pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
EXERCISE, amongst physicians, such movement and agitation of the body as produce salutary effects in the animal economy.

Exercise may be said to be either active or passive. Active exercise consists in walking, hunting, dancing, playing at bowls, and the like; as also in speaking and other labours of the body and mind. Passive exercise consists in riding in a coach, on horseback, or in any other manner. Boerhaave recommends bodily exercise in diseases of a weak and lax fibre. By riding on horseback, says his commentator, the pendulous viscera of the abdomen are shaken every moment, and gently rubbed as it were one against another, whilst in the mean time the pure air acts on the lungs with greater force. Sailing in a ship is also an exercise of great use to weak people. If the vessel proceeds with an even motion, by increasing perspiration it usually excites a wonderful alacrity, creates an appetite, and promotes digestion. These exercises arc more especially serviceable to weak people; but, in order to strengthen the body by muscular motion, running and bodily exercises are to be used. In the latter, however, persons should begin with the most gentle, such as walking, and increase it by degrees till they come to running. Those exercises of the body are most especially serviceable which at the same time give pleasure or occupation to the mind, as tennis, fencing, and the like; for which reason, the wisdom of antiquity appointed rewards to those who excelled in gymnastic exercises, that the bodies of their youth might be prepared for enduring warlike toils.

Exercise, in military affairs, is the ranging a body of soldiers in order of battle, and making them perform the several motions and military evolutions necessary to render them expert in the use of their arms. See War.
EXERGUM, among antiquaries, a little space around or without the figures of a medal, left for the inscription, cipher, device, date, and so forth.
EXETER, a large city, the capital of the county of Devon, 170 miles from London. It rises gradually from the banks of the river Ex; and the whole city being on a declivity, it i s remarkably clean, notwithstanding the narrowness of all but the principal street. The best parts are without the line of the ancient walls; and both the suburbs of Southernay and Nornay are beautiful and well built. The surrounding country is highly fruitful, affording good 0r , tl > pasture, dairy, and fattening land, and abounding in ru, fi especially apples, from which the best of cider is P entifully yielded. These circumstances, with the cheapness offish and poultry, and the salubrity of the air, con- ∏bute to attract to Exeter numerous families of easy but moderate fortune.

Exeter was formerly the emporium of the thinner kind 0 woollen goods, such as serges, druggets, estamines, and long ells, which were spun and woven in the towns around, and dyed and finished within the city. From thence they were shipped to Holland, Italy, and especially to Spain, and many were supplied to the East India Company; but the introduction of machinery, and the lower price of fuel in the north of England, have now nearly destroyed those branches of trade, with the exception of that for the supply of India, which is still considerable. As Exeter is a kind of metropolis for Devon and Cornwall, it has considerable internal trade, and is the channel by which these counties are supplied with many' foreign commodities. 1he river Ex is so far navigable that, by means of locks, vessels of 150 tons burden can come up to the city; but those of greater draught of water remain at Topsham,’ three miles lower, and the largest of all at Exmouth, at the mouth of the river. Exeter contains a cathedral and fifteen other churches, besides several other places of worship for the separatists from the establishment. The cathedral is a magnificent pile, a part being very old, but many additions are of more recent construction, though on the plan originally formed. The western window is an object of peculiar admiration. The sec includes nearly the whole of Devonshire and Cornwall. It was first founded at Bodmin, then transferred to Taunton, afterwards to Crediton, and finally', in 1094, to Exeter. The city is governed by a corporate body, consisting of the mayor, twenty-four aldermen, and other officers. Two members are returned to the House of Commons. The markets are held on Wednesday and Friday, and there is a good fish-market daily. The population amounted in 1801 to 16,827, in 1811 to 18,896, in 1821 to 23,479, and in 1831 to 28,201.
EXFOLIATION, a term used by' surgeons for the separation of the dead part of a bone from the living part.
EXHALATION, a general term for all effluvia or steams raised from the surface of the earth in form of vapour.
EXHEREDATION, in the civil law, is the father’s excluding his sons from inheriting his estate.

