pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CANTO denotes a part or division of a poem, answering to what is otherwise called a booh. The word is Italian, and properly signifies song. Tasso, Ariosto, and several other Italians, have divided their longer or heroic poems into cantos. In imitation of them, Scarron has also divided his Gigantamachia, and Boileau his Lutrin, into chants or songs. The like usage has been adopted by some English writers, as Butler, who divides his Hudibras, and Dr Garth his Dispensary, into cantos. A modern translator of part of Virgil’s Aewez¢Zhas even subdivided a book of Virgil into several cantos.

Canto, in the Italian musie, signifies a song; hence canto simplice is where all the notes or figures are equal, and called also canto sermo ; while canto figurato is where the figures are unequal, and express different motions.

Canto also signifies the treble part of a song; hence canto concertante, the treble of the little chorus, and canto repieno, the treble of the grand chorus, or that which sings only now and then in particular places. Canto signifies the first treble, unless some other word be added to it, as secondo; in which case it denotes the second treble.
CANTONING, in the military art, is the allotting distinct and separate quarters to each regiment; the town where they are quartered being divided into as many cantons as there are regiments.
CANTRED, or Cantretn, signifies a hundred villages. It is a British word, compounded of the adjective cant, meaning hundred; and tref, a town or village. In Wales some of the counties are divided into cantreds, as in England into hundreds.
CANTYRE, from Cantierre, signifying a “headland,” the southern division of the county of Argyle in Scotland.

Mull of Cantyre, the south cape or promontory of the peninsula.
CANVASS, a very clear unbleached cloth, of hemp or flax, wove regularly in little squares. It is used for working tapestry with the needle, by passing the threads of gold, silver, silk, or wool, through the intervals or squares.

Canvass is also a coarse cloth of hemp, unbleached, and somewhat clear, which serves to cover women’s stays, to stiffen men’s clothes, and also to make some other wearing apparel.

Canvass is also used among the French for the model or first words on which an air or piece of music is composed, and given to a poet to regulate and finish. The canvass of a song contains certain notes of the composer, which show the poet the measure of the verses he is to make. Thus Du Lot says, he has canvass for ten sonnets against the Muses.

Canvass is also the name of a cloth made of hemp, and used for ships’ sails; Canvass, among painters, is the cloth on which they usually draw their pictures. The canvass being smoothed over with a slick stone, then sized, and afterwards whited over, makes what the painters call their primeo cloth, on which they draw their first sketches with coal or chalk, and afterwards finish with colours.
CANY, a town of the department of the Lower Seine, in France, with 240 houses and 1434 inhabitants.
CANZONE, in Music, signifies, in general, a song where some little figures are introduced; but it is sometimes used for a sort of Italian poem, usually pretty long, for which music may be composed in the style of a cantata. If this term be added to a piece of instrumental music, it signifies much the same as cantata; if placed in any part of a sonata, it implies the same as allegro, and only denotes that the part to which it is prefixed is to be played or sung in a brisk and lively manner.
CANZONETTA, a diminutive of canzone, denoting a little short song. The canzonette Neapolitane have two strains, each of which is sung twice over, as the vaudevilles of the French. The canzonetta Siciliana is a species of jig, the measure of which is usually twelve eighths, and six eighths, and sometimes both, as rondeaus.
CAORLO, a small island in the Gulf of Venice, on the coast of Friuli, twenty miles south-west of Aquileia; subject to Venice. It possesses a small town of the same name.
CAPACITY, in a general sense, an aptitude or disposition to hold or retain any thing.

Capacity, in Geometry, is the solid contents of any body; also our hollow measures for wine, bear, corn, salt, &c. are called measures of capacity.
CAPALUAN, one of the smaller Philippine Islands, fourteen miles in length by five in average breadth. It lies about four miles south of the island of Luzon. Long. 121. 48. E. Lat. 13. 50. N.
CAPARASON, or Caparison, the covering or clothing laid over a horse, especially a sumpter horse, or horse of state. The word is Spanish, caparazon, being probably an augmentative of capa, a cloak. Anciently the caparasons were a kind of iron armour, wherewith horses were covered in battle.
CAPE, a high land running out with a point into the [7:6:109] sea, as Cape Nord, Cape Horn, the Cape of Good Hope, &c.

