pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
NEVIS, or Nievis, one of the West India islands, so called by its discoverer Columbus, after a high mountairi of the same name in Spain. It is separated from St Kitt’s by a strait about two miles broad, and full of shoals, in latitude 17. 14. north, and longitude 63. 3. west. Nevis is a small but beautiful and fertile spot, consisting of one conical mountain about twenty-four miles in circumference, and containing an area of twenty square miles. That this island is of volcanic formation appears evident from a crater being visible on the summit; and the prevalence of sulphur in various parts affords additional proof of the fact. It is beautifully green, perfectly cultivated, and a complete forest of ever-green trees grows like a ruff or collar round the neck of the high land, where cultivation ceases. Its natural fertility is enhanced by an abundant supply of water; and sugar, the staple product, is raised in considerable quantities. Charlestown, the seat of government, lies along the shore of a wide curving bay, and the mountain begins to rise immediately behind it in a long and verdant acclivity. The court-house is a handsome building, with a square in front; it contains a hall on the ground floor for the assembly and the courts of law, and another room up stairs for the council. The island is divided into five parishes, and it has three tolerable roadsteads. In 1831, the population amounted to 500 whites, 2000 free coloured, and 8722 slaves manumitted by the emancipation act; in all, 11,222. The shipping which entered inwards in 1832 amounted to 14,440 tons. The government is quietly and respectably conducted by its council and assembly, but is in certain respects subordinate to that of St Christophers.

The following is a statement of the commerce of this island with the united kingdom. The exports into Great Britain were, in 1834, sugar unrefined, 59,748 cwts., in 1835, 39,637 cwts.; rum, 23,286 gallons in 1834, and in 1835, 39,366 ditto; molasses, 5466 cwts. in 1834, and in 1835, 161 cwts.; arrow-root, 17,768 lbs. in 1835; and during the same year, 1267 lbs. of succades, and 3511 lbs. of cotton.

This island was originally settled by an English colony from St Christophers, and, by the wise management of the first government, it soon became very flourishing. It was taken by the French in 1706, but restored at the peace of Utrecht. In the year 1782 it was again taken by the French, but restored at the peace in 1783.
NEVYN, or Nefin, a borough-town of the county of Caernarvon and hundred of Dinlaen, in North Wales, 249 miles from London. At this place Edward I. triumphed after his conquest of Wales in 1284. It is a borough, and, conjointly with Caernarvon, Pwllehi, Conway, Bangor, and Cricceth, returns one member to the House of Commons. The population amounted in 1801 to 1028, in 1811 to 1177, in 1821 to 1614, and in 1831 to 1726.
NEW ABBEY, situated near Kilcullen Bridge, in the county of Kildare, and province of Leinster, in Ireland. It was founded by Rowland Eustace, a man of ancient family in that county. The tower is still standing, and also some part of the abbey; the ruins of which have contributed to build several dwellings near it.
NEWARK, a town of the county of Nottingham, in the hundred of its own name, 121 miles from London. It is situated in a rich district, watered by the river Trent, over which there is a bridge, and an access to it by a fine road constructed on arches, so as to escape those inundations to which that part of the river is liable. Newark is a well-built town, with a fine market-place and a magnificent town-hall. The church is considered as one of the finest in the kingdom, and its spire is lofty and elegant. It was erected by King Henry V. A strong castle was built here by King Stephen, the walls of which are still to be traced. The town has withstood several sieges, the last of which occurred in the civil wars of the reign of Charles I., when it was taken after a long defence by the forces of the parliament. Newark was incorporated by Charles II. in gratitude for the defence it had made in his father’s cause. It sends two members to parliament. There is a well-supplied market, which is held on Saturday. The population amount [7:16:147] ed in 1801 to 6730, in 1811 to 7236, in 1821 to 8084, and in 1831 to 9557.

