pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BARBAROSSA, Aruch and Hayraddin, two famous corsairs, the sons of a potter in the Isle of Lesbos, who, turning pirates, carried on their depredations with such success and conduct, that they soon became possessed of twelve galleys besides smaller vessels. Of this fleet Aruch, the elder brother, called Barbarossa from the redness of his beard, was admiral, and Hayraddin the second in command. They called themselves the “friends of the sea,” and the “enemies of all who sailed upon it;” and their names became terrible from the straits of the Dardanelles to those of Gibraltar. But with this power they wanted an establishment. The opportunity of settling themselves, however, presented itself in 1516, in consequence of an inconsiderate application made to them by Euteni, king of Algiers, for assistance against the Spaniards. Aruch, leaving his brother to command the fleet, carried 5000 men to Algiers, where he was received as a deliverer; and secretly murdering the prince he had come to aid, caused himself to be proclaimed king in his stead. To this usurpation he added the conquest of Tremecen, when his exploits and piracies induced the Emperor Charles V. to furnish the marquis de Gomarez, governor of Oran, with troops to put him down; which was accordingly done, as he was defeated and killed near Tremecen. His brother Hayraddin, known also by the name of Barbarossa, assumed the sceptre at Algiers with the same abilities, and with better fortune; for the Spaniards being too much employed in Europe to give him any disturbance, he regulated the interior police of his kingdom with great prudence, carried on his naval operations with vigour, and extended his conquests on the continent of Africa. He put his dominions under the protection of the Grand Signior, Suleiman the Magnificent, and obtained the command of the Turkish fleet. With so powerful a protector he acquired the kingdom of Tunis, in a manner similar to that by which his brother obtained Algiers.
BARBASTRO, a city of the province of Aragon, in Spain, on the river Vero, near its junction with the Cinca. Tt is fortified, and has a cathedral and seven other churches, with several hospitals, and 6200 inhabitants, chiefly employed in tanning and currying leather. Long. 0. 20. W. Lat. 41. 54. N.
BARBATELLI, Bernardino, otherwise called Po-clιetti, a painter of history, fruit, animals, and flowers, was born at Florence in 1542. He was the disciple of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio at Florence. His touch was free, light, and delicate, and the colouring of his objects inexpressibly true; and, besides his merit in this style of painting, the historical subjects which he designed from sacred or profane authors were much admired. He died in 1612.
BARBE, or Baŗb, is an old word, denoting the armour of the horses of the ancient knights and soldiers, who were accoutred at all points. It is said to have been an armour of iron and leather, wherewith the neck, breast, and shoulders of the horse were covered.
BARBEL. See Ichthyology, Index.
BARBER, one who makes a trade of shaving or trimming the beards of other men for money. Anciently a lute, viol, or some such musical instrument, made part of the furniture of a barber’s shop; which then used to be frequented by persons above the ordinary level of the people, who resorted to the barber either for the cure of wounds, or to undergo some chirurgical operation, or, as it was then called, to be trimmed, a word that signified either shaving or cutting and curling the hair ;—these, together with letting blood, formed the ancient occupations of the barber-surgeon. As to the other important branch of surgery, the setting of fractured limbs, that was practised by another class of men called bone-setters, of whom there are hardly any now remaining. The musical instruments in his shop were for the entertainment of waiting customers, and answered the end of a newspaper.
BARBERINO, Francis, one of the best poets of his age, was born at Barberino, in Tuscany, in the year 1264. As his mother was of Florence, he settled in that city, where his profession of the law, but especially the beauty of his poetry, raised him a very considerable character. The greater part of his works are lost; but that which is entitled Documenti J Amore, being a moral poem calculated to instruct those in their duty who have a regard for glory, virtue, and eternity, has had a better fate. It was published at Rome in quarto in 1640, by Frederic Ubaldini, who prefixed a life of the author; and as the poem contains many words which had grown obsolete, he added a glossary to explain them, which illustrates the sense by the authority of contemporary poets. Barberino died in 1348.

