pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BALAYAN, a province of the island of Manilla, in the East Indies. It lies next to the city of Manilla, and extends along the coast on the east side of the island, a little beyond the Bay of Batangas.
BALBRIGGEN, a fishing town of Ireland, in the county of Dublin, with a good quay, where ships of burden can unload and receive their cargoes. It is 19 miles north ol Dublin, and its population is 3024.
BALCARRY, a sea-port of Scotland, on the Solway Frith, in the county of Kirkcudbright. It is 10 miles eastsouth-east of Kirkcudbright.
BALDINGER (Ernest Godfrey), a German physician of considerable eminence, and the author of a great number of medical publications. He was born near Erfurth, 13th May 1738, and was originally destined for the church; but having acquired a strong predilection for medicine, his father yielded to his wishes, and allowed him to embrace that profession; and he prosecuted his studies with this view both at Erfurth and at Jena. In 1761 he was intrusted with the superintendence of the military hospitals connected with the Prussian encampment near dorgau; and he there gave public lectures with great applause. Having acquired considerable experience in army practice by his assiduous attention to the duties of his office, he published in 1762 a dissertation on the diseases of soldiers, which met with so favourable a reception from the public, that he enlarged the plan of his work, and republished it under the title of Treatise on the Diseases that prevail in Armies, Langensalz, 1774, 8vo. It has since gone through another edition. In 1763 he was appointed professor of medicine at Göttingen, where he enjoyed considerable reputation. The Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, Frederick IL, invited him to take up his abode at Cassel, conferring upon him the title of first physician to his court, and director-general of all his medical establishments. He was afterwards professor of the theory of medicine at Jena; and in 1785 was promoted to a professorship at Marpurg, where he died of apoplexy on the 2d of January 1804.

His writings are exceedingly numerous; many of them are scattered in various collections and journals; and, besides these, no less than eighty-four distinct treatises are mentioned as having proceeded from his pen. He had collected an extensive library, consisting of 16,000 volumes, of which a catalogue was published after his death. His funeral oration was pronounced by Professor Crcut-zer. He was well versed in botany, and has published several works on that branch of natural history, of which the following are the principal: Catalogus Dissertationum quee Medicamentorum Historiam, facta, et vires exponunt. Altemburgi, 1768, 4to. On the Study of Botany, and the Method of learning it, in German. Jena, 1770, 4to. He was for many years the editor of a periodical work entitled Magazine for Physicians, 12mo, Cleves, which afterwards changed its name to the New Magazine, in 8vo, from 1779 to 1799. But the principal work of this kind which he conducted was his Sylloge Opusculorum Selectorum Argumenti MedicoPractici, being a collection of detached essays and dissertations, which extended to six vols. 8vo. Göttingen, 1766-1782.

His Litteratura Universae Materice Medicce, &c. Marpurg, 1793, 8vo, is a work of great labour, but little discrimination. He edited Baerner’s Lives of Physicians, in German. The only other work of his deserving notice, is the Historia Mercurii et Mercurialium Medica. Göttingen, 2 tom. 8vo, 1783 and 1785.
BALDINUCCI, Philip, a distinguished Italian writer on the history of the arts, was born at Florence about 1624. His chief work is entitled Notizie dd Professori del Disegnο da Cimabue in qua, Secolo V. dal 1610 al 1670, and was first published in six vols. 4to in 1681-8. An edition in 20 vols. 8vo, with notes by Manni, was published at Florence in 1767—74. Baldinucci died in 1696.
BALDOCK, a market-town of the county of Hertford and Hundred of Broadwater. It is thirty-eight miles from London, on one of the great roads to York. The market is held on Thursday. The town belonged formerly to the knights-templars, who are said to have built the four large churches still remaining there. The population in 1801 amounted to 1283, in 1811 to 1438, and in 1821 to 1550.

Baldock, Ralph de, bishop of London in the reigns of Edward I. and IL, was educated at Merton College, Oxford, became dean of St Paul’s, was afterwards promoted to the see of London, and at last was made lord high chancellor of England. He wrote Historia Anglica, or a History of the British Affairs down to his own time; and A Collection of the Statutes and Constitutions of the Church of St Paul. The former, though it was seen by Leland, is not now extant; the latter is preserved in the library of that cathedral. Bishop Baldock died at Stepney, July 24, 1313.
