pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ASSIDEANS, or Chasidaeans (from the Hebrew chasidim, merciful, pious), those Jews who resorted to .Mattathias to fight for the law of God and the liberties of their country. They were men of great valour and zeal, having voluntarily devoted themselves to a more strict observance of the law than other men; for after the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity there were two sorts of men in their church,—those who contented themselves with that obedience only which was prescribed by the law of Moses, and who were called Zadikim, i. e. the righteous, — and those who, over and above the law, superadded the constitutions and traditions of the elders, and other rigorous observances: these latter were called Chasidim, i. e. the pious. From the former sprung the

Samaritans, Sadducees, and Caraites; from the latter the Pharisees and the Essenes.
ASSIENTO, a Spanish word signifying a farm, in commerce, is used to denote a treaty between the king of Spain and other powers, for importing negroes into the Spanish dominions in America.
ASSIGNATION, in the law of Scotland, is the term applied to the transference of a right by deed of conveyance.
ASSIMILATION, in Physics, is that motion by which bodies convert other bodies into their own substance and nature.
ASSIN, an. African country of considerable extent, situated in the interior, now comprehended under the dominion of Ashantee.
ASSISSI, a city in the delegation of Perugia, in the papal territory of Italy. It contains 20 churches, 12 monasteries for begging friars, and about 4000 inhabitants, mostly poor, and depending for subsistence on the saintly devotees, who, to the number of many thousands, make annual pilgrimages to the cathedral, which contains the tomb of St Francis, the founder of the Franciscan order. Long. 12. 29. 23. E. Lat. 43. 4. 22. N.
ASSITHMENT, a wiregeld, or composition, by a pecuniary mulct; from the preposition ad, and the Sax. sithe, vice ; quod vice supplicii ad expiandum delictum solvitur.
ASSIZE, in old English law-books, is defined to be an assembly of knights and other substantial men, together with a justice, in a certain place and at a certain time; but the word, in its present acceptation, implies a court, place, or time, when and where processes, whether civil or criminal, are decided by judge and jury.
ASSOCIATION, the act of associating or constituting a society or partnership, in order to carry on some scheme, affair, or business, with more advantage. The word is Latin, associatio ; and compounded of ad, to, and socio, to join.

Association of Ideas. See Metaphysics.
ASSODNAGUR, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Bejapoor, the capital of a Mahratta district of the same name, 68 miles S.E. from Poonah. Long. 74.55. E. Lat. 18. 6. N.
ASSOILZIE, in I^aw, to absolve or free by sentence of court.
ASSONANCE, in Rhetoric and Poetry, a term used where the words of a phrase or a verse have the same sound or termination, and yet make no proper rhyme. These are usually accounted vicious in English, though the Romans sometimes used them with elegance, as Militem comparavit, exercitum ordinavit, aciem lustravit.
ASSONANT Rhymes is a term particularly applied to a kind of verses common among the Spaniards, where a resemblance of sound serves instead of a natural rhyme. Thus ligera, cubierta, tierra, mesa, may answer each other in a kind of assonant rhyme, having each an e in the penult syllable, and an a in the last.
ASSUMPSIT, in the Law of England, a voluntary promise, whereby a person assumes or takes upon him to perform or pay any thing to another.
ASSUMPTION, a festival in the Romish church, in honour of the miraculous ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven. The Greek church also observes this festival, and celebrates it on the 15th of August with great ceremony.

Assumption, in Logic, is the minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism.

Assumption, or Assongong, one of the Marianne or Ladrone Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, of a conical figure, .and 600 feet in height. It is of a dreary aspect, and almost totally covered with lava from the eruptions of a volcano in the centre. It has no anchorage near the shore. Long. 140. 55. E, Lat. T9. 45. N.
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Assumption, an island iri North America, in the Gulf of .St Lawrence, at the mouth of the great river of the same name. Long. 60. 40. W. Lat. 49. 30. N.

