pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SATIMANGALUM, a town of Hindustan, in the northern district of Coimbetoor, situated on the river Bhawani. The fort is said to have been built about two hundred years ago. The town, which formerly contained eight hundred, but has now only six hundred houses, is scattered over the plain. Here is a temple of some repute dedicated to Vishnu. Coarse cotton goods are manufactured in the town and neighbourhood. Long. 77. 20. E. Lat. 10. 28. N.
SATTERAM, a town of Hindustan, in the Mysore rajah’s territories, situated twenty miles south from Seringapatam. Long. 76. 53. E. Lat. 12. 9. N.
SATTIAVERAM, a town of Hindustan, on the sea-coast of the Northern Circars. It is fifty-six miles south-west from Vizagapatam. Long. 82. 45. E. Lat. 17. 15. N.
SATURDAY, the seventh and last day of the week, so called from the idol Seater, worshipped on this day by the ancient Saxons, and thought to be the same as the Saturn of the Latins.
SATURN, in Astronomy, one of the planets of our solar system, revolving at the distance of more than nine hundred millions of miles from the sun.

Saturn, in chemistry, is an appellation which was formerly given to lead.

Sλturn, in Heraldry, denotes the black colour in blazoning the arms of sovereign princes.

Saturn, one of the principal of the Pagan deities, was the son of Coelus and Terra, and the father of Jupiter. He deposed and castrated his father, and obliged his brother Titan to resign to him his crown, on condition of his bringing up none of his male issue, that the succession might at length devolve on him. For this purpose he devoured all the sons he had by his wife Rhea or Cybele; but she bringing forth at one time Jupiter and Juno, presented the latter to her husband, and sent the boy to be nursed on Mount Ida, when Saturn, being informed of her having a son, demanded the child, but in his stead his wife gave him a stone swaddled up like an infant, which he instantly swallowed. Titan, finding that Saturn had violated the contract he had made with him, put himself at the head of his children and made war on his brother, and having taken him and Cybele prisoners, confined them in Tartarus; but Jupiter being in the mean time grown up, raised an army in Crete, went to his father’s assistance, defeated Titan, and restored Saturn to the throne. Some time after this, Saturn being told that Jupiter intended to dethrone him, endeavoured to prevent it; but the latter being informed of his intention, deposed his father, and threw him into Tartarus. Saturn having es caped from thence, however, fled into Italy, where he was kindly received by Janus, king of the country, who associated him in the government; and hence Italy obtained the name of Saturnia Tellus, as also that of Latium, from lateo, to lie hidden. There Saturn, by the wisdom and mildness of his government, is said to have produced the golden age.

Saturn is represented as an old man with four wings, armed with a scythe; and sometimes he is delineated under the figure of a serpent with its tail in its mouth. This is emblematical of the seasons, which roll perpetually in the same circle. Sometimes also Saturn is painted with a sandglass in his hand. The Greeks say that the story of his mutilating his father and destroying his children is an allegory, which signifies, that Time devours the past and present, and will also devour the future. The Romans, in honour of him, built a temple, and celebrated a festival which they denominated Saturnalia. During this festival no business or profession was allowed to be carried on except cookery; all distinctions of rank ceased; slaves could say with impunity what they pleased to their masters, and they could even rally them to their faces with their faults.
SATURNALIA, in Roman antiquity, a festival observed about the middle of December, in honour of the god Saturn, whom Lucan introduces giving an account of the ceremonies observed upon this occasion. “During my whole reign,” says he, “which lasts but for one week, no public business is done; there is nothing but drinking, singing, playing, creating imaginary kings, placing servants with their masters at table, &c. There shall be no disputes or reproaches, but the rich and poor, masters and slaves, shall be equal.” On this festival the Romans sacrificed bareheaded, contrary to their custom at other sacrifices.
SATURNINE, an appellation given to persons of a melancholy disposition, as being supposed to be under the influence of the planet Saturn.
