pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
JAMESON, George, an eminent artist, the Vandyck of Scotland, was the son of Andrew Jameson, an architect, and born at Aberdeen in 1586. He studied under Rubens at Antwerp; and, after his return, applied with indefatigable industry to portraits in oil, though he sometimes practised in miniature, and also in history and landscape. His largest portraits were generally somewhat less than life. His earliest works are chiefly on boards, but he afterwards painted on a fine linen cloth, smoothly primed with a proper tone, to help the harmony of his shadows. His excellence is said to consist in delicacy and softness, with a clear and beautiful colouring; his shades are not charged, but helped by varnish, with little appearance of the pencil. When King Charles I. visited Scotland in 1633, the magistrates of Edinburgh, knowing his majesty’s taste, employed Jameson to make drawings of the Scottish monarchs, with which the king was so pleased, that he sat to him for a full-length picture, and rewarded him with a diamond ring from his own finger. Jameson always drew himself with his hat on, either in imitation of his master Rubens, or from having been indulged in that liberty by the king when his majesty sat to liim. Some of Jameson’s works are in the colleges of Aberdeen; and the Sibyls there he is said to have drawn from living beauties in that city. But the greatest collection is that at Taymouth, the seat of the Marquis of Breadalbane; Sir John Campbell of Glenorchy, ancestor of the noble marquis, having been the chief patron of Jameson, who, in fact, attended him in his travels. This artist died at Edinburgh, and was interred in the Greyfriars church-yard, but without a monument. Jameson was but little known in England, and Iras not been noticed by any English writer on the fine arts, except Lord Orford. But he was much esteemed in his own country; and Arthur Johnston, the poet, addressed to him an elegant Latin epigram'on his portrait of the Marchioness of Huntley.
JAMPOL, a town of the province of Podolia, in Russia, the capital of a circle of the same name, and situated on the river Dnieper. It is the frontier town towards the Turkish dominions, and has a quarantine and customhouse. Long. 28. 24. Ľ. Lat. 48. 15. N.
JAMTLAND, a province in the north of Sweden, extending over 17,732 square miles, and bounded on the west by Norway, and on the other sides by Swedish provinces. It is mountainous, as there are five chains of alpine elevations that cross it from west to east, several of whose points are 7000 feet in height. Through some of these ranges routes have been opened, which are still passed with difficulty, from their steepness and ruggedness. Between the ranges are some valleys, which would be fruitful but for the severity of the climate, which is an impediment to the growth of any corn besides oats, with which the inhabitants often mix the bark of the pine-trees to make their bread. The chief nourishment of the inhabitants is supplied by the dairy and the fisheries, but chiefly by the latter. The province yields abundance of timber, and some supplies of copper, lead, iron, and alum. It has but two towns, both small; Ostersund.is the capital, with only 200 inhabitants. The whole population is about 32,000 persons. It is between latitude 61. 39. and 65. 6. north.
JAMYN, Amadis, a French poet of the sixteenth century, was born at Chaource, in Champagne, about the year 1540. His parents, who were respectable, neglected no means calculated to promote his education. He received instructions from Dorat, Turnebus, and other learned men, who early inspired him with a taste for letters; and he also studied philosophy and the mathematics with some success; but an invincible predilection led him to poetry, in the cultivation of which he appears to have received marked encouragement from Ronsard, who was then regarded as the greatest man in France. From a passage in one of his elegies, it has been conjectured that in his youth [7:12:508]he travelled through part of Greece and of Asia Minor; it is more certain that he visited Dauphine, Provence, and Poitou, since he cites the names of the cities where he had sojourned, and complains of the reception which he had met with at Poitiers. Ronsard procured him the situation of secretary and reader to the king, Charles IX.; but after the death of his benefactor, he quitted the court, and retired to his native city, where he died about the year 1585, at comparatively an early age. The Oeuvres Poétiques of Jamyn were published at Paris in 1575, and again in 1577, in 4to. This collection is divided into five books, the first of which contains the pieces addressed to Charles IX. and the great lords of the court, and the four following, sonnets, eclogues, elegies, and other amatory pieces. Jamyn completed, in Alexandrine verses, the translation of the Iliad of Homer, which Hugues de Salel had commenced in decasyllabic measure, and which stopped at the twelfth book; and he had also the merit of perceiving that Homer could only be translated into stately and majestic verses. After having given a first edition of the thirteen last books of the Iliad (Paris, 1574, in 4to), he revised and corrected the work of Salel, which he published along with his own (Paris, 1580 and 1584); and this addition is augmented by a translation of the first three books of the Odyssey. In these translations by Jamyn, there are beautiful verses, and passages rendered in a manner truly poetical; but he has thrown ridicule on his own performance by assigning modern titles to the heroes of the Iliad, and thus giving it the air and appearance of a travesty. (a.)
