pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ORTHOGRAPHY, that part of grammar which teaches the nature and affections of letters, and the just method of spelling or writing words, with all the proper and necessary letters. It forms one of the four great divisions or branches of grammar.

Orthography, in Geometry, the art of drawing or delineating the fore-right plan of any object, and of expressing[7:16:653] the heights or elevations of each part. It is called orthography, from its determining things by perpendicular lines falling on the geometrical plane.

Orthography, in Architecture, is the elevation of a building or edifice.

Orthography, in Perspective, is the fore-right side of any plane, that is, the side or plane which lies parallel to a straight line, that may be imagined to pass through the outward convex points of the eyes, continued to a convenient length.
ORTHOPNOEA, a species or degree of asthma, where there is such a difficulty of respiration that the patient is obliged either to sit or stand upright in order to be able to breathe.
ORTHOSA, or Ortoso, a small seaport of Syria, in the pachalik of Tripoli, on the coast of the Mediterranean, about twelve miles north of Tripoli.
ORTIVE, in Astronomy, the same with eastern. The ortive or eastern amplitude, is an arch of the horizon intercepted between the place where a star rises, and the east point of the horizon, or point where the horizon and equator intersect.
ORTON, a market-town of the county of Westmoreland, in the east ward, 274 miles from London, and eight from Appleby. It has a market, which is held on Wednesday, Dr Burn, the author of the “Justice,” and of some antiquarian local works, was long vicar of the parish church, a very large old building. The population in 1801 amounted to 1230, in 1811 to 1333, in 1821 to 1525, and in 1831 to 1501.
ORTONE a Mare, a city of Italy, on the sea-shore, in the province of Abbruzzo Citeriore, of the kingdom of Naples. It is situated near to Cape Aquabella, is surrounded with walls, is the see of a bishop, and contains 5680 inhabitants. It has no haven, but a good roadstead.
ORURO, the name of a department, and also of a province, of the republic of Bolivia, in South America. The department so called contains the three provinces of Paria, Oruro, and Caraugas. The whole district forms part of a very high table-land, perfectly level, and elevated more than 12,000 feet above the level of the sea. The province is bounded on the cast by Cochabamba and Charcas; on the west by part of the great chain of the Andes, which separates it from Arequipa; on the north by La Paz; and on the south by Paria. That part of the Bolivian Andes in which Oruro is situated forms one of those metalliferous groups which are so common along the whole mountain chain. The silver mines here were formerly very rich and productive, but they are now nearly useless, being filled with water, which, in a country where machinery is little in use, proves an almost insurmountable barrier to mining operations. The city of Oruro stands in longitude 68.17. W. and latitude 17. 58. S., at an elevation of 12,441 feet above the level of the sea. The climate, although cold, is by no means unhealthy; but, from the rarity of the atmosphere, some difficulty of breathing is at first experienced by those who are not accustomed to respire at such altitudes, and the alternations of heat and cold during a single day are exceedingly disagreeable to all. The city and province of Oruro were formerly populous, but since the unfortunate struggle for Peruvian independence under Tupac Amaru, which was put an end to in the year 1782, the aboriginal population in particular has very considerably declined. The province contains about 15,000, and the city between 4000 and 5000 inhabitants.
ORVIETO, a city of Italy, in the delegation Viterbo, in the papal dominions. It stands on a tuffstein rock, on the banks of the Paglia, and has a magnificent cathedral with some very fine paintings, a noble episcopal palace, with several other churches, and fourteen convents or monasteries for the professed of both sexes. It contains 7800 inhabi tants, who are employed in the silk and other trades, and who produce excellent wine. Long. 12.2. 26. E Lat. 42. 49. 24. N.
OSACCA, a large city of Japan, the port of Meaco. It is situated at the mouth of a considerable river, and at the head of a bay of the same name. It is the seat of an extensive trade, and one of the most flourishing cities of the empire. A quantity of earth is found in the neighbourhood, which is exported to all parts of Japan. It is twenty-five miles south-west of Meaco.
