pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
NONCONFORMISTS, those who refuse to join the established worship. Nonconformists are in England held to be of two sorts. First, those who absent themselves from divine worship in the established church through total irreligion, and attend the service of no other persuasion. Secondly, those who offend through what churchmen call a mistaken or perverse zeal. By the English laws enacted since the time of the Reformation, Papists and Protestant dissenters were considered as conformists of this class, and both were supposed to be equally schismatics, in not communicating with the national church; with this difference, that the Papists divided from it upon material though erroneous reasons, but many of the dissenters upon matters of indifference, or, in other words, for what was thought no reason at all. “Yet certainly,” as Sir William Blackstone observes, “our ancestors were mistaken in their plans of compulsion and intolerance. The sin of schism, as such, is by no means the object of temporal coercion and punishment. If, through weakness of intellect, through misdirected piety, through perverseness and accrbity of temper, or, which is often the case, through a prospect of secular advantage in herding with a party, men quarrel with the ecclesiastical establishment, the civil magistrate has nothing to do with it, unless their tenets and practice are such as threaten ruin or disturbance to the state. He is bound, indeed, to protect the established church; and if this can be better effected by admitting none but its genuine members to offices of trust and emolument, he is certainly at liberty so to do, the disposal of offices being matter of favour and discretion. But this point being once secured, all persecution for diversity of opinions, however ridiculous or absurd they may be, is contrary to every principle of sound policy and civil freedom. The names and subordination of the clergy, the posture of devotion, the materials and colour of the minister’s garment, the joining in a known or unknown form of prayer, and other matters of the same kind, must be left to the option of every man’s private judgment.” See Toleration.
NON-NATURALS, in Medicine, are so called, because by their abuse they become the causes of diseases. Physicians have divided the non-naturals into six classes, namely, the air, meats and drinks, sleep and watching, motion and rest, the passions of the mind, the retentions and excretions.
NON-OBSTANTE, notwithstanding, a clause frequent in statutes and letters-patent, importing a license from the king to do a thing which at common law might be lawfully done, but, being restrained by act of parliament, cannot be done without such license.
NON-SUIT signifies the dropping of a suit or action, or the renouncing thereof, by the plaintiff or defendant; which most commonly happens upon the discovery of some error in the plaintiff’s proceedings when the cause is so far proceeded in that the jury are ready at the bar to deliver in their verdict.
NONES, nonae, in the Roman calendar, the fifth day of the months of January, February, April, June, August, September, November, and December; and the seventh of March, May, July, and October. March, May, July, and October, had six days in their nones; because these alone, in the ancient constitution of the year by Numa, had thirty-one days each, the rest having only twenty-nine, and February thirty; but when Caesar reformed the year, and made other months contain thirty-one days, he did not allot them six days of nones.
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NONJURORS, those who refused to take the oaths to government, and who were in consequence under certain incapacities, and liable to certain severe penalties. It can scarcely be said that there are now any nonjurors in the kingdom; and it is well known that all penalties have been removed both from Papists and Protestants, formerly of that denomination, as well in Scotland as in England. The members of the Episcopal church of Scotland were long denominated nonjurors; but they are now improperly called so, because the ground of their difference from the establishment is more on account of ecclesiastical than of political principles.
NONIUS, Peter, in Spanish Nunez, a learned Portuguese, and one of the most able mathematicians of the sixteenth century, was born at Alcacer. He was preceptor to Don Henry, son of Emmanuel, and taught mathematics in the university of Coimbra. He published the following works, by which he gained great reputation, viz. 1. De Arte Navigandi; 2. Annotationes in Theorias Planetarum Purbachii, which are greatly esteemed; 3. A treatise De Crepusculis; 4. A treatise on Algebra. It is observed in Furetière’s Dictionary, that Peter Nonius, in 1530, first invented the angles of 45 degrees made in every meridian, and that he called them rhumbs in his language, and calculated them by spherical triangles. Nonius died in 1577, aged eighty.

