pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AGATHOCLES, the famous tyrant of Sicily, was the son of a potter at Reggio. He was a thief, a common soldier, a centurion, a general, and a pirate, all in regular succession. He defeated the Carthaginians several times in Sicily, and was once defeated himself. He first made himself tyrant of Syracuse, and then of all Sicily; after which he vanquished the Carthaginians again both in Sicily and Africa. But at length having ill success, and being in arrears with his soldiers, they mutinied, forced him to fly his camp, and cut the throats of his children, whom he left behind. Recovering himself, he relieved Corfu, besieged by Cassander; burnt the Macedonian fleet; and murdered the wives and children of those who had murdered his. Afterwards meeting with the soldiers themselves, he put them all to the sword; and ravaging the sea-coast of Italy, took the city of Hipponium. He was at length poisoned by his grandson Archagathus, in the 72d year of his age, 290 years before Christ, having reigned 28 years.
AGATHYRNA or Agathyrnum, Agathyrsa or Agathyrsum, in Ancient Geography, a town of Sicily, now St Marco, as old as the war of Troy, having been built by Agathyrnus, son of Aeolus, on an eminence. The gentilitious name is Agathyrnoeus ; or, according to the Roman idiom, Agathyrnensis.
AGDE, a city of France, in the department of Hérault. It is seated on the river Hérault, a mile and a quarter from its mouth, where it falls into the Gulf of Lyons, and where there is a fort built to guard its entrance. The greater part of the inhabitants are merchants or seamen. 'The city is extended along the river, where it forms a little port wherein small craft may enter.
AGELNOTH, Egelnoth, or Aethelnoth, in Latin Achelnotus, archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Canute the Great, succeeded Livingus in that see in the year 1020. This prelate, surnamed the Good, was son of Earl Agilmer, and at the time of his election, dean of Canterbury. After his promotion he went to Rome, and received his pall from Pope Benedict VIII. On his way thither, as he passed through Pavia, he purchased, for a hundred talents of silver and one of gold, St Augustin’s arm, which was kept there as a relic, and sent it over to England as a present to Leofric, earl of Coventry. Upon his return, he is said to have raised the see of Canterbury to its former lustre. He was much in favour with King Canute, and employed his interest with that monarch to good purposes. It was by his advice that the king sent over large sums of money for the support of the foreign churches; and Malmesbury observes, that this prince was prompted to acts of piety, and restrained from excesses, by the regard he had for the archbishop. Agelnoth, after he had sat 17 years in the see of Canterbury, departed this life on the 29th of October 1038, and was succeeded by Eadsius, King Harold’s chaplain. This archbishop was an author, having written, 1. A Panegyric on the blessed Virgin Mary; 2. A Letter to Earl Leofric concerning St Augustin; 3. Letters to several persons.
AGEMA, in Macedonian Antiquity, was a body of soldiers, not unlike the Roman legion.
AGEMOGL ANS, Agiamoglans, or Azamoglans, in the Turkish Polity, are children purchased from the Tartars, or raised every third year, by way of tribute, from the Christians tolerated in the Turkish empire. These, after being circumcised and instructed in the religion and language of their tyrannical masters, are taught the exercises of war, till they are of a proper age for carrying arms; and from this corps the janizaries are recruited. With regard to those who are thought unfit for the army, they are employed in the lowest offices of the seraglio. Their appointments also are very small, not exceeding seven aspers and a half per day, which amount to about threepence halfpenny of our money.
AG EN, an arrondissement in the department of the Lot and Garonne, in the south-west of France, extending over 406 square miles, or 259,840 acres, containing 9 cantons and 93 communes, with 79,312 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, is situated on the left bank of the Garonne, and contains 10,800 inhabitants.
AGENDA, among philosophers and divines, signifies the duties which a man lies under an obligation to perform. Thus, we meet with the agenda of a Christian, or the duties he ought to perform; in opposition to the credenda, or things he is to believe.

Agenda, among merchants, a term sometimes used for a memorandum-book, in which is set down all the business to be transacted during the day, either at home or abroad.

Agenda, among ecclesiastical writers, denotes the service or office of the church. We meet with agenda matutina et vespertina, the morning and evening prayers; agenda diet, the office of the day, whether feast or fast-, agenda mortuorum, called also simply agenda, the service of the dead.

