pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CASTELLANE, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Alps, in France, 554 square miles in extent. It is divided into six cantons and forty-six communes, containing 2025 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is a city situated on the river Verdon, and containing 1980 inhabitants. Long. 6. 39. E. Lat. 43. 55. N.
CASTELLARIUS, the keeper, or curator, of a castellum. Gruter gives an ancient sepulchral inscription in memory of a castellarius.
CASTELLATIO, in the writers of the middle ages, the act of building a castle, or of fortifying a house, and rendering it a castle. By the ancient English laws, castella-tion was prohibited without the king’s special license.
CASTELLAZZO, a town of Italy, in the province of Alessandria, of the kingdom of Sardinia, at the junction of the Tanaro with the Orba. It contains 4790 inhabitants, who subsist chiefly by agricultural pursuits.
CASTELLI, Bernard, an Italian painter, was born at Genoa in 1557, and excelled in colouring and in portraits. He was the intimate friend of Tasso, and took upon himself the task of designing and etching the figures of his Gerusalernme Liberata. He died at Genoa in 1629.

Valerio Castelli, one of his sons, born at Genoa in 1625, surpassed his father, and particularly excelled in painting battles, which he composed with spirit, and executed with so pleasing a variety, and so great freedom of hand, as gained him universal applause. His horses are admirably drawn, and thrown into attitudes that are natural and becoming, full of motion, action, and life. In that style of painting he showed all the fire of Tintoretto, united with the fine taste in composition peculiar to Paolo Veronese. He died in 1659.
CASTELLON de la Plana, a city in the Spanish province of Valencia, about a mile from the sea-coast. It' is well built, with broad and handsome streets, and contains six monasteries, two hospitals, and five poor-houses, with a population of 10,733 persons. The cultivation of hemp is much attended to, and some of the inhabitants are employed in weaving linen. Lat. 39. 52. N.
CASTELLORUM Operatio, castle-work, or service and labour done by inferior tenants for the building and upholding of castles of defence; towards which some gave personal assistance, whilst others paid their contributions. This was one of the three necessary charges to which all lands among the Anglo-Saxons were expressly subjected.
CASTELNAUDARY, an arrondissement of the department of the Aude, in France, extending over 430 square miles. It is divided into five cantons and seventy-five communes, and contains 51,597 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, is situated on the south canal, in a fine situation. It contains 1015 houses, and 9385 inhabitants. Long. 1. 52. E. Lat. 43. 19. N.
CASTELVETERANO, a city of Sicily, in the intendancy of Trapani. It stands on an eminence projecting into the sea, fifty miles from Palermo, in a healthy spot, with 14,780 inhabitants.
CASTELVETRO, Luigi, a native of Modena, of the sixteenth century, famous for his Commentary on Aristotle s Poetics. He was prosecuted by the inquisition for a certain book of Melancthon, which he had translated into Italian. He retired to Basel, where he died.
CASTIGATION, among the Romans, the punishment of an offender by blows, or beating with a wand or switch. Castigation was chiefly a military punishment, the power of inflicting which on the soldiery was given to the tribunes. Some make it consist of two kinds; one with a stick or cane, called fastigatio ; and the other with rods, called flagellatio. The latter was the more dishonourable.
CASTIGATORY for Scolds. A woman indicted for being a common scold, if convicted, shall be placed in a certain engine of correction, called the trehucket castigatory, or caching stool, which in the Saxon language signifies the scolding stool ; though now it is frequently corrupted into the ducking stool, because the residue of the judgment is, that when she is placed therein, she shall be plunged in water for her punishment.
CASTIGLIONE, Giovanni Benedetto, a celebrated painter, was born at Genoa in 1616. He painted portraits, historical pieces, landscapes, and castles, in the last of which lie is said chiefly to have excelled; as also in fairs, markets, and all kinds of rural scenes. By this master we have also a great number of etchings, which are all spirited, free, and full of taste. His son, Francesco, was bred under himself, and excelled in the same subjects; and it is thought that many good paintings which are ascribed to Benedetto, and are frequently seen at sales, or in modern collections, are copies after him by his son Francesco, or perhaps originals of the younger Castiglione.

