pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TYPE (ruro;), an impression, image, or representation of some model, which is termed the antitype. In this sense the word frequently occurs in the writings of divines, who employ it to denote that prefiguration of the great events of man’s redemption, which they trace in the principal transactions recorded in the Old Testament.

Type, the stamps used in printing, for the purpose of impressing the characters upon paper. They usually consist of a right-angled shaft, with the character in relief upon the upper end; but in the general term are included the spaces, quadrats, &c. which are shafts merely without any characters, and which, being of less height than the rest, receive no ink and make no impression upon the paper.
TYPOGRAPHY, the art of printing. See PRINTING.
TYRANT, among the ancients, denoted simply a king or monarch; but the ill use which several persons invested with that character made of it, has altered the import of the word; and tyrant now conveys the idea of an unjust or cruel prince, who rules in a more despotic manner than the laws allow.
TYRHOOT, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, principallysituated between the 27th and 28th degrees of N. lat. On the north it is bounded by the districts of Moc-wanpoor and Muchwany, which are subject to Nepaul; on the south it has Hajypoor and Boghpoor; to the east, the Bengal district of Purneah; and on the west, Bettiah and Hajypoor. It is estimated to contain 5033 square miles. The surface, though not hilly, is more elevated, the soil drier, and the climate generally healthier, than those more to the south; although during summer it is liable to intense heats. It is well adapted for the breed of horses; and many of these valuable animals have accordingly been reared in this and the adjoining district of Hajypoor, to purchase which numerous horse-dealers from upper Hindustan have resorted to the fairs. The district is well cultivated, and produces grain, sugar, and indigo. Towards the northern frontier are extensive forests; but the timber cannot be floated down, owing to the want of water. The names of the rivers are, the Little Gunduck, the Bhagmati,and the Gogary. Along with the rest of the province, it devolved to the British, and was permanently attached in 1794, since which period it has improved greatly in population, cultivation, and commerce, large tracts of jungle having been brought into cultivation by the zemindars. In 1801. according to a census ordered by Marquis Wellesley, the inhabitants amounted to 2,000,000, in the proportion of one Mahommedan to four Hindus.
TYRNAU. a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, the capital of a circle of the same name in the province of Hither Danube. It is the seat of the provincial courts of law, and contains nine churches, 660 houses, with 5700 inhabitants, chiefly employed in making linen and woollen cloths. It is a place of very active commerce. Long. 17. 29. 42. E. Lat. 48. 22. 53. N.
TZULIM, or Tchulimm, a river of Asiatic Russia, which runs through the province of Kolivan, and hills into the Yenisei. Its course is through a poor and desolate country, with scarcely a house or an inhabitant, but only tall pine* rising like pyramids, and spreading their branches so wide ns to render the woods almost impassable· The only inhabitants are Tartars, who are sunk in the lowest state of barbarism.
UU, or u, the twentieth letter and fifth vowel of our alphabet, is formed in the voice by a round configuration of the lips, and a greater extrusion of the under one than in forming the letter o. The sound is short in curst, must, tun, tub; but is lengthened by a final e, as in tune, tube, &c. In some words it is rather acute than long; as in brute, flute, lure, &c. It is mostly long in polysyllables; as in union, curious, &c. ; but in some words it is obscure, as in nature, venture, &c.
UBEDA, a city of Spain, in the province of Andalusia, in the division called the kingdom of Jaen. It is situated in a fertile district, on a gentle elevation, but is well protected from the cold north winds by the loftier elevations of the Sierra Nevada. The vegetable products are, corn, grapes, olives, and especially figs; but from the want of even passable roads, and of access to any of the great cities, there is little inducement to cultivate beyond the demands of the immediate vicinity. The breed of horses is highly valued, as the only article sold beyond the limits of the district. Being a frontier town between the Moors and the Christians so long as the former maintained themselves in Granada, it was the scene of numerous and sanguinary conflicts. Like the other cities in this part of Spain, it has, or perhaps had, a very great number of churches, convents, and nunneries. The inhabitants are stated to be about 16,000, a few of whom are occupied in making coarse woollen stuffs for domestic use. Ubeda is thirty miles from the city of Jaen, and fifty-four miles from Granada. Long. 3. 18. W. Lat. 38.3. N.
