pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
EMPIRE (imperium), in political geography, a large extent of land, under the jurisdiction or government of an emperor. In ancient history we read of four great monarchies or empires, namely, that of the Babylonians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians; that of the Mcdes and Persians; that of the Greeks; and that of the Romans. The first subsisted from the time of Nimrod, who founded it in the year of thq world 1800, according to the computation of Usher, till that of Sardanapalus their last king in 3257, and consequently lasted above 1450 years. The empire of the Medes commenced under Arbaces, in the year of the world 3257, was united to that of the Babylonians [7:8:693]and Persians under Cyrus, in 3468, and closed with the death of Darius Codomannus in 3674. The Grecian em- ’ pire lasted only during the reign of Alexander the Great, beginning in the year of the world 3674, and terminating with the death of this conqueror in 3681, his conquests having been divided amongst his captains. The Roman empire commenced with Julius Caesar, when he was made perpetual dictator, in the year of the city 708, and of the world 3956, forty-eight years before Christ. The seat of the empire was removed to Byzantium by Constantine, in the year of our Lord 334; and the East and West were then united under the title of the Roman empire, till the Romans proclaimed Charlemagne emperor, in the year 800. From this epoch the East and West formed two separate empires. That of the East, governed by Greek emperors, commenced in the year 302; and being gradually weakened, terminated under Constantine Palaeologus in 1453. The western empire was afterwards known by the appellation of the empire, or German empire. Antiquaries distinguish between the medals of the Upper and Lower Empire. The curious only value those of the Upper Empire, which commenced with Caesar or Augustus, and ended in the year of Christ 260. The Lower Empire comprehended near 1200 years, reckoning downwards till the destruction of Constantinople in 1453. Two ages, or periods, of the Lower Empire are usually distinguished; the first beginning where the Upper ends, namely, with Aurelian, and terminating with Anastasius, including 200 years; and the second beginning with Anastasius, and ending with the Palaeologi, which includes 1000 years.

Empire, or The Empire, used absolutely and without any addition, signifies the empire of Germany, which is also called in juridical acts and laws the holy Roman empire. It had its beginning at the commencement of the ninth century, when Charlemagne was created first emperor by Pope Leo III. who put the crown on his head in St Peter’s church on Christmas day in the year 800.
EMPIRIC, an appellation given to those physicians who conduct themselves wholly by their own experience, or by arbitrary modes, without studying physic in a regular way. Some even use the term in a still worse sense, for a quack who prescribes at random, without being at all acquainted with the principles of the healing art.
EMPRESS, the spouse of an emperor, or a woman who governs an empire.
EMPROSTHOTONOS, a species of convulsion, in which the head bends forward.
EMPYREUM, a term used by divines for the highest heaven, where the blessed enjoy the beatific vision. The word is formed of w, in, and <κ ∖ )ζ,fire, because of its splendour.

L’MPYREUMA, in Chemistry, signifies a very disagreeable smell produced from burnt oils. It is often perceived in the distillation of animal as well as vegetable substances, when these are exposed to a quick fire.
EMS, a market-town of the duchy of Nassau, in Germany. It stands on the river Lahn, which runs to the Rhine. It is a celebrated place, on account of the warm springs, which are much frequented at the proper season, as well for cure as for relaxation and pleasure. There arc no fewer than thirty-three warm baths. The water is of the heat of 37° of Reaumur. The country around is wild and romantic. The regular residents are only about 350.
EMULATION, a generous ardour kindled by the praiseworthy example of others, which impels us to imitate, to rival, and, if possible, to excel them. This passion involves in it esteem of the person whose attainments or conduct we emulate, and of the qualities or actions in which we emulate him, and a desire of resemblance, together with a joy springing from the hope of success. The word conies originally from the Greek άμιλλα, a dispute or contest; whence the Latin oemulus, and thence our emulation.
EMULGENT or Renal Arteries, those which supply the kidneys with blood; being sometimes single, sometimes double, on each side.
EMUNCTORY, in Anatomy, a general term for all those parts which serve to carry off the excrementitious parts of the blood and other humours of the body. Such are the kidneys, bladder, and most of the glands.
ENALLAGE, in Grammar, is when one word is substituted for another of the same part of speech: a substantive for an adjective; as exercitus victor, for victoriosus ; scelus, for scelestus ; a primitive for a derivative; as Dardana arma, for Dardania : an active for a passive; as nox humida coelo précipitât, for prcecipitatur ; and so on.
ENAMEL, in general, is a vitrified matter, betwixt the parts of which is dispersed some unvitrified matter; and hence enamel ought to have all the properties of glass except transparency.

