pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ANDRAPODISMUS, in ancient writers, the selling of persons for slaves. Hence also andrapodistes, a dealer in slaves, more particularly a kidnapper, who steals men or children to sell them,—a crime for which the Thessalians were noted.
ANDRAPODOCAPELI, in Antiquity, a kind of dealers in slaves. The Andrapodoccipeli had a particular process for taking off moles and the like disfigurements on the faces of the slaves they kept for sale, by rubbing them with bran, At Athens, several places in the forum were appointed for the sale of slaves. Upon the first day of every month, the merchants called Avδgασoδoκατηλo∕ brought them into the market and exposed them to sale: the crier, standing upon a stone erected for that purpose, called the people together.
ANDREAS, John, a celebrated canonist of the 14th century, was born at Magello, near Florence; and was professor of the canon law at Padua, Pisa, and afterwards at Bologna. He had a beautiful daughter, named Novella, whom he is said to have instructed so well in all parts of learning, that when he was engaged in any affair which hindered him from reading lectures to his scholars, he sent his daughter in his room; and, lest her beauty should prevent the attention of the hearers, she had a little curtain drawn before her. To perpetuate the memory of this daughter, he entitled his commentary upon the Decretals of Gregory IX. the Novellae. He married her to John Caldcrinus, a learned canonist. The first work of Andreas was his Gloss upon the Sixth Book of the Decretals, which he wrote when he was very young. He wrote also Glosses upon the Clementines; and a Commentary inRegulas Sexti, which he entitled Mercuriales, because he either engaged in it on Wednesdays (diebus Mercurii), or because he inserted his Wednesday’s disputes in it. He enlarged the Speculum of Durant in the year 1347. He died of the plague at Bologna in 1348, after he had been a professor 45 years, and was buried in the church of Dominicans.

Andreas, St, a market-town on the Danube, in the circle of Pilesch, and palatinate of Pest, in Hungary. It contains one Catholic and seven Greek churches, 1040 houses, and 7980 inhabitants, who trade very extensively in the wine produced in the vicinity. It is also the name of an island in the Danube, opposite to the town, which is fourteen miles in length and one in breadth, and remarkable for its great fertility.
ANDREASBERG, a bailiwick in the province of Grubenhagen, in the kingdom of Hanover. It extends over 87 square miles, or 55,680 acres, containing 4250 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in mining. The soil is very poor, and affords scarcely any produce; but, like the rest of the Hartz forest, it abounds with metallic substances. The capital of the bailiwick is of the same name. It is 1880 feet above the level of the sea, on the declivity of the Hartz mountains, containing 400 houses, and 3206 inhabitants, who subsist chiefly by mining, whilst the females are employed in making lace. Near it is the Andreasberg silver mine, from which is produced annually about 40,000 ounces of silver, besides a large quantity of lead and copper, all of which are smelted in the town.
ANDRELINUS, Publius Faustus, born at Forli in Italy. He was a long time professor of poetry and philosophy in the university of Paris. Louis XII. of France made him his poet laureat, and Erasmus tells us that he was likewise poet to the queen. His pen was not wholly employed in making verses, for he wrote also moral and proverbial letters in prose, which were printed several times. His poems, which are chiefly in Latin, are inserted in vol. i. of the Deliciae Poetarum Italorum. He died in 1518.
ANDRETTA, a town with 4049 inhabitants, in the province Principato Ulteriore of the kingdom of Naples.
ANDREW, St, the apostle, born at Bethsaida in Galilee, brother to Simon Peter. He had been a disciple of John the Baptist, and followed Jesus upon the testimony given of him by the Baptist. (John i. 35, 40, &c.) This was the first* disciple whom our Saviour received into his train. Andrew introduced his brother Simon, and they passed a day with Christ, after which they went to the marriage in Cana (ibid, ii.), and at last returned to their ordinary occupation. Some months after, Jesus meeting them while they were both fishing together, called them to him, and promised to make them fishers of men. Immediately they left their nets, followed him (Matt. iv. 19), and never afterwards separated from him. After our Saviour’s ascension, his apostles having determined by lot what parts of the world they should severally take, Scythia and the neighbouring countries fell to St’Andrew, who, according to Eusebius, after he had planted the gospel in several places, came to Patrae in Achaia, where, endeavouring to convert the proconsul Aegeas, he was by that governor’s orders scourged, and then crucified. The particular time of his suffering martyrdom is not known; but all the ancient and modern martyrologies, both of the Greeks and Latins, agree in celebrating his festival upon the 30th of November.