JANEIRO. See Rio Janeiro.
JANICULUM, a hill on the opposite side of the river Tiber from Rome, said to have derived its name from the city built on its summit by Janus. (Virgil, Aen. viii. 354.) At the foot Numa was buried, and many centuries afterwards his tomb is said to have been found here. (Liv. xl. 29.) This part of Rome was at first peopled by the inhabitants of certain Latin cities transferred thither by Ancus Martius, (i. 33.)
JANSEN, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres, one of the most learned divines of the seventeenth century, and principal of the sect called from his name Jansenists. He was born in Holland, of Catholic parents, and studied at Louvain. Being sent into Spain to transact some business of consequence relating to the university, the Catholic king, viewing with a jealous eye the intriguing policy of France, engaged him to write a book to expose the French as doubtful Catholics, since they made no scruple of forming alliances with Protestant states. Jansen performed this task in his Mars Gallicus, and was rewarded with a mitrc, being promoted to the see of Ypres in 1635. Before this he had maintained a controversy against the Protestants, upon the points of grace and predestination; but his Augustinus was the principal labour of his life, upon which, it is said, he spent above twenty years.
JANUARIUS, St, the patron saint of Naples, where his head is occasionally carried in procession, in order to stay the eruption 'of Vesuvius. The liquefaction of his blood is a famous miracle, or rather juggle, at Naples. The saint suffered martyrdom about the end of the third century. When he was beheaded, a pious lady of Naples caught about an ounce of his blood, which has ever since been carefully preserved in a bottle, without having lost a single grain of its weight. This of itself were it equally demonstrable, might be considered as a greater miracle than the circumstance on which the Neapolitans lay the whole stress, namely, that the blood, which has congealed, and acquired a solid form by age, is no sooner brought near the head of the saint, than, as a mark of veneration, it immediately liquefies.
JANUARY, the name of the first month of the year, according to the computation now used in the West. The word is derived from the Latin Januarius, a name given to it by the Romans from Janus, one of their divinities, to whom they attributed two faces, because on the one side the first day of January looked towards the new year, [7:12:510] and on the other towards the old one. The word Januarius may also be derived from jamza, a gate; because this month being the first, is, as it were, the gate of the year. January and February were introduced into the year by Numa Pompilius, the year of Romulus having commenced in the month of March. The kalends of this month were under the protection of Juno, and in a peculiar manner consecrated to Janus by an offering of a cake made of new meal and new salt, with new frankincense and new wine. On the first day of January a beginning was made of every intended work; the consuls elect took,possession of their office, and, with the flamens, offered sacrifices and prayers for the prosperity of the empire. On this day all animosities were suspended, and friends gave and received new year’s gifts, called Strenae.
JANUS, in the heathen worship, the first king of Italy, who, it is said, received Saturn into his dominions, after he was driven from Arcadia by Jupiter. He tempered the manners of his subjects, and taught them civility; and from him they learned to improve the vine, to sow corn, and to make bread. After his death he was adored as a god. This deity was thought to preside over new undertakings. Hence, in all sacrifices, the first libations of wine and wheat were offered to Janus; all prayers were prefaced with a short address to him; and the first month of the year was dedicated to and named from him. Janus was represented with two faces, either to denote his prudence, or that he views at once the past and approaching years. He had a sceptre in his right hand, and a key in his left, to signify his extensive authority, and his invention of locks. Though this is properly a Roman deitv, the Abbé la Pluche represents it as derived from the Egyptians, who made known the rising of the dog-star, which opened their solar year, with an image having a key in its hand, and two faces, the one old and the other young, to typify the old and new year.

