pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
KUNASHIR, an island in the Eastern Seas, forming part of the small archipelago of the Kuriles. It is 100 miles long, and thirty-five broad. The Russians have erected a small fort on this island.
KUNCKEL, John, a celebrated Saxon chemist, was born in the duchy of Sleswick, in 1630. He became chemist to the elector of Saxony, the elector of Brandenburg, and Charles XI. king of Sweden, who gave him the title of Counsellor in Metals, and letters of nobility, with the surname of Louwensteing. He employed fifty years in chemistry, in which, by the help of the furnace of a glasshouse which he had under his care, he made several discoveries, particularly those of the phosphorus of urine. He died in Sweden in 1702, and left several works, some in German, and others in Latin; amongst which, that entitled Observationes Chemicae, and the Art of Making Glass, printed at Paris in 1752, are the most esteemed.
KUNDAL, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, surrounded by a country which is one entire forest, abounding with all sorts of wild animals. Seventy-four miles south by west from Dacca. Long. 91. 18. Ľ. Lat. 23. 12. N. ‘
KUNDAPOOR, a sea-port town of India, in the province of Canara, situated near the mouth of a river, which is the boundary of the northern and southern divisions of Canara. On the north side of the river, Tippoo formerly had a dock, which is seldom used by the British. The town consists of 300 houses, and was formerly garrisoned by a detachment of native infantry. Long. 74. 47. E. Lat. 13. 33. N.
KUNEE, town of Hindustan, province of Delhi, and district of Sirhind. It is surrounded by a mud wall and a deep ditch, but was taken by the British in 1809, without resistance.
KUOPIO, a circle in Russian Finland, on the sea-shore, of the vast extent of 20,608 square miles, containing only one town and 4423 farms, with 144,500 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is a town in a peninsula on the Lake of Kallavesi, containing 160 houses, and 920 inhabitants. Long. 27. 24. 55. E. Lat. 62. 53. 43. N.
KUPH, an extensive ruined village of Syria, which appears to be the remains of a large town. The buildings appear like magnificent palaces. The style of architecture is of the fourth or fifth century; and the crosses over the door show the buildings to have been Christian. Thirty-five miles south-south-west of Aleppo.
KUR, the ancient Cyrus, the most considerable river of Georgia, in Asia. It has its rise, according to Sir R. Kerr Porter, in a branch of the Caucasian Mountains, from which issue several rivulets, which, uniting in one channel, take the name of Kur; and flowing thence through part of the Turkish dominions, gradually augments its stream by the reception of minor rivers in its [7:12:766]course. From this point the Kur takes a south-east di" recti on, fertilizing a country of as much beauty as grandeur. Its most considerable tributaries in this part of its course are, the Aluzan from the north-east, and the Araxes from the south, which falls into the Kur about seventy miles from its mouth. After this junction, the breadth and depth of the Kur are so much increased, that it immediately becomes navigable for larger boats. At fifty miles lower down, it divides itself into two noble branches, and so flows onward, through the province of Maghan, to the north-west coast of the Caspian, whence, by these double channels, it unites its waters with the sea. The banks are very high, and wooded.
KURDA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, situated near the north-west frontier, about three miles south of the town of Theraud∙ It is surrounded by a sandy and unproductive country.
KURGOMMAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana. It is situated in the middle of a very wild country inhabited by Goands, who are so uncivilized as not to know the value of the precious metals, their only currency being cowries or shells. Long. 82. 25. E. Lat. 23. N.
KURIL, or Kuriliski Isles, extending from north latitude 51. to 45. which probably once lengthened the peninsula of Kamtschatka before they were disjoined from it, are a series of islands running south from the low promontory Lopatka, which is distant one league from Shoom-ska, the most northerly of these. Of the twenty-one islands subject to the Russian empire, no more than four are inhabited. The rest of these islands remain wholly uninhabited, but are visited occasionally, for the purpose of hunting otters and foxes.
