pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ALENCON, an arrondissement in the department of the Orne, in the north-west of France, comprehending an extent of 416 square miles, or 266,240 English acres. It is divided into six cantons, in which are 72,418 inhabitants. The capital bears the same name. It stands on the river Sarthe, and contains 13,230 inhabitants, who are employed in manufactures of iron, glass, leather, and some other goods. It is in long. 0.10. E. lat. 48. 26. N.
ALENIO, Julius, a Jesuit, born at Brescia, in the republic of Venice. He travelled into the eastern countries, and arrived at Macao in 1610, where he taught mathematics. From thence he went to the empire of China, where he continued to propagate the Christian religion for 36 years. He was the first who planted the faith in die province of Xansi, and he built several churches in the province of Fokien. He died in August 1649, leaving behind him several works in the Chinese language.
ALENTEJO, one of the provinces into which the kingdom of Portugal is divided, deriving its name from its situation on the banks of the Tagus, in the Portuguese language Tejo. On the north it is bounded by the Portuguese Estremadura and Begra; on the east by Spanish Estremadura and Andalusia; on the south by Algarve; and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, except in that part where the district of St Ubes, which is a port of Portuguese Estremadura, interposes betwixt it and the sea. Its extent is 883 square leagues, and in 1798 the number of its inhabitants was 380,480. It is the largest province in the kingdom. Its surface is very unequal: towards Spanish Estremadura the soil is moderately fruitful, but towards Algarve the country is covered with extensive forests of oak, cork, holm, and other trees, especially on the northern sides of the Sierras de Monchique and Caldeiraon. The climate is considered unhealthful, especially in the summer months, when the waters, which are abundant, become stagnant. The province produces abundance of cattle; it yields more wheat than it consumes, and in part supplies Lisbon with that necessary. It grows sufficient wine for its own consumption, but is deficient in oil, which is occasionally supplied from Spanish Estremadura and Andalusia. The natural boundary, on the side of Spain, is the river Guadiana; but the territory of 01ivenza, extending over 110 square leagues, on the eastern side of that river, has, ever since the thirteenth century, been a part of Portugal; and the possession of it has been and still is an object of greater jealousy to the two nations, than its value to either will justify. The only rivers of this province which empty themselves into the ocean are the Tagus and the Odemira: the latter enters it near Villa Nova de Milfontes, and is navigable five leagues from its mouth to the town of its own name. The other streams run, some to the Guadiana, and the others to the Tagus. As this province presents a frontier to Spain, it is most abundantly provided with fortified places, which, if in a good state and well garrisoned, would become formidable auxiliaries in either offensive or defensive warfare; but in the late invasion by the armies of France, they were found to be of little practical benefit. This province is between 37. 20. and 39. 34. north latitude.
ALES, Alexander, a celebrated divine of the confession of Augsburg, was born at Edinburgh the 23d of April 1500. He soon made considerable progress in school divinity, and entered the lists very early against Luther, this being then the great controversy in fashion, and the grand field wherein all authors, young and old, used to display their abilities. Soon after, he had a share in the dispute which Patrick Hamilton maintained against the ecclesiastics, in favour of the new faith he had imbibed at Marburg. He endeavoured to bring him back to the Catholic religion; but this he could not effect, and even began himself to doubt about his own religion, being much affected by the discourse of this gentleman, and still more by the constancy he showed at the stake, where David Beaton, archbishop of St Andrews, caused him to be burnt. Beginning thus to waver, he was himself persecuted with so much violence, that he was obliged to retire into Germany, where he became at length a perfect convert to the Protestant religion. The change of religion which happened in England after the marriage of Henry VIII. with Anne Bullen, induced Ales to go to London in 1535. He was highly esteemed by Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, Latimer, and Thomas Cromwell, who were at that time in high favour with the king. Upon the fall of these favourites he was obliged to return to Germany, where the elector of Brandenburg appointed him professor of divinity at Frankfort on the Oder in 1540. But leaving this place Upon some disgust, he returned to Leipsic, where he was chosen professor of divinity, and died in March 1565. He wrote a commentary on St John, on the Epistles to Timothy, on the Psalms, &c.