Enamels have for their basis a pure crystal glass or frit, ground up with a fine calx of lead and tin prepared for the purpose, with the addition usually of white salt of tartar. These ingredients baked together are the matter of all enamels, which are made by adding colours to this matter, and melting or incorporating them together in a furnace.

For white enamel, Neri (De Arte Vitriar.) directs only manganese to be added to the matter which constitutes the basis; for azure, zaffer mixed with calx of brass; for green, calx of brass with scales of iron, or with crocus martis; for black, zaffer with manganese or with crocus martis, or manganese with tartar; for red, manganese, or calx of copper and red tartar; for purple, manganese with calx of brass; for yellow, tartar and manganese; and foi violet-coloured enamel, manganese with thrice-calcined brass.

In making these enamels, the following general cautions are necessary to be observed: 1. That the pots must be glazed with white glass, and must be such as will bear the fire. 2. The matter of enamels must be very nicely mixed with the colours. 3. When the enamel is good, and the colour well incorporated, it must be taken from the fire with a pair of tongs. 4. The general way of making the coloured enamel is this: Powder, sift, and grind all the colours very nicely, and first mix them with one another, and then with the common matter of enamels; next set them in pots in a furnace, and when they are well mixed and incorporated, cast them into water; when dry, set them in a furnace again to melt; and when melted, take a proof of the enamel. If too deep coloured, add more of the common matter of enamels; and if too pale, add more of the colours.

Enamels are used either in counterfeiting or imitating precious stones, and in painting in enamel; or by enamellers, jewellers, and goldsmiths, in gold, silver, and other metals. Tire first two kinds are usually prepared by the workmen themselves who are employed in these arts; that used by jewellers and others is brought chiefly from Venice or Holland, in little cakes of different sizes, commonly about four inches diameter, having the mark of the maker struck upon it with a puncheon.
ENCAENIA, the name of three several festivals celebrated by the Jews in memory of the dedication, or rather purification, of the temple of Judas Maccabaeus, Solomon, and Zorobbabel. This term is likewise used in church history for the dedication of Christian churches.
ENCEINTE, in Fortification, is the interior wall or rampart which surrounds a place, sometimes composed of bastions or curtains, either faced or lined with brick or stone, or onl} made of earth. The enceinte is sometimes only flanked by round or square towers, which is called a Roman wall.
ENCEPHALI, in Medicine, worms generated in the head, where they cause so great pain as sometimes to occasion distraction.
ENCHASING, Inchasing, or Chasing, the art of enriching and beautifying gold, silver, and other metal work, by some design or figures represented thereon in bas-relief. It is performed by punching or driving out the metal, in order to form a figure, from withinside, so as to stand out prominent from the plane or surface of the metal. In order to this, a number of fine steel blocks or puncheons of divers sizes are provided; and the design being drawn on the surface of the metal, the inside is applied to the heads or tops of these blocks, directly under the lines or parts of the figures; then the metal, sustained by the block, being struck by a hammer, yields, and the block makes an indenture or cavity on the inside, corresponding to which there is a prominence on the outside, which stands for part of the. figure; and thus the workman proceeds to chase and finish all the parts by the successive application of the block and hammer to the several parts of the design. It is wonderful with what beautiful justness artists, by means of this simple piece of mechanism, represent foliages, grotesques, animals, histories and the like.
ENCLITICA, in Grammar, particles which are so closely united with other words as to seem part of them as the que in virumque, &c. There are three enclitic particles in Latin, viz. que, nc, ve.
ENCRATITES, in Ecclesiastical History, heretics who appeared towards the end of the second century. They were called Encratites. or Continentes, because they gloried in abstaining from marriage, and the use of wine and animal food.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA, a term nearly synonymous with Cyclopaedia, but adopted in preference to it in denominating the present work, as being more definite and of better authority. According to the observation of that learned printer Mr Bowyer, the preposition en makes the meaning of the word more precise. For Cyclopaedia ma; denote “the instruction of a circle,” as Cyrapaedia is “the instruction of Cyrus,” whereas in ENcyclopaedia the preposition determines the word to be from the dativ< of cyclus, “instruction iNacircle.” And Vossius, in his bool De Vitiis Sermonis, has observed, “that Cyclopaedia is usee by some authors, but Encyclopaedia by the best.” Some •account of the history and merits of the different Ency clopaedias which have appeared will be found in the Ge neral Preface to this work.
ENDEMIC or Endemicae Diseases are those t( wnich the inhabitants of particular countries are subject more than others, on account of the air, water, situation, and manner of living.
ENDIAN, a town of Persia, in the province of Kuzistan, occupying both banks or the river Tab, which is here 240 feet broad. It is surrounded by numerous walls, nowhere[7:8:699] more than three feet thick, and is nearly two miles in circuit. It contains from 4000 to 5000 inhabitants, and carries on trade with Bassora and with the countries to the east. Lat. 30. 18. N
ENDLESS, something without an end; thus authors mention endless rolls, the endless screw, and the like.
ENDOR, in Ancient Geography, a town of Galilee, four miles to the south of Mount Tabor, in the tribe of Ma-nasseh, where the Pythoness was consulted by Saul.
ENDORSED, in Heraldry, an ordinary, containing the eighth part of a pale, which Leigh says is only used when a pale is between two of them.

