pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GELON, one of the most illustrious characters which Sicily produced, the chief transactions of whose life extend from the period when he became Prince of Gelon, 491, to his death, 478 b. c. He was descended from a family who had come from Telos, an island of the Egean Sea, into Sicily, when the city of Gela was founded. Here Gelon was born; and when Hippocrates fell in battle, the inhabitants of Gela made an attempt to free themselves from the dominion of his children. Gelon, however, espoused their cause; but when he had defeated their army, the opportunity to make himself tyrant of his native place was too favourable to be allowed to escape. His authority being established at Gela, he was invited by some exiles from Syracuse to use his influence to restore them to their country. In this too he was successful, and thus became sovereign of Syracuse, which he made the capital of his kingdom, 488 b. c.

It was now the policy of Gelon to embellish and improve the city of which he had made himself master. To increase its population, he compelled the inhabitants of Camarina, of Megara, and a portion of those of Gela, to take up their residence in his new abode; but he soon had affairs of a more important nature to occupy his attention. The power of the Carthaginians had already begun to make itself felt beyond their own immediate vicinity; and Gelon was not slow in perceiving that he must prepare for a formidable contest. He made application to the Greeks for assistance, 484 b. c. ; but they refused to interfere; and by his own resources he succeeded in defeating the Carthaginians. It was now his turn to prove to the Greeks the folly of the policy which they had pursued. He refused to aid them, 480 b. c., when they were threatened with invasion by Xerxes, unless they consented to declare him commander in-chief of the Grecian forces. To such a proposition they would not deign to listen, and in the mean time Gelon found sufficient employment in opposing the attacks of the Carthaginians. The two armies met near the city of Himera; and by a stratagem of Gelon, the Carthaginians were completely defeated, and their general Hamilcar killed.

From this period Gelon seems to have devoted himself to promote the happiness of his people. He increased the wealth of his kingdom, and employed himself in framing a code of laws on just and sound principles. On his deathbed he named his brother Hiero as his successor; and the high respect with which he was regarded by the Syracusans induced them to acquiesce in the appointment. (Herodotus, vii. 153, 166; Diodorus Sic. xi. 21- 25. See Hiero.)
GEMAPPE, or Jemmappes, a village of the Netherlands, in the province of Hainault, near the river Scheldt, on the road from Valenciennes to Mons. It is remarkable for the victory gained by the French under Dumouriez over the Austrians in 1792, by which the former became masters of the Austrian Netherlands.
GEMBLOUX, a town of the province of Namur, in the circle of that name. It is situated on the river Orneau, and contains 1660 inhabitants, who are employed mostly in the iron manufacture. It is remarkable for the battle fought near it in 1578, when the Austrians were defeated by the Spanish army under the command of Don Juan of Austria.
GEMINI, in Astronomy, the Twins, a constellation or sign of the zodiac, the third in order, representing Castor and Pollux. These names are also given to two stars in this constellation. Castor is a star of the third, and Pollux of the second magnitude. The former, seen through a telescope, is a beautiful double star, that is, two stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes, one of which revolves about the other, forming a binary system.
GEMISHKHANA, or Silver-house, a town of Asia Minor, on the borders of Armenia, so called from a silver mine in its neighbourhood, which, however, has greatly declined in its produce. The town is better built than most towns in the Turkish dominions, and is said to contain 7000 inhabitants. It is thirty miles south from Tre-bisond.
GEMONIAE Scalae, or Gradus Gemoxĳ, amongst the Romans, was much the same as gallows or gibbet in England. Some say they were thus denominated from the person who raised them; others, from the first criminals who suffered on them; and others, from the verb gemo, I sigh or groan. The gradus gemonii, according to Publius Victor or Sextus Rufus, was a place raised on several steps, whence criminals were precipitated; others represent it as a place whereon offenders were executed, and afterwards exposed to public view. The gemoniae scales were in the tenth region of the city, near the temple of Juno. Camillus first appropriated the place to this use in the year of Rome 358.
GENAPPE, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of South Brabant, between Brussels and Namur. Being near to Waterloo, it became the scene of some bloody conflicts on the evening after the great battle of the 18th of June 1815. It contains 1400 inhabitants.
GENDER, among grammarians, a division of nouns, or names, to distinguish the two sexes. This was the original intention of gender; but afterwards words, which had no proper relation either to the one sex or the other, had genders assigned them, and this was at length established by custom. Hence genders vary according to the languages, or even according to the words introduced from one language into another. Thus, arbor in Latin is feminine, but arbre in French is masculine; and dens in Latin is masculine, but dent in French is feminine. The oriental languages frequently neglect the use of genders, and the Persian language has none at all. The Greeks and Latins generally content themselves with expressing the genders by different terminations; as bonus equus, a good horse; bona equa, a good mare. But in English we frequently go farther, and express the difference of sex by different words, as boar, sow; boy, girl; buck, doe; bull, cow; cock, hen; dog, bitch, and so of others. We have only about twenty-four feminines distinguished from the males by the variation of the termination of the male into ess ; of which number are abbot, abbess; count, countess; actor, actress; heir, heiress; prince, princess, which is all that our language knows of any thing like genders. The Greek and Latin, besides the masculine and feminine, have the neuter, common, and doubtful gender; and likewise the epicene, or promiscuous, which under one single gender and termination includes both the kinds.
GENEALOGY, an enumeration of a series of ancestors, or a summary account of the relations and alliances of a person or family, both in the direct and collaterali line. The word is Greek, ytκαλoy,α, which is formed of y∙voi, race or lineage, and aoyoς, discourse.
GENEALOGICA Arbor, or Tree of Consanguinity, signifies a genealogy or lineage drawn out under the figure of a tree, with its root, trunk or stem, and branches. The genealogical degrees are usually represented in circles, ranged over, under, and beside each other. This the Greeks called stemmata, a word signifying crown, garland, or the like.
GENERAL, an appellation given to whatever belongs to a whole genus.