Newark, a post-town, and the capital of Essex county, New Jersey, one of the United States of North America. It is finely situated on the west side of Passaic River, six or seven miles by the course of the river above its mouth. It is handsomely built, and contains a court-house, a jail, two banks, an academy, and several places of public worship. The principal manufactures are those of shoes, leather, coaches, fancy chairs, and cabinet work. Morris Canal passes through Newark. In 1820 the population amounted to 6507, and in 1830 to 1'0,953.
NEWBALD CAPE, a projecting point on the northern coast of New Holland, near the entrance into the Gulf of Carpentaria.
NEW BEDFORD, a town of Massachusetts. See the article Massachusetts.
NEWBERN, a post-town and port of entry in North Carolina, North America. It is very pleasantly situated on the south-western bank of the Neuse, at the junction of the Trent. It contains a court-house and other public buildings, including several places of public worship. Being considered healthy, as well as eligibly situated for trade, Newbern enjoys considerable commerce, the exports being principally of grain, pork, lumber, and naval stores. A steam-boat plies between this place and Elizabeth city, and thus connects it with the great routes to the northward, and to Charlestown. The population in 1820 amounted to 3363, and in 1830 to 3776.
NEWBOROUGH, or Newburgh, a borough-town of North Wales, in the island of Anglesey, and hundred of Menai, 257 miles from London, and twelve from Beaumaris. It was once the residence of the princes of Anglesey, and a corporation founded by Edward I. There is a market, which is held on Tuesday. The population amounted in 1801 to 599, in 1811 to 750, in 1821 to 756, and in 1831 to 804.
NEWBURY, a market-town of Berkshire, in the hundred of Faircross, fifty-three miles from London. It is situated in a beautiful valley, through which runs the river Kennet, which being joined by a canal with the Avon, forms a water communication between Bristol and London. The great road to the former city is at the end of this town. It was famous for its woollen trade in the reign of Henry VIII.; and it is related that Jack of Newbury sent one hundred of his clothiers, armed at his own expense, on the expedition which terminated in the battle of Flodden. Several of the public buildings and charitable endowments were founded by the same individual. That trade by which his wealth was gained has disappeared. The town is well built, the streets are wide, and the buildings handsome. The principal trade is that which arises from the transit of goods on the canals and the river Kennet. It was incorporated by Queen Elizabeth, and is governed by a mayor or high steward, and aldermen, but has never sent members to parliament. Near this town two battles were fought during the civil war between Charles I. and the parliament. There is a large market, which is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 4275, in 1811 to 4898, in 1821 to 5347, and in 1831 to 5959.
NEWEL, a circle of the Russian province Witepsk, extending in north latitude from 55. 45. to 56. 20., and in east longitude from 28. 54. to 30. 21. It contains four towns, and 1872 hamlets or farms, in eighteen Greek and twelve united parishes, having a population of 69,430 inhabitants. The capital is a town of the same name, 388 miles from St Petersburg, on the lake Newelskoi, at the mouth of the river Emerka. It contains three churches, 434 houses, and 2860 inhabitants. Long. 29. 30. E. Lat. 55. 58. N.
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NEWENT, a market-town of the county of Gloucester, in the hundred of Botloe, 108 miles from London. It is a small town, and what little trade it enjoys arises from its market on Friday, and from the canal from Gloucester to Ledbury, which passes near to it. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2354, in 1811 to 2538, in 1821 to 2660, and in 1831 to 2859.
NEW GALLOWAY, a small royal burgh of Scotland, in the centre of the stewartry of Kircudbright. It is pleasantly situated on the western bank of the Ken. The town is formed of a single street, stretching along the public road. The parish church is about half a mile from the town, on the north side. There is attached to the townhouse a criminal and debtor’s jail, surmounted by a steeple and town clock. Below the town a handsome stone bridge was erected over the river in 1822. The inhabitants are entirely supported by the retail trade arising from the demands of the population of the surrounding country. It was erected into a royal burgh in 1629. By the set or constitution which, in 1708, received the sanction of the convention of royal burghs, the town ought to be governed by a provost, two bailies, a treasurer, and fifteen councillors; but as the parliamentary constituency do not amount to that number, the council is never complete. It has no funds or property of any description, with the exception of customs and small dues, which do not amount to L.3 yearly. It returns a member to parliament along with Wigton, Stranraer, and Whithorn. The population amounts to about 500.