Castiglione delle Stiviere, a market-town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Mantua, celebrated for the battle fought there between the French and Austrians in 1796. It contains eight churches, and 5290 inhabitants.
CASTIGLIONI, Balthazar, an eminent Italian nobleman, was born ņt Casalico, in the duchy of Milan, in 1478. He studied painting, sculpture, and architecture, as appears from a book he wrote in favour of these arts; and excelled so much in them, that Raphael, Urbino, and Buonarotti, though incomparable artists, never thought their works complete without the approbation of Count Castiglioni. When he was twenty-six years of age, Guido Ubaldo, duke of Urbino, sent him ambassador to Pope Julius II. He was dispatched on a second embassy to Louis XII. of France, and on a third to Henry VII. of England. After he had terminated his business here, he returned, and began his celebrated work, entitled the Courtier, which he completed at Rome in 1516. This work is full of moral and political instruction; and if we seek for the Italian tongue in perfection, it is said to be nowhere better found than in this performance. A version of this work, together with the original Italian, was published at London in 1727, by A. P. Castiglioni, a gentleman of the same family, who resided here under the patronage of Dr Gibson, bishop of London. Count Castiglioni was sent by Clement VII. to the court of the emperor Charles V. in quality of delegate, and died at Toledo in 1529.
CASTLEBAR, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, situated near the picturesque lake of Rahinc. It is a remarkably neat place; the streets are regular, and the houses well built. The public edifices arc a linen hall, over which is an assembly room; the parish church, which has a lofty steeple; the Roman Catholic chapel; a barrack for soldiers, this being a permanent military station; a handsome court-house; and a new jail. There are here two breweries and a -tannery. The linen trade is prosperous, and the town is altogether a thriving place. The assizes are held here. It is distant 159 miles west-northwest of Dublin, and 35 north of Galway. The population amounts to 5404.
CASTLEBLANEY, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, and barony of Cremorne. It lies on the mail-coach road from Dublin to Derry, and is a rapidly improving place. It is distant 68 miles north-north-west of Dublin. The population amounts to about 1500.
CASTLE-CAREY, a remarkable Roman station, a few miles west from Falkirk, on the borders of Stirlingshire, in Scotland. It comprehends several acres of ground, is of a square form, and is surrounded with a wall of stone and mortar. All the space within the walls has been occupied by buildings, the ruins of which have raised the earth eight or ten feet above its natural surface. In 1770 some workmen employed in searching for stones for the great canal which passes very near it, discovered several apartments of stone; and in one of them a great number of stones about two feet in length, and standing erect, with marks of fire upon them, as if they had been employed in supporting some vessel under which fire was put. In a hollow of the rock near this place a considerable quantity of wheat quite black with age was found in 1771, with some wedges and hammers supposed to be Roman.
CASTLECOMER, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny. The town is handsome, consisting principally of one broad street, inclosed by well-built houses. It possesses a handsome church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a market-house, and barracks. About two miles from the town there is a coal mine, in working which and dealing in coals the inhabitants are principally engaged. It is distant 70 miles south-west of Dublin. The population amounts to about 1000.
CASTLEDERMOT, or Tristle Dermot, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare. It is situated upon the river Lane, on the great southern road from Dublin to Cork. It was anciently a fortified town, and the residence of the kings of Leinster. Here are the remains of an ancient Franciscan abbey, and other antique ruins. There is a parish church, a Roman Catholic chapel, and a Quaker’s meeting-house. It is distant 43 miles south-west of Dublin. The population amounts to about 1500.
CASTLE-DOUGLAS, a village of Scotland, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. It consists of one principal street, lying along the public road, and some back streets, composed of good houses, neatly built. It possesses a post-office, one bank, two branch banks, and a large grain market, held every Monday. This place is in a very thriving condition. It is distant ten miles north-east of Kirkcudbright.
CASTLE-ISLAND, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, pleasantly situated near the river Mang. It possesses a market-house, a parish-church, a Roman Catholic chapel, and a sessions-house. The castle, which gives name to the place, was erected in 1226, and was frequently the subject of violent contention. It is distant 197 miles south-west of Dublin. The population amounts to about 1600.
CASTLE-LYONS, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, situated near the river Bride, in a beautiful and fertile valley. The town is neatly built, and has a considerable trade in linen. The population amounts to about 1400.
CASTLE-RISING, a borough in Norfolk, only remarkable for its antiquity. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 272, in 1821 to 343, and in 1831 to 358. It is 110 milcs from London.
CASTLETOWN, a market-town in the Isle of Man, and deemed the capital of the island, although it is inferior to Douglas in wealth and commercial importance. The streets are neat, and in the centre of the town is a square containing some handsome houses. The commerce of the place is much impeded from the difficult entrance to the harbour. A considerable quantity of corn is exported, but foreign importations are confined to Port-Douglas. All law proceedings are transacted here, and the lieutenant-governor resides in the town. Castlc-Rushen, a building of great strength, founded by a Danish prince in the year 690, is situated in the centre of the place. Within its walls are the governor’s house and the barrack. A part of it is also fitted up as a prison. Castletown possesses a bank and a literary society. It is distant nine miles south-south-west of Douglas. The population amounts to about 2100.
CASTOR, in Astronomy, a moiety of the constellation Gemini, called also Apollo. Its latitude northwards, for the year 1700, according to Hevelius, was 10. 4. 23, and its longitude of Cancer 17. 4. 14. It is also called Razal-genze, Apollo, Aphellan, Avellar, and Anelar.

