pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DAMSEL, from the French demoiselle, an appellation anciently given to all young people of either sex, that were of noble or genteel extraction, as the sons and daughters of princes, knights, and barons; thus we read of Damsel Pcpin, Damsel Louis le Gros, Damsel Richard Prince of Wales. From the sons of kings this appellation first passed to those of great lords and barons, and at length to those of gentlemen who were not yet knights.
DAMSONG, a town of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Bootan, situated on the eastern side of the Teesta or Yo Sanpoo river. Long. 89. 9. E. Lat. 27. 5. N.
DAN, or Jor-dan, which last literally denotes the river Dan; so named from the district where it has its source, which is a lake called Phiala, from its round figure, to the north of its apparent rising in the mountain Panium or Paneum, as was discovered by Philip, tetrarch of Trachonites; for on throwing light bodies into the Phiala, he found them to emerge again at Paneum. From Paneum it runs in a direct course to a lake called Samachonites, to which it is called Jordan the Less ; thence to the lake of Genesarcth, or of Tiberias, where it becomes increased by the lake Samachonites and its springs, and is called the Greater Jordan ; and continuing its direct course southwards, it falls into the Asphaltites.

Dan, in Ancient Geography, a town to the west of the source of the Jordan; formerly called Lais. This was the northern, as Beersheba was the southern, boundary of the Israelites; as appears from the common expression in Scripture, from Dan to Beersheba.

Dan, the tribe, extended itself westward of Judah, and was terminated by Azotas and Dora on the Mediterranean.
DANAE, in Antiquity, a coin somewhat more than an obolus, which used to be put into the,mouths of the dead, to pay their passage across the river Acheron.

Danae, in fabulous history, was the daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, by Eurydice. She was confined in a brazen tower by her father, who had been told by an oracle that his daughter’s son would put him to death. But his endeavours to prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter, who was enamoured of her, introduced himself into her bed by changing himself into a golden shower. From his embraces Danae had a son, with whom she was exposed on the sea by her father. But the wind drove the bark which carried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus, where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to Polydectes, king of the place, whose brother, Dictys, educated the child, called Perseus, and treated the mother tenderly.’ Polydectes fell in love with Danae; but as he was afraid of her son, he sent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished Medusa’s head to adorn the nuptials which he was about to celebrate with Hippodamia, the daughter of Oenomaus. When Perseus, however, had victoriously finished his expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Proetus, the brother of Acrisius, who introduced himself to Danae in the brazen tower; and instead of a golden shower, it was maintained that the keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and that she founded a city called Ardea.
DANAIDES, in fabulous history, the fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Argos. When their uncle Aegyptus came from Egypt with his fifty sons, they were promised in marriage to their cousins; but before the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle that he was to be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters solemnly promise that they would destroy their husbands. They were provided with daggers by their father; and all, except Hypermnestra, stained their hands with the blood of their cousins the first night of their nuptials; after which, and as a pledge of their obedience to their father’s injunctions, they presented him each with the heads of the murdered sons of Egyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to appear before her father, and answer for her disobedience in suffering her husband Lynceus to escape; but the unanimous voice of the people declared her innocent, and she dedicated a temple to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, conformably to the orders of Jupiter; but according to the more received opinion, they were condemned to severe punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill with water a vessel full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as poured into it; for which cause their labour was infinite, and their punishment eternal. The heads of the sons of Aegyptus were buried at Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder had been committed.
DANAUS, in fabulous history, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, after his father’s death, reigned conjointly with his brother Aegyptus on the throne of Egypt. Some time afterwards, a difference arose between the brothers, and Danaus set sail with his fifty daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safely on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospitably received by Gelanor, king of Argos. Gelanor had but newly ascended the throne, and the first years of his reign were marked by dissensions with his subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor’s unpopularity, and obliged him to renounce the crown. In Gelanor the race of the Inachidae was extinguished, and in Danaus the Belides began to reign at Argos. Some authors say that Gelanor voluntarily resigned the crown to Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, in order to punish the impiety of Inachus. The success of Danaus invited the fifty sons of Aegyptus to embark for Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle; who, either apprehensive of their number, or terrified by an. oracle which threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters, to whom they were promised in marriage, to murder them the first night of their nuptials. His order was executed. Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. Danaus at first persecuted Lynceus with unremitted fury; but he was afterwards reconciled to him, and he acknowledged him as his son-in-law and successor after a reign of fifty years. He began his reign about 1586 years before the Christian era; and after his death he was honoured with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which existed in the age of Fausanias. According to Aeschylus, Danaus left Egypt not to be present at the marriage of his daughters with the sons of his brother, a connection which he deemed unlawful and impious.
DANCALI, an extensive territory of Eastern Africa, situated between Abyssinia and the Red Sea, the coast of which it occupies from the bay of Azab to that called by Lord Valentia Annesley Bay, leaving only a small portion of sea-coast, which is properly Abyssinian. This [7:7:613]tract is in general arid and barren, and it is only in the rainy season that the channels of its rivers are filled so as to reach the sea. The inhabitants are all black; but only some of them have the woolly hair which is characteristic of the negro race. They profess the religion of Mahommed; but know little more of it than the name, as they have neither priests nor mosques. They are divided into a number of separate tribes, the principal of which are called Drumhoeta, Belesna, and Hadarem. They formerly united with Adel, or Adaiel, in their wars against Abyssinia; but the interposition of a tribe of Galla has now separated them. They can muster about 6000 men, but their poverty is such that only one man in ten possesses a spear. On their western frontier is situated the great plain from which all Abyssinia is supplied with fossil salt. The Dancali tribes are partly employed in cutting out and conveying this salt; but others follow the ruder pursuit of attacking the caravans by which it is carried into the interior.
DANDAR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, situated about the twenty-fifth degree of north latitude. It belongs to independent chiefs, and is little known to Europeans.
DANDINI, Pietro, an eminent painter, was born at Florence in 1646, and received his first instructions in the art of painting from Valero Spada, who excelled in small drawings with a pen. Whilst he was under the care of that artist, he gave such evident proofs of a ready genius, that he was then placed as a disciple with his uncle Vin-cencio Dandini, a master of great reputation throughout all Italy, who had been bred up under Pietro da Cortona. He afterwards travelled through most of the cities of Italy, studying the works of those who were most distinguished; and he resided for a long time at Venice, where he copied the paintings of Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo Veronese. He next visited Parma and Modena, in order to design the works of Correggio; omitting no opportunity which might contribute to improve his hand or his judgment. When he returned to Florence, the Grand Duke Cosmo III. the Grand Duchess Victoria, and the Prince Ferdinand, kept him per- ' petually employed in fresco painting as well as in oil. His subjects were taken not only from sacred and fabulous history, but from his own invention and fancy, which frequently furnished him with such as were odd and singular, and especially with whimsical caricatures. He died in 1712.
DANEGELT, an annual tax imposed on the Anglo-Saxons, for every hide of land throughout the realm, in order to maintain such a number of forces as were thought sufficient to clear the British seas of Danish pirates, who heretofore had greatly annoyed our coasts.

