pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HAVANNAH, or Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba, in the West Indies. It is situated on the north coast, and is one of the most flourishing cities of the New World, carrying on about two thirds of the commerce of the island, which is extensive. It possesses a noble harbour, which, though narrow at the entrance, is without any bar or other obstruction, and within it expands into a capacious bay, capable of accommodating a thousand vessels of the largest size. The water is of sufficient depth to admit of their coming close up to the quay. Havannah has strong fortifications; the castles of Moro and Punto being remarkably so. The former is situated on the east, and the latter on the west side of the harbour, of which they completely command the entrance. The citadel is also a place of great strength; and the neighbouring heights are fortified so as to protect the city or port. Havannah stretches along the entrance to, and on the west side of the bay; and on the opposite side is the suburb called Regia. The city presents a splendid appearance from the sea, its numerous spires being intermingled with lofty and luxuriant trees. The churches are handsome, and richly ornamented; and several of the private mansions are built on a magnificent scale. The streets, however, are narrow, inconvenient, and not kept in good repair; but those of the suburbs, now as extensive as the city, are wider and better laid out. The arsenal and dock-yard, which are on a large scale, he towards the western angle of the bay, to the south of the city. From its position, which commands both inlets to the Gulf of Mexico its great strength, and excellent harbour, Havannah is, in a political point of view, by far the most important maritime station in the West Indies. Of late years the commerce of Havannah has rapidly extended, which has been ascribed to the freedom it now enjoys, as well as to the great increase of wealth and population in the city. The principal exports are, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and molasses; the imports consist of all those articles which an opulent community, in a tropical climate, and without manufactures, requires. In 1828, the trade of Havannah amounted to 15,807,395 dollars of imports, and 9,202,485 dollars of exports. During the same year, the exportation of sugar alone amounted to 107,434,400 pounds, and in 1832 it had risen to 111,978,800 pounds. In 1831 there entered the port of Havannah 990 ships of 157,146 tons burden, and there cleared out of it 1002 ships of 150,679 tons burden. The population, exclusive of troops and strangers, which may amount to 25,000, has been estimated at about 115,000. Havannah possesses several patriotic and literary societies, and there are seven journals published, one of which is in English. The Moro Castle, according to Humboldt, is situated in latitude 23. 8. 15. N. longitude 82. 22. 45. W. For further particulars regarding this city, see the article Cuba.
HAVANT, a market-town of Hampshire, in the hundred of Bosmere and division of Portsdown, sixty-six miles from London, on the borders of Sussex, and opposite to the Isle of Hayling. Its church is a venerable remain of architecture. There is a good market for all kinds of grain on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1670, in 1811 to 1824, in 1821 to 2099, and in 1831 to 2083.
HAVELBERG, a town of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg. It stands at the junction of the river Havel with the Elbe. It was once a city, and is now a place of much traffic by both the rivers, and as a kind of entrepôt for Berlin and Hamburg. It contains 2140 inhabitants.
