pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CHAPLET, an ancient ornament for the head, like a garland or wreath; but this word is frequently used to signify the circle of a crown. There are instances of its being borne in a coat of arms, as well as for crests. The paternal arms for Lascelles are argent, three chaplets, gules.

Chaplet also denotes a string of beads used by the Roman Catholics to count the number of their prayers. The invention of it is ascribed to Peter the hermit, who probably learned it of the Turks, as they owe it to the East Indians.

Chaplets are sometimes called paternosters, and are made of coral, diamonds, wood, and other substances. The common chaplet contains fifty ave-marias and five paternosters. There is also a chaplet of our Saviour, consisting of thirty-three beads, in honour of his thirty-three years life on the earth, instituted by Father Michael the Camaldulian.

The orientals have a kind of chaplets which they call chains, and use in their prayers, rehearsing one of the perfections of God on each link or head.
CHAPMAN, George, born in 1557, was a man highly esteemed in his time for his dramatic and poetic works. He wrote seventeen plays, translated Homer and some other ancient poets, and was thought no mean genius. He died in 1634, and was buried in St Giles’s in the Fields, where his friend Inigo Jones erected a monument to his memory.
CHAPPE, in Heraldry, the dividing of an escutcheon, by lines drawn from the centre of the upper edge to the angles below, into three parts, the sections on the sides being of different metal or colour from the rest.
CHAPPEL, William, a learned and pious bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, in Ireland, was born in Nottinghamshire in 1582. When the troubles began under Charles I. he was prosecuted by the puritan party in parliament, and retired to Derby, where he devoted himself to study till his death in 1649. He wrote Methodus Cοnciοηαndi, or the Method of Preaching; and he is one of those to whom the Whole Duty of Man has been attributed. He left behind him also his own life, written by himself in Latin, which has been twice printed.
CHAPTER, in ecclesiastical polity, a society or community of clergymen belonging to the cathedrals and collegiate churches.

It was in the eighth century that the body of canons began to be called a chapter. The chapter of the canons of a cathedral was a standing council to the bishop, and, during the vacancy of the see, had the jurisdiction of the diocese. In the earlier ages the bishop was head of the chapter; afterwards abbots and other dignitaries, as deans, provosts, and treasurers, were preferred to this distinction. The deans and chapters had the privilege of choosing the bishops in England; but Henry VIII. got this power vested in the crown; and as the same prince expelled the monks from the cathedrals, and placed secular canons in their room, those whom he thus regulated were called deans and chapters of the new foundation, such as Canterbury, Winchester, Ely, Carlisle, &c.
CHARADE, the name of a fanciful species of composition or literary amusement. It owes its name to the idler who invented it. Its subject must be a word of two syllables, each forming a distinct word; and these two syllables are to be concealed in an enigmatical description, first separately, and then together. The exercise of charades, if not greatly instructive, is at least innocent and amusing. Most of those which have appeared from time to time are not only destitute of all pleasantry, but are formed in general of words utterly unfit for the purpose. In trifles of this nature inaccuracy is without excuse. The following examples, therefore, are at least free from this blemish.
1. My first , however here abused,
Designs the sex alone;
In Cambria, such is custom’s pow’r,
'Tis Jenkin, John, or Joan.
My second oft is loudly call’d,
When men prepare to fist it;
Its name delights the female ear;
Its force, may none resist it:
It binds the weak, it binds the strong,
The wealthy and the poor;
Still 'tis to joy a passport deem’d,
For sullied fame a cure.
It may insure an age of bliss,
Yet mis’ries oft attend it;
To fingers, ears, and noses too,
Its various lords commend it.
My whole may chance to make one drink,
Though vended in a fish shop;
'Tis now the monarch of the seas,
And has been an archbishop.
Her-ring.

2. My first, when a Frenchman is learning English, serves him to swear by. My second is either hay or corn. My whole is the delight of the present age, and will be the admiration of posterity. Gar-rick.

