pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ALGONQUINS, a nation in North America, who formerly possessed great tracts of land along the north shore of the river St Lawrence. For a long time they had no rivals as hunters and warriors, and were long in alliance [7:2:512]with the Iroquois, whom they agreed to protect from all invaders, and to let them have a share of their venison. The Iroquois, on the other hand, were to pay a tribute to their allies, out of the culture of the earth, and to perform for them all the menial duties, such as flaying the game, curing the flesh, and dressing the skins. By degrees, however, the Iroquois associated in the hunting matches and warlike expeditions of the Algonquins; so that they soon began to fancy themselves as Well qualified, either for war or hunting, as their neighbours. One winter a large detachment of both nations having gone out a hunting, and secured, as they thought, a vast quantity of game, six young Algonquins and as many Iroquois were sent out to begin the slaughter. The AIgonquins, probably becoιAE a little jealous of their associates, upon seeing a few elks, desired the Iroquois to return, on pretence that they would have sufficient employment in flaying the game they should kill ;· but after three days’ hunting, having killed none, the Iroquois exulted, and in a day or two privately set out to hunt for themselves. The Algonquins were so exasperated at seeing their rivals return laden with game, that they murdered all the hunters in the night-time. The Iroquois dissembled their resentment; but, in order to be revenged, applied themselves to study the art of war as practised among those savage nations. Being afraid of engaging with the Algonquins, at first they tried their prowess on other inferior nations, and, when they thought themselves sufficiently expert, attacked the Algonquins with such diabolical fury as showed they could be satisfied with nothing less than the extermination of the whole race; which, had it not been for the interposition of the French, they would have accomplished.
ALGOR, with physicians, an unusual coldness in any part of the body.
ALGORITHM, an Arabic word expressive of numerical computation.
ALGUAZIL, in the Spanish polity, an officer whose business it is to see the decrees of a judge executed.
ALHAMA, a city of Spain, in the province of Granada, in Andalusia. It is on an elevated plain, enjoys a most salubrious climate, and is surrounded by fields most abundantly productive of wheat and barley. Near it are some medicinal baths of great and ancient celebrity, to which invalids still resort. It was a most important fortress when the Moors ruled Granada, and its capture by the Christians was the most decisive step in the reduction of their power. It contains 4500 inhabitants, and is situated in lat. 36. 42. N. long. 2. 46. W.
ALHAZEN, an Arabian author of the 11th century, who is better entitled to the appellation of philosopher than most of those of his countrymen by whom it has been obtained. The place of his birth was Bassora; the [7:2:514] year uncertain; but his death took place at Cairo in 1038. There was another author of the same name, who translated the Almagest of Ptolemy; but that writer lived during the reign of the caliph Almamon. In some accounts of Alhazen we find it said that he lived chiefly in Spain; but it appears from Casiri (Bibl. ArabicoHispana Escurialensis), that after he had left his native city, Egypt was his place of residence. It also appears that he was invited to that country by one of the Fatemite caliphs, on account of some boasts which he had made of being able to obviate the evils attendant upon the alternate overflowing and decrease of the waters of the Nile. He surveyed the country with a view to this project, to aid which, every thing that he asked was liberally furnished by the caliph; but finding that his imagination had seduced him into a wild and impracticable scheme, he feigned madness, thereby to avoid the punishment which he dreaded; and he continued to play this humiliating part till the caliph’s death relieved him from his apprehensions.

But whatever figure he may have made as a projector, there can be no doubt that he was a skilful geometrician, and that his name deserves a conspicuous place among the improvers of the science of optics. He was not a mere compiler from the ancients, or commentator upon their works; he followed the bent of his own genius; and, striking into the right path of experiment and observation, his inquiries were productive of a real accession to the stock of knowledge, in regard to some of the most interesting phenomena of nature. He refuted the error of the ancient philosophers, that vision was produced by rays emitted from the eye. He gave the first sensible explanation of the cause of the apparent increase of the sun and moon when seen near the horizon; showing that this is occasioned by their being then supposed, owing to the number of intermediate objects, to be at a greater distance from the spectator. He was the first who applied the laws of refraction to show how the heavenly bodies are sometimes seen as if above the horizon when still below it; and who, in the same way, explained the cause of the morning and evening twilight ;—of that beneficent provision of nature, by which the glories of day are made gradually to approach, and gradually to withdraw. These dioptrical discoveries of the Arabian philosopher have furnished Μ. Bailly with one of the many fine passages which embellish his celebrated work on the History of Astronomy. (Astron. Moderne, liv. vi. sect. 20.)