- Nonius, the name given to the common device for subdividing the arcs of quadrants and other astronomical instruments, from the persuasion that it was invented by the above-named Nonius or Nunez. The generality of astronomers, however, transferring the honour of the invention from Nunez to Peter Vernier, a native of Franche Comté, have called this method of division by his name. But Mr Adams, in his Geometrical and Geographical Essays, has shown that Clevius the Jesuit may dispute the invention with both of them. The truth seems to be, that Nunez started the idea, Clevius improved it, and Vernier carried it to its present state of perfection. The method of Nunez, described in his treatise De Crepusculis, printed at Lisbon in 1542, consists in describing within the same quadrant 45 concentric circles, dividing the outermost into 90 equal parts, the next within into 89, the next into 88, &c. till the innermost was divided into 46 only. On a quadrant thus divided the plumb-line or index must cross one or other of the circles very near a point of division; and hence, by computation, the degrees and the minutes of the arch may be easily ascertained. This method is also described by Nunez in his treatise De Arte atque Datione Navigandi, where he would fain persuade himself that it was not unknown to Ptolemy. But as the degrees are thus divided very unequally, and as it is very difficult to attain exactness in the division, especially when the numbers into which the arches are to be divided are incomposite, the method of diagonals, first published by Digges, in a treatise entitled Aleae seu Scalae Mathemoticae, printed at London in 1573, and said to be invented by one Richard Chenseler, was substituted in its stead. Nonius’s method, however, was improved at different times and by different persons; and it must be acknowledged, that if Vernier saw either the original or any of the improvements (and there can be little doubt of his having seen them alD, his merit consists only in having applied to an useful practical purpose the speculative invention of another person.
NONNUS, a Greek poet of the fifth century, and a native of Panopolis, in Egypt. He was the author of an heroic poem in forty-eight books, entitled Dionysiacorum, and a paraphrase in verse of St John’s Gospel, which may serve as a commentary thereupon.
NOOGOO, one of the small Friendly Islands, three miles north-east from Tongataboo.
NOOGOONAMO, one of the Hapace Islands, a little to the south-east of Haano.
NOOHEVA, or Federal Island, one of the Ingraham Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 140. 5. W. Lat. 8. 58. S.
NOOLDROOG, the capital of a district of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, situated between the 17th and 18th degrees of north latitude. Long, of the town 76. 37. E. Lat. 17. 42. N.
NOONTAL, a small and mountainous district of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Cashmere, situated about the 35th degree of north latitude.
NOOPORE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat. Long. 73. 50. E. Lat. 21. 11. N.
NOORABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, situated on the Sank River, over which there is a bridge of seven arches, built of stone. Adjoining there is a large garden, laid out by Aurungzebe as a monument to the memory of Goona Begum, a princess of great personal and mental accomplishments. The shrine contains this Persian inscription: “Alas, alas, Goona Begum.” Long. 78. 6. E. Lat. 26. 25. N.
NOORNAGUR, the capital of a district of the same name, in Bengal, situated at the foot of the Tipperah Mountains. Long. 91. 5. E. Lat. 23. 45. N.
NOORPEELY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Orissa, twenty miles north of Jager.
NOORRI, a village of Hindustan, in the province of Sinde, situated on the banks of the Fulalee, fifteen miles below Hyderabad, between which city and the river there is a free intercourse. Lat. 25. 8. N.
NOOTKA, or Vancouver’s Island, an island of New Georgia, on the western coast of North America. Black granite, mica, grit for grindstones, and hematites, are found there. In some places the vegetable earth forms a bed of two feet in thickness. The climate here is favourable to vegetation, being much milder than that of the eastern coast of America in the same latitude. Nootka Sound, situated in latitude 49. 35. north, and longitude 126. 36. west, was discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. The water in the sound is from forty-seven to ninety fathoms deep, and there are many anchoring places and good harbours. All the mainland opposite this island, comprising New Georgia, New Hanover, and New Albion, is claimed by the United States, and generally goes by the name of the Western Territory. See Western Territory.
