pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
OELAND, or Oland, an island in the Baltic Sea, apart of the province of Calmar, in Sweden. It is about seventy miles in length from north to south, and about seven miles in breadth from east to west. The western side is flat, and the eastern rather hilly; but the centre is a level consisting of tolerably good soil, which yields barley, rye, and oats, and, from the mildness of the climate, brings the harvest two weeks earlier than on the opposite continent. It has some good pastures, which furnish dairies; and a considerable fishery is carried on upon the coast. It contains no market-town, but has eight parishes, and 24,000 inhabitants.
OELS, a circle of the Prussian province of Silesia, which has become remarkable on account of its having been bestowed on the Duke of Brunswick when expelled from his hereditary dominions by Bonaparte. It was formerly[7:16:325] a sovereignty, but is now mediatized; and the ancient race of its dukes has become extinct. It extends over 814 square miles, and contains nine cities and towns, 314 villages, and 164 hamlets, inhabited by about 95,000 persons. The chief place is the city of the same name situated on the river Oelse, which runs to the Weyda in its course to the Oder. It is surrounded with walls, and contains one Catholic and five Lutheran churches, 480 houses, and about 5000 inhabitants. In the ancient castle of the dukes is a numerous library and a cabinet of natural history. The chief employment of the inhabitants is in the linen trade.
OENOPTAE, in Grecian antiquity, a kind of censors at Athens, who regulated entertainments, and took care that none drank too much or too little.
OEREBRO, one of the provinces of the kingdom of Sweden, being the westernmost part of Westmanland. It extends in north latitude from 58. 40. to 60. 6. and in east longitude from 14. 6. to 15. 42., and contains a superficies of 3784 square miles. It is divided into four districts or bailiwicks, viz. Osterwick, Westrericke, Nora cum Linne, and Leke cum Carlscrona, and contains 110,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded with mountains, but none of them higher than 2000 feet, and the interior is flat or undulating. It is an internal province, but connected with Stockholm by means of the river Heilmaren. It contains a great number of fresh-water lakes. The climate is raw and cold, but in the short summer vegetation is surprisingly rapid. The best agriculture is in the southern part, but there the seed rarely produces more than four-fold. The chief grains are rye, oats, and barley; and of late potatoes and turnips have been introduced. The chief production is timber, and the cutting and preparing of it for market is the principal occupation. There are some mines of iron and of copper worked. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the entrance of the river Svartelf into the Heilmaren. It is chiefly built of wood, has a good market, a church, and an hospital, and contains 750 dwellings, with 3240 inhabitants, a few of whom are employed in making cloths, hosiery, and ironmongery articles. Long. 15. 4. 5. E. Lat. 59. Ì5. 14. N.
OETA, in Ancient Geography, a mountain of Thessaly, extending from Thermopylae westward to the Sinus Am-bracicus, and in some measure cutting at right angles the mountainous country stretching between Parnassus to the south and Pindus to the north.
OETTINGEN, a city of the kingdom of Bavaria, in the circle of the Rezat, which, with a district around it of seventy square miles and 12,500 inhabitants, forms a bailiwick belonging to the mediatized Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen. The city is the residence of the prince. It stands on the river Wernitz, is well built, and contains a Catholic and a Lutheran church, 460 houses, with 3480 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in making linen and cotton goods. Long. 10. 31. 5. E. Lat. 48. 57. 27. N.
OFFENBACH, a city of the grand duchy of Hesse, in Germany, in the province of Darmstadt, and the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It stands on the river Maine, and is well built, being on one side surrounded with a wall, and on the other with a ditch. It contains 530 houses, with 6950 inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in making iron and hardware, and a variety of ornamental articles of steel, silver, and gold.

0I ’ FERINGS. Amongst the Hebrews there were several kinds of offerings, which they presented at the temple. Some were free-will offerings, and others were offerings of obligation. The first fruits, the tenths, and the sin-offerings, were of obligation; the peace-offerings, vows, offerings of wine, oil, bread, salt, and other things, which were made to the temple or to the ministers of the Lord, were offerings of devotion. The Hebrews called offerings in general cor ban. But the offerings of bread, salt, fruits, and liquors, as wine and oil, which were presented at the temple, they termed mincha. The sacrifices are not properly offerings, nor are they commonly included under that name.