ALESHAM, a small, neat town in Norfolk. It is 15

miles north of Norwich, and 121 north-east by north of London. Long. 0. 30. E. Lat. 52. 53. N.
ALESSANDRIA, a city of Italy, in the Sardinian dominions, situated on the east bank of the Tanaro, capital of the province of the same name. It is the see of a bishop, and, besides the cathedral, contains 12 churches, 2 collegiate churches, with 17 monasteries and nunneries. It has many fine public and private buildings. It is strongly fortified, and in the several successive hostilities in Italy has been attacked and defended with great fury. In the year 1816 it contained 30,312 inhabitants. Two great fairs are held here, when the city becomes a mart resorted to by merchants from all parts of Italy. It is in long. 8. 40. E. lat. 44. 57. N.

Alessandria, a province of the duchy of Piedmont, in the dominions of the king of Sardinia, bounded on the north by Casale, on the east by Mortara, Boghera, and Tortona, on the south-east by Genoa, on the south-west by Aqui, and on the west by Asti. The extent is 314 square miles, or 200,960 acres. It comprehends two cities, 29 towns and villages, and 12 hamlets. The country is a plain, with few elevations, and very fruitful; but suffers from a deficiency of water, though the Po and the Tanaro, with some other rivers, pass through it. The chief productions are wheat, maize, wine, and silk; but besides these, wood, madder, hemp, flax, and fruit, are raised in abundance. The population is very dense, amounting to 70,728 persons, mostly employed in agriculture, which is conducted on the system of garden cultivation.
ALET, a town of France, in the department of the Aude and district of Limoux, at the foot of the Pyrenees. It is remarkable for its baths, and for the grains of gold and silver found in the stream which runs from the Pyrenean mountains, at the foot of which it stands. It is seated on the river Aude, 15 miles south of Carcassone, and 37 north-west of Narbonne. Long. 2. 5. E. Lat. 42. 59. N.
ALEUROMANCY, the same with what was otherwise called alphitomantia, and crithomantia, and means an ancient kind of divination performed by means of meal or flour.
ALEXANDRIAN, in a particular sense, is applied to all those who professed or taught the sciences in the school of Alexandria. In this sense Clemens is denominated Alexandrinus, though born at Athens. The same may be said of Apion, who was born at Oasis; and Aristarchus, by birth a Samothraciam The chief Alexandrian philosophers were, Ammonius, Plotinus, Origen, Porphyry, Jamblicus, Sopater, Maximus, and Dexippus.

Alexandrian is more particularly understood of a college of priests, consecrated to the service of Alexander Severus after his deification. Lampridius relates, that notwithstanding Severus was killed by Maximin, the senate prosecuted his apotheosis, and, for regularity of worship, founded an order of priests or sodales, under the denomination of Alexandrìm. Alexandrian Manuscript, a famous copy of the Scriptures, consisting of four volumes, in a large quarto size, which contains the whole Bible in Greek, including the Old and New Testament, with the Apocrypha and some smaller pieces, but not quite complete. This manuscript is now preserved in the British Museum. It was sent as a present to King Charles I. from Cyrillus Lucaris, patriarch of Constantinople, by Sir Thomas Rowe, ambassador from England to the grand signior, about the year 1628. Cyrillus brought it with him from Alexandria, where probably it was written. In a schedule annexed to it he gives this account,—that it was written, as tradition informed them, by Thecla, a noble Egyptian lady, about 1300 years ago, not long after the council of Nice. But this high antiquity, and the authority of the tradition to which the patriarch refers, have been disputed; nor are the most accurate Biblical writers agreed about its age. Grabe thinks that it might have been written before the end of the fourth century; others are of opinion that it was not written till near the end of the fifth century, or somewhat later.

Alexandrian, or Alexandrine, in Poetry, a kind of verse consisting of 12, or of 12 and 13 syllables alternately; so called from a poem on the life of Alexander, written in this kind of verse by some French poet. Alexandrines are peculiar to modern poetry, and seem well adapted to epic poems. They are sometimes used by most nations of Europe, but chiefly by the French, whose tragedies are generally composed of Alexandrines.
