pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury, in the reigns of William Rufus and Henry I. He was born in the year 1033, at Aost, a town in Savoy, at the foot of the Alps. He became a monk in the abbey of Bee in Normandy, of which he was afterwards chosen prior, and then abbot. In' the year 1092 he was invited over to England by Hugh earl of Chester; and in the year following was prevailed on, as we arc told, with great difficulty, to accept the archbishopric of Canterbury. He enjoined celibacy on the [7:3:238]clergy, for which he was banished by King Rufus; but he was recalled by Henry on his coming to the crown. In con- 1 formity to Pope Urban’s decree, he refused to consecrate such bishops as were invested by the king, denying it to be the royal prerogative: for this he was banished again, till, the pope and king agreeing, he was recalled in 1107. In short, from the day of his consecration to that of his death, he was continually employed in defending the prerogative of the church against the encroachments of the crown; and for that purpose spent much of his time in travelling backwards andforwardsbetweenEnglandand Rome, for the advice and direction of his holiness. At the council of Bari, in the kingdom of Naples, the pope being puzzled by the arguments of the Greeks against the Holy Ghost’s proceeding from the Father, called upon Anselm, who was present, and discussed their objections with great applause. Priests call him a resolute saint; to other people he appears to have been an obstinate and insolent priest. He wrought many miracles, if we may believe the author of his life, both before and after his death, which happened at Canterbury in the 76th year of his age, anno 1109. He was canonized in the reign of Henry VII. Anselm, though we may disregard him as a saint, deserves to be remembered as one of the principal revivers of literature, after three centuries of profound ignorance. His works have been often reprinted. The best edition is that of Father Gerberon, printed at Paris in 1675, in 2 vols. folio.
ANSIKO, a kingdom in the interior of western Africa, bounded on the west by the river Umbre, which runs into the Zaire, the kingdom of Wangua, and the Amboes, who border on Loango; and on the south by Songo and Sunda, provinces of Congo. It contains a great variety of wild beasts, as lions, rhinoceroses, &c. and many copper-mines. The king of Ansiko, or the great Micoo, is said to command thirteen kingdoms, and is esteemed the most powerful monarch in this part of Africa. Our knowledge of the country, however, is very imperfect, being derived solely from the hearsay reports of Lopez and Merolla, who visited Congo in the 16th century. According to them, the people are brave, swift, active, but savage and cruel in the most frightful degree, human flesh being not only eaten, but openly sold in the markets, and the subjects offering themselves to the sovereign for the gratification of his palate. These reports, which are not very credible, are contrasted with others that represent them as an industrious people, manufacturing cloths from the fibres of the palm-tree, and carrying on an extensive trade both with Congo and interior Africa. Their language is barbarous, and difficult to be learned, even by the inhabitants of Congo. The most distinguished among them wear red and black caps of Portuguese velvet; the lower ranks go naked from the waist upwards; and, to preserve their health, anoint their bodies with a composition of pounded sandal-wood and palm-oil. Their arms are battle-axes, and small but very strong bows, adorned with serpents’ skins. Their strings are made of pliant and tender shoots of trees, that will not break; and their arrows of hard and light wood. They kill birds flying, and shoot with surprising swiftness. With equal dexterity they manage their battle-axes, one end of which is sharpened and cuts like a wedge, while the other is flattened like a mallet, with a handle set between, about half the length of the iron, rounded at the end like an apple, and covered with the skin of a serpent. The current money in this country is the zimbis or shell, which passes among several African nations. They worship the sun as their chief deity, representing him by a male figure, and the moon by a female. They have also an infinite number of inferior deities, each individual having a particular idol. They seem on the whole to be a people respecting whom it might be desirable to obtain further and more recent information.
ANSLO, a seaport town of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuus, with a bishop’s see. The supreme court of. justice is held here for Norway. It is seated on a bay of the same name. Long. 10. 14. E. Lat. 50. 24. N.
ANSTRUTHER, Easter, a royal borough and parish of Scotland, in the county of Fife. It is situated on the north shore of the Frith of Forth, and possesses an excellent harbour. Population in 1821, 1090. 10 miles S∙∙ of St Andrews.
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Anstrutner, Wester, a parish and small seaport of Scotland, situated near Laster Anstrutoer, with which, and the towns of Crail, Pittenweem, and Kilrenny, it unites in returning a representative to parliament. The parish includes the Isle of May. There is a weekly packet-boat to Leith; and the steam-boat that plies between Edinburgh and Aberdeen touches at Wester as well as at Easter Anstruther. Population 429. 23 miles north-east of Edinburgh. Long. 2. 44. W. Lat. 56. 12. N.
ANTA, in the Ancient Architecture, a square pilaster placed at the corners of buildings.

