pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CAMERONIANS, a sect or party in Scotland, who separated from the Presbyterians in 1666, and continued to hold their religious assemblies in the fields. The Ca-meronians took their denomination from Richard Cameron, a famous field preacher, who refusing to accept the indulgences granted by King Charles II. deeming such acceptance an acknowledgment of the king’s supremacy, and of his having a previous right to silence them, made a defection from his brethren, and even headed a rising, in which he was killed. But his followers were never entirely reduced till the revolution, when they voluntarily submitted to King William. The Cameronians adhered rigidly to the form of government established in 1648.
CAMIGTEN, one of the Philippines, in the Eastern Seas, about ten miles in length, situated due north of the island of Luzon. Gold, wax, cassia, and cocoa-nuts, are the chief articles of trade.
CAMILLUS, Marcus Furius, was the first who rendered the family of Furius illustrious. He triumphed four times, was five times dictator, and was honoured with the title of the second founder of Rome. In a word, he acquired all the glory which a man can gain in his own country. Lucius Apuleius, one of the tribunes, prosecuted him in order to compel him to render an account of the spoils taken at Veii. Camillus anticipated judgment, and banished himself voluntarily. But during his banishment, instead of rejoicing at the devastation of Rome by the Gauls, he exerted all his wisdom and bravery to drive away the enemy, and yet kept with the utmost strictness the sacred law of Rome, in refusing to accept the command, which several private persons offered him. In the year of the city 363, the Romans who were besieged in the capitol created him dictator; and in this office he acted with so much bravery and conduct, that he entirely drove the army of the Gauls out of the territories of the commonwealth. He died in the eighty-first year of his age, 365 years before the Christian era.
CAMILLI and Camillae, in Antiquity, boys and girls of ingenuous birth, who ministered in the sacrifices of the gods; and especially those who attended the Flamen Dialis, or priest of Jupiter. The word seems borrowed from the language of the ancient Etrurians, in which it was written casmillus, and signified minister. The Tuscans also gave the appellation Camillus to Mercury, in quality of minister of the gods.
CAMINHA, a sea-port town in the province of Entre-Duero-e-Minho, in the kingdom of Portugal. It is on the river Minho, about two miles above the bar which runs across the mouth of the river. The defects of the port are hindrances to commerce, and the principal dependence[7:6:42] of the inhabitants is on the fisheries. The number of the inhabitants amounts to 2520. It is situated in Iat. 4L 52. N.
CAMIS, or Kamis, in the Japanese mythology, denote deified souls of ancient heroes, who are supposed still to interest themselves in the welfare of the people whom they anciently commanded. The camis answer to the hcrocs in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology, and are venerated like the saints in the modern Roman church.
CAMISADE, in the art of war, an attack by surprise in the night, or at break of day, when the enemy is supposed to be asleep. The word is said to have taken its rise from an attack of this kind, in which, as a badge or signal to know one another by, they bore a shirt, in French called chemise, or chamise, over their arms.
CAMISARDS, a name given by the French to the Calvinists of the Cevennes, who formed a league, and took up arms in their own defence, in 1688.
CAMISO, a city of the intendancy of Seragosa, in the island of Sicily. It is situated at the foot of the mountain Modia, but healthy, and contains 10,000 inhabitants.
CAMLETINE, a slight stuff, made of hair and coarse silk, in the manner of camblet.
CAMONICA, a market-town of Italy, in the Austrian delegation of Bergamo. It stands on the river Adda, where the canal from Milan joins that river.
CAMP, the ground on which an army pitch their tents. It is marked out by the quartermaster-general, who appoints every regiment its ground. See War.

The Hebrew camp was of a quadrangular form, surrounded with an inclosure of the height of ten hands-breadth. It formed a square of twelve miles in compass about the tabernacle; and within this was another called the Levites camp.