Danegelt was first imposed as a standing yearly tax on the whole nation under King Ethelred, A. d. 991, That prince, says Camden, much distressed by the continued invasions of the Danes, in order to procure a peace, wascom-pelled to charge his people with heavy taxes called done-gelt. Edward the Confessor remitted this tax, but William I. and II. resumed it occasionally. In the reign of Henry I, it was accounted among the king’s standing revenues; but King Stephen, on his coronation-day, abrogated it forever. No church or church-land paid a penny to the danegelt; because, as is set forth in an ancient Saxon law, the people of England placed more confidence in the prayers of the church than in any military defence they could make.
DANET, Peter, abbot of St Nicholas de Verdun, was one of the persons chosen by the Duke of Montausier to write on the classics for the use of the dauphin. He had a share in Phaedrus, which he published with notes and explanations in Latin. He also wrote a dictionary in Latin and French, and another in French and Latin. He died at Paris in 1709.
DANILOW, a circle in the Russian government of Jaroslaw, to the north of the city of that name. It is watered by the river Wolga. The population amounts to 64,540 persons, contained in one city and 765 villages, distributed into fifty-four parishes, with an equal number of churches. The capital is of the same name, and situated on the river Pelenda, with a wooden church, 357 houses, and 1250 inhabitants.
DANMONH, an ancient British nation, supposed to have inhabited that tract of country which is now called Cornwall and Devonshire, bounded on the south by the British Ocean, on the west by St George’s Channel, on the north by the Severn, and on the east by the country of the Durotriges. Some other British tribes were also seated within these limits, as the Cossini and Ostidamnii; and, according to Mr Baxter, they were the keepers of their flocks and herds. As the several tribes of the Danmonii submitted without much resistance to the Romans, and never joined in any revolt against them, that people were under no necessity of building many forts, or keeping many garrisons in their country. This is the reason why so few Roman antiquities have been found in that counfry, and so little mention is made of it and its ancient inhabitants by Roman writers. Ptolemy names a few places, both on the sea-coasts and in the inland parts of this country, which were known to and frequented by the Romans. The most considerable of these places are the two famous promontories of Bolerium and Ocrinum, now the Land’s End and the Lizard; and the towns of Isea Danmoniorum and Tamare, now Exeter and Saltash. As the Danmonii submitted so tamely to the Romans, the latter perhaps permitted them to live, for some time at least, under their own princes and their own laws; a privilege which we know they granted to some other British states. In the most perfect state of the Roman government in Britain, the country of the Danmonii formed part of the province called Flavia Caesariensis, and was governed by the president of that province. After the departure of the Romans, kingly government was immediately revived among the Danmonii in the person of Vortigern, who was perhaps descended from the race of their ancient princes, as his name signifies in the British language a chieftain, or the head of a family.
DANTZICK, Dantzik, or Dantzig, one of the provincial governments of West Prussia. It is bounded by Königsberg'on the east, by Marienwerder on the south, by Koslin on the west, and by the Baltic on the north. It extends over 3322 square miles, or 2,126,000 English acres. It comprehends eleven cities, seven market-towns, and 1856 villages and hamlets. The inhabitants amounted in the year 1817 to 237,323, and in 1826 to 316,340. At the first period the Protestants were 142,041, the Catholics 97,530, the Menonites 9122, and the remainder Jews. It is a level country, with rather a sandy soil; but near the Vistula the soil is excellent, and produces abundant crops of wheat, rye, barley, and oats. On the meadows many oxen are fattened, and on the uplands numerous flocks of sheep are grazed.

