pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BAGNOLI, a city in the province of Principato-Ulteriore, in the kingdom of Naples, where several Roman antiquities are found, containing 4850 inhabitants.
BAGNOLIANS, or Bagnolanses, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of heretics, who in reality were Manicheans, though they somewhat disguised their errors. They rejected the Old Testament and part of the New, held the world to be eternal, and affirmed that God did not create the soul when he infused it into the body. .
BAGNOLO, a city in the kingdom of Sardinia, in the continental province of Saluzzo. It stands on the river Grana, and contains 4374 inhabitants.
BAHIR, a Hebrew term signifying “famous” or “illustrious,” but particularly applied to a book of the Jews, treating of the profound mysteries of the Cabala, being the most ancient of the rabbinical works.
BAHLINGEN, a bailiwick in the circle of Schwartz-wald, or the Black Forest, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg. It extends over 132 square miles, and comprehends two cities, one market-town, and thirty-five villages, with 28,164 inhabitants. Its agriculture is little productive, but manufactures of various kinds are more advanced. The city, which gives name to the bailiwick, is on the Eynach, and contains 3220 inhabitants. Long. 8.45. 52. E. Eat. 48. 16. 0. N.
BAHREIN, a cluster of islands on the south-west side of the Persian Gulf, near the Arabian shore, the principal of which is named Bahrein. This island, which is about fifteen miles from the coast, is one of the finest in the gulf, and is covered with villages and date gardens. The town and fort of Medina, which contains about 800 or 900 houses, carries on a considerable trade with Bussora and other ports in the gulf. Here is a harbour admitting vessels of 200 tons, which trade to Bushire, and with a fair wind make the voyage in fourteen hours. This island has always been famous for the pearl fishery carried on in its neighbourhood. The oyster banks produce the finest pearls in the world. They are found in a small muscle attached to the bottom by a thin fibre of great length, which is cut by the diver. These pearls are of two sorts, white and yellow; and are sent to India, and through Bussora and Bagdad into Asia. The fishery is farmed out by the different chiefs on the coast, who draw a large revenue from this source. These islands once belonged to the Portuguese. They afterwards fell under the dominion of an Arabian chief, from whom they were seized by the Persians. They were afterwards taken possession of by the Wahabees.
BAHRY, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Agra, ten miles to the north of the Chumbul. It is a town of some consequence; many of the houses are two stories in height, and have a greater appearance of comfort than is usual in Indian towns. It is chiefly inhabited by Patans, and is distinguished by several handsome Mahommedan tombs. Long. 77. 35. E. Lat. 26. 47. N.
BAHUS, a strong town of Sweden, and capital of a government of the same name, seated on a rock in a small island. Long. 11. 10. E. Lat. 57. 52. N.
BAIHINGEN, a bailiwick of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, i∏ th e c i rc 1 e 0 f (; ιe Neckar. It extends over seventy square miles, and comprehends three cities, two markettowns, and sixteen villages, with 20,146 inhabitants. The city which gives name to the bailiwick is on the river ns, and contains a castle, a church with some ancient monuments of the former counts of Bahin, and 3105 inhabitants, who cultivate extensively the vine. Lon^. 8. 47. 50. E. Lat. 48. 55. 45. N.
BAIKAL, a great lake of Siberia, in the government of Irkutsk, 366 miles in length from south-west to northeast, and from twenty to fifty-three miles in breadth. This vast reservoir is, according to accurate observations, about 1715 feet above the level of the sea. It is fed by several large rivers, namely, the Upper Angara, Selinga, Bargazin, and others; while the only visible outlet is by the Lower Angara, which is incapable of carrying off any thing like the quantity of water which is received. The ŵater is excellent and extremely clear, so that the bottom can be seen at the depth of eight fathoms. The depth of the lake varies from twenty-two to ninety fathoms. It yields abundance of fish, and there is a profitable fishery of seals on its shores during the whole summer. The climate is extremely severe; the waters of this great inland sea are frozen over about the beginning of January, and the ice does not break up till May. This lake facilitates the Russian trade with China, and also between Irkutsk and Dauria. It is navigated by the Russians in summer, and in winter they travel across it on the ice. Several hot springs and mineral waters are seen on the margin, and naphtha is sometimes found floating on the surface. It lies between the 52d and 55th degrees of north latitude.