OSAGE, a large river of North America, and one of the affluents of the Missouri. (See the article Missouri.) This is also the name of a tribe of Indians who inhabit that part of the Missouri territory through which the river flows during the first part of its course. They likewise extend across the country to the Arkansas, and even to Red River, and are considered as a powerful tribe.
OSARA, or Asara, a village in the Syrian desert, near the Euphrates, 170 miles east-south-east of Aleppo.
OSCHA, a river of Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Irtysch, in the government of Tobolsk.
OSCHOPHORIA, a festival celebrated by the Athenians, and which receives its name άπο του <ρεgειν τας οσχας, from carrying boughs hung with grapes, which were called δσχαn The original institution is mentioned by Plutarch. Theseus, on returning from Crete, forgot to hang out the white sail, by which his father was to be apprized of his success. This neglect proved fatal to Aegeus, who threw himself into the sea, and perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, than he sent a herald to inform his father of his safe return, and in the mean time he began to perform the sacrifices which he had vowed to make when he first set sail from Crete. The herald, on his entrance into the city, found the people in great agitation. Some lamented the king’s death, whilst others, elated at the sudden news of the victory of Theseus, crowned the herald with garlands in token of their joy. The herald carried back the garlands on his staff to the sea-shore; and, after waiting until Theseus had finished his sacrifice, he related the melancholy account of the king’s death; upon which the people ran in crowds to the city, showing their grief by cries and lamentations. From this circumstance, therefore, at the feast of Oschophoria, not the herald, but his staff, was crowned with garlands, and the people who were present exclaimed iλsaeu, ∕ou, ∕oυ, the first of which expresses haste, and the others consternation or depression of spirits. The same author further mentions, that Theseus, when he went to Crete, did not take with him the usual number of virgins, but that instead of two of them, he took youths of his own acquaintance, whom he caused to pass for women, by changing their dress, and accustoming them to the ointments and perfumes of women, as well as by a long and successful imitation of the female voice. The imposition succeeded. Their sex was not discovered in Crete; and when Theseus had triumphed over the Minotaur, he with these two young men led a procession with branches in their hands, and wearing the same habits, which were afterwards worn at the celebration of the festival. The branches they carried were in honour of Bacchus or Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn, when the grapes were ripe. Besides this procession, there was also a race, in which young men only whose parents were both alive had permission to engage. It was customary for them to run from the temple of Bacchus to that of Minerva, which was on the sea-shore. The place where they stopped was called δσχοφοpw, because the boughs which they carried in their hands were there deposited. The reward of the conqueror was a cup called πενταπ ∖ οα,βve-fold, because it contained a mixture of five different ingredients, wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil.
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OSENOKA, a small river of Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Kolyma.
OSENEY Island, in England, is formed by the river Isis, in the meadows near Oxford, where a magnificent abbey was erected at the instigation of a concubine of Henry I. to atone for her sins; and the same king built a palace there, in which Richard I. was born, and which Edward II. converted into a monastery.
OSILO, a city of the island of Sardinia, in the diocese of Tassari, in the northern division. It stands on the top of a mountain, in a very healthy situation, and contains 5430 inhabitants.
OSIMO, a city of Italy, in the delegation of Ancona, in the papal dominions. It is situated on an elevated and healthy situation, with most picturesque scenery around it. It is the see of a bishop, and has a cathedral and various other churches, as well as monastic establishments for both sexes, and is inhabited, besides, by several families of considerable wealth. There is a college and some learned societies, and a population of 11,750 persons, who subsist on their estates, or by agricultural labour.
OSKOL-STAROI, a city of Russia, in the government of Kursk, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands at the mouth of the river Oskolka, and has eight churches, a nunnery, 813 houses, and 6000 inhabitants, amongst whom many are occupied in the iron trade. It is 904 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 37. 29. E. Lat. 51. 15. N. °
OSMANJIC, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the government of Sivas, 140 miles north-west of Sivas.