Agenda is also applied to certain church-books, compiled by public authority, prescribing the order and manner to be observed by the ministers and people in the principal ceremonies and devotions of the church; in which sense agenda amounts to the same with what is otherwise called ritual, liturgy, acalouthia, missal, formulary, directori/, &c.
AGENHINE, in our old writers, signifies a guest that has lodged at an inn for three nights, after which time he was accounted one of the family; and if he offended the king’s peace, his host was answerable for him. It is also written Hogenhine and Hogenhyne.
AGENOIS, a country of France, in the department of [7:2:244] the Garonne, formerly the province of Guienne. It contains about one hundred and twenty square leagues, is fertile and healthful, and, according to Caesar, was inhabited by the Nitiobriges. It constituted part of the kingdom of Aquitania; was held by the counts of Toulouse, and successively by the English and French.
AGENORIA, in Mythology, the goddess of courage and industry, as Vacuna 'nqs, of indolence.
AGENT, in a general sense, denotes any active power or cause. Agents are either natural or moral. Natural agents are such inanimate bodies as have a power to act upon other bodies in a certain and determinate manner; as gravity, fire, &c. Moral agents, on the contrary, are rational creatures, capable of regulating their actions by a certain rule.

Agent is also used to denote a person intrusted with the management of an affair, whether belonging to a society, company, or private person.

Ágentes in Rebus, one of the ranks of officers in the court of the Constantinopolitan emperors, whose business was to collect and convey the corn both for the army and household; to carry letters and messages from court to all 1)arts of the empire; to regulate couriers and their vehicles; to make frequent journeys and expeditions through the provinces, in order to inspect any motions, disturbances, or machinations tending that way, and to give early notice thereof to the emperor.

The agentes in rebus are by some made synonymous with our post-masters, but their functions were of great extent. They correspond to what the Greeks call -τr^opogo∕, and the Latins veredarii.
AGER, in Roman Antiquity, a certain portion of land allowed to each citizen.
AGER Picenus, or Picenum, in Ancient Geography, a territory of Italy, to the south-east of Umbria, reaching from the Appennines to the Adriatic. The people are called Picentes (Cicero, Livy), distinct from the Picentini on the Tuscan Sea, though called by Greek writers ∏∕κimvo∕. This name is said to be derived from the bird picus, under whose conduct they removed from the Sabines, of whom they were a colony.
AGESILAUS, king of the Lacedemonians, the son of Archidamus, was raised to the throne in opposition to the superior claim of his nephew Leotychides. As soon as he came to the throne, he advised the Lacedemonians to anticipate the king of Persia, who was making great preparations for war, and to attack him in his own dominions. He was himself chosen for this expedition, and gained so many advantages over the enemy, that if the league which the Athenians and the Thebans formed against the Lacedemonians had not obliged him to return home, he would have carried his victorious arms into the very heart of the Persian empire. He gave up, however, all these triumphs readily, to come to the succour of his country, which he happily relieved by his victory over the allies in Boeotia. He obtained another near Corinth; but, to his great mortification, the Thebans afterwards gained several over the Lacedemonians. These misfortunes at first raised a clamour against him. He had been sick during the first advantages which the enemy gained; but as soon as he was able to act in person, his valour and prudence prevented the Thebans from reaping the advantages of their victories; so that it was generally believed, had he been in health at the beginning, the Lacedemonians would have sustained no losses, and that all would have been lost had it not been for his assistance. It cannot be denied but he loved war more than the interest of his country required; for if he could have lived in peace, he would have saved the Lacedemonians several losses, and they would not have been engaged in many enterprises which in the end contributed much to weaken their power. He died in the third year of the 104th Olympiad, being the 84th year of his age and 41st of his reign, and was succeeded by his son Archidamus. Agesilaus would never suffer any picture or sculpture to be made of him, and prohibited it also by his will. This he is supposed to have done from a consciousness of his own deformity; for he was of a short stature, and lame of one foot, so that strangers used to despise him at the first sight. Agesilaus was extremely fond of his children, and would often amuse himself by joining in their diversions. One day when he was surprised riding upon a stick with them, he said to a person who had seen him in this posture, “Forbear talking of it till you are a father.”
AGGA, or Aggonna, a British settlement on the Gold Coast of Guinea. It is situated under the meridian of London, in lat. G. N.
AGGER, in the ancient military art, a work of fortification, used both for the defence and the attack of towns, camps, &c.; in which sense it is the same with what was otherwise called vallum, and in later times aggestum; and, among the moderns, lines, sometimes cavaliers, terrasses, &c. The agger was usually a bank or elevation of earth or other matter, bound and supported with timber; having sometimes turrets on the top, wherein the workmen, engineers, and soldiery, were placed. It was also accompanied with a ditch, which served as its chief defence.

