pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AHRWEIL, a circle in the department of Coblentz, and the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine. It extends over 96 square miles, or 61,440 acres; contains 24,745 inhabitants, all Catholics except 400 Protestants, in three cities, two market towns, and 186 villages. The Rhine washes its eastern border, and receives the water of the Ahr, which issues out of a fertile valley, near Sinzig, whence some good wine from the sides of the hills is produced. The rest of the district is poor in agriculture, and only somewhat better in breeding cattle, and furnishing fish, game, wood, and stone. The capital is a small city of the same name. It is built on the banks of the Ahr, containing 400 houses, and 2079 inhabitants, chiefly tanners, curriers, and makers of wine.
AHULL, in the sea language, the situation of a ship when all her sails are furled on account of the violence of die storm, and when, having lashed her helm on the leeside, she lies nearly with her side to the wind and sea, her head being somewhat inclined to the direction of the wind.
AHUN, a town of France, in the Upper Marche and generality of Moulins, in the department of Creuse. It is seated on the river Creuse, eight miles south-east of Gue-ret, 30 north-east of Lomages, and 55 south-east of Moulins. Long. 1. 52. E. Lat. 49. 5. N.
AHUYS, a town of Gothland, in Sweden. It is small, but very strong by its situation, and has a good port. It is in the principality of Gothland, in the territory of Bleckingy, near the Baltic Sea, about 18 miles from Christianstadt. Long. 14. 10. E. Lat. 56. 20. N.
AI, in Ancient Geography, a town in Judea, to the north of Jericho, called An*α by Josephus, and the inhabitants Ainatae. Joshua having sent a detachment of 3000 men against Ai, God permitted them to be repulsed on account of Achan’s sin, who had violated the anathema pronounced against the city of Jericho. But after the expiation of this offence, God commanded Joshua (chap, viii.) to march with the whole army of the Israelites against Ai, and treat this city and the kingdom thereof as he had treated Jericho, with this difference, that he gave the plunder of the town to the people. Joshua sent by night 30,000 men to lie in ambush behind Ai, having first well instructed those who had the command of them in what they were to do; and the next day, early in the morning, he marched against the city with the remainder of his army. The king of Ai perceiving them, sallied hastily out of the town with all his people, and fell upon the forces of the Israelites, who, upon the first onset, fled, as if they had been under some great terror.

As soon as Joshua saw the enemy all out of the gates, he raised his shield upon the top of a pike, which was the signal given to the ambuscade; whereupon they immediately entered the place, which they found without defence, and set fire to it. The people of Ai perceiving the smoke ascending, were willing to return, but discovered those who had set fire to the city in their rear; while Joshua and those who were with him turning about, fell upon them, and cut them in pieces. The king was taken alive, and afterwards put to death.
AJACCIO, or Ajazzo, an arrondissement in the island and department of Corsica, in the Mediterranean, containing 12 cantons and 72 communes, with 36,980 inhabitants. The extent is 736 square miles, or 460,000 English acres. The capital, which bears the same name, and is the best built town in the island, is situated in a fertile territory, which produces excellent wines. It has a small citadel and an excellent harbour, and contains 6840 inhabitants. It is celebrated as the birth-place of Napoleon Buonaparte.
AJALON, in Ancient Geography, a town of the tribe of Dan, one of the Levitical. Another in the tribe of Benjamin, in whose valley Joshua commanded the moon to stand still, being then in her decrease, and consequently to be seen at the same time with the sun.
AJAN, a coast and country of Africa, has the river Quilimanci on the south; the mountains from which the river springs, on the west; Abyssinia or Ethiopia, and the strait of Babelmandel, on the north; and the Eastern or Indian Ocean on the cast. The coast abounds with all the necessaries of life, and has plenty of very good horses. The whole sea-coast, from Zanguebar to the strait of Babelmandel, is called the coast of Ajan; and a considerable part of it is styled the Desert coast.
AJAX, the son of Oileus, was one of the principal generals who went to the siege of Troy. He ravished Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, even in the temple of Minerva, where she thought to have found sanctuary. It is said he made a serpent of 15 feet long so familiar with him, that it ate at his table, and followed him like a dog. The Locrians had a singular veneration for his memory.

