pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HERMAEA, in Antiquity, ancient Greek festivals celebrated in honour of the god Hermes or Mercury. One of these was celebrated by the Pheneatae in Arcadia; a second by the Cellenians in Elis; and a third by the Tanagraeans, where Mercury was represented carrying a ram upon his shoulder, because he was said to have walked through the city in that manner in time of a plague, and to have cured the sick, in memory of which, it was customary at this festival for one of the most beautiful youths in the city to walk round the walls with a ram upon his shoulder. A fourth festival of the same name was observed in Crete, when it was usual for the servants to sit down at the table whilst their masters waited; a custom which was also observed at the Roman Saturnalia.
HERMOGENES, St, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, about six leagues in circuit, discovered by Behring, and further explored by Cook, situated at the entrance of Cook’s Inlet, and separated from the adjacent coast by a channel one league broad. Long. 152. W. Lat. 58. 20. N.
HERMANN, Paul, a celebrated botanist, was born at Halle, in Saxony, and practised physic in the island of Ceylon, and the Cape of Good Hope, after which, in 1679, he was chosen professor of botany at Leyden, and superintendent of the botanical garden. In the science of plants he obtained the highest reputation, and died in the year 1695. His first publication, in 1687, was a catalogue of plants in the university garden, which he had much enriched with plants from the East and West Indies. His method of botanical classification is contained in his Flora Lugduno-Batavoe Flores, published in 1690. His Paradisus Batarnis was published after his decease by William Sherard, and contains many rare, with some entirely new species, delineated in a very elegant manner. The rest of Hermann’s works are, Musaei Indici Catalogus, continens varia exotica animalia, insecta, vegetabilia, mineralia; and Lapis Lydius Mat&riae Medicae, in which last his new characters of plants are made use of to illustrate their medical properties. At his death he left behind him four hundred and fifty fine drawings, and a numerous collection of dried plants, which served as the basis of the Flora Ceylanica [7:11:276]of Linnaeus, and also a Catalogue of Plants of the Cape of Good Hope. Dr Hannes addressed to him a beautiful Latin ode, which is still preserved; but many of the treasures of his industrious life were strangely neglected, and allowed to be dispersed.
HERMANSTADT, a city of Hungary, in the province of Sieberbergen, the capitaζof a circle of the same name, which extends over 984 square miles, and contains about 60,000 inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Eidin, and is surrounded with double walls and extensive suburbs. It contains four Lutheran, three Catholic, one Reformed, and one Greek church, and is the seat of a Greek bishop, of a Lutheran lyceum with ten professors and a good library, of a Catholic orphan-house with 500 pupils, and a gymnasium or high school attached to it, and of the palaces of several of the nobles of the province. It has 2000 houses and 16,450 inhabitants. There are carried on within the city the trades of cloth and blanketweaving, hat-making, and other manufactures. Long. 24. 3. 53. E. Lat. 45. 47. 4. N.
HERMAPHRODITE is generally understood to signify a human creature possessed of both sexes, or who has the parts of generation of both male and female. The term however is also applied to other animals, and even to plants. The word is formed from the Greek ’ Egμapgo-δ∕roς, a compound of ’ Egμης, Mercury, and Apgoð/rrç, Venus; a mixture of Mercury and Venus, or of male and female. Hermaphroditus was originally a proper name applied by the heathen mythologists to a fabulous deity, whom some represent as a son of Hermes, Mercury, and Aphrodite, Venus, and who, being desperately in love with the nymph Salamis, obtained permission of the god to have his body and hers united into one. But others say, that the god Hermaphroditus was conceived as a composition of Mercury and Venus; to exhibit the union between eloquence, or rather commerce, of which Mercury was god, with pleasure, of which Venus was the proper deity. Lastly, others think this junction intended to show that Venus or pleasure was of both sexes.

In a treatise by Mr Hunter, in the sixty-ninth volume of the Philosophical Transactions, hermaphrodites are divided into natural, and unnatural or monstrous. The first belongs to the more simple orders of animals, of which there are a much greater number than of the more perfect. The unnatural takes place in every tribe of animals having distinct sexes, but is more common in some than in others. The human species, our author imagines, has the fewest; but amongst horses, sheep, and black cattle, they are very frequent.