SATYAVRATA, or MeNü, in Indian mythology, is believed by the Hindus to have reigned over the whole world in the earliest age of their chronology, and to have resided in the country of Dravira, on the coast of the eastern Indian peninsula. His patronymic name was Vaivaswata, or Child of the Sun. Sir William Jones has shown it to be in the highest degree probable, that the Satyavrata of India is the Kronus of Greece and the Saturn of Italy. See Saturn, and Asiatic Researches, vol. i. p. 230.
SATYRS, in ancient mythology, a species of demi-gods, who dwelt in the woods. They are represented as monsters, half men and half goats; having horns on their heads, and a hairy body, with the feet and tail of a goat. They are generally delineated in the train that follows Bacchus. As the poets supposed that they were remarkable for piercing eyes and keen raillery, they have placed them in the same pictures with the Graces, Loves, and even with Venus herself.
SAUL, the son of Kish, of the tribe of Benjamin, was the first king of the Israelites. On account of his disobedient conduct, the kingdom was taken from his family and given to David.
SAUMUR, an arrondissement of the department of the Maine et Loire, in France, extending over 516 square miles. It is divided into eight cantons and ninety-three communes, and, in 1836, contained 91,159 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated at the influx of the Thouet into the Loire, which here forms several islands. It contains 11,925 inhabitants. There is much linen trade carried on, some tanning, some copper and cutlery goods made, and some saltpetre refineries. Long. 0. 9. 55. W. Lat. 47. 15. 24. N.
SAUNDERS' Island, in the South Atlantic Ocean, ten leagues in circumference, and discovered by Captain Cook in 1775. Long. 26. 44. W. Lat. 57. 49. S.
SAUTGUR, a town of the south of India, in the province of Barramahal, among the Eastern Ghauts, thirty miles west from Vellore. Long. 78. 54. E. Lat. 12. 58. N. The pass in the Ghaut beyond this place, approaching the Mysore, has been levelled and improved since the conquest of the country by the British.
SAUVEUR, Joseph, an eminent French mathematician, born at La Flèche in 1653. He was absolutely dumb until he was seven years of age; and even then his organs of speech were not evolved so fully as to permit him to speak without great deliberation. Mathematics were the only studies he had any relish for, and these he cultivated with extraordinary success; so that he commenced teacher at twenty years of age, and rose so rapidly into vogue, that he had Prince Eugene for his scholar. He became mathematical professor in the royal college in 1686; and ten years afterwards was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences. He died in 1716; and his writings, which consist rather of detached papers than of connected treatises, are all inserted in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences. He was twice married; and by the last wife he had a son, who, like himself, was dumb for the first seven years of his life.
SAVA, a town of Persia, now in ruins, in the northern part of the province of Irak. It is still the capital of a district which yields excellent pasture, though strongly impregnated with salt. It is one hundred and eighty miles north-west from Ispahan.
SAVANNAH, formerly the capital of Georgia, in North America. This city is advantageously situated for a commercial town, being accessible to large vessels from the sea, and communicating with the interior by the noble river of the same name. It is built on a high bank rising about forty feet above the water; and its spacious and regular streets and handsome buildings, mingling with the groves of ornamental trees, have an imposing appearance. The site was formerly unhealthy, on account of the surrounding swamps; but this evil has been remedied by judicious drainings, and by the substitution of the dry for the wet cultivation of rice around the city. Savannah was founded by General Oglethorpe in 1733, on a spot then known as the Yamacrow Bluff. It was captured by the British in 1778, and unsuccessfully besieged and assaulted by the French and Americans in the following year. In 1820 it suffered so much from a terrible fire, that its prosperity received a temporary check, and the population, which in 1820 had been 7523, was only 7423 in 1830; but it has since recovered from this shock, and has been for a number of years one of the most flourishing towns in the southern states, its population having increased to about 11,000 in 1835. Although the railroad from Augusta to Charlestown, and the security of the inland passage from the Savannah to that city, have of late tended to divert much of the trade thither, yet Savannah is the chief commercial dépôt in the state, and much of the cotton and rice of Georgia, with large quantities of the other exported articles, are shipped from its wharfs. In 1835, the exports included 250,000 bales of cotton, and 24,000 casks of rice; and the whole value of exported articles in 1836 amounted to 15,469,000 dollars. Twenty steam-boats of a large class, and fifty steam tug-boats, are employed on the river; and the shipping of the port amounts to 8375 tons. The banking institutions in the city are five, with an aggregate capital of 1,682,525 dollars. Long. 81. 10. W. Lat. 32.8. N.