NORDBOTTENS and Wasterbotten t s, two provinces of the most northern part of Sweden, now formed into one, extending in north latitude from 63. 28. to 69. 20., and in east longitude from 15. 1. to 24. 2., and having an extent of 66,396 square miles. It is a mountainous country, interspersed with lakes. The winter lasts nine months, during which the surface is covered with snow; but in a few sheltered spots a little rye and barley, and some flax and hemp, may be cultivated. In the most northern part lew trees grow, butin the south there are some birches and firs. The cows yield some butter; but the chief animals are the rein-deer, which form a great article of food. The whole population is estimated at 75,000. There are no places in the province that can be considered as towns, though Tornea and Pithea are called so.
NORDEN, Frederick Louis, an ingenious traveller and naval officer in the Danish service, was born at Gluckstadt, in Holstein, in the year 1708. He was well skilled in the mathematics, ship-building, and especially in architecture; and in 1732 he obtained a pension to enable him to travel for the purpose of studying the construction of ships, particularly that of the galleys and other rowing vessels used in the Mediterranean. He spent nearly three years in Italy; but Christian VI. being desirous of obtaining a circumstantial account of Egypt, Mr Norden, whilst at Florence, received an order to extend his travels to that country. How he acquitted himself of this commission appears from his Travels into Egypt and Nubia, printed at Copenhagen in 1756, and which were soon afterwards translated into English by Dr Peter Templeman. In the war between England and Spain, Mr Norden, then a captain in the Danish navy, attended Count Ulric Adolphus to England, whence they went out as volunteers under Sir John Norris, and afterwards under Sir Chaloner Ogle. During his stay in London, Mr Norden was made a fellow of the Royal Society, and gave the public drawings of some ruins and colossal statues at Thebes, in Egypt, with an account of the same in a letter to the Royal Society, 1741. His health was at this time declining, and having repaired to France, he died at Paris in 1742.

Norden, a seaport town of the kingdom of Hanover, in the province of East Friesland, and the capital of the bailiwick of the same name. It stands at the mouth of the river Leysand, but the harbour is not good; and it contains 814 houses, with 4917 inhabitants. It is much resorted to in the summer as a sea-bathing place, and there are several distilleries and breweries, with some export of corn. Long. 7. 6. 1. E. Lat. 53. 35. 57. N.
NORDHAUSEN, a city, the capital of the circle of Holstein, in the Prussian province of Erfurt, on the river Zorge. It is an ancient town, surrounded with walls, and defended by several towers, and it contains one Catholic and seven Lutheran churches, with 1456 houses, and 9684 inhabitants, who are manufacturers of woollen cloths, especially flannels, lackered ware, leather, seed-oil, corn-spirits, nails, soap, and hats, besides many smaller articles. There is also a considerable trade in corn, cattle, wool, and bacon. Nordhausen contains a school of considerable celebrity, three hospitals, and an orphan-house. Long. 10. 43. 40. E. Lat. 51. 30. 22. N.
NORDLAND, a province in the most northern part of Norway, extending over 45,000 square miles, the whole of which, with a slight exception, is within the polar circle. It is divided into two bailiwicks, Nordland and Finmark, which together contained in 1801 a population of 78,425 persons; but, within the thirty-six years that have since elapsed, it is supposed to have somewhat increased. The climate forbids extensive agriculture, but some little barley is grown as high as the latitude of seventy degrees. The chief subsistence of the inhabitants depends on the fisheries and the chase; and the only articles of exportation are salted fish, furs, hides, and feathers, which are sent to Bergen in exchange for the few foreign commodities that are wanted.
NORDLINGEN, a city of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rezat, and the capital of the bailiwick of its own name. It stands on the river Eger, and is surrounded with walls, defended by towers and bastions, and with ditches. It contains 780 houses, and 6130 inhabitants, who make flannels, carpets, blankets, and other woollen goods, and have considerable trade in wool, corn, and leather. Long. 10. 23. 10. E. Lat. 48. 51. N.
