pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ARENSBERG, one of the governments (regierungs-bezirk) into which the Prussian province of Westphalia is divided. It is subdivided into 14 portions called circles (kreis'). It comprises within its limits part of the ancient duchy of Westphalia, the county of Mark, with Dortmund, the city of Lippstadt, the principality of Siegen, and the lordships of Witgenstein-Besleburg, Witgenstein-Witgenstein, and Hohen-Limburg. It extends over 3060 square miles, or 1,958,400 acres. The cities and towns are 74, the villages 1119. The inhabitants amounted in the year 1817 to 380,182, of whom 202,766 were Protestants, 178,826 Catholics, 3489 Jews, and 101 Menonites.

Arensberg, one of the circles into which the government of the same name is divided. It contains 32,352 inhabitants, in six cities, 12 towns, and 105 villages. In the northern part it is mountainous and woody; the rest of the circle has a loamy but stony soil, which produces rye, potatoes, and flax. It has little trade except in wood and wood-wares; but the females occupy themselves in spinning.

Arensberg, the capital of the government and circle of the same name. It was formerly a flourishing place, but has much declined. It is almost surrounded by the river Ruhr. It has 245 houses and 2623 inhabitants.
ARENSBURG, a circle in the Russian government of Livonia, comprehending the islands of Oesel, Moen, Ruh-na, and several smaller ones, in the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea. The surface of these islands is 2176 square miles, and, in spite of a rigorous climate, they are moderately fertile, producing rye, buck-wheat, flax, hemp, tobacco, potatoes, turnips, and other vegetables, where the land is manured with sea-weed, which abounds on the shores. The cattle, both for the dairy and the butcher, are good; and there are some sheep, which yield fine wool. The island of Arensburg is well watered, though it has no river, but several brooks and lakes. The inhabitants in 1792 were 34,256, and we have no later notices of these islands. The island of Arensburg alone is far more populous than all the others, and contains one city, 12 church parishes, and 16] farms. The people speak a peculiar dialect of German, and adhere to the Lutheran profession of religion. The capital of the circle is a city of the sam e name, on the south-east side of the island of Oesel, in a, small bay, visited yearly by about 40 vessels of easy burden. It is ill built, with wooden houses, has 2 churches, 1 public school, 194 dwellings, and 1390 inhabitants. It is in long. 22. 22. 15. E. and lat. 58. 15. 45. N.
ARENSWALDE, a circle in the government of Frankfort, and province of Pomerania, in Prussia. Its extent is 472 square miles, or 302,080 acres, and the population amounted in 1817 to 20,705 persons. It has a number of small lakes, which yield good fish. The corn land produces some rye, and the inhabitants are also employed in rearing and feeding cattle; but their means of subsistence is chiefly derived from the extensive woods with which it abounds.

Arenswalde, the chief town of the circle of the same name in Prussia. It contains 474 houses, and 2875 inhabitants, who find some employment in weaving cloth, and some in distilleries.

Arenz de Mar, a town of Spain, on the sea-shore, in the province of Catalonia. It contains 3500 inhabitants, and has manufactories for cotton, silk, woollen goods, and stockings. There is a yard for building ships, and a forge for casting anchors.
AREOLA, among anatomists, the coloured circle surrounding the nipple of the breast.
AREOPAGUS, a sovereign tribunal at Athens, famous for the justice and impartiality of its decrees, to which the gods themselves are said to have submitted their differences. See the article Attica.
ARETAEUS of Cappadocia, a Greek physician of the sect of the Pneumatists, who, according to some, lived in the reign of Augustus; according to others, under Trajan or Adrian. He wrote several treatises, in the Ionian dialect, on acute diseases and other medicinal subjects, some of which are still extant. The best edition of his works is that of Boerhaave, in Greek and Latin, with notes, printed in 1731; that printed at Oxford in 1723, in folio, is also much esteemed.
ARETHUSA, the daughter of Nereus and Doris, and the companion of Diana, who changed her into a fountain to deliver her from the pursuit of her lover Alpheus.