Andrew, or Knights of St Andrew, an order of knights, more usually called the Order of the Thistle.

Knights of St Andrew is also an order instituted by Peter the Great of Muscovy in 1698, the badge of which is a golden medal, on one side whereof is represented St Andrew’s cross, with these words, Czar Pierre, monarque de tout le Russie. This medal being fastened to a blue ribbon, is suspended from the right shoulder.

St Andrew's Day, a festival of the Christian church, celebrated on the 30th of November in honour of the apostle St Andrew.
ANDRIA, in Grecian Antiquity, public entertainments first instituted by Minos of Crete, and, after his example, appointed by Lycurgus at Sparta, at which a whole city or a tribe assisted. They were managed with the utmost frugality, and persons of all ages were admitted.

Andria, a city and a bishop’s see in the territory of Bari, in the kingdom of Naples. It is pretty large, well peopled, and seated in a spacious plain, four miles from the Adriatic coast. Long. 17. 4. E. Lat. 4L 15. N.
ANDRISCUS, a man of mean extraction, who, pretending to be the son of Perseus, last king of Macedonia, took upon him the name of Philip, for which reason he was called Pseudo-Philippus, the False Philip. After a complete victory over Juventus, the Roman pretor who was sent against him, he assumed kingly power, but exercised it with vast cruelty. At last the Romans obliged him to fly into Thrace, where he was betrayed and delivered into the hands of Metellus. This victory placed Macedonia once more in the power of the Romans, and gained for Metellus the name of Macedonicus, but cost the Romans 25,000 men. Andriscus adorned the triumph of Metellus, walking in chains before the general’s chariot.
ANDROGEUS, in Fabulous History, the son of Minos, king of Crete, was murdered by the Athenian youth and those of Megara, who envied his being always victor at the Attic games. But Minos having taken Athens and Megara, obliged the inhabitants to send him an annual tribute of seven young men and as many virgins, to be devoured by the Minotaur. From this tribute they were delivered by Theseus.
ANDROGYNES, in Ancient Mythology, creatures of whom, according to the fable, each individual possessed the powers and characters of both sexes, having two heads, four arms, and two feet. The word itself is compounded of two Greek radical words; aw1ξ, in the genitive avδξoς, a male ; and γυvη, a female. Many of the rabbinical writers pretend that Adam was created double, one body being; male, the other female, which in their origin not being essentially joined, God afterwards did nothing but separate them.

Androgynes, in Natural History, a name given to those living creatures which, by a monstrous formation of their generative parts, seem (for it is only seeming) to unite in themselves the two sexes, that of the male and of the female. See Hermaphrodite.
ANDROLEPSY, in Grecian Antiquity, an action allowed by the Athenians against such as protected persons guilty of murder. The relations of the deceased were empowered to seize three men in the city or house whither the malefactor had fled, till he should be either surrendered, or satisfaction made some way or other for the murder.
ANDROMACHE, the wife of Hector, the mother of Astyanax, and daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia. After the death of Hector and the destruction of Troy she married Pyrrhus, and afterwards PIelenus the son of Priam, with whom she reigned Over part of Epirus.
ANDROMEDA, in Astronomy, a northern constellation, behind Pegasus, Cassiopeia, and Perseus. It represents the figure of a woman chained, and is fabled to have been formed in memory of Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, and wife of Perseus, by whom she had been delivered from a sea monster, to which she had been exposed to be devoured for her mother’s pride. Minerva translated her into the heavens.
ANDRON, in Grecian Antiquity, denotes the apartment in houses designed for the use of men; in which sense it stands opposed to Gynoeceum. — The Greeks also gave their dining-rooms the title of andron, because the women had no admittance to feasts with the men.
ANDRONA, in ancient writers, denotes a street or public place where people met and conversed together. In some writers androna is more expressly used for the space between two houses; in which sense the Greeks also use the term αv¾wαg for the way or passage between two apartments.

