pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ALTENKIRCH, a circle in the government of Coblentz, and the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine. Its extent is 208 square miles, or 133,120 acres. It contains two cities, two market-towns, 536 villages, and 26,654 inhabitants, of whom 12,709 are Catholics, 12,191 Lutherans, 1604 reformed, and 150 Jews. The whole of the circle is on the Westerwalde, and from its lofty position the soil is unproductive. .Its mines of iron, lead, and copper give the chief employment to the population, who are industrious, and the females spin much linen yarn. The circle is watered by the rivers Sieg, Niester, and WTedbach, on whose borders some cattle are depastured. The whole district suffered severely from being the seat of war in 1796.
ALTENKIRCHEN, the chief place of the circle of that name, containing 104 houses and 790 inhabitants, all Protestants, except 56 Jews and 43 Catholics.
ALTENOTTING, a bailiwick in the province of the Lower Danube, in Bavaria, extending over 134 square miles, or 85,7β0 acres. The soil is fertile, and produces good crops of rye, buck-wheat, flax, and potatoes, and feeds many cattle. It comprehends one city, six market-towns, and 96 villages. The number of inhabitants is 14,291.

Altenotting, a market-town of Bavaria, in the bailiwick of the same name. It contains 139 houses, and 1240 inhabitants, who depend chiefly on the numerous pilgrims who repair for their devotions to an image of the Virgin in a chapel which is the Loretto of Bavaria.
ALTERANTS, or Alterative Medicines, such as correct the bad qualities of the blood, and other humours, without occasioning any sensible evacuation.
ALTERATION, in Physics, the act of changing the circumstances and manner of a thing, its general nature and appearance remaining the same; or it is an accidental and partial change in a body, without proceeding so far as to make the subject quite unknown, or to take a new denomination thereupon; or it may be defined, the acquisition or loss of such qualities as are not essential to the form of the body. Thus, a piece of iron which before was cold is said to be altered when it is made' hot, since it may still be perceived to be iron, is called by that name, and has all the properties thereof. By this, alteration is distinguished from generation and corruption, those terms expressing an acquisition or loss of the essential qualities of a thing. The modern philosophers, after the ancient chemists and corpuscularians, hold all alteration to be effected by means of local motion. According to them, it always consists either in the emission, accession, union, separation, or transposition, of the component particles.
ALTERCATION, a debate or contest between two friends or acquaintances. The word comes from altercari, which anciently signified to converse or hold discourse’ together. Thus we say, They never come to an open quarrel, but there is continually some little altercation or other.
ALTERN-BASE, in Trigonometry, a term used in contradistinction to the true base. Thus, in oblique triangles, the true base is either the sum of the sides, and then the difference of the sides is called the altem-base; or the true base is the difference of the sides, and the sumoĩ the sides is called the altern-base.
ALTERNATE, in a general sense, a term applied to such persons or things as succeed each other by turns. Thus, two who command each his day, are said to have an alternate command, or to command alternately.

Alternate, in Heraldry, is said in respect of the situation of the quarters.. Thus, the first and fourth quarters, and the second and third, are usually of the same nature, and are called alternate quarters.
ALTERNATION, in its primary sense, denotes a succession by turns.

Alternation is sometimes used to express the different changes or alterations of orders in any number of things proposed. This is also called permutation, &c. and is easily found by a continual multiplication of all the numbers, beginning at unity. Thus, if it be required to know how many changes or alternations can be rung on six bells, multiply the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,∙ 5, 6, continually into one another, and the last product gives the number of changes.
ALTERNATIVE is particularly used for the choice of two things proposed. In this sense we say, to take the alternative of two propositions.
ALTGEORGESWALDE, a town in the circle of Leitmeritz, in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia. It contains 508 houses and 3674 inhabitants. The whole town belongs to Count Harrach; and under his patronage considerable manufactures have been established, of linen, hosiery, and cordage.
ALTIMETRY, the art of measuring altitudes or heights, whether accessible or inaccessible.
ALTIN, a money of account in Muscovy, worth three copecs; 100 of which make a ruble, worth about 4s. 6d. sterling.