BALDWIN, archbishop of Canterbury, was born of obscure parents at Exeter, where, in the early part of his [7:4:316]life, he taught a grammar-school. After this he took orders, and was made archdeacon of Exeter; but he resigned that dignity, and became a Cistercian monk in the monastery of Ford in Devonshire, of which, in a few years, he was made abbot. In the year 1180 he was consecrated bishop of Worcester. In 1184 he was promoted to the see of Canterbury by Pope Lucius III., and by his successor Urban III. was appointed legate for that diocese. He laid the foundation of a church and monastery in honour of Thomas a Becket, at Hackington, near Canterbury, for secular priests; but being opposed by the monks of Canterbury and the pope, he was obliged to desist. In 1190 he crowned King Richard I. at Westminster, and soon after followed that prince to the Holy Land, where he died at the siege of Ptolemais or St Jean d’Acre. Giraldus Cambrensis, who accompanied him in this expedition, says he was of a mild disposition, and practised great abstinence. He wrote various tracts on religious subjects, which were collected and published by Bertrand Tissier in 1662.
BALEARES Insulae, or the Balearic Islands. The appellation is commonly derived from ∕3αλλs∕r, jacere, because the inhabitants were excellent slingers. They are two in number, the Greater and the Less, or Major and Minor; and hence the modern names Majorca and Minorca. See Majorca and Minorca.
BALEN, Hendrick van, historical and portrait painter, was born at Antwerp in 1560. He was a disciple of Adam van Oort, but he quitted that master to acquire a better taste in design and composition by pursuing his studies at Rome, where he resided for a considerable time. He died in 1632. All the historical subjects painted by Van Balen have merit. His designs of the Deluge, of Moses striking the Rock, and the Drowning of Pharaoh, [7:4:317]are meritorious compositions. His Judgment of Paris is accounted a masterly performance; and the figure of Venus, in particular, is so elegantly designed, so full of life, and so round, that it seems to stand forth from the canvass.
BALES, Peter, a famous master in the art of penmanship, and one of the first inventors of short-hand writing. He was born in 1547, and is described by Anthony Wood as “a most dexterous person in his profession, to the oreat wonder of scholars and others.” We are also informed that “he spent several years in sciences among Oxonians, particularly, as it seems, in Gloucester Hall; but that study, which he used for a diversion only, proved at length an employment of profit.” He is mentioned for his skill in micrography, or miniature writing, in Hollingshed’s Chronicle, anno 1575; and Mr Evelyn has also celebrated his wonderful skill in this delicate operation of the hand. “Hadrian Junius, speaking as a miracle of somebody who wrote the Apostles’ Creed and the beginning of St John’s Gospel within the compass of a farthing: what would he have said,” adds Mr Evelyn, “of our famous Peter Bales, who, in the year 1575, wrote the Lord’s Prayer, the Creed, Decalogue, with two short prayers in Latin, his own name, motto, day of the month, year of the Lord, and reign of the queen, to whom he presented it at Hampton Court, all of it written within the circle of a single penny, inchased in a ring and borders of gold, and covered with a crystal so accurately wrought as to be very plainly legible; to the great admiration of her Majesty, the whole privy-council, and several ambassadors then at court?” He was likewise very dexterous in imitating handwritings, and about 1576 was employed by Secretary Walsingham in certain political manoeuvres. We find him at the head of a school near the Old Bailey, London, in 1590, in which year he published his Writing Schoolmaster, in three parts. In 1595 he had a great trial of skill in the Blackfriars with one Daniel Johnson, for a golden pen of L.20 value, and won it; and a contemporary author further relates that he had also the arms of calligraphy given him, which are azure, a pen or. In 1597 he republished his Writing Schoolmaster, which was in such high reputation that no less than eighteen copies of commendatory verses, composed by learned and ingenious men of that time, were printed before it. Wood says that he was involved in Essex’s treasons in 1600; but this seems to be a mistake, for he was only engaged, and that very innocently, in serving the treacherous purposes of one of the earl’s mercenary dependants. We know little more of this curious person than that he seems to have died about the year 1610.