Anta, or Ahanta, a small kingdom on the Gold Coast of Africa, extending about ten leagues in length, between Apollonia and the Fan tee territory. The country is covered with large trees, among which stand a number of fine villages. The soil is exceedingly rich, and considered superior to any other on the Gold Coast. Every kind of tropical produce is there reared with advantage, and the sugar-cane grows to a great size and of excellent quality. It contains various species of valuable dyeing and ornamental woods, one of which is considered little inferior to mahogany. There are supposed to be mines of gold in the territory; but the ruling powers do not encourage the working of them, which would perhaps require more skill than the people possess. Gold, however, may be obtained in considerable quantities, being brought down from the interior countries of Warsaw and Dinkira∙ The air is also much more salubrious than in any other place of this coast, the number of deaths' being observed to be smaller than in any other part of Guinea. Formerly Anta was potent and populous, inhabited by a bold and rapacious people, who greatly annoyed the Europeans by their frequent incursions; but by continual wars-with • their neighbours they are now greatly enfeebled, and are disposed to seek protection from the Dutch and other Europeans who have forts On this coast, and to maintain a friendly intercourse with them. Axim, DixcoVei and Succondee are the principal towns; and many commodious [7:3:245]creeks and havens are found along the coast. The British government, however, having since the abolition of the slave-trade limited in a remarkable degree its intercourse 'with the Gold Coast, has withdrawn the garrisons which it maintained in the three places above mentioned.
ANTACIDS, an appellation given to all medicines proper to correct acid or sour humours. Under the class of Antacids come, 1. Absorbents, as chalk, coral, sea-shells, haematites, and steel filings; 2. Obtundents, as oils and fats; 3. Immutants, as lixivious salts and soaps.
ANTAEUS, in fabulous history, a giant of Libya, son of Neptune and Terra. Designing to build a temple to his father, of men’s sculls, he slew all he met. In his combat with Hercules he is said to have received strength from the earth every time he was thrown upon it, which Hercules perceiving, lifted him up from the ground and squeezed him to death.

Antaeus was king of Mauritania; and from several circumstances, with which we are supplied by various authors, it appears extremely probable that he was the same person with Atlas. They were both of them the sons of Neptune, who reigned over Mauritania, Numidia, and a great part of Libya; as may be naturally inferred from his having such particular marks of distinction conferred upon him by the inhabitants of those regions: they both ruled· with absolute power over a great part of Africa, particularly Tingitana: Hercules defeated and slew Antaeus in the same war wherein he took the Libyan world from Atlas: both Atlas and Antaeus invaded Egypt, and contended with Hercules in the wars with the gods, and were both vanquished by him: Antaeus, as well as Atlas, was famed for knowledge in the celestial sciences: from all which we may fairly conclude that they were the same king of Mauritania.