The Greek camps were fortified with gates and ditches. The Lacedemonians formed their camps of a round figure, looking upon that as the most perfect and defensible of any form. We are not, however, to imagine, that they thought this form so essential to a camp as never to be dispensed with when the circumstances of the place required it. Of the rest of the Grecian camps it may be observed, that the most valiant of the soldiers were placed at the extremities, and the rest in the middle. Thus we learn from Homer, that Achilles and Ajax were posted at the ends of the camp before Troy, as bulwarks on each side of the rest of the princes.

The figure of the Roman camp was a square divided into two principal parts. In the upper part were the general’s pavilion, or praetorium, and the tents of the chief officers; in the lower were those of inferior degree. On one side of the praetorium stood the quaestorium, or apartment of the treasurer of the army; and near this the i ∕0- rum, both for a market-place and the assembling of councils. On the other side of the praetorium were lodged the legati ; and below it the tribunes had their quarters, opposite to their respective legions. Beside the tribunes were the proefectí of the foreign troops, over against their respective wings; and behind these were the lodgments of the evocati, then those of the extraordinarii and ablecti equites, which concluded the higher part of the camp. Between the two partitions was a spot of ground called principia, for the altars and images of the gods, and probably also for the chief ensigns. The middle of the lower partition was assigned to the Roman horse; next to them were quartered the triarii ; then the principes, and close by them the hastati ; afterwards the foreign horse, and [7:6:44]lastly, the foreign foot. The Romans fortified their camp with a ditch and parapet, which they termed fossa and vallum ; but in the latter some distinguish two parts, namely, the agger or earth, and the sudes or wooden stakes driven in to secure it. The camps were sometimes surrounded by walls built of hewn stone; and the tents themselves were formed of the same materials.
CAMPAGNA, a city of Italy, in the province Principato-Citeriore, of the kingdom of Naples, with 6744 inhabitants, who are remarkable for their industry, and carry on great trade in oil, silk, and other productions of the fertile district that surrounds them.
CAMPAIGN, in the art of war, denotes the space of time during which an army keeps the field. See War.
CAMPANELLA, Thomas, a famous Italian philosopher, born at Stilo in Calabria in 1568. He distinguished himself by his early proficiency in learning; for at the age of thirteen he was a perfect master of the ancient orators and poets. His peculiar inclination was to philosophy, to which he at last devoted his whole time and study. In order to arrive at truth, he shook off the yoke of authority, by which means the novelty of some of his opinions exposed him to many inconveniences; for at Naples he was thrown into prison, in which he remained twenty-seven years, and during this confinement wrote his famous work entitled Atheismus triumpliatus. Being at length set at liberty, he went to Paris, where he was graciously received by Louis XIII. and Cardinal Richelieu; the latter procured him a pension of 2000 livres, and often consulted him on the affairs of Italy. Campanella passed the remainder of his days in a monastery of Dominicans at Paris, and died in 1639.
CAMPANI, Matthew, of Spoletto, curate at Rome, wrote a curious treatise on the art of cutting glasses for spectacles, and made several improvements in optics, in which he was assisted by his brother and pupil Joseph. He died after 1678.
CAMPANIFORM, or Campanulated, an appellation given to flowers resembling a bcll.
CAMPANINI, a name given to an Italian marble dug out of the mountains of Carrara, because, when it is worked, it sounds like a bell.
CAMPBELTOWN, a royal burgh of Scotland, in the peninsula of Kintyre, Argyleshire. It is beautifully situated on the margin of a salt-water lake or inlet of the sea, lying, in a semicircular form, around the head of the bay. Campbeltown is mostly of modern erection. It consists, besides the side streets, of one main street stretching upwards from the water, intersected at right angles by another which goes through the town. Prior to the year 1700 it was a mere fishing village, but in that year it was erected into a royal burgh, through the interest of the Argyll family, in honour of ∖vhom it had received its name. Campbeltown is of considerable antiquity, though no memorial of this exists, except a flat stone cross, on which are a variety of figures in relief, and an inscription, but no date. Popular tradition, however, has assigned it to the twelfth century. It was brought from Icolmkill, and is