pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
QUINCUNX, in Roman antiquity, any thing that consists of five twelfths of another, but particularly of the as. Quincunx Order, in Gardeiing, is a plantation of trees, disposed originally in a square consisting of five trees, one at each corner, and a fifth in the middle; which disposition, repeated again and again, forms a regular grove, wood, or wilderness.
QUINDECAGON, in Geometry, a plain figure with fifteen sides and fifteen angles.
QUINDECEMVIRI, in Roman antiquity, a college of fourteen magistrates, whose business it was to preside over the sacrifices. They were also the interpreters of the Sybil’s books, which, however, they never consulted except by an express order of the senate.
QUINHONE, an excellent harbour in Cochin-China, where vessels are sheltered from every wind. The entrance is narrow, and it is only at high water that vessels of great burden can enter. Lat. 13. 52. N.
QUINQUAGENARIUS, in Roman antiquity, an officer who had the command of fifty men.
QUINQUAGESIMA Sunday, Shrove Sunday, so called as being about the fiftieth day after Easter.
QUINQUATRIA, or Quinquatrus, was a festival celebrated at Rome in honour of Minerva, and which began on the 18th of March, or, as others will have it, on the 19th, and lasted five days. On the first day they offered sacrifices and oblations without the effusion of blood; the second, third, and fourth, were spent in shows of gladiators; and on the fifth day they went in procession through the city. Scholars had a vacation during the solemnity, and at this time presented their masters with a gift or fee, called Minerval. Boys and girls used to pray to the goddess Minerva for wisdom and learning, of which she had the patronage. Plays w ere acted, and disputations held, at this feast, on subjects of polite literature. The quinquatria were so called, because they lasted for five days. There seems to be a strong resemblance between this festival and the panathenaea of the Greeks.
QUINQUENNALIS, in Roman antiquity, a magistrate in the colonies and municipal cities of that empire, who had much the same office as the aedile at Rome.
QUINQUEREMIS, in the naval architecture of the ancients, is a name given to a galley which had five rows of oars. They in general divided their vessels into monocrota and polycτοta. The former had only one tier of rowers; the latter had several tiers of them, from two or three, up to twenty, thirty, or even forty; for in the time of Philopater we have an account of such a vessel, which required no less than four thousand men to row it.
[7:18:794]

Meibomius has diminished the imaginary improbability of there ever having been such a vessel, by reducing the enormous, height supposed to be necessary for such a number of rows of oars, and men to. work them, and finding a better way of placing the men than others had thought of. The quinqueremes of the ancients had 420 men in each, 300 of whom were rowers, and the rest soldiers. The Roman fleet at Messina consisted of 330 of these ships; and the Carthaginian, at Lilyboeum, of 350 of the same size. Each vessel was 150 feet in length. Thus, 130,000 men were contained in the one, and 150,000 in the other, with the apparatus and, provisions necessary for such expeditions as they were intended for. This gives so grand an idea of the ancient naval armaments, that some have questioned the truth of the statement; but we find it related by Polybius, an historian too authentic to be questioned, and who expresses his wonder at the circumstance whilst he relates it.
QUINQUEVIRI, in Roman antiquity, an order of five priests, peculiarly appointed for the sacrifices to the dead, or celebrating the rites of Erebus.
QUINTESSENCE, in Chemistry, a preparation consisting of the essential oil of some vegetable substance, mixed and incorporated with spirit of wine.

Quintessence, in Alchemy, is a mysterious term, signifying the fifth or last .and highest essence of power in a natural body. Or, when divested of its alchemical signification,and employed to express something that is intelligible, the word denotes merely the highest state of purification in which any body can be exhibited.
QUINTAL, the weight of 100 lbs. in most countries, but in England it is the cwt. or 112 lbs. Quintal was formerly used for a weight of lead, iron, or other common metal, usually equal to 100 lbs. at six scores to the hundred.

