pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SAADE, a town of the mountainous district of Yemen, in Arabia, and the most important in the district. It is the residence of an imam or chief, whose power is limited, and his territories small; and he is often so hard pressed by his highland neighbours that he finds it difficult to maintain his ground. He imposes a duty on all goods passing from Yemen into the interior of Arabia, and from this source his revenue chiefly arises. It is 368 miles north-north-east of Mocha.
RYSWICK, a village of the province of Holland, in tile circle of the Hague, and near that city, which is pleasantly situated, and contains some good country-houses and pleasure-gardens, and 1820 inhabitants. Near to it is the palace of Niewmburg, where was signed the general treaty of peace in 1697, which bears this name.
SAARBRUCK, a city of the Prussian government of

Treves, the capital of a circle of the same name, and 215 square miles in extent. It stands on the river Saar, over which is a bridge connecting it with the large suburb of St John’s. It is old and strongly built, and the suburb contains 1070 houses, with 6740 inhabitants, who carry on some iron-works, and have barges navigating the river, which is navigable up to the bridge.
RZESZOW, a city of the Austrian province of Gallicia, and the capital of a circle which extends over 1782 square miles. It comprehends four cities, thirteen market-towns, and three hundred and thirty-three villages, with 251,500 inhabitants. The city stands on the river Wisloch, and contains 388 houses, with 4850 inhabitants. It has some trade in making linen and woollen goods, and some goldsmiths’ work.
SAAR-LOUIS, a city of the Prussian government of Treves, and the capital of a circle of the same name, of 189 square miles in extent. It is situated on the river Saar, and celebrated for the strength of its fortifications, which were constructed by Vauban, under Louis XIV. It is well and regularly built, and contains three churches, 550 houses, and 5800 inhabitants, who are employed in iron-works, chiefly in making weapons. Long. 6. 43. E. Lat. 49.14. N.
SAARBRUCK, a city of the Prussian government of Treves, the capital of a circle of the same name, and 215 square miles in extent. It stands on the river Saar, over which is a bridge connecting it with the large suburb of St John’s. It is old and strongly built, and the suburb contains 1070 houses, with 6740 inhabitants, who carry on some iron-works, and have barges navigating the river, which is navigable up to the bridge.
SAASA, a village of Palestine, in the district which is said, on the authority of tradition, to have been the burial-place of Nimrod. It is forty miles north-west of Sarchad.
SAATZ, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 921 square miles, and contains 126,500 inhabitants. The river Eger runs by the town. It has a collegiate church, a gymnasium, and 640 houses, with 4180 inhabitants. Long. 14.10. E. Lat. 50. 18. 35. N.
SABAGAN Islands, a group of small islands in the Red Sea. Long. 41. 54. E. Lat. 14. 55. N.
SABAZIA, in Greek antiquity, were nocturnal mysteries in honour of Jupiter Sabazius. All the initiated had a golden serpent put in at their breasts, and taken out at the lower part of their garments, in memory of Jupiter’s ravishing Proserpina in the form of a serpent. There were also other feasts and sacrifices distinguished by this appel lation, in honour of Mithras, the deity of the Persians, and of Bacchus, who was thus denominated by the Sabians, a people of Thrace.
SABBATARIANS, or Seventh-Day Baptists, a sect of Anabaptists, so called because they observed the Jewish or Saturday-Sabbath, from a persuasion that it was never abrogated in the New Testament by the institution of any other.
SABBEA, a town of Yemen, in Arabia, in the mountainous district of Khaulan, eight miles north-east of Abu Arish.
SABEIA, a small island in the Red Sea. Lat. 18. 22. N.
SABELLIANS, a sect of Christians of the third century’, that embraced the opinions of Sabellius, a philosopher of Egypt, who openly taught that there is but one person in the Godhead. The Sabellians maintained, that the Word and the Holy Spirit are only virtues, emanations, or functions of the Deity, and held, that he who is in heaven is the Father of all things; that he descended into the virgin, became a child, and was born of her as a son; and that having accomplished the mystery of our salvation, he diffused himself on the apostles in tongues of fire, and was then denominated the Holy Ghost. This they explained by comparing God to the sun, the illuminative virtue or quality of which was the Word, and its warming virtue the Holy Spirit. The Word, they taught, was darted, like a divine ray, to accomplish the work of redemption; and that being re-ascended to heaven, the influences of the Father were communicated after a like manner to the apostles.