3. My first is ploughed for various reasons, and grain is frequently buried in it to little purpose. My second is neither riches nor honours, yet the former would generally be given for it, and the latter is often tasteless without it. My whole applies equally to spring, summer, autumn, and winter; and both fish and flesh, praise and censure, mirth and melancholy, are the better for being in it. Sea-Soil.

4. My first, with the most rooted antipathy to a Frenchman, prides himself, whenever they meet, upon sticking close to his jacket. My second has many virtues, nor is it its least that it gives name to my first. My whole may I never catch! Tar-tατ.

5. My first is one of England’s prime boasts; it rejoices the ear of a horse, and anguishes the toe of a man. My second, when brick, is good; when stone, better; when wooden, best of all. My whole is famous alike for rottenness and tin. Corn-wall.
6. My first is called bad or good,
May pleasure or offend ye;
My second , in a thirsty mood,
May very much befriend ye.
My whole , though styled a “cruel word,”
May yet appear a kind one;
It often may with joy be heard,
With tears may often blind one.
Fare-well.

7. My first is equally friendly to the thief and the lover, the toper and the student. My second is light’s opposite, yet they are frequently seen hand in hand; and their [7:6:325]union, if judicious, gives much pleasure. My whole is tempting to the touch, grateful to the sight, but fatal to the taste. Night-shade.
CHARAIMS, a sect of the Jews in Egypt. They live by themselves, and have a separate synagogue; and as the other Jews are remarkable for their eyes, so are the Charaims for their large noses, which run through all the families of this sect. They are the ancient Essenes, and strictly observe the five books of Moses according to the letter, receiving no written traditions. It is said that the other Jews would join the Charaims; but the former not observing the exact rules of the law with regard to divorces, the latter think they live in adultery.
CHARAK, Tsjarak, or Cnarrack, formerly a port of consequence, situated on the sea-shore of the Persian Gulf,'in the province of Laristan. It stands at the foot of a mountain, opposite the island of Ken, and is now a small town.
CHARAMAKOTAN, one of the Kurile islands, in the Northern Pacific Ocean, separated from the island Onne-kostan by a channel eight miles wide. Long. 155. 0. E. Lat. 49. 59. N.
CHARD, a market-town of the hundred of Kingsbury, in the county of Somerset, 143 miles from London. It is pleasantly situated, and well built. Several clear streams run through the principal streets. It has an excellent market on Monday; and of late years it has increased, in consequence of the construction of some large machines for weaving lace, which gives employment to an augmented population. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 2932, in 1821 to 3106, and in 1831 to 5141.
CHARDIN, Sir John, a celebrated traveller, was born at Paris in 1643. His father, who was a jeweller, caused him to be educated in the Protestant religion, after which he travelled into Persia and India. He traded in jewels, and died at London in 1713. The account he w rote of his travels in the above-mentioned regions is much esteemed; and in it Montesquieu, Rousseau, Gibbon, Helvetius, and other philosophers studied the political system of Persia, and acquired a positive knowledge of despotic government, which they r have so forcibly characterized.
CHARES, the Lydian, a celebrated statuary, was the disciple of Lysippus, and made the famous Colossus of the sun in the city of Rhodes. He flourished 288 years before Christ.
CHARGE, in Gunnery, the quantity of powder and ball with which a gun is loaded for execution.

Charge, in Heraldry, is applied to the figures represented on the escutcheon, by which the bearers are distinguished from one another; and it is to be observed that too many charges are not so honourable as a smaller number.

Charge of Lead denotes a quantity of thirty-six pigs.

Charge, in Law, denotes the instructions given to the jury, with respect to the articles of their inquiry, by the judge who presides on the bench.
CHARGED, in Heraldry. A shield carrying some impress or figure is said to be charged with it; so also, when one bearing, or charge, has another figure added to it, it is properly said to be charged.

