a stop to his activity, he employed his retired hours more usefully in literary works. He had already distinguished himself by several political and controversial pieces; but in 1698 he attempted to reform our theatrical entertainments, by publishing his Short view of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, which engaged him in a controversy with the wits of the time. As he defended his censures not only with wit, but with learning and reason, it is allowed that the decorum observed by succeeding dramatic writers has been mainly owing to his animadversions. He next undertook a translation of Morreri’s Historical and Geographical Dictionary, a work of extraordinary labour, and which appeared in 4 vols. folio, 1701, 1705, 1721. After this he published An Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, chiefly of England, in 2 vols. folio, 1708 and 1714. His Essays upon several Moral Subjects, in 3 vols. 8vo, published between 1697 and 1709, display considerable learning and ability, and are written in an agreeable style. In 1701 he published a translation of Antoninuss Meditations. His last work was a volume of Practical Discourses, published in 1725. He died of the stone on the 26th April 1726.
COLLIQUAMENTUM, in Natural History, a very transparent fluid in an egg, observable after two or three days incubation, containing the first rudiments of the chick. It is included in one of its own proper membranes, distinct from the albumen. Harvey calls it the oculus.
COLLIQUATI0N, in Chemistry, is applied to animal, vegetable, and mineral substances, tending towards fusion.
COLLUMPTON, a market-town in the hundred of Hayridge, in Devonshire, 1G5 miles distant from London, and situated on the river Culm, which runs into the Exe. It had considerable trade in making serges, which is now much diminished. The market, which is held on Saturday, is well attended. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 2917, in 1821 to 3410, and in 1831 to 3813.
COLLUTHIANS, a religious sect who rose about the beginning of the fourth century, on occasion of the indulgence granted to Arius by Alexander, patriarch of Alexandria. Several people being scandalized at so much condescension, and, among the rest, Colluthus, a priest of the same city, he made this a pretence for holding separate assemblies, and by degrees proceeded to the ordination of priests, as if he had been a bishop, pretending a necessity for this authority in order to oppose Arius. To his schism he added heresy, teaching that God did not create the wicked; that he was not author of the evils which befal men; and other doctrines equally heterodox. He was condemned by a council held at Alexandria by Osius, in the year 330.
COLLYBUS, (KoaλυCoς), in Antiquity, the same with what is now called the rate of exchange.
COLLYRAE, or Collyrides, in Antiquity, a certain ornament of hair, worn by the women on their necks. It was made up in the form of the small roundish cakes vλK- λυgaι, collyrae.
COLLYRIDIANS, in church history, a sect, towards the close of the fourth century, denominated from a little cake, called by the Greeks %oλλυg∕δ∕α, coUyridia, which they offered to the Virgin Mary. This sect, it seems, consisted chiefly of Arabian women, who, out of an extravagant devotion to the Virgin, met on a certain day in the year to celebrate a solemn feast, and to render divine honours to Mary as to a goddess, eating the cake which they offered in her name. St Epiphanius, who relates the history of this superstitious cermony, ridicules it.
COLMAN, George, a miscellaneous and theatrical writer, was born at Florence about the year 1733. He was the son of Mr Colman, at that time British resident at the court of the Duke of Tuscany, and of a sister of the Countess of Bath. He received the early part of his education at Westminster School, where Lloyd, Churchill, and some others, who afterwards became distinguished literary characters, were among his intimate companions. While at school he appeared in the character of a poet, having addressed a copy of verses to his cousin Lord Pulteney, which were afterwards published in the magazine of St James. He was next sent to Christ Church College, Oxford, where he gave many proofs of his lively genius, uniting with Thornton in producing a weekly periodical paper entitled the Connoisseur, which was continued from January 1754 to September 1756, and after wards published in 4 vols. 12mo. Although this work met not with an equal share of approbation with the World, the Adventurer, and the Hambier, which made their appearance much about the same time, yet it may with justice be affirmed, that some papers of it are superior to any which these performances contain, for a ludicrous delineation of the current manners, which has always been considered as an essential department of every periodical work. When Mr Colman took the degree of A. Μ. he left the college and resided in London. He entered at .Lincoln’s Inn, and in proper time was admitted to the bar; but literary pursuits were much more consonant to the bent of his genius. He published in 1760 a dramatic piece of great humour, called Polly Honeycomb, which was successfully acted in Drury Lane; and the following year he gave the world his comedy of the Jealous Wife, deemed the best which had for many years appeared. By the demise of Lord Bath he came into the possession of a handsome fortune, and it was further augmented by the death of General Pulteney in 1767. He still continued to write for the stage, and produced, along with Garrick, the Clandestine Marriage. He also translated the comedies of Terence into a kind of blank verse, which gained him considerable applause.

Soon after this he made a purchase of Haymarket theatre from Mr Samuel Foote, which he supplied with pieces either original or translations, and selected the ablest actors, particularly in comedy. To a translation he made of Horace’s Art of Poetry, he prefixed an ingenious account of the intention of its author; and added importance to the whole work by many critical notes. The Genius, and the Gentlemen, were other two of his performances, as also a number of small pieces of the humorous kind. His understanding was much impaired by a stroke of the palsy, which seized him in the year 1789, in consequence of which melancholy event his son was intrusted with the management of the theatre. He died in the month of August 1794, in the 62d year of his age.