pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HYPERBOREAN, in Ancient Geography, a term applied to those people and places which were to the northward of the Scythians. The ancients had but very little acquaintance with the Hyperborean regions; and all that they tell us respecting them is doubtful, and much of it positively false. According to Diodorus Siculus, the Hyperboreans were so called by reason that they dwelt beyond the wind Boreas; wag signifying above or beyond, and Bejiaς, Boreas, the north wind. This etymology is natural and plausible, notwithstanding all that has been said against it by Rudbeck, who contends that the word is Gothic, and signifies nobility. Herodotus doubts whether or not there were any such nations as the Hyperboreans. Strabo, who professes to believe that there were, does not take hyperborean to signify beyond Boreas or the north, as Herodotus understood it. The preposition wag, in this case, he supposes only to help to form a superlative, so that hyperborean, on his principles, means no more than most northern; from which it appears that the ancients themselves scarcely knew what the name meant. Several of our modern geographers, as Hoffman, Cellarius, and others, have placed the Hyperboreans in the northern parts of the European continent, that is, amongst the Siberians and

Samoieds. According to them, the Hyperboreans of the ancients were those in general who lived farthest to the north. The Hyperboreans of our days are those Russians who inhabit the country between the Volga and the White Sea. According to Cluvier, the name Celts was synonymous with that of Hyperboreans.
HYPERCATALECTIC, in the Greek and Latin poetry, is applied to a verse that has one or two syllables too much, or beyond the regular and just measure; as,

Musae sorores sunt Minervae:

Also,

Musae sorores Palladis lugent.
HYPERCRITIC, an over-rigid censor or critic; one who will let nothing pass, but animadverts severely on the slightest fault. The word is compounded of 'wxig, super, over, above, beyond; and ×gιτoioi, from xf/r^¢, judex, a verbal form of χgaω, judico I judge.
HYPERDULIA, in the Roman Catholic theology, is the worship rendered to the holy virgin. The word is Greek, ŵrsgouÀí/sŕ, composed of wag, above, and 3uλwα, worship, service. The worship offered to saints is called dulia ; and that to the mother of God, hyperdulia, as being superior to the former.
HYPERMNESTRA, in fabulous history, one of the fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Argos. She alone refused to obey the cruel order which Danaus had given to all his daughters, to murder their husbands the first night of their marriage; and therefore saved the life of Lynceus, after she had made him promise not to violate her virginity. Danaus, enraged at her disobedience, confined her closely in prison, whence Lynceus delivered her some time afterwards.
HYPHEN, an accent or character in grammar, implying that two words are to be joined, or connected into one compound word, and marked thus -; as pre-established, five-leaved, and the like. Hyphens also serve to connect the syllables of such words as are divided by the end of the line.
HYPNOTIC, in the Materia Medica, such medicines as in any way produce sleep, whether called narcotics, hyp notics, opiates, or soporifics.
HYPO, a Greek particle, retained in the composition of different words borrowed from that language, and literally denoting under, beneath. In this sense it stands opposed to wrtg, supra, above.
HYPOBOLE, or Subjection (from wrο, and ∕3αλλω, I cast), in Phetoric, a figure which is so called because several things are mentioned which seem to make for the contrary side, and each of them is refuted in order. This figure, when complete, consists of three parts; a proposition, an enumeration of particulars with the answers to these, and a conclusion.
HYPOCATHARSIS (compounded of û¢ro, under, and καdα∕gw, I purge), in Medicine, a too faint or feeble purgation.
HYPOCAUSTUM, amongst the Greeks and Romans, a subterraneous place, where there was a furnace to heat the baths. The word is Greek, formed from the preposition ĩ>¶o, under, and the verb κα∕ω, to bum. Amongst the moderns, the hypocaustum is that place where the fire is kept which warms a stove or hot-house.
HYPOCHONDRIAC Passion, a disease in men, similar to the hysterical affection in women.
HYPOCRISY, υ ι ffoκg∕Aς, denotes dissimulation with regard to the moral or religious character. In other words, it signifies one who feigns to be what he is not; and it is generally applied to those who assume the appearances of virtue or religion, without in reality having any thing of either.
HYPOGAEUM, ∙⅛oya∕ov, formed from ûwo, under, and yα∕α, earth, in the ancient architecture, is a name common to all the parts of a building which are under ground; as the cellar, butteries, and such like places. The term hy- pogocum was used by the Greeks and Romans for subterraneous tombs in which they buried their dead.