Cape Breton. See Breton. Cape Coast Castle. See Coast. Cape of Good Hope. See Good Hope. Cape Verd. See Verd.
CAPELLA, in Astronomy, a bright fixed star in the left shoulder of the constellation Auriga.
CAPELLUS, Lewis, an eminent French Protestant divine, born at Sedan in Champagne about the year 1579. He was the author of some learned works, but is chiefly known from the controversy he engaged in with the younger Buxtorf Concerning the antiquity of the Hebrew points or Masora, which Capellus undertook to disprove. His Critica Sacra was also an elaborate work, and excited some disputes. He died in 1658, having made an abridgment of his life in his work De Gente Capellori.
CAPERNAUM, a city celebrated in the Gospels, being the place where Jesus usually resided during the time of his ministry. This city is nowhere mentioned in the Old Testament under this or any other name like it; and therefore it is not improbable that it was one of those towns which the Jews built after their return from the Babylonish captivity. It stood on the sea-coast, that is, on the coast of the sea of Galilee, on the borders of Zebulon and Naphtalim (Matt. iv. 15), and consequently towards the upper part thereof. It took its name no doubt from an adjacent spring, of great repute for its clear and limpid water, and which, according to Josephus, was by the natives called Capernaum. As this spring might be some inducement to the building of the town in the place where it stood, so its being a convenient place of transport from Galilee to any part on the other side of the sea might be some motive to our Lord for his moving from Nazareth, and making this the place of his most constant residence. Upon this account Capernaum was highly honoured, and said by our Lord himself to be “exalted unto heaven ;” but because it made no right use of this signal favour, it drew from him the severe denunciation, that it should “be brought down to hell” (Matt. xi. 23), which has certainly been verified; for, as Dr Wells observes, so far is it from being the metropolis of all Galilee, as it once was, that it consisted long since of no more than six poor fishermen’s huts, and may perhaps be now totally desolate.
CAPEROLANS, a congregation of religious in Italy, so called from Peter Caperole their founder, in the loth century.

The Milanese and Venetians being at war, the enmity thereby occasioned spread itself to the very cloisters. The superiors of minor brothers in the province of Milan, which extended itself as far as the territories of the republic of Venice, carried it so haughtily over the Venetians, that those of the convent of Brescia resolved to shake off a yoke which had grown insupportable to them. The superiors, informed of this, drove out of the province those whom they considered as the authors of this design, the principal of whom were Peter Caperole, Matthew[7:6:110] de Tharvillo, and Bonaventure of Brescia. Peter Caperole, a man of an enterprising genius, found means to separate the convents of Brescia, Bergamo, and Cremona, from the province of Milan, and subject them to the conventuals. This occasioned a law-suit between the vicargeneral and these convents, which was determined in favour of the latter; and the convents, in 1475, by the authority of Pope Sextus IV., were erected into a distinct vicarate, under the title of that of Brescia. But this not satisfying the ambition of Caperole, he obtained, by the interposition of the doge of Venice, that this vicarate might be erected into a congregation, which from him was called Caperola7is. This congregation still subsists in Italy, and is composed of twenty-four convents, situated in Brescia, Bergamo, and Cremasco.
CAPH, a Jewish measure of capacity for things, estimated by Komehi at the thirtieth part of the log, by Arbuthnot at the sixteenth part of the hin or thirty-second of the seah, amounting to five eighths of an English pint. The caph does not occur in Scripture as the name of any measure.
CAPHTOR, in Ancient Geography, a town or district of Upper Egypt; and hence the people called Caphtorim or Caphtorei. CAPI-Aga, or Capi-Agassi, a Turkish officer who is governor of the gates of the seraglio, or grand master of the seraglio. The capi-aga is the first dignity among the white eunuchs; he is always near the person of the grand signior; he introduces ambassadors to public audiences; and nobody enters or goes out of the grand signior’s apartment but by his means. His office gives him the privilege of wearing the turban in the seraglio, and of going everywhere on horseback. He accompanies the grand signior to the apartment of the sultanas, but stops at the door without entering. His appointment is very moderate: the grand signior bears the expense of his table, and allows him at the rate of about sixty French livres per day; but his office brings him abundance of presents, no affair of consequence coming to the emperor’s knowledge with out passing through his hand. The capi-aga cannot become pasha when he quits his post.
CAPIAS, in Law, a writ of two sorts; one before judgment in an action, and the other after. That beforejudg-ment is called capias ad respondendum, where an original is issued out, to take the defendant, and make him answer the plaintiff. That after judgment is of divers kinds; as, Capias ad Satisfaciendum, a writ of execution, that issues on a judgment obtained, and lies where any person recovers in a personal action, as for debt, damages, and the like; in which cases this writ issues to the sheriff, commanding him to take the body of him against whom the debt is recovered, who is to be kept in prison till he makes satisfaction.

