pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HAMPDEN, John, a celebrated patriot, descended of the ancient family of Hampden in Buckinghamshire, was born in 1594. On leaving the university he entered the inns of court, where he made considerable progress in the study of the law. He was chosen to serve in the parliament which assembled at Westminster on the 5th of February 1626, and served in all the succeeding parliaments in the reign of Charles I. In 1636 he became universally known by bis intrepid refusal to pay ship-money, as an illegal tax. Upon this he was prosecuted, and his conduct throughout the transaction gained him great reputation. When the Long Parliament began, the eyes of all men were fixed on him as the father of his country. On the 3d of January 1642, the king ordered articles of high treason and other misdemeanours to be prepared against Lord Kimbolton, Mr Hampden, and four other members of the House of Commons, and went to that house to seize them; but they had retired. Mr Hampden afterwards made a speech in the house to clear himself of the charge brought against him. In the beginning of the civil war he commanded a regiment of foot, and did good service to the parliament at the battle of Edgehill. But he received a mortal wound in an engagement with Prince Rupert, in Chalgrave-field in Oxfordshire, and died in 1643. He is said to have possessed in a high degree the Socratic art of interrogating, and, under the notion of doubts, insinuating objections, so that he infused his own opinions into those from whom he pretended to learn and receive them. According to his panegyrists, he was a very wise man, and had the greatest talents for gaining popular influence that were ever possessed by any man. He was master of all his appetites and passions, and had thereby a very great ascendency over other men. He was also of an industry and vigilance never to be tired out, of parts not to be imposed upon by the most subtile, and of courage equal to his talents. (See Life of Hampden, by Lord Nugent, and more particularly the critique on that work in the Edinburgh Review.)
HAMPSTEAD, a large parish of the hundred of Ossulton, in the county of Middlesex, four miles from London. It stands on one of those hills which command a view of the metropolis from the north. From its situation the air is deemed remarkably pure, and convalescents in great numbers repair to it to recruit their strength. It is chiefly composed of respectable houses, the owners of which are engaged in active pursuits during the busy part of the day, and repair to their families after their fatigue is ended. There are in the vicinity, however, several magnificent houses, especially that of Lord Mansfield, called Caen Wood. There are two churches, and several chapels for the various classes of dissenters. The population amounted in 1801 to 4343, in 1811 to 5483, in 1821 to 7263, and in 1831 to 8588.
HAMPTON, a village of the hundred of Spelthorne, in the county of Middlesex, twelve miles from London. It is situated on the north bank of the Thames, opposite to where the river Mole pours its stream into that river. It is the residence of many families of distinction, but chiefly remarkable for the royal palace of Hampton Court, its gardens, and Bushy Park adjoining. The palace consists of two parts, the elder built by Cardinal Wolsey, the later by William III. after a design by Sir Christopher Wren. It is a heavy pile of building, excepting the front to the river, which is 330 feet in length, and relieved by a noble portico The interior contains a valuable collection of paintings from the best ancient masters, but especially the cartoons of Raphael. This palace was occupied by Charles I., and of late years by the father of the present king of Holland, then Prince of Orange. The gardens are laid out magnificently, but rather too much in the Dutch style. The graping is a very striking object, on account of the vast quantity of fruit produced from a single vine. The population of the parish amounted in 1801 to 1722, in 1811 to 1984, in 1821 to 2288, and in 1831 to 2529.
HANAPER, or Hamper, an office in chancery, under the direction of a master, his deputy and clerks, and answering, in some measure, to the Jiscus among the Romans.

Hanaper, Clerk of the, sometimes styled warden of the hanaper, an officer who receives all monies due to the king for seals of charters, patents, commissions, and writs, and attends the keeper of the seal daily in term time, and at all times of sealing, and takes into his custody all sealed charters, patents, and the like, which he receives into bags, but anciently, it is supposed, into hampers, which gave to the office the denomination it still retains. There is also an officer who is comptroller of the hanaper.