KURSK, a province of European Russia, which extends over 15,430 square miles, comprehending seventeen cities, 137 towns, 1532 villages and hamlets, and containing a population of 1,611,100 persons. It is between 50. 20. and 52. 26. north latitude, and is consequently in a temperate climate. It is an undulating district, with no elevations entitled to the name of mountains. Although well watered by the rivers Donez and its tributary streams, it is neither swampy nor marshy, but enjoys a dry soil. It is fertile, and the increase of corn from the same measure of seed is greater than in any of the provinces to the north of it. As the greater portion of the people are occupied in agriculture, the chief surplus produce consists of corn, amounting in some years to upwards of 4,400,000 quarters. This forms the chief commodity for exportation, besides which, corn, spirits, hemp and hemp oil, tobacco, hides, leather, wool, tallow, wax, honey, horses, and horned cattle, are supplied to the neighbouring provinces. From the want of navigable rivers, most of the commodities must be conveyed to the Wolga on wheel carriages, which, as the roads are bad, becomes very expensive. There are in this province a great number of nobles, who among them possess 239,000 peasants or slaves. The province is divided into fifteen circles. The city of Kursk is the capital of the province, as well as of the circle of that name. It is the seat of an archbishop. It stands at the junction of the rivers Kura and Tuskar, and has been fortified, but the walls are converted into pleasing promenades. It contains sixteen churches, two convents, an ecclesiastical seminary, 2340 houses, and 21,500 inhabitants. It is a place of extensive trade in wax, tallow, hemp, and the other productions of the soil, and the seat of some manufactures; and near it the gardens produce fruits that will not grow in the more northern parts of the empire. Long. 36. 22. E. Lat. 51. 43. N.
KURZOLA, an island in the Adriatic Sea, a portion of the Austrian province of Dalmatia. The extent is about 220 square miles. It is well wooded, and affords good ship timber. It yields good wine, and some corn, but is deficient in water. The inhabitants are 6440, of whom 1800 live in the fortified capital of the same name, in a narrow strait on the east end of the island.
KUSTER, Ludolf, a very learned writer in the eighteenth century, was born at Blomberg in Westphalia. When very young, he was, upon the recommendation of Baron Spanheim, appointed tutor to the two sons of the Count de Schwerin, prime minister of the king of Prussia, who, upon our author’s quitting that station, procured him a pension of four hundred livres. He was promised a professorship in the university of Joachim, and, till this should become vacant, being then but twenty-five years of age, he resolved to travel. He read lectures at Utrecht, went to England, and thence proceeded to France, where he collated Suidas with three manuscripts in the king’s library, which furnished him with a great many fragments that had never been published. He was honoured with the degree of doctor by the university of Cambridge, which made him several advantageous offers to continue there, but he was called to Berlin, and there installed in the professorship which had been promised him. He afterwards went to Antwerp; and being brought over to the Catholic religion, he abjured that of the Protestants. The king of France rewarded him with a pension, and ordered him to be admitted a supernumerary associate of the Academy of Inscriptions. But he enjoyed this only a short time, having died in 1716, at the age of forty-six. He was a great master of Latin, and wrote well in that language; but his chief excellence consisted in his skill in the Greek language, to which he almost entirely devoted himself. He wrote many works, the principal of which are, 1. Historia Critica Homeri; 2. Jamblicus de Vita Pythagorae; 3. An edition of Suidas, Greek and Latin, in three volumes, folio; 4. An edition of Aristophanes, Greek and Latin, in folio; 5. A new edition of the Greek New Testament, with Dr Mills’s Variations, in folio.
KUSTERDINGEN, a town of Wirtemberg, in the circle of the Black Forest, and bailiwick of Babenhausen. It contains 175 houses and 1230 inhabitants, who grow much flax, and convert it into linen and diaper cloth.
KUSTRIN, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of Brandenburg, in Prussia. It is a strongly fortified place, with a fortress on the river Oder, surrounded by ditches and marshes, by which the approaches of assailants are impeded. It is one of the chief defences on the east of the kingdom, is always strongly garrisoned, and well stored with ammunition and provision, and commands a bridge over the river 880 feet in length. It contains 562 houses, and 6220 civil inhabitants. Long. 14. 35. E. Lat. 52. 35. N.
KUTTENBURG, a city of the circle Czaslau, in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It is a well-built town, with a magnificent cathedral and thirteen other churches, and containing 746 houses and 6417 inhabitants. The chief employment is mining for silver, lead, and copper, in the country around. There is a house for smelting the silver, another for refining saltpetre, and several establishments for manufacturing the several metals.