'QÜINTETTO (English, Quintet), in music, a composition for five voices, or for five instruments, each of which is obbligato. The remarks that have been made upon the construction of .the quartette apply generally to that of the quintette. Amongst the finest instrumental quintettos are those of Boccherini, Mozart, Beethoven, and Onslow. The best that have been composed for wind-instruments only, are A∙ Reicha’s for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, and bassoon.
QUINTILE, in Astronomy, an aspect of the planets when they are seventy-two degrees distant from one another, or a fifth part of a zodiac.
QUINTILIANS, a sect of ancient heretics, who were so called from their prophetess Quintilia, In this sect the women [7:18:796]were admitted to perform the sacerdotal and episcopal functions. They attributed extraordinary gifts to Eve for having first eaten of the tree of knowledge; and told great things of Mary the sister of Moses, as having been a prophetess; adding, that Philip the deacon had four daughters, who were all prophetesses, and were of their sect. In these assemblies it was usual to see the virgins entering in white robes, and personating prophetesses.
QUINTIN Matsys, called also the Farrier of Antwerp, famous for being transformed, by the force of love, from a blacksmith to a painter. He had followed the trade of a blacksmith and farrier for nearly twenty years; when, falling in love with a painter’s daughter who was very handsome, and disliked nothing but his trade, he quitted it, and betook himself to painting, in which he made very great progress. He was a diligent and careful imitator of ordinary life, and succeeded better in representing the defects than the beauties of nature. Some historical performances of this master deserve commendation, particularly a Descent from the Cross, in the cathedral at Antwerp; but his best known picture is that of the two Misers in the gallery at Windsor. He died in the year 1529.
QUINTUS Calaber, a Greek poet, who wrote a large supplement to Homer’s Iliad, in fourteen books, in which a relation is given of the Trojan war from the death of Hector to the destruction of Troy. It is conjectured, from his style and manner, that he lived in the fifth century. Nothing certain can be collected either concerning his person or country. His poem was first made known by Cardinal Bessarion, who discovered it in St Nicholas’s Church, near Otranto, in Calabria; and hence the author was named Quintus Calaber. It was first published at Venice by Aldus, but it is not stated in what year.
QUIRIA, a province of Immeritia, in Asia, which stretches along the shores of the Black Sea. It appears, from the ruins which are everywhere seen, to have been once a flourishing province.
QUIRINALIA, in Antiquity, a feast celebrated amongst the Romans in honour of Romulus.
QUIRITES, in Roman antiquity. In consequence of the agreement entered into by Romulus, and *Tatius king of the Sabines, Rome was to retain its name, and the people were to be called Quirites, from Cures, the principal town of the Sabines. Dionysius of Halicarnassus says that each particular citizen was to be called Pomanus, and the collective body Quintes; yet it appears by the ancient form of Avoids used at funerals, Ollus Quiris lethο datus est, that each private citizen was also called Quiris. The origin of the Avord Quirites has been much sought for; and the most probable account antiquity gives us of it is, that the Avord Quir, or Quiris, signified in the Sabine language a dart and a warlike deity armed with a dart. It is uncertain whether the god gave name to the dart, or the dart to the god.
QUIRK, in a general sense, denotes a subtile or artful distinction.

Quirk, in building, is a piece of ground taken out of any ground-plot or floor.
QUOIN, or Coin, on board a ship, a wedge fastened on the deck close to the breech of the carriage of a gun, to keep it firm up to the ship’s side. Cantic quoins are short, three-legged quoins put between casks to keep them steady.

Quoins, in Architecture, denote the corners of brick or stone walls. The word is particularly used for the stones in the corners of brick buildings. When these stand out beyond the brick-work, their edges being chamfred off, they are called rustic quoins.
QUOTIDIAN, anything which happens every day.
QUORUM, a word frequently mentioned in our statutes, and in commissions of justices of the peace and others. It is so called from the words of the commission, quorum A B unum esse volumus. Where a commission is directed to seven persons, or to any three of them, whereof A B and C D are to be two, in this case they are said to be of the quorum, because the rest cannot proceed without them.
QUOTIENT, in Arithmetic, the number resulting from the division of a greater number by a smaller, and which shows how often the smaller is contained in the greater, or how often the divisor is contained in the dividend. The word is formed from the Latin quoties, which is as much as to say or ask, how often is such a number contained in such another. See Arithmetic.
R or r, a liquid consonant, being the seventeenth letter of our alphabet. Its sound is formed by a guttural extrusion of breath vibrated through the mouth, with a sort of quivering motion of the tongue drawn from the teeth, and canulated with the tip a little elevated towards the palate. In Greek words it is frequently aspirated with an A after it, as in rhapsody, rhetoric, and so forth; otherwise it is always followed by a vowel at the beginning of words and syllables.