Charged, in electrical experiments, is when a phial, pane of glass, or other electric substance, properly coated on both sides, has a quantity of electricity communicated to it; in which case the. one side is always electrified positively, and the other negatively.
CHARISIA, in the Heathen Theology, a wake or night festival instituted in honour of the Graces. It continued during the whole night, most of which was spent in dancing; and after the ballet, cakes made of yellow flour mixed with honey, and other sweetmeats, were distributed among the assistants. Charisia is also sometimes used to signify the sweetmeats distributed on such occasions.
CHARISIUS, in the Heathen Theology, a surname given to Jupiter. The word is derived from γapς, gratia, grace or favour; Charisius being the god by whose influence men obtain the favour and affection of one another. On this account the Greeks used at their meals to make a libation of a cup to Jupiter Charisius.
CHARISTIA, a festival of the ancient Romans, celebrated in the month of February, in which the relations by blood and marriage met, in order to preserve a good correspondence; and that if there happened to be any difference among them, it might the more easily be accommodated by the good humour and mirth of the entertainment.
CHARISTICARY, commendatory or donatory, a person on whom is conferred the enjoyment of the revenues of a monastery, hospital, or benefice.

The Charisticaries among the Greeks were a kind of donatories or commendatories, who enjoyed all the revenues of hospitals and monasteries, without giving an account of these to any one. The origin of this abuse is referred to the ieonoclasts, particularly to Constantine Copronymus, the avowed enemy of the monks, whose monasteries he gave away to strangers. In after-times the emperors and patriarchs gave many to people of quality, not by way of gift to enable the donatories to reap any temporal advantage from the grants, but to repair, beautify, and patronise them. But avarice having sooncrept in, those in good condition were given away, especially such as were rich; and at length they were all given away, rich and poor, monasteries and nunneries, and that even to laymen and to married men.
CHARITE, La, a city of the department of the Nièvre, in France, .in a fine situation on the banks of the Loire, over which is a bridge to an island, which forms a beautiful object and promenade. It contains 590 houses, and 5302 inhabitants. Long. 2. 56. E. Lat. 47. 10. N.
CHARLATAN, or Cnarletan, signifies an empiric or quack, who retails his medicines on a public stage, and draws people about him with his buffooneries, feats of activity, and the like. The word, according to Calepine, comes from the Italian ceretano, which signifies of or belonging to Caeretum, a town near Spoleto in Italy, where these impostors are said to have first appeared. Menage, however, derives it from ciarlatano, and that from circula- torius or circulator, a quack.
CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles I. king of France, and emperor of the West by conquest, was born at the castle of Saltzburg, in Upper Bavaria, in 742. The events in the life of this great monarch belong properly to the history of France. Equally illustrious in the cabinet and in the field, a wise legislator and a great warrior, the patron of men of letters and the restorer of learning, Charlemagne has united in his favour the suffrages of statesmen and soldiers, of ecclesiastics, lawyers, and men of letters, who have all vied with one another in bestowing the homage of their praise on the celebrated founder of the western empire. Politicians indeed have blamed him for having regulated every thing in his states except the succession to the throne, which he left at the mercy of faction, and for having multiplied those assemblies where the royal power is necessarily weakened by being divided, a policy unsuitable •to the extent and condition of his empire. Nor is this censure without foundation. By his genius, his courage, his activity, and the skill with which he distributed rewards, he unquestionably surmounted all obstacles; but he unfortunately consolidated nothing; and hence, to succeed him, we do not say with glory, but with safety to the throne and to France, it would have been necessary to resemble him in many of his great qualities. But such a successor was nowhere to be found. Charlemagne was the last hero of his race; and as he took no effectual measures to consolidate the empire which he had established, it went to