pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ISERE, a department of the south of France, formed out of the ancient divisions of Graisivaudan and Biellois, which were formerly portions of Dauphine. It extends over 3564 square miles, or, according to the royal almanack, 841,230 hectares. It is divided into four arrondissements, and these into 45 cantons, with 558 communes, having 471,660 inhabitants. The latter mostly adhere to the Catholic Church, but there are about 7000 Protestants. The common language is a patois, composed of Celtic, Latin, French, Italian, and Greek, but in which the Latin words predominate. The pure French, with the southern accent, is generally spoken in the towns. The face of the country is generally hilly, and in many parts mountainous, exhibiting most picturesque natural scenery, rising gradually from the plain through which the Rhone flows to the [7:12:459]lofty elevations bordering on Savoy, where the highest of them, the Col de Saix, is 10,296 feet above the level of the ,sea. Some of the numerous valleys which extend between the ranges of mountains are of peculiar beauty, especially the valley of the Isère or Graisivaudan, which is nearly fifty miles in length, and considered as the most delightful district of France. It resembles a well cultivated garden, through which, with many windings, the river flows, between meadows and corn-fields, where scattered mulberry and other fruit trees, fine vineyards, and small woods on the sides of the hills, are ornamented by country houses and neat villages intermingled amongst them. Though, from the elevation, a great portion of the department remains uncultivated, and is incapable of cultivation, yet the other portions are fertile and highly productive. The soil is sandy, mixed with small shells in the valleys, resting on granite, and is easily worked; it is well irrigated, and adapted to almost every vegetable production. The only navigable rivers are the Rhone and the Isère, whose contributary streams are numerous. There are also some canals, which serve the double purpose of navigation and of irrigation. There are several mountain lakes within the department, and some of them are 7548 feet in height. The climate varies with the elevation; some of the eastern sides of the mountains are constantly covered with snow, whilst the valleys are in summer intensely hot. The chief agricultural products are wheat, maize, barley, potatoes, hemp, flax, rapeseed, stone fruits, wine, chestnuts, filberts, and some medicinal plants, besides cattle and game. There are mines which yield small portions of silver, copper, iron, lead, and coal, but none of them is extensively worked. The manufactures are cotton, silk, and woollen goods, earthenware, gloves at the capital, Grenoble, in large quantities, fine linen, paper, glass, liqueurs and brandy. There is also much leather prepared for the glover’s trade.
ISERLON, a city of Prussia, the capital of a circle of the same name in the Arensberg division of the province of Westphalia. It stands on the river Baar en, and is one of the first manufacturing places in the kingdom for silks, velvets, and ribbons, and also has manufactories of cutlery, and other iron goods, with extensive linen weaving and bleaching. It contains two Lutheran, one Reformed, and one Catholic church, 786 houses, and 5690 inhabitants. Lat. 51° 25' 6", and Long. 7° 35' 22" E.
ISH, in Scotch Law, signifies expiration. Thus we say “the ish of a lease.” It signifies also to go out ; thus we say “free ish and entry” from and to any place.
ISIA, lσ-i ∣ u, feasts and sacrifices anciently solemnized in honour of the goddess Isis. The Isia were full of the most abominable impurities, for which reason, those who were initiated into them were obliged to take an oath of secrecy. They were held for nine, days successively, but grew so scandalous, that the senate abolished them at Rome, under the consulate of Piso and Gabinius. They were re-established by Augustus, and the Emperor Commodus himself assisted at them, appearing amongst the priests of that goddess with his head shaven, and carrying the Anubis.
ISIAC Table, is one of the most considerable monuments of antiquity discovered at Rome in 1525, and supposed, by the various figures in bas-relief upon it, to represent the feats of Isis, and other Egyptian deities. There have been various opinions as to the antiquity of this monument. Some have supposed that it was engraved long before the time when the Egyptians worshipped the figures of men and women; but others, amongst whom is Bishop Warburton, apprehend that it was made at Rome by persons attached to the worship of Isis. Dr Warburton considers it as one of the most modern of the Egyptian monuments, on account of the great mixture of hieroglyphic characters which it bears.