Hermaphrodite Flowers, in Botany. These are so called by the sexualists, on account of their containing both the antherae and stigma, the supposed organs of generation, within the same calyx and petals. Of this kind are the flowers of all the classes in Linnaeus’s sexual method, except the classes monoecia and dioecia ; in the former of which, male and female flowers are produced on the same root; in the latter, in distinct plants from the same seed. In the class polygamia, there are always hermaphrodite flowers mixed with male or female, or both, either on the same or distinct roots. In the plantain-tree the flowers are all hermaphrodite; in some, however, the antherae or male organ, in others the stigma or female organ, proves abortive. The flowers in the former class are styled female hermaphrodites ; in the latter, male hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites are thus as frequent in the vegetable kingdom as they are rare and scarce in the animal one.
HERMAS, an ecclesiastical author of the first century, and, according to Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome, the same whom St Paul salutes in the end of his epistle to the Romans. He wrote a book in Greek some time before Do-mitian’s persecution, which happened in the year 95. This work is entitled The Pastor, from his representing an angel speaking to him in it under the form of a shepherd. The Greek text is lost, but a very ancient Latin version is still extant. Some of the fathers have considered this* book as canonical. The best edition of it is that of 1698, where it is to be found amongst the other apostolical fathers, illustrated with the notes and corrections of Cotelerius and Le Clerc. It was translated into English by Archbishop Wake.
HERMES, or Herma, amongst antiquaries, a sort of square or cubical figure of the god Mercury, usually made of marble, though sometimes of brass or other materials, without arms or legs, and planted by the Greeks or Romans in their cross-ways.

Servius, in his comment upon the eighth book of the Aeneid, states the origin of this. Some shepherds, says he, having one day caught Mercury, called by the Greeks Hermes, asleep on a mountain, cut off his hands, whence he, as well as the mountain where the action occurred, was denominated Cyllenius, from xυλλoς, maimed ; and hence it is, according to Servius, that certain statues without arms are denominated Hermae. But this etymology of the epithet of Cyllenius contradicts most of the other ancient authors, who derive it from this, that Mercury was born at Cyllene, a city of Elis, or even on the mountain Cyllene itself, which had been so called before his time.

Suidas gives a moral explication of the custom of making statues of Mercury without arms. The Hermeses, he informs us, were statues of stone placed at the vestibules or porches of the doors and temples at Athens; and as Mercury was the god of speech and truth, square and cubical statues were peculiarly proper, because they have this in common with truth, that on what side soever they are viewed, they always appear the same.

Athens abounded more in Hermeses than any other place; there were numbers of them in different parts of the city, and they were indeed one of its principal ornaments. They were also placed in the high-roads and cross-ways, because Mercury, who was the courier of the gods, presided over the high-ways; hence his surname of Trivius, from trivium, and that of Viacus, from via.

From Suidas’s account, above cited, it appears that the termini, used amongst us in the door-cases, balconies, and other parts of our buildings, take their origin from these Athenian Hermeses, and that it was more proper to call them hermetes than termini, because, though the Roman termini were square stones, on which a hand was frequently placed, yet they were rather used as landmarks and mere stones than as ornaments of building.
HERMESIANAX, a poet of Colophon, in Asia Minor, of whose private history we know scarcely any thing. He seems to have flourished about b. c. 280, at the same time as Theocritus, and was the author of three books of elegies, which he addressed to his mistress Leontium, as Propertius did to Cynthia. Athenaeus (xiii. 597) has preserved ninety-eight verses of a very beautiful elegy, which has been published separately by Weston in his Conjec-turoe in Athenoeum, Lond. 1784. Van Santen has translated it into Latin verse under the title of Tentamen Her· mesianacteum, as also Rigler and Axti (Colon. 1828). The best edition is by Bach (Hale, 1829). See Leontjum.
HERMETIC, or Hermerical Art, a name given to chemistry, on the supposition that Hermes Trismegistus was the inventor of that science, or that he excelled therein.

Hermetical Philosophy is that which undertakes to solve and explain all the phenomena of nature from the three chemical principles, salt, sulphur, and mercury.

