pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
COSTA, or ACOSTA, Christopher, a celebrated botanist of the sixteenth century. He was born in Africa, being of Portuguese descent; and, in order to perfect himself in the knowledge of simples, went into Asia, where he was taken prisoner; but he found means to make his escape, and, after several voyages, practised physic at Burgos. He wrote, 1. A Treatise on Indian Drugs and Medicines; 2. Voyages to the Indies ∙, 3. A book in praise of women; and other works.
COSTA RICA, a province of Guatemala, extending from Nicaragua to the district of Chiriqui, in the jurisdiction of Veraguas, a distance of one hundred and sixty leagues from west to east; and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of sixty leagues from north to south. Its limit on the Atlantic is from the mouth of the river San Juan to the little island called the Escudo de Veraguas; and on the Pacific, from the river Alvarado, the boundary of the province of Nicaragua, to the river Boruca, which terminates the kingdom of Terra Firma to the westward. For the most part the climate is warm, but in some places very temperate. The soil, which is not fertile, yields cocoa, tobacco, and other productions of warm climates. Wheat, and such other articles as are peculiar to colder regions, are raised in the mountainous parts, but all in scanty proportions. There are mines of gold, silver, and copper, but these are scarcely more productive than the surface of the soil. Within the government of Costa Rica there are one city, three towns, and ten villages; and the whole number of inhabitants in the province is estimated at about 38,600; a small proportion compared with the extent of territory, and a great diminution of its ancient numbers. The chief city, which is said [7:7:384]to be the most ancient in the kingdom, is Cartago. It stands in a healthy situation in the heart of the province, in long. 82.46. W. and lat. 9. 10. N. It contains a church, a Franciscan convent, a sanctuary, and two oratorios, and has a population of upwards of 8000. Next to the capital, the most populous town is Villa Nueva de San José, which stands in a valley at a short distance from Cartago. This province has two ports, one on the Atlantic, and one on the Pacific.
COSTAL, an appellation given by anatomists to several parts belonging to the sides. Thus we meet with costal muscles, vertebra?, and the like.
COSTANZO, Angelo di, a celebrated Italian historian and poet of the sixteenth century, descended of a noble Neapolitan family, and lord of Cantalupo, was born at Naples about the year 1.507. Connected by ties of friendship with Sannazaro, and several other great men who then lived in the capital, he was encouraged by them in his taste for study, and in the design of writing a history of the kingdom of Naples, which was still a desideratum; the work of Collenuaecio being deemed incomplete, partial, and full of errors. lie employed more than forty years in researches, particularly in the perusal and examination of the old chronicles and ancient titles, and then published at Naples the first part of his work in eight books. This specimen of his labours appeared in the year 1572, in quarto; but the author, being dissatisfied with his performance, set himself to correct, augment, and reconstruct it almost from the foundation. At length, in 1582, the work came forth in the shape in which it now appears, under the title of Le Istorie del Regno di Napoli dal 1250 Ji no al 1489, divise in xx. libri,. Aquila, folio, an edition which has now become very scarce even in Italy. The author therein treats of the period from the death of the Emperor Frederick II. to the war of Milan under King Ferdinand I.; and although lie has fallen into some errors, which were perhaps unavoidable in such a work, yet his history of the kingdom of Naples is still regarded as one of the best extant. It was reprinted at Naples, but very incorrectly, in 1710, 4to; and again, but with more care, in 1733, 4to. Lastly, it has been embodied in the great Milan Collection of Classic Authors, 1805, 3 vols. 8vo. Costanzo, who died at Naples about the year 1591, also occupies a distinguished rank among the poets of his age. His master in poetry was Berardino Rota, whom he greatly surpassed; and although he made no change in the form of the sonnet, which he adopted as he found it, yet he gave it a turn which the best poets have since taken as their model. His poetry in general is distinguished for the union of gravity with sensibility, which, in truth, constitutes its peculiar characteristic. His Rime, originally scattered throughout different collections, appeared for the first time together at Bologna, in 1709, 12mo. They have since been several times reprinted; but of all the editions, the best are those of Comino, Padua, 1723, 1728, and 1738, 8vo.
