pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
COMPEIGNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Oise, in France, extending over 530 square miles, divided into eight cantons, and these again into 165 communes, containing 92,660 inhabitants. The city which gives the name to it is a well-built place on the river Oise, near to the place where the Aisne empties itself into that river. It contains 1476 houses, and 6260 inhabitants. It is a place of some trade for timber and cordage, and for the building of craft to navigate on the Seine between Rouen and Paris. Long. 2. 44. E. Lat. 49. 24. N.
COMPENDIUM, in matters of literature, denotes much the same thing as epitome or abridgment.
COMPENSATION, in a general sense, an action by which any thing is admitted as an equivalent for another.

Compensation, in Law. When the same person is debtor and creditor to another, the mutual obligations, if they are for equal sums, are extinguished by compensation; if for unequal, the lesser obligation is extinguished, and the greater diminished, as far as the concourse of debt and credit extends.
COMPETENTES, an order of catechumens, in the primitive Christian church, being the immediate candidates for baptism.
COMPETALIA, or Competalita, feasts held among the ancients in honour of the lares. The word comes from the Latin compitum, a cross-way, because the feast was held in the meeting of several roads. The competalia are more ancient than the building of Rome. Dionysius Halicarnasseus and Pliny, indeed, say that they were instituted by Servius Tullius; but this only signifies that they were then introduced into Rome. The feast being moveable, the day on which it was to be observed was proclaimed every year. It was ordinarily held on the fourth of the nones of February, or on the second of that month. Macrobius observes, that it was held not only in honour of the lares, but also of mania, madness. The priests who officiated were slaves and liberti, and the sacrifice was a sow. The competalia were re-established, after a long neglect, by Tarquin the Proud, on occasion of an answer of the oracle, that they should sacrifice heads for heads, that is, that for the health and prosperity of each family, children were to be sacrificed: but Brutus, after expelling the kings, in lieu of those barbarous victims substituted the heads of garlic and poppy; thus satisfying the oracle, which had enjoined capita, heads. During the celebration of this festival, each family placed at the door of their house the statue of the goddess Mania, and also hung up at their doors figures of wool, representing men and women; accompanying them with supplications that the lares and mania would be contented with those figures, and spare the people of the house.
COMPLEMENT, in Geometry, is what remains of the quadrant of a circle, or 90°, after any given arch has been taken away from it. Thus, if the arch taken away be 40°, its complement is 50; because 50 + 40=90. The sine of the complement of an arch is called the cosine, and that of the tangent the cotangent, and so on.
COMPLEX, in a more general sense, is a term synonymous with compound; though in strictness of speech there is considerable difference.

Complex is properly applied where a thing contains many others, or consists of different parts which are not really distinct from each other, but only imagined or conceived to be so. In this sense the soul may be said to be complex, in respect of the understanding and will, which are two things that our reason alone distinguishes in it.

Compl£X Term, or Idea, is a term compounded of several simple or incomplex ones. Thus, in the proposition, a just God cannot leave crimes unpunished, the subject of this proposition, a just God, is a complex term, or stands for a complex idea composed of two simple or incomplex ones, God anåjust.
COMPLICATION in general denotes the blending, or rather interweaving, of several different things. Thus, a person afflicted with several disorders at the same time, is said to labour under a complication of disorders.
COMPLINE, the last division of the Roman Catholic breviary. It was instituted to implore God’s protection during the night, as theyirme is for the day. It is recited after sunset, and is so called because it completes the office for the day.
COMPLUTENSIAN Bible. See Bible.
COMPONITE, in Mineralogy, one of the zeolite family, in delicate transparent or semi-transparent crystals, which occupy the drusy cavities of the anciently ejected masses on Mount Vesuvius. Its form is an oblique four-sided prism, truncated on its lateral edges, and terminated with an extremely dihedral summit. It was first brought to this country by Lord Compton in 1818.
COMPOSITE in general denotes something compounded, or made up of several others united together. Thus, Composite Numbers are such as can be measured exactly by a number exceeding unity; as 6 by 2 or 3, or 10 by 5; so that 4 is the lowest composite number. Composite numbers, between themselves, are those which have some common measure besides unity; as 12 and 15, both of which are measured by 3.

