pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CHALCIDIUS, a famous Platonic philosopher of the third century, author of an esteemed commentary on the Timaeus of Plato, which Meursius caused to be printed at Leyden in 1617, 4to, and which John Albert Fabricius has inserted at the end of the second volume of the works of St Hypolitus, Hamburg, 1718, fol. The critics are divided in opinion respecting this ancient author. Fabricius pretends that he was a Christian; and Giraldi makes him even deacon of Carthage. But the Abbé Goujet, in his dissertation inserted in the first volume of the Mémoires de Littérature, maintains the contrary opinion, on the grounds that Chalcidius adopts the opinions of Plato, doubts the inspiration of the book of Moses, and speaks of the dogmas of Christianity with indifference, or at least without indicating whether he believed them or not. Mosheim and Brucker, however, class him among the syncretist or eclectic philosophers, who amalgamated the philosophy of Plato with the doctrines of Christianity, and maintained that the truths taught by Jesus Christ were known long before his time, though concealed by the priests under the veil of ceremonies, fables, and allegories. Mosheim thinks Chalcidius never professed Christianity; Brucker is of a contrary opinion, inasmuch as he shared the errors of Platonism in common with many whose Christianity was never questioned.
CHALCOND ÝLAS, Demetrius, a learned Greek, born at Constantinople, left that city when it was taken by the Turks, and afterwards taught Greek in several cities in Italy. He composed a Greek grammar; and died at Milan in 1513.
CHALDEA, in Ancient Geography, when taken in a larger sense, included Babylonia; as in the prophecies of Jeremiah and Ezekiel. In a restricted sense, it denoted a province of Babylonia, towards Arabia Deserta; called in Scripture The land of the Chaldeans, and so named from Chaled, the fourth son of Nahor. See Babylonia.
CHALDEE Language, that spoken by the Chaldeans, or people of Chaldea. It is a dialect of the Hebrew.

Chaldee Paraphrase, in the rabbinical style, is called Targum. There are three Chaldee paraphrases in Walton’s Polyglot, namely, that of Onkelos, that of Jonathan son of Uzziel, and that of Jerusalem.
CHALDRON, a dry English measure, consisting of thirty-six bushels.
CHALICE, the cup or vessel used to administer the wine in the sacrament, and employed by the Roman Catholics in the mass. The use of the chalice, or communicating in both kinds, is by the church of Rome denied to the laity, who communicate only in one kind, the clergy alone being allowed the privilege of communicating in both kinds.
CHALK (Creta) is a white earth found plentifully in Britain, France, Norway, and other parts of Europe, said to have been anciently dug chiefly in the island of Crete, which thence received its name of Creta. Chalk readily imbibes water; and hence masses of it are employed for drying precipitates, lakes, earthy powders that have been levigated with water, and other moist preparations. Its economical uses in cleaning and polishing metalline or glass utensils are well known. In this case it is powdered and washed from any gritty matter it may contain, and is then called whiting. Black Chalk, a name given by painters to a species of earth with which they draw on blue paper. It is found in pieces of from two to ten feet in length, and from four to twenty inches in breadth, generally flat, but somewhat rising in the middle, and thinner towards the edges, commonly found in large quantities together. While in the earth it is moist and flaky; but being dried, it becomes considerably hard and very light, but always breaks in some particular direction; and, if attentively examined when first broken, it appears of a striated texture. To the touch it is soft and smooth, stains very freely, and by virtue of its smoothness makes very neat marks. It is easily reduced into an impalpable powder, without any diminution of its blackness. In this state it*mixes easily with oil into a smooth paste; and being diffused through water, it slowly settles in a black slimy or muddy form; properties which make its use very convenient to painters, both in oil and water colours.

Bed Chalk, an earth much used by painters and artificers, and common in the colour shops. It is of a fine, even, and firm texture; very heavy and very hard; of a pale red on the outside, but of a deep dnsky chocolate colour within. It adheres firmly to the tongue, is perfectly insipid to the taste, and makes no effervescence with acids.
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Chalk- Stones, in Medicine, signify the concretions of calcareous matter in the hands and feet of people violently afflicted with the gout.
CHALLENGE, a cartel or invitation to a duel or other combat. See Duel. Challenge, among hunters. When hounds orbeagles, at first finding the scent of their game, presently open and cry, they are said to challenge.