Hypogaeum, ô-roya/of, in Astrology, is a name given to the celestial houses which are below the horizon; especially the imum coeli, or bottom of heaven.
HYPOGASTRIC, an appellation given to the internal branch of the iliac artery.
HYPOGLOTTIS, or Hypoglossis, composed of ⅛o, zrnder, and yλω-rα, tongue, in Anatomy, is a name given to two glands of the tongue. There are four large glands of the tongue; two of them, called hypoglottides, are situated under it, near the venae ranulares, one on each side of the tongue. They serve to secrete a kind of serous matter of the nature of saliva, which is discharged into the mouth by little ducts near the gums.

Hypoglottis, or Hypoglossis, in Medicine, denotes an inflammation or ulceration under the tongue, called also ranula.
HYPOPYON, in Medicine, a collection of purulent matter under the corner of the eye.
HYPOSCENIUM, in Antiquity, a partition under the pulpit or logeum of the Greek theatre, appointed for the music.
HYPOSTASIS, a Greek term, literally signifying substance, or subsistence, and used in theology for person. The word is Greek, ⅛00τα07ς, compounded of υ ι ro, sub, under, and ίΰτημι, sto, existo, I stand, I exist; as if we were to say subsistentia. Thus we hold that there is but one nature or essence in God, but three hypostases or persons. The term hypostasis is of a very ancient standing in the church. St Cyril repeats it several times, as also the phrase “union according to hypostasis.” The first time it occurs is in a letter from that father to Nestorius, where he uses it instead of πξοϋωπον, the word we commonly render person, which did not seem expressive enough. “The philosophers,” says St Cyril, “have allowed three hypostases. They have extended the divinity to three hypostases; they have even sometimes used the word trinity ; and nothing was wanting but to have admitted the con substantiality of the three hypostases, to show the unity of the divine nature, exclusively of all triplicity in respect of distinction of nature, and not to hold it necessary to conceive any respective inferiority of hypostasesP

This term occasioned great dissensions in the ancient church; first amongst the Greeks, and afterwards amongst the Latins. In the council of Nice, hypostasis was defined to denote the same thing with essence or substance; so that it was heresy to say that Jesus Christ was of a different hypostasis from the Father; but custom altered the meaning of the term. In the necessity they were under of expressing themselves strongly against the Sabellians, the Greeks made choice of the word hypostasis, and the Latins of the word persona ; a change which proved the occasion of endless disagreement. The phrase rguς o¶o- ΰταΰίΐς, used by the Greeks, scandalized the Latins, whose usual way of rendering ύποΰταΰις in their language was by substantia. The barrenness of the Latin tongue in theological phrases allowed them but one word for the two Greek ones, òud’/aand υττοΰταας, and thus disabled them from distinguishing essence and hypostasis; for which reason they chose rather to use the term tres personae, and tres hypostases. But an end was put to disputation, in a synod held at Alexandria about the year 362, at which St Athanasius assisted; and from this time the Latins made no great scruple of saying tres hypostases, nor the Greeks of saying three persons.
HYPOTHECA, in the Civil Law, an obligation by which the effects of a debtor are made over to his creditor, in security of his debt. The word comes from the Greek ĩì¶ŵrM, a thing subject to some obligation, from the verb υ<ιroτιQr l μαι, suppono, 1 am subjected.

As the hypotheca is an engagement procured on purpose for the security of the creditor, various means have been employed to secure to him the benefit of the con [7:12:139]vention. The use of the pawn or pledge is the most ancient, which is almost the same thing with the hypotheca, all the difference consisting in this, that the pledge is put into the creditor’s hands, whereas, in a simple hypotheca, the thing remained in the possession of the debtor. It was found more easy and commodious to engage an estate by a civil covenant than by an actual delivery. Accordingly the expedient was first practised amongst the Romans; and from them the Greeks borrowed both the name and the thing; only, the better to prevent frauds, they used to fix some visible mark on the thing, that the public might know it was hypothecated or mortgaged by the proprietor; but the Romans, looking on such advertisements as injurious to the debtor, forbade the use of them.

