pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PASTO, a province of Colombia, in South America, in the department of Cauca. It is the most southerly province in the department, lying next to Quito, within half a degree of the equator, and under the seventy-sixth meridian west from Greenwich. The triple chain of the Magdalena cordilleras, and the double chain of those of Quito, here unite into one mass, which is called by Humboldt the Knot of the Mountains of Los Pastos. The inhabited parts of Pasto are elevated 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is the Thibet of equinoctial America. As its name indicates, it abounds in excellent pastures, and consequently in cattle, and is watered by several considerable rivers. Although it is situated at a great height, yet the temperature is also high, from its vicinity to the equator; and wheat and other productions of such climates are found here. In the woods grows the tree which yields a resin called in that country mopa-mopa, from which the natives make a very beautiful varnish, of so durable a quality that it cannot be softened by boiling water, nor dissolved by acids. In its most northern part rises the volcano of Pasto, of which the last eruption took place in the year 1727. The principal town, also called Pasto, is situated about eighty miles south-south-west from Popayan, in latitude 1. 15. north, and longitude 76. 46. west. It is a considerable place, containing some seven or eight thousand inhabitants, who are celebrated for the manufacture of a peculiar species of cabinet-work. That portion of the grain of Pasto which is exported is principally conveyed to Popayan.
PASTOPHORI, amongst the ancients, were priests whose office it was to carry the images, along with the shrines, of the gods, at solemn festivals, when they prayed to them for rain, fair weather, or the like. In Sylla’s time, the Greeks had a college of this order of priests. The cells or apartments near the temples, where the pastophori lived, were called pastophoria ; and there were several lodging rooms for the priests of a similar kind in the temple of Jerusalem.
PATA Isle, one of the small Sooloo Islands, lying due north from Sooloo. It is inhabited, and contains a good stock of cattle; and it has also pits of saltpetre.
PATAECI, in Mythology, images of gods which the Phoenicians carried upon the prows of their gallies. Herodotus denominates them πατωικοι. The word is Phoenician, and derived from pethica, signifying titulus. ^[1. See Bocchart’s Clianaan, lib. ii. cap. 3. ] But Scaliger does not agree in this, and Morin derives it from itilinκος, monkey, an animal vVhich had been an object of worship amongst the Egyptians, and might therefore have been honoured by their neighbours. Mr Elsner has observed, however, that Herodotus does not call the pataeci gods; but that they obtained this dignity from the liberality of Hesychius, Suidas, and other ancient lexicoraphers, who place them at the stern of ships, whereas Herodotus placed them at the prow. Scaliger, Bochart, and Selden have bestowed some pains upon this subject; and Morin has likewise inserted a learned dissertation concerning it, in the Mémoires de ïAcad, des Inscript, et des Belles Lettres; but Mr Elsner thinks it defective in point of evidence.
PATAN, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, and district of Harowty, situated on the south-eastern side of the Chumbul. It is the capital of a district containing two villages, and has a handsome temple, dedicated to Vishnu, which was erected by one of the rajahs of Boondee; as also a house or palace belonging to the rajah. Long. 75. 50. E. Lat. 25. 17. N.
PATANY, a port of Asia, on the eastern coast of the peninsula of Malacca, and near the mouth of the Gulf of Siam, situated almost six miles up a river which falls into a bay and forms a good roadstead. It had formerly a considerable trade, which, however, has greatly fallen oft’. The Chinese now carry on the trade, which consists chiefly in the importation of European goods from Batavia, and the exportation of gold dust, canes, rattans, dragon’s blood, &c. Long. 101. 40. E. Lat. 6. 50. N.
PATARA, or Patera, a town on the sea-coast of Caramania, in Asiatic Turkey. It had in ancient times a celebrated oracle of Apollo, and still retains traces of its ancient grandeur. It is now uninhabited, only a few solitary peasants being seen wandering on the plain. Loner. 29. 20. E. Lat. 36. 15. N.
PATATAN, a small town on the north-western coast of Borneo, situated three miles up the river Patatan, which has a smooth and shallow bar. It contains about 100 houses. Long. 116. 5. E. Lat. 5. 50. N.
