pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ARNHEM, one of the circles into which the province of Guelderland in the Netherlands is divided. It comprehends 14 cantons, and contains 74,451 inhabitants.

Arnhem, the capital city of the province of Guelderland, in the circle of the same name, on the banks of the Rhine. It is well built, and its fortifications being planted with trees, form a pleasing promenade. It is a place of little trade, but of some importance as a frontier town. It contains 1490 houses, and 9500 inhabitants. Long. 5. 38. 23. E. Lat. 51. 59. 58. N.
ARNISAEUS, Henningus, a philosopher and physician of great reputation about the beginning of the 17th century. He was born at Halberstadt in Germany, and was professor of physic in the university of Helmstadt. His political works are much esteemed. The most remarkable of them is his book De Authordate Principum in Populum semper Inviolabili, printed at Frankfort in 1612. In this he maintains that the authority of princes ought not to be violated. He wrote also upon the same doctrine his three books, De Jure Majestatis, printed at the same place in 1610; and his Reflection’s Politicae, printed at Frankfort in 1615. He went to Denmark by invitation, and was made counsellor and physician to the king. He travelled [7:3:624] into Trance and England, and died in November 1635. Besides the pieces already mentioned, he wrote several philosophical, medicinal, and poetical treatises.
ARNOBIUS, professor of rhetoric at Sicca, in Numidia, towards the end of the third century. Owing to certain dreams which he had, he became desirous of embracing Christianity, and for this purpose applied to the bishops for admission into the church; but his former violent hostility to the faith led them to distrust him, and, before they would consent, they insisted on some proofs of his sincerity. In compliance with this demand, he wrote against the Gentiles, refuting the absurdities of their religion, and ridiculing their false gods. In this treatise he has employed all the flowers of rhetoric, and disp!ayed great learning; but from an impatience to be admitted within the pale of Christianity, he is thought to have been in too great a hurry in composing his work, as there does not appear in it so complete an order and disposition as could be wished; and not having a perfect and exact knowledge of the Christian faith, he published some very dangerous errors. Mr Bayle remarks, that his notions about the origin of the soul, the cause of natural evil, and several other important points, are highly pernicious. St Jerome, in his epistle to Paulinus, is of opinion that his style is unequal and too diffuse, and that his book is written without any method; but Dr Cave thinks this judgment too severe, and that Arnobius wants neither elegance nor order in his composition. Vossius styles him the Varro of the ecclesiastical writers. Du Pin observes that .his work is written in a manner worthy of a professor of rhetoric: the turn of his sentiments is very oratorical; but his style is a little African, his expressions being harsh and inelegant. We have several editions of this work of Arnobius against the Gentiles; one published at Rome in .1542, at Basil in 1546 and 1560, at Paris in 1570, at Antwerp in 1582, and one at Hamburg in 1610, with notes by Geverard Elmenhorst, besides many others. He wrote also a piece entitled De Rhetoricce Institutione, which is not extant.
ARNOLD, of Brescia, in Italy, distinguished himself, in the 12th century, by being the founder of a sect which opposed the wealth and power of the Roman clergy. He went into France, where he studied under the celebrated Peter Abelard. Upon his return to Italy he put on the habit of a monk, and opened his invectives in the streets of Brescia. He pointed his declamation against the bishops, the clergy, the monks, and finally against the Roman pontiff himself; to the laity only he was indulgent. In 1139 he was cited to appear before a grand council at Rome. His accusers were the bishop of Brescia, and many others, whom he had ridiculed and insulted. Nor from his judges could he look for much indulgence. He was found guilty, and sentenced to perpetual silence. Upon this he left Italy, crossed the Alps, and found a refuge in Zurich. After the death of pope Innocent II. he returned to Italy, and was ultimately condemned to death and executed in 1155. His name is chiefly deserving of being remembered for the boldness of his attempt to lower the power of the pope and his clergy, in an age when the papacy existed in all the plenitude of its power and influence.
ARNOLDISTS, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect so called from their leader Arnold of Brescia.