now inserted in an elevated pedestal at the market-place. There are five distilleries in the town, and the trade consists chiefly in the export of whisky and potatoes, of which great quantities are shipped for Ireland. The town is in a very thriving state, from a number of respectable retired families having taken up their residence in the handsome cottages scattered over the sides of the loch. Campbeltown has a magisterial government, composed of a provost, two bailies, a dean of guild, a treasurer, a water bailie, and twelve counsellors, but no incorporated trades. Here branches of the Commercial and British Linen Company’s Banks have been some time established. There are two established churches, and some dissenting meetinghouses, besides a Roman Catholic chapel. The population of the burgh and parish amounted in 1821 to 9016, and in 1831 to 9472.
CAMPDEN, a market-town in the hundred of Kifts-gate, in Gloucestershire, ninety miles from London. The market is held on Wednesday. Its population amounted in 1811 to 1214, in 1821 to 1249, and in 1831 to 1503.
CAMPEACHY, or Campeche, a town of Mexico in the province of Yucutan, situated on a bay to which it gives name, on the west coast of the peninsula. It is defended by a castle provided with cannon. The buildings are of stone, and when first taken by the Spaniards it contained about 3000 houses, and had considerable monuments of Indian art and industry. It has often been stormed and taken by English and French bucaneers and others, and has suffered severely from these marauders. The port is large, but shallow. The principal branch of its trade is the exportation of the wax of Yucutan. There is besides a manufacture of cotton cloth. It was formerly the chief mart for logwood, of which great quantities grew in the neighbourhood, before the English landed here and cut it at the isthmus. The population of the town amounts to about 6000. Long. 90. 31. W. Lat. 19. 51. N.
CAMPICURSIO, in ancient military art, a march of armed men for several miles, from and back again to the camp, to instruct them in the military pace. This exercise was nearly akin to the decursio, from which it only differed in this, that the latter was performed by horsemen, and the former by foot soldiers.
CAMPIDOCTORES, or Campiductores, in the Roman army, were officers who instructed the soldiery in the discipline and exercise of war, and the art of handling their weapons to advantage. They are also sometimes called campigeni and armidoctores.
CAMPIDUCTOR, in the writers of the middle ages, signifies the leader or commander of an army or party.
CAMPION, a town of the kingdom of Tangut, in Tartary. It was formerly remarkable for being a place through which the caravans passed in the road from Bukharia to China. Long. 104. 44. E. Lat. 40. 25. N.
CAMPITAE, in Ecclesiastical History, an appellation [7:6:52]given to the Donatists, on account of their assembling in the fields for want of churches. For a similar reason they were also denominated Montenses and Rupitani.
CAMPLI, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province Abruzzo-Ulteriore, containing 6200 inhabitants, with a bishop, whose diocese is united to that of Ortona.
CAMPOBASSO, a city of Italy, the capital of the province Molise. It is situated on the ascent of a high mountain, and forms a kind of amphitheatre round it. It is fortified, and contains two churches, and 7660 inhabitants, who are employed chiefly in making cutlery ware. It is in a fertile district, which supplies much corn to commerce.
CAMPO Formio, a town of Italy, in the delegation of Udine, in Austrian Lombardy, containing 1500 inhabitants; where, in 1797, peace was concluded between France and Austria.
CAMPO Mayor, a town of Portugal, on the frontiers of Spain, in the province of Alentejo. It is about three leagues from Elvas, the fortress opposed to the Spanish frontier city of Badajos. It is on a barren soil, and produces scarcely food sufficient for the inhabitants; it possesses two forts and a castle, and contains 243 houses.
CAMPRODON, a town of Spain, in the province of Catalonia. It is situated on the western declivity of the Pyrenees, and, being near the western entrance from France, is fortified with considerable works, and usually contains a small garrison. It contains 1500 inhabitants.
CAMPSIE, a village and parish of Scotland, in the county of Stirling, situated on the banks of the Kelvin. Bleaching, printing, and the manufactureof cotton, in which machinery is employed on an extensive scale, are carried on here. It is distant seven miles from Dumbarton, and nine from Glasgow. The population of the village and parish amounted in 1821 to 4927, and in 1831 to 5109.
CAMPUS, in antiquity, a field or plain in a city, not built upon, but left vacant for shows, combats, exercises, and other uses of the citizens.