Arethusa, a celebrated fountain near the city of Syracuse, in Sicily, famous for the quantity of its waters, and the number of fishes it contained. Many fables were invented by the ancients concerning this fountain. They had also a notion that the river Alpheus ran under or through the waters of the sea, without mixing with them, from Peloponnesus to Sicily. Mr Brydone informs us that it still continues to send forth an immense quantity of water, rising at once to the size of a river, but is entirely abandoned by the fishes it formerly contained in such plenty. Mr Swinburne describes this once famous fountain as a large pool of water near the quay, defended from the sea by a wall, and almost hidden by houses on every other side. The water is not salt, but brackish, and fit for no purpose but washing linen. “Such,” says he, “is the celebrated fountain of Arethusa, whose soft, poetical name is known to every reader.”
ARETOLOGI, in Antiquity, a sort of philosophers, chiefly of the Cynic or Stoic school, who frequented the tables of great men, and entertained them in their banquets with disputations on virtue, vice, and other popular topics. These are sometimes also denominated Circulatores Philosophi.
AREVALO, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, situated at the junction of the river Adaja with the Arevalillo. Lat. 41. 3. 57. N. and long. 4. 7. 57. W. It contains two magazines for corn, and has 1600 houses and 4500 inhabitants.
AREZZO, a city of Italy, in Tuscany, seated in the territory of Florence, on the declivity of a hill that overlooks the neighbouring plain, between the Citta di Castelli and Florence. It is a bishop’s see, subordinate only to the pope, and has two collegiate churches, 15 parishes, 18 religious houses, and four hospitals. It was at one time famous for a kind of earthenware much esteemed by the Romans. It afterwards fell greatly into decay, until Cosmo dè’ Medici took it under his protection, since which it has been recovering gradually. It is famed for being the birthplace of Maecenas, of Petrarch, and of 2 Guido Aretin, the great improver of musical notation. A popular insurrection broke out here against the French general Macdonald, in his retreat from Naples to Upper Italy in 1799. 25 miles E.N.E. of Sienna, and 34 S.E. of Florence. Long. 11. 50. E. Lat. 43. 28. N.
ARGEA, or Àrgoei, in Boman Antiquity, thirty human figures made of rushes, thrown annually by the priests or vestals into the Tiber on the day of the ides of May.
ARGELES, an arrondissement in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, in France, extending over 594 square miles, or 380,160 acres. It is divided into five cantons, and subdivided into 102 communes, with 36,912 inhabitants.— The chief city of the arrondissement is of the same name. It is situated in the beautiful valley of Lovedan, on the banks of the Save d’Auzun, with 860 inhabitants. .
ARGENCES, a town of France, in Lower Normandy, now the department of Calvados, on the river Meance. Long. 0. 10. W. Lat. 49. 15. N.
ARGENT, the common French word for silver. It is used in heraldry to signify purity, beauty, and gentleness.
ARGENTAC, a town of France, in the Limousin, on the river Dordogne. Long. 2. 3. E. Lat. 45. 5. N∙
ARGENTAN, an arrondissement in the department of the Orne, in France, extending over 737 square miles, or 470,630 acres. It comprehends 11 cantons, divided into 248 communes, with 115,512 inhabitants.—The chief city of the arrondissement is of the same name. It is situated on an elevation in a beautiful plain, through which the Orne runs. It contains 6195 inhabitants, who make thread-lace of a fine quality, some linen goods, and leather. Around it many feathers are collected from flocks of geese, kept with that object. Long. 0. 3. E. Lat. 48. 44. N.
ARGENTARIUS is frequently used in Roman writers for a money-changer or banker. The argentarii were capitalists, who made a profit either by the changing or lending of money at interest. They had their tabernae or offices in dne. forum Bamanum, built there as early as the reign of L. Tarquinius Priscus.
ARGENTEUIL, a town in the arrondissement of Versailles and department of the Seine, on the right bank of the river. It contains 4524 inhabitants. The vicinity yields some wine and abundance of culinary vegetables, and near it are some extensive quarries of gypsum.
ARGENTIERA, a small island in the Archipelago, near Milo. It is about 18 miles in compass, and is full of mountains, producing nothing but barley, cotton, and a few grapes. Long. 23. 10. E. Lat. 36. 50. N.
ARGENTIERE, U, an arrondissement in the department of the Ardeche, in France, extending over 716 square miles, or 458,240 acres, divided into 10 cantons, and again into 104 communes, with 84,909 inhabitants.— The capital of the arrondissement is a city of the same name. It is in a deep valley, in which silk-mills are turned by a stream that runs through it. It contains 390 houses and 1706 inhabitants.
ARGENTINUS, a deity worshipped by the ancients as the god of silver coin; as Aesculanus, whom they made his father, was the god of brass money, which was in use before silver.
ARGENTON, a town of France, divided into two by the river Creuse. Here was formerly a castle, but it was demolished by Louis XIV. Long. 1. 38. E. Lat. 40. 30. N.
ARGENTUM Aleum, in our old customs, silver coin, or pieces of bullion that anciently passed for money. .

