pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LOMONOZOF, a Russian poet, and a great improver of his native tongue, was the son of a dealer in fish at Kol-mogori. He was born in 1711, and was fortunately taught to read; a rare circumstance at that time for a person of bis condition in Russia. His natural genius for poetry was first kindled by the perusal of the Song of Solomon, translated into verse by Polotski, whose rude compositions, perhaps scarcely superior to our version of the psalms by Sternhold and Hopkins, inspired him with such an irresistible passion for the muses, that he fled from his father, who was desirous of compelling him to marry, and took refuge in the Kaikonospaski monastery at Moscow, where he had an opportunity of indulging his taste for letters, and of studying the*Greek and Roman languages. In this seminary he made so considerable progress in polite literature, that he was noticed and employed by the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In 1736, he was sent, at the expense of that society, to the university of Marpurg, in Hesse-Cassel, where he became a scholar of the celebrated Christian Wolf, under whom he studied universal grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy. He continued at Marpurg four years, during which time he applied himself with indefatigable diligence to the study of chemistry, which he afterwards pursued with still greater success, under Henckel, at Freyberg, in Saxony. In 1741 he returned to Russia; in 1742 he was chosen adjunct to the Imperial Academy; and, in the ensuing year, he was elected a member of that society, and professor of chemistry. In 1760, he was appointed inspector of the seminary then annexed to the academy; in 1764 he was gratified by the empress with the title of counsellor of state; and he died on the 4th of April that year, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. Lomonozof excelled in various kinds of composition; but his reputation is chiefly derived from his poetical compositions, the finest of which are his odes. His poetical and miscellaneous pieces appeared in three volumes; and he also published two small works relative to the history of his own country. The first, styled Annals of the Russian Sovereigns, is a short chronology of the Russian monarchs; and the second is, the Ancient History of Russia, from the Origin of that Nation to the Death of the Great Duke Yaroslaf I. in 1054.
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LONGEVITY, the same as length of life. From the different longevities of men in the beginning of the world, after the Flood, and in subsequent ages, Mr Derham deduces an argument for the interposition of a divine Providence. Immediately after the creation, when the world was to be peopled by one man and one woman, the ordinary age was nine hundred and upwards. Immediately after the Deluge, when there were only three persons to stock the world, their age was cut shorter, and none of those patriarchs excepting Shem arrived at five hundred. In the second century we find none who reached two hundred and forty, and in the third none but Terah who arrived at two hundred years; the world, at least a part of it, by that time being so well peopled that they had built cities, and cantoned themselves out into distinct nations. By degrees, as the number of people increased, their longevity diminished, until at length it came down to seventy or eighty years. That the common duration of man’s life has been the same in all ages since the above period, is plain both from sacred and profane history. Plato lived until he was eighty-one, and was accounted an old man; and the instances of longevity produced by Pliny (lib. vii. c. 48) as very extraordinary may most of them be matched in modern histories. In the following tables are collected into one point of view the most memorable instances of long-lived persons of whose respective ages we have any authentic records.
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I Although longevity prevails more in certain districts of it in almost every quarter of the globe. This appears khan in others, yet it is by no means confined to any par-from the preceding table, as well as from that which is ticular nation or climate; nor are there wanting instances here subjoined.
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We have seen a list of a hundred and four persons, one of whom died under a hundred and twenty years f age, and one of whom, it is said, lived to the prodigious ge of a hundred and eighty. Of these long-lived indivi-uals, forty-one belonged to England, sixteen to Scotland, nd twenty-four to Ireland.

For further information on this subject, the reader is referred to the article Mortality, Law of.
LONGIMETRY, the art of measuring length, both accessible and inaccessible.
LONGING, a preternatural appetite for meat and drink. It is called pica, from the bird of that name, which is said to be subject to the same disorder. The disorder consists both in a desire of unusual things to eat and drink, and in being soon tired of one and wanting another. It is called malacia, from μαkακος, weak.
LONGINICO, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, anciently called Olympia, and famous as having been the place where the Olympic games were celebrated. The temple of Jupiter Olympus was about a mile distant from this place. It is situated on the river Alpheus, ten miles from its mouth, and fifty south of Lepanto. Long. 22. 0. E. Lat. 37. 30. N.