SABIANS, an early sect of worshippers of the sun, moon, and stars. See Polytheism.
SABINUS, George, a celebrated Latin poet, born in the electorate of Brandenburg in 1508. His poem Res Geslee Caesarιιm Germanorum spread his reputation all over Ger[7:19:600] many, and procured him the patronage of all the princes who had any regard for polite literature. He was made professor of the belles lettres at Frankfort on the Oder, rector of the new academy of Königsberg, and counsellor to the elector of Brandenburg. He married two wives, the first of whom was the eldest daughter of Melancthon, and died in 1560. His poems are well known, and have often been printed.
SABIONETTA, a city of the province of Mantua, in Austrian Lombardy, with a citadel, four churches, and 6320 inhabitants. Long. 10. 24. 45. E. Lat. 44. 59. 47. N.
SABLE, or Sable, Animal, in Zoology, a creature of the weasel-kind, called by authors mustela zihellina. See Mammalia. Sable, Cape, the most southerly province of Nova Scotia, in North America. Long. 65. 34. W. Lat. 43. 24. N.

Sable, in Heraldry, signifies black, and is borrowed from the French, as are most terms in this science. In engraving it is expressed by both horizontal and perpendicular lines crossing each other. Sable of itself signifies constancy, learning, and grief; and ancient heralds will have it, that when it is compounded with
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SABLES D’OLONNE, Les, an arrondissement of the department of Vendée, in France. It extends over seven hundred and thirty-two and a half square miles, and comprehends eleven cantons, divided into seventy-nine communes, with 98,508 inhabitants in 1836. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the termination of a sandy plain on the sea-shore, and only connected by a strip of land with the continent. It has a small harbour fit for vessels of not more than a hundred and fifty tons. It consists of four long parallel streets, with 4778 inhabitants, who carry on the fisheries, and deal in corn, cattle, and salt, which last is made by the sun on the marshes. Long. 1. 53.3. W. Lat. 46. 29. 50. N.
SABON, an island in the Eastern Seas, at the southern entrance of the Straits of Malacca, of a triangular form. It is separated from Sumatra by a navigable channel, the Straits of Sabon, and is twenty-four miles in circumference. Long. 103. 21. E. Lat. 0. 24. N.
SABOU, or Saivu, probably the same island as Savo, near Timor, to which the reader is referred.
SABRAO, an island in the Eastern Seas, separated from the island of Flores by the Straits of Flores. It is forty miles in length by eighteen in average breadth.
SABRE, a kind of sword or scimitar, with a very broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and a little falcated or crooked towards the point. It is the ordinary weapon worn by the Turks, who are very expert in the: use of it.
SA BULAGH, a town and district of Persia, in Azerbijan, situated on the lake Urumea, thirty miles from Ma-raga.
SACAEA, a feast which the ancient Babylonians and other orientals held annually in honour of the deity Anaitis. The Sacaea were in the East what the Saturnalia were at Rome, namely, a feast for the slaves. One of the ceremonies was to choose a prisoner condemned to death, and to allow him all the pleasures and gratifications he could wish, before he was carried to execution.
SACCHARUM, Sugar, or the Sugar-cane. This plant is a native of Africa, the East Indies, and Brazil; whence it was introduced into our West India islands soon after they were settled. The sugar-cane is the glory and the pride of those islands. It amply rewards the industrious planter, enriches the British merchant, gives bread to thousands of ma nufacturers and seamen, and brings an immense revenue to the crown. See Sugar.
SACCHAROMETER, an instrument for ascertaining the value of worts, and the strength of different kinds of malt liquor. The name signifies a measure of sweetness.
SACHEVEREL, Dr Henry, a famous Tory clergyman in the reign of Queen Anne, who distinguished himself by indecent and scurrilous sermons and writings against the dissenters and revolution principles. He owed his consequence, however, to being indiscreetly prosecuted by the House of Lords for his assize-sermon at Derby, and his fifth of November sermon at St Paul’s in 1709, in which he asserted the doctrine of non-resistance to government in its utmost extent, and reflected severely on the act of toleration. The high and low church parties were very violent at that time; and the trial of Sacheverel inflamed the high-church party to dangerous riots and excesses. He was, however, suspended for three years, and his sermons were burned by the common hangman. The Tories being in administration when Sacheverel’s suspension expired, he was freed with every circumstance of honour and public rejoicing; was ordered to preach before the Commons on the 29th of May; had the thanks of the house for his discourse; and obtained the valuable rectory of St Andrews, Holbom. He died in 1724.
