pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PANATHENAEA, Παναόηναια, in Grecian antiquity, an ancient Athenian festival, in honour of Minerva the protectress of Athens. Harpocration and Suidas refer the institution of this festival to Erichthonius IV. king of Athens, who lived before Theseus. Theodoret alone says that the feast was established by Orpheus. But be this as it may, till the time of Theseus it was never a particular feast of the city of Athens, and was simply called Athenaea ; that prince, however, having united all the people of Attica into one republic, they afterwards assisted at the festival; and hence the name Panathenaea, or the feast of all Attica. In effect, all Attica was present; and each division of the people sent a bullock for the sacrifices, and for the entertainment of the vast multitude of people assembled.

There were two festivals under this denomination; the greater and the lesser. The greater Panathenaea were exhibited every five years; the less, every thrce years, or, according to some writers, annually. Though the celebration of neither employed at first more than one day, yet in after times they were protracted for the space of many days, and solemnized with greater preparations and magnificence than at their first institution. The ceremonies were the same in the greater and the Jesser Panathenaea; excepting a banner, on which the actions of the goddess were represented in embroidery, executed by maids, with the names of those who had distinguished themselves in the service of the republic· This only was borne at the greater. Prizes were established for three different kinds of combat. The first consisted of foot and horse races; the second, of athletic exercises; and the third, of poetical and musical contests. These last are said to have been instituted by Pericles. Singers of the first class, accompanied by performers on the flute and the cithara, exercised their talents upon subjects prescribed by the directors of these exhibitions.
PANAULON, an enlarged German-flute, with sixteen finger-keys, and descending as low as G in the treble clef, with two ledger lines under the stave. It was invented a few years ago by Trexler of Vienna. To remedy its inconvenient length, the lower end was curved. The quality of its tone is not so good as that of the common German-flute; but still the panaulon may be effectively used in orchestra music, as a bass to the other flutes.
PANCARPUS, in Roman antiquity, a kind of show which the Roman emperors frequently exhibited to the people. The word is formed from the Greek <καν, all, and καξyrος, fruit ; and hence the name was also given by the Athenians to a sacrifice, in which all kinds of fruits were offered. In this spectacle, the circus being all set over with large trees, represented a forest, into which the beasts being admitted from the dens under ground, the people, at a sign given by the emperor, pursued, shot, and killed all they could lay hold of, which they afterwards carried away to regale upon at home. The beasts usually given on these occasions were boars, deer, oxen, and sheep.

Casaubon, Cujas, Pithon, and others, represent ∖ hepan-carpus and sylva as the same thing; but Salmasius thinks they were different. The sylva, according to him, was such a diversion as that above described; but the pancarpus was a combat in which robust people, hired for that purpose, fought with wild beasts. This opinion Casaubon confirms from Cassian, Justinian, Claudian, Firmicus, Manilius, and Cassiodorus.
PANCHBERARAH, a town of Hindustan, and small [7:16:788] district, in the province of Cashmere. Long. 75. E. Lat. 34. 32. N.
PANCO Point, a remarkable cape, situated at the north-eastern extremity of the island of Java, at the mouth of the western entrance of the Straits of Madura. Here are stationed Javanese and European pilots, who, as soon as vessels are seen standing for the channel, go before to pilot them to Gressee and Sourabaya. Long. 112. 44. E. Lat. 6. 48. S.
PANCRAS, a large parish formerly detached from the metropolis by wide and open fields, but now a great portion of the northern side of London. Within the last forty years it has been covered with large houses, composing some of the handsomest squares, and the widest and most uniformly built streets. The parish is very extensive, including a third of Highgate, the several hamlets of Battle-Bridge, Kentish Town, Somers Town, Cambden Town, and Tottenham Court Road, as far as Rathbone Place. The houses in the newly-built portion are not generally large, and many of them are small but neat; and as the rent is lower than in many other parts of the western portion of London, they are occupied by people of inferior wealth. Those houses which are of the superior kind are found, from their vicinity to the inns of court and the courts of law, to be appropriately adapted for persons in some way or other connected with the law, though many of them are filled by the families of mercantile men from the city. The old parish church is small, and still retains somewhat of its rural appearance. It is remarkable as the favourite burying-place of the Roman Catholics, and a very large proportion of the grave-stones exhibit a cross and the letters R. I. P., requiescat in pace, or, may he rest in peace. Two new churches have recently been erected, one of which, on the new road, is made the parish church, and is amongst the most magnificent of those new edifices. The growth of the parish may be seen from the population returns, thus: In 1801 the inhabitants amounted to 31,779, in 1811 to 46,333, in 1821 to 71,838, and in 1831 to 103,548.
