pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DOVER, a sea-port in the hundred of Bensborough, in the county of Kent, seventy-two miles from London. It is built at an opening between two cliffs, and the streets run in a circular form under the western hill. The old streets are narrow, but of late years many new parts have been added on the eastern shore, which are handsome and airy. It is defended by forts and an ancient castle. The harbour has been formed by means of great labour and expense, and is dry at low water, but, when entered, safe. As the principal place by which communication with the Continent is kept up, it contains numerous inns and hotels, and the trade of the town arises in a great measure from casual visitors and travellers. Dover had formerly five churches, which are now reduced to three. It is governed by a corporation, with a mayor at the head of it. Two members are returned to parliament, formerly elected by the freemen, but now householders have also votes. There are markets on Wednesday and Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 14,845, including the liberty, in 1811 to 9074, in 1821 to 10,327 in the borough alone, and in 1831 to 11,924.

Dover Straits, the narrow channel between Doverand Calais, which separates our island from the opposite Continent. These celebrated straits are only twenty-one miles wide in the narrowest part. From the pier at Dover to that at Calais is twenty-four.

Dover, a post-town of New Hampshire, and capital of the county of Strafford. It is situated on the western side of the Piscataqua, and the Cochecho flows through it. This river has several large falls, which afford a considerable water power, which has much facilitated the progress of manufactures here. Dover has thus been rendered one [7:8:131]of the most flourishing towns in the state. It contains a court-house, a jail, a bank, an academy, three places of public worship, and other public buildings. The greater part of the timber exported from the state is brought to this tov¢n. Dover owns considerable shipping; it is the oldest town in the state, having been settled in the year 1623 by two Englishmen. The population amounted in 1826 to 4160. It lies sixty miles north of Boston. Long. 70.54. W. Lat. 43. 13. N.

Dover, a post-town of Delaware, in the county of Kent, and seat of the government of the state. It is situated on Jones’ Creek, seven miles above its entrance into Delaware Bay. The town is well built, chiefly of brick, and carries on a considerable trade with Philadelphia in flour. Long. 75. 30. W. Lat. 39. 10. N.
DOWAGER, Dotisea (a widow endowed, or that has a jointure), a title, or addition, applied to the widows of princes, dukes, earls, and persons of high rank only.

Queen dowager is the widow of the king, and as such she enjoys most of the privileges belonging to her as queen consort.
DOWER {Dotarium or 2λw), a portion of lands or tenements which a widow enjoys for life from her husband in case she survive him, and which at her death descends to their children.
DOWLETABAD, a celebrated city and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, deemed impregnable by the natives. The fort stands on the summit of a mountain, which is surrounded with several stone walls, the lowest of which incloses the town. The two lower fortifications are in this manner completely commanded by the upper. Like all the other hill forts of India, it is unhealthy, but is still considered as the key of the Deccan. This placd, though it be remarkably strong, has been frequently taken. When the Mahommedan powers carried their arms into this part of the Deccan, about the year 1203, it was the residence of a powerful rajah, and was plundered of immense riches. In 1306 it was reduced by Mallek Naib, the emperor of Delhi’s general. In the early part of the fourteenth century, the Afghan emperor Mahommed III. attempted to render this place, as its present name implies, the “abode of prosperity,” and with this view he endeavoured to force the inhabitants of Delhi to quit their habitations and to emigrate to the Deccan; but he was unable to carry this violent scheme into effect. About the year 1595 Dowletabad surrendered to Ahmed Nizam, shah of Ahmed Muggur; and on the fall of his dynasty it was taken possession of by Mallek Amber, an Abyssinian slave. His successors reigned till 1634, when it was taken by the Moguls, and is now comprehended in the territories of the Nizam, but has much declined since the foundation of Aurungabad in its vicinity. Long. 76. 2. E. Lat. 19. 52. N. The district of Dowletabad is situated chiefly between the 19th and 20th degrees of north latitude, and extends along the north side of the Godavery.