NEW HOLLAND. See Australasia.
NEWINGTON, a parish of the county of Surrey, in the hundred of Brixton. It is nearly adjacent to London, or rather to Southwark, and by the reform act contributes to the election of two members of parliament along with Lambeth and Camberwell It is frequently called Newington-Butts, from having formerly been the place where the citizens of London practised archery. The population amounted in 1801 to 14,847, in 1811 to 23,853, in 1821 to 33,047, and in 1831 to 44,526.

Newington-Stoke, a parish in the county of Middlesex, and hundred of Ossulton, two miles and a half from London, on the road from Shoreditch. The population amounted in 1801 to 1462, in 1811 to 2149, in 1821 to 2670, and in 1831 to 3480.
NEW LONDON, a city and port of entry in Connecticut, North America, situated on the western bank of the river Thames, about three miles from its mouth. The town is irregularly laid out, but has convenient public buildings, and several churches for various denominations of Christians. The harbour is the best in the state. It is defended by Fort Trumbull on the western side of the river, and by Fort Griswold on the eastern side, in Groton. A lighthouse has been erected upon a point which projects considerably into the Sound. The commerce is extensive.
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and packets and steam-boats ply regularly between this port and New York. The population in 1836 was about 6000. Long. 72. 9. W. Lat. 4L 22. N.
NEWMILLS, a considerable burgh of barony, situated on the right bank of the river Irvine, in the parish of Loudon, Ayrshire. It was erected by royal charter in 1490. The inhabitants are generally weavers. There are about 140 burgesses, who pay a small sum at admission, which is applied in keeping the streets in repair. The whole income of the burgh consists in the customs, public green, and feu-duties, which in all do not yield L.10 per annum. In the town there is the parish church, and a meetinghouse belonging to the United Secession body. A good market is held weekly, and five annual fairs may likewise be held. The burgh is governed by two bailies, a chancellor, treasurer, twelve councillors, and a town-clerk. The population in 1821 amounted to 1543, and in 1831 to 1650.
NEW ORLEANS. See the article Louisiana.
NEW ROSS (anciently Roseponte) is not, as its name might import, a new town, but one of considerable antiquity, and is called new only to distinguish it from an older place in the neighbourhood, also called Ross, but now of no importance. New Ross is denominated an ancient borough in the charter which was granted to it by James I. It is situated on the left bank of the river Barron, in the county of Wexford, at the distance of eighty-six statute miles from Dublin. The river is navigable up to the town for vessels of 200 tons burden. On the banks are extensive quays and lofty warehouses. A wooden bridge over the Barron connects the town with the county of Kilkenny. A thriving export trade is carried on in agricultural produce, and the commerce of the town is increasing, and likely to increase considerably. Great advantages are expected to accrue from the port having been opened by the lords of the treasury for the importation and bonding of customable goods; and a communication is contemplated with Kilkenny by means of inland navigation. The place was formerly enclosed by walls, and regularly fortified, yet it made but a feeble resistance to the army of Cromwell. In 1798, an obstinate and bloody conflict ensued here between the king’s troops and the insurgents. The borough of New Ross returns one member to parliament. In 1831 the population stood thus: Males, 2173; females, 2838; total, 5011. The families chiefly employed in agriculture were eighteen; in trade, manufactures, and handicraft, 532; not comprised in the two preceding classes, 578; total, 1128.
NEWTON, a town of the county of Lancaster, in the parish ofWinwick, and the hundred of West Derby, distant 179 miles from London. It is a borough, and was a market-town, and it had the right of electing two members to the House of Commons, but has been disfranchised. It has some trade in cotton goods. The population amounted in 1801 to 1455, in 1811 to 1589, in 1821 to 1643, and in 1831 to 2139.