Dantzick, a city, the capital of the government of that name in the province of West Prussia. It was an independent city, one of the Hans Towns, in ancient times, but under the protection of the kings of Poland. After the division of that country, Dantzick became subject to Prussia, and was united to it in 1793. It is a fortified city, rendered strong by its narrow front, covered by powerful batteries on the rising grounds which extend across it, and by the broad stream of the Vistula and its extensive marshes. It has been twice taken during the late war, but both times by famine rather than by the military assailants. The city, with its suburbs, contains 45,450 inhabitants, almost all of whom are engaged in commerce. The chief trade is in corn, which is brought down the Vistula from the Polish and Prussian districts on both sides of the stream. It is conveyed in open barges, landed near the city, and exposed to the sun and air till it is perfectly dry, when it is stored in vast magazines denominated Speicher, till it is required for distant markets. There is also a considerable trade carried on in timber, which is also floated down from Poland. The city has been of long existence, and many of the houses exhibit the fashion of antiquity. There are appropriate institutions for education, for the poor, and for the sick. The manufactures are numerous, but all on a small scale, and chiefly for the supply of the city and its vicinity. The haven admits only vessels of small burden, or very flat bottoms. Long. 18. 33. 40. E. Lat. 54. 21. 5. N.
DANUBE, Upper, one of the circles of the kingdom of Bavaria. It is composed of several portions, which have been secularized or mediatized of late years, namely, of the ecclesiastical states Augsburg, Kempten, and some smaller territories, and of the temporal states Augsburg, Lindau, Mindelheim, Schwabeck, of the lordships of the Count Fuggar, of Truchses Waldburg and Rothenfels. The whole, as it now exists, extends over 3770 square miles, or 2,412,800 English acres. The entire circle is a very mountainous country, being a prolongation of the Rhaetian Alps, some of whose peaks are 9000 feet in height; but there are exceptions in the northern part, where the land is level and the soil fertile. The inhabitants are 438,146, and chiefly depend on agriculture. Except in the capital of the province, Augsburg, there is little trade, and only a few manufactures; but that city is still rich and flourishing from both those sources of wealth.

