pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BUCCELLARII, an order of soldiery under the Greek emperors, appointed to guard and distribute the ammunition bread; though authors are somewhat divided as to their office and quality. Among the Visigoths buccellarius was a general name for a client or vassal who lived at the expense of his lord. Some give the denomination to parasites in the courts of princes; others make them the body-guards of emperors; and others, again, fancy they were only such as emperors employed in putting persons to death privately.
BUCCELLATUM, among ancient military writers, denotes camp-bread, or biscuit baked hard and dry, both for lightness and keeping. Soldiers always carried with them enough for a fortnight, and sometimes much longer, during the time that military discipline was kept up.
BUCCINA, an ancient musical and military instrument. It is usually taken for a kind of trumpet; which opinion is confirmed by Festus, by his defining it a crooked horn, played on like a trumpet. Vegetius observes, that the buccina was bent in a semicircle, in which respect it differed from the tuba or trumpet. It is very difficult to distinguish it from the cornu or horn, unless it was something smaller, and not quite so crooked; yet it certainly was of a different species, because we never read of the cornu in use with the watch, but only the buccina. Besides, the sound of the buccina was sharper, and to be heard much farther than either the cornu or the tuba. In Scripture, a similar instrument, used both in war and in the temple, was called rams-horns, kirenjobel, and sepheroth hagijobdim.

This instrument was in use among the Jews to proclaim their feast-days, new moons, jubilees, sabbattical years, and the like. At Lacedaemon, notice was given by the buccina when it was supper time; and the like was done at Rome, where the grandees had a buccina blown both before and after they sat down to table. The sound of the buccina was called buccinus., or bucinus ; and the musician who played on it was called buccinator.
BUCCINO, a city in the province Principato-Citeriore of the kingdom of Naples. It stands on the river Botta, at its junction with the Negro, over which is an antique Roman bridge. It contains 5320 inhabitants.
BUCENTAUR, a large galley of the doge of Venice, adorned with fine pillars on both sides, and gilt over from the prow to the stern. This vessel was covered over head with a kind of tent, made of purple silk. In it the doge received the great lords and persons of quality who visited Venice, accompanied with the ambassadors and counsellors of state, and all the senators, on benches by him. The same vessel served also in the magnificent ceremony of Ascension-day, on which the doge threw a ring into the sea to espouse it, and to denote his dominion over the Gulf of Venice.
BUCEPHALA, or Bucephalos, in Ancient Geograpklh a town built by Alexander, on the western side of the Hydaspis, a river gí' India Citerior, so called in memory of his horse Bucephalus.
BUCER, Martin, one of the first authors of the Reformation at Strasburg, was born in 1491, in Alsace, and took the religious habit of St Dominic at seven years of age; but meeting afterwards with the writings of Martin Luther, and comparing them with the Scriptures, he began to entertain doubts concerning several things in the Roman Catholic religion. After some conferences with Luther at Heidelberg in 1521, he adopted most of his sentiments; but in 1532 he gave the preference to those o [7:5:627] Zuinglius. He assisted in many conferences concerning religion; and in 1548, he was sent for to Augsburg to sign the agreement, called the interim, between the Papists and Protestants. His warm opposition to this project exposed him to many difficulties and hardships; the news of which reaching England, where his fame had already arrived, Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, gave him an invitation to come over, which he readily accepted. In 1549 a handsome apartment was assigned him in the University of Cambridge, and a salary to teach theology. King Edward VI. had the greatest regard for him. Being told that he was very sensible of the cold of the climate, and suffered much for want of a German stove, he sent him a hundred crowns to purchase one. Bucer died of a complication of disorders in 1551, and was buried at Cambridge with great funeral pomp. Five years afterwards, in the reign of Queen Mary, his body was dug up and publicly burnt, and his tomb demolished; but it was subsequently re-constructed by order of Queen Elizabeth.