OFFICIAL, in the canon law, an ecclesiastical judge, appointed by a bishop, chapter, or abbot, with charge of the spiritual jurisdiction of the diocese.

Official is also a deputy appointed by an archdeacon as his assistant, and who sits as judge in the archdeacon’s court.
OFFICINAL, in Pharmacy, an appellation given to such medicines, whether simple or compound, as are required to be constantly kept in the apothecaries’ shops.
OFFING, or Offin, in nautical language, that part of the sea a good distance from shore, where there is deep water, and no need of a pilot to conduct the ship. Thus, if a ship from shore be seen sailing out to seaward, they say, “she stands for the offing and if a ship, having the shore near her, have another a good way without or beyond her, towards the sea, they say, “that ship is in the offing.”
OGHAMS, a particular kind of stenography, or writing in cipher, which was practised by the Irish. Of these there were three kinds. The first was composed of certain lines and marks, which derived their power from their situation and position, as they stood in relation to one principal line, over or under which they were placed, or through which they were drawn. The principal line was horizontal, and served for a rule or guide, the upper part of which was called the left, and the under side the right; above, under, and through which line, the characters or marks were drawn, that stood in the place of vowels, consonants, diphthongs, and triphthongs.
OGIVE, in Architecture, an arch or branch of a Gothic vault, which, instead of being circular, passes diagonally from one angle to another, and forms a cross with the other arches. The middle, where the ogives cross each other, is called the key, being cut in the form of a rose, or a cal de lampe. The members or mouldings of the ogives are called nerves, branches, or reins ; and the arches which separate the ogives, double arches.
OGYGES, king of the Thebans, or, according to others, of Ogygia and Actae, afterwards called Boeotiaand Attica. He is recorded to have been the first founder of Thebes and Eleusis. The famous deluge happened in his time, in which some say he perished, along with all his subjects, 1796 before our era.
OHANG Java, a cluster of islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Tasman. Most of them are little better than large rocks. Lat. 4. 36. N.
OHETEROA, an island about twelve miles in circumference, in the South Pacific Ocean, without either harbour or anchorage, and only a foul and rocky bay on the west coast. The inhabitants are active, well made, and of a dark complexion. They form circles round their arms and legs, but have no figures on the other parts of their body. Their clothing is made of the bark of a tree, and is curiously coloured; and some of them wear bonnets, adorned with feathers, whilst others wear white stuff in the form of a turban. Their arms are lances made of very hard wood, and long pikes. This island was first discovered by Captain Cook in the year 1769. It is well inhabited, though it is not twenty miles in circumference. It has not, like the Society Islands, any coral reef surrounding it. Long. 150. 47. W. Lat. 22. 27. S.
OHEVAHOA, a steep and craggy island in the Southern Pacific Ocean, about fifteen leagues in circumference. Its deep valleys, and the sides of its hills, are clothed with trees and with verdure. It is situated in long. 139. 2. W. and lat. 9. 42. S.
OHITTAHOO, one of the Marquis of Mendoza’s Islands, in the Southern Pacific Ocean. It is about nine miles in length and twenty-one in circumference, and is intersected by a narrow ridge of hills, which are divided by deep, narrow, and fertile valleys, well watered, and adorned with trees. This, with other three islands which lie near it, was discovered in July 1595, by Alvaro Mendana, who gave them their name, in honour of the viceroy of Peru. A cove in which the European vessels usually anchored is situated in long. 139. 8. W∙ and lat. 9. 55. S.
OHRDRUFF, a city of the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, in Germany 7 , the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, which, besides the city, contains six villages, 1700 houses, and 7000 inhabitants. It belongs to Prince Hohenlohe-Neuenstein. The city stands near the borders of the Thuringian Mountains, on the small river Ohre. It is surrounded with walls, and has a palace for the prince, four churches, a lyceum, an hospital, 840 dwellings, and 3480 inhabitants, who are industrious in making wood ware, in tanning leather, and in producing paper, copper utensils, and several smaller articles.
OIA, a river of Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Gulf of Obskaia. Long. 72. 24. E. Lat. 68. N.
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OIL, an unctuous and inflammable substance, obtained from several natural bodies, as animal and vegetable substances.