Castor and Pollux, in Pagan mythology, twin brothers, celebrated for the fable of their birth, their fortunes, and their friendships. Jupiter having had an amour with Leda, the wife of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, in the form of a swan, she brought forth two eggs, each containing twins. From the one impregnated by Jupiter proceeded Pollux and Helena, who were both immortal; from the other Castor and Clytemnestra, who being begotten by Tyndarus, were both mortal. They were all, however, called by the common name of Tyndaridce. The two brothers entered into an inviolable friendship; and they went with the other noble youths of Greece in the expedition to Colchis, and on several occasions signalized themselves by their courage; but Castor being at length killed, Pollux obtained leave to share his own immortality with him, so that they were said to live and die alternately; for, being translated into the skies, they form the constellation of Gemini, one of the stars of which rises as the other sets.

A martial dance, called the Pyrrhic or Castorian dance, was invented in honour of these deities, whom the Ccpha-lenses placed among the Dii Magni, and offered to them white lambs. The Romans also paid them particular honours on account of the assistance they are said to have rendered during an engagement with the Latins, in which, appearing mounted on white steeds, they turned the scale of victory in favour of the Romans, for which service a temple was erected to them in the forum.

Castor and Pollux, a fiery meteor, which at sea appears sometimes sticking to a part of the ship, in form of [7:6:236]one, two, or even three or four fire-balls. When one is seen alone, it is properly called Helena ; but two are denominated Castor and Pollux, and sometimes Tyndaridae. Castor and Pollux are called by the Spaniards, San Elmo; by the French, St Eime, St Nicholas, St Clare, St Helene; by the Italians, Hermo; by the Dutch, Tree Vuuren.

Castor and Pollux are commonly believed to portend a cessation of the storm, and a succeeding calm, being rarely seen till the tempest is nearly spent. Helena alone portends ill, and indicates that the severest part of the storm is yet to come. When the meteor sticks to the masts and yards, it is concluded, from the air not having motion sufficient to dissipate this flame, that a profound calm is at hand; if it flutter about, it indicates a storm.
CASTRATION, the operation of depriving a male animal of the capacity of generation.

Castration is much in use in Asia, especially among the Turks, who practise it on their slaves to prevent any commerce with their women. The Persians and other eastern nations have various methods of making eunuchs, different from those which obtain in Europe; for the operation is not always performed among them by cutting, or even by collision, cicuta and other poisonous herbs having the same effect, as is shown by Paulus Aegineta. Those eunuchised in this manner are called thlibiae. But there is another sort called thlasiae, in whom the genitals are left entire, and only the veins which feed them are cut, by which means the parts do indeed remain, but so lax and weak as to be of no use. Castration was for some time the punishment of adultery. According to the laws of the Visigoths, sodomites were subjected to the same punishment. By the civil law it is made penal in physicians and surgeons to castrate, even with consent of the party, who is himself included in the same penalty, and his effects forfeited. The offence of mayhem by castration is, according to our old writers, felony, although committed upon the highest provocation. See a record to this purpose of Henry III., transcribed by Sir Edward Coke, 3 Inst. 62.

