pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HORATIUS, surnamed Cocles, from his losing an eye in combat, was nephew of the consul Horatius Pulvillus, and descended from one of the three brothers who fought against the Curiatii. Porsenna having laid siege to Rome, drove the Romans from Janiculum, and pursued them to the wooden bridge over the Tiber, which joined the city to Janiculum. Largius, Herminius, and Horatius Cocles, sustained the shock of the enemy at the bridge, and prevented them entering the city with the Romans; but Largius and Herminius having passed the bridge, Horatius Cocles was left alone, and repulsed the enemy till the bridge was broken down under him, when he threw himself armed into the [7:11:562]Tiber, swam across the river, and entered Rome in triumph.
HORDE, in Geography, is used to signify a company or mass of wandering people, who have no settled habitation, [7:11:563]but stroll about, dwelling in waggons or under tents, ready to shift their quarters as soon as the herbage and fruits are exhausted.
HORDICALIA, or Hordicidia, in Antiquity, a religious feast amongst the Romans, in which they sacrificed cattle large with young. This feast fell on the 15th of April, on which day they sacrificed thirty cows with calf to the goddess Tellus, or the Earth, part of them being immolated in the temple of Jupiter. The calves taken out of their bellies were burned to ashes, at first by the pontifices, but afterwards by the eldest of the vestal virgins.
HOREB, or Oreb, a mountain of Arabia Petraea, contiguous to Mount Sinai on the south, and the scene of many miraculous appearances.
HORISPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the Sikh territories, in the province of Lahore, ninety-eight miles east-south-east from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 27. E. Lat. 31. 30. N.
HORIZON, or Horison, in Geography and Astronomy, a great circle of the sphere, dividing the world into two parts or hemispheres; the one upper and visible, the other lower and hidden. The word is pure Greek, óg/ζων, which literally signifies bounding or terminating the sight, being formed from og∕ξ<w, termino, definio, to bound or limit. See Astronomy and Geography.

The horizon is either rational or sensible. The rational, true, or astronomical horizon, which is also called simply and absolutely the horizon, is a great circle of the sphere, the plane of which passes through the centre of the earth, and the poles of which are the zenith and nadir. It divides the sphere into two equal parts or hemispheres. The sensible, visible, or apparent horizon, is a lesser circle of the sphere, which divides the visible part of the sphere from the invisible. Its poles, too, are the zenith and nadir, consequently the sensible horizon is parallel to the rational ; and it is cut at right angles, and into two equal parts, by the verticals. The sensible horizon is divided into eastern and western. The eastern or ortive horizon is that part of the horizon in which the heavenly bodies rise; the western or occidual horizon is that in which the stars set. The altitude or elevation of any point of the sphere is an arch of a vertical circle intercepted between it and the sensible horizon. By sensible horizon is also frequently meant a circle, which determines the segment of the surface of the earth, over which the eye can reach, and it is also called the physical horizon. In this sense we say, a spacious horizon, a narrow, scanty horizon, and so forth.
HORIZONTAL, something which relates to the horizon, or is taken in the horizon, or on a level with the horizon. Thus we say, a horizontal plane, a horizontal line, and the like.

Horizontal Dial is that which is drawn on a parallel to the horizon, having its gnomon or style elevated according to the altitude of the pole of the place for which it is designed. Horizontal dials are, of all others, the most simple and easy. The manner of describing them may be seen under the article Dialling. Horizontal Line, in Perspective,'^ a right line drawn through the principal point, parallel to the horizon; or it is the intersection of the horizontal and perspective planes. See Perspective. Horizontal Plane is that which is parallel to the horizon of the place, or nothing inclined thereto. The business of levelling is to find whether two points be in the horizontal plane, or bow much is the deviation between them.

Horizontal Plane, in Perspective, is a plane parallel to the horizon, passing through the eye, and cutting the perspective plane at right angles.

Horizontal Hange, or Level Range, of a piece of ordnance, is the line it describes when directed parallel to the horizon or horizontal line.
HORN, in Physiology, a hard substance growing on the heads of different animals, particularly the cloven-footed quadrupeds, and serving them both as weapons of offence and defence.