BUCHAN, a district of Scotland, lying partly in the shire of Aberdeen and partly in that of Banff. It gives the title of earl to the noble and ancient family of Erskine.
BUCHEN, a city in the bailiwick of Bischofsheim, in the duchy of Baden. It stands on the river Morrn, and contains 2340 inhabitants, carrying on various trades, among whom are many families of Jews.
BUCK, a circle in the Prussian government of Posen, formerly part of Poland. It extends over 371 square miles, or 237,440 acres, and contains six small cities and 117 villages, with 30,170 inhabitants. It is a woody, and in great part a sandy district. The chief place, of the same name, contains 222 houses and 1425 inhabitants.
BUCKDEN, a town of the hundred of Toesland, in the county of Huntingdon, sixty-one miles from London, on the great road to York. At this place there is a fine palace, the country residence of the Bishop of Lincoln. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 869, in 1811 to 914, and in 1821 to 973.
BUCKEBURG, a city, the capital of the dominions of the prince of Schauenburg-Lippe. It stands on the side of a hill, at the foot of which runs the river Aa, about seven miles from Minden. It has nothing remarkable except the castle of the prince, with a park around it, and the usual appendages of miniature royalty. The city is finely situated, and contains 2120 inhabitants, who chiefly depend on the court. Long. 8. 57. 21. E. Lat. 52. 15. 47. N.
BUCKENHAM, New, a market-town of the hundred of Shropham, in the county of Norfolk, ninty-five miles from London. The market is held on a Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 664, in 1811 to 691, and in 1821 to 720. Old Buckenham, one mile and a half distant from the above, though not a market-town, is the most populous of the two places, the inhabitants amounting in 1801 to 845, in 1811 to 937, and in 1821 to 1134.
BUCKINGHAM, the chief town of the county of that name, fifty-seven miles from London, on the river Ouse, over which there are three stone bridges. The streets are crooked and narrow, and the houses not remarkable for beauty. The assizes are held here alternately with Aylesbury, and also the quarter sessions. There is a good market on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2605, in 1811 to 3001, and in 1821 to 3465.

Buckingham, George Villiers, Duhe of. See Villiers. Buckingham, John Sheffield, Duhe of. See Sheffield. '
BUCKLER, a piece of defensive armour used by the ancients. It was worn on the left arm, and composed of wickers woven together, or wood of the lightest sort, covered with hides, and fortified with plates of brass or other metal. The figure was sometimes round, sometimes oval, and sometimes almost square. Many of these bucklers were curiously adorned with figures of birds and beasts, as eagles and lions, and of the gods, the celestial bodies, and all the works of nature; a custom which was derived from the heroic times, and from them communicated to the Grecians, Romans, and Barbarians. The scutum, or Roman buckler, was composed of wood, the parts being joined together with little plates of iron, and the whole covered with a bull s hide. In the middle was an iron boss or umbo jutting out, to glance off stones and darts, and sometimes to press violently upon the enemy, and drive all before them. The scuta are to be distinguished from the clypei, which were less in size, and quite circular. This species of shield belonged properly to other nations, though for some little time it was used by the Romans. The scuta themselves were of two kinds, the ovata and the imbricata; the former being a plain oval figure; the latter oblong, and bending inward like half a cylinder. Polybius makes the scuta four feet long, while Plutarch calls them troou¢e/g, reaching down to the feet ; and it is very probable that they covered almost the whole body, since in Livy we meet with soldiers, who stood on the guard, sometimes sleeping with their head on their shield, having fixed the other part of it in the earth.

Votive Bucklers, those consecrated to the gods, and hung up in their temples, either in commemoration of some hero, or as a thanksgiving for a victory obtained over an enemy, whose bucklers, taken in war, were offered as trophies.
BUCKRAM, in commerce, a sort of coarse linen cloth stiffened with glue, and used in the making of garments, to keep them in the form intended.