SAVARY, James, an eminent French writer on the subject of trade, was born at Done, in Anjou, in 1622. Being bred to merchandise, he continued in trade until 1658, when he left off the practice, to cultivate the theory. He had married in 1650; and in 1660, when the king declared his purpose of assigning privileges and pensions to such of his subjects as had twelve children alive, Mr Savary was not too rich to put in his claim to the royal bounty. He was afterwards admitted of the council for the reformation of commerce, and the orders which passed in 1670 were drawn up by his instructions and advice. He wrote Le Parfait Negociant, 4to; and Avis et conseils sur les Importantes Matières du commerce, in 4to. He died in 1690; and out of seventeen children whom he had by one wife, he left eleven. Two of his sons, James and Philemon Louis, laboured jointly on a great work, Dictionnaire Universelle du commerce, in two vols. folio. This work was begun by James, who was inspector-general of the manufactures at the custom-house, Paris, and who called in the assistance of his brother Philemon Louis, although a canon of the royal church of St Maur, and by his death left him to finish it. This work appeared in 1723, and Philemon afterwards added a third supplemental volume. Postlethwayte’s English Dictionary of Trade and Commerce is a translation, with considerable improvements, from Savary.

Sλvary, M., an eminent French traveller and writer, was born at Vitre, in Bretagne, about the year 1748. He studied with applause at Rennes, and in 1776 travelled into Egypt, where he remained nearly three years. During this period he was wholly engaged in the study of the Arabian language, in searching out ancient monuments, and in examining the national manners. After making himself acquainted with the knowledge and philosophy of Egypt, he visited the islands in the Archipelago, where he spent eighteen months. On his return to France in the year 1780, he published, 1. A Translation of the Koran, with a short Life of Mahommed, in 1783, two vols. 8vo; 2. The Morality of the Koran, or a Collection of the most excellent Maxims in the Koran; 3. Letters on Egypt, in three vols. 8vo, in 1785. In these the author makes his observations with accuracy, paints with vivacity, and renders interesting everything he relates. His descriptions are in general faithful, but are perhaps in some instances too much ornamented. He has been justly censured for painting modem Egypt and its inhabitants in too high colours. He died on the 4th of February 1788.
SAVE, a river of Germany, which has its source in Upper Carniola, on the frontiers of Carinthia. It runs through Carniola from west to east, afterwards separates Sclavonia from Croatia, Bosnia, and part of Servia, and then falls into the Danube at Belgrade.
SAVENAY, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Loire, in France, extending over 210,279 hectares, which, in English measure, is equal to 739 1 /4 square miles. It is divided into eleven cantons, and these into fifty-one communes, with (in 1836) 114,256 inhabitants. The capital is a town of the same name, which, in 1836, contained 2079 inhabitants.
SAVENDROOG, a celebrated fortress of the south of India, in Mysore. It is strongly situated on the summit of an immense rock, half a mile in nearly perpendicular height, and surrounded by a thick wood. It was taken by the British in 1791, without the loss of a man. Long. 77. 29. E. Lat. 12. 56. N.
SAVERNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Rhine, in France. Its extent is 297,104 acres, equal to 464 square miles; and is divided into seven cantons, and these into 165 communes, with a population, in the year 1836, of 112,260 persons. The capital, a city of the same name, stands on the river Zorn, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains, in one of the most luxuriant parts of ancient Alsace. It is antiquely built, and contains 5352 inhabitants, who generally speak the German language. Long. 7. 48. 21. E. Lat. 48. 44. 20. N.