Horn is also a sort of musical instrument of the wind kind, which is chiefly used in hunting, to animate and bring together the dogs and the hunters. The term anciently was, wind a horn, all horns being in those times compassed; but since straight horns have come into fashion, they say blow a horn, and sometimes sound a horn.

The French Horn is merely a wreathed or contorted trumpet.

Horn Distemper, a disease incident to horned cattle, affecting the internal substance of the horn, commonly called the pith, which it insensibly wastes, leaving the horn hollow.

HθRN-Work {ouvrage à corne), in fortification, an outwork composed of a front and two branches; the front consisting of two half bastions and a curtain. This work is of the nature of a crown-work, but smaller, and serves the same purposes. The use of horn-works, in general, is to occupy some rising grounds in advance of the principal fortification, the distance of which determines that of the hornwork; and they are placed either before the curtain or before the bastions, according to circumstances.
HORNBERG, a town of the duchy of Baden, in Germany, in the circle of Kinzig, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the Black Forest, comprehending one town and thirteen villages, with 8350 inhabitants. The town is situated in a romantic vale, and contains 1225 individuals.
HORNBY, a market-town in the parish of Meiling, of the hundred of Lonsdale, in the county of Lancaster, 249 miles from London. It is situated on the river Lyne, has a Gothic church with an octagonal tower, and near to it is an ancient castle, built by the Barons Monteagle. There is a good market held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 414, in 1811 to 420, in 1821 to 477, and in 1831 to 383.
HORNCASTLE, a town and parish of the county of Lincoln, in Lindsey Division, 136 miles from London. It stands on the river Bane, in a valley which at seasons is nearly overflowed. It was an ancient Roman station, and some of the walls constructed by the Romans are still visible. There is a medicinal spring near the town, but it is not much applied to. There is a good market, which is held on Saturday. A canal has been constructed, which connects the river Bane with the Witham. The population amounted in 1801 to 2015, in 1811 to 2622, in 1821 to 3058, and in 1831 to 3988.
HORNCHURCH, a town in the hundred of Romford, of the county of Essex, fourteen miles from London, the population of which amounted in 1801 to 1331, in 1811 to 1562, in 1821 to 1938, and in 1831 to 2186.
HORNERS, those people whose business it is to prepare various utensils from the horns of cattle. The homers were a considerable fraternity in the city of London some centuries ago. In the reign of Edward II. they complained to parliament, that by foreigners buying up the horns in England, they were in danger of being ruined, and their business lost to the nation. For this reason was made the statute 6 Edward IV. by which the sale of horns to foreigners, excepting such as the homers refused, was prohibited; and the wardens had power granted them to search all the markets in London, and twenty-four miles round, and to inspect Stourbridge and Ely fairs, to prevent such practices, and to purchase horns at stated prices. But on plausible pretences this law was repealed in the reign of James L> [7:11:565]and thereupon the old evil revived. The horners again applied to parliament, and King Edward’s statute was renewed, excepting as to the inspection of the fairs, and still, it is believed, remains in force.
HORNING, in Scotch Law, a writing issuing under the king’s signet, at the instance of a creditor against his debtor, commanding him, in the king’s name, to pay or perform within a certain time, under pain of being declared rebel and put in prison.
HORNINGSHAM, a town of the hundred of Heytesbury, in the county of Wilts, 102 miles from London, in which manufactures of fine cloths are extensively carried on. The population amounted in 1801 to 1030, in 1811 to 1118, in 1821 to 1267, and in 1831 to 1323.
HORNSEY, a large village of the hundred of Ossulton, in the county of Middlesex, five miles north of London, on the ascent of a hill commanding a view over the city. It is one of those places in which the richer citizens have built their rural retreats. The New River winds in a pleasing manner through the lower parts of the parish. The population amounted in 1801 to 2716, in 1811 to 3349, in 1821 to 4122, and in 1831 to 4856.
HORNPIPE, a common instrument of music in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe, with holes at stated distances, and a horn at each end; the one to collect the wind blown into it by the mouth, and the other to carry off the sound as modulated by the performer.