BAIL, Ballium (from the French bailler, which is derived from the Greek l βαλλs∕v, and signifies to deliver into hands), is used in our common law for the freeing or setting at liberty of one arrested or imprisoned upon any action, either civil or criminal, on surety taken for his appearance at a day and place certain.
BAILIFF, or Bailie, in a general sense, denotes an officer appointed for the administration of justice in a certain district or bailiwick. The term is formed from the French word bailiff, that is, proefectus provinciae. The chief magistrates in divers towns are called bailiffs or bailies; and sometimes the persons to whom the king’s castles are committed are termed bailiffs, as the bailiff of Dover Castle. Of ordinary bailiffs there are several sorts, viz. sheriffs’ bailiffs, bailiffs of liberties, &c. Sheriffs’ bailiffs, or sheriffs’ officers, are either bailiffs of hundreds or special bailiffs. Bailiffs of hundreds are officers appointed over those districts by the sheriffs, to collect fines, to summon juries, to attend the judges and justices at the assizes and quarter-sessions, and also to execute writs and process in the several hundreds. Bailiffs of liberties were those bailiffs appointed by every lord within his liberty, to execute process, and do such offices as the bailiffs-errant were wont to do at large in the county.
BAILH, David, painter of perspective views and portraits, was the son of Peter Bailii, an artist of some note, and was born at Leyden in 1584. From his father he learned to draw and design; but he was afterwards placed under the care of Adrian Verburg, and continued with him for some time; and when he quitted that master, he studied to much greater advantage with Cornelius Vandervoort, an excellent portrait painter, and with him he spent about six years. As Vandervoort possessed many capital paintings of some great masters, Bailii, for his own improvement, copied them with critical care and observation; and particularly copied one perspective view of the inside of a church, originally painted by Stenwyck, which he finished with such accuracy, that even Stenwyck himself could scarcely determine which was the original or which the copy, when both were placed before him. He travelled through several parts of Italy to see the works of the celebrated masters of that country, and resided a few years at Rome; and abroad, as well as in his own country, the correctness of his drawing, and the delicate [7:4:286] handling of his pictures, procured him employment, admirers, and friends. In the latter part of his life he discontinued painting, and only drew portraits on vellum with a pen, which he heightened with black lead, and thus gave them wonderful force and roundness. He died in 1638.
BAILIWICK, that liberty which is exempted from the jurisdiction of the sheriff of the county, and over which liberty the lord thereof appoints his own bailiff, with the like power within his precinct as an under-sheriff exercises under the sheriff of the county. Or it signifies the precinct of a bailiff, or the place within which his jurisdiction is term mated.
BAILLET, Adrian, a very learned French writer and critic, born in June 1649, at the village of Neuville, near Beauvais, in Picardy. His parents were too poor to give him a proper education, which, however, he obtained by the favour of the bishop of Beauvais, who afterwards presented him with a small vicarage. In 1680 he was appointed librarian to M. de Lamoignon, advocate-general to the parliament of Paris, of whose library he made a copious index in thirty-five volumes folio, all written with his own hand. He died in January 1706. In the list of his numerous works the following are the most conspicuous :—1. Histoire de Hollande depuis 1609 jusqu a 1690, 4 tom. 12mo. This work was published under the name of Neuville. 2. Les Vies des Saints, 3 tom. fol. 3. Des Enfants devenus celebres par leurs Etudes et par leurs Ecrits, 2 tom. 12mo. 4. Vie de Descartes, 2 tom. 4to. 5. Jugemens des Savants sur les principaux Ouvrages des Auteurs, 9 tom. 12mo. The last is the most celebrated and the most useful of all the works of this learned and indefatigable writer. The edition of it published in 1722 by Μ. de la Monnoye, in seven volumes quarto, contains the Anti-Baillet of Μ. Menage, besides notes; but the editions subsequently published in Holland are esteemed still more complete. ∙
BAILLEUL, a town of France, in the department of the North, formerly very strong, but now without any fortifications. Long. 2. 45. E. Lat. 50. 45. N.
BAILMENT, from the French bailler, to deliver, means, in law, a delivery of goods in trust upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee or person to whom they are delivered, and the goods re-delivered as soon as the time or use for which they were bailed shall have elapsed 0l ' ļ?cen performed. There is a valuable Essay on the Law 0; Bailment by Sir William Jones.