Altin, a lake of Siberia, in the government of Koli-van, from whence issues the river Ob or Obi, in long. 85. 55. E. lat. 52. 0. N. This lake is called by the Russians Teloskoi Osero, from the Telessi, a Tartarian nation, who inhabit the borders of it, and who give it the name of Altin-Kul. By the Calmucks it is called Al-tinnor. It is 84 miles long and 56 broad, with a rocky bottom. The north part of it is sometimes frozen so hard as to be passable on foot, but the southern part is never covered with ice. The water in the Altin lake, as well as in the rivers which run through the adjacent places, only rises in the middle of summer, when the snows on the mountains are melted by the heat of the sun.
ALTINCAR, among mineralists, a species of factitious salt used in the fusion and purification of metals.
ALTITUDE, accessible and inaccessible. See Geometry. Altitude of the Eye, in Perspective, is a right line let fall from the eye, perpendicular to the geometrical plane.

Altitude, in Astronomy, is the distance of a star or other point in the mundane sphere, from the horizon. This altitude may be either true or apparent. If it be taken from the rational or real horizon, the altitude is said to be true or real; if from the apparent or sensible horizon, the altitude is apparent: or rather, the apparent altitude is such as it appears to our observation, and the true is that from which the refraction has been subtracted.

The true altitudes of the sun, fixed stars, and planets, differ but very little from their apparent altitudes, because of their great distance from the centre of the earth, and the smallness of the earth’s semidiameter when compared therewith. But the difference between the true and apparent altitude of the moon is about 52°. i i Altitude Instrument, or Equal Altitude Instrument, is that used to observe a celestial object when it has the same altitude on the east and west sides of the meridian.
ALTKIRCH, an arrondissement in the department of the Upper Rhine, in France. The extent is 444 square miles, or 284,160 acres, and it contains seven cantonsand 106 communes, with 99,013 inhabitants. The chief city of the arrondissement is of the same name, and is situated on a hill, whose base is washed by the river Ill, about two leagues from Mulhausen. It has 2400 inhabitants. Long 7. 11. E. Lat. 47. 7. N.
ALTMORE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone and province of Ulster, situated in long. 7. 2. W. and lat. 54. 34. N.
ALTO Basso, or in Alto et in Basso, in Law, signifies the absolute reference of all differences, small and great, high and low, to some arbitrator or disinterested person. Pateat universis per pressentes, quod Willielmus Ty∙ lar de Yetton, et Thomas Gower de Almestre, posuerunt se in Alto et in Basso, in arbitrio quatuor hominum ; viz. de quadam querela pendente inter eos in curia. Nos et terram nostram altè et basse ipsius domini Regis supposuimus voluntati. Alto Relievo. See Relievo. ALTO Ripieno, in Music, the tenor of the great chorus, which sings and plays only now and then in some particular places.
ALTON, a market-town in the hundred of the same name, in the county of Hants, 47 miles from London and 18 from Winchester. It stands on the river Wye, and is a well-built place, with a good market on Saturday. Population in 1801, 2026; in 1811, 2316; and in 1821,2499.