Ajax, the son of Telamon, was, next to Achilles, the most valiant general among the Greeks at the siege of Troy. He commanded the troops of Salamis, and performed many great actions, of which we have an account in the Iliad, in Dictys Cretensis, and in the 23d book of Ovid’s Metamorphoses. He was so enraged that the arms of Achilles were adjudged to Ulysses, that he immediately became mad. The Greeks paid great honour to him after his death, and erected a magnificent monument to his memory, upon the promontory of Rhetium.

Ajax, in Antiquity, a furious kind of dance, in use among the Grecians; intended to represent the madness of that hero after his defeat by Ulyases, to whom the Greeks had given the preference in his contest for Achilles’s arms. Lucian, in his treatise of Dancing, speaks of dancing the Ajax. — There was also an annual feast called Ajantia, Αιαντεια, consecrated to that prince, and observed with great solemnity in the island of Salamis, as well as in Attica; where, in memory of the valour of Ajax, a bier was exposed, set out with a complete set of armour.

Ajazzo, a seaport town of Natolia, in the province of Caramania, anciently Cilicia, seated on the coast of the Mediterranean, 30 miles north of Antioch, and 50 west of Aleppo, where the city of Issus anciently stood, and near which Alexander fought his second battle with Darius Long. 36. 10. E. Lat. 37. N.
AICHSTADT, a town of Germany, in Franconia, and capital of a bishopric of the same name. It is remark [7:2:364]able for a curious piece of workmanship, called the Sun of the Holy Sacrament, which is in the church. It is of massy gold, of great weight, and is enriched with 350 diamonds, 1400 pearls, 250 rubies, and other precious stones. This place is moderately large, and seated in a valley on the river Altmuhl, 10 miles north of Nienburg, and 37 south of Nuremberg. Long. 11. 10. E. Lat. 49. N. The bishopric is 45 miles in length and 17 in breadth; and the bishop is chancellor of the church of Mayence or Mentz.
AID, Auxilium, in ancient customs, a subsidy paid by vassals to their lords on certain occasions.

AiD-de-Camp, in military affairs, an officer employed to receive and carry the orders of a general.
AIDS, in the French customs, were certain duties paid on all goods exported or imported into that kingdom.

Court of AIDS, in France, a sovereign court formerly established in several cities, which had cognizance of all causes relating to the taxes, gabelles, and aids, imposed on several sorts of commodities, especially wine.
AIDAN, a famous Scotish bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, in the 7th century, was employed by Oswald, king of Northumberland, in the conversion of the English, in which he was very successful. He was a monk in the monastery of Iona, one of the Hebrides. He died in 651.
AIDONA, a city of Sicily, on the river Gabelle, in the Val di Notto, containing about 3700 inhabitants.
AJELLO, a town in the province of Abruzzo Ulteriore Second, in the kingdom of Naples, but belonging to the duke of Modena. It contains 2195 inhabitants.
AIGHENDALE, the name of a liquid measure used in Lancashire, containing seven quarts.
AIGLE, a bailiwick in the territory of Romand in Switzerland, consists of mountains and valleys, the principal of which are the Aigle and Bex. Through these is the great road from Valais into Italy. When you pass by Villeneuve, which is at the head of the lake of Geneva, you enter into a deep valley three miles wide, bordered on one side with the Alps of Switzerland, on the other side with those of Savoy, and crossed by the river Rhone. Six miles from thence you meet with Aigle, a town containing 2500 inhabitants, seated in a wide part of the valley, where there are vineyards, fields, and meadows. The governor’s castle is on an eminence that overlooks the town, and has a lofty marble tower. This government has nine large parishes; and is divided into four parts, Aigle, Bex, Olon, and Ormont. This last is among the mountains, and joins to Rougemont. It is a double valley, abounding in pasture lands. Ivorna, in the district of Aigle, was in part buried by the fall of a mountain, occasioned by an earthquake, in 1584.

