pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SUPERLATIVE, in Grammar, one of the degrees of[7:20:811] comparison, being that inflection of adjective nouns that serves to augment and heighten their signification, and shows the quality of the thing denoted to be in the highest degree.
SUPERPARTICULAR Proportion, or Ratio, is that in which the greater term exceeds the less by unit or 1: as the ratio of 1 to 2, or 2 to 3, or 3 to 4.
SUPERPARTIENT Proportion, or Ratio, is when the greater term contains the less terra once, and leaves some number greater than 1 remaining: as the ratio of 3 to 5, which is equal to that of 1 to 1 2 / 3 ; of 7 to 10, which is equal to that of 1 to 1 3 / 7 .
SUPINE, in Latin grammar, part of the conjugation of a verb, being a verbal substantive of the singular number and the fourth declension. There are two kinds of supines; one, called the first supine, ending in urn of the accusative case, which is always of an active signification, and follows a verb of motion, as abiit deambulatum; the other, called the last supine, and ending in u of the ablative case, is of a passive signification, and is governed by substantives or adjectives, as facile dictu.
SUPPORTERS, in Heraldry, figures in an achievement, placed by the side of the shield, and seeming to support or hold up the same. Supporters are chiefly figures of beasts: figures of human creatures for the like purpose are called tenants.
SUPPOSITORY, a kind of medicated cone or ball, which is introduced into the anus for opening the belly. It is usually composed of common honey mixed up with soap or oil, and formed into pieces of the length and thickness of the little finger, only pyramidal.
SUPRALAPSARIANS, in Theology, persons who hold that God, without any regard to the good or evil works of men. has resolved, by an eternal decree, supra lapsum, antecedently to any knowledge of the fall of Adam, and independently of it, to save some and to condemn others; or, in other words, that God intended to glorify his justice in the condemnation of some, as well as his mercy in the salvation of others; and for that purpose decreed that Adam should necessarily fall, and by that fall bring himself and all his offspring into a state of everlasting condemnation. These are also called antelapsaries, and are opposed to sublapsaries and infralapsaries. According to the supra-lapsarians, the object of predestination is, homo creabilis et labilis; and, according to the sublapsarians and infralapsa-rians, homo creatus el lapsus.
SURAJEGHUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, district of Monghier, sixty-eight miles east-southeast of Patna. Long 86. 15. E. Lat. 25. 14. N.
SURAJEPOOR, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, fifty-one miles south-west by south from Lucknow, pleasantly situated on the west side of the Ganges.
SURCINGLE, a girdle with which the clergy of the Church of England usually tie their cassocks.
SURCOAT, a coat of arms, to be worn over body armour. The surcoat is properly a loose thin taftety coat, with arms embroidered or painted on it; such as is worn by heralds, and anciently used by military men over their armour to distinguish themselves by.
SURD, in Arithmetic and Algebra, denotes any number or quantity that is incommensurable to unity: it is otherwise called an irrational number or quantity.
SURDASTRUM, the ancient name of a drum used as an accompaniment to a pastoral pipe in a dance which was supposed to have the virtue of rendering harmless the bite of the tarantula.
SURDY, a small uninhabited island in the Persian Gulf, situated to the south of Kishme. Lat. 25. 54. N.
SURF is a term used by seamen to express a peculiar swell and breaking of the sea upon the shore. It sometimes forms but a single range along the shore, and at others three or four behind one another, extending perhaps half a mile out to sea.[7:20:820]
SURINAM. See Guiana.
SURPLICE, the habit of the officiating clergy in the Church of England. By Can. 58, every minister saying the public prayers, or ministering the sacrament or other rites of the church, shall wear a decent and comely surplice with sleeves, to be provided at the charge of the parish. But by 1 Eliz. c. 2, and 13 and 14 Car. IL, the garb prescribed by act of parliament, in the second year of King Edward VI. is enjoined; and this requires, that in the say- 'ng or singing of matins, and even songs, baptizing and burying, the minister in parish churches and chapels shall use a surpiice. And in all cathedral churches and colleges, the archdeacon, dean, provosts, masters, prabendaries, and[7:20:847] fellows, being graduates, may use in the choir, besides their surplices, such hoods as pertain to their several degrees; but in all other places every minister shall be at liberty to use a surplice or not. And hence, in marrying, churching of women, and other offices not specified in this rubric, and even in the administration of the holy communion, it seems that a surplice is not necessary. Indeed for the holy communion the rubric appoints a white alb plain, which differs from the surplice in being close-sleeved, with a vestment or cope.
SURROOL, a town of Bengal, district of Birbhoom, where the East India Company have a factory for white cottons. Long. 87. 42. E. Lat. 23. 39. N.
SURSOLID, or Surdesolid, in Arithmetic, the fifth power of a number, or the fourth multiplication of any number, considered as a root.
SURSUTTY, a river of Hindustan, which rises in the mountains on the north-east boundary of the province of Delhi, and running south-west, is lost in the sands of Ajmeer. A town and fortress of the same name is situated on the western bank of this river, and now belongs to an independent chief. Long. 75. 27. E. Lat. 29. 13. N.
SURVIVORSHIP. See Annuities and Mortality.
SUSA, the ancient royal residence of the kings of Persia, built by Darius the son of Hystaspes, according to Pliny, though he perhaps only restored it, being a very ancient city, founded by Tithonus, father of Memnon. Its compass was said by ancient authors to be 120 stadia; but the ruins give us the idea of a still greater extent. They are situated on the east side of the river Kerah, in the latitude of 32°, stretching not less than twelve miles from one extremity to the other. These ruins consist of hillocks of earth and rubbish, covered with broken pieces of brick and coloured tile. One of these hillocks is a mile in circumference, and 100 feet high. Another, though not quite so high, has double the circuit. Large blocks of marble covered with hieroglyphics are frequently discovered by the Arabs. There is a building, apparently modern, called the tomb of Daniel.