Androna is also used, in ecclesiastical writers, for that part in churches destined for the men. Anciently it was the custom for the men and women to have separate apartments in places of worship, where they performed their devotions asunder; which method is still religiously observed in the Greek church. The avogωv, or androna, was in the southern side of the church, and the women’s apartment on the northern.
ANDROPHAGI, in Ancient Geography, the name of a nation whose country, according to Herodotus, was adjacent to Scythia. Their name, compounded of two Greek words, signifies man-eaters. See Anthropophagi.
ANDROS, one of the ancient Cyclades, lying between Tenos and Euboea, being one mile distant from the former, and ten from the latter. The ancients gave it various names, viz. Cauros, Lasia, Nonagria, Epagris, Antandros, and Hydrusia. The name of Andros it received from one Andreus, appointed, according to Diodorus Siculus, by Rhadamanthus, one of the generals, to govern the Cyclades after they had of their own accord submitted to him. It had formerly a city of great note, bearing the same name, and situated very advantageously on the brow of a hill which commanded the whole coast. In this city, according to Strabo and Pliny, stood a famous temple dedicated to Bacchus. Near this temple Mutianus, as quoted by Pliny, tells us there was a spring called the gift of Jupiter, the water of which had the taste of wine in the month of January, during the feast of Bacchus, which lasted seven days. The Andrians were the first of all the islanders who joined the Persians when Xerxes invaded Greece; and therefore Themistocles, after the victory at Salamis, resolved to attack the city of Andros, and oblige the inhabitants to pay large contributions for the maintenance of his fleet. Having landed his men on the island, he sent heralds to the magistrates, acquainting them that the Athenians were coming against them with two powerful divinities, Persuasion and Force, and therefore they must part with their money by fair means or foul. The Andrians replied that they likewise had two mighty deities, who were very fond of their island, viz. Poverty and Impossibility, and therefore could give no money. Themistocles, not satisfied with this answer, laid siege to the town, which he probably made himself master of and destroyed, as we are informed by Plutarch that Pericles, a few years after, sent thither a colony of 250 Athenians. It was, however, soon retaken by the Persians, and, on the overthrow of that empire by Alexander the Great, submitted to him, along with the other islands. On his death it sided with Antigonus, who was driven out by Ptolemy. The successors of the last-mentioned prince held it till the time of the Romans, when Attalus, king of Pergamus, besieged the metropolis at the head of a Roman army, and, having taken it, was by them put in possession of the whole island. Upon the death of Attalus the republic claimed this island, as well as his other dominions, in virtue of his last will.

