pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
NARBONNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Aude, in France, 610 square miles in extent. It is divided into six cantons, and these into seventy communes, containing 51,200 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, which is the seat of an archbishop. It is situated in a deep valley, surrounded with mountains, out of which the river Aude issues, and by a canal it is connected with the Mediterranean Sea. This canal, constructed by the Romans, divides the city into two parts. The cathedral is a fine object, with a magnificent portal leading to it. It contains 2100 houses, and 10,500 inhabitants, who make woollen cloths, and trade largely in wine, oil, honey, silk, and other productions of the soil. It was a city of much importance under the Romans; and many inscriptions of that age are still found. Long. 2. 54. E. Lat. 43. 10. N.
NARCISSUS, in fabulous history, the son of the river Cephisus, and of Liriope the daughter of Oceanus. He was a youth of great beauty; and Tiresias foretold that he would live until he should see himself. He despised all the nymphs of the country, and made Echo languish till she became a mere sound, by refusing to return her passion; but one day returning weary and fatigued from the chase, he stopped on the bank of a fountain to quench his thirst, and, seeing his own form in the water, became so much in love with the shadowy image, that he languished till he died. The gods, being moved by his fate, changed him into the flower which bears his name.
NARCONDAM, a small uninhabited island in the Bay of Bengal, but so high that its peak may be seen at a great distance, and, in fact, serves as a land-mark. It is twenty-seven leagues to the eastward of the Great Andaman, and is covered with wood. Long. 94.12. E. Lat. 13. 25. N.
NARIAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, formerly belonging to the Guicowar Mahratta chief. This town, with the adjoining district, was ceded by the Guicowar to the British in 1803, in part payment of the subsidiary force; and at that time the territory was estimated at 175,000 rupees. It is twenty-five miles northnorth-east from Cambay. Long. 72. 59. E. Lat. 22. 42. N.
NARIKEE, a town of Hindustan, situated in the province of Agra. It is twenty-eight miles east-north-ea[7:15:735]≡ t ^fr°m the cit y of A g ra · Lon g· 78 ∙ 2 °. e ∙ Lat. 27.
NARLAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Orissa, possessed by independent native chiefs. It is thirty miles east from the town of Bustar. Long. 83. 5. E. Lat. 19. 50. N. 0
NARNALLAH, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, belonging to the rajah of Nagpoor. It is a place of considerable strength, being built of stone, and situated upon the top of a mountain. Long. 77. 30. E. Lat. 21. 40. N.
NARNOUL, a town and district of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, being situated principally between the 28th and 29th degrees of north latitude. It belongs to several independent chiefs. The principal towns are Narnoul and Rewary. Narnoul, the capital, and the residence of an independent chief, is situated in long. 76. 8. E. and lat. 28. 4. N.
NARNI, a city of Italy, in the delegation of Spoleto, in the ecclesiastical territory. It is beautifully situated on the side of a hill, at the foot of which the river Nera runs through a valley of great fertility, producing abundance of figs, raisins, and currants. The town is neat, but not well peopled, the inhabitants not much exceeding 5000, though it is the see of a bishop, and has a cathedral, five parish churches, seven monasteries, and five nunneries. Here are the remains of an aqueduct, which furnishes spring water to the city. It was built by the Emperor Augustus, and is a prodigious pile of masonry. Long. 12. 16. 15. E. Lat. 42. 31. N.
NARO, a city of Sicily, in the province of Mazzara, about seventy-five miles from Palermo. It stands on a height at the mouth of the small river of its own name, known to the ancients as the Hypsa. Articles of commerce from this place are shipped at the mole of Girgenti, a work constructed with large blocks of marine exuviae, consisting almost wholly of petrified shells, which were brought from the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Olympius in the year 1756. There is here a presidio for criminals condemned to hard labour, who work chiefly in clearing the harbour of the deposits occasioned by the southerly winds. This place is remarkable from the peculiar properties of its granaries, which consist of large conical cisterns or reservoirs excavated in a calcareous rock, and entirely free from the effects of humidity, so that the corn can be kept twenty years without injury. No charge is made for thus housing the corn, but when it is exported the government derives some benefit. Naro contains about 10,000 inhabitants, and is esteemed a healthy place.