Hornpipe is also the name of an English air, probably derived from the above instrument. The measure of this air is triple time, with six crotchets in a bar, four of which are to. be beat with the hand down, and two up.
HOROGRAPHY, the art of making or constructing dials, called also dialling, horologiography, gnomonica, sciatherica, photosciatherica, and so on.
HOROLOGIUM, 'sìg¢Xoyzov (composed of ‰gα, hora, time, hour, and Xoyûg, speech, discourse), a common name amongst ancient writers for any instrument or machine for measuring the hours. (See Chronometer.)

Modern inventions and gradual improvements have given birth to some new terms, and annexed meanings to others totally different from those which they originally had. All chronometers which announced the hour by striking on a bell were called clocks. Thus we read of pocket-clocks, though nothing w0uld seem more absurd than to suppose that a clock, according to the modern idea, should be carried in the pocket. In like manner, all clocks which did not strike the hour were called watches or timepieces ; and the different parts of a striking clock were distinguished by the watch part and the clock part; the former meaning that part which measures the time, and the latter the part which proclaims the hours. In the report of Sir Isaac Newton to the House of Commons in 1713, relative to the longitude act, he states the difficulties of ascertaining the longitude by means of a watch; yet it is obvious, from several circumstances, that his remarks were directly to be understood of a timepiece, regulated by a pendulum; for his objections are founded on the known properties of the pendulum, some of which differ essentially from the properties of the balance and spring. It is also to be remembered that all the attempts of Huygens for finding the longitude were by means of pendulum clocks which did not strike the hour, and which consequently, according to the language of the times, were called watches. At this time such machines for measuring time as were fixed in one place were called clocks if they struck the hour; if they did not strike the hour, they were called time-pieces ; and when constructed with greater care, for a more accurate measure of time, they were called regulators. Some artists have affected to call such watches as were constructed for astronomical and nautical observations by the name of time pieces, probably to intimate that they possess the advantages of those constructed with a pendulum.
HOROPTER, in Optics, is a right line drawn through the point where the two optic axes meet, and parallel to that which joins the centres of the two eyes, or the two pupils.
HOROSCOPE, in Astrology, the degree or point of the heavens rising above the eastern point of the horizon at any given time when a prediction is to be made of a future event, as, the fortune of a person then born, the success of a design then laid, the weather, and so on. The word is composed of ωgα, hora, hour, and the verb tfκoτsω, video, I behold. Such was at one time the infatuation concerning horoscopes, that Albertus Magnus, Cardan, and others, are said to have had the temerity to draw that of Jesus Christ.

Horoscope is also used for a scheme or figure of the twelve houses or signs of the zodiac, in which is marked the disposition of the heavens for any given time. Thus we say, to draw a horoscope, to construct a horoscope, and the like. Calculating a nativity, is when the life and fortune of a person are the subject of the prediction.
HORREA, in Roman antiquity, were public magazines of corn and salt beef, out of which the soldiers were furnished on their march along the military roads of the empire. Horrea was also the name given to their granaries.
HORROX, Jeremiah, an English astronomer, and the first who observed the passage of Venus over the sun’s disc, was born at Toxteth, Lancashire, about 1619. Having acquired some grammatical learning at a school in the country, he was sent to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he spent some time in the ordinary routine of academical studies. About 1633 he began to turn his attention to astronomy, and spent some years, with little profit, in studying the writings of Lansbergius. In 1636, he became acquainted with Mr William Crabtree of Broughton, near Manchester, who was engaged in similar pursuits; and both occasionally consulted Mr Samuel foster, professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London. Horrox, having thus obtained a companion in his studies, resumed them with fresh vigour; he laid aside Lansbergius, whose tables he found as erroneous as his hypotheses were inconsistent; and having procured books and astronomical instruments, he applied himself at once to the theory of the science, and to the observation of the heavens. But whilst thus full of hope and of promise, he was suddenly cut off, on the 3d of January 1641, soon after he had completed the twenty-second year of his age. A short time before his death he had completed liis Venus in Sole Visa. This interesting phenomenon he had observed at Hoole, near Liverpool; but his observations did not appear till 1662, when Hevelius published them at Dantzig, with some of his own, under the title of Mercurius in Sole visus Gcdani anno 1661, Maij 3, cum aliis quibusdam rerum coelestium observationibus rarisque phoenomenis; cui annexa est Venus in Sole pariter visa anno 1639. Besides this work, he had commenced another, in which he proposed to refute the hypotheses of Lansbergius, and to draw up a new system of astronomy agreeably to celestial observations, but for the most part conformable to the Keplerian laws. Of the papers which Horrox left behind him, all that escaped destruction were published by Dr Wallis in 1673, under the title of Opera Posthuma. (a.)
HORROR strictly signifies such an excess of fear as makes a person tremble.

