pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MAGDEBURG, a government of the Prussian province of Saxony, formed out of the ancient duchy of that name, of the county of Barby, and of all the bailiwick of Gommern except the circle of the Saal; but the principalities of Halberstadt, of Derenburg, of Quedlingburg, of Wernigerode, and of Schauen, are included within it. It extends over 4489 square miles, and comprehends fifty cities or towns once walled, three market-towns, and 1497 villages and hamlets, containing a population (in 1826) of 526,197 persons. It is divided into fifteen circles, one of which, of the same name, contains the capital of the government. The city of Magdeburg is situated on a rising ground, on the left bank of the river Elbe. It is very strongly fortified on the south side by strong lines, with ditches and sixteen bastions, and by two forts; on the north, the river is a defence, as well as the marshes beyond it, and several powerful outworks. There is a bridge leading to the citadel, which is built on an island formed by one of the branches of the Elbe. The walls are of great thickness, and though the ditches on the land side are dry, they are all undermined. The city is built in the old Saxon style, with large massive houses, and, with the exception of the high street, narrow lanes. There are, however, two good open places, the old market and the cathedral place. Some of the public buildings are magnificent, particularly the government-house and the Domkish, the latter of which has a tower 330 feet high, which has survived the destruction that visited the city when it was stormed, plundered, and burned by the imperial army under Tilly, in the Thirty Years’ War. It contains now sixteen churches, ten of which are Lutheran, the others Catholic, Calvinist, or Menonite. It is a place of great commercial as well as manufacturing industry. Its situation on the Elbe connects it with the sea, through Hamburg and the upper parts of the river, including Prussia. Saxony, and a part of Bohemia, receive their foreign productions by this channel. The goods made in Magdeburg are of linen, cotton, and woollen, hats, hosiery, corn, spirits, leather, soap, and tobacco and snuff. The fields around it are fertile, and the government is the corn granary of Prussia; and large quantities of tobacco are grown. The city and suburbs contain 52,000 inhabitants, exclusive of military. Long. 11. 33. 25. E. Lat. 52. 8. 4. N.
MAGEBOE, a large island in the northern part of Norwegian Lapland. It is a rocky spot, with a few valleys, in which pasture is found sufficient to maintain a few families, who have some cows, and a small number of sheep, and about 600 rein-deer. The winter is dreadfully severe, and the ground is covered with snow to the depth of twelve or fourteen feet. It is in long. 26. 45. E. and lat. 71. 30. N.
MAGELLANIC Clouds, whitish appearances like ∣∣douds, seen in the heavens towards the south pole, and iiaving the same apparent motion as the stars. They are ļhree in number, two of them near each other. The largest lies far from the south pole; but the other two are lot many degrees more remote from it than the nearest conspicuous star, that is, about eleven degrees.

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MAGENTA, a city of Italy, in the delegation of Milan, .iι the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, containing 3390 inhabitants.
MAGGI, Jerome, in Latin Magius, one of the most tamed men of the sixteenth century, was born at Anghiari iı Tuscany. He applied himself to all the sciences, and ven to the art of war; and distinguished himself so much iı this last study, that the Venetians sent him into the Hand of Cyprus in quality of judge of the admiralty. When ∣he Turks besieged Famagusta, he performed all the ser- , ices that could be expected from the most excellent engineer, inventing mines and machines for throwing fire, by means of which he destroyed all the works of the besiegers, and in an instant overthrew what had cost’the Turks infinite labour. But the Ottomans had their revenge; for, having taken the city in 1571, they plundered his library, carried him loaded with chains to Constantinople, and treated him in the most inhuman and barbarous manner; nevertheless he comforted himself by the example of Aesop, Menippus, Epictetus, and other learned men; and, after passing the whole day in the meanest drudgery, he spent the night in writing. By the help of his memory alone, he composed treatises filled with quotations, which he dedicated to the imperial and French ambassadors. These ministers, moved by compassion for this learned man, resolved to purchase him; but whilst they were treating for his ransom, Maggi found means to make his escape, and to get to the imperial ambassador’s house; when the grand visir, being enraged at his flight, and remembering the great mischief he had done to the Turks during the siege of Famagusta, sent to have him seized, and caused him to be strangled in prison in 1572. His principal works are, 1. A Treatise on the Bells of the Ancients; 2. On the Destruction of the World by Fire; 3. Commentaries on Aemilius Probus’s Lives of Illustrious Men; 4. Commentaries on the Institutes. These works are written in elegant Latin. He also wrote a treatise on fortification, in Italian; and a book on the situation of ancient Tuscany. He ought not to be confounded with his brother Bartolomeo Maggi, a physician at Bologna, who wrote a treatise on gunshot wounds; nor with Vincent Maggi, a native of Bresse, and a celebrated professor of humanity at Ferrara in Padua, who was the author of several works.