Susa, a province of the department of Turin, in the continental part of the kingdom of Sardinia. It is on the frontier towards France. It is 704 square miles in extent, and forms a large valley with two terminations or horns, through one of which is the road over Mount Genevre to France by the Cottian Alps, and the other passes over Mount Cenis, and so into Savoy; but the latter is by far the preferable road. In the western part of the province lofty rugged rocks and even glaciers are to be seen; but in the west is an alternation of valleys and gentle hills, with a fertile soil watered by the river Dora, which runs to Turin. The district produces abundance of wine, flax, hemp, and silk, but is deficient in corn, and chestnuts are much used as a substitute for grain. There are iron mines and marble quarries worked; and much linen is spun and woven. The province has the title of a marquisate, and contains a city, with sixty-five towns and villages, and about 70,000 inhabitants.

The capital is the city of the same name at the foot of the Alps, on the river Dora, which here receives the Ei-nische. The town is badly fortified, and is rather meanly built. It is the see of a bishop, has a cathedral and two monasteries, with nearly 2000 inhabitants, whose chief occupation is making gloves, and spinning cotton thread. It is a place of great antiquity, and must have been formerly of importance in a military view, from its situation on the only road then known from Gaul into Italy; to defend which it had the castles of Santa Maria and La Brunette, which were destroyed by the French in 1796. Here stands a beautiful triumphal arch in honour of Augustus, which is in good preservation. This place is twenty-three miles from Turin, in longitude 6. 50. 10. E., and latitude 45. 8. N.
SUSEDOON, a town of Hindustan, province of Delhi, situated near the ancient canal of the Sultan Feroz. Long. 76. 30. E. Lat. 29. 20. N.
SUSPENSION, in musical harmony. See Music.
SUSSEX, an English maritime county, bounded on the east by Kent, on the north by that county and Surrey, on; the west by Hampshire, and on the south by the British Channel. It is of an oblong shape, being about seventy miles in length from east to west, and nowhere more than twenty-six miles in breadth from north to south. Its area is 1463 square miles, or 936,320 statute acres. It is divided into six portions, provincially called rapes, which are again divided into sixty-five hundreds, and contain 313 parishes. The greater part of the county is within the diocese of Chichester; but the deaneries of Pagham and South Malling, and All-Saints in Chichester, form a part of the peculiar of the archbishop of Canterbury.