BAINBRIDGE, Dr John, an eminent physician and astronomer, born at Ashby de la Zouche, in Leicestershire, m 1582. He taught a grammar school for some }ears, and practised physic, employing his leisure hours m astronomy, which was his favourite study; but at en gth, removing to London, he was admitted a fellow of the college of physicians, and raised his character by his description of the comet in 1618. The next year Sir Henry Savile appointed Bainbridge his first professor of astronomy at Oxford; and the masters and fellows of Merton College made him first junior, and then superior, reader of Linacre’s lecture. He died in 1643. His published works are, 1. An Astronomical Description, of the late Comet, Lond. 1619. 2. Procli Sphaera, 1620. 3. Canicularia; a Treatise concerning the Canicular Days; published at Oxford in 1648. Several of his writings have never been published; but the manuscripts are preserved in the library of Trinity College, Dublin.
BAIREUTH, a city, the capital of the circle of the Upper Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria, as well as of the magistracy of the same name. It is situated on a branch of the river Maine, in a pleasant valley, and is a very ancient place, surrounded with walls, but in a state to unfit them for defence. It contains two Lutheran, one Catholic, and one Reformed church. The number of inhabitants in 1827 was 13,985. These find employment in various manufactures, especially in weaving and printing cottons, in the several modes of preparing leather, in breweries, and in making porcelain and other earthen wares. It is besides an extensive corn market. The magistracy of Baireuth extends over 121 square miles, comprehending two market-towns and 104 villages, and, besides those of the city, contains 21,200 inhabitants. Baireuth is in long. 11. 34. 10. E. lat. 49. 56. 50. N.
BAITING, the act of attacking and harassing greater and stronger animals by smaller or weaker ones. In this sense we hear of the baiting of bulls or bears by mastiffs or bull-dogs.
BAJALUKA, a city, the capital of a sandschak or province of Bosnia, in Turkey in Europe. It stands on the river Berbas, and is strongly fortified with a citadel, being the frontier garrison towards Austria. It contains 2700 houses, forty mosques, and, with the suburbs, which are chiefly occupied by Greeks, 15,000 inhabitants. It is a place of considerable traffic and manufactures. Among the latter, gunpowder is the most productive. Near it are some celebrated warm medicinal springs.
BAJAROTOS, a town of the province of Aragon, in Spain, containing 2600 inhabitants.
BAJULUS, an ancient officer in the court of the Greek emperors. There were several degrees of bajuli; as, the grand bajulus, who was preceptor to the emperor; and the simple bajuli, who were sub-preceptors. The word is derived from the Latin verb bajulare, to carry or bear a thing on the arms or on the shoulders; and the origin of the office is thus traced by antiquaries: Children, and especially those of condition, had anciently, besides their nurse, a woman called gerula, as appears from several passages of lertullian; when weaned, or ready to be weaned, they had men to carry them about and take care of them, who were called geruli and bajuli i a gerendo et bajulando. Hence it is that governors of princes and great lords were still denominated bajuli, and their charge or government bajulatio, even after their pupils had grown too big to be carried about. The word passed in the same sense into Greece.
BAKEWELL, Robert, a distinguished agriculturist and improver of live stock, was born at Dishley, in Leicestershire, in 1725 or 1726, and he died there in October 1795. Though all the different kinds of domestic animals were objects of his experiments and ameliorations, his attention was more particularly devoted to the improvement of the race of sheep known by the name of the Dishley or New Leicestershire breed; and so successful was he in this line, that some of his rams were let for the season at the extraordinary sum of four hundred guineas. His life presents no incidents or claims to notice, other than what arise from the improvements alluded to; but these were such as to secure him a high rank among the benefactors of British husbandry.

Bakewell, a market-town in the county of Derby, in the High Peak on the river Wye, 152 miles from London. The market is held on Saturday. It is remarkable for excellent trout-fishing, and for a chalybeate spring frequented by invalids. The fine seat of the Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth, is about six miles from the town; and Haddon Hall, the ancient family residence of the Dukes of Rutland, is in the vicinity. The population in 1801 amounted to 1412; in 1811, to 1483; and in 1821, to 1782.