Barberino, a town of Tuscany, in Italy, situated at the foot of the Appennine Mountains. Long. 12. 25. E. Lat. 43.40. N.
BARBET. See Ornithology, Index.
BARBEYRAC, John, was born at Besiers, in Lower Languedoc, in 1674. He was successively professor of belles lettres at Berlin, of law and history at Lausanne, and of public law at Groningen. His death took place in 1729. He translated into French the two celebrated works of Pufendorf, his Law of Nature and Nations, and his Duties of α Man and a Citizen; to both of which he wrote excellent notes, and to the former an introductory preface. He translated also Grotius’s treatise De Jure Belli αe Paeis, with large and excellent notes; several of Idlotson’s Sermons; Cumberland’s treatise on the Law f Nature. an ð various other works. He compiled a supplement, in five vols. folio, to the collection of treaties named Grand Corps Diplomatique; and was the author of an original work entitled Traite de Jeu, 2 vols. 8vo.
BARBEZIEUX, an arrondissement of the department of Charente, in France, extending over 465 square miles, and comprehending six cantons and eighty-eight communes, with 51,279 inhabitants. The town, from which it takes its name, is in a mountainous situation, with 2152 inhabitants. Long. 0. 5. W. Lat. 45. 23. N.
BARBIERI, Giovanni Francesco, otherwise called Guercino dα Cento, an eminent historical painter, was born at Cento, a village not far from Bologna, in 1590. At first he was a disciple of Benedetto Gennari; but he afterwards studied for some time in the school of the Caracci, though he did not adopt the manner of that famous academy. He seemed to prefer the style of Caravaggio to that of Guido or Albano, imagining it impossible to imitate nature truly, without the assistance of strong lights and strong shadows; and on that principle the light was admitted into his atelier from above. His taste in design was natural, easy, and often grand, but without any extraordinary share of elevation, correctness, or elegance. Towards the decline of his life he observed that the clearer and brighter style of Guido and Albano had attracted the admiration of all Europe; and therefore he altered his manner, even against his own judgment. But he apologized for this conduct, by declaring, that formerly he had painted for fame and to please the judicious, but that now he painted to please the ignorant and enrich himself. He died in 1666. His best performance is the history of S. Petronilla, which is considered one of the ornaments of St Peter’s at Rome.

Barbieri, Paolo Antonio, da Cento, painter of still life and animals, was the brother of Guercino, and born at Cento in 1596. He chose for his subjects fruits, flowers, insects, and animals, which he painted after nature with a lively tint of colour, great tenderness of pencil, and a strong character of truth and life. He died in 1640.
BARBUDA, one of the Caribbee islands, is 21 miles in length by about 12 in breadth, presenting a very flat surface, covered to a great extent with forests of small trees, in which excellent deer abound. Many varieties of very fine shell and other fish are found on the coast, which is [7:4:372] also frequented by large flocks of water-game.. The part of the island cultivated is fertile, but there is no sugar raised, nor are there any plantations of importance, the labour consisting principally in raising provisions, building droghens, and rearing cattle, with which some of the neighbouring islands are supplied. Barbuda possesses no towns, but negro hamlets are scattered over its surface, and a church has lately been erected. The climate is salubrious, and invalids resort thither from other parts of the West Indies. This island is the entire property of the Codrington family. It is situated 12 leagues to the north-east of Antigua, and 24 to the north-north-east of St Christophers, and contains a population of about 1000 inhabitants. Long. 61. 46. W. Lat 17. 36. N.
BARCA, the name which has been given by the Arabs to an extensive country between Tripoli and Egypt, occupying the site of the ancient Cyrenaica. It is from this identity, and from the monuments which it presents, that the region in question is now chiefly interesting. Indeed, since the important expeditions of Pacho and Beechey have made us well acquainted with the country, it is under the classic name that it is almost exclusively recognized. We shall therefore describe it and its ancient monuments under the head of Cyrenaica.