Assumption, the capital city of the province of Paraguay in South America. It is situated on an obtuse angle formed by the eastern bank of the river Paraguay, 18 miles above the junction of the first mouth of the Pilcomayo, and 48 above that of the second. It was originally a small fort, but, from the convenience of its situation, in a few years it became a city, and in 1547 was erected into a bishopric. The adjacent territory is rich and fertile in a high degree, and abounds in a great variety of fruits. The air is temperate and the climate salubrious; the trees are perpetually green, and the rich pastures in the neighbourhood feed numerous flocks of cattle. The city is inhabited by Spaniards, Indians, and Mestizoes, who trade in hides, tobacco, and sugar. The Paraguay affords a channel of communication between Buenos Ayres and this place; but the passage is long, owing to the rapid flow of the waters of that river: this, however, is considerably obviated by the favourable winds which blow from the south for a great part of the year. Long. 59. 35. W. Lat. 24. 47. S.
ASSUMPTIVE Arms, in Heraldry, are such as a person has a right to assume with the approbation of his sovereign and of the heralds.
ASSURANCE, or Insurance. See Insurance.
ASSYE, a small town of Hindostan, in the province of Berar, 24 miles N.N.E. from Jalnapoor, noted for a battle fought near it in September 1803, between a force of 4500 men under General Wellesley, afterwards the Duke of Wellington, and the combined armies of Sindia and the rajah of Nagpoor, amounting to 30,000 men, in which the British were victorious, though with severe loss. Long. 76. 40. E. Lat. 20. 14. N.
ASSYN-Kalesi, a village of Asia Minor, in Caria, occupying a peninsula among the branches of Mount Grius, with a mean but extensive fortress on the summit of the rock. This village stands on the site of the ancient Jasus, a considerable city, and many antiquities are still to be seen in it. Some of the most spacious sepulchres are at present inhabited by Greek families as their ordinary dwellings. Long. 27. 32. E. Lat. 37. 18. N.
ASTABAT, a town of Persian Armenia, situated near the river Aras, the ancient Araxes, 20 miles south-east of Nacsivan. It is a small but neat place, and each house is supplied with a well of water. The neighbouring country is fertile, and produces good wine. There is a root peculiar to this country, called ronas, used for dyeing red, great quantities of which are cultivated by the inhabitants and exported to India. Long. 46. 30. E. Lat. 39. N.
ASTAFORT, a town of France, in Gascony. It is the head of a canton in the department of the Lot and Garonne, arrondissement of Agen, and contains 4140 inhabitants.
ASTANDA, in Antiquity, a royal courier or messenger, the same with Angarus. King Darius of Persia is said by Plutarch, in his book on the fortune of Alexander, to have formerly been an astanda.
ASTARA, a town of Persia, and capital of a district, the governor of which is independent of Ghilan and Schirvan. It is situated on the river Astara. 70 miles N. of Reshd, and 100 E. of Tabriz. Long. 49. E. Lat. 38. 20. N.
ASTARAKAT, a town of Persia, in the province of Segistan or Seistan. 100 miles N. of Zareng; 220 W.N.W. of Candahar.
ASTAROTH, or Ashtaroth, in Antiquity, a goddess of the Sidonians. The word is Syriac, and signifies sheep, especially when their udders are turgid with milk. From the fecundity of these animals, which in Syria continue to breed a long time, they formed the notion of a deity, whom they called Astaroth or Astarte. Solomon, in compliment to one of his queens, erected an altar to her. In the reign of Ahab, Jezebel caused her worship to be performed with much pomp and ceremony; she had 400 priests; the women were employed in weaving hangings or tabernacles for her; and Jeremiah observes, that “the children gathered the wood, the fathers kindled the fire, and the women kneaded the dough, to make cakes for the queen of heaven.”
ASTELL, Mary, an English authoress of some name, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the year 1668. Her father, who was a merchant, committed the education of his daughter to her uncle, who was a clergyman. Convinced of the general injury done to young ladies at that period by the deficiency of their education, he taught her the Latin and French languages, and instructed her in the principles of logic, mathematics, and natural philosophy. Having spent 20 years of her life in Newcastle, she went to London, where she continued the pursuit of her studies; and, deeply affected with the general ignorance of her sex, she employed the first fruits of her pen to rouse them to a proper emulation, in a work entitled A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, wherein a Method is offered for the Improvement of their Minds, printed in 12mo, at London, 1697. The chief object of this work was to recommend the erection of a seminary for female education. She next wrote a book entitled Reflections on Marriage, which was published in 1700. This lady was a zealous advocate for the religious system commonly called orthodox, and in politics defended the doctrine of non-resistance. About this time she published some controversial pieces, among which are the following:—Moderation Truly Stated; A Fair Way with the Dissenters; An Impartial Enquiry into the Causes of the Rebellion; and A Vindication of the Royal Martyrs; all printed in 4to, in 1704. Her most finished performance was, The Christian Religion, as professed by a Daughter of the Church of England; published in 1705, in a large octavo volume. She died in the year 1731.
ASTELL’S Island, one of the English Company’s islands, at the north-west part of the Gulf of Carpentaria, of moderate height, and wooded. Iron ore is found here. Lat. 11.55. S.
ASTERIA or Star-Stone. This name is given to certain varieties of the perfect corundum, when cut in a peculiar manner. The structure of this gem is that of a hexagonal prism, surmounted by a double hexagonal pyramid, which, when cut perpendicular to the axis, and rounded off in the form of a ring-stone, very often presents, when held up to a strong light, a distinct star of six rays. This phenomenon frequently occurs in sapphires and rubies, and, when perfect, the gem is highly prized.