ALEXANDROW, a circle in the Russian province of Waldimir, to the west of the capital, watered by the Sera, and the smaller stream that enters it. The capital of the circle is the city of that name, in lat. 56. 25. N. and long. 38. 50. E. with 700 inhabitants. The circle contains also three large parishes, and an institution for breeding horses, where 300 brood-mares are supported by the government.
ALEXANDROWSK, a circle in the Russian province of Jekaterinoslaw, on the east side of the Dnieper. It was formerly a frontier district towards Turkey, and protected by seven fortresses, which are neglected and fast decaying. It is a poor, sandy, thinly peopled circle. The capital of the circle bears the same name. It stands on the river Dnieper, at the commencement of the ancient line of demarcation. It is fortified, contains 500 houses and 3000 inhabitants, and is a place of considerable transit trade. It is situated in long. 34. 53. E. and lat. 47. 44. N.

Alexandrowsk, a market-town in the circle of Sophia, in the government of St Petersburg, in Russia. It stands on the Neva. In it are a sugar refinery, tanneries, and the imperial china manufactory.

Alexandrowsk, a town in the circle of Petrosowodsk and province of Olonez, in Russia. It is on the lake Ladoga, and has extensive iron-works and founderies of cannon, with other branches of the manufacture of arms.
ALEXICACUS, something that preserves the body from harm or mischief. The word amounts to much the same as alexiteríal. Alexicacus, in Antiquity, was an attribute of Neptune, whom the tunny-fishers used to invoke under this appellation, that their nets might be preserved from the ξ/j¢/a;, or sword-fish, which used to tear them; and that he might prevent the assistance which it was pretended the dolphins used to give the tunnies on this occasion.
ALEXIN, a circle in the province of Tula, of Russia in Europe, to the north of Moscow and east of Kaluga. It is a level district, watered by the river Oka and its tributary streams, of moderate fertility, and abundantly supplied with wood. It comprehends one city and 74 parishes, containing 241 villages and about 90,000 inhabitants. The capital of the circle, of the same name, is built on the river Oka, has three stone and one wooden church, with 1850 inhabitants, of whom some make hats, and others soap. It is in long. 36. 30. E. and lat. 54. 42. N.
ALEXIPHARMICS, in Medicine, are properly remedies for expelling or preventing the ill effects of poison; but some of the moderns having imagined that the animal spirits in acute distempers were affected by a malignant poison, the term has been understood to mean medicines adapted to expel this poison by the cutaneous pores, in the form of sweat. In this sense, alexipharmics are the same as sudorifics.
ALEXIS, a Piedmontese. There is a book of Secrets, which for a long time has gone under his name. It was printed at Basil in 1536, in 8vo, and translated from Italian into Latin by Wecher. It has also been translated into French, and printed several times, with additions. There is a preface to the piece, wherein Alexis informs us that he was born of a noble family; that he had from his most early years applied himself to study; that he had learned many languages; that having an extreme curiosity to be acquainted with the secrets of nature, he had collected as much as he could during his travels for 57 years; that he piqued himself upon not communicating his secrets to any person; but that when he was 82 years of age, having seen a poor man who had died of a sickness which might have been cured had he communicated his secret to the surgeon who took care of him, he was touched with such a remorse of conscience, that he lived almost like a hermit; and it was in this solitude that he arranged his secrets in such order as to make them fit to be published. The hawkers generally carry them, with other books, to the country fairs. These, however, contain only his select remedies, not his entire collection.
ALEXITERIAL, among physicians, a term of much the same import with alexipkarmic, though sometimes used in a synonymous sense with amulet
ALEYN, Charles, an English poet in the reign of Charles I. In 1631 he published two poems, entitled The Battailes of Cressy and Poictiers, under the fortunes and valour of King Edward of that name, and his sonne Edward prince of Wales, named the Black. He succeeded his father as clerk of the ordnance, and was commissarygeneral of the artillery to the king at the battle of Edgehill. The next piece he wrote was a poem in honour of Henry VII. and the victory that gained him the crown of England. In 1639, the year before he died, he translated the history of Eurialis and Lucretian, from the Latin epistles of Aeneas Sylvius.