ARNOLDUS, Gothofredus, pastor and inspector of the churches of Perleberg, and historiographer to the king of Prussia, was born at Annaburg, in the mountains of Misnia, in 1666. He was a zealous defender of the Pietists, a sect among the German Protestants, and composed a great number of religious works, particularly an Ecclesiastical History, which exposed him to the resentment of the divines, and another giving an account of the doctrines and manners from the first ages, in which he frequently animadverts upon Cave’s Primitive Chrisdanitu. He died in 1714.
ARNSTADT, a bailiwick in the principality of Schwaz-burg-Sanderhausen, in Germany. It contains 2 cities, 26 villages, and 5 hamlets, with 9700 inhabitants. The capital of the bailiwick is of the same name. It is divided by the river Werra into two portions, has walls, and a castle, in which a gallery of pictures is preserved, and where a porcelain manufactory is now carried on. A considerable trade is pursued in brewing, distilling, tanning, and the sale of grain. It contains 726 houses and about 4300 inhabitants. ‘ Long. 11. 3. 2. E. Lat. 50. 49. 57. N.
ARNSTEIN, a bailiwick in the circle of Lower Maine, in Bavaria, 66 square miles, or 42,200 acres, in extent. It is watered by the river Wehre, and, with the exception of 7000 acres in the southern part, which is woodland, is fruitful in corn, flax, and wine. It contains 1 city, 2 market-towns, and 37 villages, with 11,500 inhabitants. The capital of the bailiwick has the same name, and contains 350 houses, and 1800 inhabitants, who trade chiefly in wood-ware, corn, and wine.
ARNULPH, or Ernulph, bishop of Rochester in the reign of Henry I. He was born in France, where he lived some time a monk of St Lucien de Beauvais. The monks led most irregular lives in this monastery, for which reason he resolved to quit it, but first took the advice of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, under whom he had studied in the abbey of Bee, when Lanfranc was prior of that monastery. This prelate invited him over to England, and placed him in the monastery of Canterbury, where he lived a private monk till Lanfrauc’s death. When Anselm came to the archiepiscopal see, Arnulph was made prior of the monastery of Canterbury, and afterwards abbot of Peterborough. In 1115 he was consecrated bishop of Rochester, which see he held nine years, and died in March 1124, aged 84. Arnulph wrote a piece in Latin concerning the foundation, endowment, charters, laws, and other things relating to the church of Rochester: it is generally known by the title of Textus Roffensis, and is preserved in the archives of the cathedral church of Rochester. It has been printed in Thorpe’s Registrum Roffense.
ARNWAY, John, a clergyman distinguished by his benevolence and loyalty to King Charles I., was descended from a very good family in the county of Salop, from which he inherited a considerable estate. He was educated at Oxford; and, having received holy orders, obtained the rectories of Hodnet and Ightfield, where he distinguished himself by his piety and exemplary charity; for it was his custom to clothe annually twelve poor people, and every Sunday to entertain as many at his table, not only plentifully, but with intimacy and respect. The civil war breaking out, he preached against rebellion, and raised and clothed eight troopers for the service of King Charles I., upon which his house was plundered by the parliament’s army. He then went to Oxford to serve the king in person, which subjected him to a new train of misfortunes; for his estate was soon after sequestrated, and . himself imprisoned till the king’s death; after which he went to the Hague, where he published, 1, The Tablet, or the Moderation of Charles I. the Martyr; and, 2, An Alarm to the Subjects of England. He at last went to Virginia, where he died in 1653.
AROMA Philosophorum denotes either saffron or the aroph of Paracelsus; as aτοmα Germanicum denotes elecampane.
ARONA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a strong castle. It stands on the lake Maggiore. Long. 8. 2L Ε. Lat. 45. 41. N.
ARONCHES, a town of Portugal, in Alentejò, on the confines of Spain, seated on the river Caro. It is well fortified, and contains about 500 inhabitants. Long. 5. 16. W. Lat. 14. 39. N.
AROO, an island in the Eastern Seas, 140 miles in length by about 40 in breadth, lying to the south of Papua. The Chinese merchants settled at Banda carry on a traffic with this island, from which they procure pearls, edible bird-nests, esteemed so great a delicacy by the Chinese epicures, tortoise shell, and stones. An aromatic vegetable substance called the Missoy bark is found here: it is also conjectured to be the haunt of the bird of paradise. The centre of the island is in long. 135. E. and lat. 6. S.
AROOL, a town of the empire of Russia, in the Ukraine, seated on the river Occa. Long. 38. 15. E. Lat. 51. 48. N.
AROPH, a contraction of aroma philosophorum, a name given to saffron.

