pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BARRISTER, is a counsellor learned in the law, admitted to plead at the bar, and there to take upon him the protection and defence of clients. Barristers at law are now termed jurisconsulti; in other countries they are called licentiati in jure; but anciently they were styled apprentices of the law, in Latin apprenticii juris nobiliores. In former times eight years elapsed before they could be called to the bar; but the term was latterly reduced to five. The exercises required of them, if not ex gratia, were twelve grand moots performed in the inns of Chancery in the times of the grand readings, and twenty-four petty moots in the term times, before the readers of the respective inns; and a barrister newly called is required to attend the six (or four) next long vacations, the exercise of the house, in Lent and summer, and is thereupon for those three (or two) years styled a vacation barrister. Persons thus serving their noviciate are also called utter barristers, or pleaders ouster the bar, to distinguish them from benchers, or those that have been readers, who are sometimes admitted to plead within the bar, in the same manner as the king’s, queen’s, or prince’s counsel are.

No particular course of professional training is prescribed to candidates for admission as advocates to the Scotch bar. It is now understood, however, if not required, that, besides passing through the ordinary course of academical education, they shall have attended the classes of Scotch Law in the university of Edinburgh; and, in point of fact, such attendance is almost indispensably necessary to enable them to undergo the preliminary examinations. These are two; one, on the civil or Roman law, when the candidate is examined either on Heineccius ad Pandectas or on the Institutions of Justinian; the other, on the Scotch law, the text book for which is Erskine’s Principles of the Law of Scotland; and a year must intervene between them. The writing and impugnation of a Latin thesis on a title of the Digest follow the examination on Scotch law; but this has come to be so much a matter of mere form, not to say mockery, and in point of fact so few of the candidates write their own theses (which, indeed, are for the most part very insignificant productions) that it has been proposed to abolish it altogether, and to appropriate the sum usually disbursed on account of this superannuated ceremony to the use of the Advocates Library. The fees paid on admission are considerable, amounting, in consequence of a recent regulation, to nearly L.400. ,
BARRITUS, a word of German origin, ' adopted by the Romans to signify the general shout usually raised by the soldiers of their armies on their first encounter, after the classicum or alarm.
BARROS, John DEi a celebrated Portuguese historian born about 1496. He was educated at the court of King Emanuel, among the princes of the blood, and made great progress in Latin and Greek. The Infant John, to whom he attached himself and became preceptor, having succeeded the king his father in 1521, De Barros obtained a place in this prince’s household; and, in 1522, he was made governor of St George del Mina, on the coast of Guinea. Three years after, the king having recalled hirtì to court, made him treasurer of the Indies; and this post inspired him with the thought of writing the well-known and valuable history entitled Azia Portuguesa, for which purpose he retired to Pompas, where he died in 1571, His work is divided into decades, the first of which he published in 1552, the second in 1553, and the third in 1563; but the fourth decade was not published till the year 1615, when it appeared by order of King Philip III., who caused the manuscript to be purchased from the heirs of De Barros. Several authors have continued the work, so that it extends to twelve decades. A handsome edition of the original work, and its continuations, was published at Lisbon in 1774, in 11 vols. 8vo.
BARSALLI. See Bur Salum.
BARSANTI, Francisco, an eminent musical performer and composer, was born at Lucca about the year 1690. He studied the civil law in the university of Padua; but, after a short stay there, he chose music as a profession. Accordingly, he put himself under the tuition of some of the ablest masters in Italy; and, having attained toacon-siderable degree of proficiency in practical composition, he took a resolution to settle in England, and came thither with Geminiani, who was also a Luccese, in the year 1714. He was a good performer on the hautboy, and also on the flute: in the former capacity he found employment in the opera band, and in the latter derived considerable advantages by teaching. He published six solos for a flute with a thorough-bass, and afterwards six solos for a German flute and a bass. He also converted into sonatas, for two violins and a bass, the first six solos of Geminiani. He continued many years a performer at the opera-house; but thinking that there was a prospect of advantage for one of his profession in Scotland, he at length went thither, and may be said, with greater truth than was alleged of David Rizzio, to have improved the music of that country, by collecting and making basses to a great number of the most popular Scottish tunes. About the year 1750, Barsantι returned to England; but being advanced in years, he was glad to be taken into the opera band as a performer on the tenor violin, and in the summer season into that of Vauxhall. At this time he published twelve concertos for violins; and shortly after Sei Antifone, in which he endeavoured to imitate the style of Palestrina and the. old composers of motets; but from these publications so little profit resulted, that, towards the close of his life, the industry and economy of an excellent wife, whom he had married[7:4:415] in Scotland, and the studies and labours of a daughter whom he had qualified for the profession of a singer, and who afterwards became an actress at Covent Garden, were his chief support.