PANCRATIUM (compounded of παν, all, and κ%ατιω, I overcome), amongst the ancients, a kind of intermixed exercise, consisting of wrestling and boxing; but it differs in this, that as the athletae were not to seize the body, their hands were not armed with gauntlets, and gave less dangerous blows.

The pancratium was the third gymnastic exercise, and was not introduced till long after the others. The people who were engaged in these exercises were called pancra-tiastae ; a name which was also given to such as did not confine themselves to one exercise, but succeeded in several different ones.
PANCSOVA, a city of Hungary, in the province of the Hungarian frontier, the capital of the limits or circle of the German Banat regiment, which extends over 1656 square miles, comprehending the city and sixty villages, with 101,200 inhabitants. The city is situated upon an arm of the Themes, at its influx into the Danube. It contains 960 houses, and 8640 inhabitants, who carry on considerable commerce with their Turkish neighbours. Long. 20. 32. 2. E. Lat. 44. 49. 40. N.
PANDA, in Mythology, a goddess who was invoked and honoured as the protectress of travellers and navigators. The goddess of peace was also called Pandar, because she opened the gates of cities which were shut in time of war. According to Varro, Panda is a surname of Ceres, formed a pane dando, because she gave bread to mankind.
PANDAR, a small town of Hindustan, in the Sikh territory, and province of Lahore, 132 miles north-east from the city of Lahore. Long. 75.16. E. Lat. 33. 17. N.
PANDECTS, Pandectae, in jurisprudence, the digest or collection, made by Justinian’s order, of 534 decisions or judgments of the ancient lawyers, on as many questions occurring in the civil law; to all which that emperor gave the force and authority of law, by the epistle prefixed to the collection. The word is Greek, Uανδεκται, being compounded of σrαν, all, and δiχομαι, I take ; that is, a compilation, or a book containing everything relative to public and private rights. Others, however, as Bartoli, think it was formed from σrαν, and δεχομαι, because these books were supposed to contain the whole doctrine of the civil law. See the article Civil Law.
PANDICULATION is that violent and extensive motion of the solids which usually accompanies the act of yawning.
PANDIWORA, a village of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, near to which flows a stream of clear but salt water.
PANDORA, in fabulous history, a woman formed by Prometheus, to whom each of the gods gave some perfection. Venus bestowed upon her beauty; Pallas, wisdom; Juno, riches; Apollo, music; and Mercury, eloquence. But Jupiter being displeased at Prometheus for having stolen fire from heaven to animate the mass he had formed, gave Pandora a box, which she was enjoined not to open; and then sent her to the earth with this box, in which were enclosed age, disease, pestilence, war, famine, envy, discord, and all the evils and vices that could afflict mankind. This fatal box was opened by Epimetheus, brother of Prometheus, when instantly all the diseases and mischiefs with which it was filled spread over the earth, and Hope only remained at the bottom. Hesiod says Pandora was the first woman.

Pandora, a small kind of lute, with fewer strings than the ordinary lute. It is believed to have originated in the Ukraine, where it is used to accompany vocal music, or to play national and Polish dances. Some writers are of opinion that this instrument was known to the ancient Egyptians, and that amongst them it had three strings.
PANDURA, a Neapolitan instrument, of a larger size than the mandola, and strung with eight metal wires. It is played with a quill. The pandurina was an instrument of a similar kind, with four strings, but is now disused.
PANEGYRIC, an oration in praise of some extraordinary person or virtue. The name is Greek, <ιrαwιγvζ ∣ ς, being composed of παv, all, and αγειξω, I assemble ; because anciently in public and solemn assemblies of the Greeks, either at their games, feasts, fairs, or religious meetings, panegyrics were pronounced. To 'render these the more solemn, the Greeks used to begin with the praises of the deity in whose honour the games were celebrated; next they descended to the praise of the people or country where they were celebrated; then they lauded the princes or magistrates who presided at them; and, lastly, they bestowed eulogies on the champions, especially the conquerors, who had gained the prizes in them.
PANEGYRICUM, in church history, an ecclesiastical book, used by the Greek church, containing the panegyrical orations of various authors, on the solemnities of Jesus Christ and the saints. It is found in manuscript in most churches, but it is not the same in all, each church having its particular saints; indeed the compilers of this kind of books usually suited their collections to the taste of their own devotion. They are disposed according to the order of the months, and frequently consist of twelve volumes, answering to the twelve months of the year. Amongst the principal authors of this work are Athanasius, Cyril, Basil, Chrysostom, and others.
PANEL (panella, panellum), according to Sir Edward Coke, denotes “a little part ;” but the learned Spelman says that it signifies schedula vel pagina, a schedule or roll, as a panel of parchment, or a counterpane of an indenture; but it is used more particularly for a schedule or roll, containing the names of such jurors as the sheriff returns[7:16:789] to pass upon any trial. Hence the impanelling a jury is the entering their names in a panel or little schedule of parchment.