As a writer, Alhazen is censurable for unmeaning prolixity, and scholastic subtilty. It appears from Casiri that his works were numerous; but only two of them have been printed, namely, his treatise on Optics, and that on the Twilight. They were both published in Latin in 1572, by Frederic Risner, under the title of Opticae Thesaurus.
ALHI, a city of Sicily, in the intendancy of Messina, at the mouth of the river of the same name, where are some celebrated warm baths. It is a very healthy place, with 1400 inhabitants.
ALHUMECAS, an island belonging to Spain, on the coast of Africa, near Ceuta. There is a town on it, near which is good anchorage for small vessels. The place is used as a receptacle for criminals; and there are within it three capacious cisterns for preserving fresh water. Long. 3. 12. W. Lat. 35. 16. 30. N.
ALJAMEIA is a name which the Moriscoes in Spain give to the language of the Spaniards. Among other articles agreed on by thejunta which was appointed by the emperor Charles V. in 1526, in favour of the Moriscoes, this was one, that the Moriscoes should no longer speak Algavareia, i. e. Moorish, or Arabic; but should all speak Aljameia, i. e. Spanish, as it was called by the Moors, and all their writings and contracts should be in that language.
ALIAS, in Law, a second or further writ issued from the courts of Westminster, after a capias, &c. sued out without effect.
ALIBI, in Law, denotes the absence of the accused from the place where he is charged with having committed a crime; or his being elsewhere, as the word imports, at the time specified.
ALICANTE, a city of Spain, in the province of Valencia, with a port on the Mediterranean Sea. The city forms a half-moon on the sea-shore, and is defended by a castle 1000 feet in height, built on a rock; and the bay in which vessels are anchored is well protected by various batteries. The commerce of this port is very considerable, and its exports are consigned to every port of the north of Europe. Two lakes on the coast furnish a large supply of salt made from evaporation, which is conveyed by English and Swedish ships. A fertile plain called the Luerta, near the city, which has been furnished with the means of irrigation at a vast expense, is covered with vines, which produce excellent wines; with mulberry trees, which rear silk-worms; and with great quantities of almonds, olives, figs, and raisins, that supply articles for foreign commerce. On the coast near this city, the island of Plana, a barren rock, supplies the most beautiful marbles in great varieties. The coast furnishes large quantities of barilla, which is one of the most important branches of the commerce of the city. As the exportable commodities engage the principal attention of the agriculturists, the quantity of corn grown is insufficient for the consumption of the city and its vicinity, though rice might be raised to a vast extent; and the wheat is brought partly from La Mancha, and partly by sea from Africa and from Italy. The castle of Alicante is in long. 0. 3. 51. E. and in lat. 38. 20. 41. N. This city contains I cathedral, 3 parish churches, 6 hot springs, and [7:2:516]17,345 inhabitants. It is the seat of a bishop, and there are here manufactories of linen and woollen cloths, and of esparto. The harbour is one of the best in the Mediterranean Sea.
ALICANTERILLA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, with 3000 inhabitants; nine miles south of Murcia.
ALICATA, a city of Sicily, in the intendancy of Cala-tanisera. It is a seaport and a parliamentary city, at the mouth of the river Salso, from which corn, fruit, and sulphur are exported. There is a roadstead, but no harbour. It contains 11,000 inhabitants. Near it are the vestiges of the ancient city of Gela.

Alicata, a mountain of Sicily, near the valleys Me-zara and Noto, upon which was situated, as is generally thought, the famous Daedalion, where the tyrant Phalaris kept his brazen bull.
ALIEN, in Law, implies a person born in a strange country, not within the king’s allegiance; in contradistinction to a denizen or natural subject. An alien is incapable of inheriting lands in Britain till naturalized by an act of parliament. No alien is entitled to vote at the election of members of parliament; nor can he enjoy any office, or be returned on any jury, unless where an alien is party in a cause, when the inquest, is composed of an equal number of denizens and aliens.

