pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
GASPAR STRAIT, a passage in the Eastern Seas, between the east coast of the island of Banca and the west coast of the island of Billiton, which connects the Java and the China seas. It is about fourteen leagues broad, and is divided in the middle by an island called Middle or Passage Island. There is also an island in the strait, called Gaspar Island, which is about five miles in extent.
GASTRIC, in general, something belonging to or connected with the stomach.

Gastric Juice, a thin pellucid liquor, which distils from certain glands in the stomach, for the dilution, &c. of the food.
GASTROMANCY, or Gastromantia, a kind of divination practised amongst the ancients by means of words proceeding or seeming to proceed out of the belly. The word is Greek, γaβr1oμamm, composed of γaβrη1, belly, and µamia, divination. There is another kind of divination called by the same name, which is performed by means of glasses or other round and transparent vessels, within which certain figures appear by magic art. It is so called because the figures appear as it were in the belly of the vessels.
GASTRORAPHY, in Surgery, the operation of sewing up wounds of the abdomen.
GASTROTOMY, of yα<mjj, and rtμms, I cut, the operation of cutting open the belly, otherwise called the Casa-rean section.
GATAKER, Thomas, a learned critic and divine, was born at London in 1574, and studied at St John’s College, Cambridge. He was afterwards chosen preacher at Lincoln’s Inn, a situation which he quitted in 1611 for the rectory of Rotherhithe in Surrey. In 1620 he made a tour through the Low Countries; and in 1624 he published at London a book entitled Transubstantiation declared by the confession of the Popish Writers to have no necessary foundation in God’s Word, of which he likewise wrote a defence. In 1642 he was appointed one of the assembly of divines, and was engaged with them in writing annotations upon the Bible. He died in July 1654, in the eightieth year of his age. Besides the above works, he published, 1. A Dissertation upon the Style of the New Testament; 2. De Nomine Tetragrammato, in defence of the mode of pronouncing the word Jehovah in England; 3. De Diphthongis, sive Bivocalibus; 4. An Edition and Translation of Marcus Antoninus’s Meditations; 5. A Collection of Sermons in folio; and many other works. His piety and charity were exemplary; and his modesty was so great, that he declined all ecclesiastical dignities and court preferments. His extensive learning was admired by Salmasius and other great men abroad; his house was a prii vate seminary for young gentlemen of this nation; and many foreigners resorted to him to receive advice in their studies.
GATH, or Geth, a city of the Philistines, and one of ∣ their five principalities. It is celebrated as having given ’ birth to Goliath. David made a conquest of Gath in the ’

beginning of his reign over all Israel; and it continued subject to the kings his successors till the declension and decay of the kingdom of Judah. Rehoboam rebuilt or fortified it, üzziah retook it, and Hezekiah once more reduced it under his subjection. Gath stood about five or six miles from Jamnia, about fourteen south of Joppa, and thirty-two west of Jerusalem.
GAUGING. See Mensuration. GΛUβiNG-Rod, an instrument used in gauging or measuring the contents of any vessel. That usually employed is the four-foot gauging rod. It is commonly made of box, and consists of four rules, each a foot long, and about three eighths of an inch square, joined together by three brass joints; by which means the rod is rendered four feet long when the four rules are quite opened, and but one foot when they are all folded together.
GAUKARNA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of [7:10:372] North Canara. It consists of five hundred houses, inter- ' spersed with cocoa-nut trees; and has a temple dedicated to Mahadeva. Salt is made in the neighbourhood; but it is of bad quality, and is scarcely saleable. Long. 74. 25. E. Lat. 14. 32. N.
GAUNGRA, a district belonging to the Nagpoor Mahrattas, in the province of Berar, situated about the twenty-second degree of north latitude. The country is mountainous, and is intersected by the Japtee river; but very little is known respecting it.
