pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TOTTENHAM, a large parish of the hundred of Edmonton, in the county of Middlesex, five miles from London. It is on the great north road by Ware. It is chiefly the residence of persons connected with the metropolis, and is a very pleasant retreat from the bustle of the city. It is divided into four wards, denominated Middle, Nether, High Cross, and Wood Green. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 5722, and in 1831 to 6937.
TOUCH NEEDLE, among assayers, refiners, &c., little bars of gold, silver, and copper, combined together, in all the different proportions and degrees of mixture; the use of which is to discover the degree of purity of any piece of gold or silver, by comparing the mark which it leaves on the touchstone with those of the bars. The metals usually tried by the touchstone are gold, silver, and copper, either pure, or [7:21:341]mixed by fusion with one another, in different degrees and proportions. In order to discover the purity or quantity of baser metal in these various admixtures, when they are to be examined they are compared with these needles, which are mixed in a known proportion, and prepared for this use. The metals of the needles, both pure and mixed, are all made into laminae or plates, one twelfth of an inch broad, and of a fourth part of their breadth in thickness, and an inch and a half long. These being thus prepared, a mark is to be engraved on each, indicating its purity, or the nature and quantity of the admixture. The black rough marbles, the basaltes, or the softer kinds of black pebbles, are the most proper for touchstones.

The method of using the needles and stone is this. The piece of metal to be tried ought first to be wiped well with a clean towel or piece of soft leather, that you may the better see its true colour; for from this alone an experienced person will in some degree judge beforehand what the principal metal is, and how and with what debased. Then choose a convenient, not over large, part of the surface of the metal, and rub it several times very hardly and strongly against the touchstone, that in case a deceitful coat or crust should have been superinduced, it may be worn off by that friction. This however is more readily done by a grindstone or small file. Then wipe a flat and very clear part of the touchstone, and rub against it, over and over, the just-mentioned part of the surface of the piece of metal, till you have, on the flat surface of the stone, a thin metallic crust, an inch long, and about an eighth of an inch broad. This done, look out the needle that seems most like to the metal under trial; wipe the lower part of this needle very clean, and then rub it against the touchstone, as you did the metal, by the side of the other line, and in a direction parallel to it. When this is done, if you find no difference between the colours of the two marks made by your needle and the metal under trial, you may with great probability pronounce that metal and your needle to be of the same alloy, which is immediately known by the mark engraved on your needle. But if you find a difference between the colour of the mark given by the metal and that by the needle you have tried, choose out another needle, either of a darker or lighter colour than the former, as the difference of the tinge on the touchstone directs; and by one or more trials of this kind you will be able to determine which of your needles the metal answers, and thence what alloy it is of, by the mark of the needle; or else you will find that the alloy is extraordinary, and not to be determined by the comparison of your needles.
TOUCHSTONE, a black, smooth, glossy stone, used to examine the purity of metals. The ancients called it lapis Lydius, the Lydian stone, from the name of the country whence it was originally brought. Any piece of pebble or black flint will answer the purposes of the best lapis Lydius. Even a piece of glass made rough with emery is used with success to distinguish true gold from such as is counterfeit, both by the metallic colour and the test of aquafortis. The true touchstone is of a black colour, and is not uncommon in many parts of the world.
TOUL, an arrondissement of the department of the Meurthe, in France, extending over 463 square miles. It is divided into five cantons, and these into 119 communes; and in 1836 it contained 64,041 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, stands on a plain at the foot of hills covered with vines, and watered by the river Moselle. It is the seat of a bishop, has a fine Gothic cathedral and other three churches, a hospital, an arsenal, and some well-built barracks. It contained in the same year 7333 inhabitants, whose chief trade is in wine and brandy. Long. 5. 48. 13. E. Lat. 48. 40. 32. N.