Aroph Paracelsi, a name given to a kind of chemical flowers, probably of the same nature with the Ens Veneris, elegantly prepared by sublimation from equal quantities of lapis haematites and sal ammoniac.
AROSBAY, a town of the East Indies, on the coast of the island of Madura, near Java. Long. 14. 30. E. Lat. 9.30. N.
AROURA, a Grecian measure of 50 feet. It was more frequently used for a square measure of half the plethron. The Egyptian aroura was the square of 100 feet.
ARPAGIUS, or Harpagius, among the ancients, a person who died in the cradle, or at least in early youth. The word is formed from the Greek I snatch. The Romans made no funerals for their arpagii. They neither burnt their bodies, nor made tombs, monuments, or epitaphs for them; which occasioned Juvenal to say,

Terra clauditur infans Et minor igne rogi.

In after-times it became the custom to burn such as had lived to the age of 40 days, and had cut any teeth; and these they called Άταχτο/ or ' K%πa ι γμvun, q. d. rapti, ravished. The usage seems to have been borrowed from the Greeks; among whom, Eustathius assures us, it was the custom never to bury their children either by night or full day, but at the first appearance of the morning; and that they did not call their departure by the name of death, but by a softer appellation, 'ιLμiouς dοτaγrι, importing that they were ravished by Aurora, or taken away to her embraces.
ARPHAXAD, the son of Shem and father of Salah. Arphaxad was born in the year of the world 1658, a year after the deluge, and died in the year of the world 2096, at the age of 438.
ARPINAS, or Arpino, Joseph Caesar, a famous painter, born in the year 1560, at the castle of Arpinas, in the kingdom of Naples. He lived in great intimacy with Pope Clement VIII. who conferred upon him the honour of knighthood, and bestowed many other marks of his friendship. In the year 1600 he went to Paris with Cardinal Aldobrandin, who was sent legate to the French court on the marriage of Henry IV. with Mary of Medici. His Christian majesty gave Arpinas many considerable presents, and created him a knight of St Michael. The colouring of this painter is thought to be cold and inanimate; yet there is spirit in his designs, and his compositions have somewhat of fire and elevation. The touches of his pencil being free and bold, give therefore pleasure to connoisseurs in painting; but they are generally incorrect. What he painted of the Roman history is the most esteemed of all his works. He died at Rome in 1640.
ARPINO, a city in the kingdom of Naples and province of Terra di Lavoro. It stands on a hill washed by the Fibreno, is tolerably well built, possesses a good marketplace and 40 churches, with 9457 inhabitants, who carry on some considerable cloth manufactories. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Marius and of Cicero. Long. 14.12. E. Lat. 4L 44. N.
ARQUA, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, and territory of Venice, remarkable for the tomb of Petrarch. Long. 11. 43. E. Lat. 45.43. N.
ARQUES, a town of Normandy, now in the department of the Lower Seine, in France, seated on a small river of the same name. Long. 1. 30. E. Lat. 49. 54. N.
ARRAGON. See Aragon.
ARRAIGNMENT, in Law, the arraigning or setting a thing in order, as a person is said to arraign a writ of novel disseisin, who prepares and fits it for trial; but this term more properly denotes the calling of a person to answer in form of law upon an indictment, &c.