Temple of Janus, in ancient history, a square building at Rome, erected by Romulus, and so large as to contain a statue of Janus five feet high, with brazen gates on each side, which were always kept open in time of war, and shut in time of peace. But the Romans were so much engaged in war, that this temple was shut only twice from the foundation of Rome till the reign of Augustus, and six times afterwards.
JAPETUS, a son of Coelus and Terra, who married Asia, Asope, Theonis, or Clymene, and had four sons, Atlas, Menoctius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. He was thus considered as the author of the Hellenic race. (Apollodor. i. 1,2; Diodor. v. 66, 67; Hesiod, Theog. 134. Iapetionides, a son of Japetus; Atlas, Ovid. Met. iv. 631). He is supposed to be the same as Japheth, the son of Noah.
JAPHETH, the son of Noah. His descendants possessed all Europe and the islands in the Mediterranean, as well those which belong to Europe, as those which depend on Asia. They had all Asia Minor, and the northern parts of Asia above the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates. Noah, when he blessed Japheth, said to him, [7:12:525]« God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant.” This blessing of Noah is supposed to have been accomplished when the Greeks, and after them the Romans, carried their conquests into Asia and Africa, where were the dwellings and dominions of Shem and Canaan.
JAPYDES, or Iapodes, a people who stretched along the coast of the Adriatic, from the Gulf of Quarnero, as far as Zara, the ancient Jadera, for a distance of 1000 stadia. They occupied the valleys of Mons Albius, which form the extreme point of the Alps to the east, extending in the interior to the Pannonii and the Ister or Danube. They were finally subdued by Augustus after they had twice defeated the Romans within twenty years, attacked Aquileia, and plundered Tergestum or Trieste. Their towns were Metulum, Arupenum, Monettium, and Veudum. They were in the habit of tatooing their bodies. (Strab. vii. 315; Appian. Illyr. 18, 19.)
JAQUELOT, Isaac, a learned French Protestant divine, was born on the 16th December 1647, at Vassy in Champagne, of which place his father was minister. The revocation of the edict of Nantes having obliged him to quit France, he took refuge first at Heidelberg, and then at the Hague, where he procured an appointment in the Walloon church. Here he continued till that capital was taken by the king of Prussia, who, having heard him preach, appointed him his French minister in ordinary at Berlin, to which city he removed in 1702. During his residence at Berlin he entered into a warm controversy with Μ. Bayle on the doctrine advanced by him in his dictionary concerning Manichaeism, which dispute continued until death imposed silence on both parties. It was in this controversy that Μ. Jaquelot openly declared in favour of the Remonstrants. His reputation as a writer rests principally on the following works, viz. 1. Dissertation sur l’Existence de Dieu, Hague, 1697, in 4to; 2. Dissertation sur la Messe, où l’on prouve aux Juifs que Jésus-Christ est le Messie promis, et prédit dans l’Ancien Testament, Hague, 1699, in 8vo; 3. Traité de la Vérité et de l’Inspiration des Livres du Vieux et du Nouveau Testament, Rotterdam, 1715, in 8vo; 4. Select Sermons, Geneva, 1721, in two vols. J2mo.
JAR, an earthen pot or pitcher, with a big belly and two handles. The word comes from the Spanish jarra or jαrro, which signifies the same thing.
JARCHI, Solomon, otherwise Isaahi Solomon, a famous rabbi, born at Troyes, in Champagne, who flourished in the twelfth century. He was a perfect master of the Talmud and Gemara; and he filled the postils of the Bible with so many Talmudical reveries, as totally extinguished both the literal and the moral sense of it. The greater part of his commentaries are printed in Hebrew, and some have been translated into Latin by the Christians. They are generally esteemed by the Jews, who have bestowed on the author the title of prince of commentators.
JARDYN, or Jardin, Karel du, a painter of conversations, landscapes, and such like subjects, was born at Amsterdam in 1640, and became a disciple of Nicholas Berchem. This painter, in colouring and touch, resembled his master Berchem; but he added to that manner a force which distinguishes the great masters of Italy; and it is observed, that most of his pictures seem to express the warmth of the sun, and the light of mid day. However, some of his subjects are often more extensive, containing a greater number of objects, and a larger design. His works are as much sought after as they are difficult to be met with. He died at the age of thirty-eight.