Composite Order, in Architecture, the last of the five orders of columns, and so called because its capital is composed of those of the other columns, a quarter round being borrowed from the Tuscan and Doric, a row of leaves from the Corinthian, and volutes from the Ionic. See Architecture.
COMPOSTELLA, a large and well-built town of Spain, the capital of Galicia, with an archbishop’s see and an university. It is situated on an eminence on the small river Soria. The public squares, and the churches, particularly the metropolitan church,.are very magnificent. It is pretended that the body of St James was buried here; a circumstance which draws a great number of pilgrims from most parts of Christendom. The poor pilgrims are received into an hospital, built for that purpose, which stands near the church; and round it are galleries of freestone, supported by large pillars. From this town the military order of St Jago, or St James, had its origin. A traffic is carried on in wine, fruit, and fish; and there are also manufactures of silk stockings, hats, paper, and leather. The population amounts to about 12,000. It is distant about 270 miles N.W. of Madrid. Long. 8. 30. W. Lat. 42. 52. N.

Compostella, a town of Mexico in the western part of the intendancy of Guadalaxara. Formerly tobacco was cultivated in the adjacent country, though this has been abandoned. The soil is barren, but there are several silver mines in the neighbourhood. Long. 104. 40. W. Lat. 21. 10. N.
COMPOUND, in a general sense, an appellation given to whatever is composed or made up of different things; thus we say, a compound word, compound sound, compound taste, fire. Compound differs from complex, and stands opposed to simple. Compound Interest, called also interest upon interest, is that which is reckoned not only upon the principal, but upon the interest itself forborne, which thereby becomes a sort of secondary principal.

Compound Motion, that motion which is effected by several conspiring powers. Powers are said to conspire if the direction of the one be not quite opposite to that of the other, as when the radius of a circle is conceived to revolve about a centre, and at the same time a point to move straight along it.

Compound Numbers, those which may be divided by some other number besides unity, without leaving any remainder; such as 18 and 20, the first being measured by ( the numbers 2, 6, 9; and the second by the numbers 2,4, 5, 10.

Compound Patio is that which the product of the antecedents of two or more ratios has to the product of their consequents. Thus 6 to 72 is in a ratio compounded of 2 to 6, and of 3 to 12.
COMPREHENSION, in English church history, denotes a scheme proposed by Sir Orlando Bridgman in 1667-8, for relaxing the terms of conformity in behalf of Protestant dissenters, and admitting them into the communion of the church. A bill for this purpose was drawn up by Lord Chief Baron Hale, but disallowed. The attempt was renewed by Tillotson and Stillingfleet in 1674, and the terms were settled to the satisfaction of the nonconformists; but the bishops refused their assent. This scheme was likewise revived again immediately after the Revolution, the king and queen expressing their desire of an union; but the design failed after two attempts, and the act of toleration was passed.