NARRATION, in oratory, poetry, and history, a recital or rehearsal of facts as they occurred, or as it is supposed they occurred. Lord Kames, in his Elements of Criticism, has detailed and illustrated, at great length, the rules and directions which appeared to him necessary to be observed in the use of narration; and, in other works of a similar description, the same subject is also treated of, with greater or less minuteness, according to the particular objects which the authors had in view.
NARSES, an eunuch, who emerged from obscurity, and rivalled Belisarius in heroism, under the reign of the Emperor Justinian. From the domestic service of the palace, and the administration of the private revenue, he was suddenly advanced to the head of an army; and he is ranked amongst the few eunuchs who have rescued what Lord Byron contemptuously calls “the third sex” from the contempt and hatred of mankind. A feeble diminutive body concealed the soul of a statesman and a warrior. His youth had been employed in the management of the loom and the distaff, in the cares of the household, and in the service of female luxury; but, whilst his hands were busy, he secretly exercised the faculties of a vigorous and a discern ing mind. A stranger to the schools and the camp, he made it his study in the palace to dissemble, to flatter, and to persuade; and as soon as he approached the person of the emperor, Justinian listened with surprise and pleasure to the manly counsels of his chamberlain and private treasurer. The talents of Narses were tried and improved in frequent embassies. He also led an army into Italy, acquired a practical knowledge of the war and the country, and presumed to rival the genius of Belisarius. Twelve years after his return, the eunuch was selected to achieve the conquest which had been left imperfect by the first of the Roman generals. Instead of being dazzled by vanity or ambition, he seriously declared, that unless he were provided with an adequate force, he would never consent to risk his own glory and that of his sovereign. Justinian granted to the favourite what he might have denied to the hero; the Gothic war was rekindled from its ashes; and the preparations were not unworthy of the ancient majesty of the empire. Narses defeated the Goths, the Franks, and the Alamanni; the Italian cities opened their gates to the conqueror, who entered the capital in triumph; and, having established the seat of his government at Ravenna, he continued to govern Italy under the title of exarch during fifteen years. His virtues, we are informed, were stained with avarice; and in this provincial reign he accumulated a treasure of gold and silver which surpassed the modesty of a private fortune. His government was oppressive and unpopular; and the general discontent was expressed with freedom by the deputies of Rome. Before the throne of Justinian they boldly declared that their Gothic servitude had been more tolerable than the despotism of a Greek eunuch; and that unless their tyrant were instantly removed, they would consult their own happiness in the choice of a new master. His disgrace was thus the effect of popular disaffection; and his death, though in an extreme old age, was unseasonable and premature, since his genius alone could have repaired the last and fatal error of his life. He died about the year 567, and, as some say, though it does not appear very probable, at the advanced age of ninety-five.
NARSINGAH, a town of Hindustan, province of Orissa, belonging to an independent Hindu chief, fifty-eight miles west by north from the town of Cuttack. Long. 85. 20. E. Lat. 20. 4L N.
NARSINGUR, a town of Bengal, in the district of Midnapore. It formerly possessed a good fortress, which has been allowed to fall into decay; but the town continues to flourish, being favourably situated for inland trade. Long. 86. 40. E. Lat. 22. 34. N.
NARSIPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, and in the district of Ellore. It is situated on the southern branch of the Godavery, and is forty-eight miles north-east from Masulipatam. Long. 81. 50. E. Lat. 16. 21. N.
NARUNGPORE, a town of Hindustan, province of Allahabad and district of Ghazypore, being delightfully si∙ j tuated on the western bank of the Ganges, opposite Buxar.
NARVA, a city of the government of St Petersburg, in Russia. It is the capital of the circle of the same same, which is extensive, but it contains only 16,000 inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Narowa, is surrounded with walls, and divided into the old and the new town. It contains three Greek and two Lutheran churches, with 460 houses, and 3750 inhabitants, who have several sawmills and flatting-mills, and make many nails. It has a small harbour, from which wood, flax, and hemp are exported, about a mile below the city. The place is remarkable for the battle fought there between the Swedes and Russians in 1700, when the army of the latter, amounting to 100,000 men, was defeated by the former with only 7000. Long. 27. 44. 25. E. Lat. 59. 21. 40. N.
