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SCHIECHS, or Scheichs, is a name which is applied by the Arabs to their nobles. “Among the Bedouins,” says Niebuhr, “it belongs to every noble, whether of the highest or the lowest order. Their nobles are very numerous, and compose in a manner the whole nation; the plebeians are invariably actuated and guided by the schiechs, who superintend and direct in every transaction. The schiechs and their subjects are born to the life of shepherds and soldiers. The greater tribes rear many camels, which they either sell to their neighbours, or employ them in the carriage of goods, or in military expeditions. The petty tribes keep flocks of sheep. Among those tribes which apply to agriculture, the schiechs live always in tents, and leave the culture of their grounds to their subjects, whose dwellings are wretched huts. Schiechs always ride on horses or dromedaries, inspecting the conduct of their subjects, visiting their friends, or hunting. Traversing the desert, where the horizon is wide as on the ocean, they perceive travellers at a distance. As travellers are seldom to be met with on those wild tracts, they easily discover such as pass that way, and are tempted to pillage them when they find their own party the strongest.” «
SCHIEDAM, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. It stands on the river Schie, near to its junction with the Maas; is well built, and contains five churches, a good exchange and town-house, and 1520 dwellings, with (in 1832) 11,588 inhabitants. The chief trade is distillation. It has 200 distilleries employed in making gin, in which are consumed annually 300,000 quarters of corn. A great number of pigs are fattened, and their flesh converted into bacon. Long. 4. 18. E. Lat. 51. 55. N.
SCH1O, a city of the delegation of Verona, in Austrian Lombardy. It stands on the river Timanchio, and carries on some large cloth manufactories, which produce excellent goods of various kinds. It contains 6950 inhabitants.
SCHIRAS, or Schirauz. See Shiraz.
SCHISM (from the Greek σχισμα, a rent or fissure), in its general acceptation signifies division or separation; but it is chiefly used in speaking of separations happening from diversity of opinions among people of the same religion and faith. Thus we say the schism of the ten tribes of Judah and Benjamin, the schism of the Persians from the Turks and other Mahommedans, &c. Among ecclesiastical authors, the great schism of the West is that which happened in the times of Clement VII. and Urban VI., which divided the church for forty or fifty years, and was at length ended by the election of Martin V. at the council of Constance. The Romanists number thirty-four schisms in their church, and bestow the name of English schism on the reformation of religion in this kingdom. Those of the church of England apply the term schism to the separation of the nonconformists, viz. the presbyterians, independents, and anabaptists, for a further reformation.
SCHISMA (σχισμα ), a small theoretical interval in music, arising from the division of the monochord. Two σχισματα make up a δεισις, or a λειμμα .
SCHISTUS, a name given to several kinds of stones. See Mineralogy.
SCHITTUAR, or Shitwar, a small island in the Persian Gulf. Long. 53. 24. E. Lat. 26. 59. N.
SCHMALKALDEN, one of the provinces into which the principality of Hesse Casel, in Germany, is divided. It extends over 116 square miles. It is a hilly district, including part of the Thuringian Forest, some of the points of which reach the height of 3100 feet. It is watered by several small streams, all of which lose themselves in the river Werra. The soil is mostly sandy and sterile, and rarely produces more corn than suffices tor a quarter of the consumption. The mines yield rock-salt and iron, and the latter creates the chief employment of the inhabitants next to agriculture. The province contains one city, four markettowns, thirty-five villages, and twenty-four hamlets, with 24,500 inhabitants, mostly Protestants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the small river Schmal-kalde. It is interesting in an historical view, as having been the place where the Protestant league was formed to secure religious liberty, at the commencement of the Thirty Years’ War in Germany. It is surrounded with walls and ditches; but is dilapidated, and scarcely capable of defence. It has an ancient castle, three churches, several institutions for education, 1050 houses, and 5100 inhabitants, whose chief occupation is making ironmongery, cutlery, and weapons, especially swords and bayonets. The salt-mines produce about 12,000 quintals of refined salt. Long. II. 1.E. Lat. 50. 44. 36. N.