LONGITUDINAL, in general, denotes something placed lengthwise. Thus some of the fibres in the vessels of the human body are placed longitudinally, others transversely or across.
LONGOBARDI. See Lombards.
LONGOMONTANUS, Christian, a learned astronomer, born in a village of Denmark in 1562. He was the son of a ploughman, and during his studies had to suffer all the hardships to which his condition exposed him, dividing his time, like the philosopher Cleanthes, between the cultivation of the earth and the lessons he received from the minister of the place. At last, when he was fifteen, he stole away from his family, and went to the college at Wiburg, in which he spent eleven years; and though he was obliged to earn a livelihood, he applied himself to study with such ardour, that amongst other sciences he learned the mathematics in great perfection. He afterwards went to Copenhagen, where the professors of the university of that city soon conceived so high an opinion of him, that they recommended him to the celebrated Tycho Brahe. Longomontanus lived eight years with that celebrated astronomer, and was of great service to him in his observations and calculations. At length, being extremely desirous of obtaining a professor’s chair in Denmark, Tycho Brahe consented, though with some reluctance, to deprive himself of his services; gave him a discharge filled with the highest testimonies of esteem; and furnished him with money for the expense of his journey. He obtained a professorship of mathematics in the university of Copenhagen in 1605, and discharged the duty of the office creditably until his death, which happened in 1647. He wrote many learned works, amused himself with endeavouring to square the circle, and pretended [7:13:565]i that he had actually discovered a mode of doing so; but Dr John Pell, an English mathematician, attacked him warmly on the subject, and proved that he was completely mistaken.
LONGTOWN, a town of Cumberland, on the Scotch borders, near the conflux of the Esk and Kirksop, nine miles from Carlisle, and 310 miles from London, It has a market on Thursday, and a charity school for the education of sixty children. The population amounted in 1831 to 2049.
LONGUS, a Greek sophist, author of a book entitled 'nοιμενικα, or a romance containing the loves of Daphnis and Chloe. Huet, bishop of Avranches, speaks very favourably of this work; but he censures the obscene touches with which it is interspersed. None of the ancient authors mention Longus, so that the time when he lived cannot be fixed with certainty. There is an English translation of this author, which is ascribed to Mr Craggs, who was at one time secretary of state.
LONIGO, a city of Italy, the capital of a district in the Austrian delegation of Vicenza. It stands on the river Gua, and is well built and fortified. It is celebrated for a beautiful palace of the Rocca family, constructed by Palladio. It contains 5810 inhabitants, who carry on a brisk trade.
LONS le Saunier, an arrondissement of the department of the Jura, in France, 712 square miles in extent. It is divided into eleven cantons, and subdivided into 298 communes, inhabited by 107,500 persons. The capital is the city of the same name. It is situated in a mountainous country, on the banks of the river Baille, and surrounded with picturesque but barren rocks, amongst which are some salt springs, and establishments for procuring refined salt. It contains 860 houses, and 6200 inhabitants. Long. 5. 30. E. Lat. 46. 36. N.
LONTAR Pulo Isle, an island in the Indian Ocean, separated from the peninsula of Malacca by a narrow strait. This and some of the neighbouring islands are inhabited by men whose whole pursuits are on the sea, that being the element from which they derive their whole subsistence. Agriculture is wholly unknown to them, and they are of simple and inoffensive manners.
LOOE, East, a borough and market-town of Cornwall, in the hundred of West, 233 miles from London. It is situated on the river of the same name, which runs into a creek on the shore. It has a market on Saturday. It returned two members to parliament, of which privilege, by the late law, it has been deprived. The population amounted in 1801 to 467, in 1811 to 608, in 1821 to 770, and in 1831 to 865.
LOOE, West, a borough and township in the parish of Talland, in Cornwall. It is opposite to East Looe, on the same river, with which it is connected by a bridge. It had formerly the privilege of returning two members to parliament, but of this it has been deprived by the reform act. It has a small but convenient harbour, defended by a battery. The population amounted in 1801 to 376, in 1811 to 433, in 1821 to 539, and in 1831 to 593.