The population of this county at the four decennial periods of enumeration amounted, in 1801 to 59,311, in 1811 to 190,083, in 1821 to 233,019, and in 1831 to 272,800.

At the last period the distribution of the inhabitants was, Occupiers of land employing labourers 3,160

Occupiers not employing labourers 1,330

Labourers employed in agriculture 26,125

Labourers employed in manufactures 109

Labourers in retail trade and handicraft. 19,208

Capitalists, bankers, &c 3,094

Labourers not agricultural 8,151[7:21:10] Description of Kent and Sussex; Gilpin’s Observations; Pennant’s Journey from London to the Isle of Wight; Beauties of England and Wales.
SUTALURY, a town of Bengal, province of Bakergunge, which trades to some extent in grain. Long. 90. 10. E. Lat. 22. 38. N.
SUTCHANA, a town of Hindustan, province of Gujerat, situated to the east of Noanagur, to the chief of which it belongs. An extensive fishery is carried on along this part of the Gulf of Cutch. The pearl-oyster fishery is also carried on here, and is a source of revenue. Lat. not ascertained.
SUTLER, one who follows the army, and furnishes the troops with provision. Sutlers pitch their tents or build their huts in the rear of each regiment, and about headquarters.
SUTTON-COLDFIELD, a town in the hundred of Hemlingford and county of Warwick, 112 miles from London. It is situated on a bleak hill in a very extensive parish. It has a good church, with a high square tower. The town is neat, and contains many comfortable residences. There is a market on Wednesday, and several fairs. The inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in the manufacture of articles connected with the Birmingham trade, amounted in 1821 to 3466, and in 1831 to 3684.
SUTULEGE, a celebrated river of Hindustan, and the easternmost of those five rivers which are called the Punjab. It has its rise in the lofty ridge of the Himalaya Mountains, and flows in a southerly direction, bounding to the east the country of Lahore, where it enters Hindustan at Bellaspoor. The stream is 100 yards wide when the waters are at the lowest. About the middle of its course it is joined by the Beyah or Hyphasis, in the latitude of 30. N., after which the united stream takes the name of Kirah. It falls into the Indus near the 29th degree, about eighty miles below Moultan. It is navigable 200 miles above its conflux with the lndus. The length of its course, including its windings, may be 600 miles.
SWAFFHAM, a town of the hundred of South Greenhoe, in the county of Norfolk, ninety-three miles from London. It is well built, in a pleasant and healthful district. The church is of the cathedral form, with an elegant turret and steeple. It is not a place of much trade, but has a good market on Saturday. In the market is a handsome cross erected at the expense of the earl of Orford. The number of inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 2350, in 1821 to 2836, and in 1831 to 3285.
SWALLY, a seaport of Hindustan, province of Gujerat, situated at the mouth of the Taptee river; twenty miles' west by south of Surat, of which it may be considered as the port. Long. 72. 50. E. Lat. 21.5. E.
SWAN Isles, a cluster of small rocky islets, which lie between the north coast of Van Diemen’s Land and the south of New Holland. They are uninhabited.
SWANAGE, a town of the hundred of Rowbarrow, in the county of Dorset, on the isle of Purbeck, 127 miles from London. It stands on the sea-shore. A large quantity of stone is shipped from this place for London. The population amounted in 1811 to 1483, in 1821 to 1607, and in 1831 to 1734.[7:21:13]
SWANPAN, or Chinese Abacus, an instrument for performing arithmetical operations. See Abacus.
SWANSEA, a seaport town of South Wales, in the county of Glamorgan, 206 miles from London. It stands at the mouth of the river Tawy, which serves as its haven. It is a tidal harbour, and can only be entered with the flood-tides, but it has a good dry dock. The town is in a semicircular form, on a rising ground, and has a good appearance. The chief street is wide and long, and contains some very handsome houses of private persons, but scarcely a public building worthy of notice. The shipping that arrives and departs is numerous. The copper ore raised in Cornwall is brought to this town to be smelted in its vicinity. A vast quantity of coal is raised in the neighbour hood, part of which is used in the several manufactories; but a large portion is also exported to Cornwall, Devon, and Somerset. There are establishments for making pottery-ware, tin, cast and wrought iron, and beer. Swansea has of late become a much-frequented bathing place, and has been supplied with all the institutions usually found in similar towns, lt is a borough, and for municipal purposes is divided into three wards, and is governed by a portreeve, six aldermen, and seventeen councillors. Jointly with Aberavon, Kenfig, Loughor, and Neath, it returns one member to the House of Commons. It has several fine gentlemen’s seats near it. The market is on Wednesday, but the town is well supplied with provisions daily. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 10,007, and in 1831 to 13,256.
SWEEP, in the sea-language, is that part of the mould of a ship where she begins to compass in the rung-heads.
SWINDON, a town of the hundred of Kingsbridge in Wiltshire, eighty-three miles from London. It is a neat, well-built town, with a market on Monday, and several fairs. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1341, in 1821 to 1580. and in 1831 to 1742.
SWINESHEAD, a town in the hundred of Kirton and county of Lincoln, 120 miles from London. It is a place of inconsiderable trade, with a market on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 1561, in 1821 to 1696, and in 1831 to 1994.
SWORD, an offensive weapon worn at the side, and serving either to cut or stab. Its parts are, the handle, guard, and blade; to which may be added the bow, scabbard, pummel, &c.