SCHMIEDENBERG, a city of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Reichenbach and circle of Hirschberg. It stands on the river Yssel, at the foot of the Kahlenberg Mountains, but is 1400 feet above the level of the sea. It is an open place, of only two streets, more than two miles in length, and contains 550 houses, with 4830 inhabitants, who make some of the finest damask table-linens, and many other kinds of goods. The mountain behind it rises to 3300 feet.
SCIIOENOBATES (from the Greek, σχοιvος, a rope, and βαιvω, I walk), a name which the Greeks gave to their rope-dancers. By the Romans they were called funambuli. The schoenobates were slaves whose masters made money of them, by entertaining the people with their feats of activity. Mercurialis (De Arte Gymnastica, lib. iii.) gives us five figures of schoenobates, engraven after ancient stones.
SCHOLASTIC, something belonging to the school.

Scholastic Divinity is that part or species of divinity which clears and discusses questions by reason and arguments; in which sense it stands in some measure opposed to positive divinity, which is founded on the authority of fathers, councils, &c.
SCHOLIAST, or Commentator, a grammarian who writes scholia, that is, notes and glosses, upon ancient authors who have written in the learned languages.
SCHOLIUM, a note, annotation, or remark, occasionally made on some passage, proposition, or the like. This term is much used in geometry and other parts of mathematics, where, after demonstrating a proposition, it is customary to point out how it might be done some other way, or to give some advice or precaution in order to prevent mistakes, or add some particular use or application thereof.
SCHOOL, a public place, in which the languages, the arts, or sciences, are taught. Thus we say, a grammar school, a writing school, and a school of natural philosophy. The word is formed from the Latin schola, which, according to Du Cange, signifies discipline and correction. He adds, that it was anciently used for all places where several persons met together, either to study, to converse, or do any other matter. See Educatιon and Universities.
SCHOONER, in nautical language, a small vessel with two masts, whose main-sail and fore-sail are suspended from gaffs, reaching from the mast towards the stern, and stretched out below by booms, and whose foremost ends are hooked to an iron, which clasps the mast so as to turn therein as upon an axis, when the after-ends are swung from one side of the vessel to the other.
SCHOUTEN’S Island, on the eastern coast of Van Diemen’s Land, consists of lofty mountains separated by deep valleys.
SCHREVELIUS, Cornelius, a laborious Dutch critic and writer, who has published some editions of the ancient classics, more distinguished for their elegance than accuracy. His Greek Lexico is esteemed the best of all his works. He died in 1667.
SCHRYARI, an ancient wind-instrument of the bagpipe kind, long disused.
SCHULTENS, Albert, professor of Hebrew and of the oriental languages at Leyden, and one of the most learned men of the eighteenth century, was born at Groningen, where he studied till the year 1706, and thence continued his studies at Leyden and Utrecht. Schultens at length applied himself to the study of Arabic, both printed and in manuscript, in which he made great progress. A short time afterwards he became minister of Wassenar; and in two years professor of the eastern tongues at Franekcr. At length he was invited to Leyden, where he taught Hebrew and the Oriental languages with extraordinary reputation till his death, which happened in the year 1750. He wrote many learned works, the principal of which are, 1. A Commentary on Job, in two vols. 4to; 2. A Commentary on the Proverbs; 3. Vetus regia Via Hebraizandi; 4. Animadversiones philologicae et criticacad varia loca Veteris Testamenti; 5. An excellent Hebrew Grammar. Schultens discovered in all his works sound criticism and much learning. He maintained against Gousset and Driessen, that in order to have a perfect knowledge of Hebrew, it is necessary to join with it not only the Chaldaic and Syriac, but more particularly the Arabic.