The same name has been given to the joints of an extraneous fossil, merely from the form they present.
ASTERISK, a mark in form of a star (*), placed over a word or sentence, to refer the reader to the margin, or elsewhere, for a quotation, explanation, or the like..
ASTERN, a sea phrase, used to signify any thing at some distance behind the ship; being the opposite of Ahead, which signifies the space before her.

-ASTI, a province of the duchy of Piedmont, in the [7:3:719]continental dominions of the king of Sardinia. It is bounded on the north-east and east by Alessandria, on the south-east by Aqui, on the south-west by Alba, and on the west and north-west by Turin. It extends over 400 square miles, or 256,000 acres. It is a plain, with gentle undulations, watered by the Tanaro and the Po; fruitful in all the productions of Italy, but more especially in corn, wine, and silk. It contains one city and 109 towns and villages, inhabited by 110,623 persons.

Asti, the capital of the above province, is a large and well-built town, standing on the left bank of the Tanaro, in Upper Italy. It is the see of a bishop, who is a suffragan of the archbishop of Turin. It contains many churches and monastical institutions, with 22,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in corn, wine, and silk, which is not a little promoted by the situation of the town on the high road from Alessandria to Turin and Coni. 20 miles W. of Alessandria, and 24 E. of Turin.
ASTOMI, in anthropology, a people feigned without mouths. Pliny speaks of a nation of Astomi in India, who lived only by the smell or effluvia of bodies taken in by the nose.
ASTORGA, a city of Spain, in the province of Leon, situated on a plain near the river Tuerto, and having the appellation of a marquisate, which title it confers on a noble family. It is surrounded with ancient fortifications, and has near it a castle in ruins. It has a cathedral, being the see of a bishop under the church of Compostella. It was called “the city of priests,” from the great numbers of that profession that were formerly resident within its walls. It contains 2000 inhabitants. Long. 5. 38. 53. W. Lat. 42. 27. 9. N.
ASTRAEA, in Astronomy, a name which some give tô the sign Virgo, by others called Erigone, and sometimes Isis. The poets feign that Justice quitted heaven to reside on earth in the golden age; but growing weary of the iniquities of mankind, she left the earth and returned to heaven, where she commenced a constellation of stars, and from her orb still looks down on the ways of men.
ASTRAGALOMANCY, a species of divination performed by throwing small pieces, with marks corresponding to the letters of the alphabet, the accidental disposition of which formed the answer required. This kind of divination was practised in a temple of Hercules in Achaia. The word is derived from α<wgayαλog, and μrnrua, divination.
ASTROGNOSIA, the science of the fixed stars, or the knowledge of their names, constellations, magnitudes, &c.
ASTROLABE, the name for a stereographic projection of the sphere, either upon the plane of the equator, the eye being supposed to be in the pole of the world, or upon the plane of the meridian, when the eye is supposed in the point of the intersection of the equinoctial and horizon.