LOOF, the after-part of a ship’s bow, or that part of her side forward where the planks begin to be incurvated into an arch as they approach the stem.
LOOK-OUT, in nautical language, a watchful attention to some important object or event which is expected to arise from the actual situation of a ship with reference to other objects. It is principally used in navigation when there is a probability of danger from the real or supposed proximity of land, rocks, or enemies; in short, whatever peril she may encounter through inattention, but which might be avoided by a prudent and necessary vigilance.
LOOKIANG, a river in the Burman dominions, formerly supposed to be a tributary of the Irrawuddy, with which it has no connection. It is called Thaluayn in the Ava territories, and falls into the sea at Martaban.

LOOKING-Glasses are plain mirrors of glass, which, being impervious to the light, reflect the images of things placed before them. See Mirror and Optics.
LOOL, in Metallurgy, a vessel prepared to receive the washings of ores of metals. The heavier or more metallic parts of the ores remain in the trough in which they are washed; the lighter and more earthy run off with the water, but settle in the lool.
LOOM, the weaver’s frame, a machine by which many distinct threads are woven into one piece. Looms are of various structures, accommodated to the various kinds of materials to be woven, and the various modes of weaving them, namely, for woollens, silks, linens, cottons, cloths of gold, and other works, as tapestry, ribands, stockings, and other articles, each of which will be found under its proper head. The weaver’s loom-engine, otherwise called the [7:13:567]Dutch loom-engine, was brought from Holland to London about the year 1676.

Loom, at sea. If a ship appears big when at a distance, they say she looms, or appears a great sail. The term is also used to denote the indistinct appearance of any other distant objects.
LOONGHEE, a town of the Burman empire, situated on theeastsideofthelrrawuddy. Long. 19.55.E. Lat. 19.41.N.
LOOP, in the iron-works, is a part of a sow or block of cast iron broken or melted off from the rest, and prepared for the forge or hammer. The usual method is, to break off the loop of about three quarters of a hundredweight. This loop is taken up with slinging-tongs, and beaten with iron sledges till it be brought to a square mass of about two feet long, which is called a bloom.
LOP, a lake of Central Asia, situated upon the western side of the great desert of Shamo or Cobi, which lies between it and China. It has on its banks a city of the same name, on the great caravan road from Cashgar to China, of which the present state is not accurately known. Accordingto Marco Polo, the caravans usually stop here, and prepare for crossing the formidable desert which lies before them.
LOPEZ de Vega. See Vega.
LORARII, amongst the Romans, officers whose business it was, with whips and scourges, to compel the gladiators to engage. The lorarii also punished slaves who disobeyed their masters.
LORCA, a city of Spain, in the province of Murcia. It is situated on a small river called the Sangonera, which is frequently dry. The soil is excellent for producing wheat, barley, olives, and fruits, but frequently fails from want of water, an evil which was attempted to be remedied by the construction of dykes in order to retain the streams when ;hey are abundant; but, in 1803, these banks were burst )y an unusual weight of water, the lands below were temporarily inundated, and since then they have at times felt ;he great evil of want of water. The city has nine parish churches, ten monasteries, 21,866 inhabitants, fourteen Saltpetre houses, with a house for preparing soda; and it carries on a great deal of trade through the harbour of lguilas, which is eleven and a half miles distant from it.
LORD Howe’s Group, a cluster of islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Hunter in 1791. Of these, thirty-two were counted from the mast-head. They are situated in about long. 159. 24. E. and lat. 5. 30. S.
LORDOSIS (of λοgδος, bent inwards), in medical writings, a name given to a distempered state of the spine, in which it is bent inwards, or towards the anterior parts. It is used in opposition to gibbous, or hump-backed.
LORETTO, a city of the delegation of Macerata, in the papal dominions, in Italy. It is situated at the spot where the river Musone falls into the sea. It is surrounded with wallsand ditches, has a cathedral, and several other churches, and contains about 8000 inhabitants. It is remarkable for the Santa Casa, or sacred house, which is affirmed to have been miraculously brought to this place in 1294, and over which a large church has been constructed in order to preserve it. It is an object of veneration with many Catholics, and is visited by great numbers of pilgrims. The subsistence of the people mainly depends on this object, and in making rosaries, crucifixes, medallions, and other articles for the gratification of pious visitors. Its wealth was dissipated during the French revolution, but it has since accumulated treasures, though not with the rapidity of former times. Long. 13. 29. 45. E. Lat. 43. 27. N.