SCHURMAN, Αnna Maria, a most extraordinary German lady, was born at Cologne in 1607. Her natural genius discovered itself at six years of age, when she cut all sorts of figures in paper with her scissars without a pattern. At eight she learned in a few days to draw flowers in a very agreeable manner. At ten, she took only three hours to learn embroidery; and afterwards she was taught music vocal and instrumental, painting, sculpture, and engraving, in all of which she succeeded admirably. She excelled in miniature-painting, and in cutting portraits upon glass with a diamond. Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, were so familiar to her, that the most learned men were astonished at it. She spoke French, Italian, and English, fluently. Her handwriting, in almost all languages, was so inimitable, that the curious preserved specimens of it in their cabinets. But all this extent of learning and penetration could not[7:19:690] protect her from falling into the errors of Labadie, the famous French enthusiast, who had been banished France for his extravagant tenets and conduct. To this man she entirely attached herself, and accompanied him wherever he went; nay even attended him in his last illness at Altena in Holstein. Her works, consisting of De Vitae Humanae termino, Dissertatio de Ingenii Muliebris ad doctrinam et meliores litteras aptitudine, and her Letters to her learned correspondents, were printed at Leyden in 1648, but enlarged in the edition of Utrecht, 1662, in 12mo, when they appeared under the following title: A. M. Schurman Opuscula Hebraea, Graeca, Latina, Gallica, Prosaica, et Metrica. She likewise published at Altena, in Latin, a defence of her attachment to Labadie, whilst she was with him in 1673. She died in Friesland in 1678.
SCHWABACH, a city of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rezat, situated on a river of the same name. It is the seat of the provincial courts of law, and of the boards of administration. It contains one reformed and two Lutheran churches, two Catholic chapels, and a Jews’ synagogue, with 650 houses, and 6960 inhabitants, who are employed in various manufactures, principally in spinning cotton and making hosiery, but also in producing cutlery, paper, and toys of wood and of ivory.
SCHWARTSBURG-SONDERHAUSEN, a small sovereign principality in Germany, taking its first name from an ancient castle, and the second from its capital. It is 263 geographical square miles in extent, is divided into seven bailiwicks, which comprise twelve cities and towns, and 83 villages, with, in 1838, 54,080 inhabitants, all adhering to the Lutheran confession except 200, who are Catholics. The revenue of the prince, chiefly derived from domains, amounts to L.40,000, and the expenditure is nearly equal to it, including interest on the public debt, which does not exceed one year’s income. The contingent fixed to the German confederation is a force of 451 men. By a decree issued in 1830, an assembly of the states is provided, which, with the prince, is in future to make or alter the laws, and to regulate the finances. It is generally a hilly and woody district. It produces, by the help of extensive cultivation of potatoes, a little more corn than it consumes, and the surplus of it, with the produce of the forests, form the chief articles of trade. Much flax is grown, and there are some inconsiderable mines of iron, and these two articles afford some employment. The capital is Sonderhausen, with 3600 inhabitants, and the city of Arastad has 4800; the others are small places.
SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT, asovereign principality in Germany. It is 305 geographical square miles in extent, and is divided into eleven bailiwicks, which comprise eight cities and towns, and 155 villages, with, in 1838, 65,694 inhabitants, all Lutherans, except ,150 Catholics and about the same number of Jews. The income of the state is L.32,500, arising partly from domains, besides which the prince has estates in Holstein, which are his private property. The debt amounts to about two years’ income, but by a sinking fund is gradually diminishing. The contingent of force to the German confederation is fixed at 539 men. The greater part of the territory is on the Thuringian Hills, but between them are valleys of considerable fertility, especially that through which the Saale passes, and in which the capital, Rudolstadt, stands; but much of the land is poor, and scantily rewards the labour of the husbandman. It does, however, with the aid of potatoes, which are extensively cultivated, yield sufficient bread-corn, chiefly rye, for the subsistence of the inhabitants. Flax is extensively grown; but the mines afford more employment, yielding iron and lead, and some earths well adapted for making pottery-ware, all of which, with the addition of glass manufactories, give subsistence to the labouring classes. There are two cities, viz. Rudolstadt with 4000, und Frankenhausen with 3900 inhabitants.
SCHWATZ, a town of the Austrian province of Tyrol, in the circle of Innspruck. It stands on the river Inn, and having been destroyed in the course of hostilities during the year 1809, has been since rebuilt. It has again become a seat of the cotton manufacture, and of the fabrication of iron and cutlery goods and copper ware, mines of the latter being near to it. The population in 1837 amounted to 7500, and has now grown to upwards of 10,000. Long. 12. 34. E. Lat. 47. 32. N.