BARTAS, William de Salluste du, a French poet, was born in the year 1544, and died in 1590. He was employed by Henry IV. of France, in England, Denmark, and Scotland; and he commanded a troop of horse in Gascony, under the marshal de Martignan. He wrote a number of poems, the principal of which, The Weck, or the Creation of the World, though it has long since fallen into oblivion, enjoyed for a considerable period a very high reputation, thirty editions of it having been printed within a few years after its appearance. It was translated into English by Joshua Sylvester, and published in 1605, in a quarto volume, which has been several times reprinted.
BARTER, or Tnucκ, is the exchanging of one commodity for another. The word comes from the Spanish l>aratar, to deceive or circumvent in bargaining, perhaps because those who deal this way usually endeavour to overreach one another. To transact properly, the price of one of the commodities, and an equivalent quantity of the other, must be found either by practice or by the rule of three. The value or price of the goods received and delivered in barter being always equal, it is obvious that the product of the quantities received and delivered, multiplied into their respective rates, will be equal. Hence arises a rule which may be used with advantage in working several questions; namely, multiply the given quantity and rate of the one commodity, and the product, divided by the rate of the other commodity, quotes the quantity sought, or, divided by the quantity, quotes the rate.
BARTFELD, a city in the province of Hither Theis, in Hungary, on the river Tapola, with some manufactories for making cloth, shoes, and other goods. It contains 560 housesand 4480 inhabitants. Long. 21. 13. 6. E. Lat. 49. 16. 10. N.
BARTH, or Bart, John, a brave fisherman of Dunkirk, who rose to the rank of admiral, and who is celebrated for his signal valour and naval exploits in the annals of France. He died in 1702, aged fifty-one.
BARTHIUS, Gaspard, a learned and copious writer, born at Custrin, in Brandenburg, the 22d of June 1587. Μ. Baillet has inserted the name of Barthius among his Enfans Célèbres, upon the ground that at twelve years of age he had translated David’s Psalms into Latin verse of every measure, and published several Latin poems.. Upon the death of his father, who was professor of the civil law at Frankfort, counsellor to the elector of Brandenburg, and chancellor at Custrin, he was sent to Gotha, then to Eisenach, and afterwards, according to custom, went through all the different universities in Germany. When he had finished his studies, he travelled into Italy, France, Spain, and England. He studied the modern as well as ancient languages, and his translations from the Spanish and French show that he was not content with a superficial knowledge. Upon his return to Germany he fixed his residence at Leipsic, where he led a retired life, his passion for study having made him renounce all sort of employment. He wrote a great number of books, the principal of which are, 1. His Adversaria, a large volume in folio, the second and third volumes being left by him in manuscript; 2. A Translation of Aeneas Gazaeus; 3. A large volume of Notes upon Claudian, in 4to; 4. Three large volumes upon Statius. He died at Leipsic in 1658.
BARTHOLINUS, Gaspard, a learned writer of the seventeenth century, was born at Malmoe, a town in the province of Schonen, which then belonged to Denmark. At three years of age he had such a quick capacity, that in fourteen days he learned to read; and in his thirteenth year he composed Greek and Latin orations, and delivered them in public. When he was about eighteen he went to the university of Copenhagen, and afterwards studied at Rostock and Wirtemberg. He next set out upon his travels, during which he neglected no opportunity of improving himself at the different universities he visited, and everywhere received marks of respect. In 1613 he was chosen professor of physic in the university of Copenhagen, and filled this office for eleven years, when, falling into a dangerous illness, he made a vow, that if it should please God to restore him, he would apply himself solely to the study of divinity. He recovered, observed his vow, and soon after obtained the professorship of divinity, with the canonry of Roschild. He died on the 13th of July 1630, after having written nearly fifty works on different subjects.

Bartholinus, Thomas, a celebrated physician, son of the former, was born at Copenhagen in 1619. After studying some time in his native country, he went, in 1637, to Leyden, where he studied physic during three years. He then travelled into France, and resided two years at Paris and Montpellier, in order to improve himself under the distinguished physicians of those universities; after which he visited Italy, remained three years at Padua, and at length went to Basel, where he obtained the degree of doctor in philosophy. Returning to Copenhagen, he was appointed professor of the mathematics in 1647, and next year was nominated to the chair of anatomy, which suited better his genius and inclination, and which he held for thirteen years, distinguishing himself by several discoveries respecting the lacteal veins and lymphatic vessels. His close application, however, having rendered his constitution very infirm, he resigned his chair in 1661; but the king of Denmark allowed him the title of “honorary professor.” He now retired to a little estate he had at Hagested, near Copenhagen, where he hoped to spend the remainder of his days in peace and tranquillity; but his house having been burnt in 1670, his library, with all his books and manuscripts, was consumed. In consideration of this loss, the king appointed Bartholinus his physician with a handsome salary, and exempted his land from all taxes; the university of Copenhagen also chose him for their librarian; and, in 1675, the king did him the honour to give him a seat in the grand council of Denmark. He wrote, 1. Anatomia Gaspardi Bartholini Parentis, novis Observationibus primum locupletata, 8vo; 2. De Monstris in Natura et Medicina, 4to; 3. De Armillis Veterum, praesertim Danorum, Schedion, 8vα; and several other works. He died on the 4th of December 1680.