Alton, or Avelton, a village in Staffordshire, five miles north of Utoxeter. There are the ruins of a castle here, which is supposed by some to have been built before the Norman conquest; but Dr Plot is of opinion that it was erected by Theobald de Verdun in the beginning of the reign of Edward II. A great part of the walls are still standing, but they are in a very ruinous condition.
ALTONA, a city in the duchy of Holstein, a part of Germany 7 , but included within the dominions of Denmark. It is situated on the banks of the Elbe, and only separated from Hamburg by a ditch between the suburbs of the two cities. It is on an ascent, very gradually rising from the water edge, with streets well built, overlooking each other. It is a trading city, carrying on considerable commerce as well with the Baltic as with the West Indies, and equipping vessels for the Greenland fishery. There ûre several manufactories for silk and woollen goods, paper, sail-cloth, white sugar, soap, starch, earthenware, and many smaller articles. The language is wholly German. The religion is Lutheran; but all other sects being equally protected, the number of them is great, especially of German and Portuguese Jews, who are calculated at 2400 persons. The population in 1803 was 23,086: it is supposed to have since increased, and may amount to 24,000. There is a naval arsenal, upon a small scale, belonging to the government; and several establishments for building merchant vessels. It is in long. 9. 57. 15. E. and lat. M∙ 34. 30. N. .
ALTORF, a town of the circle of Franconia, in Germany. It has a botanical garden with a great variety of plants, an anatomical theatre, a handsome library, and in 1803 contained 2070. inhabitants. It is subject to the house o Bavaria, and is 15 miles from Nuremberg. Long. ∏∙ ”· Lat. 49. 25.'N.
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ALTRANSTÄDT, a town in Saxony, famous for the treaty between Charles XII. king of Sweden and Augustus elector of Saxony, in 1706, wherein the latter resigned the kingdom of Poland.
ALTRINGHAM, a township and market-town in the parish of Bowden and hundred of Bucklow, in the county of Chester, 180 miles from London. Owing to the duke of Bridgewater’s canal passing the place, it enjoys considerable trade. It is governed by a mayor and common council-men. The market is on Tuesday. The population in 1801 was 1692; in 1811, 2032; and in 1821, 2302.
ALTSOL, or Zwolen, an imperial free city on the Gran, where that river falls into the Zalathna, in the lower circle of the palatinate of Solor, in Hungary. It has one church, and a castle belonging to Prince Esterhazy. The inhabitants are Í506. It is in long. 19. 12. 47. E. and lat. 48. 21. 50. N.
ALTSTRELITZ, a bailiwick in the duchy of Mecklenburg Strelitz, in Germany. It comprehends 48 villages, besides the cities of Old and New Strelitz, the latter of which, the capital, contains 280 houses and 3031 inhabitants. It is walled, and has several public buildings. There are in it fabrics of leather, linen, tobacco, paper, pottery, and also some breweries.
ALTZEG, a town of Germany, in the Lower Palatinate, the capital of a territory of the same name, with an old castle. Long. 7. 25. W. Lat. 49. 44. N.
ALUDELS, in the older and more complicated chemical apparatus, were earthen pots without bottoms, inserted into each other, and used in sublimations.
ALUNTIUM, or Alontium, in Ancient Geography, a town in the north of Sicily, situated on a steep eminence at the mouth of the Chydas; said to be as old as the war of Troy. It is now in ruins; and from these has arisen the hamlet St Philadelfo, in the Val di Demona. The inhabitants were called Haluntim.
ALVAH, the wood with which Moses sweetened the waters of Marah. (Exod. ch. xv. ver. 25.) The name of this wood is not found in Scripture; but the Mahometans give it that of alvah, and pretend to trace its history from the patriarchs before the flood. Josephus, on the contrary, says that Moses used the wood which he found lying next him.
ALVARES de Luna, treasurer and favourite of John II. king of Castile, celebrated for the powerful ascendency which he gained over this prince. He was a natural son of Don Alvaro de Luna, lord of Canete in Arragon, and of a woman of infamous character. He was born in 1388, and named Peter; but Pope Benedict XIII. who was charmed with his wit though yet a child, changed Peter to Alvares. He was introduced to court in 1408, and made a gentleman of the bed-chamber to King John, in whose service he acquired the most distinguished favour. In 1427 the hostility of the courtiers compelled him to retire from court: they complained that a man of no military skill, and without any virtue to recommend him, should by mere artifice and dissimulation Be advanced to the highest honours; and, by the assistance of a few upstart men, whom he had raised, and attached to his interest, - should rule as absolutely as if he were king. Their efforts against him proving successful, Alvares was banished from court a year and a half. His banishment was a source of the utmost affliction to the king, who could now speak or think of nothing but Alvares. He was therefore recalled; and being invested with his former authority, he revenged himself severely upon his enemies, by persuading the king to banish them. He spent 45 years at court, and during 30 of them maintained such an ascendency over the king, that nothing could be done without his concurrence: nay, it is related by Mariana, that the king could not change an officer or servant, or even his clothes or diet, without the approbation of Alvares. In short, he wanted nothing to complete his grandeur but the name of king: he had all the places in the kingdom at his disposal; he was master of the treasury, and had so gained the affections of the subjects by his profusion, that the king, though his eyes were now opened, and his favour withdrawn, was afraid to complain. A day of retribution however was at hand; the popular favour, as well as the affections of the monarch, declined, and Alvares was thrown into prison. Being brought to trial and condemned, he was removed to Valladolid, and there beheaded in the market-place. He met his fate with the utmost intrepidity.
ALVAREZ, Francis, a Portuguese priest, and almoner to Emanuel, king of Portugal, flourished about the beginning of the 16th century. He was sent ambassador from Portugal to David, prince of Abyssinia; and, after a residence of six years in that country, returned with letters of friendship from David to Juan, Emanuel’s successor, at the same time being charged with the Abyssinian monarch’s submission to Pope Clement VII. At Bologna, in the year 1523, he gave a narrative of his expedition to the pope, in the presence of the emperor Charles V. In the year 1540 he published, in the Portuguese language, the relation of his journey, in one volume folio. This [7:2:580]work was translated into Latin, under the title of De Fide·, Regione, et Moribus Aethiopum, by Damien Goez, a Portuguese gentleman; and has often been reprinted and translated into other languages. The information it contains must, however, be received with caution, as the author is prone to exaggerate, and does not confine his remarks to his own observation.
ALVEARIUM, in Anatomy, the bottom of the concha, or hollow of the outer ear.