Comprehension, in the philosophy of the mind, is that act of the mind by which it apprehends or knows any object that is presented to it. To comprehend a thing is defined by the schoolmen rem aliquam totam et totaliter cognoscere. Comprehension, in Rhetoric, a trope or figure by which the name of a whole is put for a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number of any thing for an indefinite.
COMPRESSION, the act of pressing or squeezing some matter together, so as to set its parts nearer to each other, and make it occupy less space. Compression properly differs from condensation, in as much as that the latter is performed by the action of cold, but the former by some external force.
COMPTON, Henry, Bishop of London, was the youngest son of Spencer, Earl of Northampton, and born in 1632. After the restoration of Charles IL he became cornet of a regiment of horse; but having soon afterwards quitted the army for the church, he was made Bishop of Oxford in 1674, and about a year thereafter translated to the see of London. He was intrusted with the education of the two princesses Mary and Anne, whom he also afterwards married to the Princes of Orange and Denmark; and their firmness in the Protestant religion was in a great measure owing to their tutor, to whom, when popery began to prevail at court, his steadfastness was imputed as an unpardonable crime. He was suspended from his ecclesiastical function by James IL, but was restored on the Prince of Orange’s invasion. He and the Bishop of Bristol constituted the majority for filling the vacant throne with a king: he performed the ceremony of the coronation, was appointed one of the commissioners for revising the liturgy, and laboured with much zeal to reconcile dissenters to the church. His spirit of moderation made him unpopular with the clergy, and in all probability checked his further promotion. He died in the year 1713.
COMPULSOR, an officer under the Roman emperors, dispatched from court into the provinces, to compel the payment of taxes and imposts not paid within the time prescribed. The word is formed of the verb compellere, to oblige or constrain. These officers were charged with so many exactions, under colour of their office, that Honorius cashiered them by a law in 412. The laws of the Visigoths mention military compulsors, who were officers among the Goths: their business was to oblige the tardy soldiers to go into the fight, or to run to an attack, &c. Cassian mentions a kind of monastic compulsors, whose duty it was to declare the hours of canonical office, and to take care that the monks went to church at these hours.
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COMPURGATOR, one who by oath justifies another person’s innocence. Compurgators were introduced as evidences in the jurisprudence of the middle ages. Their number varied according to the importance of the subject in dispute, or the nature of the crime with which the person was charged.
COMTAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, belonging to the Nagpoor rajah, 75 miles northeast from the city of Nagpoor. Long. 80. 49. E. Lat. 21. 35. N.
COMUS, in Mythology, the god of jollity or festivity. There is reason to believe he was the same with the Chamos of the Moabites, and also with Beel-Phegor, Baal-Peor, Priapus, and Bacchus. He is represented under the form of a young man with an inflamed countenance, head inclined and crowned with flowers, air drowsy, and leaning on a huntsman’s spear in his left hand, while he held an inverted torch in his right. His statue was placed at the chamber doors of new-married persons, with its pedestal crowned with flowers.
CONANT, Dr John, a learned English divine, born in 1608. He took his degrees at Exeter College, Oxford; was by the parliament constituted one of the assembly of divines, though he seldom or never sat with them; and in 1657 was admitted vice-chancellor of the university. On the restoration he was one of the commissioners, and assisted at the conferences in the Savoy, but was deprived by the act of uniformity; but after eight years he was confirmed, and made archdeacon of Norwich, and prebendary of Worcester. In 16S6 he lost his sight, and died in 1693, leaving a number of sermons, afterwards published in six volumes.
CONATUS, a term defined by some to mean a quantity of motion, not capable of being expressed by any time or length ;—as the conatus recedendi ab axe motus, is the endeavour which a body, moved circularly, makes to recede, or fly off, from the centre or axis of its motion.