Sword of State, which is borne before the king, lords, and governors of counties, cities, or boroughs, &c. For or before the king, it ought to be carried upright; the hilt as low as the bearer’s waist, the blade up between his eyes. For or before a duke, the blade must decline from the head, and be carried between the neck and the right shoulder. For or before an earl, the blade is to be carried between the point of the shoulder and the elbow; and for or before a baron, the blade is to be borne in the bend of the arm.
SYDABAD, a town of Hindustan, province of Agra, 20 miles south by east from the city of Agra. Long. 77. 57. E. Lat. 27. 30. N.
SYDAPORUM, a town of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, 90 miles N.N.W. from Madras. Long. 79.45. E. Lat. 14. 11. N.
SYDENHAM, Thomas, an excellent English physician, was the son of William Sydenham of Winford Eagle, in Dorsetshire, and was born there about the year 1624. He studied at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, but left that university when Oxford was garrisoned for King Charles I., and went to London, where, becoming acquainted with Dr Cox, an eminent physician, that gentleman persuaded him to apply himself to the study of physic. Accordingly, after the garrison was delivered up to the parliament, he retired again to Magdalen Hall, entered on the study of medicine, and in 1648 was created bachelor of physic. He was soon afterwards made a fellow of All-Souls College, and continued there several years. On leaving the university he settled at Westminster, became doctor of his faculty at Cambridge, grew famous for his practice, and was the chief physician in London from the year 1660 to 1670, at which period he began to be disabled by the gout. He died in 1689. His works, written in the Latin language, are highly esteemed both at home and abroad. They have often been reprint-[7:21:52] ed, and have been translated into various languages. Sydenham was famous for his cool regimen in the small pox, for giving the bark after the paroxysm in agues, and for his use of laudanum. He regulated his practice more by his own observations and inquiries, than by the method either of his predecessors or contemporaries.
SYENE, an ancient city of Egypt, situated, according to Mr Bruce, in north latitude 24° 0' 45". Pliny and Strabo both say that it lay directly under the tropic of Cancer. Syene is remarkable for being the place where the first attempt was made to measure the circumference of the earth. This was done by Eratosthenes, whom Ptolemy Euergetes had invited from Athens to Alexandria. In this attempt two positions were assumed, namely, that Alexandria and Syene were exactly 5000 stadia distant from each other, and that they were precisely under the same meridian. Both these positions are denied by Mr Bruce, who on this subject has made many observations which our limits will not allow us to notice. He states that there is at Asum an obelisk erected by Ptolemy Euergetes, the patron of Eratosthenes, without hieroglyphics, directly facing the south, with its top first cut into a narrow neck, then spread out like a fan into a semicircular form, with pavements curiously levelled to receive the shade, and make the separation of the true shadow from the penumbra as distinct as possible. This is supposed by Mr Bruce to have been constructed with a design to vary the experiment of Eratosthenes with a larger radius; and the inquiry concerning the dimensions of the earth, in our author’s opinion, was the occasion of many obelisks being erected in this kingdom; a demonstration of which is, that the figure of the top is varied; being sometimes very sharp, and sometimes a portion of a circle, in order to get rid of the great impediment arising from the penumbra, which makes it difficult to determine the length of the shadow with precision. It is now called Assouan.
SYLAH, a large fortified town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat. It belongs to a Hindu chief, who is tributary to the Guicowar.[7:21:53]
SYLLA, Lucius Cornelius, a Roman memorable for his vices and cruelties, and for relinquishing the dictatorship two years after he had compelled the people to elect him. See Roman History.