UBIQUIRARIANS, a word formed from ubique, everywhere, denotes a sect of Lutherans which arose and spread itself in Germany, and whose distinguishing doctrine was, that the body of Jesus Christ is everywhere, or in every place. Brentius, one of the earliest reformers, is said to have first broached this error in 1560. Luther himself in his controversy with Zuinglius, had used some unguarded expressions, which seemed to imply a belief of the omnipresence of the body of Christ; but he afterwards became sensible that this opinion was attended with great difficulties, and particularly that it ought not to be made use of as a proof of Christ’s corporal presence in the eucharist After the death of Luther, this absurd hypothesis was exhibited in a specious and plausible form by Brentius, Chemnitius, and Andreas, who maintained the communication of the properties of Christ’s divinity to his human nature. It is indeed obvious, that every Lutheran who believes the doctrine of consubstantiation, whatever he may pretend, must be an Ubiquitarian. See Supper of the Lord.
UBIQUITY, Omniprescence, an attribute of the Deity, whereby he is always intimately present to all things.
UBRIQUE, a city of Spain, of the province of Andalusia, in the western part of the government of Granada, between the Sierra of the Alpuraxis and that of Antequera, in a most picturesque country. It is nestled in the bottom of a deep valley, hemmed in by singularly rugged mountains. The valley is pierced by two streams, which are conducted to the town, and form, the river Majaceite, and fertilize a belt of ground around the city, of most luxuriant vegetation. The streets are wide, clean, and well paved, the houses lofty and good, but with scarcely any furniture. The population is estimated at 8000 souls. They have some tanneries, and manufacture some hats and coarse cloth. In the neighbourhood are some mines of copper, which were formerly worked, but have for many years been abandoned.
UCKFIELD, a town in the hundred of Loxfield-Dorset and rape of Pevensey, in the county of Sussex. It is situated on the great road to Lewes and Eastbourne, forty-one miles from London. It is well built, clean, and flourishing, chiefly depending on the travelling through it It is a part of the parish of Buxted. The population amounted in 1821 to 1099, and in 1831 to 1261.
UDINE, a city of Austrian Lombardy, the capital of the delegation of Friuli, in the government of Venice. It is surrounded with walls, and stands on the river Roja di Palma, in a hilly country, 350 feet above the level of the sea. It is a well-built city, and kept in good order, but, from the narrowness and crookedness of the streets, has a gloomy appearance. There is however a fine plaza or marketplace, ornamented with a column and statue to commemorate the peace of Campoforraio, which was signed in a village near this city in 1797. It is the seat of an archbishop, has a cathcdral, twelve churches, and several oratories or chapels. The episcopal palace is a fine building, and so is the opera-house; and some others are worthy of notice, though almost hidden by the meaner buildings that surround them. There are public institutions for charitable and educational purposes, but they are for the most part on a contracted scale. The population in 1830 amounted to 17,560 persons, whose chief occupation arises from the breeding of silk-worms, and from the labour of winding and spinning. There are also some manufactures of linen goods, considerable tanneries, and a few paper-mills. The gloomy appearance of the city is somewhat relieved by several fine promenades in the contiguous suburbs. Long. 13. 8. 57. E. Lat. 46. 3. 14. N.
UDIPU, a town of the south of India, province of Canara, about three miles from the sea, on a small river. It contains 300 houses and three Hindu temples, the roofs of which are covered with copper. Long. 74. 48. E. Lat. 14. 10. N.
UFFCULME, or Uffcolumb, a market-town and parish in the hundred of Bampton and county of Devon, 160 miles from London. It has a good market on Wednesday, and some fairs. The trade in serges has become extinct. The population amounted in 1821 to 1979, and in 1831 to 2082.
UGLITSCH, a circle of the Russian government of Jaroslaw. It extends in north latitude from 57° 17' to 58° 11', and in east longitude from 38° 17' to 39° 8'. It comprehends one city and 374 towns and villages, with 68,840 inhabitants. The land is of moderate fertility, watered by the Wolga, the Jugol, and the Uleima; and it yields tolerable crops of corn, while the meadows afford good pasture for horned cattle. The capital is the city of the same name, situate on the river Wolga. It contains twenty-five churches, 1100 houses, in narrow and crooked streets, and 7300 inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in the manufacture of coarse paper, linen and woollen fabrics, soap, and leather, It is 445 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 38. 19. E. Lat. 57. 27. N.