Capias pro Fine is a writ lying where a person is fined to the king, for some offence committed against a statute, and he does not discharge the fine according to the judgment; therefore his body shall be taken by this writ, and committed to jail till the fine be paid.

Capias ut Legatum, a writ which lies against any one outlawed, upon any action personal or criminal, by which the sheriff is ordered to apprehend the party outlawed, for not appearing on the exigent, and keep him in safe custody till the day of return, when he is ordered to present him to the court, to be there further ordered for his contempt.

Capias in Withernam, a writ that lies for cattle in withernam ļ that is, where a distress taken is driven out of the county, so that the sheriff cannot make deliverance upon a replevin; then this writ issues, commanding the sheriff to take as many beasts of the distrainer, &c.
CAPIGI, or Capidji, a porter or door-keeper of the Turkish seraglio. The word, in its original, signifies gate.
CAPILLAMENT, in a general sense, signifies a hair; and hence the word is applied to several things which, on account of their length or their fineness, resemble hairs; as,
CAPILLARY, in a general sense, an appellation given to things on account of their extreme fineness, or resembling hair.
CAPILUPI, or Capilupus, Camillus, a native of Mantua, in the sixteenth century. He wrote a book entitled The Stratagem, in which he relates not only what was perpetrated at Paris during the massacre on St Bartholomew’s day, but also the artful preparations which preceded that horrid massacre. It is, howevpr, blended with a great number of fabrications.

Capilupi, Laelius, an Italian poet, brother to the former, made himself famous by some centos of Virgil. The manner in which he applied Virgil’s expressions to represent things which the poet never dreamt of is remarkable. His cento against women is very ingenious, but too satirical. The poems of Capilupi arc inserted in the Deliciae Poetarum Italorum.
CAPISCOLUS, or Capiscnolus, in ecclesiastical writers, denotes a dignitary in certain cathedrals, who had the superintendence of the choir or band of music, and answers to what in other churches is called chanter or precentor. The word is also written cabiscolus and caput-scholoe, meaning the head of the school or band of music. The capiscolus is also called scholasticus, as having the instruction of the young clerks and choristers in the performance of their duty.
CAPITAL, from the Latin caput i the head, is used on various occasions to express the relation of a head, chief, or principal: thus, Capital City, in Geography, denotes the principal city of a kingdom, state, or province.

Capital Stock, among merchants, bankers, and traders, signifies the sum of money which individuals contribute to make up the common stock of a partnership when it is first formed.

Capital Crime, such a one as subjects the criminal to capital punishment, that is, to loss of life.

