pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
FAITHORN, William, an ingenious English artist, a native of London, was the disciple of Peak the painter, with whom he worked three or four years. At the breaking out of the civil war, Peak espoused the cause of his sovereign; and Faithorn, who accompanied his master, was taken prisoner by the rebels at Baringhouse, whence he was sent to London, and confined in Aldersgate. In this uncomfortable situation he exercised his graver; and a small head of the first Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, in the style of Melan, is reckoned as one of his performances at this period. The solicitations of his friends in his favour at last prevailed; and he was released from prison, with permission to retire to the Continent. In France he found encouragement and protection from the Abbé de Marolles; and it was at this time that he formed an acquaintance with Nanteuil, from whose instructions he derived very considerable advantage. About the year 1650 he returned to England, and soon afterwards married the sister of a Captain Ground, by whom he had two sons, Henry, who became a bookseller, and William, an engraver in mezzotinto. Faithorn opened a shop near Temple-Bar, where he sold not only his own engravings, but those of other English artists, and imported a considerable number of prints from Holland, France, and Italy. About the year 1680 he retired from his shop, and resided in Printing-House Yard; but he still continued to work for the booksellers, especially Royston, Martin, and Peak the younger, his former master’s brother. He painted portraits from the life in crayons, an art which he had learned of Nanteuil during his abode in France; he also painted in miniature; and his performances in both these styles were much esteemed. But his spirits were broken by the indiscretion and dissipation of his son William; and a lingering consumption put an end to his life in 1691. He wrote a book Upon Drawing, Graving, and Etching, for which he was highly commended by his friend Thomas Flatman the poet.
FAKENHAM, a market-town of Norfolk, in the hundred of Gallon, 109 miles from London. It is situated in an open district, but fertile, especially in wheat and barley, with a large corn market on Thursday, but little other trade, since the spinning of worsted has been performed by machinery. The river Var runs near it towards Lynn. The church is a very handsome building. The population amounted in 1801 to 1236, in 1811 to 1382, in 1821 to 1626, and in 1831 to 2077.
FAKIRS, or Fakeers, Indian monks or friars, some of whom exceed in severities and mortifications the ancιent anchorites or solitaries, though the greater part are rogues, who assume this character in order to pass an idle and vagabond life.
FALAISE, an arrondissement of the department of ’Calvados, in France, extending over 336 square miles. It is divided into five cantons, and these again into 142 communes, containing 71,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Ante. It is well built, and contains 13,960 inhabitants, who are occupied in making serges, linen, thread-lace, cotton goods, leather, and cutlery, and in distilling brandy. This place gave birth, in the year 1027, to William the Conqueror, in the castle, the ruins of which are among the finest remains of antiquity in France. Long. 0. 10. W. Lat. 48. 45. N.
FALASHA, a people of Abyssinia, described by Bruce, and supposed to be of Hebrew origin. According to the received accounts, the Falasha are the descendants of those Jews who went from Palestine into Ethiopia, as attendants of Menilek, the son of the queen of Sheba or Saba by Solomon. But the language of this people is very different from the Hebrew, Samaritan, or any other which the Jews ever spoke in their own country. On being interrogated concerning it by Bruce, they said that it was probably one of the dialects spoken by the nations on the Red Sea, among whom they had settled at the period of their first emigration.
FALCADE, in the manege, the motion of a horse when he throws himself upon his haunches two or three times, as in very quick curvets, which is done in forming a stop and half stop.
FALCATED, something in the form of a sickle. Thus, the moon is said to be falcated when she appears horned.
FALCO, the eagle and hawk. See Ornithology.
FALCON, a name bestowed on various birds of prey, but chiefly on such as are serviceable to man for the pursuit of game. See Ornithology Index.
FALCONRY, a field sport considered as of high importance in former ages, though greatly fallen into disuse in recent times. See Falcon in Ornithology Index.
FALKLAND, a small town of Scotland, in the county of Fife, and the chief place of a parish of the same name. It is situated in rather a secluded part of the district, some miles west from the great thoroughfare through the county. It consists of a single street, broad and spacious at the east end, but insignificant at the opposite extremity, with several cross lanes. The houses are in many cases covered with thatch, and of an antique and primitive appearance. The chief occupation here is weaving; but there is little or no traffic of any kind. The principal attraction in Falkland is the royal palace, originally a stronghold belonging to the Macduff's, earls of Fife. On the attainder of Munro Stewart, the seventeenth earl, it became forfeited to the crown in 1424. James V. who was very fond of the place, enlarged and improved it. The remains evince its former magnificence and elegance, and the fine taste of the princely architect. The gateway is placed between two fine round towers, and on the right hand adjoins the chapel, whose roof is of wood, handsomely gilt and painted, but in a most ruinous condition. Beneath are several apartments. The front next to the court was beautifully adorned with statues, heads in bas-relief, and elegant columns not reducible to any order, but of fine proportion, with capitals approaching the Ionic scroll. Beneath some of these pillars was inscribed I. R. M. G. 1537, or Ja~ cobus Rex, Maria de Guise. This place was also a favourite residence of James VI. on account of the fine park and abundance of deer. The cast side was accidentally burnt in the time of Charles II. and the park ruined during Cromwell’s usurpation, when the fine oaks were cut down in order to build a fort at Perth. There are various historical associations connected with Falkland. In a dungeon of the original castle, which is supposed to have constituted the north side of the court-yard of the palace, Robert, Duke of Rothesay, brother of James I. was s±απm⅜ to death by his uncle Albany. Falkland was erected into a burgh by James II. in 1458; and in 1595 James VI. renewed and confirmed its charter. The population of the place amounted in 1821 to 1050, and in 1831 to 2658.

