pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LLANVILLING, a borough and market town of North Wales, in the hundred of Llanfyling and county of Montgomery, 186 miles from London. It is well built, and was incorporated by Edward I. There is a good market on Tuesday. This town, in conjunction with Llanydloes, Welch-Pool, Machynlleth, and Newton, returns, under the new law, one member to the House of Commons. The population amounted in 1801 to 1394, in 1811 to 1508, in 1821 to 1706, and in 1831 to 1836.
LLANYDLOES, a market-town of North Wales, in the county of Montgomery and hundred of its own name, 190 miles from London. It is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Severn. Plinlimmon, the highest mountain in Wales, is distant from it about seven miles. It joins with Welch-Pool, Machynlleth, Llanvilling, and Newton, in electing one member to the House of Commons. The population amounted in 1801 to 2282, in 1811 to 2386, in 1821 to 3145, and in 1831 to 4189.
LLOYD, William, alearned English writer and bishop, was born in Berkshire, in England, in 1627. He was educated under his father, rector of Sonning, and vicar of Tyle-hurst in Berkshire. He then went to Oxford, and finally took orders. In 1660 he was made prebendary of Rippon, and in 1666 ι chaplain to the king. In 1667 he took the degree of doctor of divinity; in 1672 he was installed as dean of Bangor; and in 1680 he was consecrated bishop of St Asaph. He was one of the six bishops who, with Archbishop Sancroft, were committed prisoners to the Tower of London, for subscribing a petition to the king against distributing and publishing his declaration for liberty of conscience. Soon after the Revolution he was made almoner to King William and Queen Mary. In 1692 he was translated to the bishopric of Litchfield and Coventry, and in 1699 to the see of Worcester, where he remained till his death, which happened in 1717, in the ninety-first year of his age. Dr Burnet gives him an exalted character, and his works are highly esteemed.
LOAD, or Lode, in Mining, a word used especially in the tin mines, and signifying any regular vein or course, whether metallic or not; but load most commonly means a metallic vein. When the substances forming these loads are reducible to metal, the loads are by the English miners said to be alive; otherwise they are termed dead loads.

Load is also used for nine dishes of ore, each dish being about half a hundredweight.
LOADSTONE. See Magnet.
LOAMS are defined to be earths composed of dissimilar particles, stiff, dense, hard, and rough to the touch; not easily broken whilst moist, readily diffusible in water, and composed of sand and a tough viscid clay. Of these loams some are whitish, and others brown and yellow.
LOAN, any thing given to another, on condition of return or payment.

Public Loans. See Funding System.
LOANDO, St Paul de, a city on the coast of Angola, capital of the Portuguese settlements in Western Africa. It is built partly upon a hill, which commands the surrounding country, and partly on the sea-shore, and covers a large extent of ground. It has no walls, but possesses a good fort, garrisoned by malefactors. The streets are wide and regular. The houses of the whites are built of stone, and those of the natives of mud and straw. The port is safe and spacious, and is defended from storms by an island lying in front. The city is the seat of a bishop, and possesses numerous churches and convents. The surrounding country is pleasant and fertile, abounding in cattle, corn, and fruits; but water is very scarce, and must be brought some distance. The climate during summer is warm, but regular sea-breezes moderate the heat considerably. The population is estimated at 3000 whites and free people of colour, without determining the number of slaves, one proprietor often having more than 100 in his service. Long. 13. 22. E. Lat. 8. 55. S.