JARENSK, a town of the Russian province of Wologda, the capital of a circle of its own name, extending over 23,936 square miles, but containing no more than 31,500 inhabitants. It is generally a neglected district, covered with woods, marshes, and lakes. The town is situated on the river Wytscheda, which is usually closed by frost from the beginning of November to the middle of April. It contains 200 houses, and from 1000 to 1100 inhabitants. Long. 47. 33. E. Lat. 61. 20. N.
JARGEAU, a town of the arrondissement of Orleans, in the department of the Loiret, in France. It stands on the left bank of the river Loire, over which is a fine bridge. It contains 428 houses, and 2690 inhabitants. Long. 2 1. E. Lat. 47. 50. N.
JARMERITZ, a town of the circle of Znaym, in the Austrian province of Moravia, and situated on the river Rokitna. It has near it a magnificent palace and park belonging to the family of Q,uestenburg, with a very extensive library. The town contains 272 houses, with 1650 inhabitants.
JARNAC, a town of the arrondissement of Cognac, in the department of the Charente, in France, on the right bank of the river. It contains 1560 inhabitants, amongst whom are merchants dealing very extensively in brandy for foreign countries. It is celebrated for the great battle fought there in 1569, between the Huguenots and the Catholics, in which the Prince of Condé was taken prisoner.
JAROSLAW, a government of European Russia, formerly in the province of Moscow, to the eastward of Twer, extending over 15,202 square miles. It comprehends twelve cities or towns, 554 parishes, 7705 villages, and 1,022,900 inhabitants. It is an elevated level district. The soil is generally marshy, but mixed with portions of sandy or clayey land. It is miserably cultivated, and though all the population are chiefly occupied in agriculture, it scarcely produces sufficient corn (chiefly rye and barley) for their subsistence. Both hemp and flax succeed tolerably well; and the conversion of these into the various kinds of linen is a means of affording to the inhabitants of the towns occupation and subsistence. The hides of their cattle also form a branch of employment to the people, as does the fishery on the rivers and lakes. The river Wolga enters the province from Twer, and receives the waters of numerous streams that flow through it. There is a lake of eight miles in length and three in breadth, called Rostow, out of which the Kotorosla runs to the Wolga; and thirty-six smaller lakes, all, like the streams, abounding in fish. The Wolga is navigable in its whole progress through the province, as are also the Mologa and the Scheksna, which run into it. The province is divided into ten circles. The capital, Jaroslaw, is also that of the circle of the same name. It stands at the junction of the Kotorosla with the Wolga. It has no other fortification than palisades, but is defended by a fortress. It contains forty-four churches, several convents and hospitals, 2754 houses, and 24,200 inhabitants, whose chief subsistence arises from the linen trade, and Russia leather. Long. 30. 4. 55. E. Lat. 57. 57. 30. N.

Jarosław, a city in the circle of Przemysl, in the Austrian kingdom of Gallicia, and situated on the river San. It contains a minster and six other churches, for Catholics, Greeks, and Protestants, with 1400 houses, and 6975 inhabitants, occupied in linen and woollen manufactures, and in distilleries. It was a part of the ancient kingdom of Poland, and is still the property of Prince Adam Czartoryski, a nobleman of the country. Long. 22. 47. E. Lat. 49. 59. N.
JASHER, The Book of. This book is mentioned by Joshua, and referred to in the following passage: “And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies: is not this written in the book of Jasher?” It is difficult to determine what this booh of Jasher, or “the upright,” is. St Jerome and the Jews believed it to be Genesis, or some other book of the Pentateuch, in which God had [7:12:526]foretold that he would do wonderful things in favour of his people. Huetius supposes it to have been a book of morality, in which it was said that God would subvert the course of nature in favour of those who put their trust in him. Others pretend that it was public annals, or records, which were styled just, or upright, because they contained a faithful account of the history of the Israelites. Grotius believes that this book was nothing else than a song, composed to celebrate the miracle, and victory therewith connected. This seems the more probable opinion, because the words cited by Joshua as taken from the work, “Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon, and thou moon in the valley of Ajalon,” are such poetical expressions as do not accord with historical memoirs; besides that, in the second book of Samuel (i. 18), mention is made of a book under the same title, on account of a song composed on the death of Saul and Jonathan.