BALEY, Walter, the son of Henry Baley of Warn-well in Dorsetshire, was born at Portsham in the same county, and educated at Winchester school, from which he was sent to Oxford, and, after two years’ probation, admitted perpetual fellow of New College in the year 1550. Having taken his degrees in arts, he practised physic, and in 1558 was proctor of the university. About this time he obtained a prebend of Wells, which he resigned in 1579. In the year 1561 he was appointed queen’s professor of physic, in 1563 proceeded doctor in that faculty, and afterwards became one of her majesty’s physicians in ordinary. He was thought skilful in his profession, and had considerable practice. He died in 1592, aged sixty-three, and was buried in the inner chapel of New College. His works are, 1st, A Discourse of three kinds of Pepper in common use, 1588, 8vo. 2d, Brief Treatise of the Preservation of the Eye-sight, first printed in the reign of Elizabeth in 12mo, afterwards at Oxford in 1616 and 1654, 8vo. 3d, Directions for Health, Natural and Artificial, with Medicines far all Diseases of the Eyes, 1626, 4to.
BALFRON, a village and parish of Scotland, in the county of Stirling, where a manufacture of cotton was established in 1789, and flourished for some time. The population is 1968, and it is 22 miles north of Glasgow.
BALFROOSH, a large commercial town of Persia, in the province of Mazanderan, about twelve miles distant from the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. It is built in a low, swampy, though rich country; and, from the deep and. almost impassable roads which lead to it, seems not at all favourably situated for the seat of an extensive inland trade. It is, however, purely a mercantile city, being peopled entirely by merchants, mechanics, and their dependants; and is wholly indebted for its present size and importance to its commercial prosperity. The town is of a very peculiar structure and aspect. It is placed in the midst of a forest of tall trees, by which the buildings are so separated from one another, and so concealed, that except in the bazars it has no appearance of a populous town. The streets are broad and neat, though generally unpaved; and they are kept in good order. No ruins are to be seen, as in other Persian towns; the houses are comfortable, in good repair, and roofed with tiles, and they are inclosed by substantial walls; and, according to Fraser, by whom it was visited in 1822, it had a plain and simple air of plenty, ease, and comfort, attended with a bustle and show of business which is rarely to be seen in the Persian towns. There are no public buildings of any importance. The only place s of interest are the bazars, which extend fully a mile in length, and consist of substantially-built ranges of shops, covered with a roof of wood and tiles, and well stored with commodities. There are about ten principal caravanserais, several of which are attached to the bazar, and are let as warehouses for goods; and not less than thirty medressas or colleges, the place being as much celebrated for learning as for commerce. From a census lately taken by authority, Mr Fraser is of opinion that it contains 200,000 inhabitants. It is 20 miles west of Fehra-bad. Long. 32. 40. E. Lat. 35. 55. N.
BALGUY, John, an eminent English divine, was born at Sheffield in Yorkshire in August 1686. He was admitted of St John’s College, Cambridge, in 1702, and in 1705-6 took his bachelor’s degree, soon after which he quitted the university. In 1711 he obtained a small living, and in 1729 was preferred to the vicarage of Northallerton, in which preferment he remained till his death in 1748. Besides Sermons, an Essay on Redemption, a treatise entitled Divine Rectitude, or a brief Inquiry concerning the Moral Perfections of the Deity, and some other theological tracts, he published a philosophical piece on the Foundation of Moral Goodness, written in answer to Dr Hutcheson’s work on the Origin of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. Some of these pieces were, by the author himself, collected into one volume, and published with a dedication to Bishop Hoadley.

Balguy, Thomas, D. D., son of the above, was born in 1716. After studying at St John’s College, Cambridge, where he’ took his first degree in 1737, he was in 1746 presented to the rectory of North Stoke in Lincolnshire. He afterwards became archdeacon, first of Salisbury, and thereafter of Winchester. He was offered the bishopric of Gloucester in 1781, but was prevented from accepting it by the declining state of his health. He was afterwards afflicted with blindness, and died at Winchester in January 1795. Besides Sermons and Charges, he was the author of a very able and well-known work, entitled Divine Benevolence Asserted and Vindicated from the Reflections of ancient and modern Sceptics. It was published in 8vo, in 1782.
BALHARRY, a town of Hindostan, in Mysore, situated on the west side of the Haggry River, 187 miles [7:4:318]north from Seringapatam, and the capital of the collectorship of the same name, into which, and Cuddapah, the Balaghaut ceded districts are divided. It is a hill fort, with a fortified village. It was taken by Hyder in 1775.