Challenge, in the Law of England, is an exception made to jurors. See Jury and Trial.
CHALO, a river of Asia, which has its rise near Lassa, and passing through the province of Yunan in China, and into the countries Laos and Tonkin, flows into the Gulf of Cochin-China, opposite the island of Hainau.
CHALONNE, a city of the department of the Mayenne and Loire, in France. It is situated on the left bank of the river Loire, where the Layon falls into that stream. It contains 780 houses, and 4912 inhabitants.
CHALONS, an arrondissement in the department of the Upper Saone and Loire, in France, extending over 795 square miles, and comprising ten cantons and 160 communes, with 108,336 inhabitants. The chief place, a city of the same name, distinguished by the adjunct “Sur Saone,” is a well-situated and well-built town, the seat of the local courts of judicature, and containing 1257 houses, with 11,128 inhabitants. It is a place of considerable trade, being a kind of entrepôt for the commodities of the north and south of the kingdom, especially for corn, wine, oil, iron, copper, and soap.

Chalons, an arrondissement in the department of the Marne, in France, extending to 510 square miles, divided into four cantons, and subdivided into eighty communes, containing 36,824 inhabitants. The capital is the city of Chalons-Sur-Marne, an irregular and ill-built town, containing 2800 houses, and a population of 11,000 souls. It has some mills for spinning cotton ,and flax, and a few woollen goods are made. It is situated in longitude 4. 16. 24. E., and latitude 48. 57. 28. N.
CHALOO, a village of Thibet, situated midway between two lakes, one of which is accounted peculiarly sacred by the inhabitants of Bootan, who imagine it to be the haunt of their principal deities. Long. 89. 15. E. Lat. 28.18. N.
CHALUS, a city of the department of the Upper Vienne, in France. It is situated on the river Taboire, which divides it into two portions. It contains 1264 inhabitants, and is celebrated as the place where our Richard Coeur-de-Lion met his death by an arrow when engaged in besieging it. Long. 0. 53. 23. E. Lat. 45. 39. 31. N.
CHALYBEATE, in Medicine, an appellation given to( any liquid, as wine or water, impregnated with particles of iron or steel.
CHAM, or Khan, the title given to the sovereign princes of Tartary. The word, in the Persian, signifies mighty lord; in the Sclavonic, emperor. Sperlingius, in his dissertation on the Danish term of majesty, honing, king, thinks the Tartarian cham may be well derived from it; adding, that in the north they say han, konnen, konge, kοηning, &c. The term cham is also applied, among the Persians, to the great lords of the court, and the governors of provinces.
CHAMADE, in war, a certain beat of a drum, or sound of a trumpet, which serves as a signal to the enemy, of some propositions about to be made, either to capitulate, or for leave to bury the dead, make a truce, or the like. Menage derives the word from the Italian chiamata, from clamare, to cry.
CHAMANIM, in the Jewish antiquities, is the Hebrew name for that which the Greeks call Pyreia or Pyrateria; and St Jerome in Leviticus has translated simulacra, in Isaiah, delubra. These chamanim were, according to Rabbi Solomon, idols exposed to the sun upon the tops of houses. Abenezoa says they were portable chapels or temples made in the form of chariots, in honour of the sun. What the Greeks call Pyreia were temples consecrated to the sun and fire, in which a perpetual fire was kept up. They were built upon eminences, and were large enclosures without covering, where the sun was worshipped. The Guebres, or worshippers of fire, in Persia and the East Indies, have still these Pyreia. The word chama∙ nim is derived from chaman, which signified to warm or burn.
CHAMARIN, a word which occurs in several places of the Hebrew Bible, and is generally translated the priests of the idols, or the priests clothed in black, because chamar signifies black, or blackness. St Jerome, in the second book of Kings, renders it aruspices. In Hosea and Zephaniah he translates it oeditui or church-wardens. But the best commentators arc of opinion that by this word we are to understand the priests of the false gods, and in particular the worshippers of fire; because they were, as they say, dressed in black; or perhaps the Hebrews gave them this name in derision, because, as they were continually employed in providing the fuel, and keeping up the fire, they were always as black as smiths or colliers. We find priests, among those of Isis, called melarιephori, or wearers of black; but whether this epithet was applied by reason of their dressing in black, or whether because they wore a certain shining black veil in the processions of this goddess, is not certain. Camar, in Arabic, signifies the moon; and Isis is the same deity. Grotius thinks the Roman priests, called camilli, came from the Hebrew chamarin. Those among the heathens who sacrificed to the infernal gods were dressed in black.
CHAMBAH, an extensive mountainous district of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, intersected by the Ravey river, and bounded on the east by the Beyah. It is situated about the 33d degree of N. lat. and is now possessed by the Sekks and their tributaries. There is a town of the same name 110 miles N.E. from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 33. E. Lat. 32. 28. N.
CHAMBER, in building, a part of a lodging, or of an apartment, ordinarily intended for sleeping in, and called by the Latins cubiculum. The word comes from the Latin camera ; and that, according to Nicod, from the Greek καμαgα, vault or curve ; the term chamber being originally confined to places arched over. A complete apartment consists of a hall, antichamber, chamber, and cabinet.