Horror of a Vacuum, was an imaginary principle amongst the ancient philosophers, to which they ascribed the ascent of water in pumps, and other similar phenomena, which are known to be occasioned by the simple weight or pressure of the atmosphere.
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HORSENS, a town of Denmark, at the mouth of a fiorde in Jutland, in the province of Ribe. It contains two churches, 504 houses, and 3650 inhabitants, who carry on fisheries, and some trade in corn and butter. Long. 9. 43. E. Lat. 55. 52.
HORSHAM, a market and borough town in the hundred of East Easewrith, and rape of Bramber, in the county of Sussex, thirty-six miles from London. It is an ancient place, according to tradition, built by Horsa, the brother of the Saxon Hengist. It stands on the upper part of the river Arun, in a fertile district. The county jail, a new building, is in the town, and also a county-hall, in which the assizes are held alternately with the town of Lewis. It is an ancient borough by prescription, and returned two members to parliament till 1832. It now returns one by about 600 voters. The market is held on Saturday, and well supplied. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3204, in 1811 to 3839, in 1821 to 4575, and hi 1831 to 5105.
HORSLEY, a town and parish in the hundred of Longtrees, in the county of Gloucester, 101 miles from London. It has a market, which is held on Saturday. The county bridewell is established here. There is some trade in making woollen goods. Formerly a priory existed, whose remains are still visible. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2971, in 1811 to 2925, in 1821 to 3565, and in 1831 to 3690.
HORST, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Limburg, and circle of Ruremont. It contains 2246 inhabitants; but is an extensive parish, which has a population of 4490, who are occupied in weaving linen and cotton goods.
HOSANNA, in the Hebrew ceremonies, a prayer which was rehearsed on the several days of the feast of tabernacles. It was so called, because in it was frequently repeated the word xapanrτ, serva nunc, or serva precor, save us now; or, save us, we pray. There were different hosannas, called by the Jews hoschannoth, that is, the hosannas. Some were rehearsed on the first day, others on the second, and so on, and they were called hosanna of the first day, hosanna of the second day, and so of the others.