OSMANSKOI, a small town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Kolivan, on the Irtysch, 201 miles westsouth-west of Kolivan.
OSNABRUCK, or Osnaburg, a province of the kingdom of Hanover. It has been formed out of the ancient sequestered bishopric of that name, which by the treaty of Westphalia had been fixed to be held in sovereignty alternately by a Catholic and a Protestant prince; and in consequence it came under the government of the late Duke of York, second son of George III. To the bishopric has been added by cession the Prussian bailiwick of Beckenburg, the lower county of Lingen, and the circles of Meppen and Emsbuhren. It is bounded on the north by East Friesland, on the north-east by Oldenburg and Diepholz, on the south-east and south-west by the Prussian province of Westphalia, and on the west by Bentheim. It extends over 1288 square miles, contains twenty towns and cities, 382 villages, with 249,470 inhabitants, of whom two thirds are Catholics, and the other third Protestants, chiefly of the Lutheran confession. It is generally a level and sandy district, excepting on the southern part, where there are two ranges of hills. Near these the soil is tolerably fertile; but on the other parts, except near the rivers, it is very poor and unproductive. The heaths are extensive, and a large portion of the province is covered with woods. The corn produced, even with the aid of extensive cultivation of potatoes, is not sufficient for the consumption. Flax is grown largely, and the spinning of it was the chief employment of the country people of both sexes during their long winters; but that occupation has been much diminished by the introduction of spinning by machinery in the countries which used to obtain their yarn from this province. Numerous bodies of the agricultural labourers repair to Holland to work, and some after harvest return home to live upon their earnings; but many of them remain to perform the lowest kinds of labour in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and other cities, and many also enlist into the Dutch army. The province is formed into four divisions or circles, viz. Osnabruck, Lingen, Meppen, and Emsbuhren.

Osnabruck as it is called by the Germans, or Osnaburg as it is spelt by us, is the capital of the province. It is situated on the river Hase, is imperfectly fortified, and consists chiefly of one very long and not ill-built street, divided into the old and the new town. It is the see of a Catholic bishop, who has a palace and a cathedral; and there is a fine old council-house, in which the treaty of Westphalia was negotiated. It has two Catholic monasteries, a Lutheran gymnasium, two Lutheran churches, and one, besides the cathedral, for the Catholics. It contains about 1400 houses, and 10,500 inhabitants, who depend chiefly on the decaying linen trade, and on internal commerce. Long. 7. 33. 40. E. Lat. 52. 16. 45. N.
OSSA, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, near the Peneus, which runs between this mountain and Olympus; it was famous in the fabulous story of the giants.

Ossa, a town of the island of Gilolo, situated on the southern side of a great bay of the same name. It affords water, provisions, timber for spars, and other necessary ar-tides, [7:16:656]with which ships touching at the island are supplied. Long. 128. 22. E. Lat. 0. 45. S.
OSSIFICATION, in the animal economy, the formation of the bones, but more particularly the conversion of parts naturally soft to the hardness and consistency of bones.
OSTADE, Adrian van, an eminent Dutch painter, was born at Lubeck in 1610. He was a disciple of Francis Hals, in whose school Brouwer was contemporary with him, and in it they contracted an intimate friendship. The subjects of his pencil were always of a low kind; he had nearly the same ideas as Teniers, and diverted himself with clowns and drunkards in stables, ale-houses, and kitchens. His pictures are so transparent and highly finished that they have the polish and lustre of enamel. They have frequently a force superior to Teniers; yet it were to be wished that he had not designed his figures so short. Of the Dutch masters he is perhaps the one who best understood the chiaro oscuro ; and he was often employed to paint figures for the best landscape painters among his countrymen. He died in 1685. His works, especially those of his best time and manner, are very scarce; and hence, when they can be purchased, no price is thought too much for them. His prints etched by himself, laige and small, consist of fifty-four pieces.