SACK, a wine used by our ancestors, which some have taken to be Rhenish and some Canary wine. Venner, in his Via Recta ad Vitam Longam, printed in 1628, says that sack is “completely not in the third degree, and that some affect to drink sack with sugar and some without; and upon no other ground, as I think, but as it is best pleasing to their palate.” He goes on to say, “that sack, taken by itself, is very hot and very penetrative; being taken with sugar, the heat is both somewhat allayed, and the penetrative quality thereof also retarded.” He adds further, that Rhenish declines after a twelvemonth, but sack and the other stronger wines are best after they are two or three years old. It appears to be highly probable that sack was not a sweet wine, from its being taken with sugar; and that it did not receive its name from having a saccharine flavour, but from its being originally stored in sacks or bo-rachios. It does not appear to have been a French wine, but a strong wine, the production of a hot climate. Probably it was what is called dry mountain, or some Spanish wine of that kind. This conjecture is the more plausible, as Howell, in his French and English Dictionary, printed in the year 1650, translates sack by the words “vin d’Espagne, vin sec.”
SACKBUT, a musical instrument of the wind kind, being a sort of trumpet, though different from the common trumpet both in form and size. It is fit to play a bass, and is contrived to be drawn out or shortened, according to the tone required, whether grave or acute. The Italians call it trombone, and the Latins tuba ductilis.
SACMARA, a considerable river of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Orenburg. It has its rise in the Ural Mountains, and, flowing southwards, falls into the river of the same name. Its banks are thinly inhabited, though they are rich in mines of copper.
SACRAMENTARIANS, a general name given to all 4 G[7:19:602] such as have published or held erroneous doctrines of the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper. The term is chiefly applied among Roman Catholics, by way of reproach to the Lutherans, Calvinists, and other Protestants.
SACRAMENTARY, an ancient Catholic church-book, which contains all the prayers and ceremonies practised at the celebration of the sacraments. It was written by Pope Gelasius, and afterwards revised, corrected, and abridged, by St Gregory.
SACRED, something holy, or that is solemnly offered and consecrated to God, with benedictions, unctions, and the like. Kings, prelates, and priests, are reckoned sacred persons; abbots are only blessed. The deaconhood, sub-deaconhood, and priesthood, are all sacred orders, and are said to impress an indelible character. The custom of consecrating kings with holy oil is derived, says Gutlingius, from the Hebrews, amongst whom, he agrees with Grotius, it was never used but to kings who had not an evident right by succession. He adds, that the Christian emperors never used it before Justin the younger.

Sacred is also applied to things belonging to God and the church. Church-lands and ornaments are held sacred. The sacred college is that of the cardinals.

Sacred Majesty is applied to the emperor, and to the king of England.
SACRILEGE, Sacrulegium, the crime of profaning sa cred things, or things devoted to God; or of alienating to laymen, for common purposes, what was given to religious persons and pious uses.
SACRISTAN, a church-officer, otherwise called sexton.
SACRISTY, in Ecclesiastical History, an apartment in a church where the sacred utensils were kept.
SADO, an island of Japan, about ninety miles in circumference, on the northern coast of the island of Niphon, in a large bay. Long. 138. 54. E. Lat. 37. 40. N.
SADOC, a famous Jewish rabbi, and founder of the sect of the Sadducees.
SADOLET, James, a learned cardinal, was born at Modena in 1477. Leo X. made him and Peter Bembo his secretaries, an office for which they were both well qualified; and Sadolet was soon afterwards made bishop of Carpentras, near Avignon. He was made a cardinal in 1536 by Paul III.; employed in several negotiations and embassies; and died in 1547, not without the suspicion of poison, for corresponding too familiarly with the Protestants, and testifying too much regard for some of their doctors. His works, which are all in Latin, were collected in 1607 at Mentz, in one volume 8vo. All his contemporaries spoke of him in the highest terms.