CONCA, Sebastian, called Cavalier, a celebrated historical and portrait painter, was born at Gaeta in 1679. The churches and chapels of every part of Italy are enriched with some of his compositions, of which he painted an incredible number, as he lived to a very advanced age, and never discontinued his labours. He was earnestly invited by Philip V. of Spain to visit his court; but he could not be prevailed on to leave Rome. He was at last so strongly pressed to go to Naples, that he undertook the journey, and was received in that kingdom with all the respect and honour due to his merit; and there he finished several very noble designs, as also at Gaeta, his native city. While he continued at Naples he received in the royal presence a snuff-box of very great value, which was presented to him in the king’s name by the Marquis of Tanucci, at that time prime minister; and in the year 1757 the king was pleased to ennoble him and all his descendants. At that time he was seventy-eight years of age, and it is confidently said that he died in 1761, aged eighty-two, which is very probable, though not positively certain. He understood perspective and architecture thoroughly, and added to this a fine understanding of the chiaroscuro. His style of composition is grand and elegant; his design very correct; his disposition ingenious; his attitudes and expression full of truth, nature, and variety; and his colouring excellent.
CONCAN, an extensive district of Southern India, in the province of Bejapoor, situated between the 16th and 19th degrees of north latitude. On the east it is bounded by the western Ghauts, and on the west by the Indian Ocean. On the north it is separated from Calliance by the small river Sawutry, and on the south it is bounded by the British district of Canara. It may be estimated at about 220 miles in length, and 40 miles in breadth. This country extends in a gradual slope from the mountains to the sea, and is watered by numerous mountain streams, but by no river of any magnitude. From Zyghur on the sea coast to the Ambah Pass, there is a rich hilly country, capable of cultivation, with a considerable number of inhabitants. Beyond this the mountains rise to a stupendous height, and are of difficult ascent. The products of this country are the same as in Malabar; and the hemp raised is said to be of a stronger quality than that raised above the Ghauts; but it is singular that the seed sown never reproduces the same quantity as before. The coast has a very straight general outline, but is much broken into small bays and harbours. This, with the uninterrupted view along the shore, the elevated coast favourable to a distant view, and the land and sea breezes which blow alternately in the twenty-four hours, and which force the vessels steering along the coast to be always within sight of it, have rendered this country from time immemorial the scat of piracy; and so formidable were the piratical depredators in the eighteenth century, that all ships suffered which did not receive a pass from the chiefs of the pirates. The Great Mogul maintained a fleet for the express purpose of checking them, and they were frequently also attacked by the Portuguese; but in the year 1756 they were completely eradicated, their principal port and fortress, called Gheriah, being taken by a British squadron, and their fleet destroyed. According to ancient traditions, this country was inhabited by a tribe of savages, till they were conquered by the Hindus, who gave it to a tribe of Brahmins; and it was held by them until it was taken possession of by the Mahommedan kings of Bejapoor. It was conquered in the seventeenth century by Sevajee, the founder of the Mahratta empire. Towards the close of the same century Conajee Angria established a kingdom on this coast, extending 120 miles from Tamanah to Bancoote, together with the inland country as far back as the mountains. The dominion of this prince and his family continued for nearly seventy years, when it was put an end to in the year 1756 by the allied British and Mahratta forces, the former under Admiral Watson and Colonel Clive; and the country, with the exception of Bancoote, now called Fort Victoria, was restored to the Peshwa. This country was definitively taken possession of by the British in 1818, and, from its maritime position, will prove a useful accession to their territories. (F. Buchanan, Travels in Mysore ; Orme, Military Transactions in India; Prinsep, Narrative of Political and Military Events, <⅛c. &c. &c.)
CONCARNEAU, a city on a small island in the bay of Foret, on the coast of the department of Finisterre, in France. It has 2200 inhabitants, who are mostly employed in the fishing for sardinias, of which they take in good years 30,000 barrels, which are dispatched to Nantz, Rochelle, and Bordeaux.
CONCATENATION, a term chiefly used in speaking of the mutual dependence of second causes upon each other.
CONCAVE, an appellation used in speaking of the inner surface of hollow bodies, but more especially of spherical ones.
CONCENTRATION, in general, signifies the bringing things nearer a centre. Hence the particles of salt in sea-water are said to be concentrated; that is, brought nearer each other, by evaporating the watery part.
CONCENTRIC, in Mathematics, something that has the same centre with another. It stands in opposition to eccentric.
CONCEPTION, in the philosophy of the mind. See Metaphysics.
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Conception, in Physiology, denotes the first formation of the embryo or foetus in the womb.