Loretto, a town of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Abbruzzo Citeriore, containing 3500 inhabitants.
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LORGUES, a city of France, in the department of the Var, and arrondissement of Draguignan. It contains 5000 inhabitants, who employ twelve mills in crushing olives, and produce a very large quantity of the best oil. Long. 6. 31. E. Lat. 43. 29. N.
LORICA, a cuirass, brigantine, or coat of mail, in use amongst the Roman soldiers. It was generally made of leather, and its name is supposed to be derived from lorum. The loricae were set with plates of metal in various forms; sometimes in books or rings like a chain, sometimes like feathers, and sometimes like the scales of serpents or fishes, to which plates of gold were frequently added. There were other lighter cuirasses, consisting only of numerous folds of linen cloth, or of flax, made strong enough to resist weapons. Such soldiers as were rated under a thousand drachms, instead of the lorica now described, wore a pectorale. The Roman lorica was made like a shirt, and defended the wearer both before and behind, but was so contrived that the back part could be occasionally separated from the front. Some of the loricae were made of cords of hemp or flax, close set together; and hence they are called thoraces, bilices, trilices, and so on, from the number of the cords fixed one upon another; but these were used rather in hunting than in the field of battle.
LORIOL, a town of France, in the department of the Drome, and arrondissement of Valence, situated on the river Drome, over which is an extraordinary bridge, with an arch in the centre of eighty-four feet in span. It contains 390 houses, and 2460 inhabitants.
LORNE, a division of Argyleshire, in Scotland, which gives the title of marquis to the Duke of Argyll. See Argyleshire.
LORRAINE. See France.
LOSTWITHIEL, a borough and market town of the county of Cornwall, in the hundred of Powder, 246 miles from London. It stands on the river Fowey, but the harbour is nearly choked up. A stannary court is held here, and a market on Saturday. It formerly returned two members to parliament, chosen by the corporation, but it has been deprived of that privilege by the reform law. Near to it is the fine seat of Bocconnoe, belonging formerly to Lord Camelford, now to Lord Grenville. The population amounted in 1801 to 743, in 1811 to 825, in 1821 to 933, and in 1831 to 1548.
LOT, a department of France, formed out of the division of Quercy, in the ancient government of Guienne. It extends in north latitude from 44. 14. to 45. 2. and in east longitude from 0. 52. to 2. 2., being in extent 2156 square miles, or 398,406 hectares. It is bounded on the north by the department of the Corrèze, on the east by Cantal and Aveyron, on the south by Tarn-Garonne, and on the west by Lot-Garonne and Dordogne. It comprises three arrondissements, twenty-nine cantons, and 345 communes, and is peopled by 263,500 persons. It is an undulating district, with hills of moderate height, having between them valleys of great fertility. The soil is generally dry and somewhat rocky, but is covered with a coat of mould, deepest in the valleys, which produces excellent corn, so that the surplus of grain is greater than in any other of the departments of France. The several fruits, especially plums, chestnuts, and walnuts, are raised in great abundance; but the chief fruit is the grape, which is grown extensively on the hills. The wine has great reputation, both from being uninjured by transportation, and by keeping good for a long time. The best grows in the arrondissement of Cahors, whence about 60,000 pipes are sent, some of them to Bordeaux. Much brandy also is made, as well as vinegar, and both enjoy great reputation. The agriculture is well conducted, and, besides corn, affords good crops of pulse, hemp, flax, and saffron. The breed of black cattle is very good, and the flocks of sheep are numerous; the quality of the wool having been much improved of late years by crossing their own with Merinos from Spain. The only mines are some few of iron; but the quarries yield mill-stones, alabaster, marble, limestone, and fullers’ earth, in great abundance. The manufactures are inconsiderable, consisting of woollen and linen cloth, some hardware, paper, and leather. The department elects three deputies to the legislative body. The capital is the city of Cahors.