. Privy Chamber. Gentlemen of the privy chamber are [7:6:313]servants of the king, who are to wait and attend on him and the queen at court, in their diversions, &c.

In the absence of the lord chamberlain, or vice chamberlain, they execute the king’s orders; at coronations two of them personate the Dukes of Aquitain and Normandy, and six of them, appointed by the lord chamberlain, attend ambassadors from crowned heads to their audiences, and in public entries. The gentlemen of the privy chamber were instituted by Henry VII.

Chamber, in policy, the place where certain assemblies are held; also the assemblies themselves. Of these, some have been established for the administration of justice, others for commercial affairs.

Chamber, in military affairs. 1. Powder chamber, or bomb chamber, a place sunk under ground for containing the powder or bombs, where they may be out of danger, and secured from the rain. 2. Chamber of a mine, the place, most commonly of a cubical form, where the powder is confined. 3. Chamber of a mortar, that part of the chase, much narrower than the rest of the cylinder, where the powder lies. It is of different forms, sometimes like a reversed cone, sometimes globular, with a neck for its communication with the cylinder, whence it is called a bottled chamber; but most commonly cylindrical, that being the form which is found by experience to carry the shell to the greatest distance.
CHAMBERLAIN, an officer charged with the management and direction of a chamber.

Lord Chamberlain of Great Britain, the sixth great officer of the crown, to whom belong livery and lodging in the king’s court; and there are certain fees due to him from each archbishop or bishop when they perform their homage to the king, and from all peers at their creation or when doing homage. At the coronation of every king he receives forty ells of crimson velvet for his own robes. This officer, on the coronation day, brings the king his shirt, coif, and wearing clothes; and after the king is dressed, he claims his bed, and all the furniture of his chamber, for his fees. He also carries, at the coronation, the coif, gloves, and linen, to be used by the king on that occasion; also the sword and scabbard; the gold to be offered by the king, and the royal robes and crown; he dresses and undresses the king on that day, waits on him before and after dinner, and performs various other menial offices. To this officer belongs the care of providing all things in the House of Lords in the time of parliament, as well as the government of the palace of Westminster; he likewise disposes, to what lord he pleases, of the sword of state, to be carried before the king.

Lord Chamberlain of the Household, an officer who has the superintendence and direction of all officers belonging to the king’s chambers, except the precinct of the king’s bed-chamber. Moreover he has the control and direction of the serjeants at arms, of all physicians, apothecaries, surgeons, barbers, the king’s chaplains, &c. and administers the oath to all officers above stairs.

Other chamberlains are those of the king’s court of exchequer, of North Wales, of Chester, of the city of London, &c.; in which case this officer is generally the receiver of all rents and revenues belonging to the place whereof he is chamberlain.

Chamberlain of London keeps the city money; he also presides over the affairs of masters and apprentices, and makes free of the city, &c.
CHAMBERLAYNE, Edward, descended from an ancient family, was born in Gloucestershire in 1616, and made the tour of Europe during the distractions of the civil war. After the restoration he went as secretary with the Earl of Carlisle, who carried the order of the gar-ļ ter to the king of Sweden. He was appointed tutor to the

Duke of Grafton, natural son of Charles IL, and was afterwards pitched on to instruct Prince George of Denmark in the English tongue. He died in 1703, and was buried in a vault in Chelsea churchyard. His monumental inscription mentions six books of his composition; and adds, that he was so desirous of doing service to posterity, that he ordered some copies of his books to be covered with wax, and buried along with him. That work by which he is best known is his Angliae Notiti(e, or the Present State of England, which has been often printed since.