Astrolade is also the name of an instrument formerly used for taking the altitude of the sun or stars at sea.

Astrolade, among the ancients, was the same as our armillary sphere.
ASTROLOGY, a pretended science, teaching to judge of the effects and influences of the stars, and to foretel future events by the situation and different aspects of the heavenly bodies.

This science was divided into two branches, natural and judiciary. To the former belonged the predicting of natural effects; as the changes of weather, winds, storms, hurricanes, thunder, floods, earthquakes, &c. Judiciary or judicial astrology is that which pretended to foretel moral events, as if they were directed by the stars. It is commonly said to have been invented in Chaldea, and thence transmitted to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans; though some will have it of Egyptian origin. At Rome the people were so infatuated with it, that the astrologers, or, as they were then called, the mathematicians, maintained their ground in spite of all the edicts of the emperors expelling them from the city. The same superstition has prevailed in modern nations. The French historians tell us, that in the time of Queen Catherine d’ Medici, astrology was so much in vogue that the most inconsiderable thing was not to be done without consulting the stars. And in the reigns of king Henry III. and IV. of France, the predictions of astrologers were the common theme of the court conversation.
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ASTYAGES, son of Cyaxares, the last king of the Medes. He dreamed, that from the womb of his daughter Mandane, married to Cambyses king of Persia, there sprung a vine that spread itself over all Asia. She being with child, he resolved upon the destruction of the infant when born, and commissioned Harpagus to execute his barbarous purpose, who, however, preserved the child, which was named Cyrus. Astyages long afterwards hearing that his inhuman plan had been thus frustrated, caused Harpagus to eat his own son. Harpagus called in Cyrus, who dethroned his grandfather, and thereby ended the monarchy of the Medes.
ASTYANAX, the only son of Hector and Andromache. After the taking of Troy he was thrown from the top of a tower by Ulysses’s orders.
ASTYNOMI, in Grecian antiquity, magistrates in Athens, corresponding to the aediles of the Romans: they were ten in number.
ASYLUM, a sanctuary or place of refuge where criminals shelter themselves from the hands of justice. The word is compounded of the privative particle α, and πυλαω, I hurt; because no person could be taken out of an asylum without sacrilege. The asyla of altars and temples were very ancient, and likewise those of tombs, statues, and other monuments of considerable personages. Thus, the temple of Diana at Ephesus was a refuge for debtors, the tomb of Theseus for slaves. Among the Romans, a celebrated asylum was opened by Romulus between the mounts Palatine and Capitoline, in order to people Rome, for all sorts of persons indiscriminately, fugitive slaves, debtors, and criminals of every kind. The Jews had their asyla, the most remarkable of which were the six cities of refuge, the temple, and the altar of burnt-offerings. It was customary among the heathens to allow refuge and impunity even to the vilest and most flagrant offenders; some out of superstition, and others for the sake of peopling their cities. We even read of asylums at Lyons and Vienne among the ancient Gauls; and there are some cities in Germany which still preserve the ancient right of asylum. Hence, on the medals of several ancient cities, particularly in Syria, we meet with the inscription AΣTΛOI, to which is added EPAL This quality of asylum was given them, according to Μ. Spanheim, in regard to their temples, and to the gods revered by them. The emperors Honorius and Theodosius granting the like immunities to churches, the bishops and monks laid hold of a certain tract or territory, without which they fixed the bounds of the secular jurisdiction; and so well did they manage their privileges, that convents in a little time became next akin to fortresses, where the most notorious villains were in safety, and braved the power of the magistrate. These privileges were extended not only to the churches and churchyards, but also to the bishops’ houses, whence the criminal could not be removed without a legal assurance of life, and an entire remission of the crime. The reason of the extension was, that they might not be obliged to live altogether in the churches, &c. where several of the occasions of life could not be decently performed. But at length these asyla or sanctuaries were also stripped of most of their immunities, because they served to make guilt and libertinage more bold and daring. In England, particularly, they were entirely abolished. See Sanctuary.
ASSYMETRY, the want of proportion between the parts of any thing; being the contrary of symmetry. Or, it is the relation of two quantities which have no common measure, as between 1 and √2, or the side and diagonal of a square.
ASYMPTOTE, in Geometry, a line which continually approaches nearer to another, but, though continued infinitely, will never meet with it.
ASYNDETON, in Grammar, a figure which omits the conjunctions in a sentence. As in veni, vidi, vici, where et is left out; or in that of Cicero concerning Catiline, abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit.
ATE, the goddess of mischief, in the Pagan theology. She was daughter of Jupiter, and cast down from heaven at the birth of Hercules. For Juno having deceived Jupiter, in causing Eurystheus to be born before Hercules, Jupiter expressed his resentment on Ate, as the author of that mischief, and threw her headlong from heaven to the earth, swearing she should never return thither again (Homer, 11. xix. 125). The name of this goddess comes from αταω, noceo, “to hurt.”
AIEMPO Giusto, in Music, signifies to sing or play in an equal, true, and just time.