JASLO, a circle of the Austrian kingdom of Gallicia, extending over 1354 square miles. It contains five cities, eleven market-towns, and 366 villages, inhabited by 195,200 individuals, occupying 28,562 houses. It consists of part of the Carpathian Mountains, and the soil is for the most part poor and stony; but it produces corn equal, with the aid of potatoes, to the consumption. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the junction of the rivers Jastel and Wisloka, and containing 224 houses, and 1463 inhabitants.
JASPER, a species of mineral belonging to the siliceous genus of stones, and of which there are many varieties, some of them extremely beautiful, which are much sought after, and employed as trinkets and ornaments. See Mineralogy.
JASPONVX, an obsolete term in mineralogy, importing, as appears from the name, a compound of jasper and onyx.
JASSY, a city, the capital of Moldavia, the residence of the prince, of a Greek archbishop, and of many of the waywodes or nobles. It stands on a lofty situation, but is surrounded with hills still higher. It is watered by brooks forming a stream ending in the Pruth. The town is composed chiefly of wooden houses, and is said to be excessively filthy, and by no means healthy. The palace of the prince is plain, small, and badly situated. The city contains no less than forty-three churches, with twenty-six convents and nunneries of the Greek religion. It has also a Catholic and a Lutheran chapel. The houses are stated to be six thousand in number, and the inhabitants from twenty-five to thirty thousand. It is not a place of any other trade than such as arises from providing for the luxuries of a voluptuous nobility and a petty sovereign. Long. 27. 24. 55. E. Lat. 47. 8. 30. N.
JASTROW, a city of the circle of Deutschkrone, in the province of East Prussia, situated on a brook running to the river Kuddow. It contains 296 houses, and 2380 inhabitants, of whom more than 400 are Jews. There is a manufactory for arms and military clothing.
JAUER, a city, the capital of a district of the same name, in the circle of Herschberg, of the Prussian province of Silesia. It stands on the river Neisse, is surrounded with wallsand ditches, and contains one Lutheran and five Catholic churches, 604 houses, and 5230 inhabitants, chiefly occupied in the several branches of the linen manufacture.
JAULNAY, a town of the arrondissement of Poitiers, in the department of the Vienne, in France, on the river Elain, with 245 houses and 1476 inhabitants. Close to this town was fought, in 1356, the battle usually called that of Poitiers, and sometimes Maupertuis, in which Edward the Black Prince defeated the French army, and made King John a prisoner.
JAUNDICE (derived from the French jauni sse, yellowness, of jaune, yellow), a disease consisting in a suffusion of the bile, and a rejection thereof to the surface of the body, whereby the whole exterior habit is discoloured.
JAVELIN, in Antiquity, a sort of spear five feet and a half long, the shaft of which was of wood, with a steel point. Every soldier in the Roman armies had seven of these, which were very light and slender.
JAXT, one of the circles into which the kingdom of Wirtemberg is divided. It is 2112 square miles in extent, and comprehends thirty-one cities, thirty-five markettowns, and 1608 small villages and hamlets, with 336,000 inhabitants, who are chiefly Lutherans, but intermixed with some Catholics and Jews. It is subdivided into fourteen bailiwicks. It is a mountainous district, but none of the elevations exceed 2200 feet. It is the source of several rivers, some of which run to the Rhine, and others to the Danube. It is a fruitful province, and better cultivated than most parts of Germany; and it yields abundant crops of wheat, summer and winter barley, rye, oats, potatoes, hemp, flax, and rape-seed. A r ineyards are numerous, and produce excellent wine. Its mineral products are iron, vitriol, marble, and alum, and abundance of salt is prepared from natural saline springs. The breed of cattle is good, and forms a part of its exports to France. There are manufactories, chiefly of linen. On the whole, this is the most prosperous circle of the whole kingdom.