MAGGIORE, Lago, a beautiful lake, situated on the confines of Switzerland and Italy, on the south side of the Alps. It is about fifty miles long, and four or five miles broad, and is bent into a very irregular figure.
MAGGOT, the common name of the fly-worm bred in flesh, from the egg of the great blue flesh-fly.
MAGI, or Magicians, an ancient religious sect in Persia, and other countries, who maintained that there were two principles, one the cause of all good, the other the cause of all evil; and, abominating the adoration of images, they worshipped God only by fire, which they looked upon as the brightest and most glorious symbol of Oromasdes or the good god, as darkness is the truest symbol of Ahriman or the evil god. This religion was reformed by Zoroaster, who maintained that there was one supreme independent Being, and under him two principles or angels, one the angel of goodness and light, and the other the angel of evil and darkness; that there is a perpetual struggle between them, which shall last to the end of the world; that then the angel of darkness and his disciples shall go into a world of their own, where they shall be punished in everlasting night; and that the angel of light and his disciples shall also go into a world of their own, where they shall be rewarded in everlasting day. The priests of the Magi were the most skilful mathematicians and philosophers of the ages in which they lived, insomuch that a learned man and a magician became equivalent terms. The vulgar looked on their knowledge as supernatural; and hence those who practised wicked and mischievous arts, taking upon themselves the name of magicians, drew on it that ill signification which the word now bears amongst civilised nations.
MAGICIAN, one who practises magic, or has the power of performing wonderful feats by the agency of spirits.
MAGISTERY, an old term in chemistry, given to precipitates. Thus, magistery and precipitate are synonymous; formerly precipitate was a general term, and magistery applied to particular precipitates, such as the magistery of bismuth, and the like.
MAGISTRATE, any public officer to whom the executive power of the law is committed, either wholly or in part.
MAGLIABECHI, Antonio, a person of great learning, and remarkable for an amazing memory, was born at Florence in the year 1633. His father died when he was only seven years of age. His mother had him taught grammar and drawing, and then put him as apprentice to one of the best goldsmiths in Florence. When he was about sixteen years old, his passion for learning began to appear; and he laid out all his money in buying books. Becoming acquainted with Michel Ermini, librarian to the Cardinal de’ Medici, he perfected himself by his assistance in the Latin tongue, and in a little time became master of the Hebrew. His name soon became famous amongst the learned. A prodigious memory formed his distinguishing talent; and he retained not only the sense of what he had read, but frequently all the words, and the very manner of spelling. It is said that a gentleman, to make trial of the force of his memory, lent him a manuscript he was going to print. Some time after it was returned, the gentleman, going to him with a melancholy countenance, pretended it was lost, and requested Magliabechi to recollect what he remembered of it; upon which he wrote the whole, without missing a word. He generally shut himself up the whole day, and opened his doors in the evening to the men of letters who came to converse with him. His attention was so absorbed by his studies, that he often forgot the most urgent wants of nature. Cosmo III. grand duke of Florence, made him his librarian; but he still continued negligent in his dress, and simple in his manners. An old τ cloak served him for a morning gown in the day, and for bed-clothes at night. The duke, however, provided for him a commodious apartment in his palace, which he was with difficulty persuaded to take possession of, but which he quitted four months afterwards, and returned to his house. He was remarkable for his extraordinary modesty, his sincerity, and his beneficence, which his friends often experienced in their wants. He was a patron of men of learning, and had the highest pleasure in assisting them with his advice and information, and in furnishing them with books and manuscripts. He had the utmost aversion to any thing that looked like constraint, and therefore the grand duke always dispensed with his personal attendance, and sent him his orders in writing. Though he lived a very sedentary life, he reached the eighty-first year of his age; and died amidst the regrets of the public, after enjoying, during the latter part of his life, such affluence as few have ever procured by their learning. By his will, he left a very fine library to the public, with a fund for its support. See the article Libraries.