TOULON, an arrondissement of the department of the Vur, in France, extending over 504 square miles. It comprehends seven cantons, divided into 128 communes, having 99,012 inhabitants in 1836. The capital, of the same name, is one of the most complete naval arsenals belonging to France in the Mediterranean Sea. It has two good havens, one for the merchants and the other for the navy, with every convenience for the building and equipment of the largest ships. The entrance is good, and the port secure at all times. The entrance is protected by strong batteries, while several fortresses on the hills which surround the city completely command every part of it, as well as the arsenals and harbours. These were found so effectual, that when one of them, the fortress of Malgua, was taken by the French, the British, who were in possession of the harbours, the city, and the arsenals, were under the necessity of abandoning them with the utmost expedition. The place is divided into the old and the new town. It has a fine square, a beautiful town-hall, a Gothic cathedral with a magnificent portico a theatre, and a palace for the intendant. The plain on which the city stands is fertile, and the hills that surround it are covered with vines, figs, capers, and olive trees, and yield abundance of fruits. The trade, which is not very great, arises from some manufactories of silk, woollen goods, and soap. Toulon has also some fisheries. In the year 1836 it contained 35,322 inhabitants. Long. 5. 50. 21. E. Lat. 43. 7. 16. N.
TOULOUSE, an arrondissement of the department of Upper Garonne, in France. It extends over 619 square miles, and is subdivided into twelve cantons and 135 communes, with a population in 1836 amounting to 159,064.

Toulouse, a city of France, the ancient city of Tolosa, latterly the capital of the old province of Languedoc, and now the chief town both of the arrondissement of the same name, and of the department of Upper Garonne. It is situated in a fertile district on the banks of the river Garonne, which divides it into two equal parts, connected by a magnificent bridge, after the plan of Mansard, of seven arches, 810 feet in length and seventy-two in breadth, on which is a triumphal arch. The city is surrounded by walls, which yield an agreeable promenade to the inhabitants, and, with the broad quays which extend along the banks of the river, give to it an imposing appearance. When under the sway of the Romans, and forming one of the principal settlements of the empire, this city was adorned by numerous monuments; but in the course of ages these have been destroyed, and nothing now attests its former state but the remains of a small amphitheatre, and a single tomb in the cloister of the old church of the Augustines. In 1816 most of the buildings were more or less injured by an explosion of a powder magazine. The streets are narrow and crooked; brick buildings are too numerous; and the squares, with the exception of St Cyprian, are deficient in regularity; yet some of the edifices are to be admired, more particularly that of the Hotel de Ville, called the capitote, whose modern front is considered one of the finest in France. the principal institutions in the city are a well-frequented university, a school of medicine and surgery, a botanic garden and observatory, a public library, a school of artillery, an academy of fine arts with a collection of paintings, various charitable institutions and religious edifices, which, with the exception of one Protestant place of worship, belong to the Catholics. This city is the head-quarters of a military division, the seat of the prefect, and of the courts of law for the department. There is less trade than the situation of the city and the population would lead a stranger to expect. It is chiefly confined to the agricultural produce of the neighbourhood, and the manufacture, upon a small scale, of powder, snuff, brandy, starch, leather, pottery ware, cotton, silk, and woollen goods. There is also a royal cannon foundery, and yards for building vessels. In the vicinity there are many country houses and gardens, belonging to the wealthier citizens; and [7:21:342]this circumstance gives Toulouse an air of cheerfulness and prosperity much more resembling an English than a French town. The population in 1836 amounted to 77,372. Long. 1. 21. 16. E. Lat. 43. 35. 36. N.
TOURNAGHAUT, a celebrated pass of the south of India, leading from the western coast, called the Conean, into the interior of that country. It is more rugged and steep than that of Ambah. Long. 72. 25. E. Lat. 17. 47. N.
TOURNAY, an arrondissement of the province of Hennegau, in the Netherlands, comprehending eleven cantons, divided into 142 communes, containing 198,900 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name. It is the seat of a bishop, who has a fine cathedral with four towers; and under his direction there is an ecclesiastical seminary, as well as several churches. Tournay is situated on the river Scheldt, by which it is divided into two parts. It is surrounded with walls, and has extensive suburbs. It is for the most part well built, contains 2800 houses, and 25,100 inhabitants. It is a place of great celebrity for its manufactures, for some of which there are very large establishments. One of the most extensive is that for making carpets; and others for printing calicoes rival it. Almost every kind of cotton goods is made, and each step of the process, from spinning in mills to the bleaching and finishing, is performed. Besides piece-goods, there are some manufactures of porcelain and of bronze articles. In the vicinity excellent stone abounds. Long. 3. 56. 58. E. Lat. 50. 36. 20. N.