UGOCSA, a circle of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Hither Theiss. It extends over 480 square miles, one half of which is covered with woods. It comprehends three market-towns and sixty-three villages, with 5390 houses, and 36,900 inhabitants, [7:21:446]mostly Catholics, with 2000 Protestants and 1500 Jews. The chief town is Nagyszollos, with 2160 inhabitants, whose chief trade is in wine. Long. 22. 44 34. E. Lat. 48. 7. 10. N.
UJ-VIDEK, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of Hither Danube and the circle of Bacs. It is the capital of a district called by the Germans Neusatz, and by the Hungarians Also-Jaras. It stands on the river Danube, is the seat of a Greek bishop, and has five churches belonging to that sect, and one to the Catholics; and to each there are attached establishments for education. It contains 2367 houses, and 13,390 inhabitants, who are mostly of the Armenian race, and carry on extensive trade with the Turkish empire. Long. 19. 59. 26. E. Lat. 45. 16. N.
UKENSKOI, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, at the confluence of the Irtysch and the Obi, 196 miles north of Tobolsk.
UKIKITSCHA, a small river of Irkoutsk, in Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Olenek.
UKINSKO i, a cape of Asiatic Russia, on the eastern coast of Kamtschatka, sixty miles north-east of Oudinskoi.
UKIPEN, a small island in the North Pacific Ocean, so called by the Russians, probably the same with that called Sledge Island by Captain Cook. Long. 214. E. Lat. 64. 22. N.
UKRAINE, a large country of Europe, lying on the borders of Turkey in Europe, Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary. Its name properly signifies a frontier. By a treaty between Russia and Poland in 1693, the latter remained in possession of all that part of the Ukraine lying on the west side of the river Dnieper, which is but indifferently cultivated; while the country on the east side, inhabited by the Cossacks, is in much better condition. The Russian part is comprised in the government of Kiof; and the empress of Russia having obtained the Polish palatinate of Kiof by the treaty of partition in 1793, the whole of the Ukraine, on both sides of the Dnieper, now belongs to that ambitious and formidable power. The principal town is Kiof. See Russia.
ULEABORG, the most extensive circle of the Russian province of Finland. It is bounded on the north by Norway, on the east by Archangel, on the south-east by Kupio, on the south by Wasa, on the south-west by the Gulf of Bothnia, and on the north-west by Sweden. It extends over 46,266 square miles, comprehending three towns, 1302 hamlets or farms, with 80,800 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the mouth of the river Ulea. It has 360 houses, mostly of wood, and 3500 inhabitants, who build ships, and are employed in the export trade, which consists of tar, pitch, butter, tallow, wax, deals, and cured fish. The harbour is bad, being filled with sand, so that ships must load and discharge their cargoes four miles below the city. Long. 25. 24. 53. E. Lat. 64. 53. 30. N.
ULEY, a town of the hundred of Berkeley, in the county of Gloucester, two miles from Dursley and 105 from London. Near to it, on the side of a hill, are the remains of a Roman encampment. The chief occupation is making broad cloths for the East India market, which are afterwards dyed and finished in London. The population amounted in 1821 to 2655, and in 1831 to 2641.
ULIETEA, one of the Society Islands, in the Smith Pacific Ocean, wholly surrounded by reefs, and interspersed with small islands, forming several harbours. (For further details, see Society Islands.) The southern extremity is in long. 181. 20. W. and lat. 16. 55. S.
ULLAPOOL, a fishing village situate on the north shore of Loch Broom, in Ross-shire. It possesses an excellent harbour and quay; but the buildings, and, it must be added, the population, are quite disproportionate to the present state of its trade and fisheries. In the article Ross-shire, the quantity of fish caught and cured here since 1830 is stated. The population amounts to 500 or 600.