GAUZE, in Commerce, a very thin, slight, transparent kind of stuff, woven sometimes of silk, and sometimes only of thread. To warp the silk for making gauze, a peculiar kind of mill is used, upon which the silk is wound. Th⅛ mill is a wooden machine, about six feet high, having an axis placed perpendicularly in the middle, with six large wings, on which the silk is wound from off the bobbins by the axis turning round. When all the silk is on the mill, another instrument is used to wind it off again upon two beams; and this being done, the silk is passed through as many little beads as there are threads of silk, and thus rolled upon another beam to supply the loom. The gauze loom is much like that of the common weavers, though it has several appendages peculiar to itself.
GAVEL, in Law, tribute, toll, custom, or yearly revenue; of which we had in old time several kinds.

GΛrEL-Kind, a tenure or custom belonging to lands in the county of Kent. The word is said by Lambard to be compounded of three Saxon words, gyfe, eat, kyn, or omnibus cognatione proximis data. Verstegan calls it gavelkind, or give all kind, that is, to each child his part; and Taylor, in his history of gavelkind, derives it from the British gavel, that is, a hold or tenure, and cenned, generatio or familia ; and so gavel cenned might signify tenura generationis. It is universally known what struggles the Kentish men made to preserve their ancient liberties, and with how much success those struggles were attended. And as it ig principally here that we meet with the custom of gavelkind, though it was and is to be found in some other parts of the kingdom, we may fairly conclude that this was a part of these liberties; agreeably to Mr Selden’s opinion, that gavelkind, before the Norman conquest, was the general custom of the realm. The principal and distinguishing properties of this kind of tenure are these: 1. The tenant is of age sufficient to alienate his estate by feoffment, at the age of fifteen. 2. The estate does not escheat in case of an attainder and execution for felony; their maxim being, “the father to the bough, the son to the plough.” 3. In most places, he had the power of devising lands by will, before the statute for that purpose was made. 4. The lands descend, not to the oldest, youngest, or any one son only, but to all the sons together; which was indeed anciently[7:10:373] the most usual course of descent all over England, though in particular places particular customs prevailed.
GAVOTTA, or Gavotte, is a kind of dance, the air of which has two brisk and lively strains in common time, each of which strains is twice played over. The first has usually four or eight bars; and the second contains eight, twelve, or more. The first begins with a minim, or two crotchets, or notes of equal value, and the hand rising; and it ends with the fall of the hand upon the dominant or mediant of the mode, but never upon the final, unless it be a rondeau. The last begins with the rise of the hand, and ends with the fall upon the final of the mode.

Tempi di Gavotta, is when only the time or movement of a gavotte is imitated, without any regard to the measures or number of bars or strains. Little airs are often found in sonatas, which have this phrase to regulate their motions.
GAWELGUR, a strong fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Berar. Its situation is elevated on a high and rocky hill between the Poornah and Taplee rivers. It consists of a citadel with an inner fort, which fronts the north, where the rock is most inaccessible; and the citadel is defended by an outer fort, and both are very strongly fortified, and the ascent by the road is very long and steep, and well defended. Notwithstanding these strong defences, it was taken by the army under General Wellesley, on the 14th of December 1803, after a siege of only two days, and was restored to the rajah on the conclusion of the peace. Gawelgur is thirty-two miles northnorth-west from Ellichpoor. Long. 77.52. E. Lat. 21.46. N.
GAYA, a small island in the Eastern Seas, on the north-west coast of Borneo. It is six or eight miles in circumference; and there are many smaller islets in the vicinity. Long. 116. 2. E. Lat. 7. N.