BAKU, or Badku, a town, with an adjoining district of the same name, in Persia. Badku is the most spacious and convenient port in the Caspian, and stands in the peninsula of Absharon, in long. 51. 7. E. lat. 42. 22. N. It is a place of considerable trade, and is defended by a double wall and ditch, constructed during the reign of Peter the Great. The town is situated on a declivity, and is of an obtuse triangular form. It was a celebrated resort of the ancient worshippers of fire, and before the conquest of the Saracens was annually visited by thousands of pilgrims. In the adjacent district a great quantity of excellent cotton is produced, and is exported from Badku; together with fruit, opium, rice, silk, wine, rock-salt, and naphtha. Cloths, dye-stuffs, iron, linen, and silk stuffs, are imported from Astracan, from which six or eight vessels arrive yearly, and with which its principal trade is car ried on. In the plain to the south-east of the city, enormous quantities of naphtha are produced. It is drawn from wells, some of which yield from 1000 to 1500 pounds in a day. These wells contain inexhaustible springs of oil; and they are no sooner emptied than the oil begins to flow, and continues until it has attained its former level. It is used by the natives for lamp-oil, and emits a clear light, with much smoke and a disagreeable odour. All around the town the country is deeply impregnated with inflammable matter, both above and below the surface. About ten miles to the eastward is a fine temple of the Guebres; a remarkable spot, something less than a mile in circumference, from the centre of which a blu∙ ish flame is seen to arise. Here are some small houses; and the inhabitants, when they wish to smother the flame, cover the space inclosed with walls by a thick loam of [7:4:303]earth. When an incision is made in the floor the flame arises, and it is again suppressed when it is no longer wanted for culinary or other purposes, by closing the aperture. The whole country around Badku has at times the appearance of being enveloped in flames. It often seems a s if the fire rolled down from the mountains in large masses with incredible velocity; and at night a bright blue light is observed to cover the whole western range of hills. This fire does not consume, and no warmth is felt, even though a person be in the middle of it. The jurisdiction extends over thirty-two villages. It was ceded to Russia in 1723, and was restored to Persia in 1735. It was several years under the dominion of a Persian prince, and was taken possession of by the Russians in 1801, by whom it is now retained. Lonġ. 51. 7. E. Lat. 42. 22. N.
BALAAM, a prophet and diviner of the city of Pe-thor, on the Euphrates, whose practices with Balak, king of the Moabites, are recorded in the book of Numbers, chap, xxii∙ -It is a question much debated among divines, whether Balaam was a true prophet of God, or no more than a magician or fortune-teller. The Scripture, 2 Pet. ii. 16, denominates him a prophet; and this by some has been thought decisive of the point; although it is expressly stated that he “loved the wages of unrighteousness,” and was “rebuked for his iniquity” by “the dumb ass,” which “forbade the madness of the prophet'.' As to what passed between him and his ass, when the latter was miraculously enabled to accost its master and rebuke him, commentators are divided in opinion; some doubting whether the fact really and literally happened as Moses relates it, and others thinking it an allegory only, or the mere imagination or vision of Balaam. Philo, in his Life of Closes, passes over this wonderful incident in silence; and Maimonides pretends that it happened to Balaam in a prophetic vision only. But St Peter (ιιbi supra) speaks of this fact as literal and certain, and so most interpreters explain it. St Austin, who understands it exactly according to the letter, finds nothing in the whole account more surprising than the stupidity of Balaam, who heard his ass speak to him, and answered it as if he had talked with a reasonable person. Le Clerc thinks that Balaam might probably have imbibed the doctrine of transmigration of souls, which was certainly very common in the East; and on this account he might probably be the less astonished at hearing a brute speak. Gregory of Nyssa seems to think that the ass did not utter any word articulately or distinctly, but that, having brayed as usual, the diviner, whose practice it had been to draw presages from the cries of beasts and singing of birds, comprehended easily the ass’s meaning by its noise; Moses designing to ridicule this superstitious art of augurs and soothsayers, as if the ass had really spoken in words articulate.
BALACHNA, a circle of the Russian government of Nishegorod, containing about 90,000 inhabitants. The chief place is a city of the same name, at the junction of the river Usola with the Wolga. It contains about 4500 inhabitants, who carry on a trade in linen, and in salt produced fi'om springs near it. Long. 43. 25. E. Lat. 56. 15. N.