Castration is also in some sort practised on women. Athenaeus mentions that King Andramytes was the first who castrated women; and Hesychius and Suidas state that Gyges did the same thing. Galen observes, that women cannot be castrated without danger of life; and Dalechampius, remarking on the passage of Athenaeus alluded to, holds that it is only to be understood of simple padlocking.
CASTRES, an arrondissement of the department of Tarn, in France, extending over 775 square miles. It is divided into fourteen cantons and 106 communes, and contains 115,252 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, is situated on the navigable river Agout. It contains 1681 houses, and 13,717 inhabitants, who are employed in woollen manufactures, tanneries, paper-mills, and other industrious pursuits. Long. 2. 9. 50. E. Lat. 43. 37. 10. N.
CASTRIES, Bay of, is situated on the east coast of Chinese Tartary, in the Channel or Gulf of Tartary, which separates that part of the continent from the island or peninsula of Saghalien. The sea is constantly covered with fogs, and various kinds of volcanic substances are abundant on the shores, and amongst the islets at the entrance of the bay. The country is covered with wood, and the inhabitants are thinly scattered. They are of a very short stature, and feeble in their frame, with shrill voices. Their principal subsistence is salmon, which they devour raw with extreme avidity. They are ignorant of agriculture, and occasionally collect wild roots for their subsistence.
CASTRO, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Otranto. It is situated upon a hill on the Adriatic Sea, and contains 7789 inhabitants, who carry on extensive fisheries. The neighbourhood is celebrated for the growth of tobacco.

Castro Giovanni, a city of the intendancy of Calatanisetta, in the island of Sicily. It stands on the high mountain of Ena, in the centre of the island, in a healthy and moderately fertile district. In the neighbourhood are extensive salt mines, which furnish the vicinity with that commodity. It is a walled place, in which are the remains of the celebrated temple of Ceres and Proserpine. The inhabitants are about 11,000.

Castro Marim, a port in the province of Algarve, in the kingdom of Portugal. It is situated at the mouth of the Guadiana, the boundary betwixt Spain and Portugal, and is not more than two miles from Ayamonte, in Andalusia. This town contains 450 houses, and 1800 inhabitants, many of them employed in fishing and in a smuggling trade. Lat. 37. 11. N.

Castro Nuovo, a city of Sicily, in the intendancy of Girgenti. It is a healthy spot, containing 4700 inhabitants, who cultivate cotton and grow excellent wine. Near to the city are some extensive marble quarries, which furnished that stone for the royal palace of Caserta.

Castro Reale, a city of the intendancy of Messina, in the island of Sicily, situated on a triangular and rocky mountain, in a salubrious atmosphere, and on a soil highly productive of excellent wine and oil. It is 150 miles from Palermo, and contains about 11,000 inhabitants.

Castro del Rio, a Spanish town in the province of Cordova, with 4600 inhabitants. Lat. 37. 48. N.

Castro de Urdiales, a sea-port of Spain, in that part of the province of Old Castile which is called Cantabrica. It is situated on the river Santona, and, if it were as well protected from the westerly winds as from every other, would be a most valuable port.

Castro Villari, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Calabria Citeriore, and situated on the river Coscile. It is well built, and contains 5600 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in the products of the vicinity, viz. in wine, oil, cotton, mastic, manna, and fruits of various kinds.

Castro Vireyna, a province of Peru, bounded on the north-west by the province of Cunete, on the north by that of Yauyoo, on the north-east by that of Angiraes and by the jurisdiction of Huamanga and Huanta, on the west by that of Vilcas Huaman, on the south-west by that of Lucanas, and on the south-south-west and west by that of ĭca. From east to west it is sixty-six miles in length, and from north to south seventy-five miles in breadth. This province throughout is barren and uneven. Its productions are wheat, maize, and potatoes; and in some of the valleys where the cold is not severe, fruit is plentiful. Considerable numbers of Peruvian sheep are fed here, and their wool forms the principal article of traffic. The population amounts to about 7000. The capital of the province, which bears the same name, is an insignificant town, situated on a lofty mountain, and subjected to intense cold.
CASTRUM Doloris, in the writers of the middle ages, denotes a catafalco, or a lofty tomb of state, erected in honour of some person of eminence, usually in the church where the body is interred, and decorated with arms, emblems, lights, and the like.