DOWNHAM, a town in the hundred of Clackclose, in the county of Norfolk, eighty-four miles from London, and situated on the borders of Cambridgeshire. The river Ouse, which receives the Cam, runs near it. It has markets on Mondays and Saturdays. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1512, in 1811 to 1771, in 1821 to 2044, and in 1831 to 2198.
DOWNTON, a town in the hundred of the same name, in the county of Wilts, ninety miles from London. There was a castle here in former times. It has some trade in making paper, and in linen goods. It is an ancient burgage tenure borough belonging to the Earl of Radnor, and one of those recently disfranchised. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2426, in 1811 to 2624, in 1821 to 3114, and in 1831 to 3652.
DOWNIE, a town of Central Africa, on the Niger. It has a manufactory of pottery ware, which is neatly made, and sold to advantage in the neighbouring countries. It lies twenty miles west-south-west of Timbuctoo.
DOWNS, a bank or elevation of sand, which the sea gathers and forms along its shores, and which serves it as a barrier. The word is formed from the French dune, or the Celtic dun, a mountain. Charles de Visch (Compend. Chronolog. Exord. et Progress. Abbat. Clariss. B. Mariae, de Dunis) says, Vallem reperit arenarum collibus, quos in-colae Duynen vocant, undique cinctam. Downs is particularly applied to a famous roadstead for ships along the eastern coast of the county of Kent, from Dover to the North Foreland, where both the outward and homeward bound ships frequently make some stay, and squadrons of men of war rendezvous in time of war. It affords excellent anchorage, and is defended by the castles of Deal, Dover, and Sandwich.
DOWRY, the money or fortune which the wife brings her husband in marriage; it is otherwise called mari∙ tagium, or marriage goods, and differs from dower. See Dower.
DOXOLOGY, a hymn used in praise of the Almighty, and distinguished by the title of greater and lesser. The lesser do'xology was anciently only a single sentence, without response, running in these words, “Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, world without end, Amen.” Part of the latter clause, “As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be,” was inserted some time after the first composition. Some read this ancient hymn, “Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, with the Holy Ghost ;” and others, “Glory be to the Father in or by the Son, and by the Holy Ghost.” This difference of expression occasioned no dispute in the church till the reign of the Arian heresy; but when the followers of Arius began to make use of the latter as a distinguishing character of their party, it was entirely laid aside by the Catholics, and the use of it was enough to bring any one under suspicion of heterodoxy. The doxology was used at the close of every solemn office. The western church repeated it at the end of every psalm, and the eastern church at the end of the last psalm. Many of their prayers were also concluded with it, particularly the solemn thanksgiving or consecration prayer at the eucharist. It was also the ordinary conclusion of their sermons. The greater doxology, or angelic hymn, was likewise of much consequence in the ancient church. It began with these words, which the angels sung at our Saviour’s birth, “Glory be to God on high,” &c. It was chiefly used in the communion service, and in private devotions. Both the doxologies have a place in the church of England, the former being repeated after every psalm, and the latter used in the communion service.
DRABLER, in nautical language, a small sail in a ship, which is the same to a botmet as a bonnet is to a course, and is only used when the course·and bonnet are both too shoal to clothe the mast.
DRABS, in the salt works, a kind of wooden boxes for holding the salt when taken out of the boiling pan. The bottoms of these are made shelving or inclining forwards, in order that the briny moisture of the salt may drain off.
DRACHM, a Grecian coin, of the value of sevenpence three farthings. Drachm is also a weight used by our [7:8:135]physicians, containing sixty grains, or three scruples, or the eighth part of an ounce.