Endorsed, in Heraldry, is said of things borne back to back, more usually called Adosse.
ENDORSEMENT, in Law and Commerce. See Indorsement. ∙
ENDOWMENT, in Law, denotes the settling a dower on a woman; though sometimes it is used figuratively, for settling a provision upon a parson on the building of a church; or the severing of a sufficient portion of tithes for a vicar, when the benefice is appropriated.
ENDRACHT’S Land, or Concord, is an extensive, low, and sterile tract on the west coast of New Holland, in which is a spacious bay, lately called by the name of the English navigator Dampier, and which was formerly denominated Shark’s Bay.
ENDRIE, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the district of Eastern Caucasus. It is situated on the river Akatsch, after it has left the mountains and spread into the plain, nearly about twenty miles from the Caspian Sea. It contains several mosques, an Arminian church, and two synagogues; and is the joint property of several Russian princes, who acknowledge the Russian authority. The inhabitants are chiefly Mahommedańs, who allow the most complete toleration to the Georgian and Arminian Christians, and also to the Jews. The latter carry on an extensive commerce. The surrounding country is inhabited by savage tribes, who make frequent inroads on the peaceable inhabitants, and carry off slaves, whom they plunder and sell to the highest bidder, or keep till they are ransomed. Endrie is the seat of this extensive traffic, and is acknowledged as a free town by all the natives of the Caucasus; and it is a great commercial resort. It was formerly called Baal or Balek, and afterwards Endrie, from a governor by whom it was bravely defended against the Arabs. .. In 1722 it was sacked by the Russians.
ENDYMION, in fabulous history, a shepherd, son of Aethlius and Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter to grant to him the privilege of being always young, and sleeping as much as he chose; whence came the proverb of Endymionis somnum dormire, to express a long sleep. Diana observed him naked as he slept on Mount Latinos, and was so struck with his beauty that she came down from heaven every night in order to enjoy his company. Endymion married Chromia, daughter of Itonus, by whom he had three sons, Paeon, Epeus, and Aeolus, and a daughter called Eurydice. The fable of Endymion’s amours with Diana, or the moon, arose from his knowledge of astronomy; and as he passed the night on some high mountain in order to observe the heavenly bodies, it came to be reported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there were two persons of this name; the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that Endymion died on Mount Latmos; and the Eleans pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus.
ENEMY, in Law, an alien or foreigner, who publicly invades the kingdom.
ENERGUMENS, in Ecclesiastical History, persons supposed to be possessed by the devil, and concerning whom there were many regulations among the primitive Christians. They were denied baptism and the eucharist; at least this was the practice of some churches: and though they were under the care of exorcists, yet it was thought a becoming act of charity to let them have the public prayers of the church, at which they were permitted to be present.
ENERGY, a term of Greek origin, signifying the power, virtue, or efficacy of a thing. It is also used figuratively, to denote emphasis of speech.
ENERVATING, the act of destroying the force, use, or office, of the nerves, either by incision, by weakening them with debauchery, or by some other violence.
ENESEI, or Yenesei, a river of Siberia. It has its rise in the mountains of Central Asia, which border on Chinese Tartary, and, taking a northern direction, flows into the Frozen Ocean, after a long course through the plains of Siberia, in long. 82. 14. E. lat. 72. 20. N.
