pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AEGYPTILLA, in Natural History, the name of a stone described by the ancients, and said by some authors to have the remarkable quality of giving water the colour and taste of wine. This seems a very imaginary virtue, as are indeed too many of those in former ages attributed to stones. The descriptions left us of this remarkable fossil tell us, that it was variegated with, or composed of, veins of black or white, or black and bluish, with sometimes a plate or vein of whitish red. The authors of these accounts seem to have understood by this name the several stones of the onyx, sardonyx, and cameo kind; all which we have at present common among us, but none of which possesses any such strange properties.
AEGYPTUS, in fabulous history, was the son of Belus, and brother of Danaus.
AEINAUTAE, in Antiquity, αiιναoται, always mariners, a denomination given to the senators of Miletus, because they held their deliberations on board a ship, and never returned to land till matters had been agreed on.
AELFRIC, an eminent ecclesiastic of the 1Oth century, was the son of an earl of Kent, and a monk of the Benedictine order in the monastery of Abingdon. In 963 he was settled in the cathedral of Winchester, under Athelwold the bishop, and undertook the instruction of the youth of the diocese; for which purpose he compiled a Latin-Saxon vocabulary, and some Latin colloquies. He also translated from the Latin into Saxon many of the historical books of the Old Testament. While he resided at Winchester he drew up Canons, which are a kind of charge to be delivered by the bishops to their clergy. He was afterwards abbot of St Albans, bishop of Wilton, and finally, in 994, translated to the .see of Canterbury. Here he had a hard struggle for some years in bravely defending his diocese against the incursions of the Danes. He died in 1005, and was buried at Abingdon; but his remains were removed to Canterbury in the reign of Canute. Aelfric is held up as one of the most distinguished prelates of the Saxon church. His learning, for the times, was considerable, his morals pure, and his religious sentiments untainted with many of the corruptions of his age. Besides the works already mentioned, he translated two volumes of Homilies from the Latin Fathers.
AELIA, Capitolina, a name given to the city built by the emperor Adrian, a. d. 134, near the spot where the ancient Jerusalem stood, which he found in ruins when he visited the eastern parts of the Roman empire. A Roman colony was settled here, and a temple, in place of that of Jerusalem, was dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus. Hence the name is derived, to which he prefixed that of his own family.
AELIAN, Claudius, born at Praeneste, in Italy. He taught rhetoric at Rome, according to Perizonius, under the emperor Alexander Severus. He was surnamed Msa∕yλωΛΓoς, Honey-mouth, on account of the sweetness of his style in his discourses and writings. He was likewise honoured with the title of Sophist, an appellation in his days given only to men of learning and wisdom. He loved retirement, and devoted himself to study. He greatly admired and studied Plato, Aristotle, Isocrates, Plutarch, Homer, Anacreon, Archilochus, &c. and, though a Roman, gives the preference to the writers of the Greek nation. His curious and entertaining work entitled Variae Historiae has been frequently republished. The edition published at Amsterdam in 1731, by Gro-novius, cum notis variorum, consists of two 4to volumes. His treatise De Natura Animalium has also been several times reprinted. A very useful edition, in all respects indeed the best, was published by Schneider, at Leipsic, in 1784, in 8vo. Besides the above, the collated edition of his works, published by Gesner, contains his Epistolae Busticae.
AELTERE, a town with 3973 inhabitants, in the arrondissement of Ghent, and province of East Flanders.
AELURUS, in Egyptian Mythology, the deity or god of cats; represented sometimes like a cat, and sometimes like a man with a cat’s head. The Egyptians had so superstitious a regard for this animal, that the killing of it, whether by accident or design, was punished with death; and Diodorus relates, that, in the time of extreme famine, they chose rather to eat one another than touch these sacred animals.
AEM, Am, or Ame, a liquid measure used in most parts of Germany, but different in different towns. The aem commonly contains 20 vertils, or 80 masses: that of Heidelberg is equal to 48 masses, and that of Wirtemberg to 160 masses.
AEMILIUS, Paulus, the son of Paulus Aemilius who was killed at the battle of Cannae. He was twice consul. In his first consulate he triumphed over the Ligurians, and in the second subdued Perseus, king of Macedonia, and reduced that country to a Roman province, on which he obtained the surname of Macedonicus. He returned to Rome loaded with glory, and triumphed for three days. He died 168 years before Christ.