Aigle, a city in France, in the arrondissement of Mor-tagne, and department of the Orne. It is situated on the river Rille, which divides it into three parts; one on each side of the river, and one in an island formed by two channels of it. It contains 844 houses, and 5780 inhabitants. It is an industrious place, with manufactures of linen, cotton, paper, leather, cutlery, needles, bottles, and other wares.
AIGUES-PERSES (Aquae-Sparsae), a town of France, situated in the Lyonnois, in the department of Puy-dc-Dome, about 15 miles north of Clermont.

Aigues-Perses, a town of France, in the district of Ville Franche, near to Lyons, with 1540 inhabitants. It is the birth-place of the celebrated Chancellor L’Hôpital. Near to it is a well of poisonous quality, which is mortal to all animals drinking it.
AIGUILLON, a town of the district , of Agenois, in Guienne, in France, at the conflux of the river Garonne and Lot, containing 3540 inhabitants.
AIGUISCE, in Heraldry, denotes a cross with its four ends sharpened, but so as to terminate in obtuse angles. It differs from the cross fitchee, inasmuch as the latter tapers by degrees to a point, and the former only at the ends.
AIGURANDES, a town of France, in the arrondissement of La Châtre, and department of the Indre. It is on the river Bourdesoule, surrounded with walls and ditches; containing 270 houses, and 1620 inhabitants, who carry on a great trade in cattle.
AIKMAN, William, a painter of considerable eminence, was born in Scotland, October 24. 1682. He was the son of William Aikman, Esq. of Cairney, and was intended by his father to follow his own profession, which was that of an advocate at the Scotish bar. But the genius of the son led him to other studies. He devoted himself to the fine arts, especially that of painting; and having for some time prosecuted his studies in Britain, in the year 1707 he went to Italy, resided in Rome for three years, afterwards travelled to Constantinople and Smyrna, and in 1712 returned to his own country. About the year 1723 he fixed his residence in London, where he followed the profession of painting, and had the good fortune to be patronised by the duke of Argyle, the earl of Burlington, Sir Godfrey Kneller, and other liberal en-couragers of the arts. He painted many portraits of persons of the first rank in England and Scotland, and a large picture of the royal family for the earl of Burlington, now in the possession of the duke of Devonshire, which was unfinished at his death. Some of his portraits painted in Scotland are in the possession of the duke of Argyle, the duke of Hamilton, and others. Mr Aikman died in London, June 4. 1731. Six months previous to his death he had lost a son at the age of 17. The remains of both were removed to Edinburgh, and were interred in the Greyfriars church-yard on the same day. Mr Somerville, the author of the Chace, Mr Mallet, Mr Allan Ramsay the Scotish poet, and Mr Thomson, were among Mr Aikman’s intimate acquaintance; and the muse of each, in elegiac numbers, offered a warm tribute to the memory of their departed friend. The following epitaph, from the pen of Mr Mallet, was engraved on his tomb:
Dear to the good and wise, disprais’d by none,
Here sleep in peace the father and the son;
By virtue, as by nature, close ally’d,
The painter’s genius, but without the pride;
Worth unambitious, wit afraid to shine,
Honour’s clear light, and friendship’s warmth divine.
The son, fair rising, knew too short a date;
But, oh! how more severe the father’s fate!
He saw him torn untimely from his side,
Felt all a father’s anguish—wept, and died.