SAVIGLIANO, a city of Italy, in the kingdom of Sardinia and province of Turin. It stands on a fine plain watered by the river Maira. It is well built, and has a fine market-place, magnificcnt palaces, several churches and monasteries, and 18,750 inhabitants, among whom are many of the nobility. It has some considerable manufactures of silk and linen goods, and considerable trade in cattle, wine, and corn, especially in maize. Long. 6. 33. E. Lat. 44. 30. N.
SAVIGNANO, a town of Italy, in the papal delegation[7:19:661] of Forli. It contains 5100 inhabitants, mostly very poor, who are chiefly occupied in winding silk.
SAVILE, Sir George, afterwards Marquis of Halifax, and one of the greatest statesmen of his time, was born about the year 1630; and some time after his return from his travels was created a peer, in consideration of his own and his father’s merits. He was a strenuous opposer of the bill of exclusion, but proposed such limitations of the Duke of York’s authority as should disable him from doing any harm either to church or state; as the taking out of his hands all power in ecclesiastical matters, the disposal of the public money, and the power of making peace and war, and lodging these in the two houses of parliament. After that bill was rejected in the House of Lords, he pressed them, though without success, to proceed to the limitation of the duke’s power; and began with moving, that during the king’s life he might be obliged to live five hundred miles out of England. In August 1682 he was created a marquis, and soon after made privy-seal. Upon King James’s accession, he was made president of the council; but on his refusal to consent to the repeal of the test act, he was dismissed from all public employments. In that assembly of the Lords which met after King James’s withdrawing himself the first time from Whitehall, the marquis was chosen their president; and upon the king’s return from Feversham, he was sent, together with the Earl of Shrewsbury and Lord Delamere, from the Prince of Orange, to order his majesty to quit the palace at Whitehall. In the convention of parliament he was chosen speaker of the House of Lords, and strenuously supported the motion for the vacancy of the throne, and the conjunctive sovereignty of the prince and princess, upon whose accession he was again made privy-seal. Yet, in 1689, he quitted the court, and became a zealous opponent of the measures of government till his dcath, which happened in April 1695. Mr Grainger observes, that “he was a person of unsettled principles, and of a lively imagination, which sometimes got the better of his judgment. He would never lose his jest, though it spoiled his argument, or brought his sincerity or even his religion in question. He was deservedly celebrated for his parliamentary talents; and in the famous contest relating to the bill of exclusion was thought to be a match for his uncle Shaftesbury. The pieces he has left us show him to have been an ingenious, if not a masterly writer; and his Advice to a Daughter contains more good sense in fewer words than is, perhaps, to be found in any of his contemporary authors.” His lordship also wrote, the Anatomy of an Equivalent; a Letter to a Dissenter; a Rough Draught of a New Model at Sea; and Maxims of State; all which were printed together in one volume 8vo. Since these there were also published under his name, the Character of King Charles II. 8vo; the Character of Bishop Burnet, and Historical Observations upon the Reigns of Edward I. Edward II. Edward III. and Richard II. with Remarks upon their faithful Counsellors and false Favourites.
SAVIOUR, an appellation which is peculiarly given to Jesus Christ, as being the Messiah and Saviour of the world. See Jesus.
SAVONA, a city of Italy, in the kingdom of Sardinia, and the province, formerly the state, of Geno. It stands on the river Ponente, near the sea, where the Egabona falls into that stream. It has a small harbour, fit only for coasting vessels, but by which trade and the fisheries are carried on in it It is the seat of a bishop, and, besides the cathedral, has twenty parish and monastic churches. It contains 10,660 inhabitants, who manufacture silk goods, earthenware, soap, vitriol, and fire-arms. Long. 9. 25. E. Lat. 44. 16. N.∣
SAVOY. See Sardinia .
SAVU, an island in the Eastern Seas, about twenty miles in length, low at the sea-coast, but towards the middle rising into considerable hills. According to Captain Cook and other navigators, it presents a delightful prospect from the sea. The inhabitants have made some approaches to civilization, and the island is divided into five principalities. Long. 122. 30. E. Lat 10. 35. S.
SAWARDIN, a Kalmuck melody, sung while dancing.
