pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CALIGULA, the Roman emperor and tyrant, a. d. 37, began his reign with every promising appearance of becoming the real father of his people; but at the end of eight months he was seized with a fever, which it is thought left a frenzy on his mind; for his disposition totally changed, and he committed the most atrocious acts of impiety, cruelty, and folly, such as proclaiming his horse consul, feeding it at his table, introducing it into the temple in the vestments of the priests of Jupiter, and causing sacrifices to be offered to himself, his wife, and the horse. After having murdered many of his subjects with his own hand, and caused others to be put to death without any cause, he was assassinated by a tribune of the people as he came out of the amphitheatre, a. d. 41, in the twenty-ninth year of his age and fourth of his reign.
CALIPH, or Khalif, the supreme ecclesiastical dignitary among the Saracens; or, as the term is otherwise defined, the sovereign dignitary among the Mahommedans, vested with absolute authority in all matters relating both to religion and policy. In the Arabic it signifies successor or vicar ; the caliphs bearing the same relation to Mahommed that the popes pretend they do to Jesus Christ or St Peter. It is at this day one of the grand signior’s titles, as successor of Mahommed; and of the sophi of Persia, as successor of Ali. One of the chief functions of the caliph, in quality of imaum or chief priest of Islamism, was to begin the public prayers every Friday in the chief mosque, and to deliver the hhothbah or sermon. In after times they had assistants for this latter office; but the former was always performed by the caliph in person. The caliph was also obliged to lead the pilgrims to Mecca in person, and to march at the head of the armies of his empire, ιt He granted investiture to princes, and sent swords, standards, gowns, and the like, as presents, to princes of the Mahommedan[7:6:24] religion; who, though they had thrown off the yoke of the caliphate, nevertheless held of it as vassals. The caliphs usually went to the mosque mounted on mules; and the sultans Selgiucides, though masters of Bagdad, held their stirrups, and led their mules by the bridle some distance on foot, till such time as the caliphs gave them the sign to mount on horseback. At one of the windows of the caliph’s palace there always hung a piece of black velvet, twenty cubits long, which reached to the ground, and was called the caliph’s sleeve; which the grandees of his court never failed to kiss every day with great respect. After the destruction of the caliphate by Hulaku, the Mahommedan princes appointed a particular officer in their respective dominions, to sustain the sacred authority of caliph. In Turkey this officer goes under the denomination of mufti, and in Persia under that of sadne.
CALIPHATE, the office or dignity of caliph. The successions of caliphs continued from the death of Mahommed till the 655th year of the hegira, when the city of Bagdad was taken by the Tartars. After this, however, there were persons who claimed the caliphate, as pretending to be of the family of the Abassides, and to whom the-sultans of Egypt rendered great honours at Cairo, as the true successors of Mahommed; but this honour was merely titular, and the right allowed them only in matters relating to religion; and though they bore the sovereign title of caliphs, they were nevertheless subjects and dependents of the sultans. In the year of the hegira 361, a kind of caliphate was erected by the Fatemites in Africa, and lasted till it was suppressed by Saladin. Historians also speak of a third caliphate in Yemen or Arabia Felix, erected by some princes of the family of the Jobites. The emperors of Morocco assume the title of grand scherifs, and pretend to be the true caliphs, or successors of Mahommed, though under another name. See Arabia.
CALIPPIC Period, in Chronology, a series of seventy-six years, perpetually recurring; which being elapsed, the middle of the new and full moons, as its inventor Calippus, an Athenian, imagined, return to the same day of the solar year. Meton, a hundred years before, had invented the period or cycle of nineteen years, assuming the quantity of the solar year to be 365d. 6h. 18m. 56s. 50 3 41 4 34 5 , and that of the lunar month 29d. 12h. 45m. 47s. 26 3 48 4 30 5 ; but Calippus, considering that the Metonic quantity of the solar year was not exact, multiplied Meton’s period by four, and thence arose a period of seventy-six years, called the Calippic. The Calippic period, therefore, contains 27,759 days; and since the lunar cycle contains 235 lunations, and the Calippic period is quadruple of this, it contains 940 lunations. This period began in the third year of the 112th Olympiad, or the 4384th of the Julian period. It may be demonstrated, however, that the Calippic period itself is not accurate, and that it does not bring the new and full moons precisely to their places; 8h. 5m. 52s. 60 3 being the excess of 940 lunations above seventy-six solar years; but brings them too late by a whole day in 225 years.