ARRAN, an island on the west coast of Scotland, near the mouth of the river Clyde, which forms part of the county of Bute. It is about 20 miles in length by from 8 to 11 in breadth, and contains a superficial area of 165 square miles, or 105,814 acres, of which about 14,431 are cultivated. This island is of an extremely rugged and mountainous surface, particularly in the northern part, in which the valleys are deep and romantic. The principal mountain is Goatfell,,which rises, according to accurate measurement, 2685 feet above the level of the sea, and is clothed with lichens and mosses. A few others approach to the same elevation. There are five small lakes in the island, from which two streams have their source. The quadrupeds are not numerous. There are a few red deer, the remains of a numerous breed, which are said still to find shelter among the mountains; and wild goats are still harboured in those parts. The cattle and sheep, which were formerly small, have been improved by the introduction of a larger breed. The birds are eagles, hooded crows, plovers, curlews, black cock, and other species of grouse, which are exceedingly numerous in the mountains. Ptarmagans, which were formerly seen, have now disappeared. Limestone, marl, and slate, are found in different parts, and there are also indications of coal; while in the mountains are found marble, jasper, agates; cairngorms, and a fine species of rock-crystal called the Arran diamond. Shoals of herring frequent the shores, and the herring fishery is prosecuted to a great extent. 'No less than 200 fishing vessels, well manned and properly fitted out, and belonging to the island, are employed in it. Arran has two remarkably fine harbours, Lamlash on the east side, and Loch Ranza on the other. Formerly the style of agriculture was extremely rude and imperfect; but the improved system has now been adopted in all its branches. Most of the high land was at one time a common, on which the cattle of all the tenants was indiscriminately pastured. The whole of the cultivated land is now subdivided and inclosed, and the hills laid out in sheep-walks. Flax is cultivated in small quantities, and linens and some woollens are manufactured. With the exception of a few farms, the whole island belongs to the Duke of Hamilton, who has very lately begun to take an interest in its improvement, and expended a considerable sum in making roads, bridges, and small harbours. It has several castles of great antiquity; one, the castle of Brodick, which was garrisoned by Sir J. Hawkins in the reign of Edward II.; another at Lochvanza, built by Robert II. as a hunting seat. Population 6754.
ARRAS, an arrondissement in the Pas de Calais, in France, extending over 552 square miles, or 353,280 acres. It is divided into nine cantons, and these into 218 communes, containing 143,615 inhabitants. The chief city of the arrondissement has the same name. It is situated at the influx of the Erinchon into the navigable river Scarpe. It is regularly fortified with a citadel, built by Vauban, with bomb-proof casemates. The city is well built, with regular and lofty houses. The cathedral is a sumptuous Gothic edifice, besides which there are twelve parish churches, the Abbey of St Wast, now the barracks, and some other fine public edifices. The inhabitants, 19,498 in number, are generally very industrious, and carry on extensive manufactories of fine linen and of lace, besides which there are establishments for refining sugar, for making soap, salt, starch, several breweries, and mills for spinning cotton. The manufactories have, however, declined considerably since the peace. It is the birthplace of the as [7:3:628]sassin Damiens, and of the two brothers Robespierre. It is in long. 2. 50. 54. E. and lat. 50. 17. 37. N.
ARRAY, in Law, the ranking or setting forth of a jury, or inquest of men impannelled on a cause.
ARRAYERS, Arragers, or Arraitores, is used in some ancient statutes for such officers as had care of the soldiers' armour, and saw them duly accoutred in their kinds. In some reigns commissioners were appointed for this purpose.
ARREST, in English Law (from the French word arrester, to stop or stay), is. the restraint of a man’s person, obliging him to be obedient to the law, and is defined to be the execution of the command of some court of record or office of justice. Arrests are either in civil or criminal cases. Hr, An arrest in a civil cause is defined to be the apprehending or restraining one’s person by process, in execution of the command of some court. 2d, An arrest in a criminal cause is the apprehending or restraining one’s person in order to be forthcoming to answer an alleged crime.