Campus Mail, in ancient customs, an anniversary assemblage of our ancestors held on May-day, when they confederated together for the defence of the kingdom against all its e'nemies.

Campus Martius, a large plain in the suburbs of ancient Rome, lying between the Quirinal and Capitoline Mounts and the Tiber, and so called because it was consecrated to the god Mars, and set apart for military sports and exercises, as the use and handling of arms, and all manner of feats of activity, to which the Roman youth were trained. Here races were run, either with chariots or single horses; and here also stood the villa publica, or palace for the reception of ambassadors, who were not permitted to enter the city. Many of the public comitia were held in the same field, part of which was for that purpose cantoned out. The place was also nobly decorated with statues, arches, columns, porticos, and the like structures.

Campus Sceleratus, a place without the walls of ancient Rome, where the vestals who had violated their vows of virginity were buried alive.
CAMROOP. This country, which formerly constituted an independent kingdom of the Hindoos, is 300 miles in length by 100 in breadth. It lies to the north-east of Bengal, and occupies both banks of the Brahmapootra river, extending from the Candar Chokey in Ootrecole to the province of Dehrung. Its capital is Kungamutty, on the north side of the Brahmapootra. Part of this country is now included in Bengal, and the remainder, 100 miles in length by 40 in breadth, is reduced to a province of Assam, the principal places of which are Cotta and Gow-hattee. A military causeway, now in a state of decay, extends from Cooch Bahar, to the north of this and other districts, to the utmost limits of Assam. This province [7:6:53]is well watered, being intersected in various directions by rivers flowing from the mountains, and by the tributary streams of the Brahmapootra.

This country was invaded and overrun by an army of Mahommedans from Bengal in the year 1205; but after advancing towards Bootan they were compelled to retreat, and were so harassed that few of them escaped. They were afterwards repulsed in various other attempts to subdue the country; and they in consequence believe that the inhabitants are endowed with supernatural powers for their own defence. But they merely availed themselves of the natural obstacles which the country presented to the progress of an invading army, retiring with their families into the jungles, until the rains inundating the country, and the pestilential nature of the climate, forced the enemy to retreat. The English had been thirty-four years in possession of Bengal before they were permitted to enter into this country. In 1791 the rajah, being terrified by a serious rebellion, applied to the British for military aid; after which a commercial treaty was concluded between Colonel Welsh and the Assam ministers in September 1793, since which period a profitable commercial intercourse has been maintained from Bengal, and large quantities of silk, with European commodities, have been exported, in return for pepper, ivory, cotton, and gold. The chief impediments to trade arise from the unhealthiness of the climate and the fear of robbers.
CANABAC, an island which lies contiguous to Bulam, on the western coast of Africa, and is inhabited by a fierce and savage race of people.
CANAL, an artificial cut in the ground, supplied with water from rivers, springs, and the like, in order to form a navigable communication betwixt one place and another. (See Navigation, Inland.) Canal, in Anatomy, a duct or passage through which any of the juices flow.

Canal de Principe, a channel on the north-west coast of North America, formed by Bank’s Island on the southwest, and Pitt’s Archipelago on the north-east. It was first explored by Signior Camaano, a Spaniard, who represented it as fair and navigable. It is about fourteen leagues long. The southern shore is compact and nearly straight, and has no soundings. The northern shore is much broken, bounded by many rocks and islets, and affords soundings in several places. Both sides of this canal are entirely covered with pine trees; and the shores abound with seaotters.
CANALE, a town of Italy, in the province of Alba, of the kingdom of Sardinia. It is situated on the river Borbo, and contains 3200 inhabitants, who produce some good wine. There is a mine of rock salt near it.
CANANORE, a town and small district of Hindustan, on the sea coast of the province of Malabar. The town is situated at the bottom of a small bay, which is one of the best on the coast; and it is defended by a fortress situated on the point that forms the bay, which, since the province has been ceded to the East India Company, has been strengthened with works after the European fashion, and is now the head-quarters of the province. The town contains several good houses that belong to Mahommedan merchants; and although the exports have been diminished by the prevailing disturbances of the country, it still carries on a flourishing trade. The people have no communication with the Maldives, although the sultan and the inhabitants of these islands are Mahommedans.