Andros is now subject to the Turks, and contains a town of the same name, with a great many villages. It is the most fruitful island in the Archipelago, and yields a great quantity of silk. Andros, when visited by Tournefort, contained about 4000 inhabitants. There were seven monasteries, a great number of churches, and a cathedral for the bishops of the Roman Catholic persuasion; but most of the inhabitants were of the Greek communion. It forms a part of the new Greek republic. It is about 23 miles long and 6 broad. Long. 24.50. E. Lat. 37.50. N.
ANDRUM, a kind of hydrocele, to which the people of Malabar are very subject. It is said to be derived from the bad quality of the country waters, impregnated with certain salts.
ANDRYCHO W, a city in the circle of Myslenicze, in the Austrian province of Galizia, on the river Wieprzow-ka, with a castle, and 2805 inhabitants, amongst whom are several manufacturers of fine damask and other table-linen, who produce annually about 30,000 pieces.
ANDUJAN, a city of Spain, in the province of Jaen, in Andalusia. It is situated on the south side of the Sierra Morena, which defends it from the cold winds of the north, near the sources of the Jandula. There is a very fine bridge over the Guadalquivir at this place. The surrounding country is well watered, and yields abundant harvests of wheat, barley, oil, and wine; and numerous hives of bees furnish abundant supplies of honey and wax. From a whitish clay found here there are manufactured a vast quantity of jars called alcarrasas, which are highly esteemed for their property of keeping water cool in the hottest summer weather. It contains a castle, six churches, nine monasteries, a theatre, and 14,000 inhabitants. Long. 3. 28. 25. W. Lat. 38. 1. 32. N.
ANDUZE, a town of France, in the department of the Gard, seated on the river Gardon. It carries on a considerable trade in serges and woollen cloth. Long. 3.42. E. Lat. 43. 39. N.
ANECDOTES (Anecdotd), a term used by some authors for the titles of Secret Histories ; but it more properly denotes a relation of detached and interesting particulars. The word is Greek, avixlorct, signifying things not yet known or hitherto kept secret. Procopius gives this title to a book which he published against Justinian and his wife Theodora. Anecdotes is also an appellation given to such works of the ancients as have not yet been published; in which sense Muratori gives the name Anecdota Groeca to several writings of the Greek fathers, found in the libraries, and first published by him. Martene and Durand have given a Thesaurus novus Anecdotorum, in 5 vols. folio.
ANEMOMETER, or Anemoscope, machines for measuring the force, and indicating the course, of the wind. See Wind-gage.
ANEMUR, the most southern point of Asia Minor, on the south coast of Caramania. The castle of Anemur stands six miles east of the cape, on the edge of the sea, and extends about 800 feet by 300. Its citadel is placed on a small rocky eminence, and is in a ruinous state. Long. 32. 30. E. Lat. 36. 15. N.
ANGAR, Angan, or Hindsham, a barren and uninhabited island on the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf, on the south side of the island of Kishma, about 12 miles in circuit. It must have been formerly inhabited, as it contains the ruins of a considerable town, and many reservoirs of water. It has also two wells, and a stream of good water, which unfortunately become dry in the hot weather. It is covered with pits of salt and metallic ores, and a soft rocky substance resembling lava. The hills, which are overspread with shells of oysters and other fish, abound in wild goats, rabbits, and partridges.
ANGARA, a river of Siberia, which has its rise in the Lake Baikal. It passes the town of Irkutsk with a rapid course, and receiving the Oka, it changes its name to Toungooska, and falls into the Yenesei or Jenesei after a course of 700 miles. It is navigable, and is noted for the clearness of its waters.
ANGARI, or Angarii, in Antiquity, public couriers, appointed for the carrying of messages. The ancient Persians, Budaeus observes, had their ayyag5∕ov ¾o∕wjμa, which was a set of couriers on horseback, posted at certain stages or distances, always in readiness to receive the dispatches from one, and forward them to another, with wonderful celerity, answering to what the moderns call posts (positi), as being posted at certain places or stages. The angari were also called by the Persians astandae; by the Greeks ⅞u,5go¾oμ-o∕, on account of the long journeys [7:3:127]they made in one day, which, according to Suidas, amount- t ed to not less than 1500 stadia. _
ANGARIA, in Roman Antiquity, a kind of public 7 service imposed on the provincials, which consisted in providing horses and carriages for the conveyance of military stores and other public burdens. It is sometimes also used for a guard of soldiers, posted for the defence of a place. In a more general sense it is used for any kind of oppression, or services performed through compulsion.
ANGAZYA, one of the Comora Islands, lying between the north end of Madagascar and the coast of Zanguebar in Africa, from lat. 10. to 15. S. It is inhabited by Moors, who trade with divers parts of the continent, in cattle, fruits, and other commodities of the island, which they exchange for calicoes and other cotton cloths.
ANGEIOTOMY, in Surgery, implies the opening of a vein or artery, as in bleeding; and consequently includes both arteriotomy and phlebotomy.
ANGELICS, Angelici, in Ecclesiastical History, an ancient sect of heretics, supposed by some to have got this appellation from their excessive veneration of angels; and by others, from their maintaining that the world was created by angels.

Angelics is the name of an order of knights, instituted in 1191, by Angelus Flavius Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople: also of a congregation of nuns, founded at Milan in 1534, by Louisa Torelli, countess of Guastalla. They observe the rule of St Augustin.
ANGELITES, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of Christian heretics in the reign of the emperor Anastasius, and the pontificate of Symmachus, about the year 494; so called from Angelium, a place in the city of Alexandria where they held their first meetings. They were called likewise Sévérités, from one Severus, who was the head of their sect; as also Theodosians, from one among them named Theodosius, whom they made pope at Alexandria. They held that the persons of the Trinity are not the same; that none of them exists of himself, and of his own nature, but that there is a common god or deity existing in them all, and that each is God, by a participation of this deity.
ANGELO, Michael. See Buonaroti, Michael Angelo. Angelo, St, a small but strong town of Italy, in the Capitanata. There are several other towns and castles of the same name in Italy, and particularly the castle of St Angelo at Rome. Long. 15. 56. E. Lat. 4L 43. N.
ANGELOT, an ancient English gold coin, struck at Paris while under subjection to the English. It was thus called from the figure of an angel supporting the scutcheon of the arms of England and France. There was another coin of the same denomination struck under Philip de Valois.

