pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PREMONSTRANTES, or Praemonstrantenses, a religious order of regular canons instituted in 1120, by St. Norbert, and thence called Norbertines. The first monastery of this order was built by Norbert in the Isle of France, three leagues to the west of Laon, which he called Prae-monstratum ; and hence the order itself derived its name, though as to the occasion of the denomination, the writers of the order are divided. At first the religious of this order were so very poor, that they had only a single ass, which served to carry the wood they cut down every morning, and was sent to Laon for the bread they purchased. But they soon received so many donations, and built so many monasteries, that in thirty years after the foundation of the order, they had above one hundred abbeys in France and Germany; and in process of time the order so increased, that it had monasteries in all parts of Christendom, amounting to one thousand abbeys, three hundred provostships, a vast number of priories, and five hundred nunneries. But they are now greatly diminished. The rule they followed was that of St. Augustin, with some slight alterations, and an addition of certain severe laws, the authority of which did not long survive their founder. The order was approved by Honorius II. in 1126, and again by several succeeding popes. At first the abstinence from flesh was rigidly observed. In 1245 Innocent IV. complained to a general chapter of its being neglected. In 1288, their general, William, procured leave of Pope Nicholas IV. for those of the order to eat flesh upon journeys. In 1460, Pius II. granted them a general permission to eat meat, excepting from Septuagesima to Easter. The dress of the religious of this order was white, with a scapulary before the cassock.

The Praemonstrantenses, or monks of Premontre, vulgarly called white canons, came first into England in the year 1146. Their first monastery, called New-house, was erected in Lincolnshire, by Peter de Saulia, and dedicated to St. Martial. In the reign of Edward I. this order had twenty-seven monasteries in England.
PRENOMEN, Praenomen, amongst the ancient Romans, a name prefixed to the family name, and answering to our Christian name; such as Caius, Lucius, Marcus, and the like.
PRENZLOW, a city, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the province of Potsdam in Prussia. It is situated on the river Ucker, and on the north bank of the lake Un-teruck. It contains seven Protestant churches, and an institution for education, with nine professors, several hospitals and poor-houses, about nine hundred houses and 10,000 inhabitants, amongst whom is a colony of Frenchmen, established by Protestant refugees. It has considerable manufactures of linen, woollen, and cotton goods, besides tanneries, distilleries and breweries.
PREPARATION, in a general sense, the act of disposing things in such a manner as to render any foreseen event more advantageous or less hurtful according to its nature.
PREPOSITION, in Grammar, is one of the parts of speech, being an indeclinable particle which yet serves to govern the nouns that follow it; such as per, pro,propter, through, for, with. Buffier allows it to be only a modificative of a part of speech, serving to circumstantiate a noun.
PRERAU, a city of the Austrian province of Moravia, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 1254 square miles. It comprehends 31 cities and towns, 393 villages, and 54,000 families, consisting of 267,600 persons. The city is situated on the river Betschwa, has a fortress on a neighbouring hill, and contains 460 houses, with 3400 inhabitants.
PRESAGE, in Antiquity, denotes an augury, or sign of some future event; which was chiefly taken from the flight of birds, the entrails of victims, &c.
PRESBURG, a city of the Austrian province of Hither Danube in Hungary, the capital of the circle of the same name, which is more fertile than extensive, and contains about 260,000 inhabitants, in 5 cities, 23 market towns, and 292 villages. The city is on the Danube over which is a long bridge. It is the place in which the emperors of Austria have recently been crowned. It is well built, and contains an imperial palace, a cathedral, several churches and monasteries, an academy and other seminaries, and societies of various kinds for promoting science and literature. It has several manufactories of cloth and cotton, of looking-glasses, cutlery, silk and leather, and much transit and other trade. Its prosperity has kept pace with its population, the latter of which was in 1817, 26,000, and in 1827, 40,733, and it is said to have since increased. Lat. 48. 0. 5. Long. 17. 1. 0. E.
PRESBYTAE, persons whose eyes are too flat to refract the rays sufficiently, so that unless the object is at some distance, the rays coming from it will pass through the retina before their union, consequently vision is confused; old people are usually the subjects of this disease. In order to remedy, or at least to palliate, this defect, the person should first use glasses which do not magnify, and from them pass gradually to more convex spectacles, which shorten the focus.
PRESBYTER, in the primitive Christian church, an elder, one belonging to the second order of ecclesiastics; the other two being bishops and deacons.

