pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
RECITATIVO or Recitative, in Music, a kind of singing, that differs but little from ordinary pronunciation; such as that in which the several parts of the liturgy are rehearsed in cathedrals; or that in which the actors commonly deliver themselves on the theatre at the opera, when they are to express some action or passion, relate some event, or reveal some design.
RECKLINGHAUSEN, a city of the Prussian province fo Westphalia, in the government of Munster, and the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 265 square miles, and contains 38,300 inhabitants. The city contains two churches, a convent, 420 houses, and 2500 inhabitants, but has very little trade. Long. l 7. 4. 57. E. Lat. 51. 37. 25. N.
RECKONING, or a Ship’s Reckoning, in Navigation, is the account by which at any time it may be known where the ship is, and on what course or courses she is to steer, in order to gain her port; and that account, when taken from the log-board, is called the dead reckoning.
RECLAIMING or Reclaming, in our ancient customs, a lord’s pursuing, prosecuting, and recalling his vassal, who had gone to live in another place without his permission.

Reclaiming is also used for the demanding of a person or thing, to be delivered up to the prince or state to which it properly belongs, when, by any irregular means, it has passed into the possession of another.

Reclaiming, in Falconry, is taming a hawk, and making her gentle and familiar.

A partridge is said to reclaim when she calls her young ones together, upon their scattering too much from her.
RECOGNIZANCE, in Law, is an obligation of record, which a man enters into before some court of record or magistrate, duly authorized, with condition to do some particular act, as to appear at the assizes, to keep the peace, to pay a debt, or the like.
RECOIL or Rebound, the starting backwards of a firearm after an explosion. Mersenne tells us, that a cannon twelve feet in length, weighing 6400lbs. gives a ball of 24lbs. an uniform velocity of 640 feet per second. Putting, therefore, W = 6400, ia = 14, V = 640, and ν = the velocity with which the cannon recoils; because the momentums of the cannon and ball are equal, we shall have W v — w tv V 24* x 64?

V; and so v = - ξγ^- ' = 2∙4; that is, it would recoil at the rate of 2 1 ⅞ feet per second, if free to move.
RECOLLECTION, a mode of thinking, by which ideas sought after by the mind are found and brought to view. See the article Metaphysics.
RECONNOITRE, in military affairs, implies to view and examine the state of things, in order to make a report thereon.
RECORDE, Robert, a physician and mathematician, was descended of a respectable family in Wales, and lived in the time of Henry VIII. Edward VI. and Mary of England. The time of his birth is not exactly known, but it must have been about the beginning of the sixteenth century; for he was entered of the university of Oxford about 1525, and was elected fellow of All-Souls College in 1531. As he made physic his profession, he went to Cambridge, where he was honoured with the degree of doctor in that faculty in 1545, and was very much esteemed by all who were acquainted with him, for his extensive knowledge of many of the arts and sciences. He afterwards returned to Oxford, where he publicly taught arithmetic and mathematics, as he had done prior to his going to Cambridge, and that with great applause. It appears that he afterwards went to London, and acted as physician to Edward VI. and to Queen Mary, to whom some of his books are dedicated; yet he died in the King , s-Bench prison, Southwark, where he was confined for debt in the year 1558, at a very immature age.

He published several works upon mathematical subjects, chiefly in the form of dialogue between master and scholar. Of these the following is a list, viz. 1. The Pathway to Knowledge, containing the first principles of geometry, as they may moste aptly be applied unto practice, bothe for the use of Instrumentes Geometricall and Astronomicall, and also for projection of Plattes, much necessary for all sortes of men, London, 1551, 4to; 2. The Ground of Arts, teaching the perfect worke and practice of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers and fractions, after a more easie and exact forme then in former time hath been set furth, 1552, 8vo; 3. The Castle of Knowledge, containing the Explication of the Sphere both Celestiall and Materiall, and divers other things incident thereto, with sundry pleasaunt proofes and certaine newe demonstrations not written before in any vulgare woorkes, London, 1556, folio; 4. The Whetstone of Witte, which is the second part of Arithmetike, containing the extraction of rootes, the Cossike practice, with the rules of equation, and the woorkes of surde numbers, London, 1557, 4to.