CALISTA, in fabulous history, the daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, and one of the nymphs of Diana. Being beloved by Jupiter, that god assumed the form of the goddess of chastity, by which means he debauched her; but her disgrace being revealed as she was bathing with her patroness, the incensed deity turned her and the child with which she was pregnant into bears; when Jupiter, in compassion for her sufferings, took them up into the heavens and made them the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.
CALITRI, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province Principato-Ulteriore, with 4540 inhabitants.
CALIXTINS, a name given to those among the Lutherans who follow the sentiments of George Calixtus, a celebrated divine, and professor at Helmstadt in the duchy of Brunswick, who died in 1656. He opposed the opinion of St Augustin on predestination, grace, and free will, and endeavoured to form an union among the various members of the Romish, Lutheran, and reformed churches; or rather to join them in the bonds of mutual forbearance and charity.

Calixtins also denote a sect in Bohemia, derived from the Hussites, about the middle of the fifteenth century, who asserted that the use of the cup was essential to the eucharist. And hence their name, which is formed from the Latin calyx, a cup.

The Calixtins are not ranked by Romanists in the list of heretics, since in the main they still adhered to the doctrine of Rome. The reformation they aimed at terminated in the four following articles: 1. in restoring the cup to the laity; 2. in subjecting criminal clerks to the punishment of the civil magistrate; 3. in stripping the clergy of their lands, lordships, and all temporal jurisdiction; 4. in granting liberty to all priests who were capable of preaching the word of God.
CALKEN, a market-town in the province of East Flanders, in the Netherlands, containing 3940 inhabitants.
CALL, among hunters, a lesson blown upon the horn to comfort the hounds.

Call, among sailors, a sort of whistle or pipe, of silver or brass, used by the boatswain and his mates to summon the sailors, to their duty, and direct them in the different employments in the ship. As the call can be sounded to various strains, each of them is appropriated to some particular exercise, such as hoisting, heaving, lowering, veering away, belaying, letting go a tackle, &c. The act of winding this instrument is called piping, which is as attentively observed by sailors as the beat of the drum to march, retreat, rally, or charge, is obeyed by soldiers.

Call, among fowlers, the noise or cry of a bird, especially to its young, or to its mate in coupling time.
CALLAC, a town of the department of Coté du Nord, in France, containing 1686 inhabitants.
CALLACAND, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Tinnevilly, forty-two miles north by east of Cape Comorin. Long. 77. 44. E. Lat. 8. 31. N.
CALLAN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, situated on the banks of King’s River. It consists of four streets intersecting each other at right angles. The church, once a stately fabric, is now nearly in ruins. On the east side of the town are the remains of an abbey which was founded in the fifteenth century, and consisted of fine architecture. Distillation is the only branch of industry of any consequence carried on here. Callan is an ancient place, and received certain privileges from the Earl of Marashall as far back as the year 1217. In 1821 the population amounted to 5678.
CALLANDER, a village and parish of Scotland, in the county of Perth, situated on the river Teith. It is neatly built; and much resorted to by travellers, who come to visit the scenery around, which is uncommonly beautiful. The population in 1821 was 2031, and in 1831 1909.
CALLAO, a strong town of South America, in Peru. It is the port of Lima, from which it is distant about two leagues. The town is built on a low flat point of land on the sea shore, not more than nine or ten feet above the level of high water mark; but the tide does not commonly rise or fall above five feet. The roadstead is beautiful, and one of the largest and safest in the South Sea. The water is without rocks, deep, and always tranquil. Callao is the rendezvous of from 16,000 to 17,000 tons of shipping, 5000 of which are reserved for the navigation of the Pacific. The houses are built of light materials; the circumstance of its almost never raining in this country rendering stone houses unnecessary, which are also more liable to be injured[7:6:25] by the'earthquakes so frequent here. The most remarkable of these occurred in 1746, when Callao was entirely destroyed, and only two hundred inhabitants escaped. It was rebuilt on the same plan as before, but a little farther from the sea. The population amounts to about 5000. Long. 77. 4. W. Lat. 12. 2. S.