GAYAH, or Boodh Gayah, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar. It is one of the most celebrated places of Hindu pilgrimage, having been the birthplace of Boodh or Buddha, one of the supposed incarnations of the Deity. Many extraordinary ceremonies are performed here by those who frequent the sacred spot. Amongst these, many of the female pilgrims, especially widows, are in the practice of shaving their hair, and devoting themselves from that time to a life of sanctity. The whole business is under the superintendence of Brahmins, who permit any person to enter the temple and approach the idol, which is that of a man sitting cross-legged, and so very rudely carved as to indicate a very remote antiquity. The Bengal government derive from the resort of pilgrims to this sacred place an annual revenue of L.16,000. Long. 85. 5. E. Lat. 24. 49. N
GAZETTE, a newspaper, or account of the transactions of all the countries in the world, printed on a loose sheet or half sheet. This name is with us confined to that paper of news published by authority. The word is derived from gazetta, a Venetian coin, which was the usual price of the first newspaper printed there, and which was afterwards given to the paper itself. The first gazette in England was published at Oxford, whilst the court resided there, in a folio sheet, dated 7th November 1665. On the removal of the court to London the title was changed to that of the London GazeUe.
GAZNA, a city of Asia, once much celebrated, and the capital of a very extensive empire. It was taken by the Moguls in the year 1222.
GAZYPOOR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and zemindary of Benares, situated about the 26th degree of north latitude. It is bounded on the north and east by the river Goggrah, on the south by the Ganges, and on the west by the district of Joanpore. It is one of the most fertile districts in India, remarkably well supplied with water; and has also been long celebrated for its otto of roses and rose water. Besides grain of all kinds, it produces cotton and sugar, as well as opium, and very fine indigo. It also supplies an investment of calicoes. The chief towns are Gazypoor, Azimpoor, and Dooryghaut.

Gazypoor, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, and capital of the above district. It is situated on the bank of the Ganges, and contains a palace and a handsome mosque. In its vicinity are extensive cantonments for three regiments of cavalry. Long. 83. 33. E. Lat. 25. 35. N.
GEBY, or Gib by, an island in the Eastern Seas, surrounded by a cluster of smaller isles. It is situated in the passage between the islands of Waygoo and Gilolo, on the equinoctial line. It is about twenty-five miles long by three broad, and lies between the 129th and the 130th degrees of east longitude. It is little known in the interior. The rise of the tides here, even at spring tide, is only five feet.
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GEBY ZEH, or Gebsa, a small town of Asia Minor, supposed to be the ancient Lybissa, where there is a mount, reported to be the tomb ,of Hannibal. Twenty-five miles east-south-east of Scutari.
GED, William, an ingenious though unsuccessful artist (a goldsmith in Edinburgh), who deserves to be noticed on account of his attempt to introduce an improvement in the art of printing. The invention, first practised by Ged in 1725, may be shortly described. From any types of Greek, Roman, or other character, he formed a plate for every page, or sheet, of a book, from which he printed, instead of using a type for every letter, as is done in the common way. This was first practised, but on blocks of wood, by the Chinese and Japanese, and pursued in the first essays of Coster. “This improvement,” says James Ged, the inventor’s son, “is principally considerable in three most important articles, viz. expense, correctness, beauty, and uniformity.” In July 1729, William Ged entered into partnership with William Fenner, a London stationer, who was to receive half the profits, in consideration of his advancing all the money requisite. To supply this, Mr John James, then an architect at Greenwich, was taken into the scheme, and afterwards his brother Mr Thomas James, a letterfounder, and James Ged, the inventor’s son. In 1730, these partners applied to the university of Cambridge for the printing of Bibles and common prayer books by blocks instead of single types; and, in consequence, a lease was sealed to them, on the 23d April 1731. In this attempt they invested a large sum of money, and finished only two prayer books, when it had to be relinquished, and the lease was afterwards given up. Ged imputed his disappointment to the villany of the pressmen, and the ill treatment of his partners, particularly Fenner, whom John James and he were advised to prosecute, but declined it. He returned to Scotland in 1736, where he gave his friends a specimen of his performance, by an edition of Sallust printed according to his method, tabellis seu laminis fusis. But being still unsuccessful, and having failed in obtaining redress from Fenner, who died insolvent, he was preparing again to set out for London, in order to join with his son James as a printer there, when he died, on the 19th October 1749. The date of his birth is unknown.