There are fourteen causes of exheredation, expressed in Justinian’s Novellae, without some one of which he declares the exheredation null, and the testament inofficious, as the civilians express it. Indeed, by the ancient Roman law, the father might pronounce exheredation without any cause; but the rigour of this law was restrained and moderated by Justinian.
EXHIBITION, in Law, a producing or showing of titles, authorities, and other proofs, in a matter contested.

Exhibition, in our old writers, is used to signify an allowance of meat and drink, such as was customary amongst the religious appropriators of churches, who usually made it to the vicar incumbent. The benefactions settled for the maintaining of scholars in the universities not depending on the foundation, are also called exhibitions.
EXHORTATION, in Rhetoric, differs only from persuasion in that the latter principally endeavours to convince the understanding, and the former to work on the affections.
EXIGENTERS, four officers in the court of common pleas, who make exigents and proclamations in all actions where process of outlawry lies.
EXILE. Among the Romans, the word exilium properly signified an interdiction or exclusion from water and fire; the necessary consequence of which was, that the interdicted person had to betake himself to some other country, as there was no living without fire and water in his own. Thus Cicero observes, that the form of the sentence did not express exilium, but only aquae et ignis interdictio ; and he also remarks that exile was not properly a punishment, but a voluntarily flying from or avoiding the punishment decreed: Exilium non esse supplicium, sed perfugium ροrtusque supplicii. He adds that there was no crime among the Romans, as among other nations, punished with exile; but exile was a resource of which people voluntarily availed themselves, in order to avoid chains, ignominy, famine, or death.

The Athenians frequently sent their generals and great men into exile, out of envy of their merits, or distrust of their authority and influence in the state.
EXISTENCE, that by which any thing has an actual essence, or is said to be. See Metaphysics.
EXIT properly expresses the departure of a player born the stage, when he has performed his part. The ' y ord is also used in a figurative sense, to express any kind 0 departure, even death.
EXITERIA, in Antiquity, oblations or prayers to any of the gods for a prosperous expedition or journey. There were also feasts under this denomination, which were celebrated by the Greeks with sacrifices and prayers, when their generals undertook expeditions against an enemy.
EXMOUTH, a town in Devonshire, 166 miles from London, part of the parish of Littleham, and part of Withycombe Rawleigh, in the hundred of East Budleigh. It is situated on the north side of the Ex, at its entrance into the sea. It has risen within a few years, from having become the resort of company for sea-bathing in summer, and in winter the residence of those suffering under pulmonary complaints. The air is salubrious, and the prospects around are beautiful. The population of Exmouth amounted in 1801 to 1909, in 1811 to 2294, and in 1821 to 2640.
EXODIARY, in the ancient Roman tragedy, was the person who, after the drama or play was ended, sun°∙ the Exodium.
EXODIUM, in the ancient Greek drama, one of the four parts or divisions of a tragedy, being as much of the piece as included the unravelling and catastrophe of the plot, and answering nearly to our fourth and fifth acts.

Exodium, amongst the Romans, consisted of certain humorous verses rehearsed by the exodiary at the end of the Fabulae Atellanoe. Exodium, in the Septuagint, signifies the end or conclusion of a feast; and, in particular, it is used for the eighth day of the feast of tabernacles, which, it is said, had a special view to the commemoration of the exodus or departure out of Egypt.
EXODUS, a canonical book of the Old Testament, being the second of the Pentateuch or five books of Moses; so called from the Greek word fξoδoς, the going out or departure of the children of Israel from the land of Egypt; the history of which is delivered in this book, together with that of many miracles wrought on the occasion.
EXORCISM, the expelling of devils from persons possessed, by means of conjurations and prayers. The Jews made great pretences to this power; and Josephus tells several wonderful tales of the success of several performers in this line. According to him, a pretender named Eleazer cured many daemoniacs by means of a root set in a ring. This root, with the ring, was held under the patient’s nose, and the devil forthwith evacuated the tenement of which he had taken possession. The most part of the conjurors of this class were impostors, each pretending to a secret nostrum or charm, which was an overmatch for the devil.