[7:15:736]
NARWAR, a town and district of Hindustan, 'in the province of Agra. The town is situated on the south-eastern side of the Sinde river, and is of considerable antiquity, having been conquered by the Mahommedans as early as 1251. It afterwards recovered its independence, and in 1509 was again under the government of a Hindu prince, from whom it was subsequently taken. This place was, in 1810, surrendered to Scindia. Long. 78.12. E. Lat. 25. 4L N. The district is situated principally between the 25th and 26th degrees of north latitude, and is a woody and hilly country, of a rich soil in many parts, and extremely productive. The Sinde is the principal river, and the chief towns are Narwar, Collarass, and Shepoory. The lion has been found in this district.
NARYM, the chief town of a district of the same name in Asiatic Russia, traversed by the small river Narymka. It is situated on the Obi, near its confluence with the Ket. It was originally a simple ostrog or palisadoed fort, but now contains a church and 100 inhabitants. It is 200 miles north of Tomsk. Lat. 59. 13. N.
NASEBY, a parish of the county of Northampton, in the hundred of Guilsborough. It is situated in an agricultural part of the county, containing, in 1801, 538 inhabitants; in 1811, 598; in 1821, 697; and in 1831, 707. It is remarkable from the decisive victory obtained near it by Cromwell over the army of Charles I. in 1645, a victory which terminated the civil war of that period.
NASO, a town of the island of Sicily, in the kingdom of Naples and province of Demone, situated on a river of the same name, 110 miles from Palermo. It is in a healthy and lofty situation, on the site of the ancient city of Aga-thynum, and contains 8000 inhabitants.
NASSUCK, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, ninety miles north from Poonah. Long. 73. 50. E. Lat. 19. 49. N.
NATAANA, a small village of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Serinagur, situated amongst mountains, and enjoying, in consequence of its elevation, a delightful climate during the summer months. The surrounding country has a naked appearance. Long. 78.48. E. Lat. 20.7. N.
NATAL, or Natar, a Malay settlement on the southwestern coast of the island of Sumatra, several miles south of the island of Tabuyong. It carries on a pretty considerable commerce; and, besides the English, who have had a settlement here since the year 1752, it is inhabited by settlers from the countries of Achin, Rau, and Menang Kabau. The English settlement was destroyed by the French in 1760, but was soon re-established, and the possession secured by the treaty of Paris in 1763. There is a considerable demand here for manufactured goods, such as piece-goods, opium, coarse cutlery, ammunition and guns, brass-wire, and China ware; the returns for which are usually made in gold and camphor. The gold from the interior is of a very fine quality, but it is frequently adulterated. The anchorage is about two miles off the shore, in five fathoms water. It is one of the worst roads on the western coast of Sumatra, having numerous shoals in it, and often a heavy sea running. The town is governed by a native magistrate, who has considerable sway; and the influence of the British East India Company was never so predominant here as in the pepper districts to the southward, owing to the wealth and independent spirit of the people. Long. 99. 5. E. Lat. 0. 18. N.
NATHDORAH is a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, where there is a celebrated Hindu temple, supported by considerable grants of villages, which are considered so sacred that the contending armies of the Rajpoots and Mahrattas have commonly respected them. The temple is occupied by innumerable Brahmins and devotees.
NATION, a collective term, used for a considerable number of people inhabiting a certain extent of land, confined within fixed limits, and under the same government.
NATIONAL DEBT, the money owing by government. See the articles England, Funding System, Political Economy, and Taxation. National Education. In the hope that we shall be able, at a more advanced stage of the work, to record the introduction by the legislature of a system of education for the people, we shall defer the consideration of the subject till we come to the article on Schools.
NATIVIDAD, a small island, situated in the North Pacific Ocean, about fourteen miles south-east of the island of Cerros. It is of a moderate elevation, about four miles in length, and of a dreary and barren aspect. Long. 244. 60. E. Lat. 27. 57. N.
NATIVITY, or Natal Day, is the day of a person’s birth. The word nativity is chiefly employed in speaking of the saints; as, the nativity of St John the Baptist, &c. But when we say the Nativity, it is understood of that of Jesus Christ, or the feast of Christmas.