DRACO, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office of archon, he framed a code of laws for the use of his fellow-citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in letters of blood. By them idleness was punished with as much severity as murder, and death was denounced against the one as well as the other. The rigour of this code of laws induced a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator why he had been so severe in his punishments; upon which Draco answered, that as the smallest trangression had appeared to him deserving of death, he could not find any punishment more rigorous for atrocious crimes. These laws were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on account of their excessive severity; and Solon totally abolished them, excepting that one which punished a murderer with death. The popularity of Draco was uncommon; but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. When he appeared at the theatre, he was received with repeated applause; and the people, according to the custom of the Athenians, showed their respect to their lawgiver by throwing garments upon him. But this was done in such profusion, that Draco was soon hid under them, and smothered to death by the kindness of his fellow-citizens. He lived about 624 years before the Christian era. See the article Attica. Draco, in Astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere.
DRACONARIUS, in Antiquity, Dragon-bearer. Several nations, as the Persians, Parthians, and Scythians, bore dragons on their standards; and hence the standards themselves were called dracones, or dragons. The Romans are generally supposed to have borrowed the same custom from the Parthians; but Casaubon thinks they took it from the Daci; while Codin is of opinion that they owe it to the Assyrians.

The Roman dra(οnes were figures of dragons painted in red upon the flags, as appears from Ammianus Marcellinus; but amongst the Persians and Parthians they were, like the Roman eagle, figures in full relievo; so that the Romans were frequently deceived, and took them for real dragons.

The soldier who bore the dragon or standard was called by the Romans draconarius, and by the Greeks δoακo- tαg∕οζ and δgaxowe∕οφogος ; for the emperors carried the custom with them to Constantinople.
DRACONTIC Month, the time of the revolution of the moon from her ascending node, called caput draconis, to her return thither.
DRAGOMAN, or Drogueman, a term of general use throughout the East for an interpreter, whose office it is to facilitate intercourse between the orientals and occidentals. Dragomans are kept by the ambassadors of Christian nations residing at the Porte.

The word is formed from the Arabic targeman or targi-rnan, of the verb taragem, he has interpreted. From dragoman the Italians formed dragomano, and, with a nearer relation to its Arabic etymology, turcimano∙, whence comes trucheman, as well as dragoman and drogueman.
DRAGON, in Astronomy. See Draco. Dragon s Head and Tail (caput et cauda draconis), are the nodes of the planets, or the two points in which the ecliptic is intersected by the orbits of the planets, and particularly that of the moon, making with it angles of five degrees and eighteen minutes. One of these points looks northward, the moon beginning then to have north latitude; and the other southward, where she commences south. Thus her deviation from the ecliptic seems, according to the fancy of some, to make a figure like that of a dragon, whose belly is where she has the greatest latitude, the intersection representing the head and tail, from which resemblance the denomination arises. But these points abide not always in one place, but have a motion of their own in the zodiac, and retrograde 3 minutes 11 seconds per day, completing their circle in 18 years 225 days; so that the moon can be but twice in the ecliptic during her monthly period, and at all other times she will have a latitude or declination from the ecliptic. It is about these points of intersection that all eclipses happen. They are usually denoted by these characters, Q, dragon’s head, S dragon’s tail.
DRAGONNEE, in Heraldry. A lion dragonée is where the upper half resembles a lion, whilst the other half goes off like the hinder part of a dragon. The same may be said of any beast as well as a lion.
DRAGOON, in military affairs. See Army.
DRAGOONING, one of the methods used for converting refractory heretics, and bringing them within the pale of the true church. The following is the method of dragooning the French Protestants, after the revocation of the edict of Nantz, under Louis XIV. as described in a French work translated in 1686. “The troopers, soldiers, and dragoons, went into the Protestants’ houses, where they marred and defaced their household stuff, broke their looking glasses, and other utensils and ornaments, let their wine run about their cellars, and threw about their corn and spoiled it. And as to those things which they could not destroy in this manner, such as furniture of beds, linen, wearing apparel, plate, and the like, they carried them to the market-place, and sold them to the Jesuits and other Roman Catholics. By these means the Protestants in Montaubon alone were, in four or five, days, stripped of above a million of money. But this was not the worst. They turned the dining-rooms of gentlemen into stables for their horses; and treated the owners of the houses where they quartered with the highest indignity and cruelty, lashing them about from one to another, day and night, without intermission, not suffering them either to eat or drink; and when they began to sink under the fatigue and pains they had undergone, they laid them on a bed, and when they thought them somewhat recovered, made them rise, and repeated the same tortures. When they saw the blood and sweat run down their faces and other parts of their bodies, they sluiced them with water, and, putting over their heads kettle-drums turned upside down, they made a continual din upon them till these unhappy creatures lost their senses. When one party of these tormenters were weary, they were relieved by another, who practised the same cruelties with fresh vigour.” Such is persecution in its naked form.