ISIACI, priests of the goddess Isis. Dioscorides tells us, that they bore a branch of sea wormwood in their hands instead of olive. They sung the praises of the goddess twice a-day, namely, at the rising of the sun, when they opened her temple, after which they begged alms the rest of the day, and returning at night, they repeated their orisons, and shut up the temple. The Isiaci never covered their feet with any thing but the thin bark of the plant papyrus, which occasioned Prudentius and others to say that they went barefooted. They wore no garments except linen, because Isis was the first who taught mankind the mode of preparing this commodity.
ISIDORUS, called Damiatensis, or Pelusiota, from his having lived in a solitude near that city, was one of the most famous of all St Chrysostom’s disciples, and flourished in the time of the general council held in 421. We have upwards of two thousand of his epistles in five books. They are short, but well written, in Greek. The best edition is that of Paris, in Greek and Latin, printed in 1638, in folio.
ISIS, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians. Some suppose her to be the same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people with mildness and equity, for which reasons she received divine honours after death. According to some tarditions mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him even before she had left her mother’s womb. These two ancient deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, and the Bellona of the Romans. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of Typhon, the brother of Osiris, proved fatal to this sovereign. The ox and the cow were the symbols of Osiris and Isis; because these deities, whilst on earth, had diligently applied themselves to the cultivating of the earth. Since Isis was supposed to be the moon, as Osiris was the sun, she was represented as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word Isis, according to some, signifies “ancient,” and on that account the inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words: “I am all that has been, that shall be; and none amongst mortals has hitherto taken off my veil.” The worship of Isis was universal in Egypt, and her priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity; their heads were closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they abstained from salt with their meat, and they were forbidden to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra, the beautiful queen of Egypt, was wont to dress herself like this goddess, and affected to be called a second Isis.

Isis, or Thames, a river that takes its rise in Gloucestershire, and flows through only a small part of Wiltshire. It enters this county near its source, and begins to be navigable for boats at Cricklade; but after running in a serpentine manner about four miles, it leaves Gloucestershire at a village called Castle Eaton.
ISJUM, a city of the province Ukraine in Russia, the capital of a circle of the same name on the river Jszumez, which near to it falls into the Donez∙ It is surrounded with walls, but in a neglected condition; and contains four churches, 718 houses, and 4500 inhabitants, whose chief trade consists in the sale of corn and cattle. Lat. 49° 12' 30" N.; Long. 37° 30' 5" E.
ISLA de la Gente Hermoga, or Island of Handsome [7:12:460]People, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Mendana, about six leagues in circumference. Lat. 10° S.; Long. 175° 10′ W.
ISLA de Leon, a city of Spain, in the kingdom of Seville, and in the province of Andalusia. It is a place generally containing 40,000 inhabitants, but from being within the line of defence of the Spanish troops and the garrison of Cadiz, during the siege it was supposed to contain more than double that number. When the French armies were in possession of the rest of Spain, this city became the refuge of the loyal party, the place of assembly for the national representatives, and the seat of the government. From being near the arsenal of Caraccas, the officers and workmen employed there, found it convenient to take up their residence in this city. The streets are wide, the houses large, the public buildings splendid, and its whole appearance gives it an air of great magnificence. It is separated from the continent by the narrow but navigable river Sante Petri, over which is an ancient bridge called Puente de Zuarzo, generally, but erroneously, believed to have been built by Julius Caesar; it is, however, known to have been erected by Cornelius Balbo the younger, seventeen years before the Christian era. The foundations are now the same as then existed, but the upper works, and some of the arches, were built in 1437∙ On both sides, but especially towards the continent, the river has extensive and boggy marshes, which can only be crossed by means of a narrow causeway, exposed to the attacks of several heavy batteries. The strength of this place, and the secure retreat from it to Cadiz, of still greater strength in case of emergency, made it the natural and valuable asylum of all that remained of freedom in Spain from the year 1810, till the result of the battle of Salamanca compelled the French to evacuate Andalusia. The marshes on the banks of the Sante Petri afford prodigious quantities of salt, crystallized by the heat of the sun. It is piled in heaps of a pyramidical form; and when the rain dissolves the upper part, the sun crystallizes it again, and thus forms a roof of a solid cake of salt, and defends the heap from the future effects of any bad weather. It is permitted to be exported on payment of a very trifling duty, and numerous ships are loaded with it. What is conveyed to the interior becomes the subject of a royal monopoly, and is subject to a very heavy tax. Lat. 38° 53′ 16 ″ N.; Long. 5° 40′ 31" W.