pieces not long after that disastrous day when he, “with all his peerage, fell by Fontarabia.” His death happened on the 28th January 814, in the seventy-second year of his age, and the forty-seventh of his reign. The works of Charlemagne are, 1. His Capitularies, first collected by Ansegise, abbot of St Wandrille, the best edition of which is that of Etienne Baluze, Paris, 1677, two vols. fol.; 2. Letters, contained in the collection of D. Bouquet; 3. A Grammar, of which fragments are to be found in the Polygraphia of Trithemus; 4. His Testament, contained in Bouehel’s Bibliothèque du Droit Français, tom. iii. printed at Paris, 1667, fol.; 5. Some Latin poems, such as the Epitaph of Pope Adrian, and the Song of Boland ; 6. The Caroline Boohs. Of the more early historians of Charlemagne, the principal is Eginhard. A very respectable account of his life and reign has been published by Mr James, in one vol. 8vo, 1832.
CHARKOW, a circle in the Russian government of the Ukraine, bounded on the north by Kursk, on the east by Woltschansk, on the south-east by Kupinsk, on the south by Smijew, and on the west by Bogoduchow. It extends over 1980 square miles, and contains a population of 165,000 souls. The circle is watered by the Donez, which within it receives the waters of the Kharkowka, Lepanka, and Uda. It is highly productive of corn and fruit, but more especially of tobacco and hemp. The chief place, a city of the same name, is 1460 wersts, or 980 miles, from St Petersburg, on the river Donez: it was formerly surrounded with walls, which are now converted into gardens and promenades; and it contains a cathedral and seven other churches, two monasteries, a university, an ecclesiastical seminary, and several institutions for primary education. In 1815 the houses were 1552, and the inhabitants 15,000, exclusive of the military and the members of the university. It is a place of considerable trade, which consists chiefly in the productions of the vicinity. The chief articles prepared in the city are brandy, from corn; soap, leather, candles, and latterly some silk. It is in long. 36. 10. E. lat. 49. 59. 20. N.
CHARLEROY, a city, the head of a department of the same name, in the province of Hennegou, in the Netherlands. The department is divided into nine cantons, and contains 140 communes, with 92,249 inhabitants. The city is built on both banks of the Sambre, is strongly fortified, and has 650 houses, with 4020 inhabitants. There are many nails and other articles of iron manufactured here, and some woollen cloths. In the neighbourhood are glass-houses, iron founderies, and very extensive coal mines.
CHARLEVILLE, a city of France, in the department of the Ardennes. It is situated on the left bank of the Meuse. It is the seat of the departmental courts of law, and contains 770 houses, and 7724 inhabitants, who are employed in the manufacture of arms, and of linen and woollen cloths.
CHARLES’S Wain, ∖ w Astronomy, seven stars in the constellation called Ursa Majors or the Great Bear.
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CHARLESTON, a city and sea-port of South Carolina, in a district of the same name, is situated on a tongue of land formed by the confluence of the rivers Cooper and Ashley. These unite immediately below the city, and form a spacious and convenient harbour, communicating with the ocean below Sullivan’s Island, seven miles from Charleston. The harbour has a dangerous bar at its mouth; but there are two channels through it, one of which has a depth of sixteen feet water at ebb-tide. The city is regularly laid out in parallel streets, which are intersected by others nearly at right angles. Many of the houses are elegant, and furnished with piazzas. It is the largest town in the state, and was formerly the seat of government. It contains a city-hall, an exchange, a customhouse, a guard-house, a theatre, several charitable institutions, two arsenals, two markets, a college, and nineteen houses of public worship for various religious denominations. The library of this place contains 13,000 volumes. Charleston has a considerable commerce. The exports consist principally of cotton, which is the staple production of the state, rice, lumber, tar, turpentine, pitch, &c. The imports are cotton, woollen, and silk goods, hardware, sugar, coffee, tea, wine, spices, &c. The registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage, belonging to Charleston in 1828, amounted to 32,445 tons, of which 19,239 tons were employed in the coasting trade. The climate of this city is salubrious; but the yellow fever has frequently committed frightful ravages in it. The effects of this dreadful distemper, however, were principally confined to persons from more northern latitudes. The population by the last census amounted to 30,500. Long. 79. 50. W. Lat. 32. 47. N.
