pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CATMANDOO, or Catamandoo, a city of Northern Hindustan, the capital of the Nepaul country, and the residence of the Goorkhali rajah. It is situated in a romantic valley of Nepaul proper, on the east bank of the Bishen-mutty river, forty miles south of the Himalaya Mountains, and about a hundred and fifty miles north of the British possessions. It extends about a mile along the river, and is in its greatest breadth about half a mile; but.in general it does not exceed a quarter of a mile. The houses, which are of two, three, and four stories, are built of brick, with pent roofs, and have in general a mean appearance, not even excepting the palace of the rajah, which is but a poor edifice. The streets are very narrow, and fully as filthy as those in other eastern towns. The temples are almost as numerous as the houses, and are all provided with idols. The greater part are constructed of wood, but several are built of brick and stone. The Brahminical religion is professed in all these. There is a very ancient temple dedicated to Boodh, which is highly celebrated among the Tartars for its sanctity, and is a great resort of pilgrims. It is built of stone, and consists of three lofty pyramids with two square apartments. It is of great antiquity, having been erected when Nepaul was in possession of the Thibetians. The possession of this temple has been always claimed by the sovereign pontiff, the Dalui Lama, on the ground of its being in the immemorial possession of his predecessors; but in consequence of disputes the Lama’s vicar was obliged to retire, and it is now held by a legate of the ruler of Bootan, who is a Boodhist. The city has good markets, well supplied with every convenience, and is estimated to contain 50,000 inhabitants. Long. 85. 29. E. Lat. 27. 33. N.
CATOPTRICS is that part of optics which explains the properties of reflected light, and particularly that which is reflected from mirrors. See Optics.
CATOPTROMANCY, Karon , rgoμavriia, a kind of divination among the ancients, so called, because consisting in the application of a mirror. The word is formed from xarοπτgw, speculum, a mirror, and μarrita, divinatio, divination. Pausanias says it was in use among the Achaians, where those who were sick, and in danger of death, let down a mirror, or looking-glass fastened by a thread, into a fountain before the temple of Ceres, then looking in the glass, if they saw a ghastly disfigured face, they took it as a sure sign of death; on the contrary, if the flesh appeared fresh and healthy, it was a token of recovery. Sometimes glasses were used without water, and the images of things future represented in them. See Gastromancy.
CATRINE, a village of Scotland, in the centre of Ayrshire, pleasantly situated on the northern bank of the river Ayr, about fourteen miles distant from that town. The population may amount to about 3000, who are chiefly employed at the cotton-mills of the place.
CATROU, Francis, a famous Jesuit, born at Paris in 1659. He was engaged for twelve years in the Journal de Trévoux, and applied himself at the same time to other works, which rendered him distinguished among the learned. He wrote a general history of the Mogul empire, and a Roman history, in which he was assisted by Father Rouillé, a brother Jesuit. Catrou died in 1737, and this last history was continued by Rouillé, who died in 1740. The titles of his works are, 1. Histoire Generale du Mogol, 1705, 4to, with E Histoire du Regne (l’Aurengzeb, 1715; 2. Histoire dιι Eanatisme dans la Religion Protestante, contenant l’ Histoire des Anabaptistes, du Davidisme, et des Trembleurs, Paris, 1733, 3 vols. 12mo; 3. Traduction du Virgile, with notes critical and historical, 1729, 4 vols. 12mo; 4. Histoire Romaine, 1725-37, 21 vols. 4to; besides his productions inserted in the Journal de Trévoux.
CATTARO, the southernmost of the circles into which the Austrian kingdom of Dalmatia is divided. It is surrounded, except on the sea frontier, by the Turkish dominions, and comprehends the district distinguished as the Mouths of the Cattaro. It extends over 585 square miles, or 366,000 English acres, and contains about 30,000 inhabitants. Although sufficient corn for the consumption of only five months is raised, the other products, which furnish a considerable export trade, are both valuable and abundant. It affords oil, wine, figs, silk, wool, tallow, wax, honey, and fish. The inhabitants also buy many sheep and oxen of the people of Montenegro, which they salt and export, as they do much cheese, chiefly from the Turks.