Hermetical Physic, or Medicine, is that system or hypothesis in the art of healing, which explains the causes of diseases, and the operations of medicine, on the principles of the hermetical philosophy.
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Hzrmeticai, Seal, a manner of stopping or closing glass vessels, for chemical operations, so very accurately, that nothing can. exhale or escape, not even the most subtile spirits. It is performed by heating the neck of the vessel in the flame of a lamp till it be ready to melt, and then with a pair of pincers twisting it close together. This they call putting on Hermes’s seal.
HERMHARPOCRATES, or Hermarpocrates, in Antiquity, a deity, or figure of a deity, composed of Mercury, and Harpocrates the god of silence.
HERMIANI, or Hermiatitae, a sect of heretics in the second century, so called from their leader Hermias. They were also denominated Seleuciani. One of their distinguishing tenets was, that God is corporeal; and another, that Jesus Christ did not ascend into heaven with his body, but left it in the sun.
HERMIONE, in Ancient Geography, a considerable city of Argolis. Excepting a few temples, it was in ruins in the time of Pausanias, who says that the new city was situated at the distance of four stadia from the promontory on which stood the temple of Neptune. It gave name to the Sinus Hermionicus, a part of the Sinus Argolicus.
HERMIT, or Eremit, Eremita, a devout person retired into solitude, to be more at leisure for prayer and contemplation, and to disencumber himself of the affairs of this world. The word is formed from the Greek, ⅛τj∕xoς, desert or wilderness ; and hence, according to the etymology, it should rather be written Eremit. Paul surnamed the Hermit is usually reckoned the first hermit; though St Jerome, at the beginning of the life of that saint, says it is not known who was the first. Some go back to the time of John the Baptist, others to that of Elias; some make St Anthony the founder of thecremitical life, and others think that he only rekindled and heightened the fervour thereof, holding that the disciples of that saint owned St Paul of Thebes as the first who practised it. The persecutions of Decius and Valerian are supposed to have been the occasion of driving men to the wilderness.

There are also various orders and congregations of religious persons distinguished by the title of hermits; as hermits of St Augustin, of St John Baptist, of St Jerome, of St Paul, and so forth.
HERMITAGE properly signifies a little hut or habitation, in some desert place, where a hermit dwells.

Hermitage is also popularly attributed to any religious cell, built and endowed in a private and recluse place, and thus annexed to some large abbey, of which the superior was called herrnita.
HERMOGENES, the first and most celebrated architect of antiquity, was, according to Vitruvius, born at Al-anbada, a city in Caria. He built a temple of Diana at Magnesia, and another of Bacchus at Tros; and he was the inventor of several parts of architecture. He composed a book on the subject, which is lost.

Hermogenes Tarsensis, a rhetorician and orator, who was in every respect a prodigy. At the age of seventeen he published his system of rhetoric, and at twenty his philosophic ideas; but at twenty-five he forgot every thing he had known. It is said that his body being opened after his death, his heart was found of an extraordinary size, and all covered with hair. He died about 168 before Christ.
HERMOGENIANS, a sect of ancient heretics, so denominated from their leader Hermogenes, who lived towards the close of the second century. Hermogenes established matter as his first principle; and regarding it as the source of all evil, he maintained that the world, and every thing contained in it, as also the souls of men and other spirits, were formed by the Deity from an uncreated and eternal mass of corrupt matter. The opinions of Hermogenes, with regard to the origin of the world and the nature of the soul, were warmly opposed by Tertullian.