MAGLIANO, a town of the province of Mondovi, in Piedmont, containing 1680 inhabitants.
MAGLOIRE, St, a native of Wales, in Great Britain, and cousin-german to St Sampson and St Mallo. He embraced a monastic life, and went into France, where he was made abbot of Dol, and afterwards provincial bishop in Bretagne. He subsequently founded a monastery in the island of Jersey, where he died on the 14th of October 575, about the age of eighty. His remains were transported to the suburb of St Jacques, and deposited in a monastery of Benedictines, which was ceded to the fathers of the Oratory in 1628. It became the seminary of St Magloire, and celebrated on account of the learned men whom it has produced. This saint cultivated poetry with considerable success, the hymn which is sung at the feast of All Saints, Caelo quos eadem gloria consecrat, having been composed by him.
MAGNAC-LAVAL, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Vienne, and arrondissement of Ballac, situated on the river Brame, and containing 2850 inhabitants.
MAGNANIMITY denotes greatness of mind, particularly in circumstances of trial and adversity. It has been justly observed, that it is pride in the good sense, and the noblest way of acquiring applause. It renders the soul superior to the trouble, disorder, and emotion, which the appearance of great danger might excite; and it is by this quality that heroes maintain their tranquillity, and preserve the free use of their reason, amidst the most dreadful accidents. It admires the same quality even in an enemy; and fame, glory, conquests, desire of opportunities to pardon and oblige their opponents, are the emotions which glow in the minds of the brave.
MAGNESIA, a town of Asia Minor, situated on the Maeander, about fifteen miles from Ephesus. Themistocles died at Magnesia, which was one of the three towns given him by Artaxerxes, “to furnish his table with bread.” It is also celebrated for a battle which was fought there, 190 years before the Christian era, between the Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. It was founded by a colony from Magnesia in Thessaly; and was commonly called Magnesia adMoeandrum, to distinguish it from another called Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia, at the foot of Mount Sipylus.
MAGNETICAL Island, an island in the Southern Pacific Ocean, near the north coast of New Holland, discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and so named from its having some effect on the compass. Long. 213.22. W. Lat. 19. 8. S.
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MAGNIFYING, the making objects to appear larger than they naturally are; and hence double convex lenses, which have the power of doing this, are called magnifying glasses. See Optics.
MAGNITUDE, whatever is made up of parts locally extended, or that has several dimensions; as a line, surface, solid, and the like.
MAGNOLIA, the Laurel-leaved Tulip Tree, a genus of plants belonging to the polyandria class, and in the natural method ranking under the fifty-second order, Coadunatoe. See Botany.
MAGNUS Campus, in Ancient Geography, a tract lying towards Scythopolis, or Bethsan, in Galilee, beyond which it extends into Samaria. It is also called Esdraelon, and is thirty miles long and eighteen broad, having Samaria with Mount Ephraim to the south, the Lake Genesareth to the east, Mount Carmel to the west, and Lebanon to the north.

Magnus Portus, in Ancient Geography, a port of the Belgae, in Britain, situated on the Channel, and thought to be Portsmouth.
MAGO, the name of several Carthaginian generals. See the article Carthage. -z Mago, in Ancient Geography, a citadel and town of the Balearis Minor, or Minorca, now Mahon. Long. 4.6. E. Lat. 39. 5. N.
MAGONTIACUM, Mogontiacum, or Mogontiacus, truncated afterwards by the poets to Mogontia, Magun-tia, and Moguntia, a town of Gallia Belgica, now Mayence, situated at the confluence of the Rhine and the Maine. Long. 8. E. Lat. 50. N.