Presbyter, or elder, is a word borrowed from the Greek translation of the Old Testament, where it commonly signifies ruler or governor; it being a note of office and dignity, not of age; and in this sense bishops are sometimes called presbyters in the New Testament. The presbyters might baptize, preach, consecrate, and administer the cucharist in the bishop’s absence, or in his presence, if he authorised and deputed them; and the bishops did scarcely anything in the government of the church without their advice, consent, and amicable concurrence.

The grand dispute between the followers of Geneva and Roman discipline, is about the sameness and difference of presbyters and bishops at the time of the apostles.
PRESCIENCE, in Theology, prevision or foreknowledge; that knowledge which God has of things to come.
PRESCOT, a market-town of the county of Lancaster, in the hundred of West Derby, 198 miles from London, and eight from Liverpool. It is a manufacturing place for making watches, and various kinds of cotton goods. The church is a fine structure, and has a steeple of most elegant appearance, 156 feet high. There is a good market on Thursday. The population was, in 1801, 3465; in 1811, 3678; in 1821, 4468; and in 1831, 5055; but the whole parish, which comprehends fourteen other townships, at the first census, had 28,034 inhabitants.
PRESENCE, a term of relation, used in opposition to absence, and signifying the existence of a person in a certain place.

Present Tense, in Grammar, the first tense of a verb, expressing the present time, or that something is now performing; as scribo, I write, or am writing.
PRESENTATION, in ecclesiastical law. Sec Patronage. Presentation of the Virgin, is a feast of the Catholic church, celebrated on the 21st of November, in memory of the blessed Virgin being presented by her parents in the temple, to be there educated. Emanuel Comnenns, who began to reign in 1143, makes mention of this feast in his Constitutions. Some imagine it to have been established amongst the Greeks in the 11th century; and think they dis [7:18:528] cover evident proofs of it in some homilies of George of Nicoedia, who lived in the time of Photius. Its institution in the west is ascribed to Gregory XI. in 1372. Others think it was instituted in memory of the ceremony practised amongst the Jews for their newly-born females, and corresponded to the circumcision on the eighth day for males.

Presentation of our Lady also gives the title to three orders of nuns. The first of these was that projected in 1618, by a maid named Joan of Cambray. The habit of the nuns was to be a grey gown of natural wool; but this project was never accomplished. The second was established in France, about the year 1627, by Nicholas Sanguin, bishop of Senlis, and approved by Urban VIII. This order never made any great progress. The third was established in 1664, when Frederick Borromeo, being apostolical visitor in the Valteline, was intreated by some devout maids of Morbegno to allow them to live in community in a retired place; a request which he granted, and erected them into a congregation, under the title of the Congregation of our Lady. They live under the rule of St. Augustin.
PRESIDENT, Praeses, is an officer, created or elected to preside over a company or assembly, and is so called in contradistinction to the other members, who are termed residents. Lord President of tπe Council, is a great officer of the crown, who has precedence next after the lord chancellor and the lord treasurer. The lord president is as ancient as the time of king John, when he was styled consiliarius capitalis. His office is to attend upon the king, to propose business at the council-table, and to report to the king the several matters transacted there.
PRESSING, in manufactures, is the violently squeezing a cloth, piece of stuff, or other article, to render it smooth and glossy.
PRESTEIGN, a market-town of the county of Radnor, in South Wales. It is the county town, in which the assizes are held, being 151 miles from London, and 14 from Leominster, and is situated in a rich vale on the river Lug. The county jail is a fine building, and around the town are some pleasant walksand picturesque views. There isa good market, which is held on Saturday. The population was, in 1801, 1152; in 1811, 1211; in 1821, 1387; and in 1831, 1629; but the parish, a part of which is within the English county of Hereford, contained at the last census 3282 inhabitants.
PRESTER JOHN, an appellation formerly given to an emperor of the Tartars, who was overcome and killed by Genghiz Khan. Since that time it has been applied to the Emperor of Abyssinia or Ethiopia; but in Ethiopia itself this name is utterly unknown.