General, in the art of war, he who commands a brigade, a division, a corps, or an army. See Army. General is also used for the chief of an order of monks, or of all the houses and congregations established under the same rule. Thus we say the general of the Franciscans, Cistertians, and so on.
GENERALISSIMO, called also captain-general, and simply general, is an officer who commands all the military powers of a nation; who gives orders to all the other general officers, and receives no orders himself excepting from the king. Μ. Balzac observes, that the Cardinal de Richelieu first coined this word, of his own absolute authority, upon his going to command the French army in Italy.
GENERATE, in Music, is used to signify the operation of that mechanical. power in nature, which every sound has in producing one or more different sounds. Thus any given sound, however simple, produces along with itself its octave, and two other sounds extremely sharp, namely, its twelfth above, that is to say, the octave of its fifth, and the other the seventeenth above, or, in other words, the double octave of its third major. Whether we suppose this procreation of sounds to result from an aptitude tn the texture and magnitude of certain particles in the air, for conveying to our ears vibrations that bear those proportions, one to another, as being determined at once by the partial and total oscillations of any musical string, or from whatever economy of nature we choose to trace it, the power of one sound thus to produce another, when in action, is said to generate. The same word is applied by Signier Tartini and his followers, to any two sounds which, when simultaneously heard, produce a third.
GENERATED, or Genited, is used by some mathematical writers for whatever is produced, either in arithmetic, by the multiplication, division, or extraction of roots; or in geometry, by the finding of the contents, areas, and sides; or of extreme and mean proportionals, without arithmetical addition and subtraction,
GENERATING Line, or Figure, in Geometry, is that which, by its motion of revolution, produces any other figure, plane, or solid.
GENERATION, in Physiology. See Physiology. Generation is used, though somewhat improperly, for genealogy, or the series of children issuing from the same stock. Thus the gospel of St Matthew commences with the book of the generation of Jesus Christ. The latter and more accurate translators, instead of generation use the word genealogy. Generation is also used to signify a people, race, or nation, especially in the literal translations of the Scripture, where the word generally occurs wherever the Latin has generatio, and the Greek ymftς.