Chamberlayne, John, son of the author of The Present State of England, and continuator of that useful work, was admitted into Trinity College, Oxford, in 1685; but it does not appear that he took any degree. Besides the Continuation just mentioned, he was author of “Dissertations, historical, critical, theological, and moral, on the most memorable events of the Old and New Testaments, with Chronological Tables,” one volume folio; and translated a variety of works from the French, Dutch, and other languages. He was likewise Fellow of the Royal Society, and communicated some pieces, which were inserted in the Philosophical Transactions. It was said of him that he understood sixteen languages; but it is certain that he was master of the Greek, Latin, French, High and Low Dutch, Portuguese, and Italian. After a useful and well-spent life, he died in the year 1724.
CHAMBERY, a province of the duchy of Savoy, in the kingdom of Sardinia, in Italy. It is bounded on the north by Geneva, on the east by Taranta, on the south-east by Maurienne, and on the south and west by France. It extends over 1130 square miles, or 717,080 English acres, and comprehends eight cities, 195 towns and villages, and 133,896 inhabitants.

Chambery, a city of Italy, the capital of the province of the same name, and of the duchy of Savoy. It is a walled city, on the rivers Leisse and Albano. It contains many monasteries and nunneries, but enjoys very little trade, the chief part of which is in silk. The number of houses in 1817 was 1985, and of inhabitants 11,991. Long. 5. 55. E. Lat. 45. 26. N.
CHAMBORD, a small town in the department of the Loire and Cher, in France, with 470 inhabitants. Adjoin ing to it, and in the midst of an extensive park, is the royal palace built by Francis I. It was given by Louis XV. to the celebrated Marshal Saxe, and at his death reverted to the crown. It was subsequently granted by Bonaparte to Berthicr, created Duke of Wagram, and since his death has again been vested in the crown.
CHAMIER, Daniel, an eminent Protestant divine, born in Dauphiny. He was many years preacher at Mon-tellimart, whence he went in 1612 to Montaubon, to be professor of divinity in that city, and was killed by a cannon-bali during the siege in 1621. The most considerable of his works is his Panstratia Catholica, or Wars of the Lord, in four volumes folio; in which he treats very learnedly of the controversies between the Protestants and Roman Catholics, and particularly applies himself to refute Bcllarmin.
CHAMOIS, or Chamois Goat. See Mammalia.
CHAMOND, a city of the department of the Loire, in France, on the river Gier. It is defended by a strong fort, and contains 900 houses, with 4990 inhabitants. It is a place of trading activity, especially in silk goods. Long. 4. 23. E. Lat. 45. 28. N.
CHAMOS, or Chemosh, the idol or god of the Moabites. The name of chamos comes from a root which, in Arabic, signifies to make haste ; for which reason many believe Chamos to be the sun, whose apparent course might well procure for that luminary the epithet of swift or speedy. Others have confounded Chamos with the god Hammon or Ammon, adored not only in Libya and Egypt, but also in Arabia, Ethiopia, and the Indies. Macrobius shows that Ammon was the sun, and that the horns with which he was represented denoted his rays. Calmet is of opinion that the god Hamonus, and Apollo Chomeus, mentioned by Strabo and Ammianus Marcellinus, were the same as Chamos or the sun. These deities were worshipped in many of the eastern provinces. Some who go upon the resemblance of the Hebrew term chamos to that of the Greek κωμος, have believed Chamos to signify the god Bacchus, the god of drunkenness, according to the signification of the Greek ×ωμος. St Jerome, and with him most other interpreters, take Chamos and Peor for the same deity'. But it seems that Baal-Peor was the same as Thammuz or Adonis; so that Chamos must be the god whom the heathens call the sun.
CHAMOUNI, or Chamouny, a valley in Savoy, near to Geneva, in the province of Faussigny, and kingdom of Sardinia. It is the longest and most interesting of all the valleys of Savoy. It is at the foot of Mont Blanc, excessively hot in the summer, and of great coldness in winter. It is 3300 feet above the level of the sea, and is the most advantageous place for taking a view of Mont Blanc. It is visited by? those who wish to see the glaciers, and the access to it from Geneva is easy, the distance being about forty English miles. The village of Chamouny contains about 1500 inhabitants. It is in long. 6. 47. 20. Ľ. and lat. 45. 30. 15. N.
CHAMPAGNE, a town of the department of the Sarthe, in France, celebrated for producing an excellent white wine. It contains 169 houses, and 796 inhabitants.
CHAMPAGNEY, a town in the department of the Upper Saone, in France, situated on the river Bahain, where there are some extensive mines of coal worked. It contains 1980 inhabitants.
CHAMPAGNOLE, a market-town in the department of the Jura, in France. It stands at the foot of a mountain, on the banks of the river Londaine, and contains 1472 inhabitants, chiefly employed in making nails, needles, and pins.
CHAMPAGNY’S Archipelago comprehends a group of islands, amounting to about twenty, of which the largest[7:6:315] is not above nine miles in length. They are situated on the north-west coast of New Holland, and were so called by the French expedition of 1S00. They are in general sterile, and of an irregular figure. The surrounding seas abound with fish.
CHAMPAIN, or Point Ciiampain, in Heraldry, a mark of dishonour in the coat of arms of him who kills a prisoner of war after he has cried quarter.
CHAMPERTY, in Law, a species of maintenance, and punished in the same manner, being a bargain with the plaintiff or defendant campum partire, “to divide the land,” or other matter sued for, between them, if they prevail at law; and in the mean time the champertor is to carry on the party’s suit at his own expense. This champart, in the French law, signifies a similar division of profits, being a part of the crop annually due to the landlord by bargain or custom. In our sense of the word, it signifies the purchasing of a suit, or right of suing; a practice so much abhorred by our law, that it is one main reason why a chose in action, or thing of which one hath the right but not the possession, is not assignable in common law, because no man should purchase any pretence to sue in another’s right.
CHAMPION, a person who undertakes a combat in the stead or quarrel of another, and sometimes the word is used for him who fights in his own cause. It appears that champions, in the just sense of the word, were persons who fought instead of those who, by custom, were obliged to accept the duel, but had a just excuse for dispensing with it, as being too old, infirm, or being ecclesiastics, and the like. Such causes as could not be decided by the course of common law were often tried by single combat, and he who had the good fortune to conquer was always reputed to have justice on his side.