COSTARD, George, a clergyman of the church of England, and author of several learned works, was born about the year 1710. He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, and took the degree of A. Μ. in 1773. The first ecclesiastical preferment he obtained was that of curate of Islip, in Oxfordshire. In 1747 he published, in 8vo, some observations tending to illustrate the Book of Job. In 1750 he published two dissertations; one on the meaning of the word Kesita, mentioned in Job (chap, xlii. ver. 11); and another on the signification of the word Hermes. In 1752 he published in 8vo, at Oxford, Dissertationes duae Criticosacrae, quarum primâ explicatur, Ezek. xii. 18, alterá vero 2 Reg. x. 22. In 1775 he wrote a letter to Dr Birch, which is preserved in the British Museum, respecting the meaning of the phrase sphcera barbarica. Some time after this he undertook to publish a second edition of Dr Hyde’s Historia Religionis veterum Persarum, ccrumque Magorum, which was accordingly printed under his inspection and with his corrections, at the Clarendon Press at Oxford, in 4to. In 1760 Mr Costard’s extensive learning having recommended him to the notice of Lord Chancellor Northington, he obtained, by the favour of that nobleman (in June 1764), the vicarage of Twickenham, in Middlesex, in which situation he continued till his death. In 1797 he published, in one volume quarto, The History of Astronomy, with its application to Geography, History, and Chronology, and occasionally exemplified by the Clobes. This work was chiefly intended for the use of students, and contains a distinct view of the several improvements made in geography and astronomy. In 1778 he published, in 8vo, A Letter to Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, Esq. containing some Remarks on his preface to the Code of Gentoo Laws. This appears to have been the last of his publications. It contains criticisms which were intended to invalidate the opinion which Mr Halhed had conceived concerning the great antiquity of the Gentoo laws; and also arguments against a notion which had been adopted by several writers, drawn from the observation of natural phenomena, that the world is far more ancient than it is represented to be by the Hcbrew chronology. Mr Costard died on the 10 th of January 1782. He was a man of uncommon learning, and eminently skilled in Grecian and oriental literature.
COTA, Rodríguez, a Spanish poet, born at Toledo in the fifteenth century, was surnamed El Tio, or the Uncle. No details of his life are found in any of the biographies. He is believed to have flourished under the reign of Don Juan IL, king of Castille; and the celebrated tragi-comedy of Calista y Melibea, as well as a satire against Juan and his court, entitled Mingo Rebulgo, are attributed to him. The tragi-comedia, which is also known under the name of Celestina> had been several times printed before the dates of the Seville and Madrid editions, which appeared respectively in 1539 and 1601. Celestina has been ascribed by some to Juan de Mena; but the slightest attention to the style of this poet, which is altogether different from that of Cota, show’s that there is not the least foundation for such an opinion. The tragĩ-comedy, which was originally written in prose, was rendered into Castih han verse by Juan de Sedeno, Salamanca, 1540, 4to. It has also been translated into Frcnch, Paris, 1527, 1542, and Lyons, 1529, 8vo; Italian, Venice, 1519, 1533, 8vo; and English, under the title of The Spanish Rogue, but without a date.
COTANGENT, the tangent of an arch which is the complement of another to 90°.
COTCHUNG, or Coociiung, a district of Khorassan, in Persia. It is governed by an independent chieftain, who can bring 12.000 men into the field. He resides in a town of the same name, tw enty-three forsungs or ninety miles E.S.E. of Merid.
COTE-CAUNGRA, a strong fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, which was taken by the Emperor Acbar after a year’s siege. In the neighbourhood is the celebrated temple of Nagur Cote, which continued to retain its reputation for sanctity many years after the country was invaded by the Mahommedans. It is 122 miles E.N.E. from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 42. E. Lat. 32. 20. N.