Cattaro, a small city, the capital of the district of the same name, on the shores of the Adriatic. It is strongly fortified, both by sea and land. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop, and contains, besides the cathedral, a Catholic collegiate church, a Greek church, a Franciscan monastery, and three female convents. There are about 600 houses, and nearly 3000 inhabitants. The harbour is good and secure, and frequented by many ships. Long. 18.58. E. Lat. 42. 22. N.
CATTI, a people of Germany, very widely diffused, reaching on the east to the river Sala, on the north to Westphalia, and occupying, besides Hesse, the Wetterau, and part of the tract on the Rhine and on the banks of the river Lohne. The Hercynian forest began and ended in their country.
CATTIVELLAUNI, anciently a people of Britain, who occupied the country which is now divided into the counties of Hertford, Bedford, and Bucks. The name of this ancient British people is written in several different ways by Greek and Roman authors, by whom they are called Catti, Cassii, Catticulcani, Cattidudani, Catticludani, &c.
CATTOLICA, a city of Sicily, in the intendancy of Girgenti, situated on the river Platani, on the side of a hill on the sea shore, with 7200 inhabitants, who growand spin cotton, and obtain and refine sulphur from an extensive mine in the vicinity.
CATULLUS, Caius Valerius, a Latin poet, born at Verona in the year of Rome 666. The harmony oÇ his numbers acquired him the esteem and friendship of Cicero, and other great men of his time. Many of his poems, however, abound with gross obscenities. He wrote satirical verses against Caesar, under the name of Marmoro. Catullus spent his whole life in a state of poverty, and died in the flower of his age and the height of his reputation. Joseph Scaliger, Passerai, Muret, and Isaac Vossius, have written learned notes on this poet.
CAUBUL. See /Afghanistan.
CAUDEBEC, a city of the department of the Lower Seine, in France, at the foot of a hilly district, on the left bank of the Seine. It contains 460 houses, and 2507 inhabitants. Long. 0. 37. E. Lat. 49. 30. N.
CAUKING, or Cavlking of a Ship, is driving a quantity of oakum, or old ropes untwisted and drawn asunder, into the seams of the planks, or into the intervals where the planks are joined together in the ship’s decks or sides, in order to prevent the entrance of water or leakage. After the oakum is driven very hard into these seams, it is covered with hot melted pitch or rosin, to keep the water from rotting it. Among the ancients, the first who made use of pitch in caulking were the inhabitants of Phaeacia, afterwards called Corsica. Wax and rosin appear to have been commonly used previously to that period; and the Poles at one time used a sort of unctuous clay for the same purpose on their navigable rivers.

CAULABAGH, a town of Afghanistan, in the province of Caubul. It is a singularly built place, the houses being situated on terraces cut out of the declivity of the hill. Here it is that the country of the real Afghans commences; and that country as far as Peshawer is inhabited by a variety of tribes. In the vicinity of the town are large rocks, which yield an inexhaustible store of the pure rock salt; and there is, besides, a considerable manufacture of alum; in both of which articles an extensive trade is carried on with the neighbouring provinces, and proves highly beneficial to the inhabitants. The river Indus here flows in one channel, and is about 400 yards wide, but deep and rapid. The proper name of the town is Khara Bagh, or Garden of Salt. Long. 70. 46. E. Lat. 32. 11. N.
CAULABAGH, a town of Afghanistan, in the province of Caubul. It is a singularly built place, the houses being situated on terraces cut out of the declivity of the hill. Here it is that the country of the real Afghans commences; and that country as far as Peshawer is inhabited by a variety of tribes. In the vicinity of the town are large rocks, which yield an inexhaustible store of the pure rock salt; and there is, besides, a considerable manufacture of alum; in both of which articles an extensive trade is carried on with the neighbouring provinces, and proves highly beneficial to the inhabitants. The river Indus here flows in one channel, and is about 400 yards wide, but deep and rapid. The proper name of the town is Khara Bagh, or Garden of Salt. Long. 70. 46. E. Lat. 32. 11. N.
CAULIFLOWERS, in Gardening, a much esteemed species of cabbage. See Horticulture.
