pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TEMESWAR, an extensive palatinate in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary. It is bounded on the north by Arad, on the east by Krassova, on the south by the Turkish dominions, and on the west by Torontal. It extends over 2254 square miles, and comprises one city, six market-towns, and 180 villages, besides hamlets, containing 43,270 houses, with 268,400 inhabitants, the majority of whom are Greeks, Walachians, or Servians, but having among them several German and Maygaren colonists of their several religions and languages. One half of the cultivated land is devoted to the growth of com, about one fortieth part is planted with vines, and the rest is allotted to pastures and wood. The country is generally level, and is well watered by the streams of the Maros, the Ternes, and the Vega. The climate is hot, moist, and not very healthy. The soil is fertile, producing, when well cultivated, abundant crops of wheat, maize, and rice. the produce also of hemp, flax, tobacco, and safron, is copious, and occasions a considerable trade to other districts. Wine is very good in some parts, in others but indifferent. Both red and white wines arc made. The rivers are well stored with fish of all kinds, and the fields abound in game. The whole trade centres in the capital city, of the same name as the palatinate. This country belonged to the Turks till the year 1716, when it was a mere military occupation of the Austrians, and was overrun with wild people from the surrounding countries. In 1772 a civil government was formed, since which it has gradually become orderly, and [7:21:173]the condition of society has much improved. Under the old name it formed a part of the Bannat, which was divided in 1779 into three sections, Torontal, Temeswar, and Krassova.

Temeswar, a city of the kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Farther Theiss, and in the county of its own name, of which it is the capital. It stands near the river Vega, to which a canal leads. It is one of the best built places of the kingdom, and is most strongly fortified, as one of the chief barriers towards Turkey. It is the seat of the staff of the military colonies, and the see of a bishop both of the Catholic and of the Greek church. The former has a fine Gothic cathedral, and the latter an elegant modern building. It is a place of considerable trade, making oil, tobacco, paper, iron wares, with silk and woollen cloths. Wine and silk are raised in the neighbourhood. It contains 1360 houses, with 12,600 inhabitants, of various nations and languages. Long. 21. 35. 7. E. Lat. 45. 22. 27. N.
TEMPE, a spot in Greece, of great celebrity for its beauty among the ancient Greeks. It is a valley about seven miles long, and varying in breadth from 100 to 2000 feet, being the passage between the mountains of Ossa and Olympus, leading from Thessaly to Macedonia. According to tradition, this opening was made by an earthquake. The river Peneus flows through it on its way to Salonica, where it empties its waters into the sea. A modern visitor says, “the scenery of this valley fully gratified our expectations. In some places it is sylvan, calm, and harmonious, and the sound of the waters of the Peneus accords with the grace of the surrounding landscape; in others it is savage, terrific, and abrupt, and the river roars with violence, darkened by the frown of stupendous precipices.”
TEMPERANCE, that virtue which a man is said to possess who moderates and restrains his sensual appetites. It is often, however, used in a much more general sense, as synonymous with moderation, and is then applied indiscriminately to all the passions.
TEMPERING, in the mechanic arts, the preparing of steel and iron, so as to render them more compact, hard, and firm, or even more soft and pliant, according to their respective occasions.
TEMPIO, a city of the island of Sardinia, the capital of the province Gallura. It stands in an Alpine district, and in a very salubrious situation. It is about twenty-five miles from the sea, is filled with antique buildings, some of the very extensive belonging to the nobility of the island. It is the seat of a bishop, whose cathedral is a large, heavy, uncompleted building, with decorations tawdry and ill executed. The city is well built, has a college, two monasteries, and a nunnery, and 5820 inhabitants. There is some industry employed in making guns and linen cloth, and some trade in preparing cheese, hams, bacon, and other salted meats.
TEMPLES among us denote two inns of court in London, thus called because anciently the dwelling-house of the knights templars. At the suppression of that order, they were purchased by the professors of the common law, and converted into hospitia or inns. They are called the Inner and Middle Temple, in relation to Essex-house; which was also a part of the house of the templars, and called the Outer Temple, because situated without Temple-Bar.
TEMPORALITIES of Bishops, are the revenues, lands, tenements, and lay-fees, belonging to bishops, as they are barons and lords of parliament.
TENASSERIM, a town and district of the Birman empire. The district extends along the sea-coast, from the eleventh to the fourteenth degrees of north latitude. A connected barrier of islands, extending 135 miles from north to south, with a strait between them and the mainland from fifteen to thirty miles broad, protects the west coast from the south-west monsoon). The capital of the province is of the same name. It was taken in 1759 from the Siamese, by Alompra, and was then large and populous; but is now almost a heap of ruins. Long. 98. 50. E. Lat. 11. 42. N.