OSTEND, a city of Belgium, in the province of West Flanders, and circle of Bruges. It stands on the sea-shore, with a good harbour, and two basins. The entrance to the harbour is narrow, and only passable at high water; and at low water the vessels within are aground. The mouth of the haven is defended by two forts, and the town is surrounded with walls, and protected by two fortresses or citadels, being thus capable of defence against attacks either from the sea or from the land. It is well built; the streets are broad, and the houses good. It is connected by canals with Bruges and Nieuport, which are [7:16:667]continued from the latter place to Dunkirk. It contains 10,550 inhabitants, many of whom depend on the sea and the internal navigation, and particularly on the fishery. It has considerable occupation in building ships, and in making sail-cloth and linen goods, besides cables and small cordage. It has also salt-refineries and saw-mills. But it is deficient in good water, which is conveyed from a distance of more than a mile. The siege of this place in the war between the Netherlands and Spain is one of the most memorable that history has recorded. It began in 1601, and ended in 1604, when it was surrendered to the Spaniards, who had lost before it 100,000 men. Long. 2. 28.48. E. Lat. 51. 13. 37. N.
OSTEOLOGY is that part of anatomy which treats of the bones.
OSTERODE, a city of Hanover, in the province of Grubenhagen and bailiwick of Eimbeck. It is situated at the foot of the Hartz Mountains, on the rivers Sose and Apente, and is surrounded with walls. It contains 760 houses, with 4500 inhabitants. It has a gymnasium with six professors, and contains an extensive corn magazine, always stored with a large quantity of bread-corn for the supply of the miners of the Hartz. It has manufactures of various woollen goods, of cottons, and of hosiery; and, besides, white lead, small shot, snuff, and soap, with other small articles, are made there. Long. 10. 11. 24. E. Lat. 51. 14. 15. N.
OSTERVALD, John Frederic, a celebrated Protestant divine, was born at Neufchatel in 1663. He made such rapid progress in his studies that he became master of arts at Samur before he was sixteen years of age; and he afterwards studied at Orleans and at Paris. On his return to Neufchatel in 1699 he became pastor of the church there, and contracted a strict friendship with John Alphonsus Turretin of Geneva, and Samuel Werenfels of Basil; and the union of these three divines, which was called the Triumvirate of the Divines of Swisserland, lasted till his death. Ostervald acquired the highest reputation by his virtues, and his zeal in instructing his disciples; and he restored ecclesiastical discipline. He wrote many books in French, the principal of which are, 1. a Treatise concerning the Sources of Corruption; 2. a Catechism, or Instruction in the Christian Religion, translated into German, Dutch, and English, with an Abridgment of Sacred History prefixed to it; 3. a Treatise against Impurity; 4. an edition of the French Bible of Geneva, with Arguments and Reflections, folio; 5. Ethica Christiana; and, 6. Theologiae Compendium. Ostervald died in the year 1747, regretted by all who knew him.
OSTERWICK, a city belonging to the Prussian province of Saxony, and the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 270 square miles, and contains 36,000 inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Ise, and is fortified. It contains 480 houses, with 2850 inhabitants, who are occupied in various manufactures, and carry on extensive breweries and distilleries. Long. 10. 36. 48. E. Lat. 51. 58. 18. N.
OSTIA, a town on the eastern coast of Italy, in the territory of the Roman see. It stands near that mouth of the river Tiber called Bocca del Fiumecino, in a marshy and unhealthy spot. It is the seat of a bishop, whose diocese is united* with that of Velletria, and contains a large and fine cathedral. It is not on the spot where stood the Ostium of the ancients and the principal maritime establishment of Rome, which was stated to have been three or four miles in circuit, but somewhat farther from the seashore. The remains of the ancient city are still visible in the ruins of aqueducts, temples, and other edifices, which must have been built by a rich and luxurious population. The chief occupation of the few inhabitants consists in collecting salt made by the heat of the sun alone, and with which the greater portion of the papal dominions is supplied. Long. 12. 10. 30. E. Lat. 41. 45. 38. N.