LOT and Garonne, a department of France, formed out of those parts of the ancient government of Guienne denominated Condomois and Agenois. It extends in north latitude from 43. 58. to 44. 45. and in longitude from 0. 21. east, to 0. 49. west, containing 2249 square miles, or 532,640 hectares, of which 306,720 are under the plough, 65,320 are vineyards, 59,640 are woods and forests, 32,726 are meadows, 52,704 are uncultivated, 6816 are marshes, and the remainder are the courses of rivers and the sites of towns and villages. It is bounded on the north by the departments of the Gironde and of the Dordogne, on the east by those of the Lot and the Tarn-Garonne, on the south by Gers, and on the west by the Gironde. It is divided into four arrondissements, twenty-nine cantons, and 435 communes, and contains 326,850 inhabitants, of whom about 30,000 are Protestants, and the remainder adhere to the Roman Catholic church. It is a lofty plain, intersected with deep valleys, the hills bounding which are covered with vines, whilst the bottoms have streams bordered by fertile meadows. The two chief rivers, the Lot and the Garonne, are navigable for barges the whole length of the department, and receive the waters of numerous tributary streams. The soil is generally fertile, and though, from attachment to old and slovenly customs, agriculture is ill conducted, as much corn is produced as enables one fourth of the crops to be disposed of to the neighbouring departments. The land is chiefly occupied by small farmers, who pay their rent by delivering half the crops to the owner. Besides corn, much hemp of excellent quality is raised, and also some flax. A vast quantity of fruit is produced. The wine is generally of a medium quality; but some of great estimation is made in Thezac, Perigord, Lavocal, and Clairac. The forests, besides fire and building wood, yield tar, turpentine, and pitch, and considerable quantities of cork. A great number of bees are kept, which make much honey and wax; and it is said that two millions of geese are maintained. The only mines are those of iron, which furnish yearly about 1400 tons, the greater part of which is manufactured for home consumption into various kinds of hardware. There are some manufactures of sailcloth and other linens, and of woollens, leather, glass, paper, and snuff from tobacco grown in several parts. One of the most extensive employments is that of cork-cutting, which is said to supply more than thirty millions of corks. The members chosen for the legislative body are three. The capital is the city of Agen.
LOTHIAN, a name given to three counties of Scotland, Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and Linlithgowshire; otherwise called East, Mid, and West Lothians. See the articles on these different shires.
LOTION is, strictly speaking, such washing as concerns beautifying the skin, by cleansing it of those deformities which are thrown out upon it by distempered blood.

Lotion, in Pharmacy, denotes a preparation of medicines, by washing them in some liquid, either made very light, so as to take away only the dregs, or sharp, so as to penetrate them, in order to clear them of some salt or corrosive spirit, as is done to antimony, precipitates, ma-gisteries, and the like, or intended to take away some foulness or ill quality, and communicate some good one.
LOTOPHAGI, in Ancient Geography, a people of the [7:13:569]Regio Syrtica (so called from their living upon the lotus), ⅛ιhabiting the country between the two Syrtes, from the Cinyphus to the Triton. The lotus was said to be so luscious a food as to make strangers forget their native country.
LOUDEAC, an arrondissement of France, in the department of the North Coasts, extending over 624 square miles, and containing a population of 89,500 persons. It is divided into nine cantons and fifty-five communes. The capital is a town of the same name, which contains 6000 inhabitants, chiefly employed in branches of the linen trade.
LOUDON, an arrondissement in the department of the Vienne, in France, extending over 379 square miles. It contains four cantons, divided into sixty-seven communes, and is inhabited by 33,400 persons. The capital is the city of the same name, which occupies a mountainous situation. It is well built, and contains 860 houses, with 5600 inhabitants, who are occupied in tanneries, and in making thread-lace, serges, and other thin woollen goods. Long. 0. 3. W. Lat. 47. 2. N.
LOUER, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the Mahrattas, in the province of Aurungabad, situated upon the banks of the Girah River. It is in Jong. 74. 27. E. lat. 20. 25. N.