pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
UNDULATION, in Physics, a kind of tremulous motion or vibration observable in a liquid, by which it alternately rises and falls like the waves of the sea.
UNICORN, an animal famous among the ancients, and thought to be the same with the rhinoceros. Sparmann informs us that the figure of the unicon described by the ancients has been found delineated by the Snese Hottentots on the plain surface of a rock in Caftraria, and therefore conjectures that such an animal either does exist at present in the interior parts of Africa, or at least once did so. Father Lobo affirms that he has seen it. Sir John Barrow, in his Travels in Southern Africa, affords additional reason to believe in the existence of this curious animal.
UNIEH, a seaport of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Black Sea, situated on a bay, with a range of finely wooded mountains behind. It is mostly built of wood, and, like all eastern towns, is extremely filthy; forming a striking contrast with the beauty of the environs. The inhabitants consist of Turks, Greeks, and Armenians, who carry on a considerable trade with Constantinople and the Crimea. Its exports are cotton stuffs from Tocat and Diarbekir, fruits, and wine; the imports corn and oil from the Crimea, coffee, sugar, and European manufactures from Constantinople. A number of vessels belongs to the port, though none of them exceeds 200 tons burden. Unieh is forty miles east of Samsoon.
UNITARIANS. a name given to those who confine the glory and attribute of divinity to the One only great and supreme God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.
UNIVERSAL, something that is common to many things; or it is one thing belonging to many or all things. UNIVERSALS. See Metaphysics.
UNIVERSE, a collective name, signifying the whole world; or the assemblage of heaven and earth, with all that they contain. See Astronomy and Geography.
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UNST. See Zetland.
UPPINGHAM, a market-town in the county of Rutland, in the hundred of Martinsley, eighty-nine miles from London and seven from Oakham. It is a clean and well-built town, standing on an eminence, and consisting principally of one long street, with a hospital and a free school, both erected in 1584, and a fine Gothic parish-church. It has a well-frequented market on Wednesday, and two large fairs, one in March, the other in July. The population amounted in 1821 to 1630, and in 1831 to 1757.
UPSALA, one of the provinces of the kingdom of Sweden. It has been formed out of the western part of the ancient province of Upland. It extends in north latitude from 59° 24' to 60° 39', and in east longitude from 16° 36' to 18° 17'. It comprehends 2112 square miles, with two cities, one market-town, and 8546 villages and hamlets. The population is 80,926. It is rather an undulating than a level district, with small groups of hills connected together, which in the north may be almost described as mountains. It extends along the Gulf of Bothnia, but has no good harbours; but the lake of Malaren, which forms its southern boundary, and is connected with the sea at Stockholm, provides a good egress for the productions. This lake is connected with a chain of others, which, by means of canals, forms a communication between the two seas that bound the eastern and western sides of the kingdom towards the south.

The soil of the southern part of the province is a rich black loam, highly fertile; but in the north, beyond the 60th degree of latitude, it is much less productive. The chief corn is rye, and in the north barley, with some oats; but the whole province usually yields sufficient grain for its consumption. The inhabitants of the northern part subsist almost wholly on oaten bread. It is not favourable to the growth of fruit, except that some cherries are seen, and in most parts abundance of wortle-berries.

In the north there are extensive woods, mostly of pines and firs, with some beeches. The cattle are generally small, but of late the wool of the sheep has been improved by the introduction of Saxon rams. The fisheries, both on the sea and the lakes, afford a supply of food, and give employment to many persons; but the chief occupation arises from the extensive mines of iron that are worked. The most considerable of them, that of Dannemora, is a prodigious work, and furnishes to commerce the best bar-iron, and converts a part into various articles for domestic use.

The capital of the province is the city of the same name, standing on the river Fyrisac, which divides it into two parts. Upsala is one of the most beautiful old-fashioned cities in Europe. It has a castle or palace, the residence of the governor; a cathedra], in which many of the kings have been interred, and in which there is a fine monument to the memory of the celebrated Linnaeus. It is the seat of an archbishop, and likewise of the chief university of the kingdom. This institution, founded in 1478, has a good library of 50,000 volumes, a fine botanic garden, an astronomical observatory, and the several other aids to study usually found in universities. The average number of students is 800. The trade of this place is inconsiderable, the manufactures being limited to making snuff and tobacco, and weaving coarse linens. The inhabitants amount to 15,000, who mostly depend on the university for employment and the means of subsistence. In the neighbourhood are many remains of Gothic antiquity. Long. 27. 31. 40. E. Lat. 59. 51. 56. N.
