pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AMALGAMATION, the operation of making an amalgam, or mixing mercury with any metal.

For the combination of one metal with another, it is generally sufficient that one of them be in a state of fluidity. Mercury being always fluid, is therefore capable of amalgamation with other metals without heat; nevertheless, heat considerably facilitates the operation.

To amalgamate without heat requires nothing more than rubbing the two metals together in a mortar; but the metal to be united with the mercury should be previously divided into very thin plates or grains. When heat is used (which is always most effectual, and with some metals indispensably necessary), the mercury should be heated till it begin to smoke, and the grains of metal made red-hot before they are thrown into it. If it be gold or silver, it is sufficient to stir the fluid with an iron rod for a little while, and then to throw it into a vessel filled with water. This amalgam is used for gilding or silvering on copper, which is afterwards exposed to a degree of heat sufficient to evaporate the mercury.

Amalgamation with lead or tin is effected by pouring an equal weight of mercury into either of these metals m a state of fusion, and stirring with an iron rod. Copper amalgamates with great difficulty, and iron not at all.
AMALTHAEA, the name of the Cumaean Sibyl, who ottered to Tarquinius Superbus nine books containing the Roman destinies, and demanded 300 pieces of gold as their price. The monarch disregarding her demand, she threw three of them into the fire, and returning, asked the same price for the remaining six; which being also denied, she burnt three more, and returning, demanded the same price for the three that were left. Tarquin, astonished at her behaviour, consulted the pontiffs, who advised him to buy them. These books were so highly esteemed, that two magistrates were created to consult them upon extraordinary occasions.

Amalthaea, in Pagan Mythology, daughter of Melissus, king of Crete, and nurse of Jupiter, whom she fed with honey and goats’ milk. According to others, Amalthaea was a goat, which Jupiter translated into the sky, with her two kids, and gave one of her horns to the daughters of Melissus, as a reward for their care over his infant years. This horn had the peculiar property of furnishing them with whatever they wished for, and was thence called the cornu copiae, or horn of plenty.
AMALTHAEUS, Jerome, John Baptista, and Corneille, three celebrated Latin poets of Italy, who flourished in the 16th century. Their compositions were printed at Amsterdam in 1685. One of the prettiest pieces in that collection is an epigram on two children, of extraordinary beauty, though each of them was deprived of an eye:
Lumine Aeon dextro, capta est Leonilla sinistro:
Et poterat forma vincere uterque Deos.
Parve puer, lumen quod habes concede sorori;
Sic tu caecus Amor, sic erit illa Venus.
AMAMA, Sixtinus, professor of the Hebrew tongue in the university of Franeker, a man of great learning, was born in Friesland, and studied under Drusius. He published a criticism upon the translation of the Pentateuch; collated the Dutch translation of the Bible with the original and the most accurate translations; and wrote a censure of the Vulgate translation of the historical books of the Old Testament, Job, the Psalms, and Canticles. It is impossible to answer the reasons whereby he shows the necessity of consulting the originals. This he recommended so earnestly, that some synods, being influenced by his reasons, decreed, that none should be admitted into the ministry but such as had a competent knowledge of the Hebrew and Greek text of the Scriptures. He died in 1629.
AMANCE, a town in the department of Upper Soane, upon a rivulet of the same name. Long. 6. 10. E. Lat. 47. 48. N.
AMAND, Mark Antony Gerard, Sieur de St, a French poet, was born at Rouen, in Normandy, in 1594. In the epistle dedicatory to the third part of his works, he tells us that his father commanded a squadron of ships in the service of Elizabeth, queen of England, for 22 years, and was for three years a prisoner in the Black Tower at Constantinople. He mentions also that two brothers of his had been killed in an engagement with the Turks. His own life was spent in a continual succession of travels, which proved of no advantage to his fortune. The miscellaneous poems of this author are chiefly of the burlesque and the amorous kind; and though they abound in blemishes, yet his manner of reading them was so agreeable, that they were universally admired. Amand wrote also a very devout piece, entitled Stances a Μ. Corneille, sur son Imitation de Jesus Christ, which was printed at Paris in 1656. Μ. Brossette relates that he composed a poem upon the moon, in which he paid a compliment to Louis XIV. upon his skill in swimming, a favourite amusement of that monarch in his youth. The king, however, conceived such an antipathy to this production, that he would not permit it to be read in his presence, a disappointment which is reported to have hastened the death of its author. He was admitted a member of the French academy, when it was first founded by Cardinal Richelieu, in the year 1633; and Μ. Pellisson informs us that, in 1637, at his own desire, he was relieved from the obligation of making a speech, which each member was obliged to make in rotation, on condition that he should collect [7:2:586]the burlesque terms, and compile the comic part of the dictionary which the academy had undertaken. For this task he was peculiarly adapted, his writings proving him to be extremely conversant in these terms, which he seems to have diligently collected from the market-places, and other resorts of the populace. He died in1661, being 67 years of age.