HAVERCAMP, Sigibert, one of the most celebrated philologists of the eighteenth century, was bornât Utrecht in 1683. In the prosecution of his studies he greatly distinguished himself, and, by the time he left the university, deserved to be classed amongst the learned men who then illustrated Holland. He was soon afterwards appointed professor of Greek in the academy of Leyden; and when this chair was joined to those of eloquence and history, he filled all the three with distinction. He was excessively laborious; and the duties of his situation did not prevent him from applying himself to the preparation of important works, which succeeded one another with inconceivable rapidity. Having availed himself of a short interval of leisure to visit Italy, Havercamp, during his sojourn in that beautiful country, acquired a taste for medals, of which he afterwards formed a valuable cabinet. But the labours of this accomplished and indefatigable scholar were terminated by death on the 28th April 1742, at the age of fifty-eight, when much might still have been expected from his pen. Havercamp published, 1. Editions of the Apologetica of Tertulian, 1718, in 8vo; of Lucretius, 1725, in two vols. 4to; of the History of Josephus, 1726, in two vols. folio; of Eutropius, 1729, in 8vo; of Orosius, 1738, in 4to; of Sallust, 1742, in two vols. 4to; and, lastly, of Censorinus, 1743, in 8vo. 2. Dissertationes de Alexandri Magni numismate quo quatuor summa orbis terrarum imperia continentur, ut de nummis contomiatis, Leyden, 1722, in4to. 3. Thesaurus Morellianus, Amsterdam, in two vols. folio. 4. Universal History explained by Medals, in Dutch, Leyden, 1736, in five vols. folio, incomplete. 5. Sylloge Scriptorum qui de Linguae Graecae vera et recta pronunciatione Commentaria reliquerunt, Leyden, 1736-1740, in two vols. 8vo. 6. Introductio in historiam patriae a primis Hollandiae comitibus usque ad pacem, Ultraject. et Radstad (1714), Leyden, 1739, in 8vo. 7. Introductio in Antiquitates Romanas, ibid. 1740, in 8vo. 8. Museum Wildianum in duas partes divisum, Amsterdam, 1740, in 8vo. 9. Museum Vilebrochianum, ibid. 1741, in 8vo. 10. Bronze Medals, large and small, in the Cabinet of Queen Christina, Hague, 1742, in folio. All that Havercamp left on the subject of Numismatics is now held in little estimation; the precipitation with which he piled volume on volume leaving him no time to bestow the requisite pains, or to employ the necessary criticism.
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Lastly, he published, in conjunction with Preyger, the Sententiae of Seneca and Syrus, with a commentary of Gruter which had remained inedited, and might, without any loss, have been left so; and he translated into Dutch verse Sabinus, a tragedy of Richer. (a.)
HAVERFORDWEST, a town of the county of Pembroke, in South Wales, 264 miles from London. It is the capital of the county, where the assizes and elections are held. It is situated on the side of a hill overlooking the navigable river Dungleddy, on whose bank is a good wharf. In the upper part of the town the English language is spoken, and in the lower portion Welsh. Each of these divisions has its market; that in the upper town is held on Tuesday, frequented by English peasants; that of the lower town, on Saturday, is attended by the Welsh farmers. The English spoken here is said to be remarkably pure. Haverfordwest is a town and county of itself, governed by a mayor and common-councilmen; and the mayor is admiral, coroner, and escheator. It contains three parish churches, and several places of worship for dissenters. There are no considerable manufactures carried on, but a few cotton goods are made. The houses in the upper town are generally well built, but those in the lower are otherwise. The population amounted in 1801 to 2880, in 1811 to 3093, in 1821 to 4055, and in 1831 to 3915. The town returns one member to the House of Commons, who is chosen by about 540 voters.
HAVERHILL, a market-town of the county of Suffolk, in the hundred of Resbridge, fifty-eight miles from London, situated on the borders of Essex. It was formerly a place of greater extent than it is at present, and had manufactures of checks and fustians, which have dwindled away. It has a market on Wednesday, which, however, is but thinly attended. The population amounted in 1801 to 1104, in 1811 to 1216, in 1821 to 1421, and in 1831 to 1758.
HAVRE, in Geography, a French term of the same signification with haven or harbour.
HAVRE-DE-GRACE, a city of the north of France, in the department of the Lower Seine, and the capital of an arrondissement of its own name. It is strongly fortified on both the land and sea sides, and has a citadel. It stands on the right bank of the river Seine, which is of the breadth of more than three miles. There is a naval arsenal, where frigates and corvettes are built, and a marine school. By the river on which it stands communicating with the capital of the kingdom, it is the depot of much foreign merchandise to supply Paris; and there are abundant stores for all kinds of goods, especially sugar, coffee, cotton, and other tropical commodities, as well as for the naval stores produced in the north of Europe. There are manufactures of sugar, soap, tobacco, pottery, beer, and twine; and many of the inhabitants subsist by the sea fisheries. The port is generally crowded with vessels from the French colonies, and from the United States of America; but from all other countries many repair to it, though it is by no means very secure as a harbour. The town is well built, with streets at right angles crossing each other, and has vastly improved since the return of peace. It contains 1640 houses, and 22,100 inhabitants. Long. 0. 6. E. Lat. 49. 29. 14. N.