The Roman lawyers distinguished four kinds of hypothecs; the conventional, which was with the will and consent of both parties; the legal, which was appointed by law, and for that reason called tacit ; the praetor’s pledge, when by the flight or non-appearing of the debtor, the creditor was put in possession of his effects; and the judiciary, when the creditor was put in possession by virtue of a sentence of the court.

The conventional hypotheca is subdivided into general and special. The hypotheca is general, when all the debtor’s effects, both present and future, are engaged to the creditor. It is special, when limited to one or more particular things. With regard to the tacit hypotheca, the civilians reckon no less than twenty-six different species of this genus.
HYPOTHENUSE, in Geometry, the longest side of a right-angled triangle, or that which subtends the right angle.
HYPOTHESIS, formed from ùwo, under, and Ss¾ positio, from π⅜,ω∕, pono, I put, is a proposition or principle which we suppose, or take for granted, in order to draw conclusions for the proof of a point in question.

Every conditional or hypothetical proposition may be distinguished into hypothesis and thesis. The first rehearses the conditions under which any thing is affirmed or denied; and the second is the thing itself affirmed or denied. Thus, in the proposition, a triangle is half of a parallelogram, if the bases and altitudes of the two be equal, the latter part is the hypothesis, and the former a thesis.

In strict logic, we are never to pass from the hypothesis to the thesis; that is, the principle supposed must be proved to be true, before we require the consequence to be allowed.

It has become common, since the time of Newton, to decry all reasoning from hypotheses, as useless and unphilosophical. But was not the theory of gravitation itself founded upon a conjecture, that is, upon an hypothesis? It was founded upon the supposition that the power which regulates the fall of heavy bodies also regulates the motion of the moon; a supposition upon which he proceeded to reason before it was verified by calculation. The subject of the use and abuse of hypotheses in philosophical inquiries has been admirably illustrated by Mr Stewart, in the second volume of his Philosophy of the Mind ; and to that book we refer those who wish to form accurate notions on this subject.
HYPOTRACHELION, in Architecture, is used for a little frize in the Tuscan and Doric capital, between the astragal and annulets, and which is also called the colerin and gorgerin. The word is applied by some authors in a more general sense, to the neck of any column, or that part of its capital below the astragal.
HYPSISTARH (formed from iA f msτος, highest), a sect of heretics in the fourth century, who were so called from the profession they made of worshipping the Most High God.

The doctrine of the Hypsistarians may be considered as an assemblage of Paganism, Judaism, and Christianity. They adored the Most High God with the Christians; but they also revered fire and lamps with the heathens, and observed the sabbath, and the distinction of clean and unclean things with the Jews.

The Hypsistarii bore a near resemblance to the Euchites, or Massalians.
HYRCANIA, in Ancient Geography, a country of the Farther Asia, lying to the south-east of the Mare Hyrcanum or Caspium ; with Media on the west, Parthia on the south, and Margiana on the east.
HYSTERICAL Affection, or Passion (formed from ùd’rs£a, womb), a disease in women, called also suffocation of the womb, and vulgarly fits of the mother. It is a spas-modicoconvulsive affection of the nervous system, proceeding from the womb.
HYSTERON Pkoteron, in Grammar and Rhetoric, a species of the hyperbaton, in which the proper order of construction is so inverted, that the part of any sentence which should naturally come first is placed last. Thus in Terence, Valet et vivit, for vivit et valet ; and in Virgil, Moriamur, et in media arma ruamus, for In media arma ruamus, et moriamur.

ΗΥΊΉΕ, a borough town of the county of Kent, in the parish of Saltwood, in the hundred of Horne, sixty-seven miles from London. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and as such returns one member to the House of Commons, who is chosen by about 420 voters. It consists chiefly of one long and well-built street, parallel to the shore, about a mile from the sea. In a vault under the church is a vast collection of dry human bones, which, according to tradition, are the remains of a great battle fought here between the Danes and the Britons antecedent to the Norman conquest. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1365, in 1811 to 2318, in 1821 to 2181, and in 1831 to 2287.
I or i, the ninth letter and third vowel of the alphabet, is pronounced by throwing the breath suddenly against the palate, as it conies out of the larynx, with a small hollowing of the tongue, and nearly the same opening of the lips as in pronouncing a or e. Its sound varies; in some wordsit is long, as high, mind ; in others short, as bid, hid, sin ; in others, again, it is pronounced like y, as in collier, onion ; and in a few it sounds like ee, as in machine, magazine, and the like. No English word ends in i, e being either added to it, or else the i turned into y. But besides the vowel, there is the jod consonant, which, because of its different pronunciation, has likewise a different form, thus, J, j. In English it has the soft sound of g; nor is it used excepting when g soft is required before vowels, where g is usually hard. Thus we say, jack, jet, join, instead of gach, get, goin, which would be contrary to the genius of the English language.