SADRAS, a town of Southern India, in the Carnatic, on the sea-coast. It was formerly a small village, which was purchased by the Dutch about the middle of the seventeenth century; and under their protection it grew up into a populous place, the seat of a flourishing manufacture of ginghams of a superior quality. It was surrounded by them with a brick wall fifteen feet in height, and close to the sea. The fort was seized by the French general Lally in the year 1759, while the French were besieging Madras, though the Dutch were neutral in the war. It was afterwards restored to Holland, and was finally taken possession of by the British in 1795. The town has now fallen into a state of decay. At a short distance are some hills, on which are situated seven Hindu temples, held in great estimation. Long. 80. 16. E. Lat. 12. 27. N.
SAFAD, or Saphet, a village of Palestine, in an elevated situation, which overlooks the western coast of the Lake of Tiberias, and was of some consideration in the time of the crusades; but in 1759, being destroyed by an earthquake, and since regarded with an evil eye by the Turks, it has now dwindled into a poor village. Pococke found in it the ruins of a very strong old castle, which appeared to have commanded the whole surrounding district, which takes its name from the place. It is sixty-five miles south-west from Damascus.
SAFFRON is formed of the stigmata of the crocus officinalis, dried upon a kiln, and pressed together into cake;. There are two kinds of saffron, the English and Spanish; but the latter is by far the most esteemed. Saffron is principally cultivated in Cambridgeshire. This drug has been reckoned a very elegant and useful aromatic. Besides the virtues it has in common with other substances of the same class, it has been accounted one of the highest cordial.
SAFFRON-WALDEN, a town in the hundred of Ut-tlesford, in the county of Essex, forty-two miles from London. It has a good market for corn, which is held on Saturday. It is a borough, whose charter was granted by Edward VI., and is governed by a mayor and aldermen; but it does not return a member to the House of Commons. The chief trade is preparing malt for the great breweries in London. The church is a fine Gothic building of great extent, and adorned by the monuments of many eminent persons who have been buried in it. Adjoining to the town is the magnificent house of Audley End, belonging to Lord Howard of Walden. The town has the benefit of water-communication with London. The population amounted in 1801 to 3181, in 1811 to 3403, in 1821 to 4154, and in 1831 to 4762.
SAFFY, Saffee, Safi Azafi, or Asfee, is a seaport town of Morocco, capital of the province of Ahda. It is situated between two hills, and at the foot of a steep and high mountain, a part of Atlas. Its position renders it extremely hot, and in winter very disagreeable, as the waters from the neighbouring mountains, occasioned by the rains, discharge themselves through the main street into the ocean, deluging the lower apartments of the houses. The walls of Saffy are extremely thick and high. It is a very ancient town, and was the chief seat of European commerce till the monopolizing predilections of the Emperor Sidi Mahommed transferred it to Mogadore. The roadstead is safe in summer; but in winter, when the winds blow from the south or south-west, vessels are obliged to run to sea, sometimes more than once whilst taking in their cargoes. The surrounding country abounds in corn, and two falls of rain a year are sufficient to bring the crops to maturity. There are many sanctuaries in the environs, on which account the Jews are obliged to enter the town barefooted, taking off their sandals when they approach these consecrated places; and if riding, they must descend from their mules and enter the town on foot. There is here a neat palace, and a fort stands at a little distance north of the town. Sally is still supposed to retain a population of 12,000. Long. 9. 5. W. Lat. 32. 20. N.
SAFIA, a small river of Arabia, which falls into the Red Sea two miles north of Tor.
SAFRA, a town of Hedjaz, in Arabia, forty miles southsouth-west of Medina.
SAGAING, a town in the Burmese dominions, situated on the Irrawaddy, opposite to Ava, the capital. It is a large, straggling place, where the houses are of a mean description, and thinly scattered among groves of fruit-trees, with temples and monasteries innumerable. A considerable portion of the inhabitants are Cassay captives or their descendants. On the river face it has a brick-wall, which extends for about half a mile; it is not above ten feet in height, but has a parapet and embrasures. To each flank of the brick-[7:19:610] wall there is a stockade of a paltry description. Inland it is quite defenceless. The town extends along the Irrawaddy about a mile and a half, but its breadth is inconsiderable. Over the site of the town and its environs arc innumerable temples, many of them ruinous and old, and also modern.