Amand, Saint, a city of France, in the department of Cher, formerly Bourbonnois, on the confines of Berri, seated on the river Cher. It was built in 1410, on the ruins of Orval. Long. 2. 30. E. Lat. 46. 40. N.

Am and, Saint, a city of France, in the department of the North, seated on the river Scarpe. It contained by the last enumeration 8039 inhabitants. The abbot of the place is the temporal lord, and disposes of the magistracy. It was given to France by the treaty of Utrecht. Long. 2. 25. E. Lat. 50. 27. N.
AMANTEA, a seaport town and bishop’s see of the kingdom of Naples, situated near the bay of Euphemia, in the province of Calabria, in long. 16. 20. E. lat. 39.15. N.
AMANUS, a mountain of Syria, separating it from Cilicia; a branch of Mount Taurus (Cicero, Strabo, Pliny), extending chiefly eastward, from the sea of Cilicia to the Euphrates. It is now called Monte Negro, or rather Montagna Neres, by the inhabitants; that is, the watery mountain, as abounding in springs and rivulets.
AMARANTE, an order of knighthood instituted in Sweden by Queen Christina in 1653, at the close of an annual feast celebrated in that country called Wirtschaft. This feast was solemnized with entertainments, balls, masquerades, and similar diversions, and continued from evening till the next morning. Christina considering the name too vulgar, changed it into that of the feast of the gods, because each of the party represented some heathen deity. The queen herself assumed the name of Amarante ; that is, unfading, or immortal. The young nobility, dressed in the habit of nymphs and shepherds, served the gods at table. At the end of the feast the queen threw off her habit, which was covered with diamonds, leaving it to be pulled in pieces by the maskers; and, in memory of so gallant a feast, founded a military order, called in Swedish Gesehilschafft, into which all that had been present at the feast were admitted, including 16 lords and as many ladies, besides the queen. Their device was the cipher of Amarante, composed of two A’s, the one erect, the other inverted, and interwoven together; the whole inclosed by a laurel crown, with this motto, Dolce nella memoria.

Bulstrode Whitelock, the English ambassador from Cromwell to the court of Sweden, was made a knight of the order of Amarante ; to which circumstance may be attributed his being sometimes styled Sir Bulstrode Whitelock.
AMARGURA, an island in the Southern Pacific Ocean, discovered by Maurell in 1781. It is quite barren, and inaccessible even to boats. Long. 175. 17. W. Lat. 17. 57.S.