HANAU, one of the provinces of the principality of Hesse-Cassel. It was anciently a sovereignty of two branches, which, becoming extinct in 1736, devolved on the then landgrave of Hesse. It extends over 452 square miles, and comprehends sixteen cities and towns, 101 villages and hamlets, with 9608 houses, and 61,700 inhabitants. It is divided into nine bailiwicks, besides the capital. It is a district of better agriculture than any other of the principality, and especially for the growth of edible vegetables and fruit, with which it chiefly supplies the city of Frankfort. It yields some wine; and there are within it some salt springs, and some iron mines in active work. The capital is in part a well-built city, which stands near the river Maine, about twelve miles from Frankfort, on a well-cultivated plain. It contains 1460 houses, and 12,750 inhabitants. There is a high school belonging to the Lutherans, It is divided into the old and new town, each of which has its distinct municipality. It contains several manufactories, especially of carriages, of hats, gloves, linen, and other articles. Long. 8. 46. E. Lat. 50. 31. N.
HANCES, Hanches, Haunches, or Hanses, in Architecture, certain small intermediate parts of arches between the crown and the spring at the bottom, being probably about one third of the arch, and placed nearer to the bottom than the top, which are likewise denominated the spandrels.
HAND, a part or member of the body of man, forming the extremity of the arm. The mechanism of the hand is very curious, indeed excellently contrived to fit it for the various uses and occasions we have for it, and the great number of arts and manufactures it is to be employed in. It consists of a compages of nerves, and little bones joined into each other, which give it a great degree of strength, and at the same time an unusual flexibility, to enable it to handle adjacent bodies, lay hold of them, and grasp them, in order either to draw them towards us or thrust them off.

In Scripture the word hand is variously applied. To pour water upon any one’s hand signifies to serve him. To wash the hands was a ceremony made use of to denote innocence of murder or manslaughter. To kiss the hand was an act of adoration. To fill the hand signifies taking possession of the priesthood, and performing its functions. To lean upon any one’s hand was a mark of familiarity and superiority. To give the hand signifies to grant peace, swear friendship, promise security, or make alliance. The right hand was the emblem of honour and respect. Amongst the Greeks and Romans it was customary for inferiors to walk on the left hand of superiors, that their right hand might be ready to afford protection and defence to their left side, which was, on account of the awkwardness of the left hand, more exposed to danger.

Imposition, or laying on of Hands, signifies the conferring of holy orders; a ceremony in which the hands are laid on the head of a person as a sign of a mission, or of a power given him to exercise the functions of the ministry belonging to the order. The apostles began to appoint missionaries by the imposition of hands.
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Hand, in falconry, is used to indicate the foot of the hawk. To have a clean, strong, slender, glutinous hand, well clawed, is amongst the good qualities of a hawk or falcon.

Hand, in the manège, sometimes stands for the forefoot of a horse. It is also used to signify a division of the horse into two parts with respect to the rider’s hand. The fore-hand includes the head, neck, and fore-quarters; the hind-hand is all the rest of the horse.

Hand is likewise used for a measure of four inches, or of a clenched fist, by which the height of a horse is computed.

Hands are borne in coat-armour, dexter and sinister, that is, right and left, expanded or open; and also in other manners. A bloody hand in the centre of the escutcheon is the badge of a baronet of Great Britain.
HANDSPIKE, a wooden bar used as a lever to heave about the windlass, in order to draw up the anchor from the bottom, particularly in merchant ships. The handle is round and tapering, and the other end is square, to conform to the shape of the holes in the windlass. It is also employed as a lever on many other occasions, as stowing the anchors, provisions, or cargo, in the ship’s hold. The gunner’s handspike is shorter and flatter than the above, and armed with two claws for managing the artillery.
HANGTCHEOTOU, alargeand splendid city of China, in the province of Tchekiang, of which it is the capital. It is situated at the extremity of the great canal which extends southward from Pekin, on the banks of a great river called Tsien-tang, which passes by its walls, and affords extensive means of communication with the southern province. This city is said, in the accounts of the Chinese, to contain a million of inhabitants; and its population seems little if at all inferior to that of Pekin. It is but poorly built, the streets being narrow and the houses low; but the shops and warehouses are large, and well stored with goods. The silk trade is carried on to a great extent, and is supposed to employ about 60,000 persons. This city is celebrated by the Chinese as a terrestrial paradise. It communicates with the sea by means of the river. Europeans are rigorously excluded from it, as from all the other Chinese cities. Long. 119. 46. E. Lat. 30. 20. N.