Loando is also the name of an island situated opposite the city, and about twenty miles long and one broad. It is separated from the main coast only by a narrow channel. It produces no grain, but yields good pasture for sheep and goats, and there are some fisheries upon its coast. The wealthier inhabitants of the city have a number of country houses and gardens here for the purposes of recreation; and it also contains several small villages. It yields, by digging to a small depth, the best water in this part of the country, from which the city is principally suppliedl
LOBBY, in Architecture, is a small hall or waitingroom. It is also an entrance into a principal apartment, where there is a considerable space between that and a porticoor vestibule, and the length or dimensions do not allow it to be considered as a vestibule or an anti-room.
LOBE, in Anatomy, any fleshy protuberant parts, as the lobes of the lungs, the lobes of the ears, &c.
LOBESTEIN, a city, the capital of the principality of that name, in the dominions of the prince of Reus, of the younger branch. The principality extends over about 100 square miles, and contains 7500 inhabitants. The city is on an elevated stony spot, 1400 feet,above the level of the sea, at the foot of which runs the river Lemnitz. It is surrounded with walls, and contains a residence of the prince, 417 houses, with 2960 inhabitants, who carry on some manufactures of linens and woollens. Long. 11. 42 E. Lat. 50. 26. N.
LOBO, Jerome, a Jesuit missionary, was born at Lisbon in the year 1593. He became a member of the society of Jesus at the age of sixteen, and in 1622 went out as a missionary to the East Indies. After making some stay at Goa, he sailed to the coast of Mozambique; and subsequently penetrated into Abyssinia, where his zeal and resolution drew upon him the hatred of the monks, in consequence of which he incurred much danger and suffering. On his return to Portugal he was shipwrecked on the coast of Natal, where seven months were spent in constructing shallops to bring away the survivors. One of these foundered, but that in which Father Lobo sailed arrived safe at Angola. After a variety of adventures he arrived at Lisbon; and he employed himself in the cause of the Ethiopian mission both at Madrid and Rome. He made a second voyage to the Indies, where he was appointed rector of the house at Goa. But he returned to Lisbon in 1658, and was chosen rector of the college of Coimbra, where he died in 1678, at the age of eighty-four. Lobo wrote an historical account of Abyssinia in the Portuguese language, which contains information both curious and valuable. It was translated into French by the Abbé Legrand, in 1728, in 4to; and the earliest production of Dr Samuel Johnson was an abridged version of this work into English.
LOCARNO, a market-town of the canton of Ticino, in Switzerland, alternately with Bellenz and Lugano, the capital thereof, as well as of the circle of its own name. It stands on the river Maggia, which, about one mile from it, falls into Lake Maggiore, or, as it was sometimes called, Lake Locarno. It is a romantic spot, and contains 340 houses, with 1600 inhabitants. Bell-founding is one of the trades carried on at it. Long. 8. 35. E. Lat. 45. 39. N.
LOCCUM, a town of the province of Calenbourg, in the kingdom of Hanover. It contains 152 houses, and 1120 inhabitants. It is remarkable for its abbey, which is possessed by a Protestant superintendent, and is the richest preferment of the church of Hanover, as the abbot of Loccum is the chief magistrate of the district, and has a seat in the upper legislative house of the states.
LOCHABER, a district of Inverness-shire, in Scotland. It is bounded by Moidart on the west, Glengary on the north, Badenoch on the east, and Lorn on the south. It derives its name from the lake or loch of Aber; and extends about twenty miles from east to west, and thirty from north to south. The country is barren, bleak, mountainous, and rugged. See Inverness-shire.
LOCHES, an arrondissement of the department of the Indre and Loire, in France. It extends over 768 square miles, is divided into six cantons and seventy-six communes, and contains 58,500 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name, in a fine situation on the left bank of the Indre, over which is a fine bridge. It is surrounded with vineyards, and is overlooked by an ancient castle, in the church of which is a monument in memory of the celebrated Agnes Sorel. It contains 640 houses, and 4800 inhabitants, who make some thin woollen goods. Long. 0. 54. E. Lat. 47. 7. N.