ULM, a city of the kingdom of Wurtemburg, the capital of a circle of the same name in the province of the Danube. It stands on the river Danube, at the point where the Iller and the Blau discharge their waters into that river, and the Danube thus becomes navigable. On [7:21:447]the western side are some lofty hills, which were once crowned with fortifications, but when attacked, were found insufficient means of defence, and whose capture in 1805 led to the disgraceful surrender of an Austrian army of 30,000 men, under General Mack, to the French, commanded by Bonaparte. The town is divided by the rivers, over which are eight bridges. It is an ancient city, contains three Lutheran and two Catholic churches, 1620 houses, and 12,049 inhabitants. Some of the public buildings are remarkable, especially the cathedral, whose interior is very striking, being 417 feet in length and 160 in breadth. It is ornamented with a tower 340 feet in height. The proportions and construction are objects of great admiration. It is furnished with an organ of extraordinary power, having 2952 pipes. Some of the ancient paintings in it are fine specimens of the skill of the Germans in that art at a very early period. The stadthouse, with its mechanical clock and its paintings, is curious and interesting. The trade of Ulm has much declined from its former state when it was one of the Hanse Towns. There is some trade down the Danube, and some barges are built here for that purpose. There are some linen manufactories and some tanneries; but the chief trade is in flour, which is ground at several mills on the three streams that run through and unite in the city. Horticulture is a favourite pursuit of the inhabitants, and furnishes the best of fruits and of culinary vegetables. Long. 9. 53. 1. E. Lat. 48. 23. 45. N.
ULSTER, one of the four provinces into which Ireland is divided. It consists of the northern portion of the island, and embraces the following counties: Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Monaghan, and Tyrone. This province had anciently petty kings of its own. It was subjected to the English in the reign of Henry II. by John de Courcy, the first who bore the title of earl of Ulster: but it afterwards threw off the yoke, and was never entirely reduced till the reign of James I., when great numbers of Scots, by his encouragement, went and settled in it; and from them the greater part of the present inhabitants of the province are descended.
ULTERIOR, in Geographg, is applied to some part of a country or province which, with regard to the rest of that country, is situated on the farther side of the river, mountain, or other boundary which separates the two countries.
ULTRAMARINE, a beautiful blue colour used by the painters, prepared from the lapis lazuli by calcination.
ULTRAMONTANE, something beyond the mountains. The term is principally applied in relation to France and Italy, which are separated by the Alps.

ÜLUGH-BEIGH, a learned Tartarian prince, was born in 1393. His real name was Mohammed Taragai; Ulugh-Beigh being only a descriptive appellation, signifying great lord or prince. His father was the sultan Shah Rok, the son of the celebrated Timur, who, after the death of that conqueror, ruled many years in Iran and Turan, that is, Persia and Tartary. In 1407, while his father was yet living, he entered upon the administration of the government, and notwithstanding his youth, acquitted himself in such a manner as to acquire general esteem. He was a remarkable person for the age in which he lived, and was particularly distinguished by his skill in astronomy. The termination of his life was unhappy. His eldest son having rebelled against him, defeated him in a bloody battle fought near Samarcand. To this unworthy son he afterwards ventured to present himself, in the hope of recalling his sense of duty; but such a hope was delusive, and the son ordered him to be put to death. This event, according to D’Herbelot, took place in the year 1450. Of his works, some portions have been printed. Greaves published “Binae Tabulae Geographicaw, una Nassir Eddini, altera Uiug-Beigi.” Lond. 1648, 4to. These tables, in Arabic and Latin, were reprinted in Dr Hudson’s Geographiae Veteris Scriptores Graeci minores, tom. iii. Greaves likewise published, in the same language, “Epochae celebriores, astronomie, historicis, chronologie, Chataiorum, Syro-Graecorum, Arabum, Persarum, Chorasmiorum usitatae: ex traditione Ulugh-Beigi.” Lond. 1650, 4to. From a collation of three Persic manuscripts, Dr Hyde edited “Tabulae Longitudinis et Latitudinis Stellarum Fixarum, cx observatione Vlugbbeighi.” Oxon. 1665, 4to.
ULVERSTONE, a market-town in the hundred of Lonsdale, and county of Lancaster, 273 miles from London. It is pleasantly situate, and consists principally of four spacious and well-built streets. Its trade is considcrable, is on the increase, and consists of ore, pig, and bar iron, copper ore, cotton, hats, and other fabrics. The trade has been greatly facilitated by the canal which communicates with the river Leven. There is a yard for ship-building. Besides the parochial church, there are places of worship for various bodies of dissenters. There is a good weekly market, and two fairs are held yearly. The population amounted in 1821 to 4315, and in 1831 to 4876.