UPTON-ON-SEVERN, a market-town of the county of Worcester, in the hundred of Pershore, 109 miles from London and ten from Worcester. It stands on the right bank of the Severn, over which is a stone bridge of six arches. The town is well built, and has a very neat church, erected in 1758. There is a weekly market on Thursdays, and three annual fairs; but the chief trade is owing to the navigable river on whose bank it is built. The population amounted in 1821 to 2319, and in 1831 to 2343.
URANIA, one of the nine Muses, was supposed to preside over astronomy. She is commonly represented in an azure robe, crowned with stars, and supporting a large globe with both hands.
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URBINO and Pesaro, a delegation or province of the papal dominion in Italy, formed out of the ancient dukedom of Urbino. It is bounded on the north by Forli and the republic of St Marino, on the north-east by the Adriatic Sea, on the south-east by Ancona, on the southwest by Perugia, and on the west by Tuscany. It extends over 1733 square miles, comprehending twelve cities, sixteen market-towns, and 410 hamlets and villages. The population amounts to 216,071 persons. As it extends over a great portion of the Apennines, it is necessarily mountainous. It produces, on the sides of the hills and in the valleys, silk, wine, corn, hemp, flax, fruit, cattle, wax, and honey. The capital is the city of Urbino, which is situated on a hill, and is surrounded with ancient walls and towers. Being the seat of a bishop, it has a cathedral and also several other churches, ten monasteries, and six nunneries. A university was founded here by Pope Clement X., but it has disappeared, though a college is still left, and one of the oldest academies of Italy. The population amounts to 12,200 persons. This city is remarkable as the birth-place of the celebrated artist Raphael. Long. 12. 31. 5. E. Lat. 43. 43. 36. N.
URGUNGE, or Urghenz, an extensive tract of territory situated on the Lower Oxus, near its junction with the Aral, and between the lake and the Caspian. It is a wild and desolate tract, traversed by wandering and predatory hordes of Turkomans. The bulk of the population is collected in fortified towns, and is maintained by a few fertile spots. The principal of these is called the “region,” and is about four miles in circuit, surrounded by walls of earth; and the houses are built of the same material. A market is formed by one long street, which is covered above, and here the little trade of the surrounding country is carried on. It has been almost ruined by the devastations of war.
URIM and Thummim, among the ancient Hebrews, denoted a certain oracular consultation by the high priest, dressed in his robes, and wearing his pectoral or breastplate. Various have been the sentiments of commentators concerning the Urim and Thummim. Josephus and several others maintain that it meant the precious stones set in the high priest’s breastplate, which, by extraordinary lustre, made known the will of God to those who consulted him. Dr Spencer believes that the Urim and Thummim were two little golden figures shut up in the pectoral, as in a purse, which gave responses with an articulate voice. In short, there are as many opinions concerning the Urim and Thummim as there arg particular authors that have written about them. The safest opinion, according to Broughton, seems to be, that the words Urim and Thummim signify some divine virtue and power annexed to the breastplate of the high priest, by which an oracular answer was obtained from God when he was thus consulted; and that this was called Urim and Thummim, to express the clearness and perfection which these oracular answers always carried with them; for Urim signifies “light,” and Thummim “perfection these answers not being imperfect and ambiguous, like the heathen oracles, but clear and evident. The use made of the Urim and Thummim was, to consult God in difficult cases relating to the whole state of Israel, and sometimes in cases relating to the king, the sanhedrim, the general of the army, or some other great personage.
URN, a kind of vase, of a roundish form, but swelling in the middle, like the common pitchers; now seldom used but in the way of ornament over chimney pieces, in buffets, &c. The great use of urns among the ancients was to preserve the ashes of the dead after they were burnt; for which reason they were called cineraria, and urnoe cineraria, and were placed sometimes under the tombstone on which the epitaph was engraved, and sometimes in vaults in their own houses.
URSA, the name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere.
