pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SOURABAYA, a large and flourishing town of Java, on the northeastern coast, and capital of a government of the same name, subordinate to that of Java. It is situated at the mouth of a river, navigable for vessels of 100 tons one mile and a half from the seashore. The harbour is one of the most convenient in the island; it is broad and spacious, secure against the violence of the sea and wind; and it is mentioned by Sir Stamford Raffles, that it may be rendered impregnable to any hostile attack.^[1. Raffles’s History of Java, vol. i. p. 12. ] It is form ed by the approaching extremities of the islands of Java and Madura, which in some places are not above eighty three fathoms distance for about ten or fifteen miles. This strait is not of easy navigation, but it is marked all along by buoys; and is, besides, defended by strong batteries. One of these, a circular battery, has a commanding sweep across the Strait of Madura, which is narrowest there, being opposite to the southwest end of the island of that name. The eastern entrance being impassable for large ships, the batteries are still incomplete on that side; but the north western entrance is defended by Fort Ludowyk, distant from Gressie about six, and from Point Panka about five miles. It presents, low on the water, a hundred pieces of the finest ordnance, mounted on traversing carriages, be sides some heavy mortars. The European part of the town is separated from the Chinese part, and from the native quarter, by the river; but is connected with it by a fine drawbridge. The houses are very good, some of them elegant, particularly the newly erected country-seats of private individuals. The house of the British resident at Sim pang is a fine large building, close to the river; and near it the general hospital is unequalled in elegance and commodiousness. Sourabaya has been greatly improved within these few years, in proportion as the neighbouring town of Grossie has fallen into decay. A fine arsenal, and other extensive works, calculated for equipments on a very large scale, were formed by General Daendels at this place. Vessels are built and equipped at Sourabaya. Abundance of timber is procured from the adjoining forests, which is floated down the river that takes its rise from a large inland lake encircled with high mountains. Here is also a mint, from which silver and copper coins are issued. A new governmenthouse was begun at Sourabaya, and was designed to be a splendid edifice; but the foundation of the front range having sunk, and endangered the building, the plan was abandoned, and that part which conti nued firm was converted into storerooms. Ships from Batavia bound to China or the Philippines generally touch for refreshments at this place, especially during the northwest monsoon. The surrounding country is fertile, and shaded by thickets of bamboos, bananas, and other shrubs. The adjacent country is remarkably populous; and the villages of the Javanese, Malays, and Chinese are so populous that they appear to be a continuation of the town. Long. 112. 55. E. Lat. 7. 14½. S.
SOURERA, a town of Hindustan, province of the Cir cars, and district of Ganjam. Long. 84. 37. E. Lat. 19. 53. N.
SOURGOUTE, a small town of Asiatic Russia, situ ated on the Obi, in a climate so severe that no grain can be raised in the neighbourhood. The town consists of 168 houses, and contains two churches. It is the residence of a commissary, who collects an annual tribute of furs from the Ostiaks, the inhabitants of the country.