PATAVINITY (Patavinitas), amongst critics, denotes [7:17:120]a peculiarity of Livy’s diction, derived from Patavium or Padua, the place of his nativity; but they are by no means agreed in what this alleged patavinity consists. According to Quintilian, Asinius Pollio taxed Livy with patavinity, though what he meant by this censure no one can now say with any certainty. Morhof believes it to consist in a singular turn of expression, and in certain phrases peculiar to the Paduese. All we certainly know about it, however, is, that it was a fault in the language of Livy, not in the sentiments or the manners. In all probability it is one of those delicacies which are no longer perceived or understood ∣in a dead language. In 1685, D. G. Morhof published at Kiel a treatise De Patavinitate Liviana, in which he explains, very learnedly, both the urbanity and peregrinity of the Latin language.
PATCHOW Islands, a group of small islands, situated on the coast of China. The easternmost is Typinsan, having on its north side an extensive reef, on which the Providence, Captain Broughton, was wrecked in 1797, in long. 125.11. E. Lat. 25. 6. N. The southernmost island is in long. 123. 52. E. and lat. 24. 6. N.
PATCOONA, a town of Bengal, and capital of a small district of the same name. It is situated on the northern shore of the Curcurry River, amongst the hills of Pacheet. Long. 87. 2. E. Lat. 23. 3. N.
PATE, in Fortification, a kind of platform, resembling in form a horse’s shoe.
PATEE, or Pattee, in Heraldry, a cross, small in the centre, and widening towards the extremities, which are very broad.
PATERA, amongst antiquaries, a goblet or vessel used by the Romans in their sacrifices, in which they offered their consecrated meats to the gods, and with which they also made libations. The word is Latin, being formed from pateo, I am open (quod pateat), because it has a great aperture; in contradistinction to bottles and other vessels, which have only narrow necks, or the aperture of which is less than the body of the vessel.

The patera is also an ornament in architecture, which is frequently observed in the Doric frise, and in the tympans of arches. See Architecture.
PATERCULUS, C. Velleius, a Latin historian of considerable celebrity in the reign of Tiberius, is supposed by Dodwell to have been born before Christ 30, and to have been included in the fall of Sejanus, the favourite of Tiberius, a. D. 32. The place of his birth is unknown; but his great-grandfather, Minatius-Magius, was a native of Asculum, and took an active part in favour of the Romans during the Italic war; whilst another of his ancestors, Decius Magius, was of high rank in Campania (Pat. ii. 16). His paternal uncle, Capito, was a senator, and joined with Agrippa in accusing Cassius, the murderer of Caesar (ii. 69). Paterculus commenced his military career under Caius Caesar, the grandson of Augustus, and accompanied him to the East as tribune in the second year of the Christian era. On his death he attached himself to the fortunes of Tiberius, and as commander of the cavalry was present during nine years in his several expeditions in Germany, Pannonia, and Dalmatia. On his return to Rome he was raised to the praetorship, a. D. 14, the same year in which Augustus died; but he does not appear to have reached any higher dignity.

Paterculus left an abridgment of Roman history, and had promised a larger work, which it does not appear that he ever executed. This epitome was still in progress, a. d. 30, in the sixteenth year of the reign of Tiberius, and is entitled Historiae Romanae ad M. Viniciurn Cos. libri ii. ; but it is incomplete, as the commencement is wanting, and also a portion after the eighth chapter. Only one manuscript has been found of this author, and even that has now disappeared. It was discovered in 1515, by Beatus Rhenanus, in the monastery of Marbach, in Oberelsass, and first published at Basle in 1520. In this work Paterculus intended to give a sketch of the history of the world, more particularly of whatever he thought likely to interest the Romans. He began with the destruction of Troy, and the arrival of Aeneas in Italy, and ended with the year 30 of the Christian era. He dwells particularly upon those parts of general history which were connected with that of Rome, and intersperses the work with moral reflections, that do honour to his heart and understanding. In his description of particular characters, he is more than usually happy, though his style is sometimes rather too oratorical, and evinces too much anxiety to strike the imagiation of the reader by startling thoughts and expressions. His language is generally pure, and formed upon the best models of an earlier period. Sallust seems to have been the author whose style he more particularly imitated.