TOURNEFORT, Joseph Ριττον de, a famous botanist, was born at Aix in Provence on the 5th of June 1656. He studied in the College of the Jesuits at Aix, and his father destined him for the church. He accordingly commenced his theological studies; but he felt a very early passion for the study of botany, and the death of his father in 1677 left him more at liberty to gratify his own inclinations. He wandered over the mountains of Dauphiny, Savoy, Catalonia, the Pyrenees, and the Alps, in search of new species of plants, which he collected with much fatigue and danger. In 1679 he repaired to Montpellier, where he continued for two years to prosecute the study of medicine. He made a botanical excursion to Spain in 1681, and afterwards returned to the university. Having taken the degree of Μ. D. at Orange, he returned to his native city, where however he did not long remain. In 1683, his reputation procured him the appointment of professor of botany in the king’s garden; and by the king’s order he travelled into Spain, Portugal, Holland, and England, where he made prodigious collections of plants. In 1698 he was received as M. D. in the university of Paris. In obedience to another order, he proceeded in 1700 to the isles of the Archipelago, the coasts of the Black Sea, Bithynia, Pontus, Cappadocia, Armenia, and Georgia; making observations on natural history at large, ancient and modern geography, religion, manners, and commerce. In this learned voyage he spent three years, and then resuming his profession, was made professor of physic in the Royal College. He died in consequence of an accidental bruise of his breast by a cartwheel, which brought on a spitting of blood and hydrothorax, that proved fatal on the 28th of November 1708.

Tournefort produced various works, of which we shall only enumerate the most considerable. “Elémens de Botanique, ou Méthode pour connaitre les Plantes." Paris, 1694, 3 tom. 8vo. This work he enlarged, and published in Latin, under the title of “Institutiones Rei Herbariae, sive Elementa Botanices.” Paris. 1700, 3 tom. 4to. “Histoire des Plantes qui naissent aux environs de Paris, avec leur Usage dans la Médecine.” Paris, 1698, 12mo, In 1725, an edition of this work was published by Bernard de Jussieu in 2 vols. I2mo; and in 1782 an English translation by Martyn in 2 vols. 8vo. “Relation d’un Voyage du Levant, contenant l’Histoire ancienne et moderne de plusieurs Isles d’Archipel, de Constantinople,” &c. Paris, 1717, 2 tom. 4to. Bernier was the editor of his posthumous “Traité de la Matière Médicale; et l’Histoire et l’Usage des Médicaments, et leur Analyse chimique.” Paris, 1717, 2 tom. 12mo.
TOURNIQUET, in Surgery, an instrument formed with screws, for compressing any part with rollers, &c. for the purpose of stopping haemorrbages.
TOURNON, an arrondissement of the department of the Ardèche, in France, extending over 719 square miles. It comprehends eleven cantons and 124 communes, with 134,569 inhabitants in 1636. The capital is the city of the [7:21:343]same name, situated on the side of a hill rising from the right bank of the Rhone, where the Doux falls into that river. In 1836 it contained 4174 inhabitants, employed in making woollen, and trading in silk obtained near them. Long. 4. 40. E. Lat. 45. 6. N.
TOURNUS, a city of France, in the department of the Saone and Loire, and arrondissement of Maçon. It is finely situated on a rising ground on the banks of the Saone, over which is a new bridge of fifteen arches. In 1836 it had a population of 5314 persons, who carry on considerable trade in wine, corn, and wood.