CAUNE, La, a town of the department of Tarn, in France, on the Sigon, with 340 houses, and 2830 inhabitants, chiefly Protestants, who are employed in the manufacture of woollen fabrics.
CAURSINES, or Caursini, were Italians who came into England about the year 1235, terming themselves the pope’s merchants, but driving no other trade than that of lending money; and, having great banks in England, they differed little from Jews, save that they were rather more merciless to their debtors. Some think that they were called Coursines, quasi Causa Ursini, bearish, or cruel in their causes; and others Caorsini or Corsini, as coming from the isle of Corsica; but Cowel affirms that they derived their name from Caorsium, Caorsi, a town in Lombardy, where they first practised their arts of usury and extortion, and whence they carried their unpopular trade through most parts of Europe, and were regarded as a common plague to every nation which they visited. The then bishop of London excommunicated them; and King Henry III. banished them from the kingdom in the year 1240. But, being the pope’s solicitors and money changers, they were permitted to return in the year 1250; though in a very short time they were again driven out of the kingdom on account of their usurious exactions.
CAUSEWAY, or Causey, a massive construction of stones, stakes, and fascines, or an elevation of fat viscous earth, well beaten, serving either as a road in wet marshy places, or as a mole to retain the waters of a pond, or prevent a river from overflowing the lower grounds. See Road. The word is derived from the French chaussée, anciently written chaulsée ; and that, again, from the Latin calceata, or calcata, which, according to Somner and Spelman, comes a calcando. Bergier rather takes the word to have had its rise a peditum calceis, quibus teruntur. Some derive it from the Latin calx, or French chaux, supposing it to have primarily denoted a way paved with chalk stones.

Causeway, calcetum or calcca, commonly denotes a common hard raised way, maintained and repaired with stones and rubbish.

Devil’s Causeway, a famous work of this kind, which ranges through the county of Northumberland, commonly supposed to be of Roman origin, though Mr Horsley suspects it to be a work of later times.

Giant's Causeway is a denomination given to a huge pile of basaltic columns in the district of Coleraine in Ireland. See Giant’s Causeway.
CAUSSADE, a city of the department of the Tarn and the Garonne, in France, on the river Comte, containing 443 houses, and 5121 inhabitants, by whom much linen and woollen cloth is manufactured.
CAUSSIN, Nicholas, surnamed the Just, a French Jesuit, was born at Troyes in Champagne, in the year 1580, and entered into the order of Jesuits when he was twenty-six years of age. He taught rhetoric in several of their colleges, and afterwards began predication, by which he gained great reputation. He increased this reputation by publishing books; and in time was preferred to the office of confessor to the king. But he did not discharge this office to the satisfaction of Cardinal Richelieu, though he did so to that of every honest man; and therefore it is not to be wondered at that he was at length removed from it. He died in the Jesuits’ convent at Paris in 1651. None of his works is held in so great estimation as that entitled La Cour Sainte, in 5 vols. 12mo. it has been printed a great many times, and translated into Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, and English. The popularity of this work, on its first appearance, was immediate and unbounded; which led some one, at the time, to remark, “que le P. Caussin avec mieux fait ses affaires à la cour sainte qu’à la cour de France.” He published several other books both in Latin and French; particularly, 1. De Eloquentia Sacra et Humana ; 2. La Vie Neutre des Filles devotes qui font état de netrc ni mariées ni religieuses, Paris, 1644, 12mo; 3. Expanse a la Théologie des Jésuites; 4. Syrnbolica Aegyptiorum sapientia, Paris, 1618 and 1634, 4to and 8vo.
CAUSTICITY, a quality belonging to several substances, by means of which the parts of living animals may be corroded and destroyed.
CAUSTICS is an appellation given to substances of so hot and fiery a nature, that, being applied, they consume, and as it were burn, the texture of the parts, like hot iron. Caustics arc generally divided into four sorts; the common stronger caustic, the common milder caustic, the antimonial caustic, and the lunar caustic or nitrate of silver.

Caustic Curve, in the higher geometry, a curve formed by the concourse or coincidence of the rays of light reflected from some other curve.