CALLAO, so called by its inhabitants, but more generally known to Europeans under the name of Campello, lies opposite to the coast of Cochin China, and about eight miles to the eastward of the mouth of a considerable river on the coast of Cochin China, upon the banks of which is situated the town of Faifoo, a place of some note, not far from the harbour of Turon. The only inhabited part of the island is on the south-west coast, upon a slip of ground rising gently to the east. This small spot, when the Chinese embassy visited the island, was beautifully laid out with neat houses, temples, clumps of trees, and small hillocks richly decorated with shrubbery. The houses, which amounted to about sixty, were very clean and decent; a few were built with stone, and covered with tiles. The depth of water in the bay and road is sufficient for ships of any burden; and there is a perfect shelter from every wind except the south-west. It is thirty miles south-east of the harbour of Turon. The extreme points of the island lie in longitude 108. 30. E. and latitude 15. 53. N.
CALLAS, a city of the department of the Var, in France. It has fourteen oil-mills, and 2095 inhabitants.
CALLATABELLOTA, a city of Sicily, in the intendancy of Girgents, on a lofty mountain, containing 4500 inhabitants.
CALLIAN, a market-town of the department of the Var, in France, in a district where there are coal mines, and where much glass is made. The inhabitants amount to 1823.
CALLIANY, a large and populous town of Hindustan, in the province of Beeder, and the capital of a district of the same name, seventy-seven miles west by north of Hyderabad, and eighty-five east of Bejapoor. Long. 77. 33. E. Lat. 17. 22. N.
CALLICRATES, an ancient sculptor, who engraved some of Homer’s verses on a grain of millet, made an ivory chariot that might be concealed under the wing of a fly, and an ant of ivory in which all the members were distinct. But Aelian justly blames him for exerting his genius and talents in things so useless, and at the same time so difficult. He flourished about the year 472 before Christ.
CALLIGRAPHUS anciently denoted a copyist or scrivener, who transcribed fair, and at length, what the notaries had taken down in notes or minutes. The word is compounded of καλλog, beauty, and ygapω, I write. The minutes of acts, &c. were always taken in a kind of cipher or shorthand, such as the notes of Tyro in Gruter, by which means the notaries, as the Latins called them, or the ΰημίΐογξαφοι and ταχuχgα∣po∕, as the Greeks named them, were enabled to keep pace with a speaker or person who dictated. These notes, being understood by few, were copied over fair, and at length, by persons, who had a good hand, and who were called calligraphi, a name frequently met with in the ancient writers.
CALLIGRAPHY, the art of fair writing. Callicrates is said to have written an elegant distich on a sesamum seed. Junius speaks of a person, as very extraordinary, who wrote the apostles’ creed and the beginning of St John’s Gospel in the compass of a farthing. What would he have said of our famous Peter Bale, who, in 1575, wrote the Lord’s prayer, creed, ten commandments, and two short prayers in Latin, with his own name, motto, day of the month, year of our Lord, and reign of the queen, in the compass of a single penny, enchased in a ring and border of gold, and covered with a crystal, all so accurately wrought as to be perfectly legible?
CALLIMACHUS, a celebrated architect, painter, and sculptor, born at Corinth, having seen by accident a vessel about which the plant called acanthus had raised its leaves, conceived the idea of forming the Corinthian capital; and hence the Corinthian order of architecture. The ancients assure us that he worked in marble with wonderful delicacy. Ho flourished about 540 b. c.

Callimachus, a celebrated Greek poet, and native of Cyrene, in Libya, flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus and Ptolemy Euergetes, kings of Egypt, about 280 years before Christ. He passed, according to Quintilian, for the prince of the Greek elegiac poets. His style is elegant, delicate, and nervous. He wrote a great number of small poems, of which we have only some hymns and epigrams remaining. Catullus has closely imitated him, and translated into Latin verse his small poem on the locks of Berenice. Callimachus was also a good grammarian and a learned critic. There is an edition of his remains, by Lefevre, 4to, and another in two volumes 8vo, with notes by Spanheim, Graevius, Bentley, and others.
CALLINGAPATAM, a town of Hindustan, on the sea coast of the Northern Circars, seventy miles north-east from Vizagapatam. Long. 84. 15. E. Lat. 18. 25. N.
CALLINO, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province Abruzzo Ulteriore, with 1400 inhabitants.