The height of the agger was frequently equal to that of the wall of the place. Caesar tells us of one he made which was 30 feet high and 330 feet broad. Besides the use of aggers before towns, the generals used to fortify their camps with such works.

Agger, in ancient writers, likewise denotes the middle part of a military road, raised into a ridge, with a gentle slope on either side, to make a drain for the water, and keep the way dry.—The term is also used for the whole road or military way. Where highways were to be made in low grounds, as between two hills, the Romans used to raise them above the adjacent land, so as to make them of a level with the hills. These banks they called aggeres. Bergier mentions several in Gallia Belgica, which were thus raised, ten, fifteen, or twenty feet above ground.
AGGERHUUS, one of the four provinces or sees into which the kingdom of Norway is divided. It extends over 32,790 square miles, with a population of no more than 394,G05 inhabitants. It is a very mountainous but most romantic district, abounding in woods, rivers, cascades, and lakes, with some moderately fruitful spots in the narrow valleys. The climate is raw and cold, and the frosts usually continue till May. The corn is scarcely sufficient for the consumption, though fish and potatoes are extensively used as food. The chief trade is in deals, pitch, and tar, with some iron, butter, tallow, and hides. The inhabitants all speak the peculiar language of Norway, a dialect of the Teutonic mixed with the Celtic; and are all of the Lutheran confession, and have 307 parish churches and chapels.

Aggeriiuus, a bailiwick in the see of the same name, in Norway. It is in the middle of the see, near the lake of Christiana, and comprehends 2 cities, 5 market towns, 22 parishes, and G7,808 inhabitants.
AGGERS-HERRED, a district of Christiansand and a diocese of Norway. It consists of three juridical places; namely, Ascher, West Barm, and Agger.
AGGLUTINANTS, in Pharmacy, a general name for all medicines of a glutinous or viscid nature; which, by [7:2:245] adhering to the solids, were supposed to contribute to repair their loss.
AGGREGATION, in Physics, a species of union, '∣ whereby several things which have no natural dependence or connection with one another are collected together, so as in some sense to constitute one. Thus, a heap of sand, or a mass of ruins, is a body by aggregation.
AGHER, a town of Ireland, situated in the southern part of Ulster, not far from Clogher.
AGHRIM, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow and province of Leinster, situated about 31 miles southwest of Wicklow.

Aghrim, in Galway, a small village, distant about 32 miles from Dublin, and rendered memorable by a decisive battle fought there and at Kilcommodon-hill on the 12th of July 1691, between General Ginkle and Monsieur St Huth, the commanders under King William III. and James II.; when St Ruth, the general of the Irish army, with 7000 of his men, was slain, but of the English only G00. The victory was the more considerable, as the English army consisted of no more than 18,000 men; whereas the Irish were computed at 20,000 foot and 50Ô0 horse and dragoons. They lost likewise nine pieces of brass cannon; all their ammunition, tents, and baggage; and most of their small arms, which they threw away to expedite their flight; with 11 standards, and 32 pairs of colours.
AGILITY, an aptitude of the several parts of the body to motion. The improving of agility was one of the chief objects of the institution of games and exercises. The athletae made particular profession of the science of cultivating and improving agility. Agility of body is often supposed peculiar to some people; yet it seems less owing to any thing peculiar in their frame and structure, than to practice.
AGIO, in Commerce, is a term chiefly used in Holland, and at Venice, to signify the difference between the value of bank stock and the current coin.
AGIOSYMANDRUM, a wooden instrument used by the Greek and other churches, under the dominion of the Turks, to call together assemblies of the people. The agiosymandrum was introduced in the place of bells, which the Turks prohibited their Christian subjects the use of, lest they should make them subservient to sedition.
AGISTMENT, Agistage, or Agistation, in Law, the taking· in of other people’s cattle to graze at so much per week. The term is peculiarly used for the taking of cattle to feed in the king’s forests, as well as for die profits arising from that practice. It is also used, in a metaphorical sense, for any tax, burden, or charge; thus, the tax levied for repairing the banks of Romney Marsh was called agistamentum.
AGISTOR or Agistator, an officer belonging to forests, who has the care of cattle taken in to be grazed, and levies the moneys due on that account. They are generally called quest-takers or gift-takers, and are created by letters patent. Each royal forest has four agistors.
AGITATION, the act of shaking a body, or tossing it backwards and forwards.