Wood says that he was the author of several pieces on physic, anatomy, politics, and divinity; but it is uncertain whether these were ever published. Sherburne states that he also published Cosrnographiw Isagoge; that he wrote a book, De Arte faciendi Horologium, and another De usu Globorum, et de statu Temporum.
RECORDER, a person whom the mayor and other magistrates of a city or corporation associate to themselves for their better direction in matters of justice and proceedings in law; on which account this person is generally a counsellor, or other person well skilled in the law.
RECOVERY, in English law, a species of assurance by matter of record, concerning the original of which it must be remarked, that common recoveries were invented by the ecclesiastics to elude the statutes of mortmain; and afterwards they were encouraged by the finesse of the courts of law in 12 Edward IV., in order to put an end to all fettered inheritances, and bar not only estates-tail, but also all remainders and reversions expectant thereon.
RECREATION, Island, a fertile island in the Southern Pacific Ocean, discovered by Roggewein in the year 1722. It is about twelve leagues in circuit. The inhabitants are warlike and robust. Long. 148. W. Lat. 18. S.
RECTANGLE, in Geometry, is the same with a right-angled parallelogram.
RECTIFICATION, in Chemistry, is nothing but the repetition several times of a distillation or sublimation, in order to render the substance purer, finer, and freer from aqueous and earthy parts.

Rectification, in Geometry, is the method of finding a [7:19:83]right line equal to a curve. The rectification of curves is a branch belonging to the higher geometry, in which the use of the inverse method of fluxions is of singular utility.
RECTILINEAR, in Geometry, right-lined. Thus figures the perimeter of which consists of right lines, are said to be rectilinear.
RECTOR, a term applied to several persons whose offices are very different. The rector of a parish is a clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish, and possesses all the tithes, &c. The same name is also given to the chief elective officer in several foreign universities, particularly in that of Paris, and also in those of Scotland; and it is likewise applied to the head master of large schools in Scotland, as in the High School of Edinburgh. Rector is further used in several convents to indicate the superior officer who governs the house; and the Jesuits give this name to the superiors of such of their houses as are either seminaries or colleges.
RECTORY, is a parish-church, parsonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, and glebes.

Rectory, however, is sometimes used for the rector’s mansion or parsonage-house.
RECUPERATORES, amongst the Romans, were commissioners appointed to take cognizance of private matters in dispute, between the subjects of the state and foreigners, and to take care that the former had justice done them. It came at last to be used for commissioners, to whom the praetor referred the determination of any affair between one subject and another.
RECUSANTS, such persons as acknowledge the pope to be the supreme head of the church, and refuse to acknowledge the king’s supremacy. They are hence called Popish Recusants.
RED, one of the colours called simple or primary, being one of the shades into which the light naturally divides itself when refracted through a prism.

ItED-JiooA of the Exchequer, an ancient record or manuscript volume, in the keeping of the king’s remembrancer, and containing divers treatises relating to the times before the Conquest.
RED POINT, a cape on the east coast of New Holland, with four projecting hillocks upon it, and which has the appearance of a double saddle. Long. 150. 56. E. Lat. 34. 33. S.
REDBURN, a town of the county of Hertford, in the hundred of Cashio, twenty-six miles from London, and on the great northern road. It consists of a single street, about a mile in length. The population amounted in 1801 to 1153, in 1811 to 1333, in 1821 to 1784, and in 1831 to 2047.
REDDYGOODUM, a town of Hindustan, in the province of the Circars, and district of Condapilly. Long. 80. 4L E. Lat. 16. 53. N.
REDEMPTION, in Law, a faculty or right of re-entering upon lands which have been sold and assigned, upon reimbursing the purchase-money with legal costs.