The best editions are those of Burmann, edited by C. H. Frotscher, Leipzig, 1830; and of C. D. Jani and J. C. Krause, Leipzig, 1800.
PATERNO, a city of the island of Sicily, in the intendency of Catania, and district of Demone. It is situated on an inclined plain of Mount Aetna, in an unhealthy situation, near the river Garetta, 120 miles from Palermo. It contains 9880 inhabitants, chiefly employed in cultivation. Near to it are many interesting remains of antiquity.
PATERNOSTERS, Great, a cluster of shoals and islets in the Eastern Seas, which are about 120 miles in length from north-east to south-west, and thirty in breadth. Long. 117. 10. to 119. 10. E. Lat. 6. 30. to 7. 42. S.

Paternosters, Little. These consist of about thirteen small rocks in the Eastern Seas, between the islands of Borneo and Celebes. They are covered with trees, and have navigable channels between them; but they are surrounded with numerous shoals very dangerous to mariners.
PATERY, a hilly and woody district of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, and situated on the north bank of the Godavery River, seventy-eight miles south-east from Aurungabad. Long. 77. 8. E. Lat. 19. 18. N.
PATHHEAD, a large well-built village of Scotland, in the parishes of Crichton and Cranstoun, in the county of Mid-Lothian, ten miles and a half from Edinburgh. It consists of one long street, built upon both sides of the road leading to Kelso. The houses are generally of one story, and occupied by those engaged in husbandry, in collieries, and in furnishing the district with those necessaries which cannot be easily supplied from the capital. The population is about 1000. The parish church of Crichton is about two miles distant, and was founded in the year 1449. It is a neat little building, of Gothic architecture, in the form of a cross; and the internal arrangement is also Gothic. Near it is the magnificent ruin of Crichton Castle, which, for beauty of architecture, internal accommodation, and strength of walls and situation, is hardly to be excelled by any of the old baronial castles of Scotland.

Pathhead, a large and populous village in the parish of Dysart, in Fifeshire, Scotland. It is contiguous to the town of Kirkcaldy, being merely separated from it by a steep ascent called the Path. The village consists of three streets of plain substantial houses, inhabited by a most industrious class, who are chiefly engaged in the weaving and manufacturing of linen goods, especially of checks and ticks. There are two places of worship, one belonging to the Established Church, the other to the body of Antiburghers. An elegant and commodious school was erected a few years ago, for the free education of 150 children, by the trustees of the late Robert Philp, Esq. of Kirkcaldy, who left a large sum of money for that purpose. The population in 1831 amounted to 3330.
PATHOGNOMONIC, amongst physicians, an appellation descriptive of a symptom, or concourse of symptoms, inseparable from a distemper, and which are found in that only, and in no other disease.
[7:17:121]
PATIENCE is that calm and unruffled temper with which a good man bears the evils of life, from a conviction that they are at least permitted, if not sent, by the best of Beings, who makes all things work together for good to those who love and fear him.
PATIENTIA Strait, in the Eastern Ocean, is formed by the south end of Gilolo Island, and the southern extremity of Bachian Island.
PATIGUMO, a corruption of the words pate de guimauve, is the name of a sort of paste or cake much used on the Continent as an agreeable and useful remedy for catarrhal defluxions, and supposed by Dr Percival to consist of gum-arabic combined with sugar and the albumen of eggs. It has been said, however, that the powdered substance of the marshmallow is the chief ingredient of the composition.
PATIN, Guy, professor of physic in the Royal College of Paris, was born in the year 1602. He made his way in the world merely by the force of his genius, being at first only corrector of a printing-house. He was a man of great wit and erudition, and spoke with the gravity of a Stoic; but his expressions were nevertheless very satirical, and he hated bigotry, superstition, and knavery. Notwithstanding his sarcastic tendency, however, he was upright and well disposed, an affectionate father and an amiable member of society. He died in the year 1672, and owed his reputation, not to any writings upon physic published in his lifetime, but to his letters, which appeared after his death.