SYLLABLE, in Grammar, one or more letters pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, forming a complete sound, and constituting a word or a part of a word. No single letter except a vowel can form a syllable. The longest syllable in the English language is the word strength. The most natural way of dividing words into syllables is, to separate all the simple sounds of which any word consists, so as not to divide those letters which are joined close together according to the most accurate pronunciation.
SYLLABUS, in matters of literature, denotes a table of contents, or an index of the chief heads of a book or discourse.
SYLLOGISM, in Logic, an argument or term of reasoning, consisting of three propositions, of which the first two are called premises, the last, the conclusion.
SYMBOL, a sign or representation of something moral, by the figures or properties of natural things. Hence symbols are of various kinds; as hieroglyphics, types, enigmas, parables, fables, &c.
SYMPATHY, an agreement of affections and inclinations, or a conformity of natural qualities, humours, and temperaments. Sympathy also denotes the quality of being affected by the affection of another, and may subsist either between different persons or bodies, or between different parts of the same body. It is either similar or dissimilar; similar when the affection or action in the sympathiser is similar to the affection or action in the sympathant, and dissimilar when these are different. Sympathy, too, is often an imitative faculty, sometimes involuntarily, frequently without consciousness. Thus we yawn when we see others yawn, and are made to laugh by the laughing of another.
SYMPHEROPOLE, the capital city of the Russian province of Krimea. It stands on the southern part of the peninsula, about twenty miles from the sea, in a fine valley at the base of the Tauridan Mountains, on the small river Salghir. It was the residence of the khans or chiefs of the peninsula till it was seized by the Russians. It now consists of two parts; the European part, built since 1783 by the Europeans, and the Tartar or Asiatic part, which, till very lately, consisted of structures in the peculiar fashion of the natives. The new town displays wide streets; and, besides the crown buildings, the houses of the governor and vice-governor, the police, the hospital, and the banracks, there is a considerable number of handsome edifices. The cathedral is yet unfinished, though a large sum has been expended on it. It is on the spot where Suwarof gained a great victory over the Turks. The city is now said to contain about 10,000 inhabitants, its prosperity having increased within the last twenty years.
SYMPHONY (Ital. Sinfonia). Anciently this word had various musical meanings. It now usually signifies a piece of instrumental music for an orchestra, consisting of several movements, and generally performed in a concertroom. The overture differs from the symphony chiefly in the smaller number of its movements, seldom containing more than a short, slow, introductory movement, arid an allegro, and being used at the beginning of an opera or a ballet. The word symphony is also used to signify an instrumental passage which usually introduces a piece of vocal music, or is brought in at its close, or occurs during some pause of the voice. Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven have produced the finest models of the orchestral symphony in point of originality, beauty, ingenious construction, and skilful instrumentation. For clearness of design[7:21:54] and breadth of effect, Haydn’s symphonies still remain unrivalled.
SYMPLOCE, συμπλoxn, in Rhetoric, a figure, where the same word is repeated several times in the beginning and end of a sentence, including the Anaphora and Epirtophe. Thus, “Quis legem tulit? Rullus. Quis majorem populi partem suffragiis privavit? Rullus. Quis comitiis praefuit? Idem Rullus.”
SYMPOSIARCH, in Antiquity, the director or manager of an entertainment. This office was sometimes performed by the person at whose charge the entertainment was provided, sometimes by another named by him; and at other times, especially in entertainments provided at the common expense, he was elected by lot, or by the suffrages of the guests.
SYNAERESIS, Contraction, in Grammar, a figure by which two syllables are united in one; as vemens for vehemens.