pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HEITERSHEIM, a town of the duchy of Baden, Germany, and in the circle of Treisam. It is the capital of a bailiwick, in which are a town, nineteen villages, and 8940 inhabitants. The town is situated at the foot of the Black Forest, on a brook running to the Rhine. It has a fine castle, which was once the residence of the order of St John. The houses are 340, the inhabitants 1630. Lat. 47. 52. 34. N.
HELAI, a village of Hindustan, in the province of Sinde, situated on the road from Tatta to Hyderabad, near the Indus, where this river is three fourths of a mile wide, and from four to five fathoms deep. Lat. 24. 52. N.
HELENUS, one of the sons of Priam, possessing the power of prophecy (Virg. Aen. iii. 295, 712), who distinguished himself by his valour during the Trojan war; but when Helen was given in marriage to Deiphobus, he determined to leave Troy, and retired to Chrysa, or Mount Ida. He was here discovered and taken prisoner by Ulysses. After the taking of Troy we find him the friend or slave of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, whose favour he had gained by preventing him from embarking in a vessel which sunk with all its passengers. Being tired of Andromache, he gave her as wife to Helenus. On the death of Neoptolemus he became the natural guardian of his son Molossus, and when he came of age, restored to him a part of Epirus, reserving that which he had conquered during his regency. He had by Andromache a son called Cestrinus. (Paus. i. 11, ii. 23.) Here Helenus received Aeneas on his way to Italy, and foretold some of the calamities which threatened him. (Virg. Aen. iii. 295.)
HELEPOLIS, in the ancient art of war, a machine for battering down the walls of a place besieged, the invention of which is ascribed to Demetrius Poliorcetes. Diodorus Siculus says, that each side of the Helcpolis was 405 cubits in breadth and ninety in height; that it had nine stages, and was carried on four strong solid wheels eight cubits in diameter; that it was armed with large battering rams, and had two roofs capable of supporting them; that in the lower stages there were several sorts of engines for casting stones, and in the middle they had large catapultas for discharging arrows, and smaller ones in those above, with a number of expert men for working all these machines.
HELIADES, the daughters of the Sun and Clymene, called also Phaëthontides, from their brother Phaëthon, whose fate they lamented so much that they were changed into poplar trees, and their tears into amber, upon the banks of the Po. (Ovid. Met. ii. 340; Amor. iii. 12, 38; Diodor. V. 23; Lucan, ii. 410.) According to Diodorus (v. 56), they were seven sons of a king of Rhodes, who were celebrated for their knowledge of astrology and navigation. Having put to death one of their number, called Tenages, they were obliged to fly; and Actis proceeded to Egypt, where he introduced the knowledge of astrology.
HELIAEA, in Grecian antiquity, was the greatest and most frequented court in Athens for the trial of civil affairs.
HELICOID Parabola, or the Parabolic Spiral, is a curve arising from the supposition that the common or Apollonian parabola is bent or twisted till the axis comes into the circumference of a circle, the ordinates still retaining their places and perpendicular positions with respect[7:11:213] to the circle, and all these lines still remaining in the same plane.
HELICON, in Ancient Geography, the name of a moun- - tain in the neighbourhood of Parnassus and Cy thaeron, sacred to Apollo and the muses, who are thence called Heliconides. It is situated in Livadia, and is now called Zagura or Zaguya. Helicon was one of the most fertile and woody mountains in Greece. On it the fruit of the adrachnus, a species of the arbutus, or of the strawberry-tree, was uncommonly sweet; and the inhabitants affirmed that the plants and roots were all friendly to man, and that even the serpents had their poison weakened by the innoxious qualities of their food. It approached Parnassus on the north, where it touched on Phocis; and resembled that mountain in loftiness, extent, and magnitude. Here was the shady grove of the muses and their images; with statues of Apollo and Bacchus, of Linus and Orpheus, and the illustrious poets who had recited their verses to the harp. Amongst the tripods, in the second century, was that consecrated by Hesiod. On the left hand going to the grove was the fountain Aganippe; and about twenty stadia, or two miles and a half, higher up, the violetcoloured Hippocrene. Round the grove were houses. A festival was celebrated there by the Thespiéans, with games called Musea. The valleys of Helicon are described by Wheler as green and flowery in the spring; enlivened by pleasing cascades and streams, and by fountains and wells of clear water. The Boeotian cities in general, two or three excepted, were reduced to inconsiderable villages in the time of Strabo. The grove of the muses was plundered under the auspices of Constantine the Great. The Heliconian goddesses were afterwards consumed in a fire at Constantinople, to which city they had been removed.
HELIOCENTRIC Latitude of a Planet, the inclination of a line drawn between the centre of the sun and the centre of a planet to the plane of the ecliptic.