Danube, Lower, one of the circles into which the kingdom of Bavaria is divided. It is composed of part of the ancient dukedom of Bavaria, with the addition of the secularized principality of Passau and the county of Neuberg. It extends over 4340 square miles, or 2,777,600 English acres. The inhabitants amount to 355,546, in twelve cities, forty-six market-towns, and 2048 villages, besides hamlets and scattered farms. The river Danube passes through the circle from west to east. On the south side of that river the country is mountainous and sterile, but on the north it is more level, better cultivated, and moderately productive of corn. It produces some wine, much common fruit, and abundance of wood and potashes. As the rivers Danube, Iser, and Inn are navigable, the surplus produce is mostly conveyed to the Austrian dominions.
DAO, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near Timor. The inhabitants are employed in working in gold, and produce surprising specimens of their ingenuity.
DAOUD, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah, belonging to the Mahrattas. Long. 74. 26. E. Lat. 23. 7. N.
DAOUDCANDY, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal and district of Tipperah, twenty-five miles south-east from Dacca, from which place to Comilah there is a passage by water on the river Goompty in the rainy season.
DAOUDNAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, sixty-one miles south-west-by-south of Patna. Long. 84. 27. E. Lat. 25. 6. N.
DAPHNE, a daughter of the river Peneus, by the goddess Terra, of whom Apollo became enamoured. This passion had been raised by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest of the serpent Python, had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne heard with horror the addresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove herself from his importunities by flight. Apollo pursued her, and Daphne, fearful of being caught, entreated the assistance of the gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with the leaves of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree should be sacred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne was admired by Leucippus, son of Oenomaus, king of Pisa, who, to enjoy her company, disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods in the [7:7:623]habit of a huntress. Leucippus gained Daphne’s esteem and love; but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leücippus was killed by the companions of Diana. Daphne was also the name of a daughter of Tiresias, priestess in the temple of Delphi. She was consecrated to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by the goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the wildness of her looks and expressions when she delivered oracles. Her oracles were generally in verse; and Homer, according to some accounts, has introduced much of her poetry into his com-ι positions.
DAPHNEPHORIA, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the Boeotians. It was then usual to adorn an olive bough with garlands of laurels and other flowers, and to place on the top a brazen globe, on which were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were arranged a number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, while the bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment. The globe on the top represented the sun, or Apollo, that in the middle was an emblem of the moon, and the others indicated the stars. The crowns, which were sixty-five in number, represented the sun’s annual revolution. This bough was carried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth of an illustrious family, whose parents were both living at the time of its celebration. The youth was dressed in rich garments which reached to the ground, liis hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head was covered with a golden crown, and he wore on his feet shoes called Iphicratidce, from Iphicrates, an Athenian, who first invented them. He was called Aapvjj£ogoř, laurel-bearer, and on that occasion he held the office of priest of Apollo. He was preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and behind him followed a train of virgins with branches in their hands. In this order the procession advanced as far as the temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns were sung to the god. This festival owes its origin to the following circumstance. When an oracle advised the Aetolians, who inhabited Atne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions, and go in quest of a settlement, they invaded the Theban territories, which at that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. As the celebration of Apollo’s festival was near, both nations, who religiously observed it, laid aside their hostilities, and, according to custom, cut down laurel boughs from Mount Helicon, and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession in honour of the divinity. The day on which this solemnity was observed, Polematas, the general of the Bceotian army, saw in a dream a youth who presented him with a complete suit of armour, and commanded the Boeotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and to walk in procession with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days after his dream, the Boeotian general made a sally, and cut off the greater part of the besiegers, who were compelled by this blow to relinquish their enterprise. Polematas immediately instituted a novennial festival to the god, who seemed to be the patron of the Boeotians.
DAPIFER, the dignity or office of grand master of a prince’s household. This title was given by the Emperor of Constantinople to the Czar of Russia as a testimony of favour. In France the analogous officer was instituted by Charlemagne; and the dignity of dapifer still, we believe, subsists in Germany.
DARABJIRB, or Darab-guierd, a town of Persia, in the province of Kerman, situated on the banks of a river which runs through an extensive plain, interspersed with villages and cultivated lands. It is surrounded with groves of orange and lemon trees, which yield fruit in such abundance that the juice is exported to all parts of Persia. Although a great part of the town is in ruins, it still contains from 15,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. It was formerly a celebrated place, being founded about 400 years before the v Christian era, according to the Persian historians, by King Darab, supposed to be the same as the Darius Nothus of the Greek and Roman authors. It was unsuccessfully besieged in 1794 by Lootf Ali Khan. It is 150 miles northeast of Schiraz. Long. 54. 15. E. Lat. 29. N.
DARAH, or Dras, a river of Northern Africa, which rises on the southern side of the great range of the Atlas, and runs through the country of the same name. It is now ascertained that this river, instead of falling into the Atlantic, as was supposed, after pursuing a course of about three hundred miles, divides into various branches, which either form small lakes, or are absorbed in the thirsty sands of the desert.

Darah, a country of Northern Africa, watered by the river above described. It is bounded on the north and west by the great Atlas, which divides it from Morocco, on the east by Tafilet, and on the south by the great desert. The soil holds a middle place between the fertile and well-irrigated plains skirting the sea, and the barren sands of the Sahara. The chief product is dates, but copper, iron, and antimony are found in the mountains which border it. The southern part of this territory, at Akka and Tatta, forms the rendezvous of the great caravan which proceeds from Morocco to Timbuctoo.
DARANAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, situated on the east side of the Ganges, sixty-eight miles north-east of Delhi. Long. 78. 4. Ľ. Lat. 29. 16. N.