GEFLEBORG, one of the provinces of Northern Sweden, extending from latitude 60. 10. to 62. 25. north, and from longitude 17. 15. to 21. 43. east, being 8008 square miles in extent. It comprehends four cities and 1807 insulated establishments, with 79,100 inhabitants. It is generally a hilly country, but abounding in extensive lakes. Not more than one fiftieth part of the land is cultivated, and much of that yields but scanty crops of rye or oats; but in bad years, food is so scarce that the rind of the fir-trees is used as a substitute for other aliment. The chief produce is iron, millstones, whetstones, and wood for fuel and building. Spinning and weaving for the families are conducted in each house, and their home-made woollen goods arc both warm and durable.

Geflebohg, a city, the capital of the province of the same name, in Sweden. It stands on the river Geflean, which collects the waters of several lakes, and conveys them to the Gulf of Bothnia. It contains 1200 houses, and 5930 inhabitants. It is a town of considerable trade for the export[7:10:377] of iron, wood, pitch, and tar, and has some manufactures of sail-cloth, coarse linen, and leather, and some sugar refineries, distilleries, and breweries. Long. 17. 3. 10. E. Lat. 60. 39. 45. N.
GEFREES, a bailiwick of the circle of the Upper Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 101 square miles. It contains two cities, two market-towns, and fifty-three villages, with 20,980 inhabitants. It produces some corn, but better hemp and flax, and much timber from the forests, which are very extensive. Some little gold and silver is found in the mountains. The capital is the town of Bernech, containing about 1000 inhabitants.
GEHENNA, a Scripture term which has given some trouble to the critics. The authors of the Louvain and Geneva versions retain the word gehenna as it stands in the Greek, and so does Μ. Simon; the English translators render it by “hell” and “hell-fire,” and so do the translators of Mons and Father Bohours. The word is formed from the Hebrew gehinnom, or valley of Hinnom. In that valley, which was near Jerusalem, there was a place named Tophet, where some Jews sacrificed their children to Moloch, by making them pass through the fire. King Josias, to render this place for ever abominable, made it a cloaca or common sewer, into which all the filth and carcasses in the city were thrown. The Jews further observed, that there was a continual fire kept there to burn and consume those carcasses; for which reason, as they had no proper term in their language to signify “hell,” they made use of gehenna or gehinnom to denote a fire unextinguishable.
GEHREN, amarket-townofthe duchy of SchwartzburgSonderhausen, in Germany. It stands at the junction of the rivers Wohlrose and Schobser, and contains 208 houses and 141) inhabitants. It is the capital of a bailiwick comprehending two other towns, thirteen villages, and three hamlets, with 9391 inhabitants.
GEISLINGEN, a bailiwick of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, in the circle of the Danube. It extends over 134 square miles, and comprehends three cities, three towns, and sixty villages, with 22,680 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, on the Rolirbache, contains 400 houses and 2240 inhabitants, who are famed for their wood, horn, and ivory turnery ware, and part of whom are employed in cotton spinning by means of machinery, and also in making the machinery.
GELDERS, a town of the Prussian province of Cleeve-Juliers, on the river Nierse, which runs into the Rhine. It contains 394 houses, and 3470 inhabitants, who are employed in cloth and linen weaving, and in the tanneries.

Gelders, or Guelders, a province of the Netherlands, composed out of the ancient province of the same name, with the addition of the districts of Sevenaer, Huissen, and Malsburg, ceded by Prussia. It extends over 2094 square miles, and contains 249,177 inhabitants. On the sea shore the land is flat; and, by being well drained and embanked, it is fertile in pasture. In the island formed by the Leck, the Rhine, and the Waal, it is sandy and rather hilly; and on the south of the Maas it is boggy and marshv∙ It is considered as the most healthy of the provinces of the Netherlands. The chief products of the soil are butter, cheese, wheat, buckwheat, flax, rape-seed, and oil, tobacco, hops, walnuts, and fruit. There is considerable manufacturing industry exercised in making diaper and damask tablecloths and other linen, in tanneries, in paper-making, in cutlery, and in other iron goods. The division is into four circles, viz. that of Arnhem, of Zutphen, of Nemwegen, and Thiel.