Capital Letters, in Printing, large or initial letters, in which titles, &c. are composed, with which all periods, verses, &c. commence, and all proper names of men, kingdoms, nations, &c. begin. The practice which for some time obtained among our printers, of beginning every substantive with a capital, has now justly fallen into disrepute, being a manifest perversion of the design of capitals, as well as an offence against beauty and distinctness.
CAPITANATA, a province of the kingdom of Naples, in the southern part of Italy. It is bounded on the north and the east by the Adriatic Sea, on the south-east by the provinces Bari and Basilicata, on the south by the Principato-Ulteriore, on the west by Molise, and on the north-west by Abruzzo. It extends over 5000 square miles, or 3,200,000 acres, and is by far the largest province of the kingdom. On the north-east the mountainous range of Gargano covers an extent of more than 800 square miles. On the south-west side of the province the Apennines occupy a part of the space. Though the more mountainous parts are sterile, yet between them are rich valleys. The chief products are wheat, maize, pulse, fruits, tobacco, licorice, hemp, flax, oil, and wine. The breeding of cattle, especially of sheep, is a very extensive pursuit, and has in a great measure supersecled the breeding of silk worms. There are few manufactures in the province; and even the wool, which is excellent, is sent to other districts to be made into cloth. There is some little coasting trade with the other Italian countries, but no foreign commerce, except with Dalmatia. The inhabitants at the last census in 1793 amounted to 251,828 individuals, but are supposed to have much increased since that period. It is divided into three districts, namely, Foggio, St Severo, and Manfredonia. The capital of the province is the city Foggio.
CAPITANEI, or Catanei, in Italy, was a denomination given to all the dukes, marquises, and counts, who were called capitanei regis. The same appellation was also given to persons of inferior rank who were invested with fees, and formerly distinguished by the appellation vala-sores majores.
CAPITANEUS, in ancient law writers, denotes a tenant in capite or chief.

Capitaneus Ecclesiae, the same with advocate.
CAPITANIA, an appellation given to the twelve governments established by the Portuguese in the Brazils.
CAPITATION, a tax or imposition raised on each person, in proportion to his labour, industry, office, rank, or station. It is a very ancient kind of tribute. The Latins call it tributum, by which taxes on persons are distinguished from taxes on merchandise, which were called vectigalia.
CAPITE, in Law (from caput, that is, rex, whence tenere in capite is to hold of the king, the head or lord-paramount of all the lands in the kingdom), an ancient tenure of land, held immediately of the king, as of the crown, either by knight’s service or by soccage.

Capite Censi, in Antiquity, the lowest rank of Roman citizens, who in public taxes were rated the least of all, being such as never were worth above 365 asses. They were supposed to have been so denominated because they were rather counted and marshalled by their heads than by their estates. The capite censi formed part of the sixth class of citizens, being below the proletarii, who constituted the other moiety of that class. They were not enrolled in the army, as being judged unable to support the expense of war; for in those days the soldiers maintained themselves. It does not appear that before the time of [7:6:123]Caius Marius any of the Roman generals enlisted the capite censi in their armies.
CAPITOL, Capitolium, in Antiquity, a famous fort or castle, on the Mons Capitolinus at Rome, in which was a temple dedicated to Jupiter (thence also denominated Capitolinus), where the senate anciently assembled. It had its name of capitol from caput, a man’s head, said to have been found fresh, and yet bleeding, upon digging the foundation of the temple built in honour of Jupiter. Arnobius adds, that the man’s name was Tohos, whence caput tolium. The first foundations of the capitol were laid by Tarquin the Elder, in the year of Rome 139. His successor Servius raised the walls, and Tarquin the Proud finished it in the year 221; but it was not consecrated till the third year after the expulsion of the kings, and the establishment of the consulate. The ceremony of the dedication of the temple was performed by the consul Horatius in 246.

The capitol consisted of three parts; a nave sacred to Jupiter, and two wings, the one consecrated to Juno, the other to Minerva. It was ascended by stairs. The frontispiece and sides were surrounded with galleries, in which those who were honoured with triumphs entertained the senate at a magnificent banquet, after the sacrifice had been offered to the gods. Both the inside and outside were enriched with an infinity of ornaments, the most distinguished of which was the statue of Jupiter with his golden thunderbolt, his sceptre, and crown. In the capitol also were a temple dedicated to Jupiter the Guardian, and another to Juno with the mint; and on the descent of the hill was the temple of Concord. This beautiful edifice contained the most sacred deposits of religion, such as the ancilia, the books of the Sibyls, &c. The capitol was burnt under Vitellius, and rebuilt under Vespasian. It was burnt a second time by lightning under Titus, and restored by Domitian. The modern name is Campidoglio.
CAPITOLINE Games, annual games instituted by Camillus, in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus, and in commemoration of the escape of the capitol from capture by the Gauls. Plutarch tells us that a part of the ceremony consisted in the public criers putting up the Hetrurians to sale by auction; they also took an old man, and tying a golden bulla about his neck, exposed him to public derision. Festus says they likewise dressed him in a prétexta. There was another kind of Capitoline games, instituted by Domitian, in which there were rewards and crowns bestowed on the poets, champions, orators, historians, and musicians. These last Capitoline games were celebrated every five years, and became so famous, that, instead of calculating time by lustra, they began to count by Capitoline games, as the Greeks did by Olympiads. It appears, however, that this custom was not of long continuance.
CAPITOLINUS, Julius, an historian in the beginning of the fourth age, under Diocletian, to whom he inscribed the Lives of Verus, Antoninus Pius, Clodius Balbinus, Macrinus, the Maximins, and the Gordians. He wrote other lives, which are most of them lost.
CAPITULATION, in military affairs, a treaty made between the inhabitants or garrison of a place besieged and the besiegers, for the delivering up of the place on certain conditions. The most honourable and ordinary terms of capitulation are to march out at the breach with arms and baggage, drums beating, colours flying, a match lighted at both ends, and some pieces of cannon, waggons, and convoys for the baggage, and for the sick and wounded.