Alvearium also signifies a bee-hive. The word is formed of alveus, channel or cavity, in allusion to the alveoli or cells in bee-hives. Some of the ancients also used the word alvearium for a bee-house, more usually called among us apiary. Alvearium is sometimes also used figuratively to denote a collection; in which sense alvearium amounts to much the same'with what we otherwise call thesaurus, cornucopia, or the like. Vine. Boreus has published an alvearium of law.
ALVELADE, a town of Portugal, in the bailiwick of Ourique, and province of Alentejo. It is situated at the spot where the junction of the Campilhas and the St Ro-mao forms the river Sado. It contains 216 houses and 1420 inhabitants.
ALVEOLI, in Anatomy, the sockets in the jaws, wherein the teeth are fixed. Some writers speak of teeth growing without alveoli. Pliny mentions a person who had a tooth in his palate. Eustachius relates that he saw a man at 60 who had a tooth growing out of the middle of his fauces. Haller gives an instance of a person whose teeth were of a piece with his jaws, without any insertion into alveoli.

Alveolus, in Natural History, the name of the waxen cells in bee-hives. Also the name of a sea-fossil of a conical figure, composed of a number of cells like beehives, joined into each other with a pipe of communication.
ALVINZ, a market-town on the Maros, and the capital of the Croatian circle of the same name. It contains a Catholic, a Greek, and a Reformed church, and a Franciscan monastery. The inhabitants are chiefly Bulgarians. Long. 23. 36. 32. E. Lat. 45. 59. 15. N.
ALVUS, in Anatomy, a term used for the belly in general, but more frequently applied to the bowels.
ALWAIDH, a sect of Mahometans who believe all great crimes to be unpardonable. The Alwaidii stand in opposition to the Morgii. They attribute less efficacy to the true belief in the salvation of men than the rest of the Mussulmans.
ALYTARCHA, a priest of Antioch, in Syria, who, in the games instituted in honour of the gods, presided over the officers who carried rods to clear away the crowd and keep order. In the Olympic games, the alytarchai had the same command, and obliged every person to preserve order and decency.
ALZENAU, a bailiwick in the circle of Lower Maine, in the kingdom of Bavaria. Its extent is 40 square miles, or 25,600 acres. The river Maine flows on its south border, and the Kahl passes through it. The soil is excellent, and it abounds in corn, wine, and cattle. It contains two market-towns, seven villages, and 4630 inhabitants. The capital is a market-town of the same name, with 500 inhabitants.
ALZEY, a bailiwick in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, in Germany, on the borders of the Rhenish circle of the kingdom of Bavaria. It contains two cities, one market-town, 67 villages, and 16,680 inhabitants. It is a district fruitful in corn, chiefly rye; and the sides of its hills yield some very good wine. The capital is the city of the same name. It has three churches, 451 houses, and 3193 inhabitants. Near it are the picturesque ruins of the castle of the ancient Burgrave. It is in long. 8. 18. E. and lat. 49. 47. N.
ALZIRA, a town of Spain, in the kingdom of Valencia, seated on the river Xucar. Long. 0. 20. E. Lat. 39. 10. N.
AMA, in ecclesiastical writers, denotes a vessel wherein wine, water, or the like, was held for the service of the eucharist. In this sense the word is also written amula; sometimes also hama, and hamula.