ALFAQUES, a seaport in the province of Catalonia, in Spain. It is on a peninsula formed by the river Ebro, near its mouth. The government has expended vast sums [7:2:415]in the improvement of this navigation, but without correspondent success, chiefly owing to the insalubrity of the situation.

Alfaques, among, the Moors, the name generally used for their clergy, or those who teach the Mahometan religion; in opposition to the Morabites, who answer to monks among Christians.
ALFARO, a town of Spain, on the confluence of Alhama with the Ebro, in the province of Soria. It is surrounded with walls, and has four gates, one church, and four monasteries, and 4800 inhabitants. It contains four houses for soap-boiling, which produce 250 cwts.; three tanneries, and 28 looms for weaving linen.
ALFDOUCH, a name given by the Moors to a sort of vermicelli, which they make of flour and water, and are very fond of in their entertainments.
ALFERGAN, or Alfragan, an Arabian astronomer, who lived under the reign of the caliph Almamon, and who, on account of his skill in calculation, was surnamed the Calculator. He wrote an Introduction to Astronomy, which contains little that is original, being chiefly compiled from the Almagest of Ptolemy. He was also the author of a treatise on Dials, and of an account of the construction and use of the Astrolabe. These two pieces still remain in manuscript; but there have been three different Latin translations published of his astronomical work. The first, by Joannes Hispalensis, was published at Ferrara in 1493. This translation was afterwards reprinted at Nuremberg in 1537, with a preface by Melanch-thon. The second was the work of John Christman, and was published at Frankfort in 1590. The third, and the most esteemed of these translations, was by Golius, professor of mathematics and oriental languages at Leyden. It was published at Amsterdam in 1669, accompanied with the Arabic text, and with notes by Golius, which are extremely curious. But these notes extend no farther than the ninth chapter, as the author did not live to complete this part of his undertaking. The work itself contains thirty chapters, all of which are very short.
ALFET, in our old customs, denotes a caldron full of boiling water, wherein an accused person, by way of trial or purgation, plunged his arm up to the elbow.
ALFORD, a town of Lincolnshire, situated on a small brook that runs through the town. A salt spring was discovered here in 1670, from the pigeons which flew thither in great numbers to drink the water, those birds being known to be fond of salt. It is recommended as cooling, cleansing, and attenuating; as a good remedy in the scurvy, jaundice, and other glandular obstructions. It is six miles from the sea. The population in 1821 was 1506. Long. 0. 15. E. Lat. 53. 30. N.
ALGAE. See Cryptogamia.
ALGAIOLA, a small seaport town in the island of Corsica, fortified with walls and bastions. It was almost destroyed by the malcontents in 1731, but has since been repaired. Long. 9. 45. E. Lat. 42. 20. N.
ALGAROTH, in Chemistry, is a white oxyde of antimony, which is obtained by washing the butter or oxymuriate with pure water.
ALGAROTTI, Count, a celebrated Italian, was born at Padua; but the year is not mentioned. Led by curiosity, as well as a desire of improvement, he travelled early into foreign countries; and was very young when he arrived in France in 1736. Here he composed his Newtonian Philosophy for the Ladies, as Fontenelle had done his Cartesian Astronomy, in the work entitled The Plurality of Worlds. He was noticed by the king of Prussia, who gave him marks of the esteem he had for him. He died at Pisa the 23d of May 1764, and ordered his own mausoleum, with this inscription to be fixed upon it, Hic jacet Algarottus, sed non omnis. He is allowed to have been a very great connoisseur in painting, sculpture, and architecture. He contributed much to the reformation of the Italian opera. His works, which are numerous, and upon a variety of subjects, abound with vivacity, elegance, and wit. They were printed at Leghorn in 1765, in 4 vols. 8vo.