Hosanna Rabba, or Grand Hosanna, is a name given to the feast of tabernacles, which lasted eight days, during the course of which they frequently invoked the assistance of God, the forgiveness of their sins, and his blessing on the new year, and for this purpose made great use of the hoschannoth, or prayers above mentioned. The Jews also applied the term hosanna rabba, in a more peculiar manner, to the seventh day of the feast of tabernacles, because on that day they in an especial manner invoked the divine blessing.
HOSEA, the first in number of the minor Hebrew prophets, as arranged in the Hebrew and Greek Bibles, although probably the third in chronological order. He was the son of Beeri; but it is uncertain to what tribe he belonged. He prophesied in the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the time of Jeroboam, king of Israel. If he uttered predictions during sixty-six years, that is, between 790 and 724 before Christ, then he discharged the office of a sacred seer eight years during the reign of Jeroboam II. thirty-three in that of Uzziah, during the entire reigns of Jotham and Ahaz, and three years under the reign of Hezekiah; but he could not have survived the taking of Samaria. He reproved the vices of kings as well as their subjects, mixing threatenings of divine vengeance with promises of pardon in case of repentance. His style is concise and sententious, and his comparisons are short and lively. He is sometimes distinguished by great force of expression, has many beautiful passages, and in some parts is truly sublime. Dr Newcome was of opinion that the chief difficulty in understanding this prophet is owing to the corrupt readings which disfigure the printed text; and these he freely corrected from the collations of Dr Kennicot. On the other hand, Dr Horsley protests earnestly against Dr Newcome’s opinion, declaring that the corruptions can be no cause of obscurity; but we must leave it to our readers to determine which of these great men is in the tight, from an attentive perusal of their own works, assured that they will decide in favour of him who furnishes the best helps for understanding the prophet.
HOSPINIAN, Rodolphus, one of the greatest writers that Switzerland has given birth to. He was born in 1547, at Altorf, near Zurich, obtained the freedom of Zurich, and was made provisor of the abbey-school. Notwithstanding this employment, he undertook a work of vast extent, being a History of the Errors of Popery. Though he could net complete this work according to the plan which he had formed, he published a considerable part of it; whilst his treatise on the Eucharist, and another work called Concordia Discors, exceedingly exasperated the Lutherans. He did not reply to them; but turning his arms against the Jesuits, published Historia Jesuitica. These writings gained him preferment; he was appointed archdeacon of Caroline church, and then minister of the abbey-church. He died in 1626; and an edition of his works was published at Geneva, 1681, in seven volumes folio.
HOSPITAL, popularly Spittal, a place or building erected, out of charity, for the reception and support of the poor, aged, infirm, sick, and otherwise helpless. The word is formed from the Latin hospes, host, stranger. See Host.

In the early ages of the church, the bishop had the immediate charge of all the poor, both healthy and diseased, as also of widows, orphans, strangers, and others. When the churches came to have fixed revenues allotted to them, it was decreed that at least one fourth part of these should go to the relief of the poor; and to provide for them the more commodious]y, houses of charity were built, which were afterwards denominated hospitals. They were governed wholly by the priests and deacons, under the inspection of the bishop. But in course of time, separate revenues were assigned for the hospitals; and particular persons, from motives of piety and charity, gave lands and money for erecting hospitals. When the church discipline began to relax, the priests, who till then had been the administrators of hospitals, converted them into a sort of benefices, which they held at pleasure, without accounting to any body, reserving the greater part of the income to their own use, so that the intentions of the founders were in a great measure frustrated. To remove this abuse, the council of Vienne expressly prohibited the giving any hospital to secular priests in the way of a benefice; and directed the administration of these establishments to be committed to sufficient and responsible laymen, who should take an oath, like that of tutors, for the faithful discharge of its duties, and be accountable to the ordinaries. This decree was executed and confirmed by the council of Trent.

In Britain hospitals are buildings properly endowed, or otherwise supported by charitable contributions, for the reception and support of the poor, aged, infirm, sick, or helpless.
HOSPITALLERS, Hospitalarii, an order of religious knights, who built at Jerusalem an hospital, in which pilgrims were received. To these Pope Clement V. transferred the effects and revenues of the Templars, whom, by a council held at Vienne, he suppressed for their numerous and flagrant misdemeanours. These hospitallers, otherwise called knights of St John of Jerusalem, are the same with those who were latterly called knights of Malta.
HOSPITIUM, a term used in old writers either for an inn or a monastery, built for the reception of strangers and travellers.
HOSPODAR, a title borne by the princes of Moldavia and Wallachia, who used to receive the investiture of their principalities from the grand seignior. He gave them a vest and standard; they were under his protection, and obliged to serve him; and he even sometimes deposed them; but in other respects they were absolute sovereigns within their own dominions. But since the treaty of Adrianople, concluded between Russia and Turkey in 1829, the former power has acquired an ascendency in these principalities, and obtained a complete control over the nomination of the hospodars.
HOSSEEPOOR, a town of Hindustan, province of Bahar, eighty-two miles north-west from Patna. Long. 84. 17. E. Lat. 26. 25. N.
HOSSEIN-ABDAUL, a town of Hindustan, province of Lahore, situated thirty miles east of the Indus. It is the frontier town of the Afghans, and has been a frequent object of contention between them and the Sikhs. Long. 71. 43. E. Lat. 33. N.