HAW, a sort of berry, the fruit of several species of mespilus, thence denominated hawthorns. Haw, amongst farriers, an excrescence resembling a gristle, growing under the nether eyelid and eye of a horse, which, if not timely removed, destroys it.

Haw, a small parcel of land, so called in Kent, as a Hemphaw, or Beanhaw, lying near the house, and enclosed for these uses. But Sir Edward Coke, in an ancient plea concerning Feversham in Kent, says hawes are houses.
HAWARDEN, or Harden, a market-town of the county of Flint and the hundred of Mold, in North Wales, 197 miles from London and seven from Chester. It has considerable manufactures of earthenware, made from a peculiarly-adapted clay, which abounds in the neighbourhood. This business, and that of an iron foundery, give the chief employment to the inhabitants. In its vicinity are many antiquities both of the Saxon and of earlier periods. There is a good market, which is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 4071, in 1811 to 4436, in 1821 to 5159, and in 1831 to 5414.
HAWGH, or Howgh, signifies a green plot in a valley, such as is seen in the north of England.
HAWK. See Ornithology.
HAWKERS were anciently fraudulent persons, who went from place to place buying and selling brass, pewter, and other merchandise, which should have been exposed in open market. In this sense the word is mentioned in 25 Henry VIII. cap. 6, and 33 of the same king, cap. 4. The appellation of hawkers seems to have arisen from their uncertain wandering, like those who, with hawks, seek their game where they can find it. The term is now used as synonymous with pedlar, a person who travels about the country selling wares.
HAWKESBURY, a river of New Holland, which falls into Broken Bay, on the east coast. It is a large river, having its rise among the Blue Mountains far into the interior, and affording an outlet to the waters of an extensive tract of country. The banks of this river are thickly planted on each side with settlements; and it is navigable for large vessels of about 200 tons to the distance from the sea of about forty miles, and by the turnings of the river 120 miles. The country immediately adjoining the banks of the river is a rich alluvial mould; but beyond this is a stiff soil, composed of sand, earth, and clay, which improves, however, by cultivation. The river is subject to sudden rises after heavy rains, to the height of seventy or eighty feet, and overflows the adjacent country with wide inundations, carrying away flocks and herds, and sometimes the habitations of the settlers.
HAWKESWORTH, John, a celebrated English writer, was born about the year 1719; though, according to his epitaph, as we find it in the Gentleman' 's Magazine for August 1781, he must have been born in 1715. He was brought up to a mechanical profession, that of a watchmaker it is supposed. He was of the Presbyterian persuasion, and a member of the celebrated Tom Bradbury’s meeting, from which he was expelled for some irregularities. He afterwards devoted himself to literature, and became an author of considerable eminence. In the early part of life his circumstances were rather confined. He resided some time at Bromley in Kent, where his wife kept a boarding-school. He afterwards became known to a lady who had great property and interest in the East India Company, and through her means he was chosen a director of that body. As an author, his Adventurer is his principal work; the merits of which, if we mistake not, procured him the degree of doctor of laws from Herring, archbishop of Canterbury. When the design of preparing a narrative of the discoveries in the South Seas was set on foot, he was recommended as a proper person to be employed on the occasion; but, in truth, he was not a proper person, nor did the performance answer expectation. Works of taste and elegance, where imagination and the passions were to be affected, were his province; not works of dry, cold, accurate narrative. However, he executed his task, and is said to have received for it the sum ofL.6000. He died in 1773, some say of high living, others of chagrin at the ill reception of his Narrative; for he was a man of the keenest sensibility, and obnoxious to all the evils incident to such a temperament.