The golden apples so frequently mentioned by the old mythologists were the treasures that fell into Hercules’s hands upon Antaeus’s defeat, the Greeks giving the oriental word a⅛a, riches, the signification annexed to their own term, μr i ^Ka, apples. After the most diligent and impartial examination of all the different hypotheses of historians and chronologers relating to Atlas and Antaeus, we find none so little clogged with difficulties as that of Sir Isaac Newton. According to that illustrious author, Ammon, the father of Sesac, was the first king of Libya, or that vast tract extending from the borders of Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, the conquest of which country was effected by Sesac in hie father’s lifetime. Neptune afterwards excited the Libyans to rebellion against Sesac, slew him, and then invaded Egypt under the command of Atlas or Antaeus, the son of Neptune, Sesac’s brother and admiral. Not long after, Hercules, the general of Thebais and Ethiopia, for the gods or great men of Egypt, reduced a second time the whole continent of Libya, having overthrown and slain Antaeus near a town in Thebais , ,' from that event called Antaea or Antaeopolis. This is the notion advanced by Sir Isaac Newton, who endeavours to prove that the first reduction of Libya by Sesac happened a little above a thousand years before the birth of Christ, as the last by Hercules did some few years after.
ANTAGOGUE, in Rhetoric, a figure by which, when the accusation of the adversary is unanswerable, we load him with the same or other crimes.
ANTALO, â considerable town of Abyssinia, capital of the flat and fertile district of Enderta, which is dependent on ligré. The town is built along the declivity of a mountain, commanding fine views over an extensive range of territory to the south. Though considered in Abyssinia a place of importance, its absolute magnitude is by no means very large. There are not more than 1000 houses, which, with the exception of that destined for the residence of the Ras or sovereign of Tigré, are no better than clusters of huts with conical thatched roofs. As Antalo stands near the border of the provinces now occupied by the Galla, that fierce and turbulent race, who have occupied a great part of Abyssinia, and whose armies continually threaten the rest, the Ras, to watch their movements, has fixed his usual residence at Antalo. There is at this place a manufactory of spears, which are much esteemed, and exported to various parts of the country.
ANTANACLASIS, in Rhetoric, a figure which repeats the same word, but in a different sense; as, dum vivimus, vivamus. ’
ANTARCTIC, in a general sense, denotes something opposite to the northern or arctic pole. Hence antarctic circle is one of the lesser circles of the sphere, and distant only 23° 30 ’ from the south pole, which is likewise called antarctic for the same reason.
ANTARES, in Astronomy, the name of a star of the first magnitude, called also the scorpion’s heart. Its R. A. on 1st January 1830 was 16 h. 18 m. 59∙77 sec.; An. Pr. + 3∙66 sec.; S. D. 26° 2' 23"∙5; An. Pr. +8'∙6.
ANTAVARE, a province of the island of Madagascar, lying about 21° 30′ S. lat. and bounded by the province and cape of Manousi. The greater part of it is watered by the river Mananzari, whose source is in the red mountains of Ambohitsmene.
ANTEAMBULONES, in Roman Antiquity, servants who went before persons of distinction to clear the way-before them. They used this formula, Date locum domino meo, i. e. Make room or way for my master.
ANTECEDENT, in general, something that goes before another, either in order of time or place.

Antecedent, in Grammar, the words to which a relative refers.

Antecedent, in Logic, is the first of the two propositions in an enthymeme.

Antecedent, in Mathematics, is the first of two terms of a ratio, or that which is compared with the other.
ANTECESSOR, one that goes before. It was an appellation given to those who excelled in any science. Justinian applied it particularly to professors of the civil law; and, in the universities of France, the teachers of law take the title antecessors in all their theses.
ANTECURSORES, in the Roman armies, a party of horse detached before, partly to get intelligence, provisions, &c. and partly to choose a proper place to encamp in. These were otherwise called antecessores, and by the Greeks neofoομοo
ANTEGO. See Antigua.
ANTEJURAMENTUM, by our ancestors called juramentum calumniae, an oath which anciently both accuser and accused were to take before any trial or purgation. The accuser was to swear that he would prosecute the [7:3:247]criminal; and the accused to make oath, on the day he was to undergo the ordeal, that he was innocent of the crime charged against him.
ANTELOPE. See Mammalia, Index.
ANTELUCAN, in ecclesiastical writers, is applied to l hings done in the night, or before day. We find frequent ιention of the antelucan assemblies (Coetus antelucani) of he ancient Christians in times of persecution for religious worship.
ANTEMURALE, in the ancient military art, denotes auch the same with what the moderns call an outwork.
ANTENA r Π, in modern English history, is chiefly nderstood of the subjects of Scotland born before King ames the First’s accession to the English crown, and alive fter it. In relation to these, those who were born after he accession were denominated Postnati. The antenati rere considered as aliens in England, whereas the postnati laimed the privilege of natural subjects.
ANTENCLEMA, in Oratory, is where the whole de-ence of the person accused turns on criminating the ccuser. Such is the defence of Orestes, or the oration or Milo: Occisus est, sed latro. Exsectus, sed raptor.
ANTENICENE, in ecclesiastical writers, denotes a hing or person prior to the first council of Nice. We ay the Antenicene faith, Antenicene creeds, Antenicene athers.
ANTENNAE. See Entomology, Index.
ANTENOR, a Trojan prince, came into Italy, expelled he Enganians on the river Po, and built the city of Padua, vhere his tomb is said to be still extant.
ANTEPAGMENTA, in the Ancient Architecture, the ambs of a door. They are also ornaments or garnishings, n carved work, of men, animals, &c. made either of wood ιr stone, and set on the architrave.
ANTEPENULTIMA, in Grammar, the third syllable )f a word from the end, or the last syllable but two.
ANTEPILANI, in the Roman armies, a name given to he hastati and principes, because they marched next before the triarii, who were called pilani.
ANTEPILEPTICS, among physicians, medicines es- .cemed good in the epilepsy.
ANTĒPOSITION, a grammatical figure, whereby a vord, which by the ordinary rules of syntax ought to fol-ow another, comes before it; as when, in the Latin, the ιdjective is put before the substantive, the verb before the nominative case, &c.
ANTEPREDICAMENTS, among logicians, certain oreliminary questions which illustrate the doctrine of pre- 1icaments and categories.
ANTEQUERA, a commandery in the province of Granada in Spain, extending over 165 square miles, between the cities of Granada, Seville, and Cordova, in a fertile soil, comprehending the city of the same name, and eight towns, besides several villages, having in the whole 1 population of about 40,000.