MAHABALIPURAM, a town of Hindustan, in Southern[7:14:25] India, in the province of the Carnatic. It is noted for the celebrated ruins of ancient Hindu temples in the vicinity, dedicated to Vishnu, generally called the Seven Pagodas, though it is not known for what reason, as no such number exists here. There is a high rock, or rather a hill, of stone, about 100 yards from the sea, covered with images, so thickly scattered as to convey the idea of a petrified town. On this hill a temple is cut out of the solid rock, with figures of idols cut in alto relievo on the walls, and well finished. On an adjoining hill there is a gigantic statue of Vishnu asleep on a bed, with a huge snake wound round in many coils as a pillow, the whole cut out of one solid stone. A mile and a half to the southward of the hill are two pagodas, about thirty feet long by twenty wide. Near to these is the figure of an elephant as large as life, and of a lion much larger than life. There are here also other pagodas, and curious monuments of superstition. This town is said to have extended many miles to the eastward, into what is now covered by the sea; and there is every reason to believe that it was formerly a very large city. Long. 78. 18. E. Lat. 12.23. N.
MAHANUDDY, or the Large River, a river of Hindustan, which has its source in the province of Gundwana, though the exact spot is not known. It proceeds with a very winding course towards the Bay of Bengal, crossing the province of Orissa; in the province of Cuttack it receives the contributions of the Sollundee, the Gaintee, the Bitrunnce, the Cursan, the Bamoni, and the Co-morea. About two miles west of the town of Cuttack, the Catjoura, separating from the Mahanuddy, flows to the southward of the town; whilst the Mahanuddy bends its course to the Bay of Coojung, where it falls into the Bay of Bengal by several mouths forming a delta. Including its windings, it has a course of 500 miles.
MAHE, a town of Hindustan, on the sea-coast of the Malabar province, and the principal French settlement on the coast. It is situated at a short distance from Tellicherry, on the banks of a river, which is navigable for large boats a considerable way up the country. Small vessels can also cross the bar, where there is a secure harbour. The town was formerly neat, and contained many good houses; but it had been long in a decaying condition, until the British commercial residency was removed to it from Tellicherry. The principal export is pepper, which is produced in abundance in the surrounding country. It was taken possession of by the French in 1722, but was retaken by the British in 1761. It was restored at the peace of Paris in 1763, but was again taken in 1793, and has since been retained. It is situated in long. 75. 38. E. and lat. 11. 42. N.
MAHIE, the name given by the inhabitants of Ota-heitê to their bread-fruit when made into a kind of sour paste, which, in consequence of undergoing a fermentation, is found to keep a considerable time, and supplies them with food when no ripe fruit is to be had. When, therefore, they see a great show of new fruit on the trees, they strip them all at once of their former crop, out of which they make mahie. This substitute for ripe bread-fruit is prepared as follows. They gather the fruit before it becomes perfectly ripe, and laying it in heaps, cover it closely with leaves. In this state it ferments, and becomes disagreeably sweet; the core is then taken out entire, and the rest of the fruit thrown into a hole in their houses, dug on purpose, and neatly lined in the bottom and sides with grass. The whole is then covered with leaves, and heavy stones are laid upon it. In this state it undergoes a second fermentation, and becomes sour, after which it experiences no change for many months. It is taken out of this hole as it is wanted for use, and being made into balls, it is wrapped up in leaves and baked, and, thus dressed, it will keep for five or six weeks. It is eaten both cold and hot, and the natives of those countries seldom make a meal without it; but to Captain Cook and his company the taste was as disagreeable as that of a pickled olive generally is the first time it is eaten.
MAHIM, or Mahaim, a town of Hindustan, situated on the northern point of the island of Bombay. It formerly possessed a small fort, which was the defence of the channel running between it and Salsette. Here is the tomb of a Mahommedan saint, with a mosque attached to it; also a Portuguese church, with a college for Roman Catholic priests depending on it. It is 117 miles north of Bombay fort. Mahim is also the name of a town in the province of Dowletabad, belonging to the Mahrattas. Long. 72. 48. E. Lat. 19. 39. N.
MAHMUDABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat. This place was founded by Sultan Mahmoud of Gujerat in the fourteenth century. It contained many stately edifices, and was surrounded with a brick wall fourteen miles in extent; but of these there are now few remains. Long. 72. 52. E. Lat. 22. 47. N. It is also the name of a town in the province of Agra and district of Furruckabad. Long. 79. 25. E. Lat. 27. 19. N.