Arrests by private persons are in some cases commanded. Persons present at the committing of a felony must use their endeavours to apprehend the offender, under penalty of fine and imprisonment; and they are also, with the utmost diligence, to pursue and endeavour to take a!l those who shall be guilty thereof out of their view, upon a hue and cry levied against them. By the vagrant act, 17 Geo. II. cap. 5, every person may apprehend beggars and vagrants; and every private person is bound to assist an officer requiring him to apprehend a felon.

In some cases, likewise, arrests by private persons are rewarded by law. By the 4 and 5 William and Mary, cap. 8, persons apprehending highwaymen, and prosecuting them to a conviction, are entitled to a reward of L.40; and if they are killed in the attempt, their executors, &c. are entitled to the like reward. By the 6 and 7 William III. cap. 17, persons apprehending counterfeiters and clippers of the coin, and prosecuting them to conviction, are entitled to L.40.

By 5 Anne, cap. 31, persons who shall take any one guilty of burglary, or the felonious breaking and entering any house in the daytime, and prosecute them to conviction, shall receive the sum of L.40, within one month after such conviction.

With regard to arrests by public officers, as watchmen, constables, &c. they are either made by their own authority, which differs but very little from the power of a private person; or they are made by a warrant from, a justice of peace. . .. .
[7:3:630]

ARREST of Judgment, in Law, is the assigning just reason why judgment should not pass; as, want of notice of the trial; a material defect in the pleading; when the record differs from the deed impleaded; when persons are misnamed; where more is given by the verdict than is laid in the declaration, &c.
ARRESTMENT, in Scots Law, denotes that diligence by which a creditor detains the goods or effects of his debtor in the hands of third parties till the debt due to him shall be paid.
ARRHABONARH, a sect of Christians, who held that the eucharist is neither the real flesh nor blood of Christ, nor yet the sign of them; but only the pledge or earnest thereof.
ARRHEPHORIA, a feast among the Athenians, instituted in honour of Minerva, and of Herse, daughter of Cecróps.
ARRIAN, a philosopher and historian, who flourished in the time of the emperor Adrian and the two Antonines, was born at Nicoedia in Bithynia. His learning and eloquence procured him the title of The Second Xenophon, and raised him to the most considerable dignities at Rome, even the consulship itself. Many of his pieces have been lost. Of his dissertations upon Epictetus, there have been preserved four of the eight books which he wrote. His history of the expeditions of Alexander the Great, in seven books, is the most valuable of his remains. The work entitled the Periplus of the Red Sea has been ascribed to him by many, but, as Dr Vincent contends, erroneously. (See Vincent, Dr William.) The best editions of Arrian are those of Gronovius and Schmei-der; the one published in 1704, the other in 1798.
ARRIEGO, a department of France, bounded on the east by Aude, on the south-east by the Eastern Pyrenees, on the south by the mountains, and on the west and north by the department of the Upper Garonne. Its extent is 244 square miles, or 143,360 acres. It sends two deputies to the Chamber, is in the diocese of Pamiers, and within the jurisdiction of the royal tribunal of Toulouse. It Contains three arrondissements, 20 cantons, and 330 communes. The population by the last returns appears to be 229,760 inhabitants. The chief towns are Tarascon, Aix, and Mirepoix.
ARROE, a small but very fruitful island in the Baltic, to the south-west of Funen. Its greatest length is three Swedish miles, but its breadth is not more than half a mile. It belongs to the duchy of Sleswick, and came definitively to the crown of Denmark in the year 1749. Firewood is scarce, as every spot of ground is under tillage. The horses and black cattle are in good condition. Agriculture, navigation, and fishing, are the chief sources of income. Population above 4500. Long. 10. 20. E. Lat. 54. 53. N.
ARROYO del Puerto, a town of Spain, on the Ayuda, in the province of Estremadura, containing 5000 inhabitants. There is a pottery here, which employs 52 workmen, and furnishes 208,000 pieces of ware annually.
ARROW, a missile weapon of offence, slender pointed and barbed, to be cast or shot with a bow. See Archery. ARRow-Mahers are called fletclιers, and were formerly, as well as bowyers, persons of great consequence in the commonwealth.
ARSACES, otherwise Mithridates, a king of the Parthians, spoken of in the first book of Maccabees. He considerably enlarged the kingdom of Parthia by his good conduct and valour.
ARSAMAS, a circle of the Russian government of Nishegorod, between long. 43. 21. and 44. 10. E. and lat. 54. 37. and 55. 28. N. It is watered by the rivers Tescha and Scholka, which flow to the Volga. It is an undulat ing country; much of it is covered with wood, and some part of it with swamps; but it produces flax in abundance and corn sufficient for the use of the inhabitants, who’ amount to 120,000, of whom 4351 are slaves belonging to the crown, and 23,643 belonging to other individual nobles. The chief employment is wood-cutting, potash burning* and spinning linen yarn. fe ’

Arsamas, the capital of the Russian circle of the same name, at the junction of the river Scholka with the Tescha. It is an old and ill-built city, with 20 wood and 2 stone churches, some other public buildings, 1416 houses, and about 8000 inhabitants. There are some manufactures of the leather peculiar to Russia, of soap, and of woad; and many shoes are made for distant markets. The merchants deal largely in linen and sail-cloth. It is in lat. 55. 27. N. and long. 43. 46. E.
ARSENAL, a royal of public magazine, or place appointed for the making and keeping of arms necessary either for defence or assault. Some derive this word from arx, a fortress; others from ars, denoting a machins; others again from arx and senatus, because this was the defence of the senate; but the more probable opinion derives it from the Arabic darsenaa, which signifies arsenal. The arsenal of Venice is the place where the galleys are built and laid up. The arsenal of Paris is that where the cannon or great guns are cast.