TOURS, a city of France, in the department of the Indre and Loire, of which, as well as of the arrondissement of its own name, it is the capital. The arrondissement is 1037 square miles in extent, and comprehends ten cantons and 127 communes, with 151,119 inhabitants in 1836. The city stands on a well-cultivated plain on the left bank of the Loire, over which is a stone bridge 1340 feet in length. Tours is a place of great antiquity, and is connected with many historical recollections. It is surrounded with ancient walls, which now form a promenade, encompassed by beautiful gardens, converted from what were at one time the ditches. The high street leading from the bridge is a picturesque mass of buildings. The cathedral is a fine Gothic building, with a beautiful porticosurmounted by two towers. The palace of the archbishop is also a remarkable building. There are in all fifteen churches. It was before the revolution one of the chief seats of the silk manufacture, and only second to Lyon; but that has given place in some measure to the making of woollen goods. There are several tanneries, and also distilleries for making brandy. The country around is of great fertility, provisions are abundant and cheap, and the wine good. In 1836 the population amounted to 26,669 persons. Long. 0. 36. 27. E. Lat. 47. 23. 46. N.
TOWCESTER, a town in the hundred of the same name, in the county of Northampton, sixty miles from London. It stands on the banks of the river Weedon, and was formerly a place of great repute. It has now only a little trade in making lace, and what arises from its being on the great north-west road. There is a well-supplied market on Tuesday. In 1821 the inhabitants amounted to 2554, and in 1831 to 2671.
TOWNSHEND Island, on the east coast of New Holland, which Captain Cook thought to belong to the mainland; but it was ascertained to be an island by Captain Flinders. Long, of the cape, 159. 29. E. Lat. 22. 13. S.
TOWYN, a town of North Wales, in the county of Merioneth, on a river of the same name, 217 miles from London and eleven from Barmouth. the country around it is very fertile, and the parish is very extensive. The annual value of the landed property in it was estimated, under the assessment of 1815 to the property-tax, at L. 10,570. The village, though built of coarse stone, is respectable, and of late years has been much frequented by sea-bathers. In the church-yard is a huge pillar, supposed to have been erected to a Saint Cadavan. In 1821 the population amounted to 2369, and in 1831 to 2694.
TRADITION, something handed down from one generation to another without being written. Thus the Jews pretended, that besides their written law contained in the Old Testament, Moses had delivered an oral law, which had been conveyed down from father to son; and thus the Roman Catholics are said to value particular doctrines supposed to have descended from the apostolic times by tradition.
TRAFALGAR, a cape on the coast of Spain, just without the Straits of Gibraltar, and opposite to Cape Esparto on the African shore. It was called by the ancients the promontory of Juno. It is in latitude 36° 10' 15" north, and longitude 6° 1' 30" west. It is not high, but may be known by its remarkable figure, being flat, and terminating with two sharp corners or angles, near to which is a round tower. To the eastward of this flat the land is very uneven, and indeed mountainous. This spot is remarkable from the great naval victory achieved near it on the 21st October 1805.
TRAGEDY, a dramatic poem, representing some signal action performed by illustrious persons, which has frequently a fatal issue or termination. See Drama and Poetry.
TRAGI-COMEDY, a dramatic piece, partaking both of the nature of tragedy and comedy; in which a mixture of merry and serious events is admitted.
TRAITOR’S Island, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Le Mair and Schonten in 1616. Long. 173. 48. W. Lat. 15. 55. N. There is also a cluster of islands of the same name on the coast of New Guinea. Long. 137. E. Lat. 1. 12. S.
TRALEE, a borough and the chief town of the county of Kerry, distant from Dublin, by way of Limerick and Castle Island, 144 miles. It is situated upon the river Lee, which here falls into Tralee Bay, after passing through the flat and fertile tract of land which stretches along its shore. The town consists of two streets upwards of a mile in length, broken by a square in the centre, from which diverge several regular and well-planned cross streets. Many of the houses are well built, and inhabited by a respectable class of individuals; but there are many inferior houses and mud-huts interspersed throughout, and extending along the suburbs. It has several public buildings, namely, the court-house, county prison, infirmary, a handsome modern church, two Roman Catholic chapels, and several dissenting meeting-houses, and a barrack capable of containing 600 men. Tralee has of late years been very considerably improved, and the export and import trade has greatly increased. The number of vessels which entered its creek in 1838 amounted to eighty-four, having a tonnage of 6092, and cargoes valued at L.60,920. Those that cleared outwards in the same year amounted to 119, with a tonnage of 9512, and cargoes valued at L.95,120. The town is connected with the sea by means of a ship-canal recently opened; but as yet the principal shipping load and discharge their cargoes at Blennerville, about one mile and a quarter below the town. Tralee is governed by a provost and twelve free burgesses, who, with the qualified inhabitants, return a member to parliament. The population in 1831 amounted to 9568.