Al ERGATIS, in Mythology, a goddess of the Syrians, supposed to be the mother of Semiramis. She was represented with the face and breasts of a woman, but the rest of her body resembled a fish. Vossius says the term signifies without fish, and conjectures that the votaries of this deity abstained from fish.
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ATESTE, a town in Austrian Lombardy, in Italy, now called Este. Long. 12. 6. E. Lat. 45. 25. N.
ATH, or Aeth, a city of the circle of Tournay and province of Hennegau, in the kingdom of the Netherlands. It is situated on the river Dender, is well built and strongly fortified, has a new arsenal, with several bomb-proof magazines, and, exclusive of the garrison, contained in 1817 a population of 8296 inhabitants, who are very industrious, and employed in refining sugar and salt, in making soap, beer, and gin, and in the linen manufactory. It is 25 miles from Brussels. Long. 3. 44. 6. E. Lat. 50. 42. 17. N.
ATHANASIAN Creed, a formulary or confession of faith, long supposed to have been drawn up by Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, in the fourth century, to justify himself against the calumnies of his Arian enemies. But it is now generally allowed among the learned not to have been his. Dr Waterland ascribes it to Hilary, bishop of Arles, for the following among other reasons:—!. Because Honoratus of Marseilles, the writer of his life, tells us that he composed an Exposition of the Creed ; a more proper title for the Athanasian than that of Creed simply, which it now bears. 2. Hilary was a great admirer and follower of St Austin; and the whole composition of this creed is in a manner upon St Austin’s plan, both with respect to the Trinity and incarnation. 3. It is agreeable to the style of Hilary, as far as we can judge from the little that is left of his works. Upon the whole he concludes, that Hilary, bishop of Arles, about the year 430 composed the Exposition of Faith, which now bears the name of the Athanasian Creed, for the use of the Gallican clergy, and particularly those of the diocese of Arles; that, about the year 570, it became famous enough to be commented upon; but that all this while, and for several years longer, it had not yet acquired the name of Athanagian, but was simply styled The Catholic Faith; that before 679 Athanasius’s admired name came in to recommend and adorn it, being in itself an excellent system of the Athanasian principles of the Trinity and incarnation, in opposition chiefly to the Arians, Macedonians, and Apollinarians. Such is the hypothesis of the learned author of the Critical History of the Athanasian Creed. As to the reception of this creed in the Christian churches, we find that it obtained in France in the time of Hinemar, or about 850; that it was received in Spain about 100 years later than in France, and in Germany much about the same time. As to our own country, we have clear and positive proofs of this creed being sung alternately in our churches in the 10th century. It was in common use in some parts of Italy, particularly in the diocese of Verona, about the year 960, and was received at Rome about the year 1014. As to the Greek and oriental churches, it has been questioned whether any of them ever received this creed at all; though some very considerable writers are of a contrary persuasion. It appears, then, that the reception of this creed has been both general and ancient, and it may vie with any, in that respect, except the Nicene or Constantinopolitan, the only general creed common to all the churches. As to its matter, it is given as a summary of the true orthodox 'aith, and a condemnation of all heresies ancient and modern. Unhappily, however, it has proved a fruitful source of unprofitable controversy and unchristian animosity.