HANGCLIFF, a remarkable point of land on the east coast of the largest of the Zetland Islands. It is frequently the first land seen by ships in northern voyages. Captain Phipps determined its situation to be in long. 56. 30. W. and lat. 60. 9. N.
HANGWELLE, a town and fortress of the island of Ceylon. It was attacked in 1803 by the king of Candy, who was repulsed by the British garrison. It is eighteen miles east from Columbo. Long. 80. 3. E. Lat. 7. 1. N.
HANLEY, a town of the county of Stafford, in the hundred of Pirehill. It is one of those large places which have grown up with rapidity of late years, from the great extension of the manufacture of earthenware and porcelain. It is only a part of the parish of Stoke-upon-Trent, but has churches, markets, post-office, and all the other appendages of a town. By the census of 1832, it contained 1402 families, with 7121 inhabitants. Of the families, 1120 were occupied in trade or in manufactures, forty-nine in agriculture, and 233 were of neither of these descriptions.
HANSOOT, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, twelve miles south-west from Broach. Long. 72. 59. E. Lat. 21. 32. N.
HANSY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, and district of Hissar Ferosch, situated on the edge of the canal, now in ruins, cut from the river Jumna about the year 1353, by Sultan Feroy. It is a very ancient town, and contains the tomb of a Mahommedan saint called Sheikh Jemmal. It was taken by the Mahommedans early in 1035, and has experienced many revolutions. Towards the end of the eighteenth century it was the capital of the short-lived principality erected by the adventurer George Thomas, and is now possessed by independent native chiefs.
HANTCHAO, a small island in the Chinese Sea, not far from the coast of Cochin-China, at the entrance of the harbour of Turon. Lat. 16. 12. N.
HANTCHONG, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Chensi, situated in a fertile country, and surrounded by mountains and forests. It carries on a trade in honey, wax, musk, and cinnabar. Long. 106. 44. E. Lat. 32. 59. N.
HANYANG, a city of China, of the first rank, situated at the confluence of the rivers Han and Yantse. Long. 113. 44. E. Lat. 63. 19. N.
HAPUE, a cluster of four or more low islets amongst those called the Friendly Islands. They are about six or seven miles in length, and are joined together by reefs. They are fertile and well cultivated, and are situated in long. 185. 36. to 185. 45. E. lat. 19. 39. to 19. 53. S.
HAQUE, in our old writers, a little hand-gun, forbidden to be used for the destruction of game, by statute 33 Henry VIII. cap. 6, and 2 and 3 Edward VI. cap. 14. The half-haque, or demi-haque, comes also within the said acts.
HARAN, Charban, or Charrae, or Mesopotamia, a city celebrated for having been the place were Abra- [7:11:145]: ham first retreated after he left Ur, and where Terah, Abraham’s father, died and was buried. Thither likewise Jacob retired to Laban, when he fled from the indignation of his brother Esau. Lastly, atHaran or Charrae, in Mesopotamia, Crassus, the Roman general, was defeated and killed by the Parthians. Haran was situated between the Euphrates and the river Chebar, at a considerable distance from the place where these two rivers unite.
HARANGUE, a modern French term for a speech or oration made by an orator in public. Menage derives the word from the Italian arenga, which signifies the same thing, and is formed, according to Ferrari, from arringo i a joust, or place of jousting. Others derive it from the Latin αra, an altar, by reason of the first harangues having been made before altars. s The word is also frequently used in a bad sense, for a pompous, prolix, or unseasonable speech or declamation.
HARBINGER, an officer of the king’s household, having four yeomen under him, who ride a day’s journey before the court when it travels, in order to provide lodgings and other necessaries.
HARBINGER’S Reefs, some reefs which lie in Bass’s Strait, New Holland, and extend in patches nearly two leagues from the north end of King’s Island.
HARBOROUGH Market, a town of the county of Leicester, within the hundred of Gastre, and eighty-three miles from London. It consists of one long and well-built street, in which is to be seen a great number of carriages passing between London and the northern parts of the kingdom. There was, till within a few years, a considerable quantity of thin worsted goods made in this town, but the trade has nearly all proceeded farther north. There is a market on Tuesday, which is well attended. The population amounted in 1801 to 1716, in 1811 to 1754, in 1821 to 1873, and in 1831 to 2272.