Cote d’ Or, a department of France, formed out of the countries Montagne, Auxois, and Dijonais, parts of the ancient kingdom of Burgundy. It is bounded on the north by the departments of the Aube and the Upper IMarne, on the east by the Upper Saone and Jura, on the south [7:7:385]by the Saone-Loire, and on the west by the Nièvre and the Yonne. It extends over 3635 square miles, and the inhabitants amount to 354-,436 persons. The divisions are into four arrondissements, thirty-six cantons, and 733 communes. It may be called a hilly, but scarcely a mountainous district. A range of hills runs from within two miles of Dijon to the river Dheune, which, from its richness in the most excellent wine, has given the name to the department. The soil is generally good, producing the best of wheat and other grain, and affording admirable pasture. It is a well-watered province, containing many rivers, none of which, except the Saone, is navigable, but all assist in fertilizing the land. No branch of husbandry, however, is equal in extent to the cultivation of the vines, which yield the several varieties of Burgundy wine. As one fourth of the department is covered with woods, the proprietors gain much from other districts in which fuel is scarce. The chief products are wine, corn, maize, flax, hemp, honey, wax, and sheep’s wool. There are some iron mines, which give occupation to about 10,000 workmen, and yield about 20,000 tons of that metal yearly. Some ironmongery and cutlery goods are manufactured; and also some linen and woollen cloths, chiefly for domestic use.
COTELERIUS, John Baptist, fellow of the Sorbonne, and regius professor of Greek, was born at Nismes, in Lan-¶ guedoc, in 1627. He made a collection of the fathers who lived in the apostolic age, which he published at Paris in two volumes folio in 1672, revised and corrected from several manuscripts, with a Latin translation and notes. He also published Monumenta Ecclesiae Groecae, in three vols. being a collection of Greek tracts from the king’s and Μ. Colbert’s libraries, which had never before been published; and to these he added a Latin translation and notes. He intended to .prosecute the work further; but his intense studies ruined his constitution, and deprived him of life in 1686.
COTERELLUS. Cotarius and Coterellus, according to Spelman and Du Fresne, are servile tenants; but in Doomsday-book and other ancient manuscripts, there appears a distinction, as well in their tenure and quality as in their name; for the cotarius had a free soccage tenure, and paid a stated firm or rent in provisions or money, with some occasional customary services; whereas the coterellus seems to have held in mere villenage, and his person, issue, and goods, were disposable at the pleasure of the lord.
COTERIE, a term adopted from the French trading associations or partnerships, where each person advances bis quota of stock, and receives his proportion of gain; and it retains its original meaning when applied to little assemblies or companies associated for mirth and social enjoyment, where each one furnishes his quota of pleasantry.
COTES, Roger, a celebrated mathematician and philosopher, was born in 1682, at Burbach, in the county of Leicester, of which his father was rector or curate. Before his twelfth year he showed a decided predilection for the mathematics, which one of his uncles afforded him the means of cultivating; and he made such rapid progress in science, and in the learned languages, that, in 1706, when he had only attained the age of twenty-four, he was appointed to the professorship of astronomy and experimental philosophy, then newly founded by Thomas Plume, archdeacon of Rochester. He took orders in 1713, and, the same year, he published, at the request of his friend Dr Bentley, the second edition of the Principia Mathematica of Newton, which he enriched with an excellent preface. This, with an analytical memoir, entitled Logo-metria, and a description of the great meteor which appeared in England on the 6th March 1716, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions, is all that the author himself published, having been prematurely cut off, on the 5th of June 1716, at the early age of thirty-three. He had commenced researches on optics, in reference to which Newton observed, “If Mr Cotes had lived, we should have known something.” With regard to the pure mathematics, the principal discovery of Cotes consists in a theorem, which still bears his name, and which furnishes the means, of integrating by logarithms and arcs of the circle the rational fractions whose denominator is a binomial; expressions which had already exercised the ingenuity of Leibnitz, and of John Bernoulli, by whose labours, in conjunction with those of Euler, this branch of the integral calculus soon assumed a more convenient and simple form. Cotes having kept this theorem among his papers, along with other writings which indicated great sagacity, these fragments were collected and arranged by Robert Smith, his relative and successor in the chair of astronomy, who published them under the title of Harmonia Mensurarum, sive Analysis et Synthesis per Rationum et Angularum mensuras promotes ; accedunt alia Opuscula Mathematica. Cambridge, 1722, 4to. The “Analyse des Mesures, des Rapports, et des Angles, ou Reduction des Integrations aux Logarithmes et aux Arcs de Cercle,” Paris, 1747, .published by the English Bénédictin Walmsley, is rather a paraphrase than a translation of the Harmonia Mensurarum. Cotes also left a valuable work on natural philosophy, which was published by Robert Smith, and translated into French, under the title of “Leçons de Physique Expérimentale sur l’Equilibre des Liqueurs,” Paris, 1740, 4to, with figures. At Lemgo and at Paris was reprinted the Memoir entitled Aestimatio Errorum in mixtâ Mathesi, seu Variationes partium Trianguli plani et sphaerici, which had originally appeared along with, and subjoined to, the Harmonia Mensurarum. Cotes was much regretted by his most distinguished contemporaries; and Dr Bentley honoured his memory with an elegant Latin epitaph.