BALI, Bally, or Little Java, one of the Sunda islands, in the Eastern Seas, separated from Java by the straits of the same name, which are five miles wide. It is a large island, being seventy-five miles in length by forty in breadth. A chain of mountains crosses the island in a direction east and west, and terminates on the east in the peak of Bali, which is volcanic. The climate and soil are the same as in Java; it has mountains of proportionate height, and streams well fitted for the purposes of irrigation, and it is equally fertile. But from the mountainous nature of the country, advantage cannot so easily be taken of the periodical rains; and hence the lands are chiefly irrigated from the rivers and streams. Rice is produced in great quantities, and two crops are raised in the year; while in the dry season the lands yield a crop of maize. The other productions are tobacco, oil, and salt, also cotton of an excellent quality; but there are no forests, and the island is supplied with wood from Java. The inhabitants, though originally sprung from the same stock as those of Java, exceed them in stature and muscular power, as well as in activity and enterprising habits. “They have,” says Sir Stamford Raffles, “a higher cast of spirit, independence, and manliness, than belongs to any of their neighbours.” They are also more moral, not being addicted to drunkenness or licentiousness, though they indulge in the practice of eating opium. Their favourite amusements are gaming and cock-fighting, to which they devote themselves with all the vehemeqce and energy of their character. They are inferior to their neighbours the Javanese in mechanical art and industry. Cotton is spun into yarn, and made into cloth by the women. Knives, and warlike instruments, such as matchlocks, are also manufactured. The principal exports are rice, birds’ nests, coarse cloths, cotton yarn, salted eggs, &c. The imports are opium, betel nut, ivory, gold, and silver. The traffic in slaves was formerly great, and still exists to a certain extent; all prisoners of war, insolvent debtors, and those who attempt to evade the laws against emigration, being reduced to the condition of slaves. The Hindoo superstition is prevalent here, not more than 100 or 200 of the natives being Mahommedans. The island is divided into seven different states, each independent of the other, and subject to its own chief. The total population is estimated at 800,000. (Thorn’s Memoir of Java, Raffles’ History of Java, &c.)
BALINDERRY, a village and parish of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, seventy-three miles from Dublin. Its population is 4948.
BALIOL, or Balliol, Sir John de, founder of Baliol College in Oxford, was the son of Hugh Baliol, of Bernard’s Castle, in the diocese of Durham, and very eminent on account of his power and riches. During the contests and wars between King Henry III. and his barons he firmly adhered to the king. In 1263 he began the foundation and endowment of Baliol College, which was afterwards perfected by his widow. He died in the year 1269.
BALLENDEN, Sir John. See Bellenden, Sir John.
BALLENSTEDT, a city in the duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg. It is situated in the Hartz Forest, in a most picturesque district, selected for a seat of the sovereign, whose castle is accommodated with the usual appendages of courtly residences. The city, besides the court, contains about 2800 inhabitants, who are very industrious in linen manufactures, and in gardening.
BALLET, Balet, or Balletto, a kind of dramatic poem, representing some fabulous action or subject divided into several entries; wherein several persons appear, and recite things under the name of some deity, or other illustrious character. .

Ballet also denotes a theatrical action, represented by dancing guided by music.
BALLINA, a post-town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, situated on the river Moy. In 1798 General Humbert, who landed with the French troops in Ireland, took possession of this place. The population is 4422, and it is 6 miles S. of Killala.
BALLINAFIINCH, a post-town of Ireland, in the county of Down, near which is a much-frequented chalybeate spa. In 1798 a strong body of insurgents were defeated here, and half the village was destroyed. The population is 884. Ballinahinch is 94 miles N. by E. from Dublin.
BALLINAKIL, a market-town of Ireland, in Queen’s county, with woollen manufactures. The population is 1951, and it is 66 miles S. W. of Dublin.
BALLINASLOE, a thriving town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, on the river Suck. Here is held a great fair for wool, and several cattle fairs. The population is 1800. It is 90 miles W. of Dublin, and 30 miles W. of Galway.
BALLINGARRY, a post-town of Ireland, in the county of Limerick. The population is 1553. It is 142 miles 8. W. of Dublin.
BALLINROBE, a post-town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo. Its population is 2191. It is 147 miles W. by N. from Dublin.