HAWKINS, Sir John, an industrious writer, was born at London in the year 1719, where his father was employed as a builder and surveyor. He received an education for the same profession, but afterwards became clerk to an attorney; and as his employment consisted chiefly in copying, he improved his mind in knowledge by rising early, and had made considerable advances by the time that his clerkship ended. He was soon afterwards admitted as an attorney, and his taste for music procured him admission into the Academy of Ancient Music. Having attained a degree of celebrity by publishing the words of two sets of cantatas, the music of which was furnished by Stanley, he was introduced to some acquaintances, who assisted him in carrying forward his professional views. In 1749 he was introduced as a member of a tavern club which had been instituted by Dr Johnson, and the connection thus formed between that great man and him was only dissolved by death. In 1753 he married a daughter of Mr Peter Storer, by whom he obtained a handsome fortune; and this being augmented by the death of his brother, he laid aside the profession of attorney, and lived as an independent gentleman. He afterwards became a justice of the peace for the county of Middlesex, and was both an active and an useful magistrate. Being extremely fond of angling, he became the editor of Walton’s Complete Angler, whichhe enriched with notes of his own, and a life of the author, a work which has since been frequently republished.

His Observations on the Highways brought him a liberal share of public approbation, and it has served as a model for all the acts which have since been passed. In 1765 he was chosen chairman of the quarter sessions, and, in the year 1772, he obtained the honour of knighthood. Some of the notes to the edition of Shakspeare by Johnson and Steevens were furnished by Sir John, who was for many years engaged in writing the history of music, which he completed in 1776, in five vols. 4to. It abounds with curious and original information, and may be considered as a repository of many useful things not elsewhere to be met with. His valuable library was destroyed by fire, which interrupted his literary labours, but made no change in the tranquillity of his mind. In the year 1787 his Life and Works of Dr Samuel Johnson appeared in eleven vols. 8vo. This life is a garrulous miscellany of anecdote, in which the author frequently wanders from his subject; yet it contains many facts respecting that extraordinary man which his admirers could wish had been concealed. After this he prepared for the termination of his own life, which he perceived approaching; and he died in the month of May 1789, being then about seventy years of age.
HAWKSHEAD, a market-town of the county of Lancaster, 277 miles from London, and thirteen from Lancaster. It is situated in the hundred of Lonsdale, at the extremity of the county, and at the head of the beautiful lake of Esthwaite. A market is held on Monday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1585, in 1811 to 1710, in 1821 to 2014, and in 1831 to 2060.
HAWSE, or Hause, is generally understood to imply the situation of the cables before the ship’s stem, when she is moored with two anchors out forward, viz. one on the starboard, and the other on the larboard bow. Hence it is usual to say, she has a clear hawse, or a foul hawse. This term also denotes any small distance a-head of a ship, or between her head and the anchors employed to ride her, as, He has anchored in our hawse, The brig fell athwart our hawse, and so on.

A ship is said to ride with a clear hawse when the cables are directed to their anchors, without lying athwart the stem, or crossing or being twisted round each other by the ship’s winding about, according to the change of the wind, tide, or current. A foul hawse, on the contrary, implies that the cables lie across the stem, or bear upon each other, so as to be rubbed and chafed by the motion of the vessel. The hawse accordingly is foul, by having either a cross, an elbow, or a round turn. If the larboard cable, lying across the stem, points out on the starboard side, whilst the starboard cable at the same time grows out on the larboard side, there is a cross in the hawse. If, after this, the ship, without returning to her former position, continues to wind about the same way, so as to perform an entire revolution, each of the cables will be twisted round the other, and then directed out from the opposite bow, forming what is called a round turn. An elbow is produced when the ship stops in the middle of that revolution, after having had a cross; or, in other words, if she rides with her head northward with a clear hawse, and afterwards turns quite round so as to direct her head northward again, she will have an elbow.

Hawse-Holes, certain cylindrical holes cut through the bows of a ship on each side of the stem, through which the cables pass in order to be drawn into or let out of the vessel, as occasion requires. They are fortified on each side by the hawse-pieces, a name given to the foremost timbers of a ship, whose lower ends rest on the knuckle-timber, or the foremost of the cant-timbers. They are generally parallel to the stem, having their upper ends sometimes terminated by the lower part of the beak-head; and otherwise by the top of the bow, particularly in small ships and merchantmen.