BUCOLIC, in ancient poetry, a kind of poem relating to shepherds and country affairs, which, according to the generally received opinion, was of Sicilian origin. Bucolics, says Vossius, have some conformity with comedy. Like it, they are pictures and imitations of ordinary life; with this difference, however, that comedy represents the manners of the inhabitants of cities, and bucolics the occupations of people in the country. Sometimes, continues he, this last poem is in the form of a monologue, and sometimes in that of a dialogue. Sometimes there is action in it, sometimes only narration, and sometimes it is composed both of action and narration. The hexameter verse is the most proper for bucolics in the Greek and Latin tongues. Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil, are the most renowned of the ancient bucolic poets.
BUCOVAR, a small circle in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, surrounding the city of the same name, extending over two hundred and sixty-six square miles or 170,240 acres. The city stands at the junction of the [7:5:636] Buka with the Danube. It contains one Catholic and two Greek churches, with seven hundred houses, and 6300 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the cultivation of vines, the rearing of silk-worms, and the spinning of silk. Long. 18. 55. 20. E. Lat. 45. 21. 9. N. ^
BUDA, or Ofen, the capital of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, jointly with the city of Pesth, with which it is in immediate communication by means of a bridge of boats leading to Margaret’s Island. It is situated on the right bank of the Danube, is the residence of the palatines, and the seat of the boards of the several departments of government and of ecclesiastical affairs. The public buildings worthy of notice are the castle, in which the crown of Hungary is kept, the town-house, the orphan-house, and some of the churches. The inhabitants are about 28,500. They find employment in manufactures of leather, cutlery, silk, and woollen goods, and in the cultivation of the vineyards in the vicinity, which yield an excellent red wine. Long. 18. 55. 25. E. Lat. 47. 29. 44. N.
BUDAEUS, William, descended of an ancient and illustrious family, was - born at Paris in 1467. When young he was placed under masters; but barbarism prevailed so much in the schools of Paris, that Budaeus took a dislike to them, and spent his whole time in idleness, till his parents sent him to the university of Orleans to study law. There he passed three years without adding to his knowledge; so that his parents having recalled him to Paris, found his ignorance no less than before, and his reluctance to study, and love to gaming and other useless pleasures, much greater. They talked no more to him of learning of any kind; and as he was heir of a large fortune, they left him to follow his own inclinations. He was passionately fond of hunting, and took great pleasure in horses, dogs, and hawks. But when the fire of youth began to cool, and his usual pleasures to pall upon his senses, he was seized with an irresistible passion for study; and having disposed of his hunting equipage, he abstracted himself from all business, in order to apply himself wholly to study; in which, without any assistance, he made a rapid progress, particularly in the Latin and Greek languages. The work which gained him greatest reputation was his treatise De Asse, the first edition of which was published at Paris in 1514, in folio. His erudition and high birth were not his only advantages; for he had an uncommon share of piety, modesty, gentleness, and good-breeding. The French king, Francis I. often sent for him, and, at his persuasion, and that of Du Bellay, founded the royal college of France, for teaching the languages and sciences. The king sent him to Rome in the character of ambassador to Leo X., and in 1522 made him master of requests. The same year he was chosen provost of the merchants. He died at Paris in 1540. His works, extending to four volumes in folio, were printed at Basel in 1557.
BUDDAEUS, John Francis, a celebrated Lutheran divine, and one of the most learned men Germany has produced, was born in 1667, at Anclam, a town of Pomerania, where his father was minister. He studied with great distinction at Greifswald and at Wittenberg; and having attained to eminence in languages, theology, and history, was appointed Greek and Latin professor at Col-burg; afterwards professor of morality and politics in the university of Halle; and at length, in 1705, professor of divinity at Jena, where he died in 1729, after having acquired a very great reputation. His principal works are, 1. A large historical German Dictionary, Leipsic, 1709, folio; 2. Historia Ecclesiastica Veteris Testamenti, Halle, 1709, four vols. 4to; 3. Elementa Philosophice Practicae, Instrumentalis et theoreticae, three vols. 8vo, which has passed through a great number of editions; 4. Selecta Juns Naturoe et Gentium, Halle, 1704, 8vo; 5. Miscellanea Sacra, Jena, 1727, three vols. 4to; 6. Isagoge Historico Theologica ad Theologiam Universam, singulasque ejus ' partes, two vols. 4to, a work much valued by the Lutherans; and, 7. A Treatise on Atheism and Superstition.