NORES, Jason de, a scholar, poet, and philosopher·, [7:16:244]was born at Nicoia, in Cyprus. Having lost his fortune when the Turks made themselves masters of that island in 1570, he retired to Padua, where he acquired great reputation by teaching ethical philosophy. His character had that cast of severity which is often the consequence of scholastic habits. He was one of those men who discuss every thing without being capable of thoroughly understanding any thing. The Pastor Fido of Guarini made its appearance, and in consequence pastorals became a fashionable species of reading throughout all Italy. Nores, who did not relish works of this kind, attacked the production of Guarini, who entirely confuted him in a little piece printed at Ferrara in 1588. Nores made a reply two years afterwards; and the poet was preparing an answer still more severe than the former, when his antagonist died of grief, occasioned by the banishment of his only son for having killed a Venetian in single combat. He left behind him a great many works, some in Italian, and others in Latin. The principal of his Italian works are, 1. Poe-ticks, Padua, 1588, 4to; 2. A Treatise on Republics, 1578, 4to; 3. A Treatise on the World and its Parts, Venice, 1571, 8vo; 4. Introduction to three books of Aristotle’s Rhetoric, Venice, 1548, 4to; 5. A Treatise on the aid which Comedy, Tragedy, and Epic Poetry, may receive from Moral Philosophy. His Latin works are, 1. Institutio in Philosophiam Ciceronis, Padua, 1576, 8vo; 2. Brevis et distincta Summa Praeceptorum de Arte Discendi, ex libris Ciceronis collecta, Venice, 1553, 8vo; 3. De Constitutione partium Humanae et Civilis Philosophiae, 4to; 4. Interpretatio in Artem Poeticam Horatii. In all his works we remark great perspicuity and accuracy, profound erudition, and happy expressions, with a compact and sometimes forcible style.
NORHAM, a township, the capital of the parish of the same name, in the district of Norhamshire, county-palatine of Durham, pleasantly situated on the south side of the river Tweed, nine miles above Berwick. It is celebrated for being the frequent scene of forays during the wars between England and Scotland, probably because one of the principal fords across the-Tweed between Berwick [7:16:247]and Kelso is only at a short distance above the village. Norham, in its present state, appears to have been built from the ruins of the celebrated castle situated at its eastern extremity. It has been much improved, and is now kept free from the filth which was formerly allowed to accumulate on its streets. The cross, which is at the west end of the village, also adds to its appearance. The church of Norham is of very old date, and has for its middle aisle part of the first church, which was built in the year 840. Before the Reformation, it had the privilege of affording sanctuary for thirty-seven days. There is also a Presbyterian meeting-house and an endowed school in the village. Its inhabitants are principally supported by salmon fisheries on the Tweed, shoe-making, and agricultural employment in the neighbourhood. In consequence of the dangerous state of the ford across the Tweed, and from the river being often impassable, even for boats, when it is swollen with rain, it is in contemplation to construct a chain-bridge across the river. The ruins of the castle are situated on a high rock, which overhangs the river Tweed; they are of considerable extent, and consist of the remains of two sides of the tower or keep, many vaults, with the fragments of other edifices, and the remains of the outward walls, which enclose the castle to a considerable extent. There are also traces of field-works, which appear to have been erected by the forces which besieged it, in order to enable them to reduce it. The ruins have a most picturesque appearance. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 901, and in 1831 to 819.
NORIA, an hydraulic machine much used in Spain. It consists of a vertical wheel of twenty feet in diameter, on the circumference of which are fixed a number of little boxes or square buckets, for the purpose of raising the water out of the well, communicating with the canal below, and of emptying it into a reservoir above, which is placed by the side of the wheel. The buckets have a lateral orifice to receive and to discharge the water. The axis of this wheel is embraced by four small beams, which cross each other at right angles, tapering at the extremities, and thus form eight little arms. This wheel is near the centre of the horse walk, contiguous to the vertical axis, into the top of which the horse-beam is fixed; but near the bottom it is embraced by four little beams, forming eight arms similar to those above described, on the axis of the water-wheel. As the mule employed to turn it goes round, these horizontal arms, supplying the place of cogs, take hold, each in succession, of those arms which are fixed upon the axis of the water-wheel, and keep it in rotation.