Antequera, a city of Spain, in the province of Seville, in Andalusia. It is situate in a beautiful and fertile valley, covered with olive-trees, around which, in all directions, lofty mountains rise to a great height, which contain valu-ιble quarries of marble of every description. Near it is i saline lake, which supplies the inhabitants of the district with salt for all their culinary purposes. As longas the Moors possessed the kingdom of Granada, this city, from being the point which commands the eastern entrance to the plain, was a military post of vast importance, and its possession was perpetually contested by the rival monarchs on both sides of it. An ancient castle still remains, in which are preserved specimens of the various military weapons and accoutrements both of the Moors and the Christians of the 14th century. It contains about 14,000 inhabitants, employed in cultivation and in the manufactures of cloth and leather.
ANTEROS, in Mythology, one of the two Cupids who were the chief of the number. They are placed at the foot of the Venus de’ Medici. This is represented with a heavy and sullen look, agreeably to the poetical description of him, as the cause of love’s ceasing. The other was called Eros.
ANTESIGNANI, in the Roman armies, soldiers placed before the standards, in order to defend them, according to Lipsius; but Caesar and Livy mention the antesignani as the first line or first body of heavy armed troops. The velites, who used to skirmish before the army, were likewise called antesignani.
ANTESTARI, in Poman Antiquity, signifies to bear witness against any one who refused to make his appearance in the Roman courts of judicature, on the day appointed, and according to the tenor of his bail. The plaintiff finding the defendant after such a breach of his engagement, was allowed to carry him into court by force, having first asked any of the persons present to bear witness. The person asked to bear witness in this case expressed his consent by turning his right ear, which was instantly taken hold of by the pľaintiff; and this was to answer the end of a subpaena. The ear was touched upon this occasion, says Pliny, as being the seat of memory, and therefore the ceremony was a sort of caution to the party to remember his engagement.
ANTESTATURE, in Fortification, a small ĩntrench-ment made of palisadoes, or sacks of earth, with a view to dispute with an enemy the remainder of a piece of ground.
ANTHEM, a church song performed in cathedral service by choristers, who sung alternately. It was used to denote both psalms and hymns when performed in this manner; but at present anthem is used in a more confined sense, being applied to certain passages taken out of the Scriptures, and adapted to a particular solemnity. Anthems were first introduced, in tile reformed service of the English church, in the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth.
ANTHESPHORIA, in Antiquity, a Sicilian festivaI instituted in honour of Proserpine. The word is derived from the Greek aν⅛ος, fiower, and <ρiξω, I carry ; because that goddess was forced away by Pluto when she was gathering flowers in the fields. Yet Festus does not ascribe the feast to Proserpine, but says it was thus called because ears of corn were carried on this day to the temples. Anthesphoria seems to be the same thing with Cαe fiorifertum of the Latins, and answers to the harvesthome among us.
ANTHĘSTERIA, in Antiquity, was a feast celebrated by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus. The most natural derivation of the word is from the Greek αιθoς {fios), a flower, it being the custom at this feast to offer garlands of flowers to Bacchus.