Amasia, an ancient town of Turkey, in Natolia, and birth-place of Strabo the geographer. It is the residence of a bashaw, and gives its name to the province where it is situated, which produces the best wines and fruits in Natolia. It is seated near the river Iris or Casalmack, and was anciently the residence of the king of Cappadocia. Long. 36. 10. E. Lat. 39. 33. N.
AMATORII Musculi, in Anatomy, a term sometimes used for the obliquus superior and obliquus inferior muscles of the eye, as these muscles assist in oggling or drawing the eye sidewise.
AMATRICE, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, upon the confines of the pope’s territories, and the marquisate of Ancona.
AMATTA Foa, an island in the Southern Pacific Ocean, which was discovered by Captain Cook in 1774. It is about five leagues in circumference, and considerably elevated. It is inhabited, but not very fertile; and lies about twelve leagues distant, in a north-north-west direction, from Anamooka.
AMAUROSIS, in Medicine, a deprivation of'sight, the eye remaining fair and seemingly unaffected. A perfect amaurosis is when the blindness is total. When there is still a power of distinguishing light from darkness, the disease is called by M. de St Ives an imperfect amaurosis. There is a periodical sort, which comes on instantaneously, continues for hours or days, and then disappears.
AMAZIAH, the eighth king of Judah, succeeded his father Joash in the 25th year of his age. At the commencement of his reign he showed some reverence for the divine authority, but, in the language of Scripture, “not with a perfect heart.” He speedily inflicted capital punishment on the murderers of his father; but from respect to the law of Moses he spared their families, an extension of clemency not very common in those times. He gave early proof of his military spirit, by collecting a numerous army to attack the Edomites. This force was composed not only of all his own subjects capable of bearing arms, but of a powerful body of auxiliaries hired from the children of Israel. By the advice of a prophet, however, the Israelites, amounting to 100,000 men, were dismissed, and he prosecuted his enterprise with the remainder of his army. Having engaged the Edomites in the valley of Salt, he defeated them with a loss of 10,000 men, and following up his victory, he made himself master of Selah, their metropolis. He also possessed himself of the enemy’s idols, and impiously made them the objects of his adoration. Meanwhile the Israelites, whom he had discharged, either offended by their dismissal, or disappointed of their hope of plunder, turned their arms against the kingdom of Judah, and plundered many of the cities. Amaziah, elated by his success, sent a hostile challenge to Joash, king of Israel, to which Joash contemptuously replied in a fable. (2 Kings, xiv. 9.) Indignant at the insult, Amaziah immediately took the field, and encountering the Israelites at Bethshemesh, was defeated and taken prisoner. After his victory, Joash proceeded to Jerusalem, carrying along with him his vanquished enemy; and having broken down part of the wall of the city, and plundered the temple and palace, he returned with the spoils to Samaria. This misfortune seems to have damped the military ardour of Amaziah; for although he reigned 15 years after his defeat, we are not informed of his engaging in any hostility with his neighbours. He fell by the hands of conspirators, in the 29th yéar of his reign. (2 Kings, xiv.; 2 Chron. xxv.)
AMAZONIA, the name of a country in South America, watered by the river Amazon, and forming part of Brazil. With respect to the Amazons said to have given name to this territory, they have been represented as governed and led to war only by their queen. No men "ere suffered to live among them; though those of some neighbouring nations were allowed to visit them at a certain season for the sake of procreation. The female children "ere bred up with care, and instructed in what relates to " ar and government; as to the males, they were sent away into the country of their fathers. But no such nation is at present to be found, any more than the giants mentioned by the first adventurers.
AMBACHT is a word which denotes a kind of jurisdiction or territory, the possessor whereof has the administration of justice, both in alto and basso ; or of what is called in the Scotish law, a power of pit and gallows, i. e. a power of drowning and hanging. In some ancient writers, ambacht is particularly used for the jurisdiction, government, or chief magistracy of a city. The word is very ancient, though used originally in a sense somewhat different. Ennius calls a mercenary, or slave hired for money, ambactus; and Caesar gives the same appellation to a kind of dependents among the Gauls, who, without being slaves, were attached to the service of great lords.
AMBARVALIA, in Antiquity, a ceremony among the Romans, when, in order to procure from the gods a happy harvest, they conducted the victims thrice round the cornfields in procession before sacrificing them. Arnbarvalia were either of a private or public nature: the private were performed by the master of a family, and the public by the priests who officiated at the solemnity called fratres arvales. The prayer preferred on this occasion, the formula of which we have in Cato de Re Rustica, cap. cxlii. was called carmen ambarυale. At these feasts they sacrificed to Ceres a sow, a sheep, and a bull or heifer; whence they took the name of suovetaurilia. The method of celebrating them was, to lead a victim round the fields, while the peasants accompanied it, and one of their number, crowned with oak, hymned forth the praises of Ceres, in verses composed on purpose. This festival was celebrated twice a year; at the end of January, according to some, or in April, according to others; and, for the second time, in the month of July.
AMBASSADOR, or Embassador, a public minister sent from one sovereign prince, as a representative of his person, to another.

Ambassadors are either ordinary or extraordinary. Ambassador in ordinary is he who constantly resides in the court of another prince, to maintain a good understanding, and look to the interest of his master. Till about two hundred years ago, ambassadors in ordinary were not heard of: all, till then, were ambassadors extraordinary; that is, such as are sent on some particular occasion, and who retire as soon as the affair is dispatched.