Generation is also used in the sense of an age, or the ordinary period of man’s life. Thus we say, to the third and fourth generation. In this sense historians usually reckon a generation the space of thirty-three years or thereabouts.
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GENERATOR, in Music, signifies the principal sound or sounds by which others are produced. Thus the lowest C for the treble of the harpsichord, besides its octave, will strike an attentive ear with its twelfth above, or G in alt, and with its seventeenth above, or E in alt. The C, therefore, is called their generator, the G and E its products or harmonics. But in the approximation of chords for G, its octave below is substituted, which constitutes a fifth from the generator, or lowest C; and for E, is likewise substituted its fifteenth below, which, with the above-mentioned C, forms a third major. To the lowest notes, therefore, exchanged for those in alt by substitution, the denominations of products or harmonics are likewise given, whilst the C retains the name of their generator. But still, according to the system of Tartini, two notes in concord, which when sounded produce a third, may be termed the concurring generators of that third. (See Génération Harmonique, by Μ. Rameau; also the delineation of Tartini’s system, called The Power and Principles of Harmony.)
GENESIS, the first book of the Old Testament, containing the history of the creation, and of the lives of the first patriarchs. The book of Genesis stands at the head of the Pentateuch. Its author is held to be Moses, and it contains the relation of 2369 years, or from the beginning of the world till the death of Joseph. The Jews were forbidden to read the beginning of Genesis, and the beginning of Ezekiel, until they had attained thirty years of age. The Hebrews call this book Beraschith, because it begins with that word, which, in their language, signifies in principio, or in the beginning. The Greeks give it the name Genesis, Γswaj, production, generation, because it begins with the history of the production or generation of all beings. This book, besides the history of the creation, contains an account of the original innocence and fall of man; the propagation of mankind; the rise of religion; the general defection and corruption of the world; the deluge; the restoration of the world; the division and peopling of the earth; and the liistory of the first patriarchs till the death of Joseph. It was easy for Moses to be satisfied of the truth of what he delivered in this book, because it came down to him through a few hands; for from Adam to Noah there was one man, Methuselah, who lived long enough to see them both; in like manner Shem conversed with Noah and Abraham, Isaac with Abraham and Joseph, from whom the records of this book might easily be conveyed to Moses by Amram, who was contemporary with Joseph.

Genesis, in Geometry, denotes the formation of a line, plane, or solid by the motion or flowing of a point, line, or surface.
GENETHLIA, in Antiquity, a solemnity observed in memory of some person deceased.
GENETHLIACI, in Astrology, persons who erect horoscopes, or pretend to foretell what shall befall a man by means of the stars which presided at his nativity. The word is formed from the Greek ytruκ∏, origin, generation, nativity. The ancients called them Chald<ri, and also by the general name of mathematici ; accordingly, the various civil and canon laws, which we find made against the mathematicians, only respect the genethliaci or astrologers. They were expelled from Rome by a formal decree of the senate, and yet found so much protection from the credulity of the people that they remained unmolested in the city. Hence an ancient author speaks of them as hominum genus quod in civitate nostra semper et vetabitur et retinebitur.
GENEVA, a canton of Switzerland, comprehending the city of that name, and the territory around it to the extent of about 93 square miles, containing, in 1834, 56,655 inhabitants, four fifths of whom reside within the city. Geneva, the largest city of Switzerland, is situated on the Lake of Geneva, where the river Rhone issues from it, and is divided by that river into two parts of unequal size. The streets are narrow, the houses lofty, and the appearance, except on the boulevards, is gloomy. It contains five reformed, one Lutheran, and one Catholic church, and about 30,000 inhabitants. It is a place of great activity in many branches of manufacture. The chief of these in amount is watchmaking and jewellery, in which many workmen are employed. Tanning, calico-printing, twine-spinning, hatmaking, whitesmiths’ work, copper utensils, saddlery, silk and woollen shawls, besides copperplate and letterpress printing, are all occupations carried on, and the amount of which exported to other countries is very considerable. The fisheries in the Lake of Geneva and on the Rhone are also important branches of industry. Many individuals are said to have amassed very large fortunes, which they employ extensively in speculations in the funds of all nations, in banking, and in exchanges.