Prester, a meteor, consisting of an exhalation thrown downwards from the clouds with such violence, that by the collison it is set on fire. The word is Greek, πpηστηp, the name of a kind of serpent, called also dipsas, to which this meteor is supposed to bear a resemblance. The prester differs from the thunderbolt in the manner of its inflammation, and in its burning and breaking every thing it touches with greater violence.
PRESTO, in the Italian music, intimates to perform quickly; and hence, prestissimo denotes extreme quickness.
PRESTON, a town of the county of Lancaster, in the hundredofAmounderness,2l6milesfrom London. Itissitu-ated on the river Ribble, and is a corporate place, governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve aidermen, and thirty-six common councilmen; for which purpose it is now divided into six wards, and returns tvyo members to the House of Commons. The town has good wide streets, many fine houses, a very [7:18:529]extensive town-hall and assembly-rooms, a recently built jail, and several charity-schools. It is a place of great manufacturing industry for various kinds of cotton goods, especially cambric muslins; and to the introduction of this trade the town is indebted for its extension in the last forty years. Though the river Ribble is only navigable for small craft, yet it is connected by canals with almost every part of the kingdom, and can, by these means, easily disperse its productions in every direction. It has well-supplied markets on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. The two first are well provided with fish for the Roman Catholics, who are very numerous. The population was, in 1801, 11,887; in 1811, 17,065; in 1821, 24,557; and in 1831, 33,112; but, at the last census, the whole parish, χ,'onsisting of eight other townships, contained 36,336 inhabitants.
PRESTONPANS, a parish and town of Scotland, in Haddingtonshire, about eight miles east from Edinburgh. It has considerable salt-works and manufactures of earthenware, bricks, tiles, &c. It was in the fields to the south of the village that in 1745 Prince Charles Edward defeated the King’s troops, under Sir John Cope. The population of the parish in 1831 amounted to 2377.
PRESTWICH, a township of the hundred of Salford, in the county of Lancaster, 184 miles from London, and four from Manchester. It is inhabited chiefly by cotton manufacturers. The population amounted in 1801 to 1811; in 1811 to 2175; in 1821 to 2724; and in 1831 to 2941.
PRETERITE, in Grammar, a tense which expresses the time just past, or an action now completely finished, as scripsi, 1 have written, or just finished the act of writing.
PRETERITION, or Pretermission, in Rhetoric, is a figure by which, in pretending to pass over a thing untouched, summary mention is nevertheless made of it. Thus, I will not say he is valiant, he is learned, he is just. The most artful praises are those given by way of preterition.
PRETEXT, a colour or motive, whether real or feigned, for doing something.