PANELA, or Pannela, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapore. It is one of the strongest fortresses in India, which was taken by the celebrated Mahratta chief Sevajee, by stratagem, in the year 1660. It was subsequently besieged in vain by the army of the king of Bejapore; and yielded to the powerful arms of Aurungzebe about the year 1670. It was near this place that the British ambassador, Sir W. Norris, had his audience of Aurungzebe in 1701. Long. 74. 20. E. Lat. 17. N.
PANGANSANE Isle, an island in the Eastern Seas, situated off the south-eastern extremity of Celebes, fifty-two miles in length by sixteen in average breadth. It is low, level, and covered with fine trees.
PANGOOTARRAN, one of the Sooloo Archipelago Isles, in the Eastern Seas, about ten miles in length by four in average breadth. It is one entire bed of coral rock, with scarcely any appearance of soil on it. It abounds, however, in cocoa-nut trees, and has also plenty of cattle, goats, and fowls. Long. 120. 30. E. Lat. 6. 9. N.
PANHA, a village of Hindustan, tributary to the Nepaul rajahs, in the province of Serinagur. It contains forty or fifty huts. Long. 79. 10. E. Lat. 30. 18. N. About six miles to the south of this place are the copper mines of Dhanpoor, and eight miles to the north those of Nagpoor.
PANIANY, a seaport town of the south of India, in the province of Malabar. It is situated on the south bank of the Palicaud River. It consists of about 500 houses belonging to traders, and 1000 huts inhabited by the lower classes of people, and forty mosques. It is very irregularly built; many of the houses are two stories high, built of stone, and thatched with cocoa-nut leaves. The houses are scattered over a wide extent of sandy plain; the river, though wide, has a bar at its mouth, which only admits the entrance of boats. The inhabitants are generally of the class of Mahommedans called Moplays. They were formerly very rich, and possessed vessels that sailed to Surat, Mocha, Madras, and Bengal. But they were reduced to great poverty by the oppressions of Tippoo Sultan. The exports from Paniany are teak timber, pepper, rice, corn, and cocoa-nuts. The chief imports are wheat, pulse, sugar, spices, &c. Paniany was taken possession of by the British troops under Colonel Humbertson in 1782. It was afterwards recovered by Tippoo, with whom it remained till the conclusion of peace in 1792, when, with the province of Malabar, it was annexed to the British possessions. It is forty miles south by east from Calicut. Long. 76. E. Lat. 10. 44. N.
PANIC denotes an ill-grounded terror or fright. Polyaenus says it originated from Pan, one of the captains of Bacchus, who with a few men put a numerous enemy to route, by a noise which his soldiers raised in a rocky valley, favoured with a great number of echoes. This stratagem making their number appear far greater than it was, the enemy quitted a commodious encampment, and fled. Hence all ill-grounded fears have been called panics, or panic fears; and it was this that gave occasion to the fable of the nymph Echo being beloved by the god Pan. Others derive it from the circumstance, that in the wars of the Titans against the gods, Pan was the first who struck terror into the hearts of the giants. Theon on Aratus says he did it by the means of a sea-shell, which served him for a trumpet.
PANIONIA, in Antiquity, a festival celebrated in honour of Neptune, by a concourse of people from all the cities of Ionia. In this festival, if the bull offered in sacrifice happened to bellow, it was accounted an omen of divine favour, because that sound was thought to be acceptable to Neptune.
PANMELODICON, an instrument invented by Lep-pich at Vienna in 1810. By means of a conical barrel moved by a wheel, rods of metal, bent to a right angle, were made to sound when the finger-keys were pressed down.
PANNAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and district of Bundelcund, celebrated for the diamond mines in its neighbourhood, which, during the reign of Akbar, produced L.100,000 a year. It is thirty miles south-east from Chatterpore. Long. 80. 17. E. Lat. 24. 43. N.
PANNARIA, one of the group’of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean Sea. It was called Thermissia by the ancients, on account of its natural warm baths. It is about seven miles in circumference, and contains 200 inhabitants, who cultivate a rich volcanic soil. There is a good port on the south side for small vessels, called Calla de Castello.