Much learning still exists in the city, and in former times it produced men of eminence in most branches of literature and science, among whom may be mentioned Calvin, Diodati, Tronchen, Casaubon, Rousseau, Neckar, Bonnet, and others. Long. 6. 4. 49. E. Lat. 46.12.15. N. See Switzerland. Geneva Lake. This lake is in the shape of a crescent. Switzerland forms the hollow, and Savoy the convex part, the greatest breadth being about twelve miles. The country on the side of Savoy is full of high and craggy mountains; but from Geneva to the environs of Lausanne it slopes to the margin of the lake, and is very rich and fertile. The banks rise considerably in the neighbourhood of Lausanne, and form a most beautiful terrace, with a rapid descent a few miles beyond the town. In the neighbourhood of Vevay a plain begins, and continues for a great way beyond the end of the lake, but is contracted towards the water by the approach of the mountains. The lake itself appears at a distance of a beautiful blue colour, and the water is very clear and transparent. Near Geneva the coast of the lake abounds with pebbles; between that city and Lausanne it is sandy; from thence to Chillon it is bounded by hard calcareous rocks; and the extremity of the shores is a marsh formed by mud collected from the river Rhone. The greatest depth of this lake found by Μ. de Luc is a hundred and sixty fathoms.

Geneva, or Gin, among distillers, an ordinary malt spirit, distilled a second time, with the addition of some juniper berries.
GENEVIEVE, Fathers or Religious of, the name of a congregation of regular canons of the order of St Augustin, established in France. The congregation takes its name from the abbey of St Genéviève, which is the chief of the order, and whose abbot is the general thereof. The abbey itself took its name from St Genéviève, the patroness of the city of Paris, who died in the year 512. Five years after her death, Clovis erected the church of St Genéviève, under the name and invocation of St Peter, where her relics are still, or were till lately preserved, her shrine visited, and her image carried in procession with great ceremony upon extraordinary occasions.
GENEVOIS, a province of Savoy, with the title of dukedom, in the kingdom of Sardinia, and on the borders of Switzerland. It extends over 682 square miles, contains three cities, and 147 towns and villages, with 69,867 inhabitants. By the congress of Vienna this province, as well as those of Chablais Faussigny, and the upper part of Chambery, wherein Rumelly is situated, are declared to be for ever neutral territories. The capital of the province is Annecy.
GENIAL, an epithet given by the Pagans to certain gods who were supposed to preside over generation. The [7:10:382]genial gods, says Festus, were Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. The twelve signs, together with the sun and moon, were also sometimes ranked in the number.
GENII, a sort of intermediate beings, believed by the Mahommedans to exist, between men and angels. They are of a grosser fabric than the latter, but much more active and powerful than the former. Some of them are good, others bad, and they are capable of future salvation or damnation like men. The orientals pretend that these genii inhabited the world many thousand years before the creation of Adam, under the reigns of several princes, who all bore the common name of Solomon; that falling at length into an almost general corruption, Eblis was sent to drive them into a remote part of the earth, there to be confined; and that some of that generation still remaining were by Tahmurath, one of the ancient kings of Persia, forced to retreat into the famous mountain of Kaph. They also established several ranks and degrees among this kind of beings, some being called absolutely Jin·, others Peri or fairies; some Div or giants, others Tac∙ win or fates.
GENITES, among the Hebrews, those descended from Abraham, who were without any mixture of foreign blood.