LOCLE, a market-town of the province of Valangin, in the canton of Neufchatel, in Switzerland. It is 1487 feet above the level of the sea, being situated in a deep valley of the Jura Mountains. It contains 489 houses, and 4670 inhabitants. It is remarkable as being the first place where a watch was made by John Ri, who taught the art to his neighbours, who have since continued the operation. Hosiery and thread-lace are now also made. Long. 6. 49. 35. E. Lat. 47. 3. 15. N.
LOCMINE, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, and arrondissement of Pontivy. It contains 1700 inhabitants, but within the bounds of the parish there are 9500 persons.
LOCRI, or Locri Epizephyrii, in Ancient Geography, a town on the Ionian Sea, near the promontory Zephyrium. The inhabitants are said to be the first who used a code of written laws.
LOCUS Geometricus, a line by which a local or indeterminate problem is solved. A locus is a line, any point of which may equally solve an indeterminate problem. Thus, if a right line suffice for the construction of the equation, it is called locus ad rectum ; if a circle, locus ad circulum ; if a parabola, locus ad parabolam ; if an ellipsis, locus ad ellipsin ; and so of the rest of the conic sections.
LOCUTIUS, in Mythology, the god of speech amongst the Romans, called by Livy Anis Locutius.
LOCUTORIUM, a hall or apartment in monasteries, where the monks and other religious persons met after dinner to converse.
LODDON, a market-town of the county of Norfolk, and hundred of its own name, 111 miles from London, and five from Bungay. The market is held on Saturday, but is inconsiderable. The population amounted in 1801 to 799, in 1811 to 937, in 1821 to 1038, and in 1831 to 1175.
LODEVE, an arrondissement of the department of the Hérault, in France, 522 square miles in extent. It comprehends five cantons, divided into seventy-five communes, containing 51,500 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name, situated between two lofty mountains, at the foot of the Cevennes, on the river Ergue. It contains 840 houses, and 850 inhabitants. It is an ill-built but an industrious place, yielding, besides much wine, woollens, silks, and hats, olive oil, and brandy. Long. 3. 15. E. Lat. 43. 47. N.
LODGEMENT, in military affairs, a work made by the besiegers in some part of a fortification, after the besieged have been driven out, in order to maintain it, and cover themselves from the enemy’s fire.
LODI, a delegation or province within the government of Milan, in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy. It is surrounded by the other Austrian provinces of Bergamo, Cremona, Pavia, and Milan. It extends over 709 square miles, and comprehends two cities, eight markettowns, 189 villages, with 27,726 houses, and 195,485 inhabitants. It is well watered by various streams, some running to the Po, and others to the Adda; and the whole is fertile. The district around the city comprehends some of the richest lands of the Austro-Italian dominions. It is chiefly a rich pasture, upon which the largest herds of cows are fed. The dairies are managed with much skill and attention, and yield the greater part of that rich cheese known in most parts of Europe by the name Parmesan, but which in Italy is commonly described by the name of this city, as Frornaggio Lodisana. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Adda, over which is a bridge that was the scene of one of the most daring and successful events of the early years of Bonaparte’s military career. It is an old, extensive city, the see of a bishop, and of the provincial courts of law. It contains a cathedral and nineteen other churches, and 1412 houses, with 17,812 inhabitants. There is a fine theatre, a royal college, and an institution of a collegiate kind for the education of females. The chief employment consists in spinning and weaving silk, and there are also some manufactures of earthenware and china. Long. 9. 25. 32. E. Lat. 45. 18. 31. N.
LOG, in the Jewish antiquities, a measure which contained a quarter of a cab, and consequently five sixths of a pint. There is mention made of a log (2 Kings, vi. 25) under the name of a fourth part of a cab. But in Leviticus the word log often signifies the measure of oil which lepers were to offer at the temple after they were cured of their disease. Dr Arbuthnot thinks that the log was a measure of liquids, the seventy-second part of the bath or ephah, and*the twelfth part of the hin.