Redemption, in Theology, denotes the recovery of mankind from sin and death, by the obedience and sacrifice of Christ, who on this account is called the Redeemer of the World.
REDON, an arrondissement of the department of ∏le Vilaine, in France, which is 502 square miles in extent, and is divided into seven cantons, and these into forty-six communes, containing 76,884 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Vilaine. It is well built, has a fine exchange, and in 1836 contained 4506 inhabitants, carrying on a considerable trade in serges and other woollen goods. Long. 2.11. W. Lat. 47.49. 9. N.
REDOUBT, in Fortiflcation, a small square fort, without any defence but in front; it is used in trenches, lines of circumvallation, contravallation, and approach, and also for the lodging of corps-de-garde, and for defending passages.
REDRUTH, a market-town and parish of the county of Cornwall, in the hundred of Penwith, 263 miles from London, and four from Truro. It is situated in the midst of one of the districts most rich in mineral ores, the working of which forms the chief occupation of the inhabitants. It has markets on Tuesday and Friday. The population amounted in 1801 to 4924, in 1811 to 5903, in 1821 to 6607, and in 1831 to 8191.
REDUCTION, in the schools, signifies a manner of bringing a term or proposition which was before opposite to some other, to be equivalent to it.

Reduction, in Arithmetic, that rule by which numbers of different denominations are brought into one denomination.

in Algebra, is the clearing them from all superfluous quantities, bringing them to their lowest terms, and separating the known from the unknown, till at length only the unknown quantity is found upon one side, and the known ones on the other. The reduction of an equation is the last part of the resolution of the problem.
REDUNDANT, in Music. What the French call
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“une accord superflue,” which we have translated a redundant chord, has by others been rendered a chord extremely sharp, as in the translation of Rameau’s Principles of . Composition. Their nature will be best understood by a few examples, and an account of the number of tones, semitones, or lesser intervals, contained in each.

The second redundant is composed of a major tone and a minor semitone, as from fa to sol sharp. Its proportion is as 64 to 75. The third redundant consists of two tones and a semitone, as fa Ut sharp. Its proportion is as 96 to 125. The fourth redundant is the same with the tritone.

From these examples compared with the same intervals in their natural state, the reader may form a general idea of what is meant by redundant.
REDUPLICATION, of sounds in musical harmony. See the article Music, under section Harmony.
REE, Reis, or Res, a small Portuguese coin. See Jfo- KEY-Table.
REEF, a term in navigation. When there is a heavy gale of wind, the seamen commonly roll up part of the sail below, that by this means it may become the narrower, and not draw so much wind; and this contracting or taking up the sail they call a reef, or reefing the sail. So also, when a top-mast is sprung, as they call it, that is, when it is cracked, or almost broken in the cap, they cut off the lower piece that was nearly broken off, and setting the other part, now much shorter, in the step again, they call it a reefed top-mast.
REEF, Island, a small island in the Eastern Seas, about fifty miles from the west coast of Sumatra, and called also Disastrous Island, from the number of shipwrecks which have taken place near it. Long. 101. 3. E. Lat. 4. S. It is also the name of a small island near the northern coast of the island of Celebes. Long. 122. 48. E. Lat. O. 8. N.
REEL, in the manufactories, a machine employed for the purpose of reeling. There are various kinds of reels; some very simple, others very complex.
REELING, in the manufactories, the winding of silk, cotton, or the like, into a skain, or upon a button, to prevent its entangling. It is also used for the charging or discharging of bobbins or quills, to be employed in the manufacture of different stuffs, as thread, silk, cotton, and the like. Reeling is performed in different ways, and on different engines.
REEPHAM, a market-town of the county of Norfolk, in the hundred of Eynesford, 113 miles from London, and thirteen from Norwich. It was once much larger than at present, and had three churches. It stands on the river Eyne, and has a market, which is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 284, in 1811 to 299, in 1821 to 345, and in 1831 to 452.
REES, a town of the Prussian government of Cleves, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 166 square miles, comprehending seven cities and towns, thirty-seven villages, and 32,950 inhabitants. The town is situated on the river Rhine, and contains two churches, 470 houses, and 2800 inhabitants. Long. 6. 17. 14. E. Lat. 51. 45. 55. N.
REEVING, in nautical language, the putting a rope through a block. Hence to pull a rope out of a block, is called unreeving.
REFECTION, amongst ecclesiastics, a spare meal or repast, just sufficient for the support of life. Hence the hall in convents, and other communities, where the monks, nuns, and others, take their refections or meals in common, is called the refectory.
REFLECTION, the return or progressive motion of a moving body, occasioned by some obstacle which prevented it from pursuing its former direction.