Newton, a town in the Isle of Wight, within the parish of Colbourn, which formerly returned two members to the House of Commons, but has been disfranchised. It has a good harbour, which, however, is but little resorted to.

Newton, a market-town of the county of Montgomery, in South Wales, distant 178 miles from London, and sometimes called Trenewydd. It is situated in a pleasant and fertile district on the banks of the Severn. It shares with Montgomery and four other towns the right of electing one member to the House of Commons. It has a market, which is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 990, in 1811 to 2025, in 1821 to 3486, and in 1831 to 4550.

Newton-Bushel, a town of the county of Devon, 187 miles distant from London. It is situated on the river Teign, about four miles from its mouth, in Torbay. There is a market, which is held on Wednesday. As it is composed of portions of two parishes, the population of the town in the last census is not distinguished from that of the parishes.
NEWTON-STEWART, a small town in the county of Wigtön, and parish of Penninghame, Scotland. It extends about a mile on the right bank of the river Cree, and consists of one long street, in which is the tolbooth, and a very short one along the old road to Glenluce. It is connected with Creebridge, a village of about 220 inhabitants, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, by an elegant bridge of granite over the river Cree. The post-road from London to Portpatrick passes through the town. The first houses were built in 1701, and for many years the number seems to have been small. It was erected into a burgh of barony about the year 1780, by the then proprietor, under the name of Newton-Douglas; but the original name has been again assumed. About the year 1793, a cotton manufactory was established on the banks of the Cree, at an expense of L;20,000; but the speculation did not succeed, and it was eventually given up. The whole property belonging to the company was purchased in 1830 by the Earl of Galloway, who is superior of the town. Cotton weaving forms a considerable part of the trade of the place; but it has diminished much of late years. The curing of bacon has been carried on for several years back, and the amount brought by the curers has yielded from L.5000 to L.7000 annually to the inhabitants of the surrounding district. There are several tan-works, and an extensive brewery, in full operation. Vessels of from thirty-five to seventy and eighty tons registered burden, and even some of a larger size, sail up the Cree to within a mile of Newton-Stewart. Their cargoes generally consist of coals, lime, and merchants’ goods. Besides the parish school, there is an endowment, called the Douglas School, for the education of the children belonging to the place. Arrangements are at present (1837) in a state of forwardness to erect a new parish church, instead of the old church, built in 1777. There are other three places of worship in the town, one belonging to the Relief body, one to the Reformed or Cameronian presbytery, and a Roman Catholic chapel. There is a weekly market held on Friday, and various cattle markets throughout the year. The population amounted in 1821 to 1774, and in 1831 to 2260.
NEWTY FORT, a small fortress of Hindustan, on the western coast of the province of Concan, situated on the southern bank of a small river. Long. 73.40. E. Lat 15. 56. N.
NEW YEAR’S GIFTS, presents made on the first day of the new year. Nonius Marcellus refers the origin of this custom amongst the Romans to Tatius king of the Sabines, who reigned at Rome conjointly with Romulus, and who having considered as a good omen a present of some branches that had been cut in a wood consecrated to Strenia, the goddess of strength, which he received on the first day of the new year, authorized this custom afterwards, and gave to these presents the name of strenae. However this may be, the Romans on that day celebrated a festival in honour of Janus, and at the same time paid their respects to Juno; but they did not pass it in idleness, lest they should become indolent during the rest of the year. They sent presents to one another, of figs, dates, honey, and other things, to show their friends that they wished them a happy and agreeable life. Clients, that is to say, those who were under the protection of the great, carried presents of this kind to their patrons, adding to them a small piece of silver. Under Augustus, the senate, the knights, and the people presented such gifts to the emperor, and in his absence deposited them in the Capitol. Of the succeeding princes, some adopted this custom and others abolished it; but it always continued amongst the people. The early Christians condemned it, because it appeared to be a relic of paganism and a species of superstition; but when it began to have no other object than that of serving as a mark of benevolence and esteem, the church ceased to disapprove of it.