BARTHOLOMEWS Day, St, a festival of the Christian church, celebrated on the 24th of August. St Bartholomew was generally considered identical with Nathaniel, one of the first disciples who came to Christ. It is thought this apostle travelled as far as India, to propagate the gospel; for Eusebius relates, that a famous philosopher and Christian, named Pantaenus, desiring to imitate the apostolical zeal in propagating the faith, and travelling for that purpose as far as India, found there, amongst those who still retained the knowledge of Christ, the gospel of St Matthew, written, as the tradition asserts, by St Bartholomew when he preached the gospel in that country. From India he returned by the northern and western parts of Asia, and preached to the people of Hierapolis, then in Lycaonia, and lastly at Albania, a city upon the Caspian Sea, where his endeavours to reclaim the people from idolatry were crowned with martyrdom. According to the received tradition, St Bartholomew' was flayed alive, and crucified with his head downwards.
BARTHOLOMITES, a religious order founded at Genoa in the year 1307, but suppressed by Pope Innocent X. in 1650.
BARTOLOCCI, Julius, a learned monk, and professor of Hebrew at Rome, was born at Celano in 1613, and distinguished himself by writing a Hebrew and Latin catalogue, in four volumes folio, of the Hebrew writers and writings; a work which was continued by Imbonati his disciple. He died in 1687.
BARTOLOMEO, Francisco, a celebrated painter, born at Savignano, near Florence, in the year 1469, was the disciple of Cosimo Rosselli, but was much more beholden to the works of Leonardo da Vinci for his extraordinary skill in painting. He was so well versed in the principles of design, that Raphael, after quitting the school of Perugino, applied to this master, and studied under him the rules of perspective, with the art of managing and uniting his colours. He painted both portraits and historical pieces; but his scrupulous conscience would hardly ever suffer him to draw naked figures, though nobody understood them better. He died in 1517, aged forty-eight. .
BARTOLOMEO in Saldo, a city in the province of Capitanata, of the kingdom of Naples, containing 4852 inhabitants.

BΛRTON-on-Humber, a market-town in the hundred of Yarborough and county of Lincoln. It is miles from London, and one mile from the Humber, over which there is a ferry to Hull, greatly frequented. It h as two parish churches, and a good market on Monday, t* ιe inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1709, in 1811 to 2204, and in 1821 to 2498. .
BARUCH, the Prophecy of, one of the apocryphal books, subjoined to the canon of the Old r 1estament∙ Baruch was the son of Ncriah, the disciple and amanuensis of the prophet Jeremiah; and his prophecy has , 1 some been reckoned part of that of Jeremiah. It is difficult to determine in what language this prophecy wa originally written. Three copies of it are still extant, ° ne [7:4:423]in Greek, and the other two in Syriac; but which of these, or whether any one of them, is the original, remains uncertain. . . . .
BARUTH, an ancient town of Turkey, in Syria, with a Christian church of the Nestorian persuasion. It is situated on a fertile spot, but is now inconsiderable compared with what it was formerly. Long. 34. 40. E. Lat. 33. 30. N.
BARYTONUM, in the Greek grammar, denotes a verb with no accent marked on the last syllable, but nevertheless understood to have the grave accent. In Italian music, barytono answers to our common pitch of bass.

BAS-Relief. See Basso- Relievo. Bas, James Philip, le, a modern French engraver, by whom there are some admirable prints. His great excellence consisted in landscapes and small figures, which he executed in a superior manner. -We have also a variety of pretty vignettes by this artist. He flourished about the middle of the seventeenth century, but we have no account of the time of his birth or death.
BASALTES. See Geology.
BASAN, or Bash an, in Ancient Geography , a territory beyond Jordan, mentioned in Scripture, and called by Josephus, Eusebius, and Jerome, Batancea. The whole of the country beyond Jordan, from that of the Moabites, or Arabia, as far as Mount Hermon and Lebanon, was originally divided into two kingdoms, namely, that of Sihon king of the Amorites, and of Og king of Basan or Bashan; the former being to the south, and the latter to the north. Of these, however, Basan appears to have been the larger; but after the Babylonish captivity it was subdivided, one part being called Batanaea or Basan, another Trachonitis, a third Auranitis or Ituraea, and a fourth Gaulonitis. To settle the limits of each of these parts, however, is now impossible. Bashan was famous for its pastures and large breed of cattle.