CAUTERIZATION, the act of burning or searing some morbid part, by the application of fire either actual or potential.
CAUTERY, in Surgery, a medicine for burning, eating, or corroding any solid part of the body.
CAUTIONER, in Scotch Law, that person who becomes bound for another to the performance of any deed or obligation.
CAVAILLON, a city of the department of Vaucluse, in France, on the river Durance, in a place which has been called the Garden of France. The streets are narrow, and the houses ancient; but much industry prevails, especially in the various branches of the silk trade, in gardening, paper-making, and cotton-spinning. It contains 1500 houses, and 7440 inhabitants. Near it are some remarkable Roman antiquities. Long. 4. 40. E. Lat. 44. 9. N.
CAVALCADE, a formal pompous march or procession of horsemen and equipages, byway of parade or ceremony, to grace a triumph, public entry, or the like.

CAVALER-Maggiore, a town of Italy, in the province of Saluzzo, and kingdom of Sardinia. It is situated on the river Grana, and contains 4950 inhabitants.
CAVALIER, a horseman, or person mounted on horseback; especially if he be armed withal, and have a military appearance. Anciently the word was restricted to a knight or miles. The French still use chevalier in the same sense.
CAVALIERE, Cape, a lofty promontory of Asia Minor, on the coast of Caramania. It rises to the height of 600 or 700 feet above the level of the sea, and consists of white marble cliffs. An isthmus about 400 yards across, and fortified at every accessible point, connects this cape with the main land.
CAVALIERI, Bonaventure, an eminent mathematician of the seventeenth century, a native of Milan, and a friar of the order of the Jesuati of St Jerome, was professor of the mathematics at Bologna, where he published several mathematical books, particularly the Method of Indivisibles. He was a scholar of Galileo. His Directorium generale Uranometricum contains a great variety of useful practices in trigonometry and astronomy. His trigonometrical tables in that work are excellent.
CAVALRY, a body of soldiers who act on horseback. See Army.
CAVERY, or Cauvery, a river of Hindustan, in the province of Tanjore, which rises among the Coory Hills, near the coast of Malabar, and passing through the Mysore near Seringapatam, Coimbetoor, and the Carnatic, below the Ghauts, falls into the sea by several mouths, after a winding course of nearly 400 miles. Opposite to Trichinopoly, in the Carnatic, the Cavery is divided into two branches, and forms the island of Seringham. The northern branch is named the Coleroon, and is allowed to run waste into the sea; but the southern, which is, strictly speaking, the Cavery, has been distributed in a variety of channels, by the skill and industry of the Hindus, into the province of Tanjore, and this is one of the causes of its extraordinary fertility.
CAVERYPANK, a large town of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, district of Conjee. Near it is a large tank, about eight miles long by three broad. Long. 79. 32. E. Lat. 12. 59. N.
CAVERYPORUM, a town of Hindustan, in the district of North Coimbetoor, situated on the Cavery, which, du- ∙ring the rainy season, is here a 4 wide stream. The fort was built by a polygar, who ruled over a large territory in the neighbourhood. The suburbs contain about a hundred houses, with the ruins of a much greater number; and the place being an entrepôt of trade between the countries above and below the Ghauts, has a custom-house. It is 86 miles south-east from Seringapatam. Long. 77. 55. E. Lat. 11. 49. N.
CAVIANO, a town of Italy, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, of the kingdom of Naples, containing 5431 inhabitants.
CAVIARE, a kind of food made of the hard roes of sturgeon, formed into small cakes, about an inch thick [7:6:266]and three or four inches broad. This kind of food is in great request among the Muscovites, on account of their three lents, which they keep with a superstitious exactness. A pretty large quantity of the commodity is also consumed in Italy and France. These countries sometimes procure the caviare from Archangel, but commonly buy it at second hand of the English and Dutch.
