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FORNICATION (fornicatio, from the fomices in Rome, where the lewd women prostituted themselves for money), the act of incontinency between single persons. Upon this subject we find the following observations in Paley’s Moral and Political Philosophy :—

“The Scriptures give no sanction to those austerities which have been since imposed upon the world under the name of Christ’s religion, as the celibacy of the clergy, the praise of perpetual virginity, the prohibitio concubitus cum gravida uxore ; but, with a just knowledge of, and regard to, the condition and interest of the human species, have provided in the marriage of one man with one woman an adequate gratification for the propensities of their nature, and have restrained them to that gratification.

“The avowed toleration, and in some countries the licensing, taxing, and regulating of public brothels, has appeared to the people an authorizing of fornication, and has contributed, with other causes, so far to vitiate the public opinion, that there is no practice of which the immorality is so little thought of or acknowledged, although there are few in which it can more plainly be made out. The legislators who have patronized receptacles of prostitution ought to have foreseen this effect, as well as considered, that whatever facilitates fornication, diminishes marriages. And as to the usual apology for this relaxed discipline, the danger of greater enormities if access to prostitutes were too strictly watched and prohibited, it will be time