CALLINUS of Ephesus, a very ancient Greek poet, and the inventor of elegiac verse, some specimens of which are to be found in the collection of Stoboeus. He flourished about 776 years before Christ.
CALLIONDROG, a town and fortress of Hindustan, on the west side of the river Noggry, in the Mysore, forty-four miles south by cast from Bellary. Long. 77. 9. E. Lat. 14. 30. N.
CALLIOPE, in Pagan Mythology, the muse who presides over eloquence and heroic poetry. She was thus named from the sweetness of her voice, and was reckoned the first of the nine sisters. Her distinguishing office was to record the worthy actions of the living; and accordingly she is represented with tablets in her hand.
CALLIPAEDIA, the art of getting or breeding fine and beautiful children. Divers rules and practices relating to this art are to be found in ancient and modern writers. Claude Quillet de Chinon, a French abbot, under the fictitious name of Clavicles Loetus, has published a Latin poem in four books, under the title of Callipaedia, seu de pulchrae prolis habendes ratione, in which are contained all the precepts of that art. Mr Rowe translated this poem into verse.
CALLIRRHOE, in Ancient Geography, surnamed En-ηeαerunos from its nine springs or channels, a fountain not far from Athens, greatly adorned by Peisistratus, where there were several wells, but this the only running spring. Callirrhoe was also the name of a very fine spring of hot water beyond Jordan, near the Dead Sea, into which it empties itself.
CALLISTEA, in Grecian Antiquity, a Lesbian festival, in which the women presented themselves in Juno’s temple, and the prize was assigned to the fairest. There was another of these contentions at the festival of Ceres Eleusinia among the Parrhasians, and another among the Eleans, where the most beautiful man was presented with a complete suit of armour, which he consecrated to Minerva, to whose temple he walked in procession, being accompanied by his friends, who adorned him with ribbons, and crowned him with a garland of myrtle.
CALLISTHENES, the philosopher, disciple, and relation of Aristotle, by whose desire he accompanied Alexander the Great in his expeditions; but proving too severe a censurer of that hero’s conduct, he was by him put to the torture, on a suspicion of a treasonable conspiracy, and died under the infliction, 328 years before Christ.
CALLISTRATUS, an excellent Athenian orator, was banished for having obtained too great an authority in the government. Demosthenes was so struck with the force of his eloquence, and the glory it procured to him, that he abandoned Plato, and resolved from thenceforward to apply himself to oratory.
CALLOT, James, a celebrated engraver, was born at Nancy in 1593. In his youth he travelled to Rome to learn designing and engraving, and thence proceeded to Florence, where the grand duke took him into his service. After the death of that prince, Callot returned to his native country, where he was very favourably received by Henry duke of Lorrain, who settled a considerable pension upon him. His reputation having soon afterwards spread all over Europe, the infanta of the Netherlands drew him to Brussels, where he engraved the siege of Breda. Louis XI11. caused him design the siege of Rochelle, and that of the Isle of Rhé. The French king having taken Naney in 1631, made Callot a proposal for representing that new conquest, as he had already done the taking of Rochelle; but Callot begged to be excused; and some courtiers re solving to oblige him to do it, he answered, that he would sooner cut off his thumb than do any thing against the honour of his prince and country. This excuse the king accepted; and said that the Duke of Lorrain was happy in having so faithful and affectionate subjects. Callot followed his business so closely, that, though he died at forty-three years of age, he is said to have left of his own execution about fifteen hundred pieces.
CALLOW, a town in the province of East Flanders, on the left bank of the Scheldt, with 2030 inhabitants.
CALLVIZZANO, a town of Italy, in the kingdom and province of Naples, with 2200 inhabitants.
CALLYGONG Hills, a range of mountains in Hindustan, the south-west part of a ridge which runs along the south bank of the river Nerbuddah. They have been but little explored.
CALM, the state of rest which exists in the air and sea when there is no wind stirring. Calms are never so great on the ocean as on the Mediterranean, because the flux and reflux of the former keep the water in a continual agitation, even where there is no wind; whereas, there being no tides in the latter, the calm is sometimes so dead that the face of the water is as clear as a looking-glass; but such calms are almost constant presages of an approaching storm. On the coasts about Smyrna ∙a long calm is reputed a prognostic of an earthquake.