BARCELLOS, a city of the province of Entre-Douro-e-Minho, in the kingdom of Portugal. It is on the river Savado, is fortified, and contains a population of 5000 persons, who, in the fertile district around them, cultivate the celebrated white wine which takes the name of the city.
BARCELONA, a city of Spain, the capital of the province of Catalonia. It is situated on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, between the mouths of the river Besos and the Llobregat, about one mile from each, on a plain of great fertility, covered with gardens and country houses. The city is but imperfectly fortified; but it is defended by the fortress of Montjuic, which commands every part of it. The buildings are irregular, and most of the streets narrow; but some of the plazas or squares, especially that of the Pallacio and the Born, are very respectable. It contains a Gothic cathedral of majestic appearance, 92 other churches, 37 monasteries, 7 hospitals, and about 11,000 houses; and, including the suburb Barcelonetta, about 140,000 inhabitants. There are here various institutions for the education of medical practitioners, one for mathematical tuition, and one for navigation. It was a place of considerable manufactures, but the loss of the South American colonies has injured that kind of industry, and lessened the tonnage of ships that have entered and left the port. The vessels that cleared out in 1816 were 1231, and in 1826, 1009. There is here a naval arsenal, a light-house, a foundery for cannon, and extensive barracks. Long. 2. 5. 55. E. Lat. 48. 23. 8. N.

The Spaniards, who are proud of the antiquity of their cities, ascribe the founding of Barcelona to the Carthaginians under Hamilcar, and the name to Borcino, a general of that nation. It was the theatre of hostilities, both during the government of the Moors in Spain, and in the wars subsequent to that period. During the War of the Succession it adhered to the house of Austria; and, at the close of it, was reluctantly reconciled to the dynasty of the Bourbons. At the commencement of Buonaparte’s attempt to seize on the government of Spain, the French troops obtained possession of the fortress, which commands the city; and thus, during the continuance of that war it was held in most unwilling subjection to the enemies of the cause which its inhabitants most zealously espoused.
BARCELONETTE, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Alps, in France, 472 square miles in extent, containing 4 cantons, 20 communes, and a population of 18,304 persons. The capital is a market-town of the same name, on the river Ubaye, 3600 feet above the level of the sea, with 2130 inhabitants.
BARCELOR, a town of Asia,, in the East Indies, on the coast of Malabar. It is supposed to be the ancient Barace, and has a considerable trade in pepper. Long· 74. 15. E. Lat. 13. 45. N.
BARCOCHEBAS, or rather Barcochab, a Jewish impostor, whose real name was Ahiba, but who took that of Barcochab, which signifies the Son of a Star, in allusion to the prophecy of Balaam, “There shall a star arise out of Jacob.” He proclaimed himself the Messiah; and talking of nothing but wars, victories, and triumphs, made his countrymen rise against the Romans, by which means he became the author of innumerable disorders. He ravaged many places, took a great number of fortresses, and massacred an infinite multitude of people, particularly Christians. The emperor sent troops to Rufus, governor of Judaea, with orders to suppress the sedition; and lìufus, in obedience, exercised a thousand cruelties, but could not complete his task. The emperor was therefore obliged to send Julius Severus, the greatest general of that time, who attained his end without a direct battle; for he fell on the enemy separately, cutting off their provisions, and at last the whole contest was reduced to the siege of Bitter, in the eighteenth year of Hadrian. There the impostor perished. This war cost the Romans a great deal of blood.
BARDAS, the brother of the empress Theodora, and uncle of the famous Photius, is said to have had no good Quality besides that of loving the sciences and polite literature, which he established in the eastern empire; for otherwise he was treacherous, cruel, and ambitious. In the year 856 he assassinated Theoctistes, general of the emperor Michael’s forces, and obtained his post. At length he caused the disgrace of the empress Theodora; and St Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, reproaching him for his vices, he had the prelate deposed, in 858, in order to make room for Photius. Bardas was assassinated by Basilius the Macedonian in 866.