URSULINES, an order of nuns, founded by St Angela of Brescia, in the year 1537, and so called from St Ursula, to w hom they were dedicated.
URUMEA. See Ouroomia.
USANCE is a determined time fixed for the payment of bills of exchange, reckoned either from the day of the bills being accepted, or from the day of their date; and thus [7:21:532]called because regulated by the usage and custom of the places on which they are drawn.
USE, in Law, the profit or benefit of lands and tenements, or a trust and confidence reposed in a person for the holding of lands, &c., that he to whose use the trust is made shall receive the profits.
USHANT, an island on the coast of France, in the department of Finisterre and arrondissement of Brest. It is a lofty district, surrounded with steep rocks, but to navigators is an important point when approaching from the west. It is about eighteen miles in compass. It contains, besides the garrison, 1650 inhabitants, subsisting by agriculture and fishing. There is a light-house on the island. Long. 5. 9. 11. W. Lat. 48. 23. 8. N.

Ushant, or Ouessant, a small island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1768, by M. Bougainville, near the coast of New Guinea. Long. 146. 33. E. Lat. 11. 5. S.
USHER, an officer or servant who has the care and direction of the door of a court, hall, chamber, or the like.

Usher of the Black Bod, the eldest of the gentlemen ushers, daily waiters at court, whose duty is to bear the rod before the queen at the feast of St George, and other solemnities.
USIDSCHA. or Usicza , a city of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Semendria. It is situated in a beautiful valley, watered by a small river, which divides it into two parts. It is surrounded by walls, has several Greek churches, and 6000 inhabitants, mostly of that nation, who carry on considerable trade.
USK, a market-town in the hundred of the same name, in the county of Monmouth, 144 miles from London. It takes the name of the river on which it is built. On a hill near it are the ruins of its ancient castle. The church is of Norman construction, built in the form of a cathedral. The priory, to which it appertained, is now in ruins. Usk is a borough, and, in conjunction with Monmouth and Newport, returns one member to the House of Commons. A market is held on Monday. The population amounted in 1821 to 989, and in 1831 to 1160.

Usk , a river of Wales, which rises on the west of Brecknockshire, and runs south-east through that county and Monmouthshire, falling into the mouth of the Severn.
USMAN, a circle of the Russian government of Tarnbow, extending in north latitude from 51° 58' to 52° 23', and in east longitude from 89° 14' to 41° 24'. It is watered by the rivers Usman and Woronesh, is 1804 square miles in extent, and contains 54,600 inhabitants. Numerous herds of horned cattle are depastured in its rich meadows, and the attendance on them is the chief occupation. The capital is a city of the same name, situated at the junction of the two rivers before mentioned. It has four churches, 474 houses, and 3140 inhabitants. It is 778 miles distant from St Petersburg. Long. 39. 40. E. Lat. 53. 5. N.
USTEE, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the Nagpoor Mahrattas, in the province of Berar, fifty miles east from Ellichpoor. Long. 75. 52. E. Lat. 21. 18. N.
USTICA, one of the Lipari group of islands, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, belonging to the kingdom of Naples. It is the Ostcodes, or Island of Bones, of the ancients, and is about forty miles north by west from Palermo. It has in it the town of Santa Maria, with a haven of sufficient capacity for the feluccas that trade to it. The inhabitants amount to about 1790, exclusive of the garrison. They are more civilized than the people of the other islands of the group, from having direct weekly intercourse with the capital. The island is composed of volcanic substances, derived from hornstone base. The soil is an aggregate of decomposed scoriae, tufa, sand, and ashes. It is extremely fertile, but liable to be washed away, especially from the sides of the hill, by heavy rains. From the nature of these materials, there are no springs; rain-water is therefore kept in capacious cisterns. As heavy dews fall, the trees bear abundance of fruit; and the whole ground is well cultivated, and yields very good wine. Charcoal and firewood are supplied, chiefly from the roots of the olive tree, from Cefaln and Palermo.