Sourgoute, a river of Tobolsk, in Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Obi near the town of the same name, after a course of 100 miles.
SOUTCHEOUFOU, a large city of China, and capital of the province of Kiangnan, situated on the great canal, not far from its southern termination at Hangtcheoufou. It is one of the finest cities in China, noted for the beauty of its site, which is intersected by rivers and canals, and is compared by Europeans to Venice. This city is celebrated as an emporium of pleasure, and supplies the country with the choicest ropedancers, jugglers, and the best actors; is famed for the beauty of its females; and is, in consequence, the residence of great numbers of the rich and voluptuous Chinese. The walls are more than four leagues in compass; and the suburbs extend along the canal, which is everywhere crowded with large barks, that afford a permanent residence to many of the inhabitants. It has an extensive manufacture of brocade and embroidery; and, from the continual bustle and crowds in the streets, it has the appearance of a great centre of trade. Long. 120. E. Lat. 31. 22. N.
SOUTHAM, a small town of the hundred of Knightlow, in the county of Warwick, eighty-three miles from London. It has little or no trade. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 935, in 1811 to 1007, in 1821 to 1161, and in 1831 to 1256.
SOUTHAMPTON, a town of Hampshire, seventy seven miles from London. It is finely situated at the junc tion of the river Test with the Itchen; these form an ex panse of water, by which vessels may approach the town. It was anciently fortified, and the remains of its walls and castle still exist. It is one of the bestbuilt towns of Eng 1and. The High Street is broad and well paved. South ampton contains five parish churches, several almshouses, a grammar school, some convenient bathinghouses, public rooms, and an elegant theatre. The borough was incor porated by Charles I., and is governed by a mayor, re corder, bailiffs, sheriff, and commoncouncil men. It returns two members to parliament. It is in fact a county of itself, having its own magistrates, of whom the bishop of Winchester is one. This town has long been a place of great trade with Portugal, chiefly for the importation of portwine and fruit. It has also some trade with France, with the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and espe cially with the Isle of Wight, to which place packetboats are constantly sailing. The mildness of the air, the facility of making excursions by water as well as by land, the vicinity of the lsle of Wight and of New Forest, contribute to render the town a desirable place for either a temporary or a permanent residence, which is further recommended by the excellent supplies of fish, fruit, meat, and other ne cessaries. The railway which connects Southampton with the metropolis will greatly tend to promote its prosperity. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 7629, in 1811 to 9258, in 1821 to 13,913, and in 1831 to 19,324.
SOUTHEND, a hamlet in the parish of Prittlewell, in the hundred of Rochford and county of Essex, forty-two miles from London. It stands at the mouth of the Thames, opposite to Sheerness; and from its easy communication with the metropolis, it has of late years been resorted to by considerable numbers for seabathing.
SOUTHERNE, Thomas, an eminent dramatic writer, was born at Dublin in 1660, and received his education in Trinity College. He came young to London to study law; but instead of that, devoted himself to poetry and the writing of plays. His Persian Prince, or Loyal Brother, was introduced in 1682, when the Tory interest was triumphant in England; and the character of the Loyal Brother being intended to compliment James duke of York, he rewarded the author when he came to the throne with a commission in the army. On the Revolution taking place, he retired to his studies, and wrote several plays, from which he is supposed to have derived a very handsome subsistence, being the first who raised the advantage of playwriting to a second and third night. The most finished of all his plays are the Fatal Marriage, or the Innocent Adultery; and Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave, which is built on a true story related in one of Mrs Behn’s novels.[7:20:489] Mr Southerne died in 1746, in the eighty-sixth year of his age; the latter part of which he spent in a peaceful serenity, having, by his commission as a soldier, and the profits of his dramatic works, acquired a handsome fortune, and being an exact economist, he improved what fortune he gained to the best advantage. He enjoyed the longest life of all our poets, and died the richest of them, a very few excepted. His plays are printed in three volumes 12mo. See the Biographia Dramatics, vol. i. p. 680.
SOUTH-MOULTON, a markettown, in the hundred of the same name, in the north part of the county of Devon,

179 miles from London, and twelve miles from Barnstaple. It stands on the river Moule, and contains many good houses, a large and handsome church, a commodious guildhall, and a free grammarschool. The population amounted in 1821 to 3314, and in 1831 to 3826.
SOUTHWARK, a borough in the county of Surrey, but one of the suburbs of London, being only separated from it by the river Thames. The means of access have been greatly increased by a new bridge, and by the re building of London Bridge. It contains six parishes, and, as to its police, is in a great degree under the control of the magistracy of the city. As it in fact forms a district of the capital, it is described under the head London .
SOUTHWELL, a town of the hundred of Thurgarton, in the county of Nottingham, 139 miles from London. It is situated on a pleasing elevation above the plain water ed by the river Trent. The parish church is collegiate, and well endowed, having sixteen prebendaries, besides choristers and singing boys. The chapter has jurisdiction over twenty-eight parishes. Its house was erected in 1377, and its library rebuilt in 1784. There are remains of an old palace belonging to the archbishops of York, with a beautiful walk on the north side of the church. There is a wellendowed and wellconducted free grammarschool, and a good market on Saturday. The inhabitants amount ed in 1801 to 2305, in 1811 to 2674, in 1821 to 3051, and in 1831 to 3834.
SOUTHWOLD, a seaport town of the hundred of Blything, in the county of Suffolk, 105 miles from London. It is situated on the river Blythe. It is connected with the port of Yarmouth, but has a corporation of its own. The herringfishery is extensively carried on in it, and of late years it has been resorted to for seabathing. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 1676, and in 1831 to 1875.
SOVEREIGN, in matters of government, is applied to the supreme magistrate or magistrates of an independent government or state; because their authority is only bound ed by the laws of God and the laws of the state: such are kings, princes, &c.