Nativity, nativùas, a term in ancient law-books, which signifies bondage or servitude.

Nativity, in Astrology, the theme or figure of the heavens, particularly of the twelve houses, at the moment when a person was born, and called also the horoscope. Casting the nativity, or by calculation seeking to know how long the queen should live, &c. was made felony by the 23d Eliz. c. 2.
NATOLIA, the modern name of Asia Minor, the most westerly part of Turkey in Asia, and consisting of a large peninsula, which extends from the river Euphrates as far as the Archipelago, the Sea of Marmora, and the Straits of Gallipoli and of Constantinople, by which it is separated from Europe on the west. It is bounded on the north by the Black Sea, and on the south by the Mediterranean.
NATTRADACOTTA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Tin∏evelly. Long. 78. 10. E. Lat. 8. 46. N∕
NATRUM, or Natron, the nitre of the ancients, is one of the fixed alkalies. It is found in great abundance in many parts of Asia, where the natives sweep it up from the surface of the ground, and call it “soap-earth.” The earliest account we have of it is in the Scriptures, where we find that the salt called nitre in those times would ferment with vinegar, and that it possessed a detersive quality, in consequence of which it was used in baths and in washing. Solomon compares the singing of songs with a heavy heart, to the contrariety of vinegar and nitre; and Jeremiah says, that even if the sinner should wash himself with nitre, his sin would not be cleansed off. These are properties which perfectly agree with this salt, but not at all with our saltpetre, which is the nitre of the moderns.
NATTAM, a town of Southern India, in the Polygar territory, fifteen miles east by south from Dindigul. Long. 78. 10. E. Lat. 8. 46. N.
NATTORE, a town of Bengal, in the district of Rau-jeshahy, [7:15:738]advantageously situated on .the northern bank of the Attri River. Mulberry trees abound in the surrounding country, and on them are reared numerous silk-worms. Between Nattore and Jaffiergunge there is a very extensive morass, supposed to be the old bed of the Ganges; and here, during the rainy season, a sheet of water extends as far as Dacca, which is nearly 100 miles, navigable by boats, and in which tract are seen the villages erected on artificial mounds and groves of trees projecting out of the water to the right and left. Long. 88. 55. E. Lat. 24. 25. N.
NATUNA Isle, Great, an island in the China Sea, thirty-four miles in length by thirteen in average breadth. •It is mountainous, and surrounded by numerous small rocky isles. It is situated in the 4th degree of N. lat. off the north-east coast of Borneo.
NATUNAS Isles, North, a cluster of very small islands in the China Sea. The best track for ships bound .to China from October to December is past these islands 1 to the north. Long. 109. E. Lat. 4. 45. N.

Natunas Isles, South, a cluster of small islands off the north-western coast of the island of Borneo, about long. 109. E. and lat. 3. N.
NATURAL, in general, is something which relates to or concerns nature.

Natural, in Heraldry, is a term used where animals, fruits, flowers, and the like, are blazoned with the colours they naturally possess, though different from the common colours of heraldry; and this is done to prevent armories being accused of falsity when blazoned with the names of colours unknown in heraldry.

Natural Note, in Music, is used in opposition to flat and sharp notes, which are called artificial notes. Natural is alsoemployed to indicate something coming immediately out of the hands of nature; in which sense it is opposed to factitious or artificial, which signifies something wrought or produced by art.
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY is commonly defined to be that branch of knowledge which considers the powers and properties of natural bodies, and their mutual actions on one another. This term serves to indicate, not one, but a cluster of sciences. Those generally comprehended under it are the following, viz. 1. Mechanics; 2. Hydrostatics; 3. Optics; 4. Astronomy; 5. Magnetism; 6. Electricity. There are, in this work, distinct treatises on all [7:15:741]these different branches, introduced in the order of the alphabet; whilst the history of the whole is traced, in a connected method, in the second Preliminary Dissertation, contained in our first volume. In connection with the foregoing articles, the reader is also referred to those on Philosophy and Physics, for some general views respecting the nature of philosophy, and the proper manner of philosophizing.
NATURALISATION, in Law, the act of naturalising an alien, or putting him into the condition of a natural-born subject, and entitling him to the rights and privileges of that condition.