Champion of the King (carnpio regis) is an ancient officer, whose duty is, at the coronation of our kings, when the king is at dinner, to ride armed cap-a-pied into Westminster hall, and by the proclamation of a herald make a challenge, “that if any man shall deny the king’s title to the crown, he is there ready to defend it in single combat;” which being done, the king drinks to him, and sends him a gilt cup with a cover full of wine, which the champion drinks, and has the cup for his fee. This office at the coronation of King Richard II. when Baldwin Ferville exhibited his petition for it, was adjudged from him to his competitor Sir John Dymocke, both claiming from Mar-mion, and has continued ever since in the family of the Dymockes, who hold the manor of Sinvelsby in Lincolnshire hereditary from the Marmions, by grand serjeantry, namely, that the lord of the manor shall be the king’s champion as aforesaid.
CHAMPLITTE, a city of the department of the Upper Saone, in France, on the river Salone. It contains 345 houses, and 3247 inhabitants, employed chiefly in weaving druggets and making hats.
CHAMPNIERS, a large village of the department of the Charente, in France, containing 3879 inhabitants, who cultivate saffron extensively.
CHAMUSC A, a town of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura. It is situated on the south side of the Tagus, above Santarem, and is the point of communication between'the capital and the province of Alentejo. It contains 2400 inhabitants, who annually make 1500 pipes of wine.
CHANAK Kalesi, a town and fortress of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia. The town contains about 2000 houses, and has a manufacture of pottery. The fortress was built to defend the Strait of the Dardanelles. The outworks are of modern date; but the date of the citadel belongs to the era of the Greek emperors.
CHANANAEI, in Ancient Geography, the name of the ancient inhabitants of Canaan in general, descendants of Canaan, but peculiarly appropriated to some one branch; though it is uncertain which it was, or how it happened that they preferred the common gentilitious name to a more appropriate denomination as descendants of one of the sons of Canaan.