ISLAM, or Islamism; the true faith, according to the Mahommedans. See Mahommedanism.
ISLAMABAD, a town of Bengal, in the district of Chittagong, of which it is the capital. It is situated on the western bank of the Chittagon, near about ten miles from its junction with the sea. It carries on a considerable trade, and ships are also built there, and sent to Calcutta for sale. This town was early known to the Portuguese, by whom it was called Porto Grando. It was taken from the rajah of Arracan by the Moguls in 1666; and was at that period well fortified with 1200 cannon. Its name was changed from Chittagong to Islamabad. In 1689, the English made an unsuccessful assault upon it. Since it was ceded to the British in 1760, the fortifications have been allowed to go into decay. The entrance to the river is dangerous without a pilot, as it has only four fathoms over the bar, and afterwards deepens to from five to seven fathoms. The entrance to the river is in 22° 13 , N. The town stands in long. 91° 42 , E.; lat. 22° 22′ N. This is also the name of a considerable town of Cashmeer, situated on the north side of the river Ihytyur, over which is a wooden bridge eighty yards in length. Its houses are built of stone, with gardens on their roofs; and its principal manufacture is shawls. Lat. 34° 6′ N.; Long. 74° 7′ E.
ISLAMNAGUR, a town of Hindostan, in the Mahratta territories, province of Malwah, five miles north-east from Bossal, in lat. 23° 19′ N.; long. 77° 31′ E. There are many small places of this name in’ Hindostan.
ISLAMPOOR. There are two towns of this name in Hindostan, one in the province of Ajmeer, seventy-seven miles north from Zeypoor. Lat 27° 4′ N.; long. 75° 23′ E. Another in the province of Bahar, district of Bahar, thirty-five miles south from Portna. Lat. 25° 7′ N.; long 85° 15′ E.
ISLAND, a tract of dry land encompassed with water; in which sense it stands contradistinguished from Continent, or Terra Firma.
ISLE, a city of the arrondissement of Gaillac, in the department of the Tarn in France. It stands on the river Tarn, and is an ill-built manufacturing town, containing 6520 inhabitants, who make various kinds of woollen goods, and trade largely in wine.
ISLEBIANS, in ecclesiastical history, a name given to those who adopted the sentiments of a Lutheran divine of Saxony, called John Agricoa, a disciple of Luther, and a native of Isleb, who, interpreting literally some of the precepts of St Paul regarding the Jewish law, declaimed against the necessity of good works. See Antinomians.
ISLINGTON, a large parish in the hundred of Ossulton, in the county of Middlesex, one mile and a half from London. It rises in a gentle declivity from the metropolis, but, by the houses connecting with it, appears to be only a prolongation of the city. It is chiefly occupied by persons carrying on trade in London, or by those who have retired from commerce. It contains no very splendid mansions, but a great number of respectable and comfortable dwellings. It contains the hamlets of Upper and Lower Holloway, and part of Newington Green and Kingsland. Being on the great north road, carriages are passing through it at all hours. Besides the parish church it has three others, and chapels for sectaries of every description. The New River passes through the parish, and the Regent’s Canal. The latter, by a tunnel, goes under the principal street, and under the New River, and thus conveys coals and other heavy articles from the Thames at a cheap rate. The New River head, from which a great part of the metropolis is supplied with water, is in this parish, as well as the minor theatre known as Sadler’s Wells. A mineral water here was once frequented for its medicinal qualities, but the fashion seems to be changed, as it is now rarely resorted to. A collegiate institution has been lately founded at Highbury in this parish, for the education of dissenting ministers of the class of Independents. The population of the parish amounted in 1801 to 10,212, in 1811 to 15,065, in 1821 to 22,417, and in 1831 to 37,316.