OISE, a department of the north of France, formed out of the ancient Isle of France, and the districts of Beauvaisis and Valois. It extends in north latitude from 49. 7. to 49. 38. and in east longitude from 1. 28. to 3. 4. It is bounded on the north by the Somme, on the east by the Aisne, on the south by the Seine and Marne and the Seine and Oise, and on the west by the Eure; and it is divided into four arrondissements, which are subdivided into thirty-five cantons and 738 communes. It extends over 2428 square miles, and, according to the census of 1836, contains 398,641 inhabitants, and elects three deputies to the national representative body. The face of the country is plain or undulating, with a chain of calcareous hills of moderate height, of which Mount Caesar on the eastern part is the highest. The soil is various, being in some parts clayey and in others sandy with marl, and generally a calcareous subsoil, except in the marshy portions near the streams. The Oise runs through it till it falls into the Seine, and it is navigable for barges. The Aisne, another navigable river, passes through a part of this department before it joins the Oise. There are a great number of smaller streams, some with and some without a name, all of which reach the sea ultimately through the Seine. The climate is dry and healthy, except in the marshy parts and near the woods, which cover about one seventh part of the whole surface. The agriculture is tolerably conducted; but the paucity of manure causes a great part of the land to be left fallow; yet it yields more corn than is required for the consumption, and in average years can spare one fourth of its growth for the supply of the surrounding departments. Besides corn, it yields a vast quantity of fruit, especially cherries, which can be conveyed by the rivers to Paris and other large cities. A great quantity of apples is converted into cider. The vines in general produce only a weak wine, not capable of being long preserved, except some of Ancerville and of Villars-Saint-Sepulcre, which are preferred to all the others of Picardy. The breeding of horses is carefully attended to, and some excellent ones are reared. The stock of oxen and sheep is low for the extent of country; but the races of the latter have been recently improved by the crossings with Merinos, and some fine wool is now iurnished to the manufacturers. There are fabrics of linen, woollen, and cotton goods in several places; a considerable quantity of thread lace is made by the females; and there are also many tanneries and potteries. There is a considerable transit trade on the rivers, and they, as well as the rivulets, afford much fish.
OKEHAM, or Okham, a market-town, the capital of the county of Rutland, and situated in a rich valley called the vale of Cadmus. It is ninety-five miles from London, and has a good market on Saturday. It has an ancient castle, now converted into an assize-hall and a county jail. The parish church, dedicated to All-Saints, is a fine old structure, with a lofty spire, which is visible a great way around it. It has no corporation; but whatever power of a municipal nature is exercised is derived from the Earl of Wmchelsea or the Dean of westminster, who are lords of the two manors into which the town is divided. Near to it is Burleigh-on-the-Hill, a noble mansion of the Earl of Winchelsea. The population amounted in 1801 to 1613, in 1811 to 1719, in 1821 to 2160, and in 1831 to 2440.
OKHOTZK, one of the four circles of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Irkoutsk. It extends along the gulfs of the Eastern Ocean, called the Seas of Okhotzk, of Kamtschatka, and of Anadir. The climate is damp and unhealthy, being exposed to thick mists, from so great an extent of ocean; and the country is not only barren, but unwholesome. This damp and poisonous atmosphere continues for ten miles inland, when the sea air is arrested by a ridge of moderately-elevated hills. Beyond this boundary the country is more fertile, as trees are found to grow well, and rich meadows are seen.

The town of Okhotzk is built upon a long and narrow ridge, enclosed between the sea and the river Okhota, and formed chiefly from an accumulation of marine debris. This town consists of 130 houses, extending in a line of about two thirds of a mile, though it is not more than from 100 to 300 feet broad. It has a church, some magazines, and a double row of shops. Okhotzk is the channel of trade between Irkoutsk and Kamtschatka. The goods are conveyed chiefly by water, there being a very short interval of land carriage. But it is a tedious and difficult voyage, and even dangerous from the barbarous nature of the people who inhabit the banks of the rivers. The land journey is likewise dangerous. So difficult is the country, that the goods can be carried only on pack-horses, or on men’s backs, as there are no waggons of any description; and, on account of the danger of sinking in morasses, it can be performed only in the spring. The inhabitants of the town consist chiefly of mariners and Cossacks. Besides the officers of the court of justice, there are two priests. Long, of the town 142. 44. E. Lat. 59. 20. N. The Sea of Okhotzk is a large gulf of the Eastern Ocean, enclosed between Kamtschatka, the circle of Okhotzk, part of Chinese Tartary, and Saghalien. At its mouth are the Kurile Islands and part of Jesso.