KUTUBDEA, an island in the bay of Bengal, thirteen miles in length by four in breadth, adjacent to the district of Chittagong, being separated from it by a narrow strait two miles broad, into which a vessel, in case of distress, may safely run. In its vicinity are some valuable oysterbeds: the oysters are of an excellent quality, and are sent for sale to the Europeans at Dacca and Calcutta.
KUTY, a city of the circle of Kolomea, in the Austrian kingdom of Gallicia, on the river Czerny. It contains a Greek and an Armenian church, with 430 houses and 4110 inhabitants, of whom 520 are Armenians.
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There is much occupation in the curing of leather, in a way similar to that followed in Russia.
KYLE, a district of Ayrshire, in Scotland. There are three districts in Ayrshire, Carrick to the south, Kyle in the middle, and Cunningham to the north. Carrick is divided from Kyle by the river Doon. The boundaries of Kyle are the river Doon on the south, and the river Irvine on the north. See Ayrshire.
KYPHONISM, Kyphonismus, or Cypnonismus, an ancient punishment frequently undergone by the martyrs in the primitive times, wherein the body of the sufferer was anointed with honey, and so exposed to the sun, that the flies and wasps might be tempted to torment him. This was performed in three ways. Sometimes they only tied the patient to a stake; at other times they hoisted him up into the air, and suspended him in a basket; and at others, again, stretched him out on the ground with his hands tied behind him. The word is originally Greek, and comes from κvfov, which signifies either the stake to which the patient was tied, the collar fitted to his neck, or the instrument with which they tormented him. The scholiast on Aristophanes says it was a wooden lock, or cage, and that it was called so from wt- ri∕y, to bend, because it kept the tortured in a bent posture; but others take the κυpo> for a log of wood laid over the criminal’s head, to prevent his standing upright; and Hesychius describes it as a piece of wood on which criminals were stretched and tormented. In effect, it is probable the word might signify all these several things. It was a generic term, and these were merely the species. Suidas gives us the fragment of an old law, which punished those who treated the laws contemptuously with kyphonism for the space of twenty days; after which they were precipitated from a rock, dressed in women’s habit.
KYRAUT, a district of Northern Hindustan, situated between the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the north by the Himalaya ridge, on the east by Bootan, on the south by Morung, and on the west by Nepaul, from which it is separated by a large tract little known to Europeans. The river Teesta is the principal river, and Damsong the chief town. It was conquered in 1769 by the rajah of Gorcah.
KYRAHGUR, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the grand rajahs tributary to the Nagpoor Mahrattas, in the province of Gundwana, eighty-six miles south-west from Ruttunpoor. Long. 81. 32. E. Lat. 21. 27. N.
KYREEGHUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Oude, situated on the east side of the Goggrah river, 102 miles north from Lucknow. Long. 80. 51. E. Lat. 28. 18. N.
L, A SEMI-VOWEL, or liquid, forming the eleventh letter of the alphabet. It is derived from the old Hebrew lamed, or Greek lambda λ. It is sounded by intercepting the breath between the tip of the tongue and the fore part of the palate, with the mouth open, and makes a sweet sound, with something of an aspiration; hence the Britons and Spaniards usually doubled it, or added an h to it, in the beginning of words, as in llan, or lhan, a temple, sounding nearly like fl. In English words of one syllable it is doubled at the end, as tell, bell, knell ; but in words of more syllables than one it is single at the end, as evil, general, constitutional. It is placed after most of the consonants in the beginning of words and syllables, as black, glare, adle, eagle, but before none. Its sound is clear in Abel, but obscure in able, and the like.

As a numeral letter, L denotes 50; and with a dash over it, thus, L, 5000. Used as an abbreviation, this letter stands for Lucius; whilst L. L. S. represents a sesterce. (See Sesterce.) LA is the syllable by which Guido denotes the last sound of each hexachord. If it begins in C, it answers to our A; if in G, to E; and if in F, to D.
LAALAND, an island in the Baltic Sea, being one of the portions of the kingdom of Denmark. It extends in north latitude from 54. 38. 30. to 54. 57. 30., and in east longitude from 10. 53. 1. to 11. 46. 2. and contains 470 square miles. It comprehends five cities or towns, and sixty-nine parishes, with 42,700 inhabitants. The soil is of moderate fertility, but the whole industry being applied to agriculture, it yields a surplus of corn, butter, meal, flax, honey, and wax. The land communication with the capita] is over the island of Falster. The roads arc in a most miserable condition.