OSTRACITES, a name applied to the fossil oysters which are so common in many parts of England.
OSWESTRY, a market-town of the hundred of the same name, in the county of Salop, 182 miles from London, and seventeen from Shrewsbury. It is situated in a fertile district, and has a good market, which is held on Wednesday. Being a frontier town towards Wales, in ancient times it was an important place, frequently harassed, and often burned. The chief trade depends on the canal, which connects it with the Severn, the Dee, and the Mersey. It has a corporation of twelve aldermen and eighteen common councilmen. A recorder is chosen annually, who is generally the mayor of the preceding year. In 1801, the population amounted to 2672, in 1811 to 3479, in 1821 to 3910, and in 1831 to 4478; but the whole parish, at the last census, contained 8581 inhabitants.
OSYMANDES, or Osymandyas, a famous king of Egypt. According to some, he was the first monarch who collected a great number of books for the purpose of forming a library; and this curious collection he is said to have entitled Pharmacy of the Soul.
OTABALO, a district or jurisdiction of South America, in the republic of Colombia, and department of the Equator or Quito. It contains eight towns or villages, the lands belonging to which are laid out in plantations, consisting principally of the sugar-cane; but wheat and barley both thrive uncommonly well. A number of small rivers fertilize the country, which abounds with sheep, black cattle, and horses. Great quantities of butter and cheese are exported; and the native Indians, who still inhabit their ancient territory, are a very industrious people, weaving quilts, cottons, bed-furniture, and carpets of very brilliant colours, which are much esteemed. There are two lakes in Otabalo, each about three miles in length by a mile and a half in breadth, one of which produces a cray-fish that is highly prized in Quito, being the only fresh-water fish that can be had there. The Indians of Otabalo resisted Huana Capac in his expedition against Quito, which so exasperated him that he ordered all who could be found to be beheaded and cast into a small lake in a neighbouring district; from which circumstance it received the name of Yagarchoca, that is, “the bloody lake.” The town, which bears the same name as the district, is situated about thirty miles north from Quito, in 0° 15' north latitude, and 77° 56' west longitude. In the year 1818 it was said to contain 15,000 inhabitants, a great portion of whom were whites; but the population must have since that period decrease^ materially. The other towns and villages are not of much importance. Those of Cayambe and Catacatche are situated at the foot of the mountains which severally bear these appellations, the latter being between 16,000 and 17,000 feet above the level of the sea. Near Cayambe, on an eminence, are the ruins of an ancient circular temple, about fifty feet in diameter. Of this edifice nothing remains but the middle walls, which are about five feet in thickness and fifteen feet in height, the whole being constructed of unbaked brick, cemented with a sort of earth. In the plain near this village are numerous tumuli, or burying-places of the ancient inhabitants, which are generally of a conical shape. Many of these are of great size, and have been perforated for the sake of the gold utensils which were deposited in the earth along with the remains of the departed chief. In this manner not a few Spaniards at one time acquired considerable wealth; for in running a gallery through the tumuli, they came upon a number of golden idols, and jewels to a great amount. The ornaments and images made of the precious metals which have from time to time been discovered, are in general beautifully wrought, but thin and hollow. The emeralds also are cut into all sorts of shapes, and perforated with the greatest nicety; displaying altogether a degree of skill and finish far superior to what might have been expected from workmen whose only tools were made of hardened copper or stone.
OTAHA, one of the Society Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, situated to the north of Ulietea, and surrounded with rocks. It was visited by Captain Cook in 1769, and afterwards, in 1791, by Captain Edwards. Long. 151. 20. W. Lat. 16. 53. S.
OTAHEITE, or Tahiti, a celebrated island of the South Sea, situated in west longitude 149. 13. and south latitude 17.46., discovered by Captain Wallis in 1767. See the article Polynesia.
OTAKOOTAI, or Wenooaette, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, about three miles in circumference, discovered by Captain Cook in 1777. Long. 201. 37. E. Lat. 19. 51. S.