Argentum Dei, Gods penny, anciently signified earnest money, or money given to bind a bargain; in some [7:3:482] places called erles or arles i and by the civilians and canonists arrhae.
ARGIMNA, a town of Armenia, in the pachalic of Diarbckir, on the head waters of the Tigris, 40 miles north-west from Diarbekir. It is situated on a lofty mountain, and such is the declivity of the ground, that the houses appear to be piled one above another; and in winter the torrents rush down the streets with such violence as to render them impassable. The town is populous, but wretchedly built, and is remarkable for the quantity of wine and brandy made in its vicinity.
ARGISH, or Argiscii, the ancient Arzes, a town of Armenia, in the government of Van, situated on the northwest side of the lake Van, three days’ journey from the town of that name. It contains 6000 inhabitants.
ARGO, in Antiquity, a ship or vessel celebrated among the poets, being that wherein the Argonauts, of whom Jason was the chief, made their expedition in quest of the golden fleece. Jason having happily accomplished his enterprise, consecrated the ship Argo to Neptune, or, as others say, to Minerva, in the isthmus of Corinth, where, they add, it did not remain long before it was translated into heaven, and made a constellation.
ARGONAUTS, a company of illustrious Greeks who embarked along with Jason in the ship Argo. “The designs of the Argonauts,” says Dr Gillies, in his History of Greece, “are veiled under the allegorical, or at least doubtful, phrase of carrying off the golden fleece ; which, though easily explained, if we admit the report that the inhabitants of the eastern banks of the Euxine extended fleeces of wool in order to collect the golden particles which were carried down by the torrents from Mount Caucasus, is yet described in such various language by ancient writers, that almost every modern who examines the subject thinks himself entitled to offer, by way of explanation, some new conjecture of his own. But in opposition to the most approved of these conjectures, we may venture to affirm that the voyage to Colchis was rot undertaken with a view to establish extensive plans of commerce, or to search for mines of gold, far less to learn the imaginary art of converting other substances into that precious metal; all such motives supposing a degree of speculation and refinement unknown in that age to the gallant but uninstructed youth of Thessaly. The real object of the expedition nnay be discovered by its consequences. The Argonauts fought, conquered, and plundered; they settled a colony on the shores of the Euxine, and carried into Greece a daughter of the king of Colchis, the celebrated Medea, a princess of Egyptian extraction, whose crimes and enchantments are condemned to eternal infamy in the immortal lines of Euripides.”

Argonauts of St Nicholas was the name of a military order instituted by Charles III., king of Naples, in the year 1382, for the advancement of navigation, or, as some say, merely for preserving amity among the nobles. They wore a collar of shells inclosed in a silver crescent, whence hung a ship with this device, Non credo tempori, I do not trust time. Hence these Argonaut knights came to be called knights of the shell. They received the order of St Basil, archbishop of Naples, and held their assemblies in the church of St Nicholas their patron.
ARGOS, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, from Argos, one of the kings.

Several ancient cities bore the name of Argos, particularly the capital of Argolis or Argeia.
ARGUIN, a small island in a bay of the same name, situated on the western coast of Africa, near the southern termination of the Great Desert. Major Rennell supposes it to be the island to which the ancients, and particularly Hanno, gave the name of Cerne. The Portuguese early formed a settlement there, and even made it for some time the principal point from which they attempted to penetrate into the interior; but the extensive deserts by which it was bordered were very unfavourable for this object, and the banks of the Senegal have been found more advantageous in every respect. The shores round Arguin, however, abound with valuable turtle, and the sea affords a considerable supply of stock fish. Long. 16. 20. W. Lat. 20. 23. N.
ARGUN, Argan, or Ergon, a river of Tartary, in the country of the Mongols, which rises from a lake called Dalai, or Koulon-nor, situated in long. 119. 14. E. and lat. 49. N. It is considered to be the original source of the Amur, and by the treaty of Nertschinsk, concluded in 1690, is established as the mutual boundary between the Chinese and Russian empires, from its source to its mouth.