GELLI, John Baptist, an eminent Italian writer, was born of mean parents, at Florence, in the year 1498. He was bred a tailor, some say a shoemaker; but he had such an extraordinary genius, that he acquired several languages, and made uncommon progress in the belles-lettres; and, though he continued to work at his trade, became acquainted with all the wits and learned men at Florence, and his merit was universally known. He was chosen a member of the academy there, and the city made him a burgess.
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He acquired the highest reputation by his works, which are, 1. Capricc; del Bottajo, Florence, 1548, in 8vo; 2. La Circe, Florence, 1549, in 8vo; 3. Two comedies in prose, one entitled La Sporta, and the other Lo Errore; 4. Tutti i Trionfi, Carri, Mascherate o Canti carnascialeschi, or songs composed for the popular festivities of Florence, from the time of Lorenzo the Magnificent till 1559; 5. Various translations from the Latin, as the Hecuba of Euripides, from the Latin of Erasmus, the Life of Alphonse of Este, Duke of Ferrara, from the Latin of Paulus Jovius, &c. Gelli died in 1563.
GELLIBRAND, Henry, a laborious astronomer of the seventeenth century, was born in the year 1597. Though he was not without prospects of advancement in the church, yet he became so enamoured of mathematical studies, that on the death of his father he became a student at Oxford, contented himself with his private patrimony, and devoted himself solely to this study. On the death of Mr Gunter, he was recommended by Mr Briggs to the trustees of Gresham College, for the astronomical professorship there; and to this he was elected in the year 1627. As Mr Briggs died in 1630, before he had finished his Trigonometria Britannica, the work was, at his request, completed by Gellibrand. He wrote several other things, chiefly tending to the improvement of navigation; and died in 1636.
GELLIUS, Aulus, a celebrated Roman, who flourished under Antoninus Pius, a. d. 140, and died about the beginning of the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Of his private history we can only collect a few facts. He was the disciple of Fronto and Sulpicius Apollinaris; and as it was still the custom in his time for the young nobility to complete their education at Athens, it appears that Gellius proceeded to that city, and studied philosophy under Taurus and Peregrinus Proteus. On his return to Rome he attended the philosopher Favorinus, many of whose maxims he has transmitted to us. He is known to us particularly for a work entitled Noctes Attica, in twenty books, which be composed principally whilst residing on a small property belonging to him near Athens. It is still complete, with the exception of the eighth book. It consists of a number of extracts, which the author had made in the perusal of Greek and Latin authors, formed into a collection without our being able to perceive any particular connection or methodic arrangement. It is, however, of great value, as it furnishes us with many curious facts respecting the language, history, and antiquities of the ancients, as well as with numerous fragments of earlier writers now entirely lost, by which we are enabled to clear up many obscure points in ancient history. His style has been too highly commended by some, and decried by others. It is frequently careless, and there is a fondness displayed for obsolete expressions, those particularly used by the older comic writers, which gives it an air of affectation. Editions: Editio princeps ex recens. Jo. Andreae, Rom. 1469, 1472; ed. cum not. et emend. Gronov. Lugd. Bat. 1687; Biponti, 1784; ed. A. Lion. Götting. 1824. (See Steinbrenner; Erzalungen nach Aulus Gellius, Zerbst. 1829.)
GELNHAUSEN, a town, or rather city, of Hesse Cassel, in the province of Hanau. It is on the great road from Frankfort .to Saxony, which causes much active trade. The situation is fine, overlooking the river Kinsig; and the position being strong, was occupied by the Bavarian army to impede the French in their retreat after the defeat they had sustained at Leipsic in 1813. The Bavarians were however defeated, and Bonaparte secured the passage for his troops. It contains many inns, and 3140 inhabitants.