COTESWOLD, several sheep-cotes, and sheep feeding on hills. It comes from the Saxon cote, that is, casa, a cottage, and wold, a place where there is no wood.
COTHURNUS, Buskin, a very high shoe or patten raised on soles of cork, worn by the ancient actors in tragedy, in order to make them appear taller and more like the heroes they represented, most of whom were supposed to be giants. It covered the greater part of the leg, and was tied beneath the knee. Aeschylus is said to have invented the cothurnus.
COTICE, or Cotise, in Heraldry, is the fourth part of the bend, which with us is seldom or never borne except in couples, with a bend between them, whence probably the name. It comes from the French coté, side, cotices being borne, as it were, beside the bend. A bend thus bordered is said to be cotised, coticé. Thus, it is said, he bears sable on a bend cotised argent three einquesoils.
COTIGNAC, a market-town of the department of the Var, in France, containing 3227 inhabitants, who trade in leather and the fruits grown in its vicinity.
COTILLON, the name of a brisk dance, in which eight persons take part. The term is French, and signifies an under pettieoat.
COTIOTE, a small district of Hindustan, in the province of Malabar, which, according to the report given in by surveyors, contains an area of 312 British square miles. The face of the country, like that of the other parts of Malabar, contains low hills separated by narrow valleys, which are fit for the cultivation of rice. Towards the Ghauts these hills rise to a considerable height; the soil is everywhere good, though it has been estimated that not more than one thirtieth part of the two districts is too steep, rocky, or barren for cultivation. This country was never [7:7:386]highly cultivated; and its unsettled state, with the calamities which it has suffered, would account for its lying almost waste. It continued long in a state of disorder, from the obstinate resistance made by the inhabitants to the dominion of the British. To this they were encouraged by the difficult nature of the country, which, wherever it is uncultivated, is covered by stately forests. The produce of these woods is of very little value. The valleys by which the wood-covered hills are intersected are fit for the cultivation of rice, and in some places of sugar, pepper, cotton, cassia, cinnamon, and coffee. In 1800 the number of houses was estimated at 4087, besides the rude tribes inhabiting the forests and hills. The imports of this territory are rice, salt, salt fish, oil, cotton, and cloth; in exchange for which its own produce is exported. This country was overrun by the armies of Hyder Ali in 1766, and again in 1774. The inhabitants rebelled against his son Tippoo, who in 1788 invaded the province of Malabar. When the war began between Tippoo and the British in 1799, the rajah, who had concealed himself in the woods, issued forth, and gave his aid to the British in expelling Tippoo. He was at the conclusion of the war reinstated in his government; but having proved himself inadequate to the task, he was superseded by a European officer, and allowed to retire with a pension.