DRAGUIGNAN, an arrondissement of the department of the Var, in France, extending over 1078 square miles. It is divided into ten cantons and fifty-eight commons, and contains 75,387 inhabitants. The. chief place is a city of the same name, situated on a fine plain, rich in vines and olives. It is a well-built town, and stands on the river Pis, where there is a public library, a museum of natural history, and many oil and silk mills. It contains 8010 inhabitants. Long. 6, 29. E. Lat. 43. 44. N.
DRAIN, a cut or ditch for carrying off water from the soil, to improve it for the purpose of agriculture.
[7:8:136]
DRAKENBORCH, Arnold, a celebrated scholar and editor, was a native of Utrecht, where he was born on the 1st of January 1684; and in that city he was afterwards professor of rhetoric and history, an office which he filled with great reputation. Graevius and Burmann taught him the belles lettres, and Cornelius Van Eck was his preceptor whilst he devoted his attention to the law. He succeeded Professor Burmann in the year 1716, and terminated his mortal career in 1748, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. He was an author of distinguished eminence, as his publications sufficiently evince. His dissertation entitled Disputatio philologico -historica de Praefecto urbis, in 4to, proves him to have been an able philologist, and gave flattering indications of future eminence. Its intrinsic merit caused it to be reprinted at Frankfort, in 1752, by Professor Uhl, accompanied with a life of its learned author. His next work, entitled Disputatio de officio praefectorum praetorio, was published in the year 1707; and ten years afterwards he gave to the world his edition of Silius Italicus, in seventeen books, 4to. In order to render this edition as perfect as possible, nothing was omitted; and many historical subjects were engraved for the purpose of elucidating the text, to which his own copious and learned annotations greatly contributed. But his splendid edition of Livy, with a life of that eminent historian, is that on which his fame as a scholar chiefly rests. It is entitled T. Livii Patavini historiarum ab zirbe condita libri, qui supersunt, omnes. Lugd. Batav. 1738 and 1746, 7 tom. The preface to this work is very long, and replete with erudition, giving a particular account of all the literary characters who have at different periods commented on the works of Livy. He took the edition of Gronovius as his model, because in his estimation it was the most correct; but he made many important alterations on the authority of manuscripts which it is probable Gronovius had either never seen, or not taken the pains to consult. Upon the whole, this edition of Livy is at once the most elaborate, interesting, and instructive, ever given to the world, since he has introduced into it the criticisms of Duchicr, Gronovius, Perizonius, and Sigonius, in addition to his own, which, though somewhat prolix, are certainly fraught with much literature and deep discernment.
DRAMBURG, a circle in Prussian Pomerania, in the government of Stralsund, extending over 550 square miles, and comprehending three cities, seventy-one villages, and ninety hamlets, with 21,285 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Drage, and containing 277 houses and 1808 inhabitants, who make gloves and linen cloth.
DRAMMEN, a city of Norway, situated on the river of that name, in the province of Aggerhuus. It is an open city, well built, near a mile in length. It contains 900 houses and 5412 inhabitants. The trade consists in making leather, oil, and sailcloth; in the export of timber and iron, and in the pursuit of the fishery. There are many vessels belonging to the port, but chiefly of small tonnage.
DRASTIC, in Physic, an epithet bestowed on such medicines as are of present efficacy, and potent in operation. It is commonly applied to emetics and cathartics.