Sovereign Power, or Sovereignty, is the power of making or sanctioning laws; for wherever that power resides, all others must conform to it, and be directed by it, what ever appearance the outward form and administration of the government may assume. For it is at any time in the op tion of the legislature to alter that form and administration by a new edict or rule, and to put the execution of the laws into whatever hands it pleases; and all the other powers of the state must obey the legislative power in the execution of their several functions, or else the constitution is at an end. In our constitution the law ascribes to the king the attribute of sovereignty; but that is to be understood in a qualified sense; that is, he is supreme magistrate, not sole legislator, as the legislative power is vested in the king, lords, and commons, not in any of the three estates alone.
SOZOMENUS, Hermias, an ecclesiastical historian of the fifth century, was born at Gaza or Bethelia, in Pales tine. He was educated for the law, and became a pleader at Constantinople. He wrote an abridgment of Ecclesiastical History, in two books, from the ascension of our

Saviour to the year 323. This compendium is lost; but a continuation of it in nine books, written at greater length, down to the year 439, is still extant. He seems to have copied Socrates, who wrote a history of the same period. The style of Sozomenus is perhaps more elegant; but in other respects he falls far short of that writer, displaying throughout his whole book an amazing credulity, and a su perstitious attachment to monks and the monastic life. His work, with those of Eusebius and Socrates, was published by R. Stephanus in 1544, by H. Valesius at Paris in 1668, and by Reading at Cambridge in 1720. All these editions are in folio. Several others have likewise appeared.
SPA, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege and arrondissement of Verviers. It is one of the oldest, and was the most frequented, of the continental wa tering places. Its name has become generic for similar springs. It is situated in a narrow valley watered by a rapid and clear brook. The town consists of detached houses of all sizes, appropriate to the circumstances of the several classes of visitors.

The most remarkable waters are, 1. The Pouhon, situated in the middle of the town, which is more strongly im pregnated with steel than the others; 2. The Sauveniere, a mile and a half east from it; 3. Groisbeck, near to the Sauveniere; 4. Tonnelet, situated a little to the left of the road which leads to the Sauveniere; 5. Geronstere, two miles south from Spa; 6. Wartroz, near to the Tonnelet ∣ 7. Sarts or Niveset, in the district of Sarts; 8. Chevron or Bru, in the principality of Slavelot; 9. Couve; 10. Be verse; 11. Sige; 12. Geremont. These four last are near Malmedy.

Dr Brownrigg was the first person who discovered that carbonic acid gas forms a principal ingredient in the composition of the Spa waters, and actually separated a quan tity of this elastic fluid, by exposing it to different degrees of heat from 110° to 170° of Fahrenheit. From twenty ounces seven drams and fourteen grains apothecaries' weight of the Pouhon water, he obtained eight ounces two drams and fifty grains.

The Spa waters are diuretic, and sometimes purgative. They exhilarate the spirits; and are more cooling, and allay thirst more effectually, than common water. They are found beneficial in cases of weakness and relaxation, either partial or universal; in nervous disorders; in ob structions of the liver and spleen; in cases where the blood is too thin and putrescent; in cases of excessive discharges proceeding from weakness; in the gravel and stone; and in most cases where a strengthening remedy is wanted. But they are hurtful in confirmed obstructions attended with fever, where there is no free outlet to the matter, as in ulcerations of the lungs. They are also injurious to bilious and plethoric constitutions, when used before the body is cooled by proper evacuations.