Ama is sometimes also used for a wine-measure, as a cask, pipe, or the like.
AMABYR, a barbarous custom which formerly prevailed in several parts of England and Wales, being a sum of money paid to the lord when a maid was married within his lordship. The word is old British, and signifies the price of virginity.
AMACK. See Amak.
AMADAN. See HAMADAN.
AMADANAGER, a town in the hither peninsula of India, in the province of Deccan. It was taken by the Moguls in 1598, after a siege of six months, being at that time defended by a strong castle, situated on an eminence, and surrounded by deep ditches, into which several springs discharged their waters. Long. 74. 15. E. Lat. 18.10. N.
AMADIA, a trading town of Asia, in Curdistan, belonging to the Turks; seated on a high mountain. Long. 43. 1. E. Lat. 36. 25. N.
AMADOW, a kind of black match, tinder, or touchwood, which comes from Germany. It is made o f u , sort of large mushrooms or spongy excrescences, which commonly grow on old trees, especially oaks, ash, and firs. This substance being boiled in common water, and afterwards dried and well beaten, is then put into a strong ley prepared with saltpetre, after which it is again put to dry in an oven. The druggists sell this match wholesale in France, and several hawkers retail it. Some give to the amadow the name of pyrotechnical sponge, because of its aptness to take fire.
AMADOWRY, a kind of cotton which comes from Alexandria by the way of Marseilles.
AMAIN, in the sea language, a term importing to lower something at once. Thus, to strike amain is to lower or let fall the topsails; to wave amain is to make a signal, by waving a drawn sword, or the like, as a demand that the enemy strike their topsails.
AMAK, a small island in the Baltic Sea, near Copenhagen, from which it is separated by a canal over which there is a drawbridge. Amak is about four miles long and two broad, and is chiefly peopled by the descendants of a colony from East Friesland, to whom the island was consigned by Christian II. at the request of his wife Elizabeth, sister of Charles V., for the purpose of supplying her with vegetables, cheese, and butter. From the intermarriages of these colonists with the Danes, the present inhabitants are chiefly descended; but as they wear their own dress, and enjoy peculiar privileges, they appear a distinct race from the natives. The island contains about 4000 inhabitants. It has two churches, in which the ministers preach occasionally in Dutch and Danish. The inhabitants have their own inferior tribunals, but in capital offences are amenable to the king’s court of justice at Copenhagen. The old national habit, brought by the original colony when they first migrated to the island, is still in use amongst them. It resembles the habit of the ancient Quakers, as represented in the pictures of tire Dutch and Flemish painters. The men wear broad-brimmed hats, black jackets, full glazed breeches of the same colour, loose at the knee, and tied round the waist. The women are dressed chiefly in black jackets and petticots, with a piece of blue glazed cloth bound on their heads. The island is laid out in gardens and pastures, and still, according to the original design, supplies Copenhagen with milk, butter, and vegetables. Long. 12. 35. E. Lat. 55. 30. N.
AMAL, a town of Sweden, in the province of Daland, seated on the river Weser. It has a good harbour, and carries on a great trade, especially in timber, deals, and tar. Long. 12. 40. E. Lat. 58. 50. N.
AMALARIC was the son of Alarie II. and king of the Visigoths. Deprived of his father when an infant, he would have been bereft of his crown, had not his grandfather Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, interposed in his behalf. In defence of the royal infant, Theodoric expelled from the throne his natural brother, who had usurped the government; and, ruling the kingdom during his life, preserved the crown to the natural heir. In 526 the grandfather died, and Amalaric assumed the royal authority. In 527 he married Clotilda, the daughter of Clovis, an amiable lady, who inherited both the piety and orthodoxy of her mother, who was of the same name. The Catholic historians relate, that the king being violently attached to the Arian cause, used means indicative rather or a cruel than of a pious disposition, to compel his queen to embrace the same opinions. With all the firmness of a great mind, and the amiable patience of a Christian, she endured her wrongs for a considerable period; but at [7:2:583]length, worn out with injurious treatment, she was forced to apply to her brothers for assistance, and sent them a handkerchief stained with her blood, in proof of her cruel usage. In order to relieve their sister, one of them, Childebert, king of Paris, entered the territories of Amalaric, who then resided with his court at Narbonne; and their forces having joined battle, the troops of Amalaric were totally defeated, and the king himself forced to save his life by flying into Spain, A. n. 531. It is reported that, when endeavouring to regain Narbonne, he was either slain by an assassin employed by Theudis, his successor, or fell in battle. Some historians say that he died in Barcelona.
AMALGAM, mercury united with any other metal.