Toga PRETEXTA, amongst the ancient Romans, a long white gown, with a border of purple round the edges. It was worn by children of quality till the age of puberty; that is, by the boys till the age of seventeen, when they changed it for the toga virilis, and by the girls till marriage.
PRETOR, or Praetor, a magistrate amongst the ancient Romans, not unlike our Lord Chief-Justice, or Lord Chancellor, or both in one, being vested with the power of distributing justice amongst the citizens. At first there was only one praetor; but afterwards, another being created, the first or chief one had the title of praetor urbanus, or the city praetor, and the other was called praetor peregrinus, as being chief judge in all matters relating to foreigners. But, besides these, there were afterwards created many provincial praetors, who were not only judges, but also assisted the consuls in the government of the provinces, and were even invested with the government of provinces themselves.
PRETORIAN Guards, in Roman antiquity, were the guards of the Emperor, who were at length increased to ten thousand. They received this denomination, according to some, from their being stationed at a place called \X\c.praeto-riumς and their commander was styled praefcctus praetorii.
PRETORIUM, or Praetorium, amongst the Romans, denoted the hall or court in which the praetor lived, and wherein also he administered justice.
PRIAM, King of Troy, was the son of Laomedon. He was carried into Greece after the taking of that city by Hercules; but was afterwards ransomed, upon which he obtained the name of Priam, a Greek word signifying “ransomed.” After his return he rebuilt Ilium, and extended the bounds of the kingdom of Troy, which under his reign became very flourishing. He married Hecuba, the daughter of Cisseus, King of Thrace, by whom he had nineteen children, and amongst the rest Paris, who carried off Helen, and occasioned the ruin of Troy, which is supposed to have been sacked by the Greeks about 1184 before Christ, when Priam was killed by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, at the foot of an altar, where he had taken refuge, after a reign of fifty-two years.
PRIAMAN, a town on the south-west coast of Sumatra. In 1685 this was the chief settlement of the East India Company on the island. Long. 99- 43. E. Lat. 0. 36. S.
PRIAPUS, in Pagan worship, the son of Bacchus and Venus, who presided over gardens and the most indecent exhibitions. He was particularly adored at Lampsacus, a city at the mouth of the Hellespont, said to have been the place of his birth; and his image was placed in gardens to defend them from thieves and birds destructive of fruit. He was usually represented naked, with a stern countenance, matted hair, and holding either a wooden sword or sickle in his hand. The sacrifice offered to this obscene deity was the ass; either on account of the natural uncomeiiness of this animal, and its propensity to venery, or from the disappointment which Priapus met with on his attempting the chastity of Vesta, whilst that goddess was asleep, when she escaped the intended injury by being awakened in conse quence of the braying of old Silenus’s ass.
PRIDEAUX, Humphry, a very learned clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Padstow, in Cornwall, in 1648. He studied three years at Westminster under Dr. Busby, and was then removed to Christ Church, Oxford. Here, in 1676, he published his Marmora Oxonensia ex Arundelianis, Seldenianis, aliisque conflata, cum perpetuo Commentario. This introduced him to the Lord Chancellor Finch, afterwards Earl òfNottingham, who, in 1679, presented him to the Rectory of St. Clement’s, near Oxford, and, in 1681, bestowed on him a prebend of Norwich. Some [7:18:531]years afterwards he was engaged in a controversy with the Catholics at Norwich, concerning the validity of the orders of the Church of England, which produced his book upon that subject. In 1688, he was installed in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, to which he was collated by Dr. Lloyd, then Bishop of Norwich. In 1691, upon the death of Dr. Edward Pococke, the Hebrew professorship at Oxford being vacant, was offered to Dr Prideanx; but he refused it. In 1697, he published his Life of Mahommed; and, in 1702, he was installed dean of Norwich. In 1710, he was cut for the stone, which interrupted his studies during more than a year. Some time after his return to London, he proceeded with his Connection of the History of the Old and New Testament, which he had commenced when he laid aside the design of writing the History of Appropriations. He died in 1724.
PRIEST, a person set apart for the performance of sacrifice, and other offices and ceremonies of religion. Before the promulgation of the law of Moses, the first-born of every family, the fathers, the princes, and the kings, were priests. Thus Cain and Abel, Noah, Abraham, Melchizedec, Job, Isaac, and Jacob, offered themselves their own sacrifices. Amongst the Israelites, after their departure from Egypt, the priesthood was confined to one tribe, and it consisted of three orders; the high priest, priests, and Levites. The priesthood was made hereditary in the family of Aaron, and the first-born of the oldest branch of that family, if he had no legal blemish, was always the high priest. This divine appointment was observed with considerable accuracy until the Jews fell under the dominion of the Romans, and had their faith corrupted by a false philosophy. Then, indeed, the high priesthood was sometimes set up to sale, and instead of continuing for life, as it ought to have done, it seems, from some passages in the New Testament, to have been nothing more than an annual office. There is sufficient reason to believe, however, that it was never disposed of except to some descendant of Aaron, capable of filling it, if the older branches were extinct. In the time of David, the inferior priests were divided into twenty-four companies, who were required to serve in rotation, each company by itself, for a week. The order in which the several courses were to serve was determined by lot; and each course was, in all succeeding ages, called by the name of its original chiefs.

All nations have had their priests. The pagans had priests of Jupiter, Mars, Bacchus, Hercules, Osiris, Isis, and other divinities; and some deities had also priestesses. TheMa-hommedans have priests of different orders, called scheiks and muftis; and the Indians and Chinese have their Brahmins and Bonzes.