In the notes of the ancients, R. or RO. signifies Roma,

R. C. Romana civitas; R. G. C.rei gerendoe causa; R. F. E. D. recte factum et dictum; R. G. F. regis fllius; R. P. res publica, or Romani principes, and R. R. R. F. F. F. res Romana ruet ferro, fame, flamma. Used as a numeral, R anciently stood for 80; and with a dash over it thus κ, for 80,000; but the Greek r, f, with a small mark over it, signified 100; with the same mark under it, it denoted 1000 × 10; thus ρ l signifies 100,000. In the Hebrew numeration 1 denoted 200; and with two horizontal points over it 1000 × 200; thus'S=200,000. Intheprescriptions of physicians, R or R stands for recipe, that is, “take.”
RAAB, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the hither Danube, the capital of a circle of the same name, and of the mouth of the Raab. It is well built, and contains 1540 houses, with 14,000 inhabitants. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop, and of an academy with ten professors, and of several normal schools. The chief employment consists in making woollen goods, and its chief trade arises from its fairs. Lat. 47. 41. 15. Long. 27. 31. 13. E.
RABANA, a sort of drum used in India as an accompaniment to the voice in singing.
RABASTENS, a city of France, in the department of the Tarn, and arrondisement of Caillac. It is situated on the right bank of the river Tarn, and is but poorly built, but in 1836 it contained 6966 inhabitants, who were employed in making woollen cloths, and producing some good wine. Lat. 43. 50. Long. 1. 37. E.
RABBETTING, in Carpentry, the planing or cutting of channels or grooves. In ship-carpentry, it signifies the letting in of the planks of the ship into the keel, which, in the rake and run of a ship, is hollowed away, that the planks may join the closer.
RABBIS or Rabbin, a title which the Pharisees and doctors of the law amongst the Jews assumed, and which literally signifies “masters.” There were several gradations before they arrived at the dignity of rabbin, which was not conferred until they had acquired the profoundest knowledge of the law and the traditions. It does not, however, appear that there was any fixed age or previous examination necessary; but when a man had distinguished himself by his skill in the written and traditional law, and passed through the subordinate degrees, he was saluted as rabbi by the public voice. Amongst the modern Jews, for nearly seven hundred years past, the learned men retain no other title than that of rabbin; they have great respect paid them, and the first places or seats in the synagogues; they determine all matters of controversy, and frequently pronounce upon civil affairs; and they have even power to excommunicate the disobedient.
RABBINISTS, amongst the modern Jews, an appellation given to the doctrine of the rabbin concerning traditions, in opposition to the Caraites, who reject all traditions.
RABBIT,. See Mammalia.
RABIRIUS, C,., a Roman knight, who lent an immense sum of money to Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt. The monarch afterwards not only refused to repay him, but even confined him, and endangered his life. Rabirius escaped with difficulty from Egypt; and at his return to Rome he was accused by the senate of having lent money to an African prince for unlawful purposes. He was ably defended by Cicero, and acquitted with difficulty.

In the age of Augustus, there was a Latin poet of the same name, who wrote a poem on the victory which the emperor had gained over Antony at Actium. Seneca has compared him to Virgil for elegance and majesty; but Quintilian is not so favourable in judging his poetry.
RABNABAD, a low muddy island in the bay of Bengal, formed out of the sediment deposited by the river Gan[7:19:5]ges, or by the Rabnabad, one of its branches, and separated from the mainland by a narrow strait. It is fifteen miles in length, by five in breadth, and at neap tide it is scarcely above water, whilst at high tides it is nearly submerged. It is covered with long grass and underwood, which affords cover for deer and tigers.
RABOGH, a village of Yemen in Arabia, near the coast of the Red Sea, and occupied by Arabs living in tents. It is seventy-eight miles north of Zidda.
RACCA, a town of Diarbekir, in the pachalik of Onafa, situated on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, at the mouth of a small river named Beles. It was once the favourite residence of Haroun al Raschid. The town and adjoining country are inhabited by different tribes of wandering Arabs. Long. 38. 50. E. Lat. 36. 5. N.
RACE, in general, signifies running with others in order to obtain a prize, either on foot, or by riding on horseback, in chariots, or otherwise. The race was one of the exercises amongst the ancient Grecian games, which was performed in a course containing one hundred and twenty-five yards; and those who contended in the foot races were Irequently clothed in armour. Chariot and horse races also formed a part of the ancient games. Races were known in England in very early times. Fitzstephen, who wrote in the days of Henry II. mentions the great delight which the citizens of London took in this diversion. From his words, however, it does not appear to have been designed for the purposes of gaming, but merely to have sprung from a generous emulation of showing superior skill in horsemanship. Races appear to have been in vogue in the reign of Elizabeth, and to have been carried to such excess as to injure the fortunes of the nobility. George earl of Cumberland is recorded to have wasted more of his estate than any of his ancestors, and chiefly by his extreme love of horse-races, tiltings, and other expensive diversions.