I, used as a numeral, signifies one, and stands for as many units as it is times repeated: thus I. one, II. two, III. three; and when put before a higher numeral, it subtracts itself, as IV. four, IX. nine, and so on. But when placed after it, as many are added to the higher numeral as there are l’s added. Thus, VI. is 5 + 1, or six; VII. 5+2, or seven; VIII. 5 + 3, or eight. The ancient Romans likewise used IƆ for 500, CIƆ for 1000, IƆƆ for 5000, CCIƆƆ for 10,000. Further than this they did not go in their notation, but, when necessary, repeated the last number, as CCCI333, CCCIƆƆ3, for 200,000; CCCIƆ3D, CCCI33Ɔ, CCCIƆƆ3, for 300,000; and so on. The ancients sometimes changed i into u; as decumus for decimus ; maxumus for maxirnus, and so on. According to Plato, the vowel i is proper to express delicate but humble things, as in the verse of Virgil:

Accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt.

I, used as an abbreviature, is often substituted for the word Iesus, of which it is the first letter.
IAMBIC, in ancient poetry, a sort of verse, so called from its consisting either wholly, or in a great measure, of iambuses. See Iambus.

Ruddiman makes two kinds of iambic verse, viz. dimeter and trimeter; the former containing four feet, and the latter six. And as to the variety of feet, they consist wholly of iambuses, as in the two following verses of Horace:

1 2 3 4 5 6

Dim. ĩnarļsit aeļstuoļsius|

Trim. Suis[et ijpsa 1lojma viļribusjruit.

Or a dactyle, spondee, anapest, and sometimes a tribrachys, obtain in the odd places; and the tribrachys also in the even places, excepting the last. Examples of all this may be seen in Horace. Thus,

1 2 3 4 5 6

Canidi∣a tra∣ctavit∣dapes(

Videļre prope∣rantes|domum∣

Quoquo∣sce1e∣sti rui∣tis autļcur dex∣teris. Prius ļ que coeļlum si ∣ det in ∣ ferius ∣ mari. Aliti∣bus at∣que cani∣bus homi∣cid ’ Heļctorem. Pavidumļque lepo)r ’ aut adļvenam laqueo∣gruem.
IAMBUS, in the Greek and Latin prosody, a poetical foot, consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one; as in

⏑– ⏑– ⏑– ⏑–

Θττν, λιγω, Dei, meas. “ Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,” as Horace expresses it; and he also calls the iambus a swift, rapid foot, pes citus.

The word, according to some, took its rise from Iambus, the son of Pan and Echo, who invented this foot; or, perhaps, who only used sharp, biting expressions to Ceres, when afflicted for the death of Proserpine. Others derive it from the Greek iος, venenum, poison; or from 'ιαμ-Zιζω, maledico 1 rail or revile, because the verses composed of iambuses were at first used only in satire.
IBERIA, Spain, so called by the ancients, from the river Iberus or Ebro.

Iberia was also the name of an inland country of Asia, having to the west Colchis, with part of Pontus; to the north Mount Caucasus; on the east Albania; and on the south Armenia Magna. It is now the western part of Georgia.
IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet who flourished 550 b. c., and of whose works there are only a few fragments remaining. It is said that he was assassinated by robbers, and that when dying he called upon some cranes he saw flying past to bear witness. Not long afterwards one of the murderers seeing some cranes, said to his companions, “There are the witnesses of Ibycus’s death ;” which being reported to the magistrates, the assassins were put to the torture, and having confessed the fact, were hanged. And hence arose the proverb lbyci Grues.
ICEBERGS are large bodies of ice filling the valleys between the high mountains in northern latitudes. Among the most remarkable are those of the east coast of Spitzbergen. The glaciers of Switzerland seem contemptible when compared to these, but present often a similar front into some lower valley. At times immense fragments break off and tumble into the water with an alarming splash. Frost sports wonderfully with these icebergs, and gives them majestic and singular forms. Masses have been seen assuming what an Arabian tale would scarcely dare to relate. Ieebergs are the creation of ages, and receive annually additional height by the falling of snows, and of rain, which often instantly freezes, and more than repairs the loss occasioned by the influence of the sun.
ICENI, the ancient name of the people of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire, in England.
ICHNOGRAPHY, in perspective, the view of any thing cut off by a plane parallel to the horizon, just at the base of it. The word is derived from the Greek ∕χwf, footstep, and γοαφω, I write, as being a description of the footsteps or traces of a work. Amongst painters it signifies a description of images or of ancient statues of marble and copper, of busts and semibusts, of paintings in fresco, mosaic works, and ancient pieces of miniature.