The anthesteria lasted three days, the llth, 12th, and 13th of the month, each of which had a name suited to the proper office of the day. The first day of the feast was called ¢rôo/y/α, i. e. opening 'of the vessels, because on this day they tapped the vessels and tasted the wine. The second day they called γgος, congius, the name of a measure containing the weight of 10 pounds: on this they drank the wine prepared the day before. The third day they called '∕pryn, kettles : on this day they boiled all sorts of pulse in kettles; which however they were not allowed to taste, as being offered to Mercury.
ANTHESTERION, in ancient chronology, the sixth month of the Athenian year. It contained 29 days, and answered to the latter part of our November and begin[7:3:248]ning of December. The Macedonians called it daesion or desion. It had its name from the festival anthesteria kept in it.
ANTHOLOGION, the title of the service-book used in the Greek church. It is divided into 12 months, containing the offices sung throughout the year, on the festivals of our Saviour, the Virgin, and other remarkable saints.
ANTHOLOGY, a discourse of flowers, or a selection of beautiful passages from various authors. It is also the name given to a collection of epigrams taken from several Greek poets. .
ANTHONY, Saint, was born in Egypt in 251, and inherited a large fortune, which he distributed among his neighbours and the poor, retired into solitude, founded a religious order, built many monasteries, and died anno 356. Many ridiculous stories are told of his conflicts with the devil, and of his miraeles. There are seven epistles extant attributed to him.

St Anthony is sometimes represented with a fire by his side, signifying that he relieves persons from the inflammation called after his name; but always accompanied by a hog, on account of his having been a swine-herd, and curing all disorders in that animal. To do him the greater honour, the Romanists in several places keep at common charges a hog denominated St Anthony’s hog, for which they have great veneration. Some will have St Anthony’s picture on the walls of their houses, hoping by that to be preserved from the plague; and the Italians, who do not know the true signification of the fire painted at the side of their saint, concluding that he preserves houses from being burnt, invoke him on such occasions. Both painters and poets have made very free with this saint and his followers; the former by the many ludicrous pictures of his temptation, and the latter by divers epigrams on his disciples or friars.

Anthony, or Knights of St Anthony, a military order instituted by Albert duke of Bavaria, Holland, and Zealand, when he designed to make war against the Turks in 1382. The knights wore a collar of gold made in form of a hermit’s girdle, from which hung a stick cut like a crutch, with a little bell, as they are represented in St Anthony’s pictures.

St ANTHONY also gives the denomination to a religious order founded in France about the year 1095, to take care of those afflicted with St Anthony’s fire (see the next article). It is said that in some places these monks assume to themselves a power of giving, as well as removing, the ignis sacer, or erysipelas; a power which stands them in great stead, for keeping the poor people in subjection, and extorting alms.

St Anthony's Fire, a name properly given to the erysipelas. Apparently it took this denomination, as those afflicted with it made their peculiar application to St Anthony of Padua for a cure. It is known that, anciently, particular diseases had their peculiar saints. Thus, in the ophthalmia, persons had recourse to St Lueia; in the toothache, to St Apollonia; in the hydrophobia, to St Hubert, &c.
ANTHORISMUS, in Rhetoric, denotes a contrary description or definition of a thing from that given by the adverse party. Thus, if the plaintiff urge, that to take any thing away from another without his knowledge or consent, is a theft; this is called ogo¢, or definition. If the defendant reply, that to take a thing away from another without his knowledge or consent, provided it be done with design to return it to him again, is not theft; this is an ανόο^ΰμος.
ANTHRAX, a Greek term, literally signifying a burning coal, used by the ancients to denote a gem, as well as a disease more generally known by the name of carbuncle.
ANTHROPOGLOTTUS, among zoologists, an appellation given to such animals as have tongues resembling that of mankind, particularly to the parrot kind.
ANTHROPOLATRAE, in Ecclesiastical History, an appellation given to the Nestorians, on account of their worshipping Christ, notwithstanding that they believed him to be a mere man.