Mr Aikman’s style of painting was an imitation of the pleasing simplicity of nature. It is distinguished by softness of light, mellowness of shade, and mildness and harmony of colouring. His compositions have more placid tranquillity of ease than boldness of touch and brilliancy of effect. His portraits are supposed to have some resemblance to those of Kneller, not only in the imitation of the dresses of the time, but in the similarity of tint and manner of working.
AILANA, Ailath, or Aiieloth, anciently a town of Arabia Petraea, situated near the Sinus Elanites of the Red Sea. It is also called Eliath, and Eloth (Stephanus, Strabo, Moses). The same with Elana.
AILE, in Law, a writ which lies where a person’s grandfather or great-grandfather was seised of lands, &c. in fee-simple, the day that he died, and a stranger abates and enters the same day, and dispossesses the heir of his inheritance.
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AILESBURY, or Aylesbury, a borough town in Buckinghamshire. In the middle of the market-place is z a convenient hall, where the sessions are held. It sends two members to parliament; but being convicted of corruption in 1804, the right of voting was extended to the neighbouring hundreds. Long. 0. 40. W. Lat. 51. 40. N.
AILMER, or Aethelmare, earl of Cornwall and Devonshire in the reign of King Edgar. It is not known of what family he was. His authority and riches were great, and so also in appearance was his piety. He founded the abbey of Cernel, in Dorsetshire; and had so great a veneration for Eadwald, the brother of St Edmund the Martyr, who had lived a hermit in that country, near the Silver Well, as it is called, that, with the assistance of Archbishop Dunstan, he translated his relics to the old church of Cemel. In 1016, when Canute, the son of Sueno, invaded England, and found himself stoutly opposed by that valiant Saxon prince Edmund Ironside, the son of Aethelred, this Earl Ailmer, with that arch-traitor Eadric Streone, earl of Mercia, and Earl Algar, joined the Dane against their natural prince, which was one great cause of the Saxons’ ruin. He did not long survive this; and we find mentioned in history only one son of his, whose name was Aethelward, earl of Cornwall, who followed his father’s maxims, and was properly rewarded for it; for in 1018, Canute, reaping the benefit of their treasons, and perceiving that the traitors were no longer useful, caused the infamous Eadric Streone and this Earl Aethelward to be both put to death.
AILRED, or Ealred, abbot of Revesby, in Lincolnshire, in the reigns of Stephen and Henry II. He was born in 1109, of a noble family, and educated in Scotland with Henry, the son of King David. On his return to England he became a monk of the Cistercian order in the monastery of Revesby, of which he afterwards was made abbot. He died on the 12th of January 1166, aged 57, and was buried in h⅛ monastery. “He was,” says Leland, “in great esteem during his life, celebrated for the miracles wrought after his death; and admitted into the catalogue of saints.” He was author of several works, most of which were published by Gilbo the Jesuit at Douay, 1631: part of them may be also found in the Bibliotheca Cisterciensis, and Bibliotheca Patrum. His principal work is the Speculum Charitatis. Leland, Bale, and Pits, mention several manuscripts which never were published.
AILSA, an insulated rock on the western coast of Scotland, between the shores of Ayrshire and Cantyre. It is two miles in circumference at the base, is accessible only at one place, and rises in a pyramidi cal form to the height of 940 feet. A few goats and rabbits pick up a subsistence among the grass and furze; but it is frequented by immense numbers of soland geese and other birds, which are valued for their flesh or feathers. The depth of water around the base is from 7 to 48 fathoms. On one part of the rock are the remains of an old castle, which is said to have been erected by Philip II. of Spain, about the time that the Spanish armada invaded Britain.
AIN, one of the departments in the south-west of France, deriving its name from a river so called, a part of the ancient province of Burgundy. It is bounded on the north by the departments of Saone-Loire and Jura; on the east by Switzerland and Savoy, from which the Rhone divides it; on the south by the department of Isene, separated also by the Rhone; and on the west by the departments of the Rhone and the Saone-Loire, from both which the Saone divides it. The extent is 2210 square miles, or 1,414,400 acres. The eastern part is very mountainous, being a protraction of the Jura group. The western part is hilly, but interspersed with marshes. Some tracts of valuable land are found in the intervals. The chief products are rye, maize, wheat, some wine, a little salt, and oil. The dairy yields good butter and cheese. The department is divided into five arrondissements, 35 cantons, and 448 communes; and contains 22 cities, 403 market-towns and villages, 1467 hamlets, and 6779 insulated houses. The population amounts to 322,060 persons, all Catholics, except in the arrondissement of Gers, where the greater part are reformed Protestants.
AINSA, a town of the province of Arragon, in Spain. It is on the bank of the river Cinca, which descends from the Pyrenees, and forms the northern boundary of Arragon. It was the ancient residence of the kings of Arragon, when that province formed a distinct kingdom. 500 inhabitants.
AINSWORTH, a township and chapelry in the parish of Middleton and hundred of Salford, in the county of Lancaster. Its population under the different censuses was as follows: in 1801, 1240; in 1811, 1427; and in 1821, 1609.