BALLISTA, a machine used by the ancients for shooting darts, and which resembled in some measure our crossbow. The word is Latin, signifying a cross-bow, and is derived from the Greek βαλλω, to shoot or throw. Vegetius informs us that the ballista discharged darts with such rapidity and violence that nothing could resist their force; and Athenaeus adds, that Agistratus made one of little more than two feet in length, which shot darts 500 paces.
BALLISTEUM, or Ballistraea, in Antiqudy, a military song or dance used on occasions of victory. Vopiscus has preserved the ballisteum sung in honour of Aurelian, who, in the Sarmatian war, was said to have killed forty-eight of the enemy in one day with his own hand. Mille, mille, mille, mille, mille, mille decollavimus; Unus horno mille, mille, mille, mille decollavit; mille, mille, mille vivat, qui mille, mille occidit. Tantum vini habet nemo, quantum fudit sanguinis. The same writer subjoins another popular song of the same kind: Mille Francos, mille Sarmatas, semel occidimus; mille, mille, mille, mille, mill e P ersa s quacrimus. It took the denomination ballisteum from the Greek βαλλω, jacio, οτ jacto, to cast θr toss, on account of the motions used in this dance, which consisted in elevating, swinging, and throwing round the hands. The ballistea were a kind of popular ballads, composed by poets of the lower class, without much regard to the laws of metre.
BALLISTIC Pendulum, an ingenious machine, ĩnvent- e ..?y Benjamin Robins for ascertaining the velocity of tm ιtary projectiles, and consequently the force of fired gunpowder. It consists of a large block of wood, affixed to the end of a strong iron stem, having a cross steel axis at the other end, placed horizontally, about which the whole vibrates together like the pendulum of a clock. The . machine being at rest, a piece of ordnance is pointed straight towards the wooden block or ball of this pendulum, and then discharged: in consequence of which the ball strikes, enters the block, and causes the pendulum to vibrate more or less according to the velocity of the projectile or the force of the blow; so that by observing the extent of the vibration, or the chord of the arc,—which is ascertained by means of a ribbon fixed to the lower extremity of the pendulum, and passed through a couple of steel edges something in the manner of a drawing pen,— the force of that blow becomes known, or the greatest velocity with which the block is moved out of its place, and consequently the velocity of the projectile which struck the blow and urged the pendulum. See Gunnery.
BALLOON. See Aeronautics. Balloon also denotes a kind of game something resembling tennis. The balloon is played in the open field, with a great round ball of double leather blown up with wind, and thus driven to and fro with the strength of a man’s arm, fortified with a brace of wood.
BALLOTING, a method of voting at elections, &c. by means of little balls, usually of different colours, called by the French ballots, which are put into a box, in such a manner as to enable the voter, if he chooses, to conceal for whom or for what he gives his suffrage.
BALLYBAY, a market and post-town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan. Its population is 1378, and it is 76 miles N. by W. of Dublin.
BALLYCASTLE, a small sea-port town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, divided into an upper and lower town. Its population is 1436, and it is 180 miles N. from Dublin.
BALLYMATRON, a market and post-town of Ireland, in the county of Longford. The population is 1135. It is 68 miles W. by N. of Dublin.
BALLYMENA, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, situated on the river Maine. Linen manufactures are carried on here, and there is a weekly market for horses and cattle. The population is 2740. It is 30 miles N. of Belfast.
BALLYMONEY, a village of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, where there is a monthly market for linens. The population is 1949. It is 150 miles N. of Dublin.
BALLYMOTE, a post-town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, where the linen manufacture has been established. The population is 884, and it is 119 miles N. W. from Dublin.
BALLYRAGGET, a post-town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, on the river Nore. The population is 1604. It is 76 miles S. W. of Dublin.
BALLYSHANNON, a town of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, on a bay at the mouth of a river flowing from Lough Erne, which is crossed by a bridge of 14 arches. It has a good harbour, and a fishery of eels and salmon. The population is 3831. It is 127 miles N. W. from Dublin.
BALLYTORE, a post-town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, on the river Grees. The population is 824. It is 35 miles S. W. of Dublin.
BALMERINO, a village and parish of Scotland, in the county of Fife, situated on the Tay, where are the ruins of an abbey founded by Alexander II. in 1229. The population is 921. It is about 8 miles north-west of St Andrews.