Heliocentric Place of a Planet, the place of the ecliptic in which the planet would appear to a spectator placed at the centre of the sun.
HELIOCOMETES, a phenomenon sometimes observed about sunset, being a large luminous tail or column of light proceeding from the body of the sun, and dragging after it, not unlike the tail of a comet; and hence the name.
HELIODORUS of Phoenicia, bishop of Trica in Thessaly, better known by the romance he composed in his youth, entitled Aethiopica, in which are related the amours of Theagenes and Chariclea. Some say he was deposed by a synod because he would not consent to suppress this romance. The fable has a moral tendency, and particularly inculcates the virtue of chastity. As this was the first composition of the kind, he is commonly styled the Father of Romance. He was also a good Latin poet. Heliodorus lived in the fourth century. For an analysis of the Aethiopica, with some judicious remarks thereon, see Dunlop’s History of Fiction.
HELIOMETER, formed of ifKιος, sun, and μiτ^ω, I measure, the name of an instrument, called also astrometer, invented by Μ. Bouguer in 1747, for measuring with particular exactness the diameters of the stars, and especially those of the sun and moon.

This instrumentis a kind of telescope, consisting of two object-glasses of equal focal distance, placed one by the side of the other, so that the same eye-glass serves for both. The tube of this instrument is of a conical form, larger at the upper end, which receives the two object-glasses, than at the lower, which is furnished with an eye-glass and a micrometer. By the construction of this instrument two distinct images of an object are formed in the focus of the eye-glass, whose distance, depending upon that of the two object-glasses from one another, may be measured with great accuracy. Nor is it necessary that the whole disc of the sun or moon should come within the field of view, since, if the images of only a small part of the disc be formed by each object-glass, the whole ‘diameter may be easily computed by their position with respect to one another. For, if the object be large, the images will approach, or perhaps even lie over each other, and the object-glasses being moveable, the two images may always be brought exactly to touch one another, and the diameter may be computed from the known distance of the centres of the two glasses. Besides, as this instrument has a common micrometer in the focus of the eye-glass, when the two images of the sun or moon are made in part to cover one [7:11:214]another, that part which is common to both the images may be measured with great exactness, as being viewed upon a ground that is only one half less luminous than itself; whereas, in general, the heavenly bodies are viewed upon a dark ground, and on that account are imagined to be larger than they really are. By a small addition to this instrument, provided it be of a moderate length, Μ. Bouguer thought it possible to measure angles of three or four degrees, which is of particular consequence in taking the distance of stars from the moon. By means of this instrument Μ. Bouguer found, by repeated observation, that the sun’s vertical diameter, though somewhat diminished by the astronomical refraction, is longer than the horizontal diameter; and, in ascertaining this phenomenon, he also found, that the upper and lower edges of the sun’s disc are not so equally defined as the other parts, on which account his image appears somewhat extended in the vertical direction. This is owing to the decomposition of light, which is known to consist of rays differently refrangible in their passage through our atmosphere. Thus the blue and violet rays, which proceed from the upper part of the disc at the same time with those of other colours, are somewhat more refracted than the others, and therefore seem to us to have proceeded from a higher point; whereas, on the contrary, the red rays proceeding from the lower edge of the disc, being less refracted than the others, seem to proceed from a lower point; so that the vertical diameter is extended, or appears longer, than the horizontal diameter.
HELIOPOLIS, ruins at Matarich, giving name to the district Heliopoütes, which stretched into Arabia, a city of Egypt, near the apex of the Delta, and near the eastern bank of the Nile, twelve miles from Babylon of Egypt (Anton. Itin.}, sacred to the worship of the Sun (Macrob. Sat. i. 21; Herodot. ii. 59), whose priests were considered as the most learned of the land (ii∙ 3), particularly in astrology, which they acquired from Actis, son of Helios, who was founder of the city (Diodor. v. 57). It is situated on a considerable eminence to the south of some lakes, probably now Birket-el-Hadgy, which were furnished with water from the canal which ran towards the Red Sea. The city was in ruins in the time of Strabo, and the temple in which the ox Mnevis used to be kept exhibited marks of the destructive visit of Cambyses. He saw the remains of the magnificent edifices in which the college of priests used to reside; but that learned body had dwindled away, and was then represented only by a few individuals, who explained to strangers the antiquities of the temples. The reputation of this college had at one time been so high that it attracted the presence of Plato and Eudoxus, who are said to have resided many years under the tuition of the priests (Strab. xvii. 805, 806; Plin. v. 9). It is supposed to be the On of the Scriptures.
HELIOSCOPE, in Optics, a sort of telescope, peculiarly fitted for viewing the sun without affecting the eyes. As the sun may be viewed through coloured glasses without detriment to the eyes, if the object and eye-glasses of a telescope be made of coloured glass, as red or green, such a telescope will become an helioscope.
HELIOSTATE, in Optics, an instrument invented by the learned s’Gravesande, who gave it this name from its fixing as it were the rays of the sun in an horizontal direction across a dark chamber all the time it is in use.
HELIOTROPE (heliotropium), amongst the ancients, an instrument or machine for showing when the sun arrived at the tropics and the equinoctial line. This name was also used generally for a sun-dial.
HELIX, in Geometry, a spiral line. The word is Greek, iλ∕ξ, and literally signifies a wreath or winding, from iλ∕<wω, involvο. In architecture, some authors make a difference between the helix and the spiral. A staircase, according to Daviler, is in a helix, or is helical, when the stairs or steps wind round a cylindrical newel; whereas the spiral winds round a cone, and is continually approaching nearer and nearer its axis.