NEXI, amongst the Romans, were free-born persons who had been reduced to a state of slavery for debt. By the laws of the twelve tables it was ordained, that insolvent debtors should be giv,en up to their creditors, to be bound in fetters and cords; and though they did not entirely lose the rights of freemen, yet they were often treated more harshly than the slaves themselves. If any one was indebted to several persons, and could not within sixty days find a surety, his body according to some, but according to others his effects, might be cut in pieces, and divided amongst his creditors. The latter opinion seems the more probable, as Livy mentions a law by which creditors had a right to attach the goods but not the persons of their debtors.
NEYER, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Cutch, situated about the twenty-fourth degree of north latitude, and bounded on the south-east by the fenny tract called the Runn. The country has been but imperfectly explored, and is of an arid and sandy nature, being intersected by no streams or rivers. Water is procured from deep wells, which in many seasons afford but a precarious supply. The inhabitants are generally thieves and depredators. The country abounds in horses of a very superior quality, which enables the plundering rajpoots to extend their ravages far and wide. The Coolies, also, who inhabit this tract, are very curiously armed with a curved stick like the blade of a sabre. This is burnt and made extremely hard, and thrown to the distance of 120 yards, at which distance they can break a man’s leg, or kill him if they strike him on the head.
NGANCHAN, a city of the first rank, in Koeitchoo, being situated in a mountainous country, which, owing to the rudeness of the inhabitants, is in an unimproved state. Long. 105. 31. E. Lat. 26. 12. N.
NGANLO, a town of China, of the first rank, in Houquang, being situated on the river Han, in an extensive and fruitful plain. It carries on a considerable trade. Long. 111. 24. E. Lat 31. 14. N,
NHING-KOUE, a city of China, of the first rank, in the western part of the province of Kiangnan, being situated in a mountainous and woody country, abounding in medicinal plants. It has considerable manufactures of paper. Long. 118. 24. E. Lat. 31. 2. N.
NIAGUR, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the Nagpoor Mahrattas, and situated in the province of Gundwana, twenty-eight miles north-north-west from Ruttunpoor. Long. 82. IL E. Lat. 22. 22. N.
NIAS ISLE. See Neas Isle.
NICANDRO, St, a city of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Capitanata. It stands on the river Gargano, and contains 7090 inhabitants.
NICARIA, an island of the archipelago, between Samos and Tine, about fifty miles in circumference. A chain of high mountains, covered with wood, runs through the middle, and supplies the country with springs. It produces wheat, barley, figs, honey, and wax.
NICASTRO, a city of the province of Calabria Ulteriore, in the kingdom of Naples, being situated on the river Polito, in a district abounding in‘olives, and yielding rice, wheat, and other corn, with excellent wine. It is surrounded with walls, and contains 6100 inhabitants.
NICE, a part of the continental dominions of the king of Sardinia, and usually distinguished as a countship. It extends in east longitude from 6. 27. to 7. 51. and in north latitude from 43. 45. to 44. 28., and contains 1430 square miles. It is divided into four provinces, viz. Nice, Sospello, Oneglia, and Monaco; and it is said to contain 200,000 inhabitants. The city of Nice is the capital of the countship, as well as of the province of its own name. It is situated on the shore of the Mediterranean, in the Gulf of Genoa, where the Paglion falls into the sea. It has an artificial haven, capable of containing 200 vessels, and is protected from the waves by a long mole. It is fortified both towards the land and towards the sea. It contains narrow, gloomy, and filthy streets, but, from some of the terraces on the shore, it has fine prospects towards the sea, including the hills near Genoa, and the distant mountains of Corsica. It contains a cathedral, two parish churches, fifteen monasteries, four nunneries, several oratories, and two hospitals, with 2000 houses, a few of them very magnificent, with 19,645 inhabitants. There is an extensive trade in silk, and in liqueurs, essences,perfumes,and soaps; and the fishery is a considerable source of employment. It was the birth-place of the painter Vanloo, and of the celebrated mathematician Cassini. Long. 7. 10. E. Lat. 43. 41. N.