SAGAN, in scripture history, the suffragan or deputy of the Jewish high priest. According to some writers, he was only employed to officiate for him when he was rendered incapable of attending the service through sickness or legal uncleanness on the day of expiation; or, according to others, he was destined to assist the high priest in the care of the affairs of the temple and the service of the priests.

Sagan, a city of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Liegnitz, the capital of a circle of its own name, which extends over 484 square miles, and contains 41,600 inhabitants. It stands on the river Bober, and is strongly fortified. It was a principality, but has been mediatized; and it still retains a fine palace of the prince, besides 540 houses, with 4920 inhabitants. It contains manufactures of linen, lace, paper, glass-ware, and hosiery, and carries on a considerable trade in corn and in corn-spirits.
SAGANAK, a town of Independent Tartary, situated on the Sihon or Jaxartes. It was taken by Ghengis Khan, and the greater part of the inhabitants put to death.
SAGANEER, a Rajpoot town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, and district of Jyenagur, eight miles southeast from the city of Jyenagur. Long. 75. 50. E. Lat. 26. 49. N. This is also the name of a town of the province of Gundwana, belonging to the rajah of Nagpoor. Long. 79. 18. E. Lat. 21. 34. N.
SAGARA Nacken Bay, a bay on the east coast of the island of Java. Long. 109. 21. E. Lat. 8. 15. S.
SAGARAWIDA Bay, on the south coast of the island of Java. Long. 113. E. Lat. 8. 15. S.
SAGHALIEN, a large island or peninsula, situated at the eastern extremity of Asia, immediately to the north of the large island of Jesso or Matsmai. It is called also Oku Jesso, or Upper Jesso, and by the natives Tchoka. It is separated from the continent by a narrow channel called the channel of Tartary; and it is not certainly known whether this channel extends along the whole western coast and forms Saghalien into an island, or whether it is connected with Tartary by an isthmus, thus making it a peninsula. The channel was entered by Pérouse with the idea of determining this question; but he was obliged, by adverse winds and other circumstances, to quit it before examining its whole extent. The inhabitants assured him that it was an island separated from the continent only by a narrow strait. The people of Tartary, on the other hand, asserted that it was a peninsula connected with the continent by a narrow isthmus of sand, and covered with marine plants. In confirmation of the latter theory, Pérouse observed the depth of the water constantly to diminish, without any current being felt; and he concluded that it was a strait, though so obstructed by sand and sea-weed as to be scarcely passable. Broughton, who penetrated twenty miles farther, and Krusenstern, observed that in the strait to the north of the river Saghalien the water is rendered almost fresh by the influx of the stream. The territory of Saghalien is mountainous, especially towards the centre. In the lower parts are wooded valleys and hills, and behind lofty mountains covered with snow; towards the south the country becomes more level, and exhibits only hills of sand. Krusenstern, who sailed along the eastern coast, remarked that it was nearly destitute of inhabitants. The southern and western coasts are occupied by rude tribes, of whose dispositions, however, Pérouse gives a favourable account. They arc chiefly employed in hunting and in fishing. The north-east coast, opposite to the mouth of the Saghalien, is occupied by a colony of Mantchou Tartars. The Japanese had formed a colony in the Bay of Aniwa, at the southern extremity of the island; but it has been destroyed by the Russians, who, it is supposed, intend to form establishments for themselves in those countries.
SAGITTA, in Astronomy, the Arrow, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, near the Eagle, and one of the forty-eight old asterisms. According to the fabulous ideas of the Greeks, this constellation owes its origin to one of the arrows of Hercules, with which he killed the eagle or vulture that gnawed the liver of Prometheus. In the catalogues of Ptolemy, Tycho, and Hevelius, the stars of this constellation are only five in number, while Flamsteed made them amount to eighteen.

Sagitta, in Geometry, a term used by some writers for the absciss of a curve.

Sagitta, in Trigonometry, the same as the versed sine of an arch, being so denominated because it is like a dart or arrow, standing on the chord of the arch.
SAGITTARIA, an island in the Southern Pacific Ocean, discovered by Quiros in 1606, and supposed to be the same as Otaheite.
SAGITTARIUS, in Astronomy, the name of one of the twelve signs of the zodiac.
SAGO, a nutritive substance brought from the East Indies, and of considcrable use in diet as a restorative. It is produced from a species of palm-tree (Cycas Circinalis, Linn.), growing spontaneously in the East Indies without any culture.