Aemilius, Paulus, a celebrated historian, born at Ve [7:2:173]rona, who obtained such reputation in Italy, that he was invited into France by the cardinal of Bourbon, in the reign of Louis XII., in order to write the history of the kings of France in Latin, and was presented to a canonry in the cathedral of Paris. He died at Paris on the 5th of May 1529. His work entitled De Rebus gestis Franco-rum was translated into French by Renard in 1581, and it has also been translated into Italian and German.
AEMOBOLIUM, in Antiquity, the blood of a bull or ram offered in the sacrifices, called taurobolia and criobolia ; in which sense the word occurs in ancient inscriptions.
AENEAS, in fabulous history, a famous Trojan prince, the son of Anchises and Venus. At the destruction of Troy, he bore his aged father on his back, and saved him from the Greeks; but, being too solicitous about his son and household gods, lost his wife Creüsa in the escape. Landing in Africa, he was kindly received by Queen Dido; but quitting her coast, he arrived in Italy, where he married Lavinia, the daughter of King Latinus, and defeated Turnus, to whom she had been contracted. After the death of his father-in-law, he was made king of the Latins, over whom he reigned three years; but joining with the Aborigines, he was slain in a battle against the Tuscans. Virgil has rendered the name of this prince immortal, by making him the hero of bis poem.

Aeneas Sylvius, Pope. See Pius II.
AENEATORES, in Antiquity, the musicians in an army, including those that played on trumpets, horns, &c. The word is formed from aeneus, on account of the brazen instruments used by them.
AENEID, the name of Virgil’s celebrated epic poem, devoted to celebrate the establishment of Aeneas in Italy.
AENGIA, one of the islands of the Archipelago. It lies in the bay of Engia, and the town of that name contains about 800 houses and a castle; and near it are the ruins of a magnificent structure, which was formerly a temple.
AENIGMATOGRAPHY, or Aenigmathology, the art of resolving or making aenigmas.
AENITHOLOGIUS, in Poetry, a verse of two dactyls and three trochaei; as Praelia dira placent truci juventae.
AEOLIAE Insulae, now Isoli Lipari, in Ancient Geography, seven islands situated between Sicily and Italy; so called from Aeolus, who reigned there about the time of the Trojan war. The Greeks call them Hephoestiades ; and the Romans Vulcaniae, from their fiery eruptions. They are also called Liparaeorum Insulae, from their principal island Lipara. Dionysius Periegetes calls them ∏λura∕, because circumnavigable.
AEOLIAN Harp. See Acoustics, and Harp.
AEOLIC, in a general sense, denotes something belonging to Aeolis.

Aeolic, or Aeolian, in Grammar, denotes one of the five dialects of the Greek tongue. It was first used in Boeotia, whence it passed into Aeolia, and was that which Sappho and Alcaeus wrote in. The Aeolic dialect generally throws out the aspirate or sharp spirit, and agrees in so many things with the Doric dialect, that the two are usually confounded together.

The Aeolic digamma is a name given to the letter F, which the Aeolians used to prefix to words beginning with [7:2:174]vowels, as F οινος for οινος ; also to insert between vowels, as ο F ις for οις. Aeolic Verse, in Prosody, a verse consisting of an iambus or spondee; then of two anapests, separated by a long syllable; ∙and, lastly, of another syllable: such as, 0 stelliferi conditor orbis. This is otherwise called eulogic verse; and, from the chief poets who used it, Archilochian and Pindaric.
AEOLIPILE, in Hydraulics,, is a hollow ball of metal, generally used in courses of experimental philosophy, in order to demonstrate the possibility of converting water into an elastic steam or vapour by heat. The instrument, therefore, consists of a slender neck or pipe, having a narrow orifice inserted into the ball by means of a shouldered screw. This pipe being taken out, the ball is filled almost full of water, and the pipe being again screwed in, the ball is placed on a pan of kindled charcoal, where it is well heated, and there issues from the orifice a vapour, with prodigious violence and great noise, which continues till all the included water is discharged. The stronger the fire is, the more elastic and violent will be the steam; but care must be taken that the small orifice of the pipe be not by any accident stopped up, because the instrument would in that case infallibly burst in pieces, with such violence as might greatly endanger the lives of the persons near it. Another way of introducing the water is to heat the ball red-hot when empty, which will drive out almost all the air; and then by suddenly immerging it in water, the pressure of the atmosphere will force in the fluid, till it is nearly full. Descartes and others have used this instrument to account for the natural cause and generation of the wind: and hence it was called Aeolipila : q. d. pila Aeoli, the ball of Aeolus, or of the god of the winds.
AEOLIS, or Aeolia, in Ancient Geography, a country of the Hither Asia, settled by colonies of Aeolian Greeks. Taken largely, it comprehends all Troas and the coast of the Hellespont to the Propontis, because in those parts there were several Aeolian colonies. In a more limited sense it is applied to the district between Troas to the north and Ionia to the south. The people are called Aeoles or Aeolii.
AEOLUS, in Heathen Mythology, the god of the winds, was said to be the son of Jupiter by Acasta or Sigesia, the daughter of Hippotas; or, according to others, the son of Hippotas by Meneclea, daughter of Hyllus, king of Lipara. He dwelt in the island Strongyle, now called Strombolo, one of the seven islands called Aeolian, from their being under the dominion of Aeolus. Others say that his residence was at Rhegium, in Italy; and others, again, place him in the island Lipara. He is represented as having authority over the winds, which he held enchained in a vast cavern, to prevent their continuing the devastations they had been guilty of before they were put under his direction.
AEON, a Greek word, properly signifying the age or duration of any thing.