BALADAN, the Scripture name for a king of Babylon, called by profane authors ßelesus or Pelesis i Nabonassar or Nαnybrus. Baladan was at first no more than governor of Babylon; but having entered into a confederacy with Arbaces, governor of Media, and rebelled against Sardanapalus, king of Assyria, both generals marched against him with an army of 400,000 men, and were defeated in three different battles. The Bactrians, however, deserted the king, and having gone over to Baladan and Arbaces, the rebels, thus reinforced, attacked their enemy in the night, and made themselves masters of his camp. After this misfortune, Sardanapalus retreated to Nineveh, and left the command of his army to his brother-in-law Salamenes. The conspirators attacked Salamenes, and defeated him in two great battles; after which they laid siege to Nineveh. Sardanapalus sustained the siege for three years; but the Tigris, in the third year, overflowing its banks, beat down twenty furlongs of the walls; upon which the conspirators entered the city and took possession of it, after Sardanapalus had burnt himself and all his most valuable effects upon a funeral pile erected for the purpose in his palace. Baladan was acknowledged king of Babylon, as Arbaces was of Media.
BALAGHAUT Ceded Districts. This country, which is in the south of India, comprehends an extensive tableland, supported like a terrace by the stupendous mountain wall of the Ghauts. It is a vast extent of level plains, stretching from the Krishna to the southern extremity of the Mysore, and is named Balaghaut, or “Above the Ghauts,” in contradistinction to Payenghaut, or “Below the Ghauts.” This tract of country, which was acquired by the British in 1800, comprehends all the territory south of the Toombuddra and Krishna rivers, which are its proper boundaries, and which, owing to its elevated surface, are the only large rivers which it possesses. The country, the greater proportion of which is under dry cultivation, produces sugar, indigo, and cotton. In 1806 a census was made out of the population, which amounted to 1,917,376. After these districts were obtained from the Nizam in 1800, they were placed under the management of Colonel Munro, and since this period they have made great advances in population and prosperity. In the course of seven years the land revenues increased from 1,006,593 to 1,517,272 pagodas; and the inhabitants, from being a horde of lawless freebooters, were reclaimed to habits of civilization and submission to the laws. In the year 1808 the total amount of the revenue was 1,802,570 pagodas. In ancient times these provinces formed part of the Hindoo kingdom of Bijanagur; and many of the modern polygars claim their descent from the officers, and some from the royal family, of that kingdom. On the fall of the Mogul government it was broken into several independent states. It was conquered by Hyder between the years 1766 and 1780, but in 1800 was transferred to the British.
BALAGUER, a city of the province of Catalonia, in Spain. It is situated on the river Segra, in a fruitful district, is fortified and defended by a citadel, and contains 4200 inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in the pursuits of agriculture. Long. 1. 24. E. Lat. 4L 43. N∙
BALAMBANGAN, a rich and fruitful island in the Eastern Seas, situated between Magindanao and Borneo, from the latter of which it is 15 miles distant. The East India Company formerly had a settlement here; but it is now abandoned, and is uninhabited. Long. 117. 5. E. Lat. 7. 15. N.
BALAMBUAN, or Padambuan, a strong town of Asia, in the Indies, on the east extremity of the island of Java, and capital of a territory of the same name. Long. 114. 10. E. Lat. 7. 50. S.
BALASORE, a seaport of Hindostan, in the province of Orissa. It is built along the banks of the Boorce Bel-laun river, where the stream is not navigable for vessels of greater burden than 100 tons, and these can only get over the bar at spring tides. The English, Dutch, and Portuguese formerly had factories at Balasore, which was once famed for a manufactory of fine cotton cloths. The English factory was burnt down in November 1688, when, on account of a rupture with Aurungzebe, Captain Heath attacked and plundered the town. The company’s servants were at that time carried up the country, and it does not appear that they were ever released. This town was ceded to the Mahrattas in 1751, but was given up to the

English by the Nagpoor rajah at the conclusion of the peace in 1803. The navigation of the Ganges to Calcutta being extremely dangerous, and requiring skilful pilots, it is in Balasore roads that those who undertake that service wait the arrival of vessels. It is 110 miles south-w est from Calcutta. Long. 87. 13. E. Lat. 21. 31. N.