BARDESANISTS, a sect of ancient heretics, thus denominated from their leader Bardesanes, a Syrian of Edessa, in Mesopotamia. Bardesanes, born in the middle of the second century, became eminent, after his conversion to Christianity, for his zeal against heretics, and wrote a multitude of books against them; yet had he the misfortune to fall himself into the errors of Valentinus, to which he added some others of his own. He taught that the actions of men depend altogether on fate, and that God himself is subject to necessity. His followers went further, and denied the resurrection of the body, as well as the incarnation and death of our Saviour, holding that these were only apparent or fantastical.
BARDEWICK, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony and duchy of Lunenburg, formerly a very large place, but being ruined in 1189 by the duke of Saxony, it never afterwards recovered its former consequence. It is seated on the river Ilmenau, in long. 10. 6. E. lat. 53. 40. N.
BARDOE, the most northern inhabited place in Europe, in the province of East Finmark, in Norway. It has a small harbour, closed by ice during the greater part of the year. It contains only 100 inhabitants, who have a fort to defend their little storehouses. Long. 31. 1. 25. E. Lat. 70. 22. 35. N.
BARDT, a strong and rich town of Germany, in the duchy of Pomerania, with a castle and a spacious harbour. It is subject to the Swedes; and is situated near the Baltic Sea, in long. 13. 20. E. lat. 54. 23. N.
BAREILLY, a large and populous city of Hindostan, in the province of Delhi, and capital of the district of Bareilly, and of Rohilcund generally. It is situated at the confluence of the Jooah and Sunkra, and formed the capital of a Rohilla chief, who was slain at the battle of Cutterah, and who lies interred there. The travelling distance from Delhi is 142 miles; from Calcutta by Moorshedabad 910; from Lucknow 156 miles. Long. 70. 21. E. Lat. 28. 22. N. The district of Bareilly is bounded by the Ganges on the west, and is well watered by many other smaller rivers. The chief towns are Bareilly, Bissoneta, Anop-sheher, Moradabad, Rampoor, and Budayon. In summer, notwithstanding its northern latitude, the heat is intense; but in winter water sometimes freezes in the tents. After the cruel devastation of Rohilcund in 1774 by Sujah ud Dowlah, aided by the British troops, the country became a complete waste. In 1802 it was ceded to the British, and under their protection it was improved, and began to recover from the state of desolation into which it had fallen. The natives are a tall, handsome race of people, and white, compared with the more southern inhabitants of India. Rohilcund, Furruckabad, and the upper part of the country between the Jumna and the Ganges, abound with a warlike race of Mahommedans, the relics of that disorderly banditti of Pindarees or Patans who were crushed by the British armies in 1817. They are disaffected to the British because they have been forced to remain at peace, and to abandon their lawless habits of rapine for those of industry. TheMahommedan inhabitants of this district approach nearer to an equality of numbers with the Hindoos than in any other part of Hindostan, though even here they are still inferior.
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BAREITH, a town of Germany, in Franconia, containing 10,000 inhabitants. It was formerly the chief town of a margravate of the same name. Long. 11. 50. E. Lat. 50. 0. N.
BARFLEUR, a town of France, in Normandy, now the department of the Channel. It was ruined, and had its harbour filled up by the English in 1346. The cape of that name is twelve miles east of Cherbourg, and near it part of the French fleet was destroyed in 1692. Long. 1. 6. W. Lat. 49. 40. N.
BARGA, a city of the province of Saluzzo, in the kingdom of Sardinia. It stands at the confluence of the rivers Infernetto and Ghiadone, and has three churches, two monasteries, and 7250 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in the manufacture of fire-arms.
BARGAIN and Sale, a species of conveyance in the English law.
BARGE (Bargie, Dutch, from Barga, low Latin), a boat of state or pleasure, sometimes furnished with elegant canopies and cushions, equipped with a band of rowers, and decorated with flags and streamers. There are likewise barges of a smaller kind for the use of admirals and captains of ships of war. These are of a lighter frame, and may be easily hoisted into and out of the ships to which they belong.