Circular Instrument of Reflection, an instrument for measuring angles to a very great degree of accuracy. It was invented by the celebrated astronomer Mayer of Gottingen, principally with a view to do away the errors of the divisions of the limb; and has since been much improved by the Chevalier de Borda, and by Magellan. This instrument is particularly applicable to the measuring of the distances of the heavenly bodies, and was used by the French in their part of the operation undertaken for determining the difference of the meridians of Paris and Greenwich.

of Light. See Optics.

Reflection is also used figuratively, to signify an operation of the mind, by which it turns its vjew as it were inwards upon itself, and makes itself and its own operations the object of its disquisition; and by contemplating the manner, order, and laws, which it observes in perceiving ideas, comparing them together, reasoning, and judging, it frames new ideas of the relations discovered therein. See Metaphysics.
REFLEX, in Painting, means those places in a picture which are supposed to be illuminated by light reflected from some other body in the same piece.
REFLUX, the backward course of water, has the same meaning as the ebbing of the sea, and is opposed to the flood, flux, or flowing of the sea.
REFORM, means a change from worse to better, a reestablishment or revival of former neglected discipline, or a correction of abuses.
REFRACTION, in general, is the deviation of a moving body from its direct course, occasioned by the different density of the media in which it moves; or it is a change of direction occasioned by a body’s falling obliquely out of one medium into another. The word is chiefly made use of with regard to the rays of light. See Optics.

REFRACTiOtt of Altitude, the arc or portion of a vertical circle, by which the altitude of a star is increased by the refraction of light.

REFRACTion of Ascension and Descension, an arc of the equator, by which the ascension and descension of a star, whether right or oblique, is increased or diminished by the refraction.

is an arc of a circle of declination, by which the declination of a star is increased or diminished by refraction.

an arc of a circle of latitude, by which the latitude of a star is increased or diminished by the refraction.

an arc of the ecliptic, by which the longitude of a star is increased or diminished by means of the refraction.

is that which makes terrestrial objects appear to be raised higher than they are in reality, in observing their altitudeg.
REFRANGIBILITY, of Light, the disposition of rays to be refracted. The term is chiefly applied to the disposition of rays to produce different colours, according to their different degrees of refrangibility. See Optics.
REFRIGERATIVE, in Medicine, a remedy which refreshes the inward parts by cooling them; as clysters, ptisans, and the like.
REFRIGERATORY, in Chemistry, a vessel filled with cold water, through which the worm or spiral tube passes in distillations; the use of which is to condense the vapours as they pass through the worm or pipe.
REFUGEES, a term at first applied to the French Protestants, who, by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, were constrained to fly from persecution, and take refuge in foreign countries. Since that time, however, it has been extended to all such as leave their country in time of distress.
REGALBUTO, a town of the island of Sicily, in the intendency of Messina, and district of Demone. It stands on a hill near the river of the same name, in a salubrious situation, 100 miles from Palermo, and contains 6800 inhabitants.
REGALIA, in Law, the rights and prerogatives of a king. Regalia is also used for the apparatus of a coronation.
REGALMUTO, a city of the intendency of Girgente, and district of Mazzara, in the island of Sicily. It stands upon a level plain, in a healthy and fertile situation, sixty-eight miles from Palermo, and contains 7200 industrious inhabitants, who obtain from a mountain near them salt, quicksilver, saltpetre, sulphur, gypsum, and some excellent stone for building.
REGAN, a neat little town of Persia, in the province of Kerman, situated in the district of Nurmansheer, on the eastern frontier. The town is surrounded by a mud-wall; the fort is quadrangular, and the walls are high and in good ι epair, being flanked with bastions. The cattle of the inhabitants are driven every night within the walls for protection. A guard is constantly kept at the only gate which the town has, to prevent the entrance of strangers, and also the predatory incursions of the surrounding tribes. It is eighty-nine miles east from Bumm.