CAVITE, a town in the Philippines, in the island of Luzon, situated on a tongue of low land within the Bay of Manilla. It is the capital of a province of the same name, and was formerly a place of more importance. It now has a garrison of 150 men, who occupy the castle of St Philip, which is of a square form, with four bastions. Μ. Perouse calculated the inhabitants at 4000, all of whom, with the exception of the governor, are mulattoes and Indians. There is ample depth of water in the bay for the largest ships; but it is infested by a worm which penetrates their planks and timbers, and soon renders them unfit for sea. It is distant nine miles south-west of Manilla, of which it is the proper port; yet the passage boats from the one place to the other are liable to be taken by the Malay pirates, and the people sold as slaves. Long. 120. 48. E. Lat. 14. 34. N.
CAWNPORE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, situated on the western bank of the Ganges. It is an ancient Hindu town, on the high road between Culpec and Lucknow, forty-nine miles south-west from the latter place; and it formerly carried on a considerable trade. It is now better known as the chief military station of the British in the ceded provinces. The buildings which have been erected here for the accommodation of the troops are, barracks for four hundred artillery, two regiments of European and three of native cavalry, and seven thousand native infantry, with a general hospital for the reception of the sick. The officers of every description provide their own lodgings, which consist of elegant bungalows built without any regularity, and which extend about six miles along the Ganges. Cawnpore is situated in the upper part of that vast plain which extends from the Bay of Bengal to the mountains of Thibet. It is subject to great heats. The hot winds blow here with great violence during the months of April, May, and June; not a drop of rain falls; and from the parched ground clouds of dust arise so thick as to obscure the sun, and to envelope the station in darkness. Cawnpore is nevertheless esteemed a healthy station. After the cession of the country between the Ganges and the Jumna to the British in the year 1802, Cawnpore was made one of the civil stations, and an establishment appointed for the administration of justice and the collection of the revenue. The adjacent country is highly improved, and has greatly profited by the demand of the Europeans, and the high prices given, for agricultural produce. In the adjacent country Indian corn, grain, barley, and wheat, are cultivated; and in their season turnips, cabbages, and European vegetables, are abundant. Grapes, peaches, with a profusion of fruit, have been long supplied by Europeans. It is 49 miles south-west from Lucknow. Long. 80. 21. E. Lat. 26. 30. N.
CAXAMARCA, a province of Peru, bounded on the north by Jaen, on the east by Chachapoyas, on the southeast by Caxamarquilla, on the south by Huamachuco, and on the west by Sana and Truxillo. It is a hundred and twenty miles in length by a hundred and eight in breadth, and lies between the fifth and eighth degrees of south latitude. The country is in general mountainous, being intersected in many parts by the great ridges which diverge from the main chain of the Andes; and it is on this account subjected to every variety of temperature. It abounds in fruits and cattle. The inhabitants, who are for the most part Indians, amount to about 50,000, and are chiefly employed in weaving.

C ax am a rca, the capital of the above province, stands upon a level plain, and is of an irregular figure. It was at one time a royal city; and here Atahuapa, the last Inca of Peru, was put to death by the Spaniards. The population amounts to about 12,000. Long. 78. 35. W. Lat. 7. 3. S.
CAXAMARQUILLA, a province of Peru, sometimes called Pataz or Pata. It is bounded on the east by the mountainous country possessed by the Indians, on the northeast and north by Chachapoyas, on the west and north-west by the river Amazons, here called the Tunguragua, and on the south by Guainalies. It is seventy-eight miles long and eighteen broad, and is rugged and uneven. The temperature is various. In the hot and temperate parts maize, wheat, potatoes, bark, French beans, herbs, and sugarcane, are produced. There are several gold and silver mines to be found in this province. The population amounts to about 8000. The capital is an insignificant place of the same name, situated in lat. 7. 36. S.
CAXATAMBA, a province of Peru, bounded on the north by Guailas, on the north-east by Chonchuios, on the east by Guamalies, on the south-east by Tarma, on the south by Chancay, and on the north-west by Santa. It is a hundred miles from north-east to south-west, and about the same extent from north-west to south-east. It lies for the most part amongst elevated mountains, and is consequently cold; but it abounds in all sorts of seeds and fruits, and cattle of every species are plentiful, more especially sheep, from the fleece of which its inhabitants manufacture cloth of a peculiar kind. The capital, which is of the same name, is situated in lat. 10. 27. S.