CHARLESTOWN, a post-town in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, one mile north of the centre of Boston. The principal part of the town is finely situated on a peninsula formed by Charles and Mystic rivers, which here flow into the harbour of Boston. Charlestown is connected with Boston by two bridges across Charles river, with Chelsea and Malden by two others across Mystic river, and with Cambridge by a bridge across a bay of Charles river. The town is pleasant and flourishing, and advantageously situated for trade and manufactures. One of the principal navy-yards in the United States occupies about sixty acres of land in the south-east part of Charlestown. Bunker’s Hill, on which a general battle was fought during the American revolution, stands close to this town. The population in 1820 was 6591.
CHARLETON, Walter, a learned English physician, born in 1619, was physician in ordinary to Charles I. and Charles II., one of the first members of the Royal Society, and president of the College of Physicians. He wrote on various subjects; but at last his narrow circumstances obliged him to retire to the island of Jersey, where he died in 1707.
CHARLIEU, a city of the department of the Loire, in France, on the river Cornin, containing 450 houses and 2829 inhabitants. Long. 3. 55. E. Lat. 46. 15. N.
CHARLIQUEN, a town of Asiatic Turkey, situated between Erzerum and Tocat. It has a manufacture of Morocco leather. The caravans halt here during two or three days.
CHARM, a term derived from the Latin carmen, a verse, and used to denote a magical power, or spell, by which, with the assistance of the devil, sorcerers and witches were supposed to do wonderful things, far surpassing the power of nature.
CHARMES, a town of France, in the department of the Vosges; on the river Moselle. It contains 610 houses, and 2686 inhabitants. Long. 6. 45. E. Lat. 48. 50. N.
CHARNEL, or Charnel-House, a kind of porticoor gallery, usually in or near a churchyard, over which were anciently laid the bones of the dead after the flesh had been wholly consumed. Charnel-houses are now usually adjoining to the church.
CHAROLLES, an arrondissement in the department of the Upper Saône and Loire, in France, extending over 1036 square miles, and comprising thirteen cantons, 144 communes, with 100,670 inhabitants. The chief place is a town of the same name, on the river Reçonce, and contains 301 houses, with 2518 inhabitants trading in the products of the district.
CHARON, in fabulous history, the son of Erebus and Nox, whose office was to ferry the souls of the deceased over the waters of Acheron, for which each soul had to pay a piece of money. For this reason the Pagans had a custom of putting a piece of money into the mouth of the dead, in order that they might have something to pay Charon for their passage.
CHARONDAS, a celebrated legislator of the Thurians, and a native of Catanea, in Sicily, flourished 446 years before Christ. He ordained that no person should appear armed in the public assemblies of the nation; but one day going thither in haste without thinking of his sword, he was no sooner made sensible of his mistake than he ran it through his body.
CHARPENTIER, Francis, dean of the French academy, was born in 1620. His early capacity inclined his friends to educate him at the bar; but he was much more delighted with the study of languages and antiquity than of the law, and preferred repose to tumult. Μ. Colbert employed him in establishing his new Academy of Medals and Inscriptions; and no person of that learned society contributed more than himself toward that noble series of medals which were struck on occasion of the principal events which distinguished the reign of Louis XIV. He published several works, which were all well received; and be died in 1702.
CHARR. See Ichthyology.
CHARRON, Peter, the author of a book entitled Of Wisdom, which gained him great reputation, was born at Paris in the year 1541. After being advocate in the parliament of Paris for five or six years, he applied himself to divinity, and became so great a preacher, that the bishops of several dioceses offered him the highest dignities in their gift. But he died suddenly in the street, at Paris, on the 16th of November 1603.