This machine, than which nothing can well be cheaper, throws up a great quantity of water. Yet it has two serious defects. The first is, that part of the water runs out of the buckets and falls back into the well after it has been raised nearly to the level of the reservoir; and the second is, that a considerable proportion of the water to be discharged is raised higher than the reservoir, and falls into it only at the moment when the bucket is at the highest point of the circle, and ready to descend. But both these defects might be remedied with ease, by leaving the square buckets open at one end, making them swing upon a pivot fixed a little above their centre of gravity, and placing the trough of the reservoir in such a position as to stop their progress whilst perpendicular, make them turn upon their pivot, and so discharge their contents. From the reservoir the water is conveyed by channels to all parts of the garden. These have divisions and subdivisions in beds, some large, and others very small, separated from each other by little channels, into which a boy with his shovel or his hoe directs the water, first into the most distant trenches, and successively to all the rest, until all the beds and trenches have been either covered or filled with water. Mr Townsend thinks, that on account of the extreme simplicity of this machine, it is an invention of the most remote antiquity. By means of it the inhabitants every morning draw as much water from the well as serves throughout the day, and in the evening distribute it to every quarter, according to the nature of their crops. The reservoirs into which they raise the water are about twenty, thirty, or even forty feet square, and three feet in height above the surface of the ground, with a stone cope on the wall, declining to the water, for the women to wash and beat their clothes upon.
NORICUM, a Roman province, situated between the Danube on the north, which separated it from ancient Germany; the Alpes Noricae on the south; the river Aenus on the west, which separated it from Vindelicia; and Mons Cetins on the east, which divided it from Pannonia. It now includes a great part of Austria, all Saltzburg, Styria, and Carinthia. It was anciently a kingdom under its own sovereigns.
NORMANS, a fierce and warlike people of Norway, Denmark, and other parts of Scandinavia. They at different times overran and ravaged most countries in Europe, in the respective histories of which a full account of them will be found.

Norman Characters, a species of writing introduced into England by William I. From some old manuscripts, the Norman writing appears to have been composed of letters nearly Lombardie. In regal grants, charters, public instruments, and law proceedings, this character was used with very little variation from the re⅛n of the Conqueror till that of Edward III.
NORRKOPING, a city of Sweden, in the province of Linkoping. It stands on both sides of the river Motala, and is connected together by a bridge of boats. It is a moderately built town; one side of the river rising against the side of a hill, the other part being almost level with the water. The streets are wide and well paved, and there are some handsome squares, with a fine market-place. It contains three churches, one of which is for the Germans. There are several institutions for instruction and for charitable purposes. In 1834, it contained about 2000 houses and 10,500 inhabitants. It is the principal place of trade in the kingdom, next to Stockholm. It has some large fabrics of cutlery, and of all kinds of iron and copper Ware. There are refineries for sugar and salt, some weavers of linen, cotton, and woollen goods, manufactories of soap and leather, and conveniences for building ships. The export trade consists of iron, steel, and copper in bars or -in manufactured articles; in timber, pitch, tar, cordage, and sometimes salted fish. As the river is not more than twelve feet in depth, the larger ships are compelled to take in and discharge their cargoes a little below the city. Long. 16. 5. 24. E. Lat. 58. 36. 5. N.
NORRLAND, one of the provinces of Sweden, which extends in north latitude from 62. 28. to 64. 25. and in east longitude from 14. 41. to 15. 40. being 1078 square miles in extent. It is divided into three bailiwicks, and contains only two towns, with a great number of detached rural establishments. The number of inhabitants does not exceed 61,000. The capital is Hernosand, a city of 1850 inhabitants. In regard to prospects, it is one of the most picturesque in that romantic kingdom, presenting naked rocks rising to 1800 feet amongst lakes, rivers, and woods. The chief products, besides corn, which is scantily grown, are deals and tar, with some iron. The principal branch of industry is making linen, which is spun by both sexes during the long nights of winter.