ALGARVE, a province of Portugal, the most southern of the kingdom. It is divided from the Spanish province of Andalusia by the river Guadiana. On the north it i s bounded by the province of Alentejo, and on the south and west by the Atlantic Ocean. It is the smallest division of Portugal, and is very thinly peopled. Its extent is 232 square leagues, and the number of inhabitants 127,615. On the northern part, towards Alentejo, the Sierras de Caldeyraron and Monchique rise to a great height. The roads are very bad, the soil unfruitful, and the inhabitants few in those districts. Numerous flocks of goats are bred, and some other cattle are pastured. The country on the coast is more fruitful, and produces abundant harvests of grapes, figs, oranges, lemons, olives, and almonds, considerable quantities of which are shipped from the seaport to the different countries in the north of Europe. Very little wheat or other corn is grown in this province, but the inhabitants draw their principal supply from the adjoining provinces of Spain. On the coasts the people derive their subsistence in a great measure from the fisheries; and both the tunny and sardinias are caught in very considerable quantities. The rivers are of short course, running from north to south,and at their mouths vessels may enter at high tide; but the harbours on the whole coast are bad, though near Tavira, the principal city, some islands afford shelter, and allow of good anchorage for large vessels behind them. The whole of the foreign trade from the various ports in Algarve is carried on in the vessels of other countries, as there are scarcely any other than fishing boats owned by the inhabitants of the ports. The name Algarve is derived from an Arabic word which signifies westward. The province is designated by the name of kingdom, and gives one of the titles to the Portuguese monarch. This province contains 4 cities, 14 towns, 63 villages, 71 parishes, and 25,503 hearths. It is situated between lat. 36.56. and 37.30. N.
ALGENIB, or γ Pegasi, a star of 2 ∙ 3 magnitude, in the wing of Pegasus: R. A. January 1.1830,4 m. 29∙36 sec.; Ann. Pre. + 3∙1 sec.; N. Decl. 14° 14/ 18*1"; Ann. Pre. 20".
ALGEZIRAS, a city of Spain, in the province of Seville, in Andalusia. It is a fortified place, on the western side of the bay of Gibraltar, and opposite to that fortress. It is situated at the foot of a prodigious mountain called the Trocha, over which there is only one road of communication, which is excessively bad. It has become a place of consideration as the rendezvous of a large force, which it has been deemed politic to maintain there to watch the movement of the English garrison on the opposite shore. The population amounts to about 4000. Long. 4. 55. 4. W. Lat. 36. 8. N.
ALGHERI, or Aġhuer, a strongly fortified city on the island of Sardinia, in the district called Capo di Sassari. It is the see of a bishop, has a cathedral, seven monasteries, and 4000 inhabitants, who speak the Catalon language, and whose chief occupation is cultivating vineyards. About a mile from the city is the fine roadstead or open bay, Porto Conte, where a fleet can anchor securely and be defended by a strong fort.
ALGIABARH, a Mahometan sect of predestinarians, who attribute all the actions of men, good or evil, to the agency or influence of God. The Algiabarii stand opposed to the Alkadarii. They hold absolute decrees and physical promotion. For the justice of God in punishing the evil he has caused, they resolve it wholly into his absolute dominion over the creatures.
ALGIDUM, a town of Latium, in Italy, between Preneste and Alba, near the mountains. On the top of one of these mountains was erected a temple of Diana, to which Horace refers, lib. i. ode 21, “Quaecunqw ŪU gelido prominct Algido ;” and lib. iii. ode 23, “Qua mvaii pascitur Algido,” &c.
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ALGOA Bay, or Zwart-hops, in Southern Africa, is situated in long. 26. 53. E. lat. 33. 56. S. and 500 miles distant from the Cape of Good Hope. Mr Barrow, who visited this place, found, in an adjoining valley, a species of antelope called the riet-boh, or red-goat, previously unknown to naturalists. The land in its vicinity is more fertile than in most other parts of the Cape settlement, in consequence of which an English colony has been formed there; but it has hitherto somewhat disappointed the expectations formed from it. See Good Hope, Cape of.
ALGOL, or β Persei, a variable fixed star of the second or third magnitude, called Aledusa s Head. Its position, according to the catalogue of the London Astronomical Society, was, on January 1. 1830, R. A. 2 h. 57 m. 7*7 sec. An. Pr. + 3∙9 sec.; N. Decl. 40° 17' 40-5"; An. Pr. +14∙3".