LAARAT Isle is situated off the north-eastern extremity of Timorlaut, in the Eastern Seas. It is about twenty-five miles in length by twelve in average breadth. Little is known, however, respecting its inhabitants or its productions.
LABADIE, John, a French enthusiast, son of John Charles Labadie, governor of Bourges and gentleman in ordinary of the bed-chamber to the French king, was born in 1610. He entered young into the Jesuits’ College at Bordeaux, which, by his own account, he afterwards quitted; but, according to others, he was expelled from it for his peculiar notions, and particularly for hypocrisy. He became a popular preacher; but being repeatedly detected in working upon female devotees with spiritual instructions for improper purposes, his loss of character with the Catholics forced him to seek for refuge amongst the Protestants. A reformed Jesuit being thought a great acquisition, he was precipitately accepted as pastor of Montauban, where he officiated for eight years; but having attempted the chastity of a young lady whom he could not convert to his purpose, and quarrelled with the Catholic priest about the right of interring a dead body, he was at length banished from that place. Driven out of Montauban, Labadie went to seek “an asylum at Orange; but not finding himself so safe there as he imagined, he withdrew privately to Geneva, where he imposed on the people by his zealous preaching and devout carriage. From Geneva he proceeded to Middleburg, where his spirituality made him and his followers be considered as so many saints, and distinguished by the name of Labadists. They increased so much, that he excited the attention of the other churches, whose authority he disputed, till he was formally deposed by the synod of Dordrecht. But instead of obeying, he procured a tumultuous support from a crowd of his devotees; and at length formed a little settlement between Utrecht and Amsterdam, where he erected a printing press, which sent forth many of his works. He was, however, betrayed by some deserters, who exposed his private life, informing the public of his familiarities with his female disciples, under pretence of uniting them more particularly to God; and he was finally obliged to retire to Altona, where he died in 1674.
LABADISTS, a sect of religionists in the seventeenth century, followers of the opinions of John Labadie. Some of their opinions were, that God could, and did, deceive men; that, in reading the Scriptures, greater attention should be paid to the internal inspiration of the Holy Spirit than to the words of the text; that baptism ought to be deferred until mature age; that the good and the wick-eα[7:13:2] entered equally into the old alliance, provided they descended from Abraham, but that the new admitted only spiritual men; that the observation of Sunday was a matter of indifference; that Christ would come and reign a thousand years upon earth; that the eucharist was only a commemoration of the death of Christ, and that, though the symbols were nothing in themselves, yet that Christ was spiritually received by those who partook of them in a due manner; that a contemplative life was a state of grace and of divine union during this life; that the man whose heart is perfectly content and calm, half enjoys God, has familiar entertainments with him, and sees all things in him; and that this state was to be come at by an entire self-abnegation, by the mortification of the senses and their objects, and by the exercise of mental prayer.
LABARUM, the banner or standard borne before the Roman emperors in the wars. The labarum consisted of a long lance, with a staff on the top, crossing it at right angles, from which hung a rich streamer, of a purple colour, adorned with precious stones. Till the time of Constantine it had an eagle painted on it; but, instead of this, that emperor added a cross, with a cipher expressing the name of Jesus. This standard the Romans took from the Germans, Dacae, Sarmatae, Pannonians, and other Teutonic tribes, whom they had overcome. The name of labarum was not known before the time of Constantine; but the standard itself, in the form we have described it, except the symbols of Christianity, was used by all the preceding emperors. Some derive the word from labor, as if this finished their labours; some from sυλαCs∕α, reverence, piety ; others from "kημ‰ικιν, to take; and others from aapuga, spoils.