SCHWEIDNITZ, a city of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Reichenbach, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 203 square miles, and contains three other towns and seventy-one villages, with 41,300 inhabitants. It stands on the river Weistrig, at the foot of a lofty hill. It was the strongest fortification on the frontier, but having been taken by the French in 1807, has not since been restored. It contains two Catholic and two Lutheran churches, one of the former of which has the highest tower in Germany. It has a gymnasium, military storehouse, and barracks now unoccupied, and 700 houses, with 11,600 inhabitants, who carry on extensive manufactures of woollen, silk, and linen goods. Long. 16. 31. 25. E. Lat 50. 47. 8. N.
SCHWEINFURT, a city of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the circle of the Upper Maine, the capital of an extensive bailiwick of the same name. It stands on the river Maine, which protects it on one side, and is defended by fortifications on the other parts. It is not well built, the streets being narrow and crooked. It contains a fine palace, eight churches, 780 houses, and 7100 inhabitants, who are occupied in various small branches of manufactures. Long. 9. 44. E. Lat. 50. 10. N.
SCHWERIN, a city, the capital of the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in Germany. It is finely situated, part being on the side of the lake of Schwerin, and part on an island on that lake, the two parts being connected by bridges. It contains the palace of the grand duke, with gardens, which exhibit more taste than the residence. It is fortified, but very imperfectly. It contains one Catholic and three Lutheran churches, the various appendages of a capital for a small state, 1100 houses, and 12,880 inhabitants, who have various manufactures adequate to the domestic consumption. Long. 11. 26. E. Lat. 54. 43. N.
SCHWETZ, a town of West Prussia, in the government of Marienwerder, the capital of the circle of the same name, which extends over 537 square miles. It stands on the Vistula, at the spot where the Schwartzwasser falls into that stream, and contains an old castle, and 260 houses, with 2260 inhabitants. Long. 18. 22. 15. E. Lat. 53. 24. 10. N.
SCHWYZ, a canton of Switzerland, which gives its name to the whole confederation. It is bounded on the north by Zurich, on the north-east by St Gall, on the east by Gla-rus, on the south by Uri, and on the west by Lucerne and Zug. It extends over 344 square miles, and comprises six towns, twenty-seven communes, and 36,390 inhabitants, who all adhere to the Roman Catholic church. It furnishes a contingent of 602 men to the force of the confederation, and a contribution of 3010 francs yearly. The government is a pure democracy. The surface is intersected by a chain of mountains in the form of an arch, on both sides of which are some beautiful and moderately fertile valleys; and the mountains in summer afford excellent pasturage for cattle, which is the chief object of trade. It neither produces nor consumes much corn, and of what it does use, a part is obtained by the sale of cattle and of cheese. The most remarkable of the mountains is the Rigid, 5680 feet, on whose summit is a tavern, where visiters are accommodated. The chief river is the Sihl, which conveys to the Limmat all the waters of the several brooks that are formed from the mountains. The capital of the canton has the same name. It stands between the Righi[7:19:691] and Myten Mountains, and has a fine council-house, a church, and a monastery, and contains 4790 inhabitants, who have very little commerce of any kind except, what is created by the visits of tourists. Long. 8. 33. E. Lat. 47. 1. N.
SCIAGRAPHY, or Sciography, the profile or vertical section of a building, used for showing the inside of it.

Sciagraphy , in Astronomy, is a term made use of by some authors to signify the art of finding the hour of the day or night by the shadow of the sun, moon, or stars.
SCICLI, a city of the island of Sicily, in the province of Noto. It stands on a river of the same name, in a hollow way between two lofty rocks which terminate in the sea near the small harbour of Petershaven. It is in a humid atmosphere, but contains 10,500 inhabitants, who are industriously employed in various manufactures of cloth, pottery-ware, and leather.