Aeon, among the followers of Plato, was used to signify any virtue, attribute, or perfection: hence they represented the deity as an assemblage of all possible aeons, and called him pleroma, a Greek term signifying fulness. The Valentinians, who, in the first ages of the church, blended the conceits of the Jewish cabalists, the Platonists, and the Chaldean philosophers, with the simplicity of the Christian doctrine, invented a kind of Theogony, or Gene-«, alogy of Gods (not unlike that of Hesiod), whom they called by several glorious names, and all by the general appellation of Aeons : among which they reckoned Zωη, life; Aογάς, word; Μονογoνης, only-begotten; Hληgωμα, fulness ; and many other divine powers and emanations, amounting in number to thirty; which they fancied to be successively derived from one another, and all from one self-originated deity, named Pythus, i. e. profound or unfathomable ; whom they called likewise, the most high and' ineffable father.
AEORA, among ancient writers on medicine, is used for gestation; which sort of exercise was often prescribed by the physicians of those days. Other exercises consisted principally in the motion of the body; but in the aeora the limbs were at rest, while the body was carried about and moved from place to place, in such a manner as the physician prescribed. It had therefore the advantage of exercise, without the fatigue of it. This exercise was promoted several ways; sometimes the patient was laid in a sort of hammock, supported by röpes, and moved backward and forward; sometimes his bed ran nimbly on its feet; and sometimes he was carried in a litter, in a boat or ship, or on even ground in a chariot. Asclepiades was the first who brought gestation into practice, which was used as a means to recover strength after a fever, &c.
AEQUIMELIUM, in Antiquity, a place in Rome where stood the house of Spurius Melius, who, by largesses corrupting the people, affected the supreme power. Refusing to appear before the dictator Cineinnatus, he was slain by Servilius Ahala, master of the horse; his house was razed to the ground, and the spot on which it stood was called Area Aequimelii. (Livy.)
AERA, in Chronology, a fixed point of time from whence any number of years is begun to be counted. It is sometimes also written in ancient authors Era. The origin of the term is contested, though it is generally allowed to have had its rise in Spain. Sepulveda supposes it formed from A. ER. A. the notae or abbreviatures of the words annus erat Augusti, occasioned by the Spaniards beginning their computation from the time their country came under the dominion of Augustus, or that of receiving the Roman calendar. This opinion, however ingenious, is rejected by Sealiger, not only on account that in the ancient abbreviatures A never stood for annus, unless when preceded by V for vixit ; but that it seems improbable they should put ER for erat, and the letter A, without any discrimination, both for annus and Augustus. Vossius nevertheless favours the conjecture, and judges it at least as probable as either that of Isidore, who derives aera from aes, the tribute-money wherewith Augustus taxed the world; or that of Sealiger himself, who deduces it likewise from aes, though in a different manner. Aes, he observes, was used among the ancients for an article or item in an account; and hence it came also to stand for a sum or number itself. From the plural aera, came by corruption aera, aerum, in the singular; much as Ostia, Ostiam, the name of a place, from Ostia, the mouths of the Tiber.