ISMAELITES, the descendants of Ismael, dwellingfrom Havila to the wilderness of Sur, towards Egypt, and thus overspreading Arabia Petraea; wherefore Josephus calls Ismael the founder of the Arabs.
ISMAIL, a town of the Russian province Bessarabia, the capital of a circle of the same name. It is situated on an arm of the Danube, is strongly fortified, and has become celebrated for the carnage which attended its capture in 1789 by Suwarrow. Since that period it has not recovered its former importance, and contains but few inhabitants, with little commerce or produce. Lat. 45° 21′ 30 ″; Long. 28° 44′ 35 ″ E.
ISMARUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Cicoes in Thrace, giving name to a lake, and by Virgil called Ismara.
ISMID, a town of Asia Minor, the ancient Nicoedia, capital of Bithynia. It retains no traces of its former grandeur, nor any antiquity, except the remains of a church. It contains 7 50 families, and is situated on the side of a hill overlooking the Gulf of Nicoedia. Lat. 40° 39′ N. ĵ Long. 29° 34′ E.
ISMIK, a town of Asia Minor, the ancient Nice, which now contains scarcely 300 houses, yet exhibits numerous monuments of ancient grandeur. It is situated on a lake communicating with the Sea of Marmora, and carries on [7:12:461]some trade in silk. This place is famous in ecclesiastical history, as the seat of two councils, in 325 and 387∙ During the period of the crusades, it became the capital of a kingdom erected along the coast of Asia Minor. The old walls of the town may be still traced over a circumference of four miles. Lat. 40° 16' N.; Long. 29° 50' E.
ISOCHRONAL, is applied to such vibrations of a pendulum as are performed in the same space of time; as are all the vibrations of the same pendulum, whether the arches it describes be longer or shorter.

Isochronal Line, that in which a heavy body is supposed to descend without any acceleration.
ISOPERIMETRICAL figures, in Geometry, are such as have equal perimeters or circumferences.
ISOSCELES triangle, in Geometry, one that has two equal sides.
ISPIRA, a town of Turkish Armenia, the ancient His-piratis, now an inconsiderable town, but situated in a very-fertile district, and surrounded by many fine and rich villages. It is ninety miles east of Trebisond.
ISRAEL, the name which the angel gave to Jacob, after having wrestled with him all night at Mahanaim or Penuel (Gen. xxxii. 1, 2, and 28, 29, 30, and Hosea xii. 3). It signifies “a conqueror of God,” or “a prince of God,” or, according to many of the ancients, “a man who sees God.” By the name of Israel is sometimes understood the person of Jacob; sometimes the whole people of Israel, or the whole race of Jacob; and sometimes the kingdom of Israel, or of the ten tribes, distinct from the kingdom of Judah.
ISRAELITES, the descendants of Israel, who were at first called Hebrews, by reason of Abraham, who came from the other side of the Euphrates; and afterwards Israelites, from Israel the father of the twelve patriarchs; and, lastly, Jews, particularly after their return from the captivity of Babylon, because the tribe of Judah was then stronger and more numerous than the other tribes.
ISSACHAR, one of the divisions of Palestine by tribes, situated to the south of Zabulon, and by a narrow slip reaches the Jordan, between Zabulon and Manassch (Joshua, xix). But whether it reached to the sea, is uncertain. Some hold that it did; but this is an assertion not easy to be proved, as Joshua makes no mention of the sea in this tribe, nor does Josephus extend it farther than to Mount Carmel; and in Joshua (xvii. 10) Asher is said to touch Manassch on the north, which could not be if Issachar extended to the sea.
ISSENGEAUX, an arrondissement of the department of the Upper Loire in France, extending over 1200 square miles. It is divided into six cantons, and these into thirty-seven communes, which contain 76,306 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, which contains 1050 houses, with 6571 inhabitants, who subsist chiefly by agricultural operations.
ISSIN, a small town of Persia, two miles north of Gombroon, to which many of the inhabitants of that city retire during the unhealthy season.