Conception, Immaculate, of the Holy Virgin, is a feast established in honour of the holy virgin, particularly with regard to her having been conceived and born immaculate, or without original sin, and is held in the Roman Catholic church on the 8th of December. The immaculate conception is the great head of controversy between the Scotists and Thomists, the former maintaining and the latter impugning it.

Conception, a province, city, and bay of Chili, in South America. The province is exceedingly fertile, and clothed with luxuriant foliage. The best wine of the country is made there; and a considerable trade is carried on in the produce of the province. The city is situated near the sea coast, and in its vicinity is one of the finest harbours in Chili. This place, and also the surrounding country, were formerly opulent and prosperous; but, from the evils which usually follow in the train of civil commotion, they have very much declined since the commencement of the revolution. From the eligibility of the place, however, as a commercial mart, and the fertility of the adjacent soil, a few years’ repose will greatly enhance its wealth and population. The principal exports are timber, wheat, flour, and the fruits of the country. Coal has been found near the bay, but it is not calculated to answer all purposes; and the expense of transmitting it to Coquimbo, and other important places in the republic, is greater than even that of bringing the article from England. A large and flourishing flour-mill has been erected near the city, and promises to be of great advantage to it. It is distant 480 miles from Santiago. Conception is the name of various other places in South America, but they are all of minor importance.
CONCERT, or Concerto, in Music, a number or company of musicians, playing or singing the same piece of music or song at the same time.
CONCERTATO intimates the piece of music to be composed in such a manner, that all the parts may have their recitativos, be it for two, three, four, or more voices or instruments.
CONCERTO Grosso, the grand chorus of a concert, or those places where all the several parts perform or play together.
CONCHITES Marmor, a name given by the ancients to a species of marble dug near Megara, and remarkable for containing a great number of sea-shells and other marine bodies imbedded in it.
CONCHOID, in Geometry, the name of a curve, given to it by its inventor Nicoedes.
CONCHOLOGY. See Mollusea.
CONCHON, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, and district of Dinagepoor, sixty-three miles north by east from Moorshedabad. Long. 88. 42. E. Lat. 26. 1. N.
CONCHYLIA, a general name for all petrified shells, as limpets, cochleae, natili, conchae, lepades, and the like.
CONCIATOR, in the glass-making art, is, at the crystal-glass, what the founder is at the green-glass houses. He is the person who weighs and proportions the salt on ashes and sand, and works them with a strong fire till they run into lumps and become white; and if the metal be too hard, and consequently brittle, he adds salt or ashes, and if too soft, sand, still mixing them to a fit temper, which is only known by the working.
CONCINNOUS Intervals, in Music, are such as are fit for music, next to and in combination with concords; being neither very agreeable nor disagreeable in themselves, but having a good effect, as by their opposition they heighten the more essential principles of pleasure, or by their mixture and combination with them, produce a variety necessary to our being better pleased.

Concinnous System, in Music. A system is said to be concinnous, or divided concinnously, when its parts, considered as simple intervals, are concinnous, and, besides, placed in such an order between the extremes, that the succession of sounds, from one extreme to the other, may have an agreeable effect.
CONCLAMATIO, in Antiquity, a shout raised by those present at burning the dead, before they set fire to the funeral pile. The word was also applied to the signal given to the Roman soldiers to decamp; and hence the expression conclamare vasa, conclamare arma, was a signal for battle. It was likewise used for the practice of calling to a person deceased three times by his name; and when no reply was returned, they expressed his decease by saying, conclamatum est. The same term was afterwards applied, on a similar analogy, to the cessation of the Roman empire.
CONCLAVE, the place in which the cardinals of the Roman Catholic church meet, and are shut up, for the election of a pope.

The conclave is a range of small cells, each ten feet square, made of wainscot, which are numbered, and drawn for by lot. They stand in a line along the galleries and hall of the Vatican, with a small space between each. Every cell has the arms of the cardinal over it. The conclave is not fixed to any one determinate place, for the constitutions of the church allow the cardinals to make choice of such a place for the conclave as they think most convenient; yet it is generally held in the Vatican.

The conclave is very strictly guarded by troops; neither the cardinals nor any person shut up in the conclave are spoken to, but at the hours allowed of, and then in Italian or Latin. Even the provisions for the conclave are examined, that no letters be conveyed by that means from the ministers of foreign powers, or other persons who may have an interest in the election of the pontiff.

Conclave is also used for the assembly or meeting of the cardinals shut up for the election of a pope.
CONCLUSION, in Logic, the consequences or judgment drawn from what was asserted in the premises or previous judgments in reasoning.