LABAT, John Baptist, a celebrated traveller, of the order of St Dominic, was born at Paris in 1663, taught philosophy at Nancy, and, in 1693, went to America in the quality of missionary. On his return to France in 1705, he was sent to the chapter of his order at Bologna to give an account of his mission, and resided several years in Italy. He died at Paris in 1738. His principal works are, 1. Nouveaux Voyages aux Iles de l’Amérique, in six vols. 8vo; 2. Voyages en Espagne et en Italie, in eight vols. 12mo; 3. Nouvelle Relation de l’Afrique Occidentale, in five vols. 12mo; 4. Voyage du Chevalier des Merchais en Guinée, in four vols. 12mo; 5. La Relation Historique de l’Ethiopic Occidentale, translated from the Latin of Father Cavazzi, in four vols. 12mo; 6. Les Mémoires du Chevalier d’Arvieux, containing his Travels to Constantinople and Asia Minor, in six vols. 12mo.
LABEL, a long, thin, brass rule, with a small sight at one end, and a hole at the other, commoniy used with a tangent line on the edge of a circumferentor., Label, in Law, is a narrow slip of paper, or parchment, affixed to a deed or writing, to hold the appending seal. Any paper annexed by way of addition or explication, to any will or testament, is also called a label or codicil.

Label, in Heraldry, a fillet usually placed in the middle along the chief of the coat, without touching its extremities. Its breadth ought to be a ninth part of the chief. It is adorned with pendants, and when there are above three of these, the number should be specified in blazoning. It is. used on the arms of eldest sons whilst the father is alive, to distinguish them from the younger; and is esteemed the most honourable of all differences.
LABEO, C. Antistius, a celebrated lawyer of the age of Augustus and Tiberius, was son of Antistitis Labeo, who formed one of the conspiracy against Caesar, and, after the unsuccessful battle of Philippi, caused himself to be put to death by one of his own slaves. His son seems to have inherited all the independent-principles of the father, and to have expressed at times his opinions respecting the measures of Augustus with such freedom, that it was thought by his friends that he was subject to fits of insanity. (Hor. Sat. i. 3, 82; Suet. Aug. 54.) Some say that he was offered the consulship by Augustus, but that he refused the honour, lest he should be suspected of having sold his independence to the emperor. Others say that he was a candidate for the consulship, and that Augustus caused M. Ateius Capito to be elected in preference to him. (Tacit. Aim. iii. 75.) He had applied himself more particularly to the study of law, and left many works, of which scarcely any thing remains except the title; eight books on Probabilities, of which Julius Paulus made an abridgment; a work in forty-two books, entitled Posteriores, because it appeared after his death. Of these two works fragments are to be found in the pandects of Justinian. The latter is abridged by Jabolenus, who flourished under Trajan. (Gell, xiii. 10.) His other works are, Commentaries on the Twelve Tables, and on the Edicts of the Praetor and Curile Aediles; a Treatise on the Praetor Urbanus and Peregrinus; a Treatise on Pontifical Law, in fifteen books. It is disputed whether some other works mentioned by St Augustin belong to this Labco, or to another of the same name. (See Opuscula varia of Byn-kershöck, Loyd. 1719; De Vita, Moribus, et Studiis Labeonis et Capitonia, Utrecht, 1692.)
LABERIUS, Decimus, a Roman knight, who was particularly distinguished as a writer of mimi, that is, farces in the language of the common people, and for their amusement. The exact period of his birth is unknown, but he died B. c. 43, a few months after the murder of Caesar. Having caused some annoyance to the dictator by the freedom of his language, he was ordered by him to appear on the stage as an actor in one of his own plays, when he had reached the age of sixty. The prologue which he pronounced on this occasion is preserved by Macrobius {Set. ii. 7), and is so beautiful that it makes us regret that more of his writings have not come down to us. When he had finished, he proceeded towards the places assigned to the knights; but his appearance on the stage had deprived him of all the privileges enjoyed by that order, and no one was willing to make way for him. Cicero, observing his embarrassment, said, in allusion to the number of new senators admitted by Caesar, “Recepissem to nisi anguste sederem ;” upon which Laberius sarcastically replied, “Mirum si anguste sedes qui soles duabus sellis sedere,” thereby reproaching Cicero with his versatility of conduct. We have the titles of forty of his pieces (see Fabricius, BibUoth. Lat. i. p. 477), but only a few fragments of them have been preserved. They have been published by Stephanus, Paris, 1564; and are also found in the Catalecta veterum Poetarum by Scaliger, and in the Epigrammata vetera, Lyons, 1596.
LABIAL Letters, those pronounced chiefly by means of the lips.