HARBOUR, a general name given to any sea-port or haven, and also to any place convenient for mooring shipping. The qualities requisite in a good harbour are, that the bottom be entirely free from rocks or shallows; that the opening be of sufficient extent to admit without difficulty the entrance or departure of large ships; that it should have good anchorage ground, and be easy of access; that it should be well defended from the violence of the wind and sea; that it should have room and convenience to receive the shipping of different nations, and those which are laden with different merchandises; that it should be furnished with a good light-house, and have a variety of proper rings, posts, moorings, and the like, in order to remove or secure the vessels contained therein; and, finally, that it should have plenty of wood, and other materials for fuel, besides hemp, iron, mariners, and so forth.
HARBURG, a city of the kingdom of Hanover, in the province of Luneburg, on the river Elbe. It stands opposite to the city of Hamburg, and was united to it by a bridge seven miles in length, as long as that city was occupied by the French. It has now hourly intercourse by steam and other boats. It contains 3760 inhabitants.
HARCOURT, a market-town of the arrondissement of Bernay, in the department of the Eure, in France, containing 1398 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in cotton manufactures.
HARDERWYK, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of Gueldres, on the Zuyder Zee. It was formerly fortified, but the walls are decayed. There is a collegiate institution of education. In 1831 it contained 4831 inhabitants, who were chiefly employed in fishing, and trading in corn, especially oats, and in wood.
HARDHEIM, a town of the circle of Maine and Tauber, in the duchy of Baden, and bailiwick of Walldurn. It stands on the river Erfa, and contains 296 houses, and

1906 inhabitants, amongst whom are linen weavers, distillers, tanners, and curriers.
HARDNESS, in bodies, a property directly opposite to fluidity, and by which they resist the impression of any other substance, sometimes in an extreme degree. Quist and others have constructed tables of the hardness of different substances. The method pursued in constructing these tables was by observing the order in which the articles tried were capable of cutting or making an impression upon one another. The following table, extracted from Magellan’s edition of Cronstedt’s Mineralogy, was taken from Quist, Bergman, and Kirwan. The first column shows the hardness, and the second the specific gravity.
[table]
HARDWICKE. See York.
HARE. See Mammalia. Hare, Dr Francis, an English bishop, the date ol whose birth is unknown, but who was bred at Eton School, and from that foundation became a member of King’s College, Cambridge, where he had the tuition of the Marquis of Blandford, only son of the illustrious Duke of Marlborough, who had appointed him chaplain-general to the army. He afterwards obtained the deanery of Worcester, and was thence promoted to the bishoprick of Chichester, which he held with the deanery of St Paul’s till his death, which happened in 1740. Owing to party prejudices, hi was dismissed from his office as chaplain to George I. ir 1718, along with Dr Moss and Dr Sherlock, persons distinguished for talents and learning. About the end of Queer Anne’s reign, he published a remarkable pamphlet, entitled The Difficulties and Discouragements attending the Stud, of the Scriptures, in the way of private judgment, in order to show, that since such a study of the Scriptures is an indispensable duty, it concerns all Christian societies to remove, as much as possible, those discouragements. He also published many pieces against Bishop Hoadley, in the Bangorian Controversy, as it was called, besides other learned works, which, after his death, were collected and published in four volumes 8vo. He likewise published an edition of Terence, with notes, in 4to; and the book of Psalms ir Hebrew, 4to. In this last work he pretends to have discovered the Hebrew metre, which was supposed to be irretrievably lost. But his hypothesis, though defended by some, has been confuted by several learned men, particularly by Dr Lowth in his Metricae Hareanae brevis Confutatio annexed to his lectures De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum.
HAREWOOD, a market-town of the wapentake of Skyrack, in the west riding of Yorkshire, 204 miles fron [7:11:147]London. It is situated on the beautiful river Wharfe, and is chiefly remarkable for the magnificent castle, the ancient residence of the Lascelles family, on whose head the 'title of Earl of Harewood has been conferred. The population amounted in 1801 to 707, in 1811 to 771, in 1821 to 849, and in 1831 to 894.