Ecclesiastical writers speak of the ceremony of consecrating a castrum doloris. The edifice was to be constructed so as to represent the body of the deceased; and the priest and deacon were to take their posts, and say prayers in the same manner as if the corpse were actually present.
CASTS. See Casting.
CASUALTY, in a general sense, denotes an accident, or a thing happening by chance, not design. It is particularly used for an accident producing unnatural death.

Casualty, in Scotch Law, means a condition, accident, or contingency of feu-holding. The casualties of a superior are those duties and emoluments which a superior has aright to demand out of his vassal’s estate, over and above the constant yearly duties established by the reddendo of his charter, upon certain casual events.
CASUIST, a person who proposes to resolve cases of conscience. Escobar has made a collection of the opinions of all the casuists before him. Μ. le Féore, preceptor of Louis XIII. called the books of the casuists expositions of the art of quibbling with God; and from the multitude of distinctions and subtilties they abound withal, this does not seem far from truth. Mayer has published a bibliotheca of casuists, containing an account of all the writers on cases of conscience, ranged under three heads; the first comprehending the Lutheran, the second the Calvinist, and the third the Romish casuists.
CASUISTRY, the doctrine and science of conscience and its cases, with the rules and principles of resolving the same, drawn partly from natural reason or equity, partly from authority of Scripture, the canon law, councils, fathers, and such like authorities. To casuistry belongs the decision of all difficulties arising about what a man may lawfully do or not do; what is sin or not sin; what things a man is obliged to do in order to discharge his dutyi and what he may pretermit without breach of it.
CAT ISLAND, or St Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands, is about sixty miles in length by twelve in average breadth. It is only remarkable from having been the first land discovered by Columbus in his voyage of discovery. He landed here on the 12th of October 1492, and named it St Salvador. By the natives it is termed Gua-nimina, and by the English Cat Island. Long. 75. W. Lat. 24. 30. N.

Cat's -Eye , or Sun-stone, a kind of gem found chiefly in Siberia. Cat’s-eye is by the Latins called oculus cati, and sometimes onycopalus, as having white zones or rings like the onyx, with its colours variable like opal, from which last it differs chiefly by its superior hardness.

Cat - Gut, a denomination given to small strings for fiddles and other instruments, made of the intestines of sheep or lambs, dried and twisted together, either singly, or several together. These strings are sometimes coloured red, sometimes blue, but are commonly left whitish or brownish, the natural colour of the gut. They are also used by watchmakers, cutlers, turners, and other artificers.

Cat - Salt , a name given by salt-workers to a very beautifully granulated kind of common salt.
CATABAMBA, a province of Peru, bounded on the north by the province of Abancay, on the south-west and south by that of Chilques and Masques, on the west by that of Chumbivilcas, and on the north-west by that of Aima-raez. It is seventy-five miles in length from east to west, and twenty-three in breadth from north to south. This province is mountainous, and of a cold temperature. In the valleys and low lands there are a number of pastures, on which cattle are reared. Wheat, maize, and pulse, grow here, but not in great abundance. In some parts plantains, figs, and water melons, are produced. There is an abundance of that peculiar plant, the leaves of which are manufactured into hemp, from which are made those cords and thick ropes used in the construction of bridges across rivers. There are twenty-five settlements, and the inhabitants amount to about 10,000. The capital is an inconsiderable place, of the same name, although sometimes called Tumbabamba.
CATACHRESIS, in Rhetoric, a trope which borrows the name of one thing to express another. Thus Milton, describing Raphael’s descent from the empyrean heaven to paradise, says,
Down thither prone in flight
He speeds, and through the vast ethereal sky
Sails between worlds and worlds.