Helix is also applied, in Architecture, to the caulicules or little volutes under the flowers of the Corinthian capital, which are called urilloe.
HELL, the place of punishment after death. As all religions have supposed a future state of existence, so all have their hell or place of torment, in which the wicked are supposed to be punished. The hell of the ancient heathens was divided into two mansions, the one called Elysium, on the right hand, pleasant and delightful, appointed for the souls of good men; the other called Tartarus, on the left, a region of misery and torment, appointed for the wicked. The latter only was hell in the present limited sense of the word.

Amongst Christians, there are two controverted questions in regard to hell; the one concerning the locality, and the other the duration of its torments.

The locality of hell, and the reality of its fire, began first to be controverted by Origen. That father, interpreting the Scripture account metaphorically, made hell to consist, not in external punishments, but in a consciousness or sense of guilt, and a remembrance of past pleasures. Amongst the moderns, Mr Whiston advanced a new hypothesis. According to him, the comets are so many hells appointed in their orbits alternately to carry the damned into the confines of the sun, there to be scorched by its violent heat, and then to return with them beyond the orb of Saturn, there to freeze in the dismal regions of eternal cold. Another modern author, not satisfied with any hypothesis hitherto advanced, assigns the sun as the locality of hell.

As to the second question, the duration of hell torments, we find Origen again at the head of those who deny that they are eternal. It was his opinion, that not only men, but devils, would, after a due course of punishment suitable to their respective crimes, be pardoned and restored to heaven. The principle upon which Origen mainly built his opinion, was the nature of punishment, which he took to be emendatory, and applied only as physic for the recovery of the patient’s health. The chief objection to the eternity of hell torments amongst modern writers, is the disproportion between temporary crimes and eternal punishments. Those who maintain the affirmative, ground their opinions on Scripture accounts, which represent the pains of hell under the figure of a worm which never dies, and a fire which is not quenched.
HELLANICUS, an ancient historian of Mitylene, in Lesbos, was son of Andromenes or Aristomenes, born b. c. 496, if we credit the statement of Aulus Gellius (xv. 23), that he was sixty-five years old b. c. 431, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Herodotus was then fifty-three, and Thucydides forty years of age. According to Lueian (Macrob. c. 22), he lived to the age of eighty-five (which extends the life of Hellanicus to b. c. 411), and died at Perperena, a village of Aeolis, opposite the island Lesbos (Suid.). It is impossible to say in what dialect of the Greek language he wrote, as those authors who have quoted him may have changed his words to suit their own style. He is accused by Diodorus (i. 37) of overlaying his history with fable, so that the entire loss of his works is a matter of little regret. He seems to have been a voluminous writer, having been employed on the history partly of foreign nations, and partly of Greek races and states. His style is said to have been simple and unadorned, without eloquence or ornament. The following are a few of his works: Antiquities of Egypt, of Phoenicia, of Persia, of Scythia, of Troy, and of Barbarian Nations; Journey to the Temple of Ammon; Foundation of Chios.
[7:11:215]