Exorcism forms no inconsiderable part of the religious system of the church of Rome, the rituals of which forbid the exorcising of any person without the bishop’s leave. The ceremony is performed at the lower end of the church, towards the door. The exorcist first signs the possessed person with the figure of the cross, makes him kneel, and sprinkles him with holy water; then follow the litanies, psalms, and prayer; after which the exorcist asks the devil his name, and adjures him by the holy mysteries of the Christian religion not to afflict the person possessed any more. Then, laying his right hand on the daemoniac’s head, he repeats the form of exorcism as follows: “I exorcise thee, unclean spirit, in the name of Jesus Christ; tremble, 0 Satan, thou enemy of the faith, thou foe of mankind, who hast brought death into the world, who hast deprived men of life, and hast rebelled against justice; thou seducer of mankind, thou root of evil, thou source of avarice, discord, and envy.” Houses and other places supposed to be haunted by unclean spirits are likewise exorcised; and the ceremony is much the same as that for persons possessed.
EXORCISTS, in Ecclesiastical History, an order of men in the ancient church, whose employment it was to exorcise or cast out devils.
EXORDIUM, in Oratory, is the preamble or beginning, which serves to prepare the audience for the rest of the discourse. Exordiums are of two kinds, either just and formal, or vehement and abrupt. The latter are more [7:9:466]suitable on occasions of extraordinary joy, indignation, or excitement.
EXOTERIC and Esoteric are terms denoting external and internal, and applied to the double doctrine of the ancient philosophers, particularly those of the Peripatetic school. The one was public or exoteric ; the other secret or esoteric. The first was that which they openly professed and taught to the world; the latter was confined to a small number of chosen disciples. This method was derived originally from the Egyptians, who, according to the united testimony of Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Plutarch, and others, had a twofold philosophy; one secret and sacred, another public and common. The same practice also obtained amongst the Persian Magi, the Druids of the Gauls, and the Brahmins of India. The Egyptian priests with whom it originated sustained the character of judges and magistrates, and probably introduced this distinction with a view to the public welfare, and to serve the purposes of legislation and government. Clemens Alexandrinus informs us, that they communicated their mysteries principally to those who were concerned in the administration of the state; and Plutarch confirms this declaration. Others, however, have supposed that they invented the fables of their gods and heroes, and the external ceremonies of their religion, to disguise and conceal natural and moral truths; but whatever may have been the motive of their practice, it was certainly applied to political purposes.
EXOTIC, a term properly signifying foreign or extraneous, that is, brought from a remote or strange country. In this sense we sometimes say exotic or barbarous terms, and the like. The word is derived from the Greek iξω, or ίξωάεν, extra, without, or on the outside.

Exotic is chiefly applied to plants which are natives of foreign countries, particularly those brought from the East or West Indies, and which do not naturally grow in Europe.
EXPANSION, in Physics, denotes the enlargement or increase of bulk in bodies, chiefly by means of heat. This is one of the most general effects of that subtile principle, and common to all bodies whatever, whether solid or fluid. In some few cases, indeed, bodies seem to expand as they grow cold, as water in the act of freezing; but this is found to be owing to a new arrangement of the particles, or to crystallization, and is not at all a regular and gradual expansion like that of metals, or any other solid or fluid substance by means of heat. In certain metals also, an expansion takes place when they pass from a fluid to a solid state; but this too is not to be accounted any proper effect of cold, but of the arrangement of the parts of a metal in a peculiar manner; and it is therefore to be ascribed to a kind of crystallization.
EXPECTATION, in the doctrine of chances, is applied to any contingent event, and is capable of being reduced to the rules of computation. Thus a sum of money in expectation when a particular event happens, has a determinate value before that event arrives; so that if a person is to receive any sum, say L.10, when an event takes place which has an equal probability of happening and failing, the value of the expectation is half that sum, or L.5; and in all cases the expectation of obtaining any sum is estimated by multiplying the value of the sum expected by the fraction which represents the probability of obtaining it. The expectation of a person who has three chances in five of obtaining L.100, is equal to f- × 100, or L.60, and the probability of obtaining L.100 in this case is equal to = J.