TENBURY, a market-town of the county of Worcester, in the hundred of Doddingtree, 134 miles from London, and fourteen from the city of Worcester. It stands on the river Terne, which here forms the boundary between the counties of Salop and Worcester. The situation is low; and from having a small but rapid stream joining the river Terne at the upper end of the town, Tenbury is sometimes liable to be flooded, from the effects of which the old Gothic church has more than once suffered. It has a good [7:21:179]corn-market, some trade in hops, cider, and perry, and a little in tanning leather and in making gloves. The. population amounted in 1821 to 1668, and in 1831 to 1768.
TENBY, a town of South Walcs, in the county of Pembroke, 250 miles from London. It stands on the sea-shore, on a peninsula formed by the river Severn. It was in ancient times a place of strength and importance, having been protected by fortifications, and flanked with batteries, the remains of which are still standing. It has no other employment for its inhabitants but the fisheries, and the export of coal and culm. It has of late years become a well-frequented bathing place, and has been provided with the appropriate institutions for that purpose. It is a borough, and, jointly with Pembroke, Milford, and Weston, returns one member to parliament. Its municipal government consists of a mayor, four aldermen, and eleven councillors. There is a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 984, in 1811 to 1176, in 1821 to 1554, and in 1831 to 2128.
TENCE, a city of France, in the department of the Upper Loire, and in the arrondissement of Issengeaux. It stands on the river Lignon, where the Serigoul falls into it. The country around it is mountainous and thinly peopled, nor are there any large towns near it. There are some coal-mines worked in the neighbourhood. In 1S36 the city contained 5730 inhabitants, some of whom find employment in making linen goods, silk goods, and lace. There are also manufactures of leather and iron ware.
TENCH’S Island, a small island in the Pacific Ocean, about two miles in circumference. Long. 150. 31. E. Lat. 1. 39. S.
TENEDOS, in Ancient Geography, an island on the coast of Troas, at the distance of forty stadia from the continent, and eighty in compass; with a cognominal Aeolian town, and a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Its origin is derived from Tennes or Tenes, who being exposed in a coffer or bog by his father Cygnus the Thracian, at the instigation of the mother-in-law, was by fate carried to this island, made king of it, and at length worshipped as a god on account of his virtues.
TENERIFFE, one of the Canary Islands, situated off the western coast of Africa. Long. 17. W. Lat. 28. 20. N. See CANARIES.
TENGALLE, a seaport of Ceylon, situated near the south extremity of the island, containing 300 inhabitants, many of whom are fishermen. Long. 80. 48. E. Lat. 6. 3. N.
TENIERS, David, the elder, a Flemish painter, born at Antwerp in 15S2, received the first rudiments of his art from the famous Rubens, who highly esteemed him for his promising genius, and with great satisfaction examined and commended his designs. From the school of that celebrated painter Teniers went to finish his studies at Rome. He attached himself to Adam Elsheimer for six years; and from the instructions of two such incomparable masters, he formed to himself a peculiar style, which his son afterwards cultivated so happily as to bring it to the utmost perfection. His pictures were small; and his subjects usually shops, laboratories, humorous conversations, and rural festivities. The demand for his pieces was universal; and even his master Rubens thought them an ornament to his cabinet. He died at Antwerp in 1640.
Teniers, David, the younger, also an admirable painter, was the son of the former, and was born at Antwerp in 1610. He obtained the name of Ape of Painting, from his imitating the manner of different painters with such exactness as to deceive even the nicest judges. He greatly improved under his father, and obtained such reputation as introduced him to the favour of the great. The archduke Leopold William made him gentleman of his bed-chamber; and all the pictures of his gallery were copied by Teniers, and engraved by his direction. The king of Spain and Don Juan of Austria set so high a value on his pictures, that they built a gallery to receive them. William prince of Orange honoured him with his friendship; and Rubens not only esteemed his works, but assisted him with his advice. His principal talent lay in landscapes adorned with small figures. He also painted men drinking and smoking, chemists’ laboratories, country fairs, and the like. His small figures are superior to his large ones. He died in 1694. Abraham, another son of the elder David Teniers, was equal, if not superior, to his father and brother in the expression of his characters, and his understanding the chiaroscuro; though he was inferior in the sprightliness of his touch, and the lightness of his pencil.