The small district around Cananore extends nowhere more than two miles from the glacis of the fort. It consists of low hills, very bare, but not of a bad soil, interspersed with narrow valleys; and the whole is cultivated once in three, six, or nine years, according to the quality of the soil. A very small proportion of it consists of low rice ground, which is well drained, and carefully supplied with water.

The proper name of Cananore is Canura. The Portuguese landed here in 1501, and were the first Europeans who visited this coast. They built a fort, the walls'of which have been recently improved. The Portuguese were expelled by the Dutch in 1664, who sold it to a native family, now represented by a female sovereign, a Mahommedan, who is also sovereign of the Laccadive Islands, and who pays an annual tribute of 14,000 rupees to the East India Company. The family were, prior to this, of very little consequence, and entirely dependent on the Cherical rajahs; but having acquired a fortress which was considered as impregnable, they became powerful, and were looked up to as the head of all the Mussulmans of [7:6:70]Malayala. This princess has but a very small territory, and she could not support herself without the assistance of trade. She possesses, accordingly, several vessels, that sail to Arabia, Bengal, Sumatra, and Surat, whence horses, almonds, piece goods, sugar, opium, silk, benzoin, and camphor, are imported. The exports principally consist of pepper and eardamums, sandal wood, coir, and shark’s fins. Cananore is fifteen miles north-east of Tellicherry, and 100 west-south-west of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 25.. E. Lat. 11. 51. N.
CANCAR, Cancao, Ponthiames, a sea-port of Cambodia, situated on a river -which discharges itself into the sea, on the eastern coast of Siam. It was attacked by the Siamese in 1717, and since that period it has fallen into decay. There still reside here many Chinese, who export betel-nut, various valuable kinds of wood, metals, cotton, and other articles, and import tea, cutlery, wearing apparel, and other manufactures. Long. 104. 5. E. Lat. 10. 5. N.
CANCELLI, a term used to denote latticed windows, or those made of cross bars disposed latticewise. It is also used for rails or balusters inclosing the communion-table, a court of justice, or the like, and..for the net-work in the inside of hollow bones.
CANCER, in Astronomy, one of the twelve signs, represented on the globe in the form of a crab, and thus marked (sō) in books. The reason generally assigned for its name, as well as figure, is a supposed resemblance which the sun’s motion in this sign bears to that of the crab-fish. As the latter walks backwards, so the former, in this part of his course, begins to go backwards, or recede from us; though the disposition of stars in this sign is by others supposed to have given the first hint of the representation of a crab.

Tropic of Cancer, in Astronomy, a lesser circle of the sphere parallel to the equator, and passing through the beginning of the sign Cancer. ’

ĊANĊERRE, an arrondissement of the department of the Cher, in France. It is eight hundred and sixteen square miles in extent, and is divided into eight cantons, and these into seventy-five communes. The inhabitants are 64,100. The chief place is a city near the river Loire, with only 2500 inhabitants. Long. 2. 45. 15. E. Lat. 47. 16. 53. N.
CANCHERIZANTE, or Cancherizato, in the Italian music, a term signifying a piece of music that begins at the end, being the retrograde motion from the end of a song, or other composition, to the beginning.
CANCON, a market-town of the department of the Lot and Garonne, in France, with 2212 inhabitants.
CANDA, a town of Italy, in the delegation of Polesina, in the Austrian dominions. It is situated on the river Castagnaro, near its junction with the Tartaro, and the canal Bianco. It contains 3200 inhabitants, who carry on a great trade in flax.
CANDESH. See Khandesh.