The act 33 Geo. III. c∙ 4, commonly called the Alien Bill, and which empowered the king to restrain aliens, and send them out of the kingdom, was, by 41 Geo. III. c. 24, appointed to be continued till six months after the conclusion of a general peace.

ALiEN-Ruty, an impost laid on all goods imported by aliens, over and above the customs paid for such goods imported by British subjects, and on British bottoms.

ALIEN Priories, a kind of inferior monasteries, formerly very numerous in England, and so' ’ called from their belonging to foreign abbeys.
ALIENATION, in Law, denotes the act of making over a man’s property in lands, &c. to another person.

Alienation in Mortmain, is the making over of lands, &c. to a body politic, or to a religious house.

Alimentarii Pueri, &c. were certain children maintained and educated by the munificence of the emperors, in a sort of public places not unlike our hospitals. Trajan was the first who brought up any of these alimentary boys. He was imitated by Adrian. Antoninus Pius did the same for a number of maids, at the solicitation of Faustina; and hence, in some medals of that empress, we read pvellae favstinianae. —Alexander Severus did the like at the request of Mammaea; and the maids thus educated were called Mammoeanoe. Alimentary Duct or Canal, is a name given by Dr Tyson and some others to that part of the body through which the food passes from its reception into the mouth to its exit at the anus ; including the gula, stomach, and intestines. See Anatomy. Alimentary Law, lex alimentaria, was an old law among the Romans, whereby children were obliged to find sustenance for their parents.
ALIMENTS. See Dietetics.
ALIPILARIUS, or Alipilus, in Roman Antiquity, a servant belonging to the baths, whose business it was, by means of waxen plasters, and an instrument called volsella, to take off the hair from the arm-pits, and even arms, legs, &c. this being deemed a point of cleanliness.
ALIPTERIUM, αλs∕wn^∕oy, in Antiquity, a place in the ancient palestrae, where the athletae were anointed before their exercises.
ALIQUANT Part, in Arithmetic, is that number which cannot measure any other exactly without some remainder. Thus, 7 is an aliquant part of 16; for twice 7 wants two of 16, and three times 7 exceeds 16 by 5.
ALIQUOT Part, is that part of a number or quantity which will exactly measure it without any remainder. Thus, 2 is an aliquot part of 4, 3 of 9, 4 of 16, &c.
ALISONTIA, or Alisuntia, in Ancient Geography, a river of Belgic Gaul, now Alsitz ; which, rising on the borders of Lorraine, and running through that duchy, waters the city of Luxemburg, and, swelled by other rivulets, falls into the Sour.
ALITES, in Roman Antiquity, a designation given to such birds as afforded matter of auguries by their flight.
ALKADARH, a sect among the Mahometans who deny any eternal, fixed, divine decrees, and are assertors of free-wilR The word is formed from the Arabic alkadar, which signifies “decree.” The Alkadarii are a branch of Motazalites, and stand opposed to the Algiabarii.
ALKAHEST, or Alcahest, among alchemists, derived from a word which signifies spirit of salt or all spirit, was supposed to be a universal menstruum, capable of resolving all bodies into their principles. Van Helmont pretended he was possessed of such a menstruum. It is likewise used by some authors for all fixed salts volatilized.
ALKALI, in Chemistry, denotes a particular class of salts. The word alkali is of Arabian origin, and was introduced into chemistry after it had been applied to a plant which still retains the name of kali. When this plant is burnt, the ashes washed in water, and the water evaporated to dryness, a white substance remains, which is called alkali. See Chemistry.
ALKALIMETER, a name given to a small instrument, invented by Μ. Descroizilles for ascertaining the value of the alkalies in commerce. There is an account of it in the 60th volume of the Annales de Chimie, which is translated in the 28th volume of Tilloch’s Philosophical Magazine.
ALKERMES, in Pharmacy, a compound cordial medicine, made in the form of a confection, deriving its name from the kermes berries used in its composition.
ALKMAAR. See Alemaer.
ALKORAN. See Alcoran. ALL-Hallow, or All-Saints, a festival celebrated on the first of November, in commemoration of all the saints in general. The number of saints being so excessively multiplied, it was found too burdensome to dedicate a feast-day to each. In reality, there are not days enough, scarce hours enough, in the year, for this purpose. Hence an expedient was had recourse to, by commemorating such in the lump as had not their own days. Boniface IV., in the ninth century, introduced the feast of AllSaints in Italy, which was soon after adopted in the other churches.