NATURE, according to Mr Boyle, has eight different significations. It is used to signify the author of nature, whom the schoolmen call natura naturans, being the same with God. By the nature of a thing we sometimes mean its essence; that is, the attributes which make it what it is, whether the thing be corporeal or not; as when we attempt to define the nature of a fluid, of a triangle, or the like. Sometimes we confound that which a man has by nature with what accrues to him by birth; as when we say that such a man is noble by nature. Sometimes we take nature for an internal principle of motion; as when we say that a stone by nature falls to the earth. Sometimes we understand by nature, the established course of things. Sometimes we take nature for an aggregate of powers belonging to a body, especially a living one; in which sense physicians say that nature is strong, weak, or spent, or that, in such and such diseases, nature left to herself will generally perform the cure. Sometimes we use the term nature for the universe, or whole system of the corporeal works of God; as when it is said of a phoenix, or chimera, that there is no such thing in nature. Sometimes, too, and that most commonly, we express by the word nature, a kind of semi-deity, or other strange kind of imaginary being.
NAUCRARI, amongst the Athenians, was the name given to the chief magistrates of the δημοι, that is, of the boroughs or townships, called ναuκ^αζιαι ; because each was obliged, besides equipping two horsemen, to furnish one ship for the public service.
NAULUM, in Roman antiquity, a piece of money put into the mouth of a person deceased, to enable him to pay Charon, the ferryman, for his passage. It required to be of the current coin of the reigning emperor; and hence from this money the time of the person’s death may be known. The sum for poor men was about a farthing, but the rich in general were very liberal to Charon, as appears from the number of coins often found in the neighbourhood of Rome upon opening the graves of great men. A similar custom prevailed amongst the Greeks. The money put into the mouth of the deceased was by them called δανακη.
NAUMACHIA, in Antiquity, a public show or spectacle amongst the ancient Romans, representing a sea-fight. These mock fights are supposed to have originated at the time of the first Punic war, when the Romans first instructed their men in the knowledge of naval affairs; but afterwards they were intended to entertain the populace, as well as to improve the seamen. They were often, like other shows, exhibited at the expense of individuals, who thus sought to increase their popularity.

In these spectacles they sometimes strove to excel each other in swiftness, and sometimes engaged in a warlike manner. The naumachia of Claudius, indeed, was a most savage diversion, where the combatants used to destroy each other to amuse a tyrant and a cruel mob. As they passed before him, they used this melancholy greeting, “Ave, Imperator, morituri to salutant.” The emperor replied, “Avete vos.” This they understood as an answer of kindness, and a grant of their lives; but they soon discovered that it proceeded from wanton cruelty and barbarous insensibility. In the time of the Emperor Domitian, the number of vessels engaged would have nearly formed two regular fleets for a real fight, and the channel of water was equal in magnitude to a natural river. The Emperor Heliogabalus is reported to have filled the channel where the vessels were to ride with wine instead of water. Tritons and sea-monsters were frequently exhibited during the engagement. Suetonius and Dion Cassius inform us, that at one of the sea-fights of Domitian there fell a violent shower of rain; the emperor, however, continued till the end of the engagement, often changing his clothes; nor would he suffer any one to depart, and as the rain continued to fall for several hours, many were seized with distempers, and some even died. (Sueton. cap. 4; Dio. lib. Ixvii.) Naumachiae were also places fitted up for these shows, being a sort of circi or amphitheatres, with seats and porticos. There were several of them at Rome, namely, three built by Augustus, one by Claudius, another by Domitian, and another by Nero, which served for the reverse of his medals. Claudius used the Lake Fucinus as a naumachia.
NAUMBURG, a city of Prussia, in the government of Merseburg, the capital of a circle of its own name. It stands on the river Saale, in a fertile district, contains a castle and six churches, a fine market-place, and (including the suburbs) 1130 houses, with 9320 inhabitants. It has several institutions for the education of the various classes, and much trade in leather, iron, beer, corn, spirits, wool, and other articles, which is promoted by some fail’s of long continuance. There are vineyards near it, from which some wine, but more vinegar, is made. Long. 11. 34. 40. E. Lat. 51. 8. 55. N.