Capitulation, in the German polity, a contract which the emperor enters into with the electors, in the name of all the princes and states of the empire, before he is declared emperor, and which he ratifies before he is raised to that sovereign dignity. The principal points which the emperor undertakes to observe are, 1. To defend the church and empire ∙, 2. to observe the fundamental laws of the empire; and, 3. to maintain and preserve the rights, privileges, and immunities of the electors, princes, and other states of the empire, specified in the capitulation.
CAPITULUM, in the ancient military art, a transverse beam, wherein were holes,through which passed the strings whereby the arms of huge engines, as balistae, catapultae, and scorpions, were played or worked.

Capitulum, in ecclesiastical writers, denoted part of a chapter of the Bible read and explained. In this sense they said, ire ad capitulum, to go to a lecture. Afterwards the place or apartment where such theological exercises were performed was denominated domus capituli.
CAPIZZ1, a town of the intendancy of Messina, in the island of Sicily, in a healthy situation, containing 3400 inhabitants.
CAPMANI, D. Antonio de, one of the most eminent of the later writers of Spain, was born in Catalonia in 1754. He lived for a considerable time in Barcelona, and latterly in Madrid, where he died in 1810. He ranks high both as a general scholar and as a political writer, and has, indeed, in the latter character, manifested much more sound and extensive views than belong to most of his countrymen. In particular, it is to be remarked of him, that he is almost the only native who has endeavoured to expose the exaggerations of the earlier writers in regard to the immense population, and highly advanced state of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, in that country, in former times. FI is principal works, as noticed in the Biographie Universelle, and Dictionnaire Universel, are as follows: 1. The art of translating the French into the Spanish Language. 1776, in 4 to. 2. The Philosophy of Eloquence. 1ΊΊΊ, in 8vo. 3. History of the Marine, Commerce, and Arts of the ancient city of Barcelona. The first two volumes of this work were published in 1779; the last two, which consist of a variety of curious and important documents copied from the archives of Barcelona in 1792. “This excellent work is marked throughout with a spirit of liberality and good sense, and distinguished by an attention to philosophical and general views, but seldom displayed by those who ransack archives, and compile papers for the use of future historians. We consider it a most valuable addition to the history of the commerce and manufactures of the middle ages.” {Edinburgh Review, vol. X.) 4. Historical and Critical Theatre of Spa nish Eloquence. 1786-94, 5 vols. 4to. 5. A Dictionary, French and Spanish, 1805, in 4to. This dictionary is prefaced with a critical examination of the two languages.

Besides these, and some other pieces noticed in the biographical dictionaries already mentioned, there is a collection of tracts by Capmani, not alluded to in either of them, entitled Questiones criticas sobre varios Puntos de Historia Economica, Politica y Militar, published in 1807, and of which there is an interesting account in the tenth volume of the Edinburgh Review. All Capmani’s works were published in the Spanish language, and we are not aware that any of them has been translated into any other tongue. ,
CAPNICON, in Antiquity, chimney money, or a tax which the Roman emperors levied for smoke, and which of consequence was due from all, even the poorest, who kept a fire. This was first invented by Nicephorus.