Patin, Charles, son of the preceding, was born in Paris in 1633, and made so surprising progress, that he maintained, in Greek and Latin, theses on all parts of philosophy, in 1647. He studied the law in compliance with the wishes of an uncle, and was admitted as an advocate in the parliament of Paris; but he could not lay aside the study of physic, for which he had always a decided inclination. Having therefore quitted the law, he devoted himself to physic, and after taking his doctor’s degree, he applied himself to practice with success. He afterwards travelled into Germany, Holland, England, Switzerland, and Italy. In 1676 he was appointed professor of physic in Padua; and three years afterwards he was created a knight of St Mark. He died in that city in 1694. His works are numerous, and well known to learned physicians.
PATMOS, a small island of the Grecian Archipelago, celebrated as the place of banishment of the apostle St John, and where also he wrote his Revelations. It is situated a little to the south of Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, is between thirty and forty miles in circumference, and now scarcely produces subsistence for the support of its scanty population. It is represented as having been more productive about fifty years back, but has been cruelly laid waste by the pirates who infest these seas. It does not now contain more than 300 inhabitants. In the interior are the remains of a monastery, in a strong position, where formerly the natives were accustomed to take refuge and defend themselves against piratical invaders. Long. 26. 40. E. Lat. 37. 30. N.
PATNA, a large and celebrated city of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, of which it is the capital. It is a city of great antiquity, and is supposed to have been the Palibothra of the ancients. It is situated on the southern shore of the Ganges, which is here five miles wide during the rainy season, and deep enough to float a ship of war. The city is built along the river, and is one continued street for many miles along the Ganges, whilst it is only one mile in breadth. The houses of the natives are generally built of mud; but those of the Europeans, which extend from Banki-poor, are of brick, and make a very handsome appearance, which is not the case with the rest of the city. It contains several mosques and temples; but they are old, and without ornament. It was formerly fortified after the fashion of Hindustan, and still possesses a small citadel, which is now used as a barrack and store-house; but neither this nor the fortifications of the town could have resisted a regular attack of modern artillery for twenty-four hours, although it has often made an obstinate defence against the attack of Indian troops. The town is large and populous; and chintzes and dimities of various kinds are manufactured here, as well as cloths resembling diaper and damask linen. Flannels are also woven in the vicinity, as well as a sort of canvass from cotton. The neighbouring country produces the finest opium and saltpetre, and great quantities of wheat and other valuable grains; also sugar and indigo. Opium and saltpetre are strictly monopolized; but a considerable trade is carried on in all other articles. A large quantity of saltpetre is annually despatched for internal consumption, and for exportation. It was here that the English first established a factory, the remains of which are still to be seen, where two hundred English prisoners were massacred in 1763, under the orders of the German adventurer Somro, or Summers, then in the service of Meer Cossim; immediately after which the city was captured by the British, and has ever since remained in their possession. A monument is erected to ι the sufferers, in the European burying-ground. The Company have erected here a depot to contain rice. It is a building of stone, in shape like a bee-hive, with two winding staircases on the outside, which have been ascended on horseback. Banki-poor, one of the suburbs of Patna, is the residence of the servants of the Company. They compose a numerous establishment, with liberal appointments. The travelling distance from Patna to Calcutta by Moorshedabad is 400 miles, from Benares by Buxar 155, from Delhi 661, from Agra 544, from Lucknow 316 miles. Long. 85.15. E. Lat. 25. 37. N.
PATOMACK. See Potowmack.
PATONCE, in Heraldry, is a cross, flory at the ends, from which it differs only in this, that the ends, instead of turning down like a fleur-de-lis, are extended somewhat in the pattee form.
PATRAS, a city of Greece, known to the ancients by the name of Patrae, and to the Turks by that of Botra. It is situated in the gulf of the same name, in a plain which is green, and to appearance well cultivated, and, especially to the northward, has extensive fruitful vineyards. The currants grow most abundantly,and areas fine as thoscofZante. Vast quantities of theni are annually exported. They are spread in bunches along the ground, and in eight days are sufficiently dried, when the stalks are picked off, and they are laid on the ground in heaps, in the field, ready for the purchasers. The city once contained 12,000 inhabitants, but they suffered much during the hostilities which terminated in their independence. It was the residence of the British consul-general of the Morea, and of agents from most of the European nations. It was formerly celebrated for [7:17:140]its fabrics of silk goods, but these have nearly disappeared, and there is scarcely any other manufacture except that of making leather saddle-bags. It has good anchorage, well sheltered, with from three to ten fathoms depth of water. Long. 21. 47. E. Lat. 38. 14. N.