Falkland, Lord. See Carey.
FALL, the descent of a heavy body towards the centre of the earth. It is also the name of a measure of length used in Scotland, containing six ells.

Fall of Man, in sacred history, that memorable event by which sin and death were introduced into the world. The account which Moses has given of this transaction is extremely concise; and hence several learned men, finding a difficulty in interpreting his statement, have been inclined to believe that all which is contained in Scripture 0 ∏ the subject ought -to be taken in an allegorical sense, and not according to the strictness of the letter. They a lege that the ancients, particularly the eastern nations, had two different ways of delivering their divinity and philosophy, one popular, and the other mysterious; that the Scripture uses both occasionally, sometimes accommodating ιtse to the capacities of the people, and at other times to the real but more veiled truth; and that, to obviate the many difficulties which occur in the literal history of this sad catastrophe, the safest way is to understand it as a parabolical story, under which the real circumstances are disguised and concealed, as a mystery not fit to be more explicitly declared.
FALLING Sickness, or Epilepsy. See Medicine. Falling-Stars. See Star.
FALLOPIAN Tubes, in Anatomy, two ducts arising from the womb, one on each side of the fundus, and thence extending to the ovaria, and which have a considerable share in conception. They arc called tuboe, from their form, which bears some resemblance to a trumpet; and their denomination of Fallopian they derive from Gabriel Fallopius, by whom they were first discovered.
FALMOUTH, a sea-port of the county of Cornwall, in the hundred of Kerriar, 273 miles from London, at the spot where the river Fale falls into the sea. It has risen to importance from the excellence of its harbour, which is capable of containing large fleets of heavy ships in perfect security; though difficult to get out of when the wind is easterly, and consequently fair for the passage across the Atlantic. The Lisbon packets sail regularly from this port, and at one period a beneficial trade was extensively carried on by them. Falmouth has now a considerable trade in the pilchard fishery. Near to it is Pendennis Castle, one of the defences of the harbour, built in the reign of Henry VIII., improved by Elizabeth, and greatly strengthened by Cromwell. It was occupied as a prison for Americans captured at the early stages of the war with the colonies in 1776. There are markets on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 4849, in 1811 to 5307, in 1821 to 6374, and in 1831 to 7284.
FALSE, in general, something contrary to truth, right, or justice. Thus, we say a false action, false weights, false claim, and the like.
FALSI Crimen, in the civil law, is fraudulent subornation or concealment, with design to darken or hide the truth, and make things appear otherwise than they are. The crimen falsi is committed, first, by words, as when a witness swears falsely; secondly, by writing, as when a man antedates a contract, or the like; and thirdly, by deed, as when he sells by false weights and measures.
FALSIFY, in Law, is used for proving any thing to be false. Hence we find falsifying a record for showing it to be erroneous.
FALSTER, an island in the Baltic, forming a part of the kingdom of Denmark. It is separated from Zealand by the Gaade Sound, from Langeland by Guldborg Sound, and from Moen by Green Sound. In extent it is 184 square miles, and contains 16,500 inhabitants, in two cities and thirty parishes. Its produce of corn exceeds its consumption; and it assists other parts of the kingdom with some supplies of butter, meal, live cattle, and fruit. The chief town is Mykopping, on Guldborg Sound.
FALU, one of the provinces of northern Sweden. It ⅛ bounded on the north by Hernosand, on the east by Gefleborg, on the south-east by Wastera, on the south by Orebro, on the south-west by Carlstadt, and on the west by Norway. It extends over 12,980 square miles, comprehends three cities, one market-town, and 1747 insulated establishments, and contains 124,816 inhabitants. The province is generally mountainous, the highest points rising to about 4000 feet above the level of the sea. Some agriculture is practised in the southern part, and rye, barley, and oats are grown; but in the north nothing is to be seen except barren wastes. There are annually upwards of 2000 head of cattle brought from other parts to supply the few inhabitants who can afford to indulge in their flesh. The chief products are wood, potash, pitch, and tar from the soil, and iron, copper, and porphyry from the mines.