The fragments of Hellanicus have been collected by Sturz, Lips. 1826.
HELLAS, in Ancient Geography, an appellation comprehending, according to the more ancient Greeks and Romans, Achaia and Peloponnesus, but afterwards restricted to Achaia. It was bounded on the west by the river Achelous, on the north by Mounts Othrys and Oeta, on the east by the Aegean Sea, and on the south by the Saronic and Corinthian Bays, and by the isthmus which joins it to Peloponnesus. It was called Hellas, from Hellen, the son of Deucalion, or from Hellas, a district of Thessaly; and hence Hellenes, the gentilitious name, denoting Greeks.
HELLE, in fabulous history, a daughter of Athamas, king of Thebes, by Nephele. Helle fled from her father’s house with her brother Phryxus, to avoid the cruel oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts, she was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had received from Neptune, and having in her passage become giddy, she fell from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring coast, pursued his journey, and arrived in Colchis.
HELLENISM, in matters of language, a phrase in the idiom, genius, or construction of the Greek tongue. This word is only used when speaking of the authors who, writing in a different language, express themselves in a phraseology peculiar to the Greek.
HELLENISTIC Language, that used by the Grecian Jews who lived in Egypt and other parts where the Greek tongue prevailed. In this language the Septuagint was written, and also the books of the New Testament; and it was thus denominated, to show that it was Greek filled with Hebraisms and Syriacisms.
HELLENISTS {Hellenist(P), a term occurring in the Greek text of the New Testament, and which in the English version is rendered Grecians. But the critics are divided as to the signification of the word. Oecumenius {Scholia ad Act. vi. 1) observes, that it is not to be understood as signifying those of the religion of the Greeks, hut those who spoke Greek (τους ’ Easv∕στ∕ <pθtγξαμsvoυς). The authors of the Vulgate indeed render it, as in our version, Groeci; but Messieurs du Port-Royal more accurately, Juifs Grecs, Greek or Grecian Jews; that is, Jews who spoke Greek, and who are thus distinguished from the Jews called Hebrews, who spoke the Hebrew tongue of that time. The Hellenists, or Grecian Jews, were those who lived in Egypt and other parts where the Greek tongue prevailed. It is to them we owe the Greek version of the Old Testament, commonly called the Septuagint. But Salmasius and Vossius are of a different opinion with regard to the Hellenists. The latter conceives that they were those who adhered to the Grecian interests. Scaliger is represented, in the Scaligerana, as asserting that the Hellenists were the Jews who lived in Greece and other places, and who read the Greek Bible in their synagogue, and used the Greek language in sacris, and who were thus opposed to the Hebrew Jews, who performed their public worship in the Hebrew tongue; and in this sense St Paul speaks of himself as a Hebrew of the Hebrews (Phil. iii. 5), meaning a Hebrew both by nation and language. The Hellenists are thus properly distinguished from the Hellenes or Greeks (mentioned in John, xii. 20), who were Greeks by birth and nation, and yet proselytes to the Jewish religion.
HELLENODICAE, 'Ελλί^οδ/χαι, va Antiquity, the directors of the Olympian games. At first there was only one, but afterwards the number was increased to two, to three, and at length to nine. They assembled in a place called ’ Eλλ>jvoδ∕κα∕ov, in the Elean forum, where they were obliged to reside ten months before the celebration of the games, to take care that such as offered themselves to contend performed their <iioorpoμvMμaτa, or preparatory exercises, and were instructed in all the laws of games by certain men called w 1 αo^υλακsς, or keepers of the laws. And the better to prevent all unjust practices, they were further obliged to take an oath that they would act impartially, take no bribes, nor discover the reason for which they disliked or approved of any of the competitors. At the solemnity they sat naked, having before them the victor’s crown till the exercises were finished, and then it was presented to whomsoever they adjudged it. Nevertheless, there lay an appeal from the Hellenodicae to the Olympian senate.
HELLESPONT, a narrow strait between Asia and Europe, connecting the Mediterranean with the Propontis. It received its name from Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. It is celebrated for the love and death of Leander, and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece. It is now called the Dardanelles. This strait is about thirty-three miles in length, and, in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast is about one mile and a half distant from the European, and only half a mile in the narrowest.
HELLSTEDT, a town of Prussia, in the circle of Mansfeld and province of Saxony, with 540 houses and 3604 inhabitants; near to which are some mines of copper and of silver, which employ a part of the population in extracting these metals and converting them to use.
HELM, a long and flat piece of timber, or an assemblage of several pieces, suspended along the hind-part of a ship’s stern-post, where it turns upon hinges to the right or left, serving to direct the course of the vessel, as the tail of a fish guides the body. See Ship-Building.

There are several terms in nautical language relating to the helm; as, Bear up the helm, that is, let the ship go more large before the wind; Helm a midship, or right the helm, that is, keep it even with the middle of the ship; Port the helm, put it over the left side of the ship; Starboard the helm, put it on the right side of the ship.
HELMET, a piece of defensive armour worn by horsemen both in war and in tournaments. It anciently covered both the head and face, only leaving an aperture in the front secured by bars, which was called the visor.
[7:11:216]
HELMOND, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant, on the river Aa, which flows through it in three branches. It is defended by a strong castle, and contains 500 houses, with 2492 inhabitants, who carry on considerable trade in linen yarn, linen cloth, and especially damask table-cloths and napkins. Long. 5. 37.17. E. Lat. 51. 29. 4. N.