At Athens ambassadors mounted the pulpit of the public orators, and there opened their commission, acquainting the people with their errand. At Rome they were introduced to the senate, and delivered their commissions to the fathers.

By the civil law, the movable goods of an ambassador, which are accounted an accession to his person, cannot be seized, either as a pledge or for payment of a debt, or by order or execution of judgment, or by the king’s leave or that of the state where he resides, as some conceive: if, therefore, he has contracted any debt, he is to be called upon kindly; and if he refuses payment, then letters of request are to be sent to his master. Ambassadors cannot be defended when they commit any thing against that state, or the person of the prince with whom they reside; and if they are guilty of treason, felony, &c. or any other crime against the law of nations, they lose the privilege of an ambassador, and may be subject to punishment as private aliens.

In Vattel’s excellent treatise on the Law of Nations (b. iv. c. 7), there is a clear and comprehensive exposition of the rights and immunities of ambassadors and other public ministers. Wicquefort’s learned work, entitled L' Ambassadeur et ses fonctions, is replete with information on the institution generally, and its effects in modern times. This work was originally published in 1681, in two vols. 4to, and has been often reprinted.
AMBE, in Surgery, the name of an instrument for reducing dislocated bones; in Anatomy, a term for the superficial jutting out of a bone.
AMBERG, a bailiwick in the circle of Rogen, in the kingdom of Bavaria. It is 288 square miles, or 184,320 acres. It is a woody and hilly district, but intermixed with a few strips of good soil which yields rye, flax, and hemp. There are a few iron mines, and several forges. It contains two cities, 20 towns, 240 villages, and 18,800 inhabitants.

Amberg, a city, the capital of the bailiwick of the same name. It stands on the river Vils, surrounded by double walls; and has 712 houses, and 6475 inhabitants. There are a lyceum and some other institutions for education, and a public library. There are some manufactures of china, playing-cards, leather, and some iron; also a royal manufactory for arms. Long. 11. 57. 27. E. Lat. 49. 26. 52. N.

Amberg, a lofty mountain of East Gothland, in Sweden. On this mountain, near the Wetter lake, antimony has been found. On its top is the burying-place of one of the ancient kings of the country. The spot is marked by a flat stone.
AMBERT, an arrondissement in the department of Puy de Dôme, in France, extending over 486 square miles, or 312,000 acres. It is divided into eight cantons, and those into 52 communes, containing 79,135 inhabitants.
AMBETTUWAY, a barbarous name of a tree, the leaves of which, when boiled in wine, are said to create an appetite, and are used by the people in Guinea with that intention.
AMBIANI, or Ambianensis Civitas, now Amiens, a city of Picardy. It is called Samarobriva by Caesar and Cicero; which, according to Valesius, signifies the brid<>∙e of the Samara or Somme. Ambiani is a later name, taken from that of the people, after the usual manner of the lower age. This people, according to Caesar, furnished 5000 men for the siege of Alesia.
AMBIDEXTER, a person who can use both hands with the same facility, and for the same purposes, that the generality of people use their right hand. As to the natural cause of this faculty, some, as Hoefer, attribute it to an extraordinary supply of blood and spirits from the heart and brain, which furnishes both hands with the necessary strength and agility; others, as Nicholas Massa, to an erect situation of the heart, inclining neither to the right hand nor the left; and others, to the right and left subclavian arteries being of the same height and the same distance from the,heart, by which the blood is propelled with equal force'to both hands. But these are only conjectures, or rather chimeras. Many think that, were it not for education and habit, all mankind would be ambidexters; and, in fact, we frequently find nurses obliged to be at a good deal of pains before they can bring children to forego the use of their left hand.