PANNIPUT, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi. It is about four miles in circumference, and was formerly surrounded with a brick wall, which partly remains. In the centre of the town is the shrine of a Mahommedan saint, who flourished during the fourteenth century. The surrounding district is fertile in sugar, and a considerable trade is carried on by the town in that article, and in salt and grain. It is celebrated as the scene of two of the greatest battles ever recorded in the history of Hindustan. The first was in the year 1525, between the army of Sultan Baber and that of the Delhi Patan Ibrahim* Lodi, in which the latter was defeated and slain. The second, which was still a greater and more decisive action, took place between the combined Mahommedan army, commanded by Ahmed Shah Abdalli, king of the Afghans, consisting of 80,000 cavalry and infantry, and eighty pieces of cannon, and that of the Mahrattas, commanded by Bhow Sedasiva, nephew of the peishwa, who had under him about 70,000 regulars, with 15,000 Pindarries, and nearly 200 pieces of cannon. The Mahrattas were completely overthrown, and the whole host nearly destroyed; so that they were never able again to contend with any hope of success for the dominion of India. It is fifty miles north by west from the city of Delhi. Long. 75. 50. E. Lat. 29. 23. N.
PANORMO, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Anatolia, on the south coast of the Sea of Marmora. It is sixteen miles south-east of Artaki.
PANOU, a river of Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Niznei Tunguska. Long. 102. 24. E. Lat. 64. 40. N.
PANTAENUS, a Stoic philosopher, born in Sicily about the beginning of the reign of Commodus. He presided over the celebrated school of Alexandria, where, from the time of St Mark, the founder of that church, they had always a divine who was eminent for his learning and piety to explain the Holy Scriptures, and to instruct them in human learning. This employment he was obliged to leave; for when the Indians required of Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, to send them one to instruct them in Christianity, he sent Pantaenus, who undertook the mission with joy, and behaved himself very properly in it. It is said that the Indians had been tinctured with Christianity by St Bartholomew the apostle; and that Pantaenus met with the Hebrew original of St Matthew’s gospel, which •the apostle had left there. St Jerome says that Pantaenus brought it with him, and that<in his time.it ∙was>preserved in the library of Alexandria. But we suspect that

St Jerome is mistaken in this respect. When Pantaenus returned to Alexandria he re-assumed the government of the school of that city, which he had probably during his absence committed to the care of St Clement, a presbyter of Alexandria. He explained the Scriptures publicly, under the reign of Severus Antoninus Caracalla, and, in St Jerome’s opinion, was more serviceable to the church by his discourses than by his writings. He published some commentaries upon the Bible, which are lost. That the prophets often express themselves in indifferent terms, and that they make use of the present time instead of the past and future, is a rule of Pantaenus, which has been followed by all succeeding interpreters. Theodorus has related this rule; but he speaks of it as if Pantaenus had rather said than written it. We may have some notion of Pantaenus’s manner of explaining the Scriptures by the similar performances of St Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and others who were brought up in that school.
PANTALONE, an instrument invented about the end of the seventeenth century, by Hebenstreit, a German. It resembled the German psaltery, was of an oblong shape, and had two sound-boards, the one furnished with metal wires, the other with gut-strings. Its compass was the same as that of the harpsichord.
PANTALOON, a sort.of garment consisting of breeches and stockings of one piece, and said to have been first introduced by the Venetians.

Pantaloon, in the theatre, is a buffoon or masked person, who performs high and grotesque dances, and shows violent and extravagant postures and airs. The word is likewise used for the habit or dress which these buffoons usually wear, and which is made precisely to fit the body, being all of a piece from head to foot.
PANTELLARIA, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to the kingdom of Naples, between Sicily and Cape Bon in Africa, seventy-two miles south of Maritimo. It is about thirty miles in circumference, and is entirely volcanic, consisting of vestiges of lava, pumice, scoriae, and puzzolana. The interior consists of hills covered with brush-wood, and valleys well cultivated with vines, cotton, and fruit, especially raisins, but not yielding corn sufficient for the inhabitants. The capital is Oppedulun, a large but very poor place. It has a haven, defended towards the sea by a castle and another battery, and is convenient for small vessels, who load with wine, oil, cotton, archil, raisins, and some alum. The population of the island is 4600 persons, tolerably active, but of lax morality, many being fugitives from the law in, other parts of the Neapolitan dominions. Near Sataria Point are some grottos, called stoves, which emit vapours deemed efficacious in the cure of some diseases. Long. 11. 54. 20. E. Lat 36. 51. 15. N.
PANTHEA, in Antiquity, were single statues, composed of the figures or symbols of several different divinities. Joubert, who calls them pantheae, and has remarked them sometimes on medals, says that their heads were most commonly adorned with the symbols or attributes belonging to several gods. An instance of this appears in a medal of Antoninus Pius, representing Serapis by the bushel, the Sun by the crown of rays, Jupiter Ammon by the ram’s horns, Pluto by the large beard, and Aesculapius by the serpent twisted in his hand. Baudelot, in his dissertation on the Lares, observes, that the panthea had their origin from the superstition of those who, taking several gods for the protectors of their houses, united them all in the same statue, by adorning it with >the several symbols proper to each of these deities.