Agitation, in Physic, is often used for an intestine 'commotion of the parts of a natural body. Fermentation and effervescence are attended with a brisk agitation of the particles.

Agitation is one of the chief causes or instruments of mixtion; by the agitation of the parts of the blood and chyle, in their continual circulation, sanguification is in a good measure effected. Butter is made out of milk by the same means; in which operation a separation is made of the oleous parts from the serous, and a conjunction of the oleous together. Digestion itself is only supposed to be an insensible kind of agitation.

Agitation is reputed one of the symptoms of inspiration. Petit informs us,^[1. [m]1 Petit. De Sibylla , L. i. Nouv. Rep. Lett. tom. viii. p. 1113. ] that in the last century there arose in a church of Italy, for the space of a year, a vapour of an extraordinary kind, which put all the people into trembling and agitations, and, unless they got away betimes, set them a dancing, with strange contortions and gesticulations. This seems to verify what has been related of the temple of Delphi.
AGITATOR, in Antiquity, a term sometimes used for a charioteer, especially those who drove in the circus at the curule games.

Agitators, in English History, certain officers set up in the army in 1647, to take care of its interests. Cromwell joined the agitators, only with a view to serve his own ends; which being once accomplished, he found means to get them abolished.
AGLAIA, the name of the youngest of the three Graces, espoused to Vulcan.
AGLAR or Aquileja, a city of Austria, in the government of Laybach and Trieste, in the district of Quino. It was in ancient times of great extent and celebrity, but now contains only 1420 inhabitants. It is situated in a swampy spot on the banks of the river Anfora, and is very unhealthful. Long. 13. 28. 32. E. Lat. 45. 32. N.
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AGLIONBY, John, an English divine, chaplain in ordinary to King James I., was born in Cumberland, and admitted a student at Oxford in 1583. He was a man of universal learning, and had a very considerable hand in the translation of the New Testament appointed by King James I. in 1604. He died in 1609.
AGMEN, in Antiquity, properly denotes a Roman army in march; in which sense it stands contradistinguished from acies, which denoted the army in battle array; though, on some occasions, we find the two words used indifferently for each other. The Roman armies, in their marches, were divided into primum agmen, answering to our van-guard; medium agmen, our main-guard; and postremum agmen, the rear-guard. The order of their march was thus: after the first signal with the trumpets, &c. the tents were taken down, and the baggage packed up; at the second signal the baggage was to be loaded on the horses and carriages, and at the third signal they were to begin their march. First came the extraordinarii ; then the auxiliaries of the first wing, with their baggage; and these were followed by the legions. The cavalry marched either on each side or behind
AGNATE, in Law, any male relation by the father’s side.
AGNEL, an ancient French gold coin, first struck under the reign of St Louis, worth about twelve sols six deniers. The agnel is also called sometimes mouton d’or, and agnel d’or. The denomination is supposed to have arisen from the figure of a lamb (agnus) or sheep, struck on one side.
AGNES, St, a large mining village in the county of Cornwall, 168 miles from London, and five from Truro. It is on a small rocky harbour, only accessible to fishing boats, on the Bristol Channel. It contained, in 1801, 4161 inhabitants; in 1811, 4960; and in 1821, 5762. It is also the name of one of the Scilly Islands, on the coast of Cornwall. The soil is fertile, and tolerably cultivated; but there is a great deficiency of water. A light-house on the island, about 50 feet in height, built on one of the loftiest hills, is an important object to seamen. Its exact position, as ascertained by the great trigonometrical survey, is in long. 6. 19. 23. W. and lat. 49. 53. 38. N. from Greenwich. The light is composed of Argand lamps, with reflectors, moving in a circular revolution, and presenting a bright and conspicuous light in every direction once a minute. To the westward of St Agnes is the Gillstone rock, on which Sir Cloudeslcy Shovel was lost in the Association ship of war in 1707.