PATREE, a large and populous town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, and capital of a small district. It is defended by three walls, the inner one being surrounded by a good wet ditch, which, even in the dry season, contains a considerable quantity of water. It was formerly considered as a place of great strength, and is often mentioned in the annals of the country. But the fortifications are now in a state of decay, and are in many places falling to pieces. The north face is protected by a beautiful tank, which renders an attack on that quarter entirely impracticable; and the town, on the whole, is still one of the strongest places in India. This place formerly belonged to the rajah of Drangdra, an independent chief of Cottewar; and is now governed by a Hindu chief, who is tributary to the Poonah Mahrattas. Long. 71. 35. E. Lat. 22. 50. N.
PATRIARCHAL Cross, in Heraldry, is that where the shaft is twice crossed, the lower arms being longer than the upper ones.
PATRICIAN, a title given, amongst the ancient Romans, to the descendants of the hundred, or, as some will have it, of the two hundred, senators chosen by Romulus, and by him called patres, or fathers. Romulus established this order after the example of the Athenians, who were divided into two classes, viz. the εwιατyδαι, patricii, and δημοτικοί, populares. Patricians, therefore, were originally the nobility, in opposition to the plebeians. They were the only persons whom Romulus allowed to aspire to the magistracy; and they exercised all the functions of the priesthood till the year of Rome 495. But the cognizance and character of these ancient families being almost extinguished by a long course of years, and frequent changes in the empire, a new kind of patricians afterwards arose, who had no pretensions from birth, but whose title depended entirely upon the emperor’s favour. This new patriciate, Zozimus tells us, was established by Constantine, who conferred the quality upon his counsellors, not because they were descended from the ancient fathers of the senate, but because they were the fathers of the republic or of the empire. This dignity in time became the highest of the empire. Justinian calls it summa dignitas. In effect, the patricians seem to have had the precedence of the consulares, and to have taken precedence of them in the senate; though Faber asserts the contrary. What confounds the question is, that the two dignities often met in the same person; because the patriciate was only conferred upon those who had gone through the first offices of the empire, or had been consuls. Pope Adrian made Charlemagne assume the title of patrician before taking that of emperor; and other popes have given the title to other kings and princes by reason of its eminence.

Patricians, in ecclesiastical writers, were ancient sectaries, who disturbed the peace of the church in the beginning of the third century, and who were so called from their founder Patricius, preceptor of a Marcionite called Symmachus. His distinguishing tenet was, that the substance of the flesh is not the work of God, but that of the devil; and on this account his adherents bore an implacable hatred to their own flesh, which they sometimes carried so far as to kill themselves. They were also called Tatianites, and formed a branch of the Encratitae.
PATRIMONY, a right or estate inherited by a person from his ancestors. The term patrimony has also been applied to church estates or revenues; in which sense authors still say, the patrimony of the church of St Rimini, Milan, and so on. The Church of Rome has patrimonies in France, Africa, Sicily, and many other countries. To create the greater respect for the estates belonging to the church, it was usual to give their patrimonies the names of the saints who were held in the highest veneration. Thus the estate of the church of Ravenna was called the patrimony of St Apollinarius ; that of Milan, the patrimony of St Ambrose ; and the estates of the Roman. Church were called the patrimony of St Peter in Abbruzzo, the patrimony of St Peter in Sicily, and the like.
PATRINGTON, a town of the east riding of Yorkshire, in the wapentake of Holderness, 109 miles from London. It is situated on the river Humber, which is navigable beyond it, but does not now admit such large vessels as formerly. There is a good market, which is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 894, in 1811 to 1016, in 1821 to 1244, and in 1831 to 1298.