The Hermogenians were divided into several branches under their respective chieftains; as Hermiani, Seleuciani, Materiani, and so on.
HERMON, or Aermon, in Ancient Geography, a mountain of the Amorites, called Sanior by the Phoenicians, and Sanir or Senir by the Amorites, on the east of Jordan. It is also called Sion, but must not be confounded with the Sion of Jerusalem.
HERMOPOLIS, in Ancient Geography, the name of several cities in Egypt, dedicated, as the name imports, to Hermes or Mercury. Near one of these cities, probably Hermopolis Magna, was situated a most magnificent temple, of which the porticoonly remains. It was visited by Denon, who accompanied the French army in their expedition to Egypt in 1799, and who describes it as a most beautiful monument of ancient architecture, a splendid relic of the highest antiquity. Amongst the hillocks within three hundred or four hundred yards of the portico enormous blocks of stone are seen buried in sand, and regular architecture beneath, which appears part of an edifice containing columns of granite, just rising above the present level of the soil. Every part of this edifice is covered with hieroglyphics. Connected with the scattered fragments of the great temple, a mosque has been built, in which is a number of columns of cipoline marble. Near this is the village of Aschmunein, containing about 5000 inhabitants.
HERMUS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Ionia, which, risingnear Dorylaeum, a town of Phrygia, in a mountain sacred to Dindymene or Cybele, touched Mysia, and ran through the Pegio Combusta, and then through the plains of Smyrna down to the sea, carrying along with it the Pactolus, Hyllus, and other less notable rivers. Its waters were said, by Virgil and other poets, to roll down gold.
HERNOSAND, a town of Sweden, the capital of the province of Norrlandslan. It is the seat of a bishop, and is built on the island formed by two arms of the river Angerman, which here empties itself into the Gulf of Bothnia. The harbour is one of the best in Northern Sweden. It contains 340 houses, and 1980 inhabitants, who are occupied in linen weaving, in ship-building, and in the fishery. Long. 17. 46. 7. E. Lat. 63. 38. N.
HERO, in Pagan mythology, a great and illustrious person, of a mortal nature, though supposed by the populace to have partaken of immortality, and after his death to have been placed amongst the number of the gods. The word is formed from the Latin heros, and that from the Greek ηgως, semi-deus or demi-god. The Greeks erected columns and other monuments over the tombs of their heroes, and established a kind of worship in honour of the manes both of their heroes and heroines. The Romans also raised statues in honour of their heroes; but there were six of their heroes of a superior order, who were supposed to have been admitted into the community of the twelve great gods, namely, Hercules, Bacchus, Aesculapius, Romulus, Castor, and Pollux. Writers have distinguished between the worship which the ancients paid to their heroes and that offered to their gods. The latter, it is said, consisted of sacrifices and libations; the former was only a kind of funeral honour, in which they celebrated their exploits, concluding the rehearsal with feasts.

Hero is also used in a more extensive sense, for a great, illustrious, and extraordinary personage.

Hero, in fabulous history, a famous priestess of Venus, lived at Abydos, in a tower situated on the banks of the Hellespont. She was beloved by Leander, who lived at Sestos, on the other sideof the strait, and every night swam across to visit her, being directed by a light fixed on the tower. But the light being put out on a stormy night, the youth missed his way and was drowned; upon which Hero threw herself into the sea, and perished.

Hero, the name of two celebrated Greek mathematicians[7:11:278]; the one called the older and the other the younger Hero. The latter was a disciple of Ctesibius. They are known by two works translated into Latin by Barochius; Spiralium liber, by Hero the elder; and Tractat. Artis et Machin. Militar, by Hero the younger. They flourished about 130 and 100 b. c.
HERODIANS, a sect amongst the Jews at the time of our Saviour. The critics and commentators are very much divided with regard to the Herodians. St Jerome, in his dialogue against the Luciferians, takes the name to have been given to those who owned Herod as the Messiah; and Tertullian and Epiphanius are of the same opinion[7:11:279]. But the same Jerome, in his Commentary on St Matthew, treats his opinion as ridiculous, and maintains that the Pharisees gave this appellation by way of ridicule to Herod’s soldiers, who paid tribute to the Romans; and accordingly the Syrian interpreters render the word by the domestics of Herod, that is, his courtiers. Simon, in his notes on the twenty-second chapter of St Matthew, advances a more probable opinion. The name Herodian he imagines to have been given to such as adhered to Herod’s party and interest, and were for preserving the government in his family, about which were great divisions amongst the Jews. Hardouin represents the Herodians and Sadducees as the same. Dr Prideaux is of opinion that they derived their name from Herod the Great, and that they were distinguished from the other Jews by their concurrence with Herod’s scheme of subjecting himself and his dominions to the Romans, and likewise by complying with many of their heathen usages and customs. This symbolizing with idolatry upon views of interest and worldly policy was probably that leaven of Herod against which our Saviour cautioned his disciples. It is further probable that they were chiefly of the sect of Sadducees, because the leaven of Herod is also denominated the leaven of the Sadducees.
HERODIANUS, a Greek historian of considerable celebrity, respecting whose birthplace we are ignorant, but he seems to have spent much time at Rome. Of his private history we know nothing, except that he flourished in the reign of the younger Gordian (a. d 238). His work, which has been preserved, contains, in eight books, the lives of the later Roman emperors, from the death of Μ. Aurelius Antoninus (a. d. 180) to the succession of the younger Gordian (a. d. 238), a period of fifty-eight years. It thus contains an account of the transactions during the reigns of Commodus, Pertinax, Julianus, Niger and Albinus, Severus, Caracalla and Geta, Macrinus, Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus, Maximinus, the two Gordians, Balbinus, and Gordian the younger. The style of his history is simple and natural, free from that affected Attic purity which was the fault of the writers of his age. Still in many passages there are evident marks of his having imitated Thucydides, and sometimes Demosthenes and Polybius. The period which he undertook to describe was one full of spirit-stirring events; frequent changes of emperors, constant wars both foreign and domestic, numerous earthquakes, plague and pestilence, were all crowded into the page of half a century. Whilst occupied with these wars and wonderful phenomena, he forgets to make us acquainted with the internal changes that were taking place in the constitution of the Roman empire; and whilst he gives us a minute account of the contests for empire, of court intrigues, and long, often unmeaning, speeches, he omits to notice the movements of those barbarous hordes which had already begun to threaten, and shortly after succeeded in subverting, the Roman empire. All however of which he gives us an account bears on it the stamp of truth, though perhaps he sometimes praises beyond what they deserve, hazards blame with too lenient a hand, and approves of characters which are only distinguished for their follies and their vices. Herodian is the last of the Greek historians of importance. The first edition is by' Aldus, Venice, 1503; another by Stephens, Paris, 1581. There is a large edition in five volumes by Irmisch, Leipsig, 1789, 1805. The best is by Becker, Berlin, 1826. See also Wolf. Narratio de Herodiano et libro ejus, in his edition of Herodian, Hal. Sax. 1792. There are several German translations, of which the best are by Gunradi Frankfort, 1784, and by Osiander, Stuttgardt, 1830.

Herodianus, a grammarian of Alexandria in Egypt, was son of the grammarian Apollonius Dyscolus. He seems to have resided at Rome in the reign of Μ. Aurelius, a. d. 163, to whom we find him dedicating a work on Prosody (∏gotfωδ∕α Kα0oλ∕%η), in twenty books. He is praised by the ancients as an acute philologist, and possessed an intimate knowledge of grammar, which is proved to be correct by the numerous fragments of his works. (See Fabricii JBiblioth. Greec. ed. Harles, v. vi. p. 278; also Essai Historique sur l’ Ecole d’ Alexandrie, par Matter, Par. 1820.)
HEROIC, something belonging to a hero or heroine.

Heroic Age is that age or period of the world in which the heroes, or those called by the poets the children of the gods, are supposed to have lived. The heroic age coincides with the fabulous age.

Heroic Poem is that which undertakes to describe some extraordinary action or enterprise. Homer, Virgil, Statius, Lucan, Tasso, Camaens, Milton, Wilkie, Glover, Voltaire, and others, have composed heroic poems. In this sense, heroic coincides with epic poem. Heroic Verse is that in which heroic poems are usually composed, or it is that which is proper for such poems. In the Greek and Latin, hexameter verses are peculiarly denominated heroic verses, as being alone used by epic poets. Alexandrine verses, of twelve syllables, were formerly called heroic verses, as being supposed the only verse proper for heroic poetry; but later writers use verses of ten syllables.
HEROINE, Heroina, or Herois, a woman who has the qualities and virtues of a hero, or who has done some heroic action.
HERON. See Ornithology.
HERRENBERG, a city of Wurtemberg, of the circle of the Black Forest, and the capital of a bailiwick of the same name extending over ninety-two square miles, and containing 22,910 inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Auer. It is built around a mountain fortress of great antiquity. It contains 330 houses, and 2100 inhabitants, who produce good wine, and make some woollen goods. Near to it are quarries of marble and alabaster, in which many curious petrifactions are found.