USTJUG-WELIKI, a circle of the Russian province Wologda, extending in north latitude from 59° 40' to 64° 40 ’, and in east longitude from 43° 19' to 48° 40'. It is bounded on the north by Solwytschegodsk, on the east by Ustsysolsk, on the south-east by Wiatka, on the south by Nikolsk, and on the west by Totma and Welsk. It comprehends 8338 square miles, and contains 68,350 inhabitants. It is chiefly an elevated plain, the source of most of those streams which unite to form the river Dwina. The climate is raw and the soil poor. It produces flax and hemp, some barley, but the chief products are timber, tar, and pitch. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Suchona, at its junction with the Jug. It is a large place, built after the old Russian fashion, containing five monasteries, twenty-three churches, 2000 houses, and 11,500 inhabitants, employed in coarse manufactures of linen and cloth. It is 1076 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 45. 43. E. Lat. 60. 10. N.
USTJUSHNA, a circle of the Russian government of Novogorod. It extends in north latitude from 58° 28' to 59° 55', and in east longitude from 34° 11' to 37° 15'. Only one tenth of the surface is used for agriculture and pasture; about three tenths consist of wood, and the rest is quite waste. It contains a city, a market-town, 550 villages or hamlets, and 45,300 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Wolga, in a district where are some rich mines of iron. It contains 460 houses, with 3130 inhabitants, who trade on the river, and carry on fisheries. It is 372 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 36. 26. E. Lat. 58. 53. N.
USTSYSOLSK, a circle of the Russian province of Wologda, extending in north latitude from 59° 30' to 64° 56’, and in east longitude from 47° 19' to 57° 34'. It comprehends the vast space of 66,814 square miles, with not more than 36,000 inhabitants. The soil is very sterile, yielding no other corn than a little barley. The chief productions are those of the forests, and the only part of them that will bear the cost of conveyance consists of pitch, tar, and the furs of wild animals. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Sysolka, and containing 360 houses, with 1940 inhabitants, who trade chiefly in peltry. It is 1345 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 49. 16. E. Lat. 60. 37. N.
USUFRUCT, in the civil Law, the use or enjoyment of any lands or tenements, or the right of receiving the fruits and profits of an inheritance, or other thing, without a power of alienating or changing the property of it.
USURER, a person charged with a habit or act of usury.
USURPATION, in Law, is an injurious using or enjoyment of a thing for continuance of time, that belongs of right to another.
USURY, an unlawful contract upon the loan of money, to receive the same again with exorbitant increase. By statute 37 Hen. VIII. c. 9, the rate of interest was fixed at ten per cent. per annum; which the statute 13 Eliz. c. 8, confirms, and ordains that all brokers shall be guilty of a proemunire who transact any contracts for more, and the securities themselves shall be void. The statute 21 Jac. I. c. 17, reduced interest to eight per cent.; and it having been lowered in 1650, during the usurpation, to six per cent., the same reduction was re-enacted after the restoration by statute 12 Car. II. c. 13; and the statute 12 Annae, st. 2, c. 16, reduced it to five per cent. Not only all contracts for taking more were in themselves utterly void, but also the lender was to forfeit treble the sum of money [7:21:533]borrowed. If any scrivener or broker took more than five shillings per cent. procuration-money, or more than twelve pence for making a bond, he was to forfeit L.20, with costs, and to suffer imprisonment for half a year. By 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 98, § 7, bills not having more than three months to run were exempted from the operation of the laws against usury. By 1 Vict..c. 80, the exemption was extended to bills payable at twelve months; and the operation of the act was limited to the first day of January 1840. By 2 & 3 Vict. c. 37, it is enacted, that bills of exchange and contracts for loans or forbearance of money above L.10, shall not be affected by the usury laws. Five per cent. is still left as the legal interest of money, unless it shall appear that any different rate was agreed to between the parties. All previous enactments relative to pawnbrokers are to remain in full force. This act is to continue in force till the first day of January 1842.
UTICA, a town of ancient Africa Propria, on the Mediterranean. It was founded by a Tyrian colony, and was older than Carthage; its name, according to Bochart, denoting old. After the destruction of Carthage, it became the capital of all the Roman territories in Africa. According to Strabo, it stood on the same bay with Carthage, at one of the promontories called Apollonium, bounding the bay on the west side, the other to the east, called Hermeia, being at Carthage. Utica became famous by the death of Cato, called Cato Uticensis.