BUDNAEANS, in Ecclesiastical History, so called from the name of their leader, Simon Budnaeus. They not only denied all kind of religious worship to Jesus Christ, but asserted that he was not begotten by any extraordinary act of divine power, being born, like other men, in a natural way. Budnaeus was deposed from his ministerial functions in the year 1584, and publicly excommunicated, with all his disciples; but afterwards abandoning his peculiar sentiments, he was re-admitted to the communion of the Socinian sect. Crellius ascribes the origin of the above opinion to Adam Neuser.
BUDUN, the name of one of the Ceylonese gods. He is supposed to have arrived at supremacy after successive transmigrations from the lowest state of an insect through the various species of living animals. There have been three deities of this name, each of which is supposed to have reigned as long as a bird takes to remove a hill of sand half a mile high and six miles round, by a single grain in a thousand years.
BUDWEIS, a circle in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It extends over 814 square miles, or 520,960 acres. It is situated in the southernmost part of the kingdom, joining to Bavaria. It comprehends eight cities, twenty-nine market-towns, 891 villages, and 26,985 houses. The inhabitants in 1817 were 170,670, but have since been increasing as in the other parts of the territory. The chief city bears the same name, and is situated on the river Moldau, where it receives the waters of the Malsch. It is a well built ancient place, with a cathedral, several other churches, a monastery, and an institution for military education. It has manufactures of cloth, and for refining saltpetre. The population amounts to somewhat more than 6000. It is in Long. 14. 51. 10. E. Lat. 48. 59. 43. N.
BUDZIAC Tartary lies on the rivers Dniester, Bog, and Dnieper, having Poland and Russia on the north, Little Tartary on the east, the Black Sea on the south, and Bessarabia on the west. The chief town is Oczakow. It is subject to Turkey.
BUENAIRE, one of the Leeward Islands, in the West Indies, lying east of Curaçoa, and belonging to the Dutch. It is fifty miles in circumference, is mountainous in its appearance, and inhabited chiefly by Indians, with a small mixture of Europeans. It produces nothing but a few cattle, goats, large quantities of poultry, and of late years a considerable quantity of salt. On the south-west side there is a good harbour. It is fifty-two miles east of Curaçoa. Long. 67. 36. W. Lat. 12. 26. N.
BUENAVENTURA, a Spanish settlement and mission [7:5:639] on the coast of New California. Vancouver mentions that the buildings of the mission, the arrangements of the gardens, and the cultivation of the land in the immediate vicinity, are in a style superior to that of any of the settlements in the north. In consequence of the serene weather which prevails here throughout most of the year, the roadstead may be considered as a tolerably good one, and anchorage may be had near the shore. But it is much exposed to the north-east winds and oceanic swells, which render the communication with the shore very unpleasant. There is a want of rain here, which is rather unfavourable to the raising of European grain; but the soil and climate answer remarkably well for the production of all sorts of fruits appertaining both to the temperate and torrid zones. This settlement was founded in 1782, and contains above 1000 inhabitants. Long. 241. 2. E. Lat. 34. 16. N.
BUFFET was anciently a little apartment, separated from the rest of the room by slender wooden columns, for the disposing of china, glass-ware, and other articles. It is now properly a large table in a dining-room, called also a sideboard for the plate, glasses, bottles, basons, &c. to be placed on, as well for the service of the table as for magnificence. In the houses of persons of distinction in France, the buffet is a detached room, decorated with pictures relative to the subject, with fountains, cisterns, and vases. It is Commonly faced with marble or bronze.