SAWBRIDGEWORTH, a town of the hundred of Braughin, in the county of Hertford, twenty-six miles from London. It had once a market, but it has totally declined. The population amounted in 1801 to 1687, in 1811 to 1827, in 1821 to 2071, and in 1831 to 2231.
SAXMUNDHAM, a town and parish of the hundred of Plomsgate, in the county of Suffolk, eighty-nine miles from London. It is situated on a hill, with good prospects around it, and is not well built, but has a large church. It has very little trade, but a market is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 855, in 1811 to 957, in 1821 to 989, and in 1831 to 1048.
SAXO-GRAMMATICUS, descended from an illustrious Danish family, was born about the middle of the twelfth century. Stephens, in his edition of Saxo-Grammaticus, printed at Soroë, indubitably proves that he must have been alive in 1156; but he cannot ascertain the exact place and time of his birth. On account of his uncommon learning, Saxo was distinguished by the name of Grammaticus. He was provost of the cathedral church of Roskild, and warmly patronized by the learned and warlike Absalon, the celebrated archbishop of Lunden, at whose instigation he wrote the History of Denmark. His epitaph, which is a dry panegyric in bad Latin verses, gives no account of the era of his death, which happened, according to Stephens, in 1204. His history, consisting of sixteen books, begins from the earliest account of the Danish annals, and concludes with the year 1186. According to the opinion of an accurate writer, the first part, which relates to the origin of the Danes, and the[7:19:667] reigns of the ancient kings, is full of fables; but the eight last books, and particularly those which regard the events of his own times, deserve the utmost credit. He wrote in Latin; and the style, if we consider the barbarous age in which he flourished, is in general extremely elegant, but rather too poetical for history. Mallet, in his Histoire de I)annemarc (vol. i. p. 182), says that “Sperling;, a writer of great erudition, has proved, in contradiction to the assertions of Stephens and others, that Saxo-Grammaticus was secretary to Absalon, and that the Saxo, provost of Roskild, was another person, and lived earlier.”
SAYANSKIE, a chain of mountains in Siberia, forming a prolongation of the Altai chain, and, like them, separating Siberia from Chinese Tartary. They extend between the river Yenisei and Lake Baikal, and consist of naked rocks of red granite.
SAYMBRUMBACUM, a small town of India, in the province of the Carnatic. Near it is a remarkably fine reservoir of water, eight miles in length by three in average breadth, which in the dry season is rendered subservient to the purposes of cultivation, and being let out in small streams, serves to irrigate the lands of thirty-two villages. Long. 80. 5. E. Lat. 13. 2. N.
SAYPAN, one of the Ladrone Isles, in the Eastern Seas, about twenty miles in circumference. It was once the best peopled island of the Ladrones, but is now uninhabited; and very opposite accounts are given of its productiveness by different voyagers. Anson mentions that it presents as pleasant an aspect as Tinian; and on the west side of the island lies a safe and commodious port. Long. 145. 55. E. Lat. 15. 13. N.
SCALDS, in the history of literature, a name given by the ancient inhabitants of the northern countries to their poets, in whose writings their history is recorded.
SCALE, a mathematical instrument, consisting of several lines drawn on wood, brass, or silver, and variously divided, according to the purposes it is intended to serve; whence it acquires various denominations, as the plain scale, diagonal scale, plotting scale, and the like.

Scale, in Music, see Music . The name is derived from scala, a ladder, or flight of stairs, and has reference to the disposition of the notes that ascend or descend upon the written or printed musical stave.

Scale, in Architecture and Geography, a line divided into equal parts, and placed at the bottom of a map or draught, to serve as a common measure to all the parts of the building, or all the distances and places of the map.
SCALENE, or Scalenous Triangle, scalenum, in Geometry, a triangle the sides and angles of which are unequal.
SCALPING, in military history, a barbarous custom, in practice among the Indian warriors, of taking off the tops of the scalps of the enemies’ skulls with their hair on. They preserve them as trophies of their victories, and are rewarded by their chiefs according to the number of scalps which they bring in.
SCANDARIEH, a village of Irak Arabi, situated on a canal which forms a communication between the Tigris and Euphrates, 120 miles north-west of Bassorah.