TENISON, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Cottenham, in Cambridgeshire, on the 29th of September 1636; and studied at Corpus Christi College in Cambridge. In his youth he applied himself to physic; but afterward went into orders, and was some time minister of St Andrew’s church, Cambridge; where he attended the sick during the plague in 1665, which his parishioners acknowledged by the present of a piece of plate. He showed himself very active against the growth of Popery, by his writings both in King Charles’s and in King James’s reigns. In 1680 he was presented to the vicarage of St Martin’s in the Fields, London, to which parish he made several donations. He endowed a free school, and built a handsome library, which he furnished with useful books. King William and Queen Mary, in 1689, presented him to the archdeaconry of London; in 1691, he was nominated to the see of Lincoln, and in 1694 he succeeded Dr Tillotson as archbishop of Canterbury. He performed all the duties of a good primate for twenty years, and died on the 14th of December 1715.
TENNIS, a play at. which a ball is driven by a racket.
TENSE, in Grammar, an inflection of verbs, by which they are made to signify or distinguish the circumstance of time in what they affirm.
TENT, in War, a pavilion or portable house. Tents are made of canvass, for officers and soldiers to lie under when in the field.
TENTERDEN, a town in the hundred of the same name, and the lathe of Scray, in the county of Kent, thirty-seven miles from London. It stands on a hill, and the lofty steeple of its church is distinguished from every part of the extensive district by which it is surrounded, and was formerly used as a beacon. At the first introduction of the woollen manufacture, it was an industrious place; but that occupation has long ceased. It is an ancient borough, and is governed by a mayor, four aldermen, and eleven councillors. There is a market held on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 3259, and in 1831 to 3177.
TENURE, in Law, signifies the manner in which lands or tenements are held, or the service which the tenant owes to his lord. Of this kingdom almost all the real property is by the policy of our laws supposed to be granted by, dependent upon, and held of, some superior lord, by and in consideration of certain services to be rendered to the lord by the tenant or possessor of this property. The thing held is therefore styled a tenement, the possessors of it tenants, and the manner of their possession a tenure. Thus all the lands in the kingdom are supposed to be held, mediately or immediately, of the king, who is styled the lord paramount, or above all. Such tennnts as held immediately under the king, when they granted out portions of the lands to inferior persons, became also lords with respect to those inferior persons, as they were still tenants with respect to the king; and thus partaking of a middle nature, were called mesne or middle lords.
TEOS, one of the twelve Ionian cities, was situated on the south side of the Ionian peninsula, and distinguished by being the place where the poet Anacreon and the historian Hecatams were born.
TERAMO, a city of Italy, the capital of the Neapolitan province Abruzzo Ulteriore I. It stands on the river Tordino, and is fortified. It is the seat of a bishop, and, besides the cathedral, has nine churches, with 9250 inhabitants, who have considerable trade in corn and in wine, and other products of the soil.
TERCERA, one of the largest of the Azores, or Western Islands, lying in the Atlantic Ocean. It is about forty miles in circumference, and is surrounded with craggy rocks, which render it almost inaccessible. The soil is fertile, abounding in corn, wine, and fruits; and the inhabitants have plenty of cattle to supply the ships that touch there. Their principal trade is in wood. The inhabitants are lively, addicted to gallantry, and are said to be extremely revengeful. It is subject to Portugal, and Angra is the capital town. Long. 27. 1. W. Lat. 28. 45. N.
TEREK, a considerable river of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Caucasus, which has its rise in the deep recesses of the snow-covered mountains in the loftiest part of the Caucasian chain, on the frontier of Circassia and Georgia. It flows with a rapid course northward towards the plains, whence it turns eastward, and flows along the foot of the mountain range, till, after passing Kizlar, it divides into three branches, and falls into the Caspian. It forms the boundary between the Russian territory and the Caucasian tribes; and, for the purpose of overawing them, a number of forts has been built along the river by Russia. It flows through a picturesque country; and its banks are adorned with fine forests of oak, while the lower parts produce vines, mulberries, and other fruit trees.
TERGOVISTA, a town of European Turkey, in Walachia, in the district of Zara de Suss, on the river Jalomiza. It is situated in a pleasant and fruitful district, and was once the residence of the waiwodes of Walachia, and still continues the seat of government of the district. It contains several churches, two convents, and some very large but rather dilapidated houses, and a population of 5400 persons. It is sixty-four miles south-east from Herman-stadt, and 180 north-east from Belgrade. Long. 25. 29. E. Lat. 45. 3. N.
TERKI, a fortress built by Russia at the mouth of the Tumenka, one of the branches of the Terek. The place was once of great importance, but was afterwards razed to the ground. The present fort contains only a small garrison, and a few inhabitants.
TERM, in Grammar, denotes some word or expression in a language. The word term, terminus, is borrowed metaphorically, by the grammarians and philosophers, from the measurers or surveyors of lands: as a field is defined and distinguished by its termini, or limits, so is a thing or matter by the word or term by which it is denoted.