VOL. xix.
REGARDANT, in Heraldry, signifies looking behind; and it is used for a lion or other beast, with his face turned towards his tail.
REGARDER, an ancient officer of the king’s forest, who was sworn to make the regard of the forest every year; that is, to take a view of its limits, to inquire into all offences and defaults committed by the foresters within the forest, and to observe whether all the officers executed their respective duties.
REGATTA, a species of amusement peculiar to the republic of Venice. This spectacle had the power of exciting admiration, enthusiasm, and a sense of glory. The grand regatta was only exhibited on particular occasions, as the visits of foreign princes and kings at Venice.
REGEL or Rigel, a fixed star of the first magnitude, in Orion’s left foot.
REGEN, one of the circles into which the kingdom of Bavaria is divided, and deriving its name from the chief river which flows through it. On the north it is bounded by the circle of the Upper Maine, on the north-east by Bohemia, on the south-east by the Lower Danube, on the south by the Issar, and on the south-west by the Lower Danube. It extends over 4282 square miles, and comprehends fifty-six cities and market-towns, and 3160 villages and hamlets. The population amounts to 364,470 persons. In the part which borders on Bohemia the country is mountainous, but to the south of the Danube it is generally either level or undulating. Some of the rivers run to the Maine, but the greater part of the streams find their way to the sea through the Danube. The soil to the north of the Danube is poor, but to the south of that stream is moderately productive of the common kinds of grain, and somewhat more of flax and hemp. The circle is divided into nineteen bailiwicks, several of which are under the authority of mediatized princes.
REGENERATION, in Theology, the act of being born again by a spiritual birth, or the change of heart and life experienced by a person who forsakes a course of vice, and sincerely embraces a life of virtue and piety.
REGENT, one who governs a kingdom during the minority or absence of the king.

Regent also signifies a professor of arts and sciences in a college, having pupils under his care; but it is generally restricted to the lower classes, as to rhetoric, logic, &c. those of philosophy being called professors. In the English universities it is applied to masters of arts under five years standing, and to doctors under two, as non-regent is to those above that standing.
REGGIO, a province of the duchy of Modena, in Italy, 710 square miles in extent, and containing 161,600 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name, on the navigable canal Tassoni, by which it is connected with the Po. It is surrounded with indefensible walls, and has a citadel not tenable against attacks. It is the scat of a bishop, and has a magnificent cathedral, twenty-two parish and twenty-six monastic churches, a Jesuits’ college and episcopal seminary, and a fine theatre. It contains 1500 houses, and 18,600 inhabitants, who make many kinds of silk goods and some linens, and have an extensive trade in the raw produce of the district.
REGICIDE, King-killer, a word chiefly used with us in speaking of the persons concerned in the trial, condemnation, and execution of Charles I.
REGIFUGIUM, was a feast celebrated at Rome on the 24th of February, in commemoration of the expulsion of Tarquin the Proud, and the abolition of the regal power. It wasalso performed on the 26th of May, when the king of the sacrifices, or Rex Sacrorum, offered bean-flour and bacon in the place where the assemblies were held. The sacrifice being ended, the people hastened away with all speed, to denote the precipitate flight of Tarquin.

N
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REGIMEN, the regulation of diet with a view to preserve or restore health. See Dietetics.

Regimen, in Grammar, that part of syntax, or construction, which regulates the dependency of words, and the alteration which one occasions in another.
REGIMENT, is a body of men, either horse, foot, or artillery, commanded by a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, and a major. Each regiment of foot is divided into companies, but the number of companies differs. In Britain our regiments have generally ten companies, one of which always consists of grenadiers. Regiments of horse commonly consist of six troops, but there are some which contain nine. Dragoon regiments have generally in time of war eight troops, but in time of peace six only. Each regiment has a chaplain, quarter-master, adjutant, and surgeon. (See the article Army.)