ALL-Saints, islands near Guadaloupe, in the West Indies.

ALL-Saints, a parish in Georgetown district, South Carolina, containing 2225 inhabitants, of whom 429 are whites, and 1795 slaves. It sends a member to each house of the state legislature.

ALL-Saints Ray, a spacious harbour near St Salvador in Brazil, in South America, on the Atlantic Ocean. Long. 49. W. Lat. 12. S.

ALL-Saints’ Ray, a captainship in the middle division of Brazil, so called from the harbour of that name; bounded on the north by the Rio Real, on the south by that of Ilheos, - on the east by. the ocean, and on the west by three unconquered nations of Indians. It is reckoned one of the richest and most fertile captainships in all Brazil, [7:2:517] producing great quantities of cotton and sugar. The bay itself is about two and a half leagues over, interspersed with a number of small but pleasant islands, and is of prodigious advantage to the whole country. It has several cities and towns, particularly St Salvador, which is its capital. All-Saints’ Bay lies in lat. 12. 3. S. long. 40. 10. W.

ALL-Souls, in the Calendar, denotes a feast-day, held on the second of November, in commemoration of all the faithful deceased. The feast of All-Souls was first introduced in the eleventh century, by Odilon, abbot of Cluny, who enjoined it on his own order; but it was not long before it became adopted by the neighbouring churches.
ALLA, or Allah, the name by which the professors of Mahometanism call the Supreme Being. The term Alla is Arabie, derived from the verb alah, to adore. It is the same with the Hebrew Eloah, which signifies the Adorable Being.
ALLΛGNA, a town in the province of Val Sesia, in the principality of Piedmont, in Italy. It has some rich copper mines, with gold mixed in the same ore. It is on the river Sesia, and contains 1600 inhabitants.
ALLAIRE, a town of 2190 inhabitants, in the arrondissement of Vannes, and department of Morbihan, in France.
ALLANCHES, a town of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and circle of Aix, six miles from Marseilles, containing 2350 inhabitants.
ALLANTOIS, or Allantoides, a thin transparent bag investing the foetus of quadrupeds, as cows, goats, sheep, &c. filled with a urinous liquor conveyed to it from the bladder of the young animals by means of the urachus.
ALLATTUS, Leo, keeper of the Vatican library, a native of Seio, and a celebrated writer of the 17th century. He was of great service to the gentlemen of Port Royal in the controversy they had with Μ. Claude touching the belief of the Greeks with regard to the eucharist. No Latin was ever more devoted to the see of Rome, or more inveterate against the Greek schismatics, than Alla-tius. He never was married, nor did he take orders; and Pope Alexander VII. having asked him one day why he did not enter into orders, he answered, “Because [7:2:519]I would be free to marry.” The pope rejoined, “If so, why do you not marry?” “Because,” replied Allatius, “I would be at liberty to take orders.” Thus, as Mr Bayle observes, he passed his whole life, wavering between a parish and a wife; sorry, perhaps, at his death, for having chosen neither of them; when, if he had fixed upon one, he might have repented his choice for 30 or 40 years. If we believe John Patricius, Allatius had a very extraordinary pen, with which, and no other, he wrote Greek for forty years; at the loss of which he was so grieved as to lament it with tears. He published several manuscripts, several translations of Greek authors, and several pieces of his own composing. In his works he discovers more erudition and industry than sound judgment. His manner of writing is diffuse and perplexed, making frequent digressions from one subject to another. He died at Rome in 1669, aged 83.
ALLECTUS, the prime minister and confidential friend of Carausius, emperor of Britain. In order to avoid the punishment due to the several enormous crimes with which he was chargeable, he fell upon the desperate expedient of murdering his master, and usurping the imperial dignity, which he maintained for three years. With a design of recovering Britain, Constantius about this period fitted out a large squadron, which being assembled in the mouth of the Seine, the command was devolved upon the prefect Asclepiodotus. The fleet of Allectus was stationed off the Isle of Wight to receive them; but, under the cover of a thick fog, the invaders escaped their notice, and landed in safety on the western coast, and, according to Gibbon, convinced the Britons, “that a superiority of naval strength will not always protect their country from a foreign invasion.” No sooner had the intrepid commander disembarked his forces, than he set fire to his ships, and marched forward to meet the enemy. In expectation of an attack from Constantius, who commanded the fleet off Boulogne, the usurper had taken his station in the vicinity of London; but informed of the descent of Asclepiodotus, he made forced marches to oppose his progress. Allectus attacked the imperial troops, and his army being reduced to a small number of fatigued and dispirited men, he fell in the field, and his forces received a total defeat. Thus, in one day, and by a single battle, the fate of this great island was decided; and Britain, after a separation of ten years, was restored to the Roman empire, A. d. 297. Constantius, landing on the shores of Kent, was saluted with the loud applauses and unanimous acclamation of obedient subjects, and welcomed to the British soil.
ALLEGANY Mountains, situated between the Atlantic ocean, the Mississippi River, and the Lakes, are a long and broad range of mountains, composed of several ridges, tending north-east and south-west, nearly parallel to the sea-coast, about 1100 miles in length, and from 110 to 150 miles in breadth. The ridges which compose this immense range of mountains have different names in the different states, viz. the Blue Ridge, the North Mountain or North Ridge, Laurel Ridge, Jackson’s Mountains, and Kittatinny Mountains. All these different and immense ridges are penetrated by rivers, which appear to have forced their way through solid rocks. The principal ridge is more immediately called Allegany, and is descriptively named the Back Bone of the United States. The general name of the whole range, taken collectively, is the Allegany Mountains. Mr Evans calls them the Endless Mountains; others have called them the Appalachian Mountains, from a tribe of Indians who live on a river which proceeds from this mountain, called the Appalachicoa ; but the most common name is the Allegany Mountains.