Angelot is also used in Commerce to denote a small, fat, rich sort of cheese brought from Normandy. Skinner supposes it to have been thus called from the name of the person who first made it up in that form, and perhaps stamped it with his own name. Menage supposes it to have been denominated from the resemblance it bears to the English coin called angelot. It is made chiefly in the Pays de Bray, whence it is also denominated angelot de Bray. It is commonly made in vats, either square or shaped like a heart.
ANGER, a painful feeling of the mind, excited by the receipt of an injury or affront, and accompanied with a disposition to retaliate on the author of the injuι∙y. Bishop Butler observes that anger is far from being a selfish passion, since it is produced by injuries offered to others as well as to ourselves, and was designed by the Author of nature not only to excite us to act vigorously in defending ourselves from evil, but to interest us in the defence or [7:3:128]•rescue of the injured and helpless, and to raise us above the fear of the proud and mighty oppressor.

l The same author makes an important distinction, as Dr Reid observes (Active Powers, Essay 3), “between sudden anger or resentment, which is a blind impulse arising from our constitution, and that which is deliberate. The first may be raised by hurt of any kind; but the last can only be raised by injury, real or conceived. Both these kinds of anger or resentment are raised whether the hurt or injury be done to ourselves or to those we are interested in.”

Physicians and naturalists have recorded instances of extraordinary cases produced by anger. Borrichius cured a woman of an inveterate tertian ague, which had baffled the art of physic, by putting the patient in a furious fit of anger. Valeriola made use of the same means, with the like success, in a quartan ague. The same passion has been equally salutary to paralytic, gouty, and even dumb persons; to which last it has sometimes given the use of speech. Etmüller gives divers instances of very singular cures wrought by anger: among others, he mentions a person laid up by the gout, who being provoked by his physician, flew upon him, and was cured. It has often, on the other hand, been productive of fatal effects. We meet with several instances of princes to whom it has proved mortal, e. g. Valentinian the First, Wenceslaus, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, and others. There are also instances where it produced epilepsy, jaundice, cholera morbus, diarrhoea, &c.
ANGERBURG, a circle in the government of Gumbinnen, or province of East Prussia, formerly a part of Poland. It extends over 374 square miles, or 239,360 acres. It is watered by the Angerap, which rises in several lakes, with which the district abounds. The inhabitants are 21,172, who produce some corn and flax, and much fresh-water fish and fire-wood. The females are all employed in spinning linen yarn. The capital is of the same name, and contains 250 houses and 2619 inhabitants.
ANGERMANLANDS-LAPMARK, or Aesle-Lapmark, a province in the northern part of Sweden, of the vast extent of 6560 square miles. The inhabitants are only 1200, partly Laplanders, with a few Swedes denominated colonists. The chief productions to spare are butter and some iron wares. Aesle is the chief place, and besides it there are two parishes with churches.
ANGERMUNDE, a circle in the government of Potsdam, and province of Brandenburg, in Prussia. It extends over 503 square miles, or 321,920 acres; and comprehends six cities, three market-towns, 109 villages, and 4201 dwellings, with 34,896 inhabitants. The river Oder washes its eastern boundary, and receives the several smaller streams by which it is watered. The borders of the rivers present some excellent meadow-land, on which many cattle are pastured. It produces good corn, tobacco, flax, and abundance of garden fruit. There is much wood land, and several lakes which yield fish in great plenty. The capital, of the same name, contains three churches, 291 houses, and 2654 inhabitants, whose chief occupation is making snuff and tobacco.
ANGERONA, in Mythology, the name of a pagan deity whom the Romans prayed to for the cure of the quinsy, in Latin angina. Pliny calls her the goddess of silence and calmness of mind, who banishes all uneasiness and melancholy. She is represented with her mouth covered, to denote patience and refraining from complaints. Her statue was set up and sacrificed to in the temple of the goddess Volupia, to show that a patient enduring of affliction leads to pleasure.