BUFFIER, Claude, a distinguished writer, born in 1661, became a Jesuit in 1679, and died at Paris in 1737. There are many works by this author, showing deep pénétration and accurate judgment. The principal of these is entitled Un Cours des Sciences, or a Course of Sciences, upon principles new and simple, in order to form the language, the understanding, and the heart. Paris 1732, in folio. This collection includes an excellent French grammar upon a new plan, a philosophic and practical treatise upon eloquence, an art of poetry, which, however, is not reckoned the best part of the miscellany, elements of metaphysics, an examination into vulgar prejudices, a treatise of civil society, and an exposition of the proofs of religion; all full of reflections, just as well as new. He was. the author of several other works, particularly, 1. Pratique de la Mémoire artificielle, Paris, 1715, 4 vols. I2mo; 2. Some historical works, an Introduction to the History of the Sovereign Houses of Europe, an [7:5:662]Abridgment of Spanish History, and an Account of the Origin of the Kingdom of Sicily and Naples; 3. Various treatises on religion and piety. In his Cours des Sciences Buffier has anticipated, though he failed to develope and pursue to its consequences, that peculiar system of mental philosophy which resolves all the ultimate principles of belief into the perceptions or suggestions of what is called common sense; and indeed it seems pretty certain that Dr Reid has been indebted to the learned Jesuit for valuable hints on nearly all the purely speculative points treated of in his Intellectual Philosophy.
BUFFOON, a droll, or mimic, who diverts the public by his pleasantries and follies. Menage, after Salmasius, derives the word from buffo, a name given to those who appeared on the Roman theatre with their cheeks blown up; that, receiving blows thereon, they might make the greater noise, and set the people a laughing. Others, as Rhodiginus, make the origin of buffoonery more venerable, deriving it from a feast instituted in Attica by King Erectheus; called buphonia.

Buffoons are the same with what we otherwise find denominated scurroe, gelasiani, mimilogi, ministelli, and joculatores, whose chief scene is laid at the tables of great men. Gallienus never sat down to meals without a second table of buffoons by him. Tillemont also renders pαηtο-mimes ∖ yy buffoons; in which sense, he observes, the shows of the buffoons were taken away by Domitian, restored by Nerva, and finally abolished by Trajan.
BUG, or Bugg. See Entomology.
BUGGERS (Bιιlgarii) anciently signified a kind ofhere-tics, otherwise called Paterini, Cathari, and Albigenses. The word is formed from the French Bougres, and that from Bougria or Bulgaria, the country where they chiefly appeared. Among other errors, they held that men ought to believe no scripture but the New Testament; that baptism was not necessary to infants; that husbands who conversed with their wives could not be saved; and that an oath was absolutely unlawful. They were strenuously refuted by Friar Robert, a Dominican, surnamed the Bugger, as having formerly made profession of this heresy. The Buggers are mentioned by Matthew Paris, in the reign of Henry III. under the name of Bugares∙ Circa dies autem illos invaluit haeretica pravitas eorum qm vulgariter dicuntur Paterini ct Bugares i de quorum erroribus malo tacere quam loqui.
BUGIA, a province of the regency of Algiers in Africa. It is almost surrounded with mountains, and peopled with the most ancient Arabs, Moors, or Saracens, called Ko-bayles. The province is very fertile in corn.

Bugia, by the Africans called Bugeiah, a maritime tθ'vn of Africa, in the regency of Algiers, and once the capita* of the province of that name. It is supposed to be the Saldae of Strabo, built by the Romans. Long. 4. E. Lat∙ 35.30. N.
BUGIE, a town of Egypt, situated on the western shore of the Red Sea, almost opposite to Zidon, the port town to Mecca, and about a hundred miles west of it. Long· 36. E. Lat. 22. 15. N.
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