The difference between the terms aera and epoch is, that the aeras are certain points fixed by some people or nation, and the epoehs are points fixed by chronologists and historians. The idea of an aera comprehends also a certain succession of years proceeding from a fixed point of time, and the epoch is that point itself. Thus, the Christian aera began at the epoch of the birth of Jesus Christ.
AERARIUM, the treasury or place where the public money was deposited amongst the Romans.

Aerarium Ilithyae, or Jdnonis Lucinae, was where the moneys were deposited which parents paid for the birth of each child.

Aerarium Privatum was the emperor’s privy purse, or the place where the money arising from his private patrimony was deposited.

Aerarium Sanctius contained the moneys arising from the twentieth part of all legacies: this was kept for the extreme necessities of the state.

Aerarium Vicesimarum, the place where the money arising from the taxes levied from foreign countries was laid up; so called because it most commonly consisted of a twentieth part of the produce.

There are several other treasuries mentioned in history, as the Aerarium Juventutis, Veneris, &c. The temple of

Saturn was the public treasury of Rome, either because Saturn first taught the Italians to coin money, or, which is most likely, because this temple was the strongest and most secure, and therefore the fittest place for that purpose.

Aerarium differs from Fiscus, as the first contained the public money, the second that of the prince. The two are, however, sometimes indiscriminately used for each other.
AERARIUS, a name given by the Romans to a degraded citizen, who had been struek off the list of his century. Sueh persons were so called, because they were liable to all the taxes (aera), without enjoying any of its privileges.

The aerarii were incapable of making a will, of inheriting, of voting in assemblies, or of enjoying any post of honour or profit in effect, they were only subject to the burdens, without the benefits of society; yet they retained their freedom, and were not reduced to the condition of slaves. To be made an aerarius was a punishment inflicted for some offence, and reputed one degree more severe than to be expelled a tribe, tribu moveri. Aerarius was likewise an officer instituted by Alexander Severus, for the distribution of the money given in largesses to the soldiery or people.

Aerarius was also used for a person employed in coining or working brass. These are sometimes called aerarii fusores. At other times, aerarius is distinguished from fusor ; the former answering to what we now call coppersmiths, the latter to founders.

Aerarius was also applied to a soldier who receives pay.
AERIA, or Eeria, in Ancient Geography, the ancient name of Egypt. The scholiast on Apollonjus Rhodius says, that not only Thessaly, but Egypt, was called Hεgια by the Greeks, which Eusebius also confirms; and hence Apollinarius, in his translation of the 114th Psalm, uses it for Egypt. Hesyehius applies this name to Ethiopia.
AERIANS, in Church History, a branch of Arians, who to the doctrines of that sect added some peculiar dogmas of their own; as, that there is no difference between bishops and priests,—a doctrine maintained by many modern divines, particularly of the presbyterian and reformed churches. The sect received its denomination from Aerius, an Arminian priest of the fourth century.