COTOPAXI, the most remarkable volcanic mountain of the Andes, in Quito, thirty-five miles south-south-east of Quito. It rises 18,898 feet above the level of the sea, and is considered as the most beautiful of the colossal summits of the Andes. Its eruptions have been numerous and very destructive; those which took place in 1698, 1738, 1742, 1744,1766,1768, and 1803, are the most remarkable. With respect to the explosion of 1803, Humboldt observes, “At the port of Guayaquil, fifty-two leagues distant in a straight line from the crater, we heard day and night the noise of this volcano, like continued discharges of a battery; and we distinguished these tremendous sounds even on the Pacific Ocean.” The eruption of 1698 destroyed the city , of Tacunga, together with three fourths of its inhabitants. The appearance of this volcano is in the highest degree majestic and sublime. It is a perfect cone, and, being covered with a thick layer of snow, shines at sunset with dazzling splendour, standing forth in bold relief upon the azure heavens. Humboldt found it difficult to ascend the mountain as far as the line of perpetual snow, and he pronounces it impossible ever to reach the summit.
COTRONE, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Calabria Ulteriore. It is situated on the seashore,and is walled and defended by a strong fort. It contains 4600 inhabitants, who are occupied in various trades, and in seafaring pursuits.
COTT, or Cot, a particular sort of bed-frame, suspended from the beam of a ship, for the officers to sleep in, between decks. This contrivance is much more convenient at sea than either the hammocks or fixed cabins, being a large piece of canvass sewed into the form of a chest, about six feet in length and one foot in depth, and from two to three feet in width. It is extended by a square .wooden frame with a canvass bottom.
COTTACOTTA, a town of Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded territories, fifty-seven miles north by west from Cuddapah. It was formerly the residence of the rajah. Long. 78. 47. E. Lat. 15. 16. N.
COTTAPATAM, a town of Hindustan, on the sea coast of the Southern Carnatic, sixty-five miles south from Tanjore. Long. 79. 15. E. Lat. 9. 58. N.
COTTAGE, a little house for habitation, with a small portion of land attached to it.
COTTEE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, and district of Behar, ninety miles south by west from Patna. Long. 84. 40. E. Lat. 24. 21. N.
COTTIWAR, or Cattivad, a considerable district of Hindustan, in the centre of the Gujerat peninsula, situated between the 21st and 23d degrees of north latitude. The present inhabitants, who are supposed to have been long in possession of the country, are Hindus, but of the sect which pays adoration to the sun. They are named Catties, who originally migrated from the north, along the banks of the Indus, to Cutch, and afterwards proceeded with their flocks and cattle to the extensive plains of their present country. They are many of them robbers by profession, and the country has hitherto been the scene of constant wars among its petty chiefs; and hence the large influx into this territory of Arabs, who are in great request on account of their valour and martial habits. Since the British have begun to interfere in the affairs of this country, the spirit of anarchy 7 has been somewhat repressed, and the demand for armed retainers among the independent chiefs by whom the country is governed has diminished. The inhabitants are occupied in breeding cattle and horses; [7:7:395] the latter are in great esteem, and are purchased by the British government for the cavalry. A constant intercourse is maintained with Arabia by the Gulf of Cutch. The country contains no towns of any magnitude, but many strongholds, which are the resort of thieves and robbers.
COTTON is a soft vegetable down, the produce of the gossypium or cotton tree, of which there are many varieties. It grows naturally in all the tropical climates of Asia, Africa, and America, whence it has been transplanted, and has become an important article of cultivation in the southern parts of the United States, and to some extent also in Europe. Cotton is distinguished by its colour, and by the strength, length, and fineness of its fibre. White is generally considered as characteristic of secondary quality. That which has a yellowish tinge, when not the result of wetting or inclement seasons, is considered as indicating greater fineness. There are in the market many varieties of raw cotton, which principally derive their name from the places whence they arc brought. They are usually classed under the denominations of long and short stapled. The best of the first is that brought from the shores of Georgia, but its qualities differ very considerably. The superior samples of Brazil cotton are reckoned among the long stapled. The upland or bowed Georgia cotton forms the largest and best portion of the short stapled class. All the Indian cottons are short stapled.
COTULA, or Cotyla, a liquid measure in use among the ancients. Fannius says the cotyla was the same thing with the hemina, which was half a sextary.

At cotylas, quas si placeat, dixisse licebit Heminas recepit geminas sextarius unus.

Chorier observes, that the cotyla was used as a dry measure as well as a liquid one; and this is confirmed by the authority of Thucydides, who in one place mentions two cotylae of wine, and in another two cotylae of bread.