DRAVE, a river, which, taking its rise near Innichen. in Tyrol, on the borders of Salzburg, traverses Carinthia and Styria, and after receiving the Mur at Legrad, and separating Croatia and Sclavonia from Hungary,falls into the Danube below Essek. It is navigable from Villach in Carinthia. Some gold is collected ŕìom its bed by washing.
DRAWBACK, in commerce, certain duties, either of the customs or of the excise, allowed upon the exportation of some of our own manufactures, or upon certain foreign merchandises which have paid duty on importation. See Commerce.
DRAY, a kind of cart used by brewers for carrying barrels of beer or ale; also a sledge drawn without wheels.

Dray, among sportsmen, denotes squirrel nests built on the tops of trees.
DRAYTON, Michael, an eminent English poet, was born at Harshull, in the parish of Atherston, in 1563, and was descended of an ancient family in Warwickshire. His propensity to poetry showed itself even from his infancy; and we find that his principal poems had been published, and he himself distinguished as a poet, by the time he had attained about thirty years of age. It appears from his poem of Moses’s Birth and Miracles, that he was a spectator at Dover of the Spanish Armada; and it is not improbable that he was there engaged in some military employment. It is certain, indeed, that, owing both to his merit as a writer and to his valuable qualities as a man, he was held in high estimation, and warmly patronized by several personages of consequence, particularly by Sir Henry Goodere, Sir Walter Aston, and the Countess of Bedford, to the first of whom he owns himself indebted for the greater part of his education, whilst by the second he was for many years supported. Amongst his poems the most celebrated is the Poly-OlDion, a chorographical description of England, with its productions^ antiquities, and curiosities, in dodeca-syllabic verse. This he dedicated to Prince Henry, by whose encouragement it was written; and whatever may be thought of the poetry, his descriptions are allowed to be exact. In 1626 we find him styled poet-laureat in a copy of verses written in commendation of Abraham Holland; but as Ben Jonson then held that office, it is to be [7:8:186] understood in a loose sense as a term of commendation; and, in fact, it was bestowed on others as well as Drayton, without being confined strictly to the office commonly known by that appellation. He died in 1631; and was buried amongst the poets in Westminster Abbey, where his bust is still to be seen, with an epitaph penned by Ben Jonson.
DRELINCOURT, Charles, minister of the Calvinist church at Paris, was born in July 1595, at Sedan, where his father held a considerable office. He had all the qualifications which constitute a respectable clergyman; and though he defended the Protestant cause against the Roman Catholic religion, he was much esteemed even amongst the Catholics. He is best known in England by his Catechism and Consolations against the Fears of Death, works which have been translated, and frequently reprinted. His controversial works are numerous, and include the Jubilee, the Roman Combat, the Jesuit’s Owl, an Answer to Father Coussin, Disputes with the Bishop of Bellai, an Answer to Lamilletière, Dialogues against the Missionaries, the False Paster convicted, the False Face of Antiquity, the Pretended Nullities of the Deformation, an Answer to Prince Ernest of Hesse, an Answer to the Speech of the A rchbishop of Sens, and a Defence of Calvin. He married the daughter of a rich merchant at Paris, by whom he had sixteen children. His third son, professor· of physic at Leyden, was physician to the prince and princess of Orange before their accession to the crown of England. Bayle has given him a high character. Mr Drelincourt died in November 1660.
[7:8:198]
DRENTHE, one of the provinces of the Netherlands, bounded on the north and east by Groningen, on the southeast by the kingdom of Hanover, on the south and southwest by Overyssel, and on the north-west by Friesland. It is 820 square miles in extent, and contains 46,470 inhabitants, in three towns and thirty-seven villages. The capital is Assen. It is generally a poor, cold, heathy district, depending chiefly on its breed of cattle, and on the sale of wool, honey, wax, and turf, and on the conveyance of the latter for fuel to other and larger towns that are within the province.