Falu, a town of Sweden, the capital of the province of that name. It is situated between the lakes Warpen and Runn, on a river which flows from one to the other. It is an ancient town, containing chiefly wooden houses to the number of 1135, and 4709 inhabitants, who chiefly find employment in the mines around them, but in some degree from various manufactures. Long. 15. 29. 34. E. Lat. 60. 35. 49. N.
FAMA Clamosa, in the judicial procedure of the church of Scotland, a ground of action before a presbytery against one of its members, independentlyofany regular complaint by a particular accuser.

Any person who is of good character may prefer to the presbytery a complaint against one of their members; but the presbytery is bound not to proceed to the citation of the person accused, until the accuser under his hand shall give in the complaint, with some account of its probability, and undertake to make out the libel, under the pain of being considered as a slanderer. But when such an accusation is brought before them, they are obliged to examine or try the case. Besides this, however, the presbytery considers itself obliged to proceed against any of its members, if a farna clamosa of the scandal is such that the person implicated cannot be vindicated unless they begin the process. This they can do without any particular accuser, after they have inquired respecting the origin, occasion, and authors of this report. It is a maxim in the kirk of Scotland, that religion must suffer if the scandalous or immoral actions of a minister are not corrected; and wherever a minister is reputed guilty of any immorality, although previously the most popular preacher in the kingdom, none almost will attend upon his ministry. Therefore the presbytery, for the sake of religion, is obliged to proceed against a minister in case of ŭfama clamosa. This, however, is generally done with great tenderness. After they have considered the report raised against him, they then order him to be cited, and draw out a full copy of what is reported, with a list of the names of the witnesses to be produced for proving the allegation. He is then formally summoned to appear before them; and he has notice served upon him, at least ten days before the time of his appearance, to give in his answers to what is .termed the libel. If at the time appointed the minister appear, the libel is read to him, and his answers are also read. If the libel be found relevant, then the presbytery endeavours to bring him to a confession. If a minister absent himself by leaving the place, and prove contumacious, without making any relevant excuse, a new citation is given him, and intimation is made at his own church when the congregation is met, that he is to be holden as confessed, since he refused to appear before them, and accordingly he is deposed from his office.
FAME, a heathen goddess, celebrated chiefly by the poets. She is feigned to have been the last of the race o Titians produced by the earth, to have had her palace m [7:9:485]the air, and to have possessed a vast number of eyes, ears, and tongues. She is mentioned by Hesiod, and particularly described by both Virgil and Ovid.
FAMIA, or Famich, a town of Syria, the ancient Apamea. Here, under the rule of the Seleucidae, was a school and nursery for cavalry, where 30,000 horses and 500 elephants were fed. There are now only a few buffaloes and sheep. It is thirty miles north of Damascus. Long. 36. 43. E. Lat. 35. N.
FAMILIARS of the Inquisition, persons who assist in apprehending such as are accused, and carrying them to prison. They are assistants to the inquisitor, and called familiars, because they belong to his family. In some provinces of Italy they were called cross-bearers, in others the scholars of St Peter the Martyr ; and they wore a cross in front on the outside of the garment. They are properly bailiffs of the inquisition; and the office is esteemed so honourable, that in Portugal noblemen have been ambitious of belonging to it.
FAMILY denotes the persons who live together in one house, under the direction of one head or chief manager. It also signifies the kindred or lineage of a person; and is used by old writers to indicate a hide or portion of land sufficient to maintain one family.