Race, in genealogy, a lineage or extraction continued from father to son. See Descent.
RACHORE, a town and district of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapore. It is bounded on the north by the river Kistnah, and on the south by Tungbudra. The capital, of the same name, is pleasantly situated on the south back of the river Kistnah. Long. 78.52.E. Lat. 16.20. N.
RACHONTY, a town of Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded territory, and district of Gurrumcondah, 125 miles north-west of Madras. Long. 78. 49∙ 20. E. Lat. 18.26. N.
RACING, the riding heats for a plate, Or other premium. The amusement of horse-racing, which is now so common, was not unknown amongst the great nations of antiquity, nor wholly unpractised even by our ancestors in Britain. In 1599, private matches between gentlemen, who rode their own horses, were very common; and in the reignof James I. public races were established at various places, when the discipline, and mode of preparing the horses for running, were much the same as they are now. The most celebrated races of that time were called bell-courses, the prize of the conqueror being a bell; and hence, perhaps, is derived the phrase “bearing the bell,” when applied to excellence. For a full account of the race-horse, see Hokse.
RACK, Edmund, a person well known in the literary world by his attachment to, and promotion of, agricultural knowledge. He was a native of Norfolk, and a Quaker. His education was common, and he was originally apprenticed to a shopkeeper. In this situation his society was select, and by improving himself in learning, his conversation was enjoyed by some respectable acquaintance. He wrote many essays, poems, and letters, and some few controversial tracts. His last engagement was the History of Somersetshire, where the parochial surveys were his. This work, in three volumes 4to. was published in 1791, by his colleague, Mr. Collinson. Mr. Rack died of an asthma in February 1787, aged fifty-two.