Spa was more fashionable formerly than it is at present. There are in it manufactures of iron, wood, and gilt toys. The resident inhabitants are about 3300.
SPACAFORNO, a city of the island of Sicily, in the province of Noto. It stands in a healthy situation on a hill, near the seaports of La Marza, and Santa Maria. It contains 8100 inhabitants, employed in various trades. Near to it is the Troglodyte town of Ispica, where the houses are excavated in calcareous rocks on both sides of a narrow val ley.
SPAGIRIC Art a name given by old authors to that species of chemistry which works on metals, and is employed in the search of the philosopher’s stone.
SPAHIS, horsemen in the Ottoman array, chiefly raised in Asia. The great strength of the grand signior’s army formerly consisted in the janisaries, who were the foot, and the spahis, who were the cavalry.[7:20:490]
SPALATRO, a city of the ancient province of Dalmatia, and the capital of a circle of the same name, which ex tends over 2060 square miles, and contains 84,980 inhabi tants. This city is situated on a peninsula, and is powerfully fortified both by nature and art. It incloses the space where formerly stood the extensive palace of Diocletian, the Roman emperor. It is now the seat of an archbishop, has a cathedral and several other churches, a seminary, and six religious houses, all for Catholics. It has narrow and crooked streets, 1500 large and antique houses, and 7400 inhabitants. It has considerable trade in salted meat, oil, wine, and fruit. The harbour is secure, and protected by two strong bastions. Lat. 43. 34. 30. Long. 15. 49. 25.
SPALDING, a town in the district of Holland, and county of Lincoln, ninety-seven miles from London. It stands near the mouth of the river Welland, which is navi gable to the town. Of the adjacent district, the soil is rich, but marshy. Besides corn, chiefly oats, it produces much flax and hemp. Spalding has a fine old church, a spacious marketplace, much frequented every Saturday. The famous Dr. Bentley was for a short time master of Spalding school. The inhabitants of the town were in 1811, 4330; in 1821, 5207; and in 1831, 6497.
SPALMADORI, a small island situated between the continent of Asia Minor and the island of Scio. Long. 26. 7. E. Lat. 38. 36. N.
SPAN, a measure taken from the space between the thumb and the tip of the little finger when both are stretched out The span is estimated at three hands breadths, or nine inches.
SPANDAU, a town of Prussia, in the government of Potsdam. It is a strongly fortified place, and is the chief arsenal of the kingdom. It stands on a peninsula, formed by the junction of the river Spree with the Havel. There are manufactures of all descriptions of arms, for the use of the government, and some private establishments for making silk goods, together with several breweries and distilleries. In the fortress is the state-prison; and there are institutions for the punishment of offenders, by keeping them to hard labour. The town contains 540 houses, with 6750 inhabitants. Lat. 53. 33.7. Long. 13. 36. 40. E.
SPANDRELL, the solid work on each haunch of an arch, to keep it from spreading.
SPANHEIM, Ezekiel, a very learned writer, was born at Geneva on the 7th of December 1629. His father, Frederic Spanheim, a distinguished theologian, was successively professor of divinity at Geneva and Leyden. The son accompanied him to the latter university, and there distinguished himself by his proficiency in solid learning. His early reputation procured him the professorship of eloquence at Geneva. He took possession of this chair in 1651; but he only retained it for a few months, the elector palatine Charles Louis having appointed him tutor to his only son. This task he discharged to the entire satisfaction of the elector, by whom he was also employed in divers negociations at foreign courts. In 1677 he entered into the service of the elector of Brandenburg, who in 1680 sent him as envoy extraordinary to the court of France, and soon after made him a minister of state. After the peace of Ryswyck, be was again sent on an embassy to France, where he continued from the year 1697 to 1702. The elector of Brandenburg having during that interval assumed the title of king of Prussia, conferred on him the title and dignity of a baron. In 1702 he left France, and was sent as ambassador to England, which he had previously visited on more than one occasion. He died in London on the 7th of November 1710, at the age of eighty-one. It is surprising, that in discharging the duties of a public minister with so much exactness, and amidst so many different journeys, he could find sufficient time to write the various books which he published. It may be said of him, that he acquitted himself in his negociations like a person who had nothing else in his thoughts; and that he wrote like a man who had spent his whole time in his study. His works display a very pro found and variegated erudition. The most elaborate of them is entitled, “Dissertationes de Praestantia et Usu Numismatum antiquorum,” first printed at Rome in quarto in the year 1664. The best edition, extending to two volumes folio, was printed at London in 1706—17. Another valuable work is his “Orbis Romanus,” of which the best edition is that of London, 1704, 4to. He translated the Caesars of Julian into French, and illustrated them with annotations. He likewise contributed notes on Aristophanes, Callimachus, and some other Greek writers, of whom he did not himself publish editions.
SPAR, in Mineralogy, a name given chiefly to some of the crystallized combinations of lime, as the carbonate and the fluate; the former being called simply lime spar, the latter fluor spar, or Derbyshire spar, from the name of the place where it is found in greatest abundance.
SPARTIANUS, Aelius, a Latin historian, who flourished in the reign of Diocletian, about the year 290. He is known as the author of the lives of Hadrian and Aelius Verus; and to him are likewise ascribed several other lives contained in the collection of “Historiae Augustae Scrip tores.” See Fabricii Bibliotheca Latina, tom. iii. p. 95.
SPECIES, in Logic, a relative term, expressing an idea which is comprised under some general one called a genus. Species, in Algebra, are the letters, symbols, marks, or characters, which represent the quantities in any operation or equation. This short and advantageous way of notation was chiefly introduced by Vieta, about the year 1590; and by means of it he made many discoveries in algebra.