ULYSSES, king of Ithaca, the son of Lacrtes and father of Telemachus, and one of those heroes who contributed most to the taking of Troy. After the destruction of that city, he wandered for ten years, and at last returned to Ithaca, where, with the assistance of Telemachus, he killed Antinous and other princes who intended to marry his wife Penelope and seize his dominions. He at length resigned the government of the kingdom to his son Telemachus, and was killed by Telegonus, his son by Circe, who did not know him. This hero is the subject of the Odyssey.
UMAN, a circle of the Russian government of Kiew, extending in north latitude from 48° 25' to 49“ 9', and in east longitude from 29° 40' to 30° 41'. It is separated from Cherson by the river Seniuska. It has little wood, but extensive steppes, producing, when cultivated, good crops of corn. The capital is of the some name, situated on the river Umanka. It is surrounded with walls, which furnish good promenades, contains a magnificent palace belonging to Count Potocksi, one Catholic and three Greek churches, 440 houses, and 3300 inhabitants. It is 1020 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 29. 51. E. Lat. 48. 43. N.
UMBELLIFEROUS Plants are such as have their tops branched and spread out like an umbrella.
UMBRELLA, a moveable canopy, made of silk or other cloth spread out upon ribs of whalebone, and supported by a staff, to protect a person from rain, or the scorching beams of the sun.
UMNABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, thirty miles north-east from Poonah. Long. 74. 27. E. Lat. 18. 51. N.
UMRUT, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, forty miles south by east from Surat. Long. 73. 18. E. Lat. 20. 40. N.
UNBIAK, one of the Fox Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, about seventy-two miles in circumference.
UNCIA, a Latin term, denoting the twelfth part of any thing, particularly the twelfth part of a pound, called in English an ounce, or the twelfth part of a foot, called an inch,
UNCTION, the act of anointing or rubbing with oil or other fatty matter.
UNCTION, in matters of religion, is used for the character conferred on sacred things by anointing them with oil. Unctions are very frequent among the Hebrews. They anointed both their kings and high priests at the ceremony of their inauguration. They also anointed the sacred vessels of the tabernacle and temple, to sanctify and consecrate them to the service of God. The unction of kings is supposed to be a ceremony introduced very late among the Christian princes. It is said that none of the emperors was ever anointed before Justinian or Justin. The emperors of Germany borrowed the practice from those of the eastern empire. King Pepin of France was the first who received the unction. In the ancient Christian church, unction always accompanied the ceremonies of baptism and confirmation. Extreme unction, or the anointing persons in the article of death, was also practised by the ancient Christians, in compliance with the precept of St James, v. 14, 15; and this extreme unction the Romish church has advanced to the dignity of a sacrament. It is administered to none but such as are affected with some mortal disease, or in a decrepit age. It is refused to impenitent persons, as also to criminals. The parts to be anointed are the eyes, the ears, the nostrils, the mouth, the hands, the feet, and the reins. The laity are anointed in the palms of the hands, but priests on the back of them; because the palms of their hands have been already consecrated by ordination. The oil with which the sick person is anointed represents the grace of God, which is poured down into the soul, and the prayer used at the time of anointing expresses tire remission of sins thereby granted to the sick person; for the prayer is this: “By this holy unction, and his own most pious mercy, may the Almighty God forgive thee whatever sins thou hast committed by the sight," when the eyes are anointed; by the hearing, when the ears are anointed; and so of the other senses.
UNDECAGON is a regular polygon of eleven sides.
UNDECEMVIR, a magistrate among the ancient Athenians, who had ten colleagues or associates joined with him in the same commission. The functions of the undecemviri at Athens were much the same with those of the late prevôts de maréchaussée in France. They took care of the apprehending of criminals; secured them in the hands of justice; and when they were condemned, took them again into custody, that the sentence might be executed on them. They were chosen by the tribes, each tribe naming its own; and as the number of the tribes after Callisthenes was but ten, which made ten members, a scribe or notary was added, which made the number eleven.
UNDES, an extensive district of Northern Hindustan, bordering on Little Tibet, intersected by the river Suttelege. The mountains of the country are composed of granite, and are said to be rich in gold. It is subject to the lama of Tibet.