Ainsworth, Dr Henry, an eminent non-conformist divine, who about the year 1590 distinguished himself among the Brownists, which drew upon him such troubles that he was obliged to retire to Holland, and became minister of a church at Amsterdam. His skill in the Hebrew language, and his excellent Annotations on the Holy Scriptures, which are still highly esteemed, gained him great reputation. He also wrote several pieces in defence of the Brownists, and several other works.

Ainsworth, Robert, born at Woodyale in Lancashire in 1660, was master of a boarding-school at Bethnal Green, from whence he removed to Hackney, and to other places in the neighbourhood of London. After acquiring a moderate fortune, he retired, and lived privately to the time of his death, which happened in 1743. We are indebted to his industry for a Latin and English Dictionary, which has been much used in schools. It was first published in 1736, and was, after the author’s death, enlarged by various hands to 2 vols. 4to, in which form it has been several times reprinted.
AIRANI, in Church History, an obscure sect of Arians in the fourth century, who denied the con substantiality of the Holy Ghost with the Father and the Son. They are otherwise called Airanists; and are said to have taken their name from one Airos, who distinguished himself at the head of this party in the reigns of Valentinian and Gratian.
AIRE, a city of France, head of a canton of the same name, in the circle of St Omer, and department of Pas de Calais. It is situated on the river Lys. The population amounts to 8627 persons, who are chiefly employed in making cotton and woollen goods, hardware, and large quantities of oil from seeds. Long. 0.12. W. Lat. 50.38. N.

Aire, a town of France, in the department of Landes, and circle of St Sever, on the left bank of the river Pau. Its population is 3130.
AIRING, a term peculiarly used for the exercising of horses in the open air. It purifies the blood, purges the body from gross humours, and, as the jockies express it, teaches the horse how to make the wind rake equally, and keep time with the other motions of his body. It also sharpens the stomach, and keeps the creature hungry, which is a thing of great consequence, as the stomach of hunters and racers is very apt to fall off, either from want of exercise, or from the too violent exercise which they are often exposed to. If the horse be over-fat, it is best to air him before sunrise and after sunsetting; and in general it is allowed by all that nothing is more beneficial to those creatures than early and late airings. Some of our modern manegers, however, dispute this: they say that the cold of these times is too great for the creature; and that if, in particular, he is subject to catarrhs, rheums, or the like complaints, the dews and cold fogs, in these early and late airings, will be apt to increase all those disorders. Nature, we see, also points out the sun-beams as of great use to these animals, those which are kept hardy and he out all night always running to those places where the sunshine comes, as soon as it appears in a morning. This should seem to recommend those airings that are to be made before sunset, and a little time after sunrise. As to the caution so earnestly inculcated by Markham, of using these early and late airings for fat horses, it is found unnecessary by many; for they say that the same effect may be produced by airings at warmer times, provided only that they are made longer; and that, in general, it is from long airings that we are to expect to bring a horse to a perfect wind and sound courage.
AIRS, in the Manege, are the artificial motions of taught horses, as the demivolt, curvet, capriole, &c.
AIRY, or Aery, among Sportsmen, a term expressing the nest of a hawk or eagle.

AIRY Triplicity, among Astrologers, denotes the three signs, Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius.
AISNE, a department in the north-east division of France, on a river of the same name, formed out of divisions of the ancient provinces—Isle of France, Picardy, and Champagne. It is bounded on the north by the department of the North and the kingdom of the Netherlands, on the east by the departments of the Ardennes and Marne, on the south by the Marne and Seine-Marne, and on the west by the Oise and Somme. The extent is 2912 square miles, or 1,872,977 acres. The whole department is a plain, with few hills of much elevation. The soil is generally calcareous, except in the northern part, where it becomes clayey, and in some spots slaty. It is of various degrees of fertility, but for the most part adapted to the growth of corn. Wine, cider, flax, are the other agricultural products. The manufactures are of cotton, linen, and hosiery. The department is divided into five arrondissements, 37 cantons, and 853 communes. Its population is 451,525. The chief city of the department is Laon, with 6691 inhabitants.
AITOCZU, a considerable river of Lesser Asia, which rises in Mount Taurus, and falls into the south part of the Euxine Sea.