OKIRAH, a town of Bengal, in the district of Burdwan, 105 miles north-west from Calcutta. Long. 87.15. E. Lat. 23. 38. N.
OLANGO, a small island amongst the Philippines, near the eastern coast of Siba. Long. 123.5l.E. Lat. 10.33.N.
OLCHANSKAIA, a fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Orenburg, and situated on the small river Olchanka. It contains a church and several streets, and forms part of the military line of Samara. The inhabitants consist chiefly of veteran soldiers. It is 177 miles southeast of Orenburg.
OLDHAM, one of those towns which, within the present generation, have grown up with rapidity since the establishment of the cotton manufacture. It is situated in the hundred of Salford, in the county of Lancaster, eight miles from Manchester, and 186 from London. It stands on the river Medlock, very near the source of that and of another stream called the Irk, in a district abounding in coal. Oldham had been created into a market-town; and was by the reform act constituted a borough, with the power of returning two members to the House of Commons. It is parochially united with Prestwick, and these places comprehend ten townships, extending over 21,160 acres, with a population, in 1831, of 67,579 persons. The whole is a [7:16:334] manufacturing district, making fustians and spinning cotton yarn, and also haying a great trade in making hats. The town of Oldham is, for the most part, of very recent erection, containing many large piles of buildings destined for manufacturing purposes, and a proportional number of small dwellings for the workmen; but all are discoloured by the smoke which issues from numerous steam-engines, few of the proprietors of which reside within the town. It has a fine large parish church, and, as is usual with such a population, a very great variety of places of worship for the several discordant and dissenting sects. At the first election for this borough, it was distinguished by its selection of Mr Cobbett as one of its representatives. The population of the township of Oldham amounted in the year 1801 to 12,024, in 1811 to 16,690, in 1821 to 21,662,"and in 1831 to 32,381.

Oldham, John, an eminent English poet of the seventeenth century, was educated under his father, a nonconformist minister, and then sent to Edmund Hall in Oxford. He afterwards became usher to the free school at Croydon in Surrey, where he received a visit from the Earls of Rochester and Dorset, Sir Charles Sedley, and other persons of distinction, merely on account of some verses of his which they had seen in manuscript. He was successively tutor to the sons of several gentlemen; and having saved a small sum of money, he came to London, where, being an agreeable companion, he became a perfect votary to the bottle. He was quickly found out by the noblemen who had visited him at Croydon, and who made him acquainted with Dryden, He lived mostly with the Earl of Kingston, at Holme Pierr-point. in Nottinghamshire, where he died of the smallpox in 1683, in the thirtieth year of his age. His acquaintance with learned authors appears, by his satires against the Jesuits, to have been considerable; and Dryden esteemed him highly. His works, which are printed in two vols. 12mo, consist chiefly of satires, odes, translations, paraphrases of Horace and other authors, elegiac verses, imitations, parodies, and familiar epistles.
OLDMIXON, John, a violent party-writer and ill-natured critic, who would scarcely have been remembered, if Pope, in resentment of his abuse, had not condemned him to immortality in the Dunciad. His party-writings procured him a place in the revenue at Liverpool, where he died at an advanced age, in the year 1745. Besides his fugitive pieces, he wrote a History of the Stuarts, in folio; a Critical History of England, in two vols. Svo; a volume of Poems; and some dramatic pieces.
OLEKMA, a river of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Irkoutsk, and a tributary of the Lena. Its course is from south to north, and is in length nearly 600 miles. The animal which produced the sable fur formerly haunted its banks, but it has now disappeared.
OLEKMINSK, a fort and small town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Irkoutsk. It was originally erected as a station for collecting the tribute of furs from the Yakoutes, who wander in the neighbouring districts. It has somé twenty houses and a church, and is situated about nine miles from the mouth of the Olekma. It is 692 miles north-east of Irkoutsk.