Family, in Natural History, a term used to express any order of animals, or other natural productions, which exhibit certain affinities, or the same characters.

Family Islands, a cluster of small islands near the north-east coast of New Holland, and twelve miles northwest of Cape Sandwich.
FAN, a machine employed to produce coolness by agitating the air. That the use of the Ian was known to the ancients is very evident from what Terence says:

Cape hoc flabellum, et ventulum huic sic facito; and also from the words of Ovid,

Profuit et tenues ventos movisse flabello.

The fans of the ancients were made of various materials; but the most elegant were composed of peacocks’ feathers, or perhaps painted so as to represent these.

In the Greek church, a fan is put into the hands of the deacons in the ceremony of their ordination, in allusion to a part of the deacon’s office in that church, which is to keep the flies off the priests during the celebration of the sacrament.

What is called a fan amongst us is a thin skin, or piece of paper, taffety, or other light stuff, cut semicircularly, and mounted on several little sticks of wood, ivory, tortoise-shell, or the like.

Fan is also an instrument used to winnow corn. The machine employed for this purpose by the ancients seems to have been of a form similar to ours. The fan, which ) irgil calls mystica vannus Inachi, was used at initiations into the mysteries of the ancients. For as the persons who were initiated into any of the mysteries required to be particularly good, the instrument which separates the wheat from the chaff was a fit emblem of setting apart the good and virtuous from the vicious and useless part of mankind.
FANATICS, enthusiastic, visionary persons, who pretend to revelation and inspiration. The, ancients called those fαηαtici who passed their time in the fana or temples, and being often seized with a kind of enthusiasm, as if inspired by the divinity, showed wild and antic gestures. Frudentius represents them as cutting and slashing their arms with knives.
FANCY. See Imagination.
FANIONS, in the military art, small flags carried along with the baggage.
FANNERS, a machine for winnowing corn, or for separating the chaff from the grain. See Agriculture.
FANO, a city of the delegation Urbino, in the papal dominions, in Italy. It is situated on an arm of the river Metauro, on the sea shore, is surrounded with walls, and contains a cathedral, sixteen parish churches, nine monasteries, and five nunneries, a large opera house, and many handsome private houses, with a population of 14,670 persons,, who depend for subsistence on the various branches of the silk trade, and on the fishery from its port. Lone. 12. 54. 33. E. Lat. 43. 51. N.
FANTASIA, in the Italian music, signifies fancy, and is used for a .composition, in which the composer ties himself to no particular time, but ranges according as his fancy, amidst various movements and different airs, dictates. This is also called the capricious style. Before sonatas were used, many compositions of this kind appeared, some of which even now remain.
FANUM, among the Romans, a temple or place consecrated to some deity. The deified men and women among the heathens had likewise their fana; and Cicero even erected one to his daughter Tullia.
FARAHA, a town of Arabia, on the south coast of the Persian Gulf, 200 miles east-south-east of El Catif. Long. 51. 30. E. Lat. 25. 7. N.
FARANDMAN, a traveller, or merchant stranger, to whom, by the laws of Scotland, justice ought to be done with all expédition, that his business or journey be not hindered.
FARCE was originally a droll petty show or entertainment, exhibited by charlatans, and their buffoons, in the open street, in order to gather the crowd together. The word is French, and signifies, literally, forced meat or stuffing. It was applied on this occasion on account of the variety of jests, gibes, and tricks, with which the entertainment was interlarded. Some authors derive the word farce from the Latin jfoce/ζα; others from the Celtic farce, mockery; and others from the Latin farcire, to stuff.