Ichnography, in Architecture, is a transverse or horizontal section of a building, exhibiting the plot of the whole edifice, and of the several rooms and apartments in any storey, together with the thickness of the walls and partitions; the dimensions of the doors, windows, and chim [7:12:149]neys; and the projectures of the columns and piers, with every thing visible in such a section.
ICHOR properly signifies a thin watery humour like serum, but is sometimes used for a thicker kind flowing from ulcers, called also sanies.
ICHTHYOPHAGI, Fish-eaters, a name given to those who lived wholly on fishes. The word is Greek, being compounded of ίγβνς, piscis, fish, and <ραγeiv, edere, to eat. This name or term has been applied to different people.

The Ichthyophagi spoken of by Ptolemy are placed by Sanson in the provinces of Nanking and Xantong. Agatharcides calls all the inhabitants between Carmania and Gedrosia by the name of Ichthyophagi. From the accounts given us of the Ichthyophagi by Herodotus, Strabo, Solinus, Plutarch, and others, it appears indeed that they had cattle, but that they made no use of them, excepting to feed fish withal.
ICHTHYPERIA, a term in Natural History, applied to the bony palates and mouths of fishes, usually met with either fossil, in single pieces, or in fragments. They are of the same substance with the bufonitae; and are of various figures, some being broad and short, others longer and slender, some gibbose, and others plainly arched. They are likewise of various sizes, from the tenth of an inch to two inches in length, and an inch in breadth.
ICKENILD Street is that old Roman highway, so denominated from the Icemans, which extended from Yarmouth in Norfolk, the eastern part of the kingdom of the Iceni, to Barley in Hertfordshire, giving name in the way to several villages, as Ickworth, Icklingham, and Ickleton, in that kingdom. From Barley to Royston it divides the counties of Cambridge and Hertford; from Iςkleford it runs by Tring, crosses Bucks and Oxfordshire, passes the Thames at Goring, and extends to the west, part of England.
ICOLMKIL. See Iona.
ICONIUM, at present Cogni, formerly the capital of Lycaonia in Asia Minor. St Paul, proceeding to Iconium (Acts, xiii. 51, xiv. 1), in the year of Christ 45, there converted many Jews and Gentiles. It is believed, that in his first journey to this city he converted St Thecla, so celebrated in the writings of the ancient fathers. But some incredulous Jews excited the Gentiles to rise against Paul and Barnabas, and as the former were upon the point of offering violence to them, the apostles were obliged to fly for security to the neighbouring cities. St Paul undertook a second journey to Iconium in the year 51, but we know no particulars concerning his journey which relate especially to Iconium.
ICONOGRAPHIA (derived from ι∕xωv, image, and ygapω, I describe), the description of images or ancient statues of marble and copper, also of busts and semi-busts, penates, paintings in fresco, mosaic works, and ancient pieces of miniature.
ICONOLATRAE, or Iconolaters, or Iconoduli. See Iconoclastes.
ICOSAHEDRON, in Geometry, a regular solid, consisting of twenty triangular pyramids, the vertices of which meet in the centre of a sphere supposed to circumscribe it, and therefore have their height and bases equal; wherefore the solidity of one of these pyramids multiplied by twenty, the number of bases, gives the solid contents of the icosahedron.
ICOSANDRIA (from irxοδι, twenty, and avrç¢, a man or husband), the name of the twelfth class in Linnaeus’s sexual method, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flow ers, which are furnished with twenty or more stamina, that are inserted into the inner side of the calyx or petals. See Botany.
ICTINUS, a celebrated Greek architect, who lived about 430 B. c., built several magnificent temples, and amongst others that of Minerva at Athens.