Species, in Optics, the image painted on the retina by the rays of light reflected from the several points of the surface of an object, received by the pupil, and collected in their passage through the crystalline, &c. It has been a matter of dispute among philosophers, whether the species of objects which give the soul an occasion of seeing, be an effusion of the substance of the body; a mere impression which they make on all bodies under certain circumstances; or whether they are not some more subtile body, such as light. The moderns have decided this point by the invention of artificial eyes, in which the species of objects are received on paper, in the same manner as in the natural eye.
SPECIFIC, in Philosophy, that which is peculiar to any thing, and distinguishes it from all others.

Species, in Medicine. By specifics is not meant such as infallibly and in all patients produce salutary effects. Such medicines are not to be expected, because the operations and effects of remedies are not formally inherent in them, but depend upon the mutual action and reaction of the body and medicine upon each other; hence the various effects of the same medicine in the same kinds of disorders in different patients, and in the same patient at different times. By specific medicines we understand such medicines as are found to be more uniform in their effects than others in any particular disorder.

SPECIFIC Gravity, is a term much employed in the discussions of modern physics. It expresses the weight of any particular kind of matter, as compared with the weight of the same bulk of some other body of which the weight is supposed to be familiarly known, and is therefore taken for the standard of comparison. The body generally made use of for this purpose is pure water. See Chemistry and Hydrodynamics.
SPECTACLES, in Dioptrics, an instrument consisting of two lenses set in silver, horn, &c. to assist the defects of the organ of sight. Old people, and others who have flat eyes, use convex spectacles, which cause the rays of light to converge so as to meet upon the retina; whereas myopes, or shortsighted people, use concave lenses for spee tacles, which cause the rays to diverge, and prevent their meeting before they reach the retina. See Optics .
SPECTRA, images presented to the eye after removing them from a bright object, or closing them. When any one has long and attentively looked at a bright object, as at the setting sun, on closing his eyes, or removing them, an im age, which resembles in form the object he was attending to, continues some time to be visible. This appearance in the eye we call the ocular spectrum of that object. These ocular spectra are of four kinds: 1st, Such as are owing to a less sensibility of a defined part of the retina, or spectra from defect of sensibility. 2d, Such as are owing to a greater sensibility of a defined part of the retina, or spectra from excess of sensibility. 3d, Such as resemble their object in its colour as well as form; which may be termed direct ocular spectra, 4th, Such as are of a colour contrary to that of their object, which may be termed re verse ocular spectra
SPECTRE, an apparition, or something supposed to be preternaturally visible to human sight, whether the ghosts of dead men or beings superior to man. See Apparitions.
SPECULATIVE, something relating to the theory of some art or science, in contradistinction to practical.