ENESEISK, or Yeneseisk, a town of Siberia, in the government of Tobolsk, situated on the right bank of the river Yenesei. It is of considerable size, is fortified, and has a jurisdiction over an extensive tract, from which a tribute of furs is paid to government. It has several manufactories, of which the most remarkable are those for working up the sea-horn and mammoth teeth into various beautiful articles: It is one of the most antique places in Siberia, the old Russian style of building being still kept up, in which the roofs of the houses project twelve and fifteen feet beyond the walls. In one of the churches here there is a massive candelabrum suspended from the centre. Its weight is a thousand pounds, and its value above L.5000. Long. 91. 50. E. Lat. 58. 16. N.
ENFANS Perdus, the same with forlorn hope.
ENFIL xΙDE, in the art of war, is used in speaking of trenches, or other places, which may be scoured by the enemy’s shot along their whole length. In conducting the approaches at a siege, care must be taken that the trenches be not enfiladed from any work of the place.
ENFINE ', formerly Antinoe, a city of Egypt, built by Adrian in honour of his favourite Antinous. It is situated towards the middle of the Saïd, or Upper Egypt, and still contains several stately monuments of antiquity. In ancient times this city was very magnificent. See article Egypt.
ENFRANCHISEMENT, in Laxv, the incorporating of a person into any society or body politic.
ENGANO, or Pugniatan, an island in the Eastern Seas, lying off the south-west coast of Sumatra, being about thirty miles in circumference, and nearly eighteen miles in length. It is covered with trees, and has always a verdant appearance. The natives are taller and fairer than the Malays; the men have black hair, which they cut very short, while it is worn long by the women, and neatly turned up; and they are extremely savage in their manners, the men going entirely naked, and the women having no other covering than a slip of plantain leaf round the waist. Their houses are of a conical form, resembling bee-hives, supported on posts, and standing singly amidst their plantations, and their canoes are formed of two planks sewed together, pointed at each end, and provided with outriggers. An attempt was made by the Dutch in 1645 to commence an intercourse with these people; but it ended in a shameful act of treachery, by which they trepanned about sixty or seventy of the natives, many of whom died after arriving at Batavia. In 1771 another attempt was made by the English settled in Sumatra to gain some acquaintance of the people, but it failed. Long. 102. 20. E. Lat. 10. 20. S.
ENGASTRIMYTHI, in Pagan theology, the Pythias or priestess of Apollo, who delivered oracles internally, without any action of the mouth or lips. The ancient philosphers, and others, are divided upon the subject of the engastrimythi. Hippocrates mentions this peculiar manifestation as a disease; others will have it a kind of divination; others again attribute it to the operation or possession of an evil spirit; and others to art and mechanism. Scottus maintains that the engastrimythi were poets, who, when the priests could not speak, supplied the defect by explaining in verse what Apollo dictated in the cavity of the sacred tripod.
ENGEN, a bailiwick in the circle of the Lake of the Duchy of Baden, in Germany, containing one market town, with eighteen hamlets and 9500 inhabitants, the capital of which is situated on the river Aach, is of the same name, and contains 211 houses and 1204 inhabitants.
ENGENDERING, a term sometimes used for the act of producing or forming any thing. Thus meteors are said to be engendered in the middle region of the atmosphere, and worms in the belly.
ENGHIEN, a city of the circle of Mons, in the province of Hennegau, in Flanders, with 3054 inhabitants, employed in making’ lace, lace thread, and fine linen. Long. 3. 55. E. Lat. 50. 40. N.
ENGINE, in Mechanics, is a compound machine, including one or more mechanical powers, as levers, pulleys, screws, and the like, made in order to raise, cast, or sustain any weight, or produce any effect which could not be easily effected otherwise. The word is formed, through the medium of the French, from the Latin ingenium, by reason of the ingenuity required in the contrivance of engines to augment the effect of moving powers.
ENGINEER, taken generally, is a term applied to those who are employed in devising or forming engines or machines, and in directing their applications. In a more restricted and appropriate sense, it denotes two very important professions; the one that of the military, the other that of the civil engineer.