ISSOIRE, an arrondissement of the department of the Puy-de-Dôme in France, extending over 758 square miles, divided into nine cantons, composed of 116 communes, and inhabited by 95,500 persons. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Crouse, which a little below falls into the Allier. It contains 730 houses and 5,479 inhabitants, who manufacture some jewellery. Lat. 45° 33'; Long. 3° 10' E.
ISSOUDUN, an arrondissement of the department of the Indre in France, extending over 466 square miles, divided into four cantons, and those into fifty-three communes, and containing 39,887 inhabitants. The capital from which it takes the name, is a city which is situated on the river Theals, a second-rate stream. It is surrounded with ditches and walls, defended by towers, and contains 2050 houses, with 10.710 inhabitants. A great quantity of leather is cured in it, and there are many hats and stockings made. Lat. 46° 56' 53"; Long, l o 54' 5" E.
ISSUE, in common law, has various applications, being sometimes taken for the children begotten between a man and his wife; sometimes for profits growing from amercements or fines; sometimes for profits of lands and tenements; but more frequently for the point of matter depending in suit, upon which the parties join, and put their cause to the trial of the jury. In all these occasions, issue has but one signification, which is, an effect of a cause preceding; as the children are the effect of the marriage between the parents; the profits growing to the king or lord, from the punishment of any man’s offence, are the effect of his transgression; and the point referred to the trial of twelve men is the effect of pleading, or process.
ISSURDU, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Asmeer, in the Rajpoot territories. It is surrounded with a wall and ditch, has a citadel in the centre, and is one of the best built towns in the province. Lat. 26° 26' N.; Long. 76° 10' E.
ISSUS, now Ajazo, a town ol Cilicia in Natolia, with a harbour on the Levant sea, a little to the north of Scanderoon. Lat. 36° 56' N.; Long. 36° 25' E.
ISTAKHAR, a castle of Persia, formerly one of the citadels of Persepolis. It is situated on a very lofty and steep rock, and completely commands the surrounding plains. On the top is abundance of water.
ISTHMIA, or Isthmian Games, one of the four solemn games which were celebrated every fifth year in Greece. They derived their name from the isthmus of Corinth, where they were celebrated. In their first institution, according to Pausanias, they consisted only of funeral rites and ceremonies in honour of Melicertes; but, as Plutarch informs us, Theseus, in emulation of Hercules, who had appointed games at Olympia in honour of Jupiter, afterwards dedicated these to Neptune, his reputed father, who was regarded as the particular protector of the isthmus and commerce of Corinth. The same trials of skill were exhibited here as at the other three sacred games; particularly those of music and poetry. These games, in which the victors were only rewarded with garlands of pine leaves, were celebrated with great magnificence and splendour as long as Paganism continued to be the established religion of Greece; nor were they omitted even when Corinth was sacked and burned by Mummius the Roman general; at which time the care of them was transferred to the Sicyonians, but was again restored to the Corinthians when their city was rebuilt.
ISTHMUS, a narrow neck or slip of land, which connects two continents; or joins a peninsula to the terra firma, and separates two seas. The most celebrated isthmuses are that of Panama or Darien, which joins North and South America; that of Suez, which connects Asia and Africa; that of Corinth, which unites the Morea with Western Greece; that of Crim-Tartary, otherwise called Taurica Chersonesus; and that of the peninsula Romania, and Erisso, or the isthmus of the Thracian Chersonesus, twelve furlongs broad, being that which Xerxes undertook to cut through.
ISTRIA, a peninsula of Italy, in the territory of Venice, situated in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by Carniola on the north; and on the south, east, and west, by the sea. It produces wine, oil, and pastures; and there are quarries of fine marble. One part of it belongs to the Venetians, and the other to the house of Austria. Capo d’Istria is the capital town.
ITALICA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Baetica in Spain, built by Scipio Africanus, and famous for being the birth-place of the emperors Trajan and Hadrian, and of the poet Silius Italicus. It is now Seville Vieja, a small village of Andalusia, on the Guadalquivir.
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