BARGHMOTE, or Barmote, a court which takes cognizance of causes and disputes between miners. By the custom of the mines, no person is to sue any miner for ore-debt, or for ore, or for any ground in variance, but only in the court of barmote, on penalty of forfeiting the debt, and paying the charges at law.
BARI, a maritime province of the kingdom of Naples, bounded on the north by the Adriatic Sea, on the east and south-east by Otranto, on the south-west by Basilicata, and on the west by Capitanata. It extends over 1740 square miles, and contains a population of 324,600 persons. The capital, from which the province derives its name, is situated on a tongue of land on the Mediterranean Sea, and is well fortified with a strong citadel. It is ill built and somewhat filthy, and contains a cathedral, several churches, and other public buildings. In 1817 a lyceum was founded here, and there is also a college for the nobility. The inhabitants are about 20,000, including the suburbs. There are considerable manufactures of cotton goods, and much trade in soap, oil, almonds, potash, and cotton wool, the last of which is cultivated to a great extent near it. Long. 16. 52. E. Lat. 4L 15. N.
BARILLA, or Barílha, the name of a plant cultivated in Spain for its ashes, from which the purest kinds of vegetable alkali or soda are obtained.
BARK, in the anatomy of plants, the exterior part of trees, corresponding to the skin of an animal. See Anatomy, Vegetable. Bark, or Jesuiís Barh, is a name given by way of eminence to the quinquina, or cinchona. See Cinchona. Bark, in Navigation, a general name given to small ships; it is, however, peculiarly appropriated by seamen to those which carry three masts without a mizen topsail. Our northern mariners who are trained in the coaltrade apply this distinction to a broad-sterned ship which carries no ornamental figure on the stern or prow.
BARKING, a market-town of the hundred of Beacontree, in the county of Essex, seven miles from London, on a creek which receives the river Rhoding, communicating with the Thames. It is in a rich marshy district, and its situation is considered unhealthy. The parish church is a large and handsome building. The inhabitants, of whom a large proportion are fishermen, amounted in 1801 to 1585, in 1811 to 2421, and in 1821 to 2580.
BARKWAY, a town of Hertfordshire in England, on the great road from London to York. Long. 0. 5. W. Lat. 52. N.
BARLAEUS, Gaspar, professor of philosophy at Amsterdam, and one of the best Latin poets of the seventeenth century. There was scarcely any thing great that happened in the world, while he lived, but he made a pompous elegy upon it, when reasons of state opposed no obstacle to it. He was a great defender of Arminius, and showed his abilities in history by his relation of what passed in Brazil during the government of Count Maurice of Nassau, published in 1647. He died the year after.
BARLETTA, a city in the province of Bari, in the kingdom of Naples. It is the seat of an archbishop, and was formerly fortified, but its defences are now in a dilapidated condition. It contains 17,950 inhabitants, who export much salt, made by evaporation in a large lagoon, and also considerable quantities of oil, wine, and almonds. The harbour is shallow, and all the water of the springs of rather a saline quality.
BARLEY. See Agriculture and Brewing. Pearl Barley and French Barley, barley freed of the husk by a mill; the distinction between the two being, that the pearl barley is reduced to the size of small shot, all but the very heart of the grain being ground away.

Barley- Water is a decoction of either of these, reputed soft and lubricating, and of frequent use in physic.

Barley- Corn is used to denote a measure, containing in length the third part of an inch, and in breadth the eighth. The French carpenters also use barley-corn, grain d’orge, as equivalent to a line, or the twelfth part of an inch.
BARM, the same with yest. See Baking and Brewing.
BARMOUTH, a small market-town in the county of Merioneth, in North Wales, 223 miles from London. It is the only port in that division of the Welsh shore, and is much frequented in the summer as a bathing place, to which the picturesque scenery in the neighbourhood largely contributes. It is included in the parish of Corwen in the population returns, and thus the number of inhabitants cannot be ascertained, but they are estimated at about 1000.
BARN, in Husbandry. See Agriculture.