Log, a nautical term, signifying a small piece of timber, of a triangular, sectoral, or quadrantal figure, generally about a quarter of an inch thick, and five or six inches from the angular point to the circumference. It is balanced by a thin plate of lead, nailed to the arch, or circular side, so as to swim perpendicularly in the water.

LoG-Line, a little cord or line, fastened to the log by means of two legs, one of which passes through a hole at the corner, and is knotted on the opposite side, whilst the other leg is attached to the arch by a pin fixed into another hole, so as to draw out occasionally. By these legs the log is suspended in equilibrio; and the line thus annexed to it is wound round a reel, fixed for that purpose in the gallery of the ship.

The use of the log and log-line is to keep account and make an estimate of the ship’s way or distance run, which is done by observing the length of line unwound in half a minute’s time, told by a half-minute glass; for so many knots as run out in that time, so many miles the ship sails in an hour. Thus, if there be four knots veered out in half a minute, the ship is computed to run four miles an hour. The author of this device for measuring the ship’s way is not known; and no mention of it occurs till the year 1607, in an East India voyage published by Purchas; but from that time its name occurs in other voyages amongst his collections, and henceforward it was noticed both by our own authors and by foreigners; as by Gunter in 1623, Snellius in 1624, and by almost all the succeeding writers on navigation.

The log is a very precarious mode of computation, and must always be corrected by experience, much uncertainty arising from the motions of the ship, the winds of variable force, the friction of the reel, and the lightness of the log in the course of the current. See Navigation. Perpetual Log, a machine so called by its inventor, Mr Gottlieb of London, is intended for keeping a constant and regular account of the rate of a ship’s velocity in the interval of heaving the log.

LθG-Board, a sort of table, divided into several columns, containing the hours of the day and night, the direction of the winds, the course of the ship, and all the material occurrences that happen during the twenty-four hours, or from noon to noon; together with the latitude by observation. From this table the officers of the ship are furnished with materials for compiling their journals.