SCIENCE, in Philosophy, denotes any body of doctrines deduced from self-evident principles.
SCIGLIANO, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Calabria Citeriore. It is situated in a valley on the great road, is defended by a castle, and contains 5620 inhabitants, who are employed in making mattresses and blankets.
SC ILLY, a group of islands off the coast of Cornwall, from which they are distant about thirty miles. These islands are supposed by some to have been the Cassiterides or Ten Islands with which the Phoenicians traded; but that is a disputable point. There are six islands of this group that are inhabited, but they are all in one parish, that of St Mary, in which is the parish church. There are a few small islands, or rather bare rocks, with no inhabitants, among which is that which gives its name to the whole group. The island of St Mary contains more inhabitants than all the others, and the town on it is the only one. In 1831 it contained 1311 inhabitants. It has a harbour, a church, and strong fortifications. On the island of St Agnes is the important lighthouse, which is of the highest value to ships approaching the channel in wintry or foggy weather. There is likewise on it a small church. The cultivation of these islands is imperfect, and does not, in common years, produce more than a bare sufficiency of food for the population, which is consequently on the decline; appearing by the census of 1821 to have amounted to 2614, and by that of 1831 to 2465. In unfruitful seasons the greatest distress for food has been experienced, though in all seasons fish is the common aliment. These islands are dangerous to approach, and have been fatal to many ships, as well as to Admiral Shovel and a part of his fleet in the beginning of the last century. There are establishments of pilots ready to assist vessels, and they often conduct vessels into the harbour of St Mary, through intricate and hazardous passages. There are said to be several Druidical remains on these islands. The population in 1831 was, St Mary, 1311; Tresco, 470; St Agnes, 289; St Martins, 230; Bryher, 128; and Sampson Isle, 37.
SCINDAPSOS, σχιvδαψος , a four-stringed musical instrument, according to Athenaeus (lib. iv. c. 25).
SCIOPTIC, or Scioptric Ball, a sphere or globe of wood, with a circular perforation, where a lens is placed. It is so fitted that, like the eye of an animal, it may be turned round every way, and is used in making experiments in a darkened room.
SCIPIO, Publius Cornelius, a renowned Roman general, surnamed Africanus for his conquests in that country. His other signal military exploits were, his taking the city of New Carthage in a single day; his complete victory over Hannibal, the Carthaginian general; and the defeat of Syphax king of Numidia, and of Antiochus in Asia. He was as eminent for his generous behaviour to his prisoners as for his valour. He died 180 b.c . aged about fifty-one.

Scipio , Lucius Cornelius, his brother, surnamed Asiaticus for his complete victory over Antiochus at the battle of Magnesia, in which Antiochus lost fifty thousand infantry and four thousand cavalry. A triumph, and the surname of Asiaticus, were the rewards of his valour. Yet his ungrateful countrymen accused him, as well as his brother, of peculation, for which he was fined; but the public sale of his effects proved the falsehood of the charge, for they did not produce the amount of the fine. He flourished about 190 B. c.

Scipio , Publius AEmilianus, was the son of Paulus AEmilius, but being adopted by Scipio Africanus, he was called Scipio Africanus junior. He showed himself worthy of adoption, following the footsteps of Scipio Africanus, whom he equalled in military fame and public virtues. His chief victories were the conquest of Carthage and Numantia; yet these signal services to his country could not protect him from an untimely fate. He was strangled in his bed by order of the Decemviri, who dreaded his popularity, 129 b. c. aged fifty-six.
SCIRO, an island of the Archipelago, to the west of Mytilene, to the north-east of Negropont, and to the southeast of Sciati. It is fifteen miles in length and eight in breadth. The vines form the beauty of the island, and the wine is excellent; nor do the natives want wood. There is but one village, and that is built on a rock, which runs up like a sugar-loaf, and is ten miles from the harbour of St George. The inhabitants are Greeks.
SCIROCHO, or Sirocco, a name generally given in Italy to every unfavourable wind. In the south-west it is applied to the hot suffocating blasts from Africa; and in the north-east it means the cold bleak winds from the Alps.