Term, in Law, is generally taken for a limitation of time or estate; as, a lease for a term of life or years. Term, however, is more particularly used for the time when the English courts of justice are open; in opposition to which, the rest of the year is called vacation.
TERMINATION Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Vancouver, as being the termination of his researches on the south-west coast of New Holland, near which it lies. Long. 122. 8. E. Lat. 34. 32. S.
TERMINI, a city of the island of Sicily. It stands on the northern shore of the island, near the mouth of the river Leonardo. Its appearance from the sea is very respectable. It is surrounded with walls rapidly tending to decay, but is protected by a castle on a high rock, which commands the town and coast. The streets are narrow and filthy, but there are some tolerable buildings; and it has the convenience of a good carriage-road to the metropolis, twenty-four miles distant. In ancient times it was celebrated for its thermal baths, supplied by chalybeate sulphureous springs, of the heat of 121° of Fahrenheit. Though in bad repair, they are resorted to for the cure of rheumatic complaints. The city contains 12,800 inhabitants, who derive considerable profit from the anchovy fishery, and from the exportation of oil, olives, wine, sumach, corn, and rice.
Termini, in Architecture, denote a kind of statues or columns, adorned on the top with the figure of a man’s, woman's, or satyr’s head, as a capital; and the lower part ending in a kind of sheath or scabbard.
TERMINUS, in Pagan worship, an ancient deity among the Romans, who presided over the stones or land-marks, called termini, which were held so sacred that it was accounted sacrilege to move them; and as the criminal became devoted to the gods, it was lawful for any man to kill him. The worship of this deity was instituted by Numa Pompilius, who, to render land-marks, and consequently the property of the people, sacred, erected a temple on the Tarpeian Mount to Terminus.
TERNATE, one of the smaller Molucca Isles, on the west coast of Gilolo, about twenty-five miles in circumference, and formerly the seat of sovereignty over all the adjacent Molucca islands, Tidore, Bachian, Motir, and Ma-chian, which are properly the Moluccas, being the islands which originally produced the finer spices; and in the woods of Ternate larger nutmegs are still found than any that are produced in Banda. The king of Ternate was one of the most potent sovereigns in the Asiatic islands, extending his dominion over seventeen or eighteen islands, and maintaining a considerable naval force. When the Portuguese were driven from these islands by the Dutch in 1607, the native princes were forced to submit to their conquerors, who interdicted them from trading with any other European nation. The island contains a lofty peak, which sometimes discharges flames. Ternate formerly carried on a considerable trade with China, and with the other Asiatic islands. At present its chief produce is rice. It was taken from the Dutch in the course of the revolutionary war, but was restored at the peace of Amiens. It was again taken in 1810, and was restored to the Dutch with their other possessions in India by the peace of Paris in 1814.
TERNI, a town of Italy, in the papal delegation of Spoleto. It stands between two branches of the river Nera, in a delightful valley surrounded with olive, pomegranate, and mulberry trees. It is the seat of a bishop, has a cathedral, several parish churches, and five monasteries, with 5100 inhabitants. In the episcopal garden are the remains of an amphitheatre, and in the church of St Salvador those of a temple of the sun. Near to it is the celebrated cascade of the Marmora, where the river Belino, by three successive falls of 300 hundred feet, empties its water into the Nera. Long. 12. 34. E. Lat. 42. 34. N.
TERPANDER, a celebrated Greek poet and musician. The Oxford marbles record that he was the son of Derde-neus of Lesbos, and that he flourished in the 381st year of these records; which nearly answers to the 27th Olympiad, and 671st year before Christ. The marbles likewise inform us that he taught the nomes, or airs, of the lyre and flute, which he performed himself upon this last instrument, in concert with other players on the flute. Several writers affirm that he added three strings to the lyre, which before his time had but four. Among the many signal services which Terpander is said to have rendered to music, none was of more importance than the notation that is ascribed to him for ascertaining and preserving melody, which before was traditional, and wholly dependent on memory. The invention, indeed, of musical characters, has been attributed by Alypius and Gaudentius, two Greek writers on music, and upon their authority by Boethius, to Pythagoras, who flourished fully two centuries after Terpander. But Plutarch, from Heraclides of Pontus, assures [7:21:186]us that Terpander, the inventor of nomes for the cithara, in hexameter verse, set them to music, as well as the verses of Homer, in order to sing them at the public games. Clemens Alexandrinus, in telling us that this musician wrote the laws of Lycurgus in verse, and set them to music, makes use of the same expression as Plutarch; which seems clearly to imply a written melody. After enumerating the airs which Terpander had composed, and to which he had given names, Plutarch continues to speak of his other compositions; among which he describes the proems, or hymns for the cithara, in heroic verse. Of the works of this poet only a few fragments now remain.