The Greeks distinguished by the name of genites such of the Jews as were descended from parents who, during the Babylonish captivity, had not allied with any gentile family.
GENITIVE, in Grammar, the second case of the declension of nouns. The relation of one thing considered as belonging in some manner to another, has occasioned a peculiar termination of nouns, called the genitive case ; but in the modern languages a sign is made use of to express the relation of this case. In English the particle of, in French de or du, is prefixed. But in strictness there are no cases in either of these languages, inasmuch as they do not express the different relations of things by different terminations, but by prepositions, which is otherwise in the Latin.
GENIUS, a good or evil spirit or demon, whom the ancients supposed to watch over every person, to direct his birth, accompany him in life, and be his guard till death. Amongst the Romans the name genius was, according to Festus, given to the god who had the power of doing all things, deum qui vim obtincret rerum omnium gerendarum ; but Vossius (De Idol.) prefers reading genendarum, and Censorinus frequently uses gerere for gignere. Accordingly St Augustin (De Civitate Deï) relates, after Varro, that the genius was a god who had the power of generating all things, and presided over them when produced. Festus adds that Aufustius spake of the genius as the son of god, and the father of men, who gave them life. Others, however, represented the genius as the peculiar or tutelary god of each place; and it is certain that the last is the most usual meaning of the word. The ancients had their genii of nations, of cities, of provinces, and the like. Nothing is more common than the inscription on medals of Genius Populi Rom., the genius of the Roman people; or Genio Pop. Rom., to the genius of the Roman people. In this sense genius and lar were the same thing; as, in effect, Censorinus and Apulius affirm they were.

Genius, in literature and the fine arts, a natural talent or disposition to do one thing more than another, or the aptitude a man has received from nature to perform well and easily that which others can do but indifferently and with a great deal of pains.
GENLIS, or Sends, an arrondissement of the department of the Oise, in France, extending over 467 square miles. It is divided into seven cantons, and these into 132 communes, inhabited by 78,790 persons. The capital, of the same name, is a city situated on the river Nonnette. It is an ill-built place. The cathedral has the loftiest tower of any in France. It contains nine other churches, two hospitals, with 940 dwellings, and 5016 inhabitants. It has manufactories of linen, lace, leather, cutlery, and some cotton spinning. Long. 2. 29. 53. E. Lat. 49. 12. 8. N.
GENTIAH, a small district of Hindustan, situated on the north-east of Bengal, bounded on the south by Sylhet, and on the north by the Garrow Mountains. The inhabitants are Hindus of the Brahmi□ical persuasion, and are governed by their own rajah, who is tributary to the Anglo-Indian government.

Gentiah, the capital of the above district, lies without the pale of the Company’s territories, being situated in long. 91. 54. E. and lat. 25. 10. N.
GENTILE, in matters of religion, a pagan, or worshipper of false gods. The origin of this word is deduced from the Jews, who called all those who were not of their name ≡' m i□ gojim, or gentes, which in the Greek translations of the Old Testament is rendered rα tim ; and in this sense it frequently occurs in the New Testament. The Latin church also used gentes in the same sense as gentiles, especially in the New Testament. But the word gentes soon obtained another signification, and no longer meant all such as were not Jew’s, but those only who, being neither Jews nor Christians, followed the superstitions of the Greeks and Romans. In this sense it continued amongst the Christian writers, till their manner of speech, together with their religion, was publicly and by authority received in the empire; and then, in treatises and laws concerning religion, gentiles signified pagans, in opposition to Jews and Christians; and in civil affairs the word was used to signify all such as were not Romans.

Gentile, in Roman law and history, a name which sometimes expresses what the Romans otherwise called barbarians, whether they were allies of Rome or not; but this word was used in a more particular pense to indicate all strangers and foreigners who were not subject to the Roman empire.
GENTILESCHI, Horatio, an Italian painter, was born at Pisa in 1563. After having made himself famous at Florence, Rome, Genoa, and other parts of Italy, he removed to Savoy; whence he proceeded to France, and at last, upon the invitation of Charles I., came over to England. He was well received by that king, who appointed him lodgings in his court, together with a considerable salary, and employed him in his palace at Greenwich, and other public places. The most remarkable of his performances in England, were the ceilings of Greenwich, and York House. He also executed a Madona, a Magdalen, and Lot with his two daughters, for King Charles; all which he performed admirably well. He made several attempts in face painting, but with little success; his talent lying altogether in histories, with figures as big as the life. After twelve years continuance in England, he died at eighty-four years of age, and was buried in the Queen’s Chapel, at Somerset House.