Flos AERIS, among alchemists, small scales procured from copper melted by a strong heat; it is sometimes used for aerugo or verdigris.
AERNEN, a market town near the river Rhone, in the canton of Walles or Valais, in Switzerland, in the district of Sambs. It has a state-house and other good buildings, and is the seat of justice for the district.
AEROGRAPHY, from αηξ, air, and γξαφω, I describe; a description of the air or atmosphere, its limits, dimensions, properties, &c.
AEROLITE, a term recently, but perhaps improperly, applied to those singular substances commonly called Meteoric Stones.
AEROMANCY, a species of divination performed by means of air, wind, &c.
AEROMETRY, the science of measuring the air. It comprehends not only the doctrine of the air itself, considered as a fluid body, but also its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation. But the term is at present not much in use, this branch of natural philosophy being more frequently called Pneumatics.
AERONAUTICA, from αηο, and rour/xoç, derived from ναυς, ship ; the art of sailing in a vessel or machine through the atmosphere, sustained as a ship in the sea. See Aeronautics.
AEROPHYLACEA, a term used by naturalists for caverns or reservoirs of air, supposed to exist in the bowels of the earth.
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AERSCHOT, a fortified city in the Netherlands, on the river Dander, 7 miles from Louvain, and 20 from Antwerp, containing 2750 inhabitants.
AERUGINOUS, an epithet given to such things as resemble or partake of the nature of the rust of copper.
AERUGO, in Natural History, properly signifies the rust of copper, whether natural or artificial. The former is found about copper mines, and the latter, called verdigris, made by corroding copper plates with acids.
AERUSCATORES, in Antiquity, a kind of strolling beggars, not unlike gypsies, who drew money from the credulous by fortune-telling, &c. It was also a denomination given to griping exactors, or collectors of the revenue. The Galli, or priests of Cybele, were called aeruscatores magnae matris ; and μητzαγ^ται, from their begging in the streets; to which end they had little bells to draw people’s attention, similar to some orders of mendicants abroad.
AERZEELE, a town of 2809 inhabitants, in the arrondissement of Kortryk, and province of West Flanders.
AERZEN, a bailiwick in the province of Kalenberg, in the kingdom of Hanover, with 1 market town, 19 villages, 852 houses, and 4895 inhabitants. The extent is about 28,400 acres. The chief town of the bailiwick has the same name. It contains 159 houses, and 901 inhabitants.
AES uxorium, in Antiquity, a sum paid by bachelors, as a penalty for living single to old age. This tax for not marrying seems to have been first imposed in the year of Rome 350, under the censorship of M. Furius Camillus and M. Posthumus. At the census, or review of the people, each person was asked, Et tu ex animi sententia uxorem habes liberorum quaerendorum causa? He who had no wife was hereupon fined after a certain rate, called aes uxorium. Aes per et libram was a formula in the Roman law, whereby purchases and sales were ratified. Originally the phrase seems to have been only used in speaking of things sold by weight, or by the scales; but it afterwards was used on other occasions. Hence even in adoptions, as there was a kind of imaginary purchase, the formula thereof expressed, that the person adopted was bought per aes et libram.
AESCULAPIUS, in the Heathen Mythology, the god of physic, was the son of Apollo and the nymph Coronis. He was educated by the centaur Chiron, who taught him physic, by which means Aesculapius cured the most desperate diseases. But Jupiter, enraged at his restoring to life Hippolytus, who had been torn in pieces by his own horses, killed him with a thunderbolt. According to Cicero, there were three deities of this name: the first, the son of Apollo, worshipped in Arcadia, who invented the probe and bandages for wounds; the second, the brother of Mercury, killed by lightning; and the third, the son of Arsippus and Arsinoe, who first taught the art of toothdrawing and purging. At Epidaurus, Aesculapius’s statue was of gold and ivory, with a long beard, his head surrounded with rays, holding in one hand a knotty stick, and the other entwined with a serpent: he was seated on a throne of the same materials as his statue, and had a dog lying at his feet. The Romans crowned him with laurel, to represent his descent from Apollo; and the Phliasians represented him as beardless. The cock, the raven, and the goat, were sacred to this deity. His chief temples were at Pergamus, Smyrna, Trica, a city in Ionia, and the isle of Coos; in all which votive tablets were hung up, showing the diseases cured by his assistance. But his most famous shrine was at Epidaurus, where, every five years, games were instituted to him, nine days after the Isthmian games at Corinth.
AESTIMATIO Capitis, a term met with in old law-books for a fine anciently ordained to be paid for offences committed against persons of quality, according to their several degrees.
AESTIVAL, in a general sense, denotes something connected with, or belonging to summer. Hence aestival sign, aestival solstice, &c.
AESTUARIA, in Geography, denotes an arm of the sea, which runs a good way within land. Such is the Bristol channel, and many of the friths of Scotland.
AESTUARIES, in ancient baths, were secret passages from the hypocaustum into the chambers.
AESTUARY, among physicians, a vapour bath, or any other instrument for conveying heat to the body.
AESYMNIUM, in Antiquity, a monument erected to the memory of the heroes by Aesymnus the Megarean. He, consulting the oracle in what manner the Megareans might be most happily governed, was answered, If they held consultation with the more numerous ; whom he taking for the dead, built the said monument, and a senate-house that took within its compass the monument, imagining that thus the dead would assist at their consultations. (Pausanias.)
AETH, or Ath, a strong little town in the Austrian

Netherlands, and province of Hainault, situated on the river Dender, about 20 miles south-west of Brussels.
AETHALIA, or Ilua, in Ancient Geography, now JE‰, an island on the coast of Etruria, in compass a hundred miles, abounding in iron. It was so called from α∕Sαλ^, smoke, which issued from the shops of Vulcan.