LθG-Book, a book into which the contents of the logboard are daily copied at noon, together with every circumstance deserving notice which happens to the ship, either at sea or in harbour.
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LOGISTAE, certain officers at] Athens, ten in number, whose business consisted in receiving and passing the accounts of magistrates when they went out of office. The logistae were elected by lot, and had under them ten eu-thyni or auditors of accounts.
LOGOGRAPHY, a method of printing, in which the types, instead of answering only to single letters, are made to correspond to entire words. In the year 1783, there appeared a treatise upon this subject by Henry Johnson, in which the origin as well as the utility of the method are largely discussed. Mr Johnson informs us, that about five years before, that is, in the year 1778, intending to publish a daily list of blanks and prizes in the lottery, numerically arranged, he found that it could not be accomplished in time by the ordinary method of printing. On this account he procured types of two, three, or more figures, as was necessary for this purpose; and thus any entire number might as readily be taken up as if it had been a single type. His next attempt was in forming some large mercantile tables of ι pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings. For these he procured types expressive of any sum of money ready composed and united; “by which every species of figure-printing could be performed for the tenth part of the cost, printers always charging it double the price of letter-printing.” Having thus succeeded to his wish in his two first attempts, he next began to consider if the method could not be applied to words; and in this also the success, he says, was equal. The properties of the logographic art, according to its author, are, 1rf, that the compositor shall have less charged upon his memory than in the common way; 2<7, that it is much less liable to error; 3g?, that the type of each word is as easily laid hold of as that of a single letter; 4/Ä, that the decomposition is much more readily performed, even by the merest novices, than the distribution of letters; 5zZ¢, that no extraordinary expense, nor greater number of types, is required in the logographic than in the common method of printing. But, for fuller details, we must refer to the work above mentioned.
LOGRONO, a town of Spain, in the province of Old Castille. It is situated on the banks of the Ebro, in a fertile territory, in which oil, wine, and some corn is produced. It has three parish churches, nine monasteries, two hospitals, and 7000 inhabitants, and was the seat of a court of inquisition.
LOIRET, a department of France, formed out of a part of the ancient Orleannois. It extends in north latitude from 47. 35. to 48. 22. and in east longitude from 1. 24. to 2, 59., comprehending 2789 ιl square miles, or 675,191 hectares. It is bounded on the north by the departments of the Seine and Oise and the Seine and Marne, on the east by Yonne, on the south by the Nièvre, the Cher, and the Cher and Loire, and on the west by the Eure and Loire. It is divided into four arrondissements, fourteen cantons, and 111 communes, whose population amounts to 134,500 persons. It is, as a whole, a fruitful plain; but, upon the right side of the Loire, it is well covered with profitable forests. The soil is light and sandy, especially in the arrondissement of Montargis, but highly productive, although it scarcely affords a sufficiency ∙of corn for the consumption of the inhabitants. Wine is the most valuable article of cultivation, and both red and white wine of good quality are made, as well as much vinegar and brandy. It is favourably situated for the conveyance of its productions by internal navigation. Much fruit, as well as wood, is conveyed by water to Paris. There are manufactures of cotton and of linen goods, of hosiery, paper, and leather, and some refineries for sugar. The department elects three deputies to the legislative body. The capital is the city of Orleans.
LOJA, or Loxa, a city of Spain, in Granada, within the province of Andalusia. It is situated about twenty miles from the city of Granada, in a gorge between the stupendous mountains which seem to shut in the plain from the rest of the kingdom. At the bottom of this fissure, the river Xenil runs from the plain, and the streets of the city rise above each other on the declivities of the mountain. It was a place of vast military importance when the Moors were in possession of Granada, as it is the only entrance on the western side of the plain. The surrounding country is thickly covered with olive woods, which yield a great quantity of oil. Some corn is raised, but not sufficient for the population, who are supplied with the remainder by exchanging oil. It contains about 9000 inhabitants.
LOKE, in Mythology, the name of one of the deities of the northern nations, answering to the Ahriman of the Persians, whom they represent as at enmity with both gods and men, and the author of all the evils which desolate the universe. Loke is described in the Edda as producing the great serpent which encircles the world (which seems to have been intended as an emblem of corruption or sin); and he also gives birth to Hela or death, the queen of the infernal regions, and to the wolf Fenris, the monster who is destined to encounter the gods and to destroy the world.
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LOKEREN, a large market-town of the Netherlands, in the province of East Flanders, and the arrondissement of the Dender. It is situated on the river Durme, on the high road from Ghent to Antwerp. It stands in a district yielding heavy crops of corn, hemp, flax, and clover and linseed, which form its chief objects of commerce. It has also manufacturing establishments for making cotton and linen goods, lace, and other goods. It contains 1800 houses, with 12,800 inhabitants.
LOKMAN the Wise, an eminent philosopher amongst the orientals. The Arabians say he was the son of Baura, the son or grandson of a sister or aunt of Job. He was an Ethiopian, and for some time a slave. It is related that he was born in the time of David, and that he lived till the age of the prophet Jonah. Some suppose him to have been the same with Aesop the mythologist; and indeed we find in the parables or apologues of Lokman in Arabie many particulars which are seen in Aesop’s fables, so that it is not easy to determine whether the Greek or the Arabian are the originals. He is said to have been deformed in his person; but this defect was sufficiently compensated by the perfections of his mind. Some pieces of his are extant; and he was looked upon as so excellent a person, that Mahommed has inserted a chapter in the Koran called after his name, in which he introduces God as saying, “We heretofore bestowed wisdom on Lokman.” It is related that he obtained his liberty upon the following occasion. His master having given him a bitter melon to eat, he ate it all. Surprised at his exact obedience, his master asked him, How it was possible for him to eat such a nauseous fruit? He answered, “I have received so many favours from you, that it is no wonder I should once in my life eat a bitter melon from your hand.” This generous answer of the slave struek the master to such a degree, that he immediately gave him his liberty. A French translation of the fables of Lokman, and of Bidpai or Pilpay, a Brahminical philosopher, by M. - Galland, was published at Paris in 1724.
LOMBARD, Peter, well known by the tide of Master of the Sentences, was born at Novara, in Lombardy; but being bred at Paris, he distinguished himself so much at that university, that he had conferred on him the canonry of Chartres, was for some time tutor to Philip son of Louis le Gros, and lastly obtained the see of Paris. He died in 1064. His work of the Sentences is regarded as the source of the scholastic theology of the Latin church. He also wrote Commentaries upon the Psalms, and upon St Paul’s Epistles.
LOMBES, an arrondissement of the department of the Gers, in France, extending over 343 square miles. It comprehends four cantons, divided into ninety-nine communes, and contains 39,700 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is situated on a fertile plain, through which the river Save runs, and contains 300 houses, with 1590 inhabitants. Long. 0. 49. E. Lat. 43. 28. N.