MAHON, a city in the island of Minorca, in the Mediterranean Sea, the Portus Magonis of the ancients, said to have derived its name from the Carthaginian general Mago, and now conferring its name on the eldest son of the Earl of Stanhope, whose gallant ancestor took it during the war of the Spanish succession. Before England had obtained possession of Malta, this place, on account of its harbour, was deemed an object of the greatest importance to the maintenance of our naval power in the Mediterranean; and during the late war it was of great use as long as a British fleet was blockading the French port of Toulon. This valuable haven is easily accessible, having a depth of from fourteen fathoms at the entrance to six fathoms at the best anchoring place, which is within two cables’ length of the town of Mahon. The ground is clear of rocks, and very good for the anchor holding. It is well defended by strong forts at the entrance, and indeed in every part. The city is well and regularly built, with a fine parade ground, where the college of the naval cadets, removed from Madrid in 1808, is situated. In the suburbs are an extensive naval arsenal, a marine hospital capable of receiving 700 sick, and a lazaretto for performing quarantine. The forts constructed by the English, called Fort St Philip and Fort Marlborough, have been demolished. The city stands in longitude 4. 21. east, and in latitude 39. 52. 20. north. Including the suburbs, it contains 6000 inhabitants, who carry on the fishery, and what little trade there is in the island; but it chiefly depends upon the expenditure of the arsenal.
MAHOOR, a district and town of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, situated in about the twentieth degree of north latitude. The district contains part of a high tableland between the Wurdah and the Godavery Rivers. The town is situated in longitude 78. 33. east, and latitude 20. 4. north.
MAHRISCH-KROMAU, a town of the circle of Znaym, in the Austrian province of Moravia, situated on the river Rokitna. There is here an ancient castle belonging to the Lichtenstein family, with a curious collection of antique weapons and armour; and in the church is the burial-place of that house. It contains 204 houses, and 1390 inhabitants, whose principal occupation consists in digging coal and making potash.
MAHRISCH-TRUBAU, a city of the circle of Olmutz, in the Austrian province of Moravia, situated on the river Trzebowa. It contains a castle belonging to Prince Lichtenstein, a cathedral, a college, 462 houses, and 3614 inhabitants. It is well built, is surrounded with walls, and has manufactures of fine cloth.
MAHWAH, or Mawee, in Botany, an East Indian tree, so called by the natives of Bahar and the neighbouring countries, but the Sanscrit name of which is Madhuca, or Madhudruma. It is of the class of the polyandria-monogynia of Linnaeus, but of a genus not described by him.
MAHY, a river of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah and district of Oojain, not far from the source of the Chumbul, which, after a course of 280 miles, including its windings, falls into the Gulf of Cambay. In very few places does it attain to any considerable depth. The banks are inhabited by an uncivilized Hindu tribe, who are shepherds.
MAIA, in fabulous history, the daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one of the Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven sisters (see Pleiades). Maia is also a surname of Cybele, i
MAIDA, a town of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Calabria Ulteriore II. It stands on the river Pesipo, about ten miles from Squillace, and contains four churches, a nunnery, and 1860 inhabitants. It suffered very severely by the earthquake of 1783. In the neighbourhood there are several marble quarries, and some salt springs. It has been rendered interesting as the scene of a battle fought there on the 4th of July 1806, between a body of French troops under General Regnier, and an English detachment of the same number (5000), in which the latter under General Stewart gained a splendid victory.
MAIDENHEAD, a market-town of the county of Berks and hundred of Cookham, twenty-six miles from London. It is finely situated on the river Thames, over which is a beautiful bridge. The town is not a parish, but stands in two, viz. Bray and Cookham. It was incorporated by James I., and was governed by a mayor and ten aldermen, who acted as justices of the peace; but, by the municipal corporation reform law passed in 1835, these are superseded by four aidermen and twelve councillors, without any justice of the peace. In the vicinity arc many fine seats of the nobility and gentry. There is a well-supplied market on Wednesday. Being on the great western road, there is much travelling through the town, and several good inns. From being in two parishes and two hundreds, the decennial returns do not indicate the population; but the number of inhabitants may amount to about 3100.