, They pass through the states eastward of the Mississippi like a spine or back-bone, and give rise to nearly all the rivers in that region. They approach the sea at the river Hudson, but take a direction inland from that point, and in Georgia are above 200 miles from the sea. They are generally covered with natural wood, and capable of cultivation, with some exceptions. The soil in the valleys between the ridges is found to be superior to that between the mountains and the sea, and is indeed among the best in the United States. Towards the northern extremity of the Alléganies, the primitive rocks cover a great breadth of country; but southward of New York they are chiefly confined to the eastern slope of the mountains. A zone of transition rocks from 20 to 40 miles in breadth extends nearly the whole length of the chain; and beyond this to the westward the country is chiefly limestone. They are not confusedly scattered, but run along in ridges generally of a uniform height, estimated on an average at 3000 feet. The ground rises to them from the sea so gradually that their height does not strike the eye much. They contain a considerable variety of minerals, and on the western side great beds of coal.

ALLEGANY River, in Pennsylvania, rises on the western side of the Allegany Mountains, and after running about 200 miles in a south-west direction, meets the Monongahela at Pittsburg, and both united form the Ohio. The lands on each side of this river, for 150 miles above Pittsburg, consist of white oak and chesnut ridges, and in many places of poor pitch pines, interspersed with tracts of good land and low meadows.
ALLEGATA, a word anciently subscribed at the bottom of rescripts and constitutions of the emperors; as signata, or testata, was under other instruments.
ALLEGEAS, or Allegi As, a stuff manufactured in the East Indies. There are two sorts of them; some are of cotton, and others of several kinds of herbs, which are spun like flax and hemp. Their length and breadth are of eight ells, by five, six, or seven eighths; and of twelve ells, by three fourths or five eighths.