It has been very much disputed, whether, in the Christian church, there be any such officer as a priest, in the proper sense of the word. The Church of Rome, which holds the propitiatory sacrifice of the mass, has, of course, her proper priesthood. In the Church of England, the word priest is retained to denote the second order in her hierarchy, but with very different significations, according to the different opinions entertained of the Lord’s supper. Some few of her divines', of great learning, and of undoubted Protestantism, maintain that the Lord’s supper is a commemorative and eucharistical sacrifice, and consider all who are authorised to administer that sacrament as, in the strictest sense, priests. Others hold the Lord’s supper to be a feast upon the sacrifice once offered on the cross; and these, too, must consider themselves as clothed with some kind of priesthood. Great numbers, however, of the English clergy, perhaps the majority, agree, with the Church of Scotland, in maintaining that the Lord’s supper is a rite of no other moral import, than the mere commemoration of the death ofChrist. These, therefore, cannot consider themselves as priests in the rigid sense of the word, but only as presbyters, or, in other words, elders.
PRIMAE viae, amongst physicians, denote the whole alimentary ducts; including the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines, with their appendages.
PRIMARY, first in dignity, chief or principal.

Primary Qualities of Bodies. See Metaphysics.
PRIMATE, in church polity, an archbishop, who is invested with a jurisdiction over other bishops.
PRIME, Primus, an appellation given to whatever is first in order, degree, or dignity, amongst several things of the same or a similar kind. Thus we say, the prime minister, prime cost, and so of others.

Prime is sometimes used to denote the same with decimal, or the tenth part of an unit.

Prime Figure, in Geometry, one which cannot be divided into any other figures more simple than itself; as a triangle amongst planes, and the pyramid amongst solids.

Prime of the Moon, is the new moon when she first appears, which is about three days after the change.

Prime Vertical, is that vertical circle which passes through the poles of the meridian, on the east and west points of the horizon; and hence dials projected on the plane of this circle are called prime vertical, or north and south dials. Prime, in the Catholic Church, is the first of the canonical hours succeeding to lauds.
PRIMER seisin, in feudal law, was a feudal burden, only incident to the king’s tenants in capite, and not to those who held of inferior pr mesne lords. It was a right which the king had, when any of his tenants in capite died seized of a knight’s fee, to receive of the heir, provided he were of full age, one whole year’s profits of the lands if they were in immediate possession, and half a year’s profits if the lands were in reversion expectant upon an estate for life. This seems to be little more than an additional relief; but grounded upon this féodal reason, that by the ancient law of feuds, immediately upon the death of a vassal the superior was entitled to enter and take seisin or possession of the land, by way of protection against intruders, till the heir appeared to claim it, and receive investiture; and for the time the lord so held it, he was entitled to take the profits; and unless the heir claimed within a year and day, it was by the strict law a forfeiture. This practice, however, seems not to have long obtained in England, if it ever did, with regard to tenures under inferior lords; but, as to the king’s tenures in capite, Úùs prima. seisina wa> expressly declared, under Henry III. and Edward II., to belong to the king by prerogative, in contradistinction to other lords; and the king was entitled to enter and receive the Whole profits of the land till livery was sued; which suit being commonly within a year and day next after the death of the tenant, therefore the king used to take at an average the first-fruits, that is to say one year’s profits of the land. And this afterwards gave a handle to the pontiffs, who pretended to be feudal lords of the church, to claim, in like manner, from every clergyman in England, the first year’s profits of his benefice, by way of primitiae or first-fruits. But all the charges arising by primer seisin were taken away by the 12 Car. II., c. 24.
PRIMING, in Gunnery, the train of powder that is laid from the opening of the vent along the gutter or channel on the upper part of the breech of the gun, which, when fired, conveys the flame to the vent, by which it is further communicated to the charge, in order to discharge the piece. This operation is only used on shipboard at the proof, and sometimes in garrison; for, upon all other occasions, tubes are used for the purpose.

Priming, amongst painters, signifies the laying on of the first or original colour.