UTTOXETER, a market-town of the hundred of Tot-monslow, in the county of Stafford, 135 miles from London. It stands on a rising ground on the river Dove, in a district abounding with woods. It is moderately well built; and the church is distinguished by the loftiness of its spire. There is much trade in some branches of hardware, and, by means of the navigable canals, much interchange of commodities with all parts of the kingdom. There is a well-frequented market on Wednesday, and four annual fairs. The population amounted in 1821 to 4658, and in 1831 to 4864.
UVA, a lake of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, about twenty-eight miles in circumference. It is sixty-eight miles south-east of Tobolsk.
UXBRIDGE, a market-town of the county of Middlesex, fifteen miles from London. It is a part of the parish of Hillingdon, in the hundred of Elthorne. It is tolerably built, well paved, and lighted. The river Colne here joins the Grand Junction Canal, and thus forms a water communication with the metropolis. There is an extensive com market on Thursday, and many mills in the vicinity are employed in grinding it, and in preparing the flour for the supply of London. This place is remarkable as the scene of the treaty attempted between Charles I. and his parliament. The house then uβed has been preserved, but is now occupied as an inn. Near the town are the remains, on Heiling Down, of an ancient encampment, commonly supposed to have been the work of the Britons. This town gives the title of earl to the eldest son of the marquis of Anglesea. The population amounted in 1821 to 2750, and in 1831 to 3043.
UZ, or Uτz, the country and place of residence of Job. In the genealogy of the patriarchs, there are three persons called Uz, any of whom might give this district its name. The first was the grandson of Shem, by his son Aram (Gen. xxii. 23), who, according to Josephus, occupied the Trachonitis and Damascus, to the north of Palestine; but Job was among the sons of the East. Another Uz was the son of Nahor, Abraham’s brother (Gen. x. 21), who, after passing the Euphrates, appears to have removed from Haran of Mesopotamia to Arabia Deserta. The third Uz was a Horite, from Mount Seir (Gen. xxxvi. 28), and thus not of Eber’s posterity. Now the question is, from which of these the country of Job took its name. Not from the first, as is already shown; nor from the second, because his country is always called Seir, or Edom, never Uz; and then called a south, not an east, country, in Scripture. It therefore remains that we look for the country and place of residence of Job in Arabia Deserta, for which there are very probable reasons. The plunderers of Job are called Chaldeans and Sabeans, next neighbours to him. These Sabeans came not from Arabia Felix, but from a nearer Sabe in Arabia Deserta (Ptolemy); and his friends, except Eliphaz the Themanite, were of Arabia Deserta.
V or v is properly a consonant, and as such is placed before all the vowels; as in vacant, venal, vibrate, &c. Though the letters v and u always had two sounds, they had only the form v till the beginning of the fourth century, when the other form was introduced, the inconvenience of expressing two different sounds by the same letter having long before been observed. In numerals V stands for five; and with a dash added at top, thus V̅, it signifies 5000.

In abbreviations, among the Romans, V. A. stood for veterani assignatis V. B. viro bono; V. B. A. viri boni arbitratu; V. B. F. vir bonae fidei; V. C. vir consularis; V . C. C. F. vale, conjux charissime, feliciter; V. D. D. voto dedicatur; V. G. verbi gratia; Vir . Ve. virgo vestalis; VL. videlicet; V. N. quinto nonarum.
VACS, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Upper Danube, the capital of a circle of the same name, but called by the Germans Waizen. It stands on the river Danube, on a fruitful plain. It is the seat of a biahop, has a cathedral and several other churches, two monasteries, a college, an orphan house, and a military academy. It contains 800 houses, with 5430 inhabitants, who trade largely in corn, cattle, and wine. Lat. 47. 47. Long. 19. 2. 35. E.
VACUUM, in Philosophy, denotes a space void of all matter or body. It has been disputed whether there be in nature a perfect vacuum; but if bodies consist of material solid atoms. It is evident that there must be vacuities, or motion would be impossible. We can even produce something very near a vacuum in the receiver of an air-pump, and in the Toricellian tube.
VAGABOND, or Vagrant, one who wanders illegally, without a settled habitation. Such persons are cognizable by the laws.
VAIR, or Vaire, a kind of fur, formerly used for lining the garments of great men. It is represented in engraving by the figures of little bells reversed, ranged in a line.