The Military Engineer is an officer whose business it is to delineate the plans and direct the formation of military works, and to regulate attacks and defences. Those branches of knowledge which more particularly relate to his profession are treated, in this work, under the heads of Artillery, Fortification, Gunnery, and War.

The Civil Engineer is a person who applies the principles of mechanical and physical philosophy to the construction of the machines and public works by which the arts and accommodations of civil life are rendered more efficient, extensive, and secure. The subjects which more immediately belong to . his important calling are treated in this work under the heads of Bridge, Carpentry, Docks, Gas Lights, Harbours, Light-houses, Navigation, Navigation Inland, Railways, Roads, Tunnels, Water-works, &c. ; and also under the heads Dynamics, Hydrodynamics, Machinery, Mensuration, Resistance of Solids, Strength of Materials, &c.
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ENGRAFTING, in Gardening. See Horticulture.
ENGRAILED, or Ingrailed, in Heraldry, a term derived from the French gresle , hail; and signifying a thing the hail has fallen upon and broken off the edges, leaving them ragged, or with half rounds, or semicircles, struck out of their edges.
ENGUERA, a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, with 5000 inhabitants. About 3000 weavers and spinners are employed in its manufactories of cloth.
ENGUICIIE ', in Heraldry, is said of the great mouth of a hunting horn, when its rim is of a different colour from that of the horn itself.
ENHARMONIC, in Music. See Music.
ENIGMA. See Aenigma.
ENKHUYZEN, a city of North Holland, in the circle of Hoorn. It is situated on the Zuyder Zee, and is strongly fortified both on the land and on the sea side. It contains 2600 houses and 6950 inhabitants, who carry on extensive fisheries, have considerable trade in cheese and wood, and refine much salt. It has considerable reputation for its horticultural products. Long. 4. 5. E. Lat. 52. 42. 22. N.
ENMANCHE ', in Heraldry, is when lines are drawn from the centre of the upper edge of the chief to the sides, to about half the breadth of the chief, signifying sleeved, or resembling a sleeve; from the French manche.
ENNEAGON, in Geometry, a polygon with nine sides.
ENNIS, the chief town of the county of Clare, in Ireland. It is situated on the west bank of the river Fergus, and consists of two chief streets, one being parallel to the river, over which there are three bridges. There are no manufactures, and the only trade is in grain and cattle. It returns one member to parliament. The population of the borough amounted in 1831 to 9727.
ENNISKILLEN, the chief town of the county of Fermanagh, in Ireland. It is well built, and beautifully situated on an island in the narrow channel which connects the upper and lower lakes of Lough Erne. Two bridges connect the island with the suburbs of the town, which are on the north-east and south-west of the lake. The linen manufacture is carried on here, but the principal support is derived from the retail trade which the town and neighbouring districts afford. Enniskillen returns one member to parliament. The population amounted in 1831 to 6116.
ENORE, a village of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, eight miles north from Madras, and situated on the shore of a salt-water lake abounding with oysters and other fish.
ENOS, a city of Turkey in Europe, in the district of the Sea of Marmora. It is on a river of the same name, but called by the Turks Boris Korfusi. It has a good harbour, frequented by ships of all nations, which take cargoes of wool, camels’ hair, cotton, hides, morocco-leather, silk, copper, and wax. It is said to contain 7000 inhabitants. Long. 25. 56. 1. E. Lat. 40. 43. 42. N.
ENOTAEVSK, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Caucasus, situated on the Volga, seventy-two miles N.N.E. of Astracan. Long. 46.19. E. Lat. 47. 15. N.
ENOWTAWKAIA, a village and wooden fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the province of Astracan. The fortress was built in 1741, for the Kalmucs. It is twenty miles S.E. of Tchernoyar.
ENSEELED, in Falconry, is said of a hawk that has a thread drawn through her upper eye-lid, and made fast under her'beak, to take away the sight. ’ ’ '