HARFLEUR, a sea-port of the arrondissement of Havre de Grace, in the department of the Lower Seine, in France. It is situated on the river Lezgarde, at the end of a valley between two mountains which terminate on the Seine. It contains about 400 houses, and 1862 inhabitants. There are several establishments for refining sugar, and some manufactures of china-ware. It is said to be the place where William the Conqueror embarked on his successful invasion of England. Long. 0. 6. 22. E. Lat. 49. 30. 23. N.
HARIHARA, a town and fortress of Southern Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded territories, and province of Bejapore, situated on the south-east bank of the Toombuddra river. In the fort there is a celebrated temple of Vishnu, and among the inhabitants there are many of low caste. In this vicinity the inhabitants are poor, and never marry, owing to the expense of the ceremony. Not many of the women, however, live in a state of celibacy. The practice of polygamy is common amongst the rich. The inhabitants in the neighbourhood are said to be noted for their stupidity, in which reproach the Brahmins are included; and many ridiculous anecdotes are related concerning them. The place being situated on the confines of two countries, has often changed masters. After the defeat of Ram Rajah, and the destruction of the Bijanagur sovereignty, it became subject to the Adil Shahee dynasty of Bejapore. On the destruction of the dynasty by the Moguls, it fell into the hands of the nabob of Śavanoor, from whom it was afterwards taken by the rajah of Ikery, who was expelled by the Mahrattas; and these, after a period of fifteen years, were driven out by Hyder. On the death of Tippoo, and the division of his country, it was one of the districts ceded to the British, and is now included in the collectorship of Bellary. Long. 75. 48. E. Lat. 14. 24. N.
HARIORPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Orissa, and the capital of the district of Mohurbunge. It is possessed by independent zemindars, and is fifty miles south-west from Midnapoor. Long. 86. 52. E. Lat. 21. 52. N.
HARIOT, or Heriot, in Law, a due belonging to a lord at the death of his tenant, consisting of the best beast, either horse, or cow, or ox, which he had at the time of his death; and in some manors the best goods, piece of plate, &c. were called hariots.

Hariot, Thomas. See Harriot.
HARLECH, a market-town of Merionethshire, in North Wales, within the hundred of Ardudwy. It is situated on the Irish Channel, with an ancient castle in good preservation, originally built by King Edward I., which was the last fortress that surrendered to the parliamentary forces in the civil wars of Charles I. There is a small market held on Saturdays.
HARLEIAN Collection, a most valuable collection of useful and curious manuscripts, commenced about the end of the seventeenth century, by Robert Harley of Brampton Bryan, in Herefordshire, afterwards Earl of Oxford, and Lord High Treasurer. He procured his first considerable collection in August 1705, and in less than ten years he got together nearly two thousand five hundred rare and curious manuscripts. Soon after this, Dr George Hickes, Mr Anstis, Bishop Nicholson, and many other eminent antiquaries, not only offered him their assistance in procuring manuscripts, but presented him with several very valuable ones. Being thus encouraged to persevere by the success he met with, he kept - many persons employed abroad in purchasing manuscripts for him, and furnished them with written instructions for their guidance. By these means the collection was, in the year İ721, increased to near six thousand books, fourteen thousand original charters, and five hundred rolls. On the 2Ist of May 1724 Lord Oxford died; but his son Edward, who succeeded to his honours and estate, still further enlarged the collection; so that when he died on the 16th of June 1741, it consisted of eight thousand volumes, several of them containing distinct and independent treatises, besides many loose papers which have since been arranged and bound up in volumes, and above forty thousand original rolls, charters, letters-patent, grants, and other deeds and instruments of great antiquity. The principal design of making this collection was the establishment of a manuscript English historical library, and the rescuing from destruction such national records as had eluded the diligence of preceding collectors. But Lord Oxford’s plan was more extensive; for his collection also abounds with curious manuscripts in every science. This collection was purchased by government, and deposited in the British Museum. There is a printed catalogue of its contents.
HARLEM Isle, an island of about four miles in circumference, lying off the north-west coast of the island of Ceylon, and affording excellent pasture for horses. Long. 79. 54. E. Lat. 9. 4L N.