Rack, an engine of torture, furnished with pulleys, cords, and other means, for extorting confession from criminals. The trial by rack is unknown to the law of England; though once, when the Dukes of Exeter and Suffolk, and other mi-nisters of Henry VI. had formed a design to introduce the civil law into this kingdom as the rule of government, they erected a rack for torture, which was called in derision the Duke of Exeter’s Daughter, and still remains in the Tower of London, where it was occasionally used as an engine of state, not of law, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. But when, upon the assassination of Villiers duke of Buckingham, by Felton, it was proposed in the privy council to put the assassin to the rack in order to discover his accomplices, the judges, being consulted, declared unanimously, that no such proceeding was allowable by the laws of England. It seems astonishing that the usage of administering the torture should be said to arise from tenderness to the lives of men; and yet this is the reason assigned for its introduction in the civil law, and its subsequent adoption by the French and other foreign nations, namely, because the laws cannot endure that any man should die upon the evidence of a false or even a single witness, and therefore contrived this method that innocence should manifest itself by a stout denial, or guilt by a plain confession; thus rating a man’s virtue by the hardiness of his constitution, and his guilt by the sensibility of his nerves. The Marquis of Beccaria, in an exquisite piece of raillery, has proposed this problem, with a gravity and precision that are truly mathematical: “The force of the muscles and the sensibility of the nerves of an innocent person being given; it is required to find the degree of pain necessary to make him confess himself guilty of a given crime.”
RACKOKE, one of the Kurile isles, about 13 miles in length, and the same in breadth. It contains an active volcano.
RACONIGHI, a city of the province of Saluzzo, in the kingdom of Sardinia in Italy. It is situated on the river Maira, where there is a magnificent palace of the Prince Carignan. It contains four monastic and two parish churches, and 1300 houses, with 11,200 inhabitants, who produce silk, and make it into various articles, and have also a considerable trade in corn, as well as in raw and organzined silk.
RADCLIFFE, Dr. John, an English physician of great eminence in his time, was born at Wakefield in Yorkshire in 1650. He was educated at Oxford, and enrolled himself in the physical line; but it was remarked that he recommended himself much more by his ready wit and vivacity, than by any extraordinary acquisitions in learning. He began to practise at Oxford in 1675, but never paid any regard to established rules, which he censured whenever he thought fit, with great freedom and acrimony; and as this drew all the old practitioners upon him, he lived in a state of continual hostility with them. He died in 1714; and if he never attempted to write any thing himself, he has perpetuated his memory by founding a fine library at Oxford, to preserve the writings of other men.
RADE, sometimes called Bade by the Forest, a city of the Prussian government of Cleves, in the circle of Len-nep. It is fortified, and having been burned down in 1802, has since been regularly built. It contains 510 houses, with 4950 inhabitants, diligently employed in manufactures of cloths, hosiery, serges, and hardware.
RADICAL, in general, something that serves as a basis or foundation. Hence physicians talk much of a radical moisture. In grammar, the appellation of radical is applied to primitives, in contradistinction to compounds and derivatives. Algebraists also speak of the radical sign of quantities, which is the character expressing their roots.
RADICLE, that part of the seeds of all plants which upon vegetating becomes their root, and is discoverable by the microscope.
[7:19:11]
RADIUS, in Geometry, the semidiameter of a circle, or a right line drawn from the centre to the circumference.

Radius, in Anatomy, the exterior bone of the arm, descending along with the ulna from the elbow to the wrist.
RADNOR, NEW, a market and borough town in the county of Radnor, in South Wales, 159 miles from London. It was formerly defended by a strong castle at the entrance of the pass between the two hills in which it is built, but that was destroyed by Owen Glendower in the reign of Henry IV. It is still a borough, and has a market which is held on Saturday. The population was in 1801, 329; in 1811, 380; in 1821, 426; and in 1831, 472. It now returns one member conjointly with the boroughs of Knighton, Rhayadyr, Cefn-llys, and Crwclas.
RAFT, a sort of float, formed by an assemblage of various planks or pieces of timber, fastened together side by side, so as to be conveyed more commodiously to any short distance in a harbour or road than if they were separate. The timber and plank with which merchant-ships are laden, in the different parts of the Baltic sea, are attached to-gether in this manner, in order to float them off to the shipping.
RAFTERS, in building, are pieces of timber, which, standing by pairs on the reason or railing piece, meet in an angle at the top, and form the roof of a building.
RAFUR, a town of Hindustan in the Mahratta territories, and province of Aurungabad, forty-three miles S.S.E. from Ahmednuggur. Long. 75. 20. E. Lat.18. 26. N.
RAGECS, a market town of Hungary, in the province of Hither Danube, and circle of Trentsin. It contains two churches, a synagogue, 490 houses, and 4560 inhabitants, who carry on the trades of sadlers and paper-makers. Near to it are warm baths, much frequented by invalids. Lat. 49. 5. 35. Long. 18. 32. 25. E.
RAGMAN’S, Roll, so called, as some think, from one Ragimund a legate in Scotland, who calling before him all the beneficed clergyman in that kingdom, caused them on oath to give in the true value of their benefices, according to which they were afterwards taxed by the court of Rome; and this roll, amongst other records, being taken from the Scotch by Edward I. was delivered to them in the beginning of the reign of Edward III.
RAGNIT, a town of the province of East Prussia, in the district of Gumbinnen. It is the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 466 square miles, and comprehends one city and six parishes, with 23,100 inhabitants. The town is on the river Memel, where that stream enters the Prussian from the Russian dominions. It contains 196 houses, with 2200 inhabitants, chiefly depending upon agriculture and internal trade. Lat. 55. 1. Long. 21. 56. E.
RAGSTONE, a coarse kind of sandstone which is used as a whetstone for coarse cutting tools. It is found in the hills about Newcastle, and in many other parts of England, where there are large rocks of it.