HAWSER, a large rope which holds a middle place between[7:11:176] the cable and tow-line, in any ship to which it belongs, being a size smaller than the former, and as much larger than the latter.
HAY, a market-town of South Wales, in the county of Brecon, 157 miles from London. It stands on a hill overlooking the valley in which the river Wye flows, where are remains of an ancient castle, which have been converted into a modern dwelling. There is a tolerable market held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1170, in 1811 to 1341, in 1821 to 1649, and in 1831 to 1959.
HAYES, Charles, a very singular person, whose great erudition was so concealed by his modesty, that his name is known to few, though his publications are familiar to many. He was born in 1678, and became distinguished in 1704 by a Treatise of Fluxions, in folio, the only work to which he ever set his name. In 1710, he published a small quarto pamphlet of nineteen pages, entitled A New and Easy Method to find out the Longitude, from observing the Altitudes of the Celestial Bodies; and in 1723, The Moon, a Philosophical Dialogue, tending to show that the moon is not an opaque body, but has original light of her own. During a long course of years, the management of the Royal African Company was, in a manner, wholly committed to Mr Hayes, who was annually chosen either sub-governor or deputygovernor, notwithstanding which, he continued his pursuit of general knowledge. To considerable skill in the Greek and Latin, as well as modern languages, he added a knowledge of the Hebrew; and published several pieces relating to the translation and chronology of the Scriptures. The African Company being dissolved in 1752, he retired to Down in Kent, where he gave himself up to study. In 1753, he began to compile in Latin his Chronographia Asiatica et Eggptiaea, which he lived to finish, but not to publish. The work, however, was afterwards published. In 1758, he left his house in Kent, and took chambers in Gray’s-Inn, where he died on the 18th of December 1760, in his eighty-second year.
HAYNAU, a town of the district of Liegnitz, in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the river Dreichsel. It contains two Catholic churches, one Lutheran, and 360 houses, with 2870 inhabitants, chiefly employed in woollen manufactures. Near to the town are some good veins of fuller’s earth.
HAYWARD, the person who keeps the common herd or cattle of a town. He is appointed by the lord’s court; and his office is to take care that the cattle neither break nor crop the hedges of enclosed grounds.
HAZAEL, an officer belonging to Benhadad, king of Syria, who caused that prince to be put to death, and reigned in his stead. He defeated Joram, Jehu, and Jehoahaz, kings of Israel; and, after his death, was succeeded by Benhadad his son, before Christ 852.
HAZARD, a game on dice, without tables. It is played with only two dice; and as many may play at it as can stand round the largest round table.
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Two things are chiefly to be observed, main and chance; the latter belonging to the caster, and the former, or main, to the other gamesters. There can be no main throw above , nine, nor under five; so that five, six, seven, eight, and nine, are the only mains thrown at hazard. Chances and nicks are from four to ten. Thus four is a chance to nine, five to eight, six to seven, seven to six, eight to five, and nine and ten a chance to five, six, seven, and eight; in short, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten, are chances to any main, if any of these nick it not. Now nicks are either when the chance is the same with the main, as five and five, or six and twelve, seven and eleven, eight and twelve. Observe, however, that twelve is out to nine, seven, and five; eleven is out to nine, eight, six, and five; and ames-ace, and deuce-ace, are out to all mains whatever.
HAZEBROUCK, an arrondissement of the department of the North, in France, extending over 275 square miles, divided into seven cantons, and those into fifty-three communes, with 100,936 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name. It is situated on the river Borre, and on a canal. It is an ill-built place, with 961 houses and 7354 inhabitants, who carry on manufactures of linen, twine, sailcloth, lace, and cottons, and also refineries of salt, and make snuff and starch. Long. 2. 27. E. Lat. 50. 44. N.