TRALLIANUS, Alexander, or Alexander of Tralles, a medical writer, was a native of Tralles, a city of Lydia, and lived about the middle of the sixth century. He is the author of a work, divided into twelve books, in which he treats of distempers as they occur from head to foot. He was the first that opened the jugular vein, and that used cantharides as a blister for the gout. Though he appears on the whole to have been a rational physician, yet there are passages in his writings that savour of enthusiasm and superstition. Dr Frcind, in his History of Physick, styles him one of the most valuable authors since the time of Hippocrates. See likewise Dr Milward’s “Trallianus Reviviscens; or, an Account of Alexander Trallian, one of the Greek writers that flourished after Galen; being a supplement to Dr Freind’s History of Physick.” Lond. 1734, 8vo. The Greek text of his principal work was first published by Jac. Goupylus, Lutet. 1518, fol. It was reprinted, and was then accompanied with a Latin version by Jo. Guinterius, Basil. 1556, 8vo. He is likewise the author of an epistle on worms, “De Lumbricis which was published, in Greek and Latin, by Mercurialis in his “Variae Lectiones,” Venet. 1570, 4to.
TRAMORE, a small, straggling, but handsome town, in the county of Waterford, eighty-three miles from Dublin. It is situated at the western extremity of the bay of the [7:21:344]same name, and contains many excellent private houses and villas. It is much frequented during the bathing season by the inhabitants of Waterford and the adjoining country. The population in 1831 was 2224.
TRANENT, a market-town in the county of Haddington, nine miles and a half from Edinburgh. It consists of one long street, through which the principal road to Berwick passes, and several minor by-streets, to none of which can be given the praise of being either handsome or clean. The houses are chiefly inhabited by colliers, who are employed in the extensive mines which have been worked here for several centuries. There is a weekly market for grain. The population of the town and parish in 1831 amounted to 3620.
TRANI, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Bari, the capital of the district of the ancient Puglia. It stands on the sea-shore, is walled, and is defended by a castle. It is the seat of an archbishop, with a fine Gothic cathedral, said to have been erected by the Normans. It is well built of excellent stone, has a spacious market place, several churches, ten monasteries, and 13,780 inhabitants. The harbour is shallow, and only visited by coasting vessels. the wine and figs produced in the neighbourhood are good, and form the chief trade.
TRANQUEBAR, a small seaport of the south of India, in the province of the Carnatic and district of Tanjore, situated at one of the mouths of the Cavery river. It was formerly a village belonging to the rajah of Tanjore, from whom it was purchased by the Danes in 1616. Here they erected the fort of Dansborg, to which population and commerce were soon attracted by the protection derived from the Danish flag, and by the correct conduct of the company’s servants. The company however did not prosper; and in 1624 they surrendered their charter and property to the king of Denmark, in payment of a debt owing to him. The revenues however continued, under frugal management, to defray all the expenses; and while Denmark remained neutral, the merchants here profited greatly by lending their names during the war to cover British property. In 1807, when the war commenced with Great Britain, the Danes were deprived of this with all their other settlements, which were however restored to them on the conclusion of a general peace.
TRANSCENDENTAL, or Transcendant, something elevated, or raised above other things; which passes and transcends their nature.
TRANSIENT Notes, or Passing Notes. See Music . TRANSITION, or Modulation, in Music. See Music . TRANSITIVE, in Grammar, an epithet applied to such verbs as signify an action which passes from the subject that does it, to or upon another subject which receives it. Under the head of verbs transitive come what we usually call verbs active and passive; other verbs, whose action does not pass out of themselves, are called neuter.
TRANSLATION, the act of transferring or removing a thing from one place to another; as we say, the translation of a bishop’s see, a council, a seat of justice, &c.