AGNO, a river of Naples, which, taking its rise in the mountains of Terra di Lavora, falls into the Mediterranean, about seven miles north of Puzzuoli.
AGNOETAE (from αy≡w, to be ignorant of), in church history, a sect of ancient heretics, who maintained that Christ, considered as to his human nature, was ignorant of certain things, and particularly of the time of the day of judgment. Eulogius, patriarch of Alexandria, ascribes this heresy to certain solitaries in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem, who built their opinion upon the text, Mark xiii. 32, “Of that day and hour knoweth no man, no not the angels who are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father only.” The same passage was made use of by the Arians; and hence the orthodox divines of those days were induced to give various explications thereof. Some allege that our Saviour here had no regard to his divine nature, but only spoke of his human. Others understand it thus: that the knowledge of the day of judgment does not concern our Saviour considered in his quality of Messiah, but of God.
AGNOMEN, in Roman Antiquity, a kind of fourth or honorary name, given to a person on account of some extraordinary action, virtue, or other accomplishments. Thus the agnomen Africanus was bestowed upon Publius Cornelius Scipio on account of his great achievements in Africa.—The agnomen was the third in order of the three Roman names: thus, in Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marcus is the praenomen, Tullius the nomen, and Cicero the agnomen.
AGNONE, a city at the foot of Monte Capraro, in the province Abruzzo Citeriore, in the kingdom of Naples, with 6000 inhabitants, who prepare many copper wares.
AGNUS Dei, in the church of Rome, a cake of wax stamped with the figure of a lamb supporting the banner of the cross. These being consecrated by the pope with great solemnity, and distributed among the people, are supposed to have great virtues; as, to preserve those who carry them worthily, and with faith, from all manner of accidents; to expel evil spirits, &c. The name literally signifies Lamb of God; this being supposed an image or representation of the Lamb of God who took away the sins of the world. They cover it up with a piece of stuff cut in the form of a heart, and carry it very devoutly in their processions.

Agnus Dei is also a popular name for that part of the mass wherein the priest, striking his breast three times, rehearses, with a loud voice, a prayer beginning with the words Agnus Dei. It is said to have been first brought into the missal by Pope Sergius I.
AGOGE, among ancient musicians, a species of modulation, wherein the notes proceed by continuous degrees.
AGON, a town of Sweden, in die province of Gefleborgs-land, with a good harbour in the Gulf of Finland.

Agon, among the ancients, implied any dispute or contest, whether it had regard to bodily exercises or the accomplishments of the mind; and therefore poets, musicians, painters, &c. had their agones, as well as the athletae. Games of this kind were celebrated at most of the heathen festivals with great solemnity, either annually or at certain periods of years. Among the latter were celebrated at Athens, the agon gymnicus, the agon Nemeus instituted by the Argives in the 53d Olympiad, and the agon Olympius instituted by Hercules 430 years before the first Olympiad.—The Romans also, in imitation of the Greeks, instituted contests of this kind. The emperor Aurelian established one under the name of agon solis, the contest of the sun; Dioclesian another, which he called agon Capitolinus, which was celebrated every fourth year, after the [7:2:249]manner of the Olympic games. Hence the years, instead of lustra, are sometimes numbered by agones. Agon also signified one of the ministers employed in the heathen sacrifices, and whose business it was to strike the victim. The name is supposed to have been derived from hence, that standing ready to give the stroke, he asked, Agon’ ? or Agone ? Shall I strike?
AGONALES, an epithet given to the Salii.
AGONALIA, in Homan Antiquity, festivals celebrated in honour of Janus or the god Agonius, whom the Romans invoked before undertaking any affair of importance.