Expectation of Life signifies that share or number of the years of human life, which a person of any given age may expect to enjoy upon an equality of chances. See Annuities.
EXPERIENCE, a kind of knowledge acquired bylongi use, without any teacher or particular course of inquiry.
EXPERIMENTAL Philosophy is that which has its foundation in experience, wherein nothing is assumed as a truth but that which is founded upon ocular demonstration, or which cannot be denied without violating the common sense and perceptions of mankind. See Philosophy and Physics.
EXPERIMENTUM Crucis, a capital, leading, or decisive experiment, which is so termed, either on account of its being like a cross, or direction-post placed in the meeting of several roads, guiding men to the true knowledge of the nature of that thing they are inquiring after; or on account of its being a kind of torture, by means of which the nature of the thing is as it were extorted by force.
EXPIATION, a religious act, by which satisfaction or atonement is made for the commission of some crime, the guilt done away, and the obligation to punishment cancelled.

Expiations amongst the heathens were of several kinds, as sacrifices and religious washings. They were used for effacing a crime, or averting any calamity, and on numberless other occasions, as purifying towns, temples, and sacred places, and armies before and after battle; and they were performed in behalf of whole cities, as well as of particular persons.

The method of expiation amongst the Jews was chiefly by sacrifice, whether for sins of ignorance, or in order to purify themselves from certain pollutions.

Feast of Expiation, amongst the Jews, called by our translators the Day of Atonement, was held on the tenth day of Tisri, or the seventh month of the Jewish year, answering to part of our September and October. On that day the high-priest entered into the holy place, confessed his sins, and, after several ceremonies, made an atonement for all the people, in order to cleanse them from their sins.
EXPONENT, in Algebra, the same with index.

Exponent is also used in arithmetic, in the same sense as index or logarithm.

Exponential Calculus, the method of differencing, or finding the fluxions of exponential quantities, and of summing up those differences, or finding their fluents.

Exponential Curve is that the nature of which is defined or expressed by an exponential equation; as the curve denoted by a x = y, or by X x — y. Exponential Equation is one in which is contained an exponential quantity; as the equation a x — b, or x x — ab, and the like.

Exponential Quantity is that the power of which is a variable quantity; as the expression α x , or x y . Exponential quantities are of several degrees and orders, according to the number of exponents or powers.
EXPOSING, the act of putting out a thing to public view. In the Roman Catholic church the sacrament is said to be exposed, when it is shown in public uncovered, on festival days and during the time of plenary indulgences.

EXPOSING of Children, a barbarous custom practised by most of the ancient nations, excepting the Thebans, who had an express law by which it was made capital to expose children, and at the same time ordained that such as were not in a condition to educate their offspring should bring them to the magistrates, that they might be brought up at the public expense. Amongst the other Greeks, when a child was born, it was laid on the ground; and if the father designed to educate it, he immediately took it up, but if he forbore to do so, the child was carried away and exposed. The Lacedaemonians indeed had a different custom: with them all new-born children were brought before certain persons, who were among the gravest in their own tribes, by whom the infants were carefully examined; and if the latter were found lusty and well favoured, orders were given for their education, and a certain proportion of land allotted for their maintenance; but if weakly or deformed, they were ordered to be cast into a deep cavern in the earth, near the mountain Taygetus, as it was thought neither for the good of the infants themselves nor for the public interest, that defective children should be brought up. Many persons exposed their children only because they were not in a condition to educate them; and it was the unhappy fate of daughters especially to be thus treated, as it required more to educate and settle them in the world than sons.

The parents frequently tied jewels and rings to the children whom they exposed, or any other thing by which they might afterwards discover them, if Providence pro vided for their safety; or perhaps the design was either to encourage such as found them to nourish and educate them, if alive, or to give them human burial if dead. The places where it was usual to expose children were such as people frequented most. This was done in order that they might be found and taken up by compassionate persons who were in circumstances to defray the expense of their education. With this intention the Egyptians and Romans chose the banks of rivers, and the Greeks the highways and thoroughfares.
EXPOSITION, in general, denotes the setting a thing open to public view.