Modern dramatists have reformed the wildness of the primitive farces, and brought them to the taste and manner of comedy. The difference between the two on our stage is, that comedy keeps to nature and probability; whereas farce disallows all laws, or rather upon occasion sets them aside. Its end is purely to excite mirth; and it sticks at nothing which may contribute thereto, however wild and extravagant. Hence the dialogue is usually low, the persons of inferior rank, the fable or action trivial or ridiculous, and nature and truth everywhere heightened and exaggerated, to afford the more palpable ridicule. See Drama.
FARDAPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Berar. The fort is of no strength. It is forty-three miles north-west of Jalnapoor. Long. 76. 12. E. Lat. 20.29. b>∙
FAREHAM, a market-town of the county of Southampton, in the hundred of its own name, seventy- 1 " 3 miles from London. It stands nearly at the head θ Portsmouth harbour, and vessels of considerable burden can discharge their cargoes there. It is resorted to in t ιe summer for the purpose of sea-bathing. There is a co [7:9:487]poratiön who regulate the local business of the town. The market is held on Wednesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3030, in 1811 to 3225, in 1821 to 3677, and in 1831 to 4402.
FAREWELL Cape, on the north-west coast of Tavai Poenammoo, the southern island of New Zealand. Long. 186. W. Lat. 40. 33. S..
FARLEU, money paid by the tenants in the west of England, in lieu of a heriot. But in some manors of Devonshire, farleu is often distinguished as the best goods, whilst heriot is the best beast, payable at the death of a tenant.
FARM, Farin, or Ferm (Firma), in Law, signifies a little country messuage or district, containing house or land, with other conveniences, and which is hired or taken by lease, at a certain yearly rent. See Agriculture.

In the corrupted Latin, firma signified a place inclosed or shut in; and hence, in some provinces, as Ménage observes, they call closerie, or closure, what in others they call a farm. We also find locare adfirmam, signifying to let to farm ; probably on account of the sure hold the tenant here has in comparison of tenants at will.

Spelman and Skinner, however, chuse to derive the word farm from the Saxon fearme, or feorme, that is, victus, provision; by reason of the country people and tenants having anciently paid their rents in victuals and other necessaries, which were afterwards converted into the payment of a sum of money. Hence a farm was originally a place which furnished its landlord with provisions. Amongst the Normans, farms which pay in kind, that is, in provisions, and those which pay in money, are still distinguished; the former being simply called fermes, and the latter blanche ferine, or white farm.

Spelman shows, that the word firma anciently signified not only what we now call a farm, but also a feast or entertainment, which the farmer gave the proprietor or landlord, during a certain number of days, and at a certain rate, for the lands held of him. Thus fearmc in the laws of King Canute has been rendered victus ; and thus also we read of reddere firmam unius noctis, and reddebat unum diem de firma, denoting provision for a night and day. About the time of the conquest rents were all paid in provisions; a custom which is said to have been first altered under King Henry I. We also speak of farming duties, imposts, and the like.