ĄRGUNSKOI, a town and fortress of Siberia, in die government of Irkutsk, on the west bank of the above river, 162 miles from its mouth. It was first built in 1682, on the opposite side of the river, but was removed to its present site in consequence of the treaty of Nertschinsk. It carries on a considerable trade, but is situated in an extremely cold and inhospitable country. In the neighbourhood are valuable silver mines, and fine gold is frequently extracted from the ore. 177 miles east of Nertschinsk.
ARGUS, in fabulous history, was the son of Aristor, and had 100 eyes, 50 of which were always open. Juno made choice of him to guard Io, whom Jupiter had transformed into a white heifer; but Jupiter, pitying Io for being so closely confined, sent Mercury, who with his flute charmed Argus to sleep, scaled up his eyes with his caduceus, and then cut off his head; when Juno, to reward his fidelity, turned him into a peacock, and placed his eyes in his tail.

ARGUS-SHELL, a species of porcelain shell, beautifully variegated with spots, resembling in some measure those in a peacock’s tail.
ARGUTIAE, witty and acute sayings, which commonly signify something further than the mere words at first sight seem to import.
ARGYRASPIDES, or Argyroaspides, in Antiquity, persons armed with silver bucklers, or bucklers silvered.
ARIADNAEA, in Grecian Antiquity, two festivals at Naxos, in honour of two women named Ariadne. One of them being the daughter of King Minos, they had, in the solemnity dedicated to her, a show of sorrow and mourning; and, in memory of her being left by Theseus near the time of child-birth, it was usual for a young man to lie down and counterfeit all the agonies of a woman in labour. This festival is said to have been first instituted by Theseus, to atone for his ingratitude to that princess.—The other Ariadne was thought to be of a gay and sprightly temper, and therefore her festival was observed with music and other expressions of mirth and joy.
ARIADNE, daughter of Minos, king of Crete. Theseus being sent to destroy the Minotaur, Ariadne was so taken with him, that, as a testimony of her love, she gave Theseus a clue of thread to guide him out of the labyrinth. Theseus, having killed the Minotaur, carried off the Athenians he had relieved, together with Ariadne, whom, however, he afterwards forsook.
ARIANCOOPAN, a small town of Hindostan, on the sea-coast of the Carnatic, which in 1748 was taken by Admiral Boscawen. The fortifications have long disappeared; and the place still belongs to the French, who have a church here, and resort to it on festival days. 3 miles south of Pondicherry. Long. 79. 52. E. Lat. 11. 54. N.
ARIANO, a city of the Principato-Ultra in Naples, with 10 churches and convents, and 11,718 inhabitants. .
ARIANS, followers of Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria about the year 315, who maintained that the Son of God was totally and essentially distinct from the Father; that he was the first and noblest of those beings whom God had created, the instrument by whose [7:3:486]subordinate operation he formed the universe, and therefore inferior to the Father both in nature and dignity; also, that the Holy Ghost was not God, but created by the power of the Son. The Arians owned that the Son was the Word, but denied that the Word was eternal. They held that Christ had nothing of man in him but the flesh, to which the Aογος or Word was joined, which was the same as the soul in us. The appellation of Arian has been indiscriminately applied in more modern times to all those who consider Jesus Christ as inferior and subordinate to the Father, and whose sentiments cannot be supposed to coincide exactly with those of the ancient Arians. Mr Whiston was one of the first divines who revived this controversy in the beginning of the 18th century. He was followed by Dr Clarke, who published his famous book entitled The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity, in consequence of which he was reproached with the title of Semi-Arian. Dr Waterland, who has been charged with verging towards Tritheism, was one of his principal adversaries. The history of this controversy may be found in a work entitled An Account of all the considerable Dooks and Pamphlets that have been wrote on either side, in the Controversy concerning the Trinity, from the Year 1712,· in which also is contained an Account of the Pamphlets written this last year on each side by the Dissenters, to the end of the year 1719; published in London in 1720.
ARIAS Montanus, a learned Spanish divine, employed by Philip II. of Spain to publish another edition of the Bible after that of Cardinal Ximenes, which he finished with applause, and died at Seville in 1598.
ARICINA, in Mythology, a surname of Diana, under which appellation she was honoured in the forest Aricine, so called from Aricia, a princess of the blood-royal of Athens.
ARIENZO, a city of Naples, in the province of Lavoro. It stands on a hill, with an ancient castle overlooking it, contains seven parish churches, an hospital, and 10,770 inhabitants, including the populous suburbs.
ARIES, in Astronomy, a constellation of fixed stars drawn on the globe in the figure of a ram. It is the first of the twelve signs of the zodiac, from which a twelfth part of the ecliptic takes its denomination.
ARIMANIUS, the evil god of the ancient Persians. The Persian magi held two principles—a good demon or god, and an evil one; the first the author of all good, and the other of all evil: the former they supposed to be represented by light, and the latter by darkness, as their truest symbols. The good principle they named Yezud or Yesdan, and 0rmozd or Hormizda, which the Greeks wrote Oromasdes ; and the evil demon they called Ahriman, and the Greeks Arirnanius. Some of the magians held both these principles to have been from all eternity; but this sect was reputed heterodox, the original doctrine being that the good principle only was eternal, and the other created.
ARIOLI, in Antiquity, a kind of prophets or religious conjurers, who, by abominable prayers and horrible sacrifices at the altars of idols, procured answers to their questions concerning future events. Isid. Orig. lib. viii. cap. 9. These are also called harioli, and their operation hariolation. Sometimes they were denominated aruspices or haruspices. The arioli were distinguished by a slovenly dress, disorderly and matted beards, hair, &c.
ARION, an excellent musician and poet, inventor of dithyrambics. Periander entertained him at his court, where, getting an estate, and returning to Corinth, the sailors, in order to possess themselves of his money, threw him into the sea, when, according to the poets, a dolphin, charmed with his music, took him on her back and carried him safe to shore.