Exposition, in a literary sense, is the explaining an author, passage, writing, or the like, and setting the meaning in an obvious and clear light.
EXPOSITOR, or Expository, a title which some writers have given to a lesser kind of dictionary or vocabulary, serving to expound or explain the meaning of the obscure or difficult words of a language. It is also used in the same sense with commentary and paraphrase.
EX-POST-FACTO, in Law, denotes something done after another thing that was done before.
EXPOSTULATION, in Rhetoric, an address to a person who has done another some injury, representing the wrong in the strongest terms, and demanding redress.
EXPRESSED Oils, such oils as are obtained from bodies by pressure.
EXPRESSION, in Rhetoric, the elocution, diction, or choice of words in a discourse.

Expression, in Painting, a natural and lively representation of the subject, or of the several objects intended to be shown. The expression consists chiefly in representing the human body and all its parts in the action suitable to it; in exhibiting the several passions proper to the figures; and in observing the motions they impress on the external parts.
EXSICCATION (formed from ex, and siccus, dry), in Chemistry, the act of drying up or evaporating the moisture of a thing.
EXSPIRATION, in Physiology, that part of respiration by which the air is expelled or driven out of the lungs.
EXTASY, a transport which suspends the functions of the senses, by the intense contemplation of some extraordinary or supernatural object.

Extasy, in Medicine, a species of catalepsy, when a person perfectly remembers, after the paroxysm is over, the ideas which he conceived during the time it lasted.
EXTENSION, in Philosophy, one of the common and essential properties of body; or that by which it possesses or occupies some part of universal space, which is called the place of that body. See Metaphysics.
EXTENSOR, an appellation given to several muscles, from their extending or stretching the parts to which they belong.
EXTENT, in Law, is used in a double sense. Sometimes it signifies a writ or command to the sheriff for the valuing of lands or tenements; and sometimes the act of the sheriff, or other commissioner, upon this writ.
EXTERNAL, a term of relation applied to the surface or outside of a body, or that part which appears or presents itself to the eye or touch, in contradistinction to internal. t .

External is also used to signify any thing that is without a man, or that is not within himself, particularly ι∏ his mind; in which sense we say, external objects, extθ r ' nal nature, and the like.
EXTIRPATION, formed from ex, and stirps, a root, the act of pulling up or destroying a thing to ⅛ e ; el T roots. Amongst the prayers of the Roman Catholic jubι ee, there is one for the extirpation of heresy.
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EXTISPEX, in Antiquity, the person who drew presages from viewing the entrails of animals offered in sacrifice.
EXTORTION is an illegal wresting of any thing from a person, either by force, menace, or authority.
EXTRACTION, in Chemistry and Pharmacy, the operation by which essences, tinctures, and the like, are drawn from natural bodies.

Extraction, in genealogy, implies the stock or family from which a person is descended.

Extraction of Roots, in Algebra and Arithmetic, is the method of finding the roots of given numbers or quantities. See Algebra and Arithmetic.
EXTRAORDINARII, amongst the Romans, was a body of men consisting of the third part of the foreign horse and a fifth of the foot, which was separated from the rest of the forces borrowed from the confederate states with great policy and caution, in order to prevent any design which they might possibly entertain against the natural forces. A more choice body of men were drawn from among the extraordinarii, under the name of ablectì.
EXTRAORDINARY, something out of the common course.

Extraordinary Couriers are those sent expressly on some urgent occasion.

Extraordinary Ambassador, or envoy, is one who is sent to treat or negotiate some special and important affair, as a marriage, a treaty, confederacy, or even on occasion of some ceremony, as condolence, congratulation, and the like.

A gazette, journal, or other newspaper extraordinary, is that which is published after some notable event, containing the detail or particulars thereof.