Calm Latitudes, in sea language, are situated in the Atlantic Ocean, between the tropic of Cancer and the latitude of 29° north; or they denote the space that lies between the trade and variable winds, because it is frequently subject to calms of long duration.
CALMAR, a province of Sweden, formed out of the eastern part of Smaland, and the island Oeland. It is bounded on the north-west and north by Lenkoping, on the east by the Baltic Sea, on the south by Blekinge, and on the west by Cronberg and Jonkoping. The extent is 4312 square miles. The population is 148,396, inhabiting four cities, one market-town, and 3485 villages.

Calmar, a city, the capital of the Swedish province of the same name. It is built on the island of Quarnholm, on the Baltic Sea, and is connected with the main land by a bridge of boats. It is a well-built town, the seat of a bishop, and of the provincial courts of law. It is surrounded with walls, has a cathedral, a gymnasium, with 491 houses, and 3058 inhabitants, who carry on manufactures of woollen cloth, of leather, of glass, and the making of pearl ashes; and export, chiefly to Great Britain, pitch, tar, and timber. In former times it was a place of much more importance than it is at present; and the remains of it are to be seen in an old castle, palace, and house of assembly, now in ruins, not far from the city. Long. 16. 8. E. Lat. 56. 14. N.
CALMET, Augustine, one of the most learned and laborious writers of the eighteenth century, was born at Mesnil le Horgne, a village in the diocese of Toul, in France, in the year 1672, and took the habit of the Benedictines in 1688. Among the many works he published are, 1. A literal Exposition, in French, of all the Books of the Old Testament, in nine volumes folio; 2. An historical, critical, chronological, geographical, and literal Dictionary of the Bible, in four volumes folio, enriched with a great number of figures of Jewish antiquities; 3. A civil and ecclesiastical History of Lorrain, three volume folio; 4. A History of the Old and New Testament, and of the Jews, in two volumes folio, and seven volumes duodecimo; 5. An universal sacred and profane History, in several volumes quarto. He died in 1757.
CALMONT, a town in the department of the Upper Garonne, in France, with 1522 inhabitants.
CALMUCKS. See Kalmucks.
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CALNE, a market and borough town in the hundred of the same name in Wiltshire, ninty-one miles from London, on the road to Bath. It is chiefly built of stone raised in the neighbourhood. It is situated on the river Marlow, which runs through the lower part of the town. The market is held on Tuesday. The greater part of the inhabitants are occupied in the woollen trade. The population consisted in 1811 of 3547, in 1821 of 4549, and in 1831 of 4795.
CALOGERI, in Ecclesiastical History, monks of the Greek church, divided into three degrees; the novices, called archam; the ordinary professed, called michrochemi ; and the more perfect, called megalochemi. They are likewise divided into coenobites, anchorites, and recluses. The coenobites are employed in reciting their offices from midnight to sunset; they are obliged to make three genuflexions at the door of the choir, and, returning, to bow to the right and to the left, to their brethren.
CALORIC. See Chemistry.
CALOSA, a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, with 3200 inhabitants. Manufactures of earthen-ware and esparto are carried on here.
CALOTTE, a cap or coif of hair, satin, or other stuff; an ecclesiastical ornament in most Popish countries.
CALOWZ, a mountainous and woody district of Hindustan, principally situated in the province of Lahore, about the 32d degree of north latitude. It is bounded on the north by Kaugrah, on the east by Besseer, on the south by Nhan, and on the west by the Punjab. Its capital is Bellaspore, and it is nearly divided by the river Sutlege. The inhabitants are Hindoos and Seiks.
CALPE, a mountain of Andalusia, in Spain, at the foot of which, towards the sea, stands the town of Gibraltar. It is half a league in height towards the land, and so steep that there is no approaching it on that side.
CALPURNIUS, Titus, a Latin Sicilian poet, who lived under the Emperor Carus and his son. Seven of his eclogues are extant.
CALTAGIRONE, a city of the intendancy of Catania, in the island of Sicily. It is in a healthy situation on a hill watered by the river Terra Nova. It has a university and other establishments for education. The environs are rich in all the appropriate agricultural productions; and the city supplies a large surrounding district with earthenware and other manufactured goods. It contains 2868 houses and 19,600 inhabitants.
CALUSO, a town of Italy, in the province Ivrea, and kingdom of'Sardinia, with 2850 inhabitants.