Ambidexter, among English Lawyers, a juror or embracer, who accepts money of both parties, for giving his verdict; an offence for which he is liable to be imprisoned, for ever excluded from a jury, and to pay ten times the sum he accepted.
AMBIENT, a term used for such bodies, especially fluids, as encompass others on all sides. Thus, the air is frequently called an ambient fluid, because it is diffused round the earth.
AMBIERLE, a town of France, in the department of the Rhone and Loire. It is the chief place of a canton in the district of Roanne.
AMBIGENAE Oves, in the heathen sacrifices, an appellation given to such ewes as, having brought forth twins, were sacrificed, together with their two lambs, one on each side. We find them mentioned among other sacrifices to Juno.
AMBIGENAL Hyperbola, a name given by Sir Isaac Newton to one of the triple hyperbolas of the second order, having one of its infinite legs falling within an angle formed by the asymptotes, and the other without.
AMBIGUOUS, a term applied to a word or expression which may be taken in different senses. An anonymous writer has published a dictionary of ambiguous words, Lexico Philosophicum de Ambiguitate Vocabulorum, Fran-cof. 1597, 4to.
AMBIT, in Geometry, is the same with what is otherwise called the perimeter of a figure.

Ambit was particularly used, in antiquity, to denote a space of ground to be left vacant between one building and another. By the laws of the twelve tables, houses were not to be built contiguous, but an ambit or space of 2ļ feet was to be left about each for fear of fire, ∏ ιe ambitus of a tomb or monument denoted a certain number of feet, in length and breadth, around the same, within which the sanctity assigned to it was limited. The whole ground wherein a tomb was erected was not to be secreted from the common uses; for this reason, it was frequent to inscribe the ambit on it, that it might be known how far its sanctity extended: thus, in fronte pw es tot, in agrum pedes tot.
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AMBITION (ambitio) is generally used, in a bad sense, for an immoderate or illegal pursuit of power. In the strict meaning of the word, however, it signifies the same with the ambitus of the Romans.
AMBITUS, in Roman Antiquity, the setting up for some magistracy or office, and formally going round the city to solicit the interest and votes of the people. Ambitus differed from ambition, as the former lies in the act, the latter in the mind. Ambitus was of two kinds; one lawful, the other infamous. The first, called also ambitus popularis, was when a person offered his service to the republic frankly, leaving it to every body to judge of his pretensions as they found reasonable. The means and instruments here made use of were various: 1. Amici, or friends, under different relations, including cognati, affines, necessarii, familiares, vicini, tribules, clientes, municipes, sodales, collegae ; 2. Nomenclatura, or the calling and saluting every person by his name; to which purpose, the candidates were attended by an officer, under the denomination of interpres, or nomenclator ; 3. Blanditia, or obliging persons, by serving them or their friends, patrons, or the like, with their vote and interest on other occasions; 4. Prensatio, the shaking every person by the hand, offering him his service, friendship, &c. The second kind was that wherein force, cajoling, money, or other extraordinary influence, was made use of. This was held infamous, and severely punished as a source of corruption and other mischiefs. Ambitus was practised not only at Rome and in the forum, but in the meetings and assemblies of other towns in Italy, where numbers of citizens were usually found, on account of trade and business. The practice ceased in the city from the time of the emperors, as offices were not then to be obtained by courting the people, but by favour of the prince. Persons who had causes depending practised the same, going about among the judges to implore their favour and mercy. They who practised this were called Ambitiosi. Hence we also meet with ambitiosa decreta, and ambitiosa justa, used for such sentences and decrees as were thus procured from the judges, contrary to reason and equity, either gratuitously or for money.
AMBLE, in Horsemanship, a peculiar pace by which a horse’s two legs of the same side move at the same time.
AMBLESIDE, a market-town in Westmoreland, in the parish of Grassmere and ward of Kendal, at the end of the beautiful lake Windermere. It is 274 miles distant from London, and 12 from Kendal. Here are some manufactories of inferior woollen cloths. The population in 1801 was 538; in 1811, 689; and in 1821, 838.
AMBLETEUSE, a seaport town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais, in the English Channel, twelve miles south-west from Calais, and eight north from Boulogne. At this port Caesar embarked his cavalry when he invaded England; and at it James II. landed when he abdicated the crown. It is defended by a battery of cannon. Long. 1. 37. E. Lat. 50. 48. N.
AMBLYGON, in Geometry, denotes an obtuse-angled triangle, or a triangle one of whose angles consists of more than 90 degrees.
AMBLYOPY, among physicians, signifies an obscuration of the sight, so that objects at a distance cannot be clearly distinguished.