BASARHEL Υ, a large town of the province of Farther Theis, in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary. It is situated on the lake of Hods, which is united by a canal with the Theis. It is a place of considerable internal traffic, and contains 6500 inhabitants. Long. 20. 13. 10. E. Lat. 46. 25. 32. N.
BASARTSCHIK, a town of Romania, in Turkey in Europe. It is pretty well built, with clean, broad streets; it carries on some trade, and is situated on the river Me-ritz, in Long. 24. 30. E. Lat. 4L 49. N.
BASEL, one of the cantons of Switzerland, extending over 266 square miles. It is bounded on the northwest by France, on the north by the Rhine, which separates it from Baden, on the east by the canton of Aargau, and on the south and west by those of Solothurn and Berne. It is a well-cultivated district, flat in the centre, and surrounded by hills, none higher than about 3500 feet. The climate is mild, being protected from severe cold by the range of the Jura Mountains. It is productive in corn, and yields abundant fruits and good wine. The Rhine is the chief river, and affords a large quantity of fish. The inhabitants are about 50,000, industriously employed in agriculture and various manufactures. The government is a kind of democracy, in which each citizen has the right of voting in his particular guild; and by the guilds both the legislative and executive powers are chosen. The armed contingent is 915 men; but a ŗnilitia exists of all adult males. The established religion is the Protestant of the Calvinistic profession. The canton is divided into six circles. The language is German, but of a very barbarous description. The capital is a city of the same name, on the banks of the Rhine, over which is a bridge 600 feet long. It contains 12 churches, including the ancient cathedral, an orphan-house, and several hospitals, about 2250 houses, and 16,500 inhabitants, who find occupation in making various silk, cotton, woollen, iron, paper, and other goods. There is a university, but on the decline, with several professors, and only about 40 students. Long. 7. 41. 22. E. Lat. 47Γ33. 34. N.
BASHARIANS, a sect of Mahommedans, being a branch or subdivision of the Motazalites. The Basharians are those who maintain the tenets of Bashar Ebrt Motamer, a principal man among the Motazalites, but who varied in some points from the general tenets of the sect, carrying man’s free agency to a great length, even to the extent of making him independent.
BASHAW, more commonly written Pacha or Pasha, a Turkish governor of a province or district. Nothing more is necessary to raise an Osmanlee to the dignity of pasha than the firman of the grand seignior; but some ceremonies are usually observed at his investiture or installation. The badge of a pasha’s authority, as well as the emblem of his rank, is the horse-tail, and he takes precedence according to the number of these in his banner. The highest rank usually conferred, however, is that of pasha of three tails. The pashas are the grand seignior’s lieutenants, and exercise the supreme military and civil power in their respective provinces. But many of them own little more than a nominal subjection to the Porte, although they submit to pay it an annual tribute; and some are almost always in a state of open rebellion against its authority. Religion, in fact, is the only connecting principle which keeps the different parts of the Ottoman empire together; but, fanatical as the Moslemins almost universally are, the case of Egypt shows how frail a tie this may become, and how easily the bundle of rods may be dissolved. In fiscal matters, the pasha ordinarily acts as a horseleech to his more immediate subjects, and serves as a sponge to the sultan, who generally manages to squeeze out a portion of the blood with which he is gorged, and, after a time, kindly presents him with a bow string, and thus becomes ultimate heir to his private accumulations.
BASHEE Isles, a cluster of small islands in the Chinese Sea, due north of Luzon, the largest of the Philippines. They are five in number, with four rocky islets. They were visited by Dampier the English navigator in 1687, and named by him Orange, Monmouth, Grafton, Goats, and Bashee Island. These islands possess a fertile soil, and produce abundance of potatoes and yams; as also sugar-canes, pine-apples, bananas, and plantains. Orange Island is twenty-two miles long by six broad. Grafton Island is about thirteen milcs in circumference, and has good anchorage on the western side, with abundance of very fine water close to the beach. The inhabitants are described by Dampier as short and squat in stature, and of a dark copper colour. Iron was formerly a favourite article of exchange with them, but the use of money is now also understood. These islands were visited by Dampier, and were afterwards seen by Byron and Wallis. The Spaniards took possession of them in 1783, being tempted by the gold which is washed down by the mountain torrents, and manufactured by the inhabitants into a thick wire, which they wear as an ornament. The Spanish governor resides at Grafton Island, with about 100 soldiers. These islands are situated between the 20th and 21st degrees of N. lat.
BASIGNANA, a city of the province of Alessandria, in the kingdom of Sardinia, near the junction of the Po with the Tanaro. It contains 3500 inhabitants, and is celebrated for the treaty of peace concluded there in 1361, between Duke Otto of Brunswick and Count Galcazzo.