OLENEK, a considerable river of the government of Irkoutsk, in Asiatic Russia, which discharges itself into the Frozen Ocean. Long. 119. E. Lat. 73. N. The small town of Olensk is situated near the mouth of the Olenek.
OLENUS, a Greek poet, older than Orpheus, who was a native of Xanthe, a city of Lycia. He composed several hymns, which were sung in the island of Delos upon festival days. Olenus is said to have been one of the founders of the oracle at Delphi; to have been the first who at that place filled the office of priest of Apollo; and to have given responses in verse.
OLERON, an arrondissement of the department of the

Lower Pyrenees, in France, being 972 square miles in extent. It comprehends eight cantons, which are divided into eighty-one communes, and it contains 71,400 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated between the two rivers Gaves d’Aspe and Gaves d’Ossau. It contains 900 houses, and6400 inhabitants, who are employed in making thin woollen hosiery and leather. Long. 0. 17. W. Lat. 43. 10, N.

Oleron, an island situated on the coast of France, in the department of the Lower Charente. It is about ninety square miles in extent, and is opposite·the mouths of the rivers Charente and Seudre. It is separated from the mainland by the strait called the Pertιιis de Maubuisson. Oleron is a fertile spot, especially on the east and south parts, and yields good corn, wine, and brandy. There are also extensive marshes, from which salt is collected. It contains about 15,000 inhabitants, who are expert seamen and fishermen.
OLIGARCHY, a form of government in which the administration of affairs is confined to a few hands.
OLIO, or Oglio, a savoury dish, or food, composed of a great variety of ingredients.
OLIVAREZ, Don Gaspar de Guzman Conde de, the favourite and minister of Philip IV. of Spain, a man of great parts and boundless ambition. After a restless and unprincipled career, he was banished to Toro, where he died about the year 1645.
OLIVE’S Island, a small island lying off the south coast of New Holland, and belonging to the Nuyts Archipelago. Long. 133. 53. E. Lat. 32. 46. S.
OLIVET, or Mount of Olives, was situated to the east of the city of Jerusalem, and separated from the city only by the brook Kedron, and by the valley of Jehoshaphat, which stretches out from the north to the south.
OLIVETAN, Robert, a son of John Calvin. He printed, at Neufchatel, in 1535, folio, a version of the Bible into French, which had been translated from the original Hebrew and Greek. It is written in an uncouth and barbarous style, and is very far from being faithful. The characters in which it is printed are Gothic, and the language is scarcely less so. It is valued only because it is rare. Calvin is believed to have had a considerable share in this translation. Olivetan survived his publication only a short time. He died at Rome the year after, having, it is alleged, been poisoned on account of his translation. Olivetan’s Bible, revised by Calvin and Malinger, was reprinted at Geneva, in 1540, in 4to. This edition is still rarer than the former. It is called the Bible de l’Epée, because the printer had adopted the figure of a sword as his ensign.
OLIVIER, Claude Matthieu, advocate of the parliament of Aix, was born at Marseilles, in 1701. He had a principal share in the establishment of the academy of Marseilles, and was one of its original members. He practised at the bar with considerable success; and a few hours’ retirement from society and from his pleasures were frequently sufficient to enable him to speak and write, even upon important causes. But his works commonly bore marks of great haste. Addicted to excess in every thing, he would employ a fortnight in studying the Code and the Digest, or in storing his mind with the beauties of Demosthenes, Homer, Cicero, and Bossuet; and would then abandon himself for another fortnight, frequently for a whole month, to a life of frivolity and dissipation. He died in 1736, at the age of thirty-five. Olivier published, 1. L’Histoire de Philippe Roi de Macedoine, et Père d’Alexandre le Grand, 2 vols. 12mo; 2. Mémoire sur les Secours donnés aux Romains par les Marseillois pendant la Seconde Guerre Punique; 3. Mémoire sur les Secours donnés aux Romains par les Marseillois durant la Guerre contre les Gaulois.
OLLERTON, a small market-town of the county of Nottingham, in the hundred of Bassetlaw, a part of the parish [7:16:335]of Edwinston, of which it is a chapelry. It is 133 miles from London, and thirteen from Nottingham, and has a market, which is held on Friday. The population amounted in 1801 to 439, in 1811 to 462, in 1821 to 576, and in 1831 to 658.