Arion, an admirable horse, much more famous in poetic history than Bucephalus in that of Alexander. Authors speak variously of his origin, though they agree in giving him a divine one. His production is most commonly ascribed to Neptune. This god, according to some, raised him out of the ground by a stroke of his trident; according to others, he begot him upon the body of the fury Erinnys; according to others, upon that of Ceres, whom he ravished in the form of a horse, she having previously assumed the form of a mare to elude his pursuit This horse was nursed by the Nereids; and being sometimes yoked with the sea-horses of Neptune to the chariot of this god, he drew him with incredible swiftness through the sea. He had this singularity in him, that his right feet resembled those of a man. Neptune gave him to Capreus, king of Haliartus. Capreus made a present of him to Hercules, who mounted him when he took the city of Elis, gained the prize with him in the race against Cygnus, the son of Mars, near Troecena, and at last made a present of him to Adrastus. It is under this last master that Arion has signalized himself the most: he won the prize at the Nemean games, which the princes who went to besiege Thebes instituted in honour of Archemorus; and was the cause that Adrastus did not perish in this famous expedition, as all the other chiefs did.
ARIPO, a town on the western coast of the island of Ceylon, at the mouth of the river Sarunda. To the east of this town is a bank, where they fish for pearls. Long. 80. 25. E. Lat. 8. 42. N.
ARISTAEUS, son of Apollo and Cyrene, whom, for the many services he had rendered to mankind by his knowledge of all profitable arts, the gods placed among the stars.
ARISTANDER, a famous soothsayer under Alexander the Great, over whom he gained a wonderful influence by the good success of his art. He had already had the same employment at the court of King Philip; and it was he who explained better than his brethren the dream that this prince had after having married Olympias.
ARISTARCHUS, a Grecian philosopher of Samos, one of the first who maintained that the earth revolves round the sun. He was the contemporary of Cleanthes, the successor of Zeno. The opinion ascribed to him with respect to the motion of the earth is not to be found in his only existing work, namely his Treatise of the Greatness and Distance of the Sun and Moon. It was first published at Venice in 1498; and has been reprinted at Oxford, both separately and in the 3d volume of Wallis’s works.

Aristarchus, a celebrated grammarian, much esteemed by Ptolemy Philometer, who committed to him the education of his son. He applied himself chiefly to criticism, and made a revisal of Homer’s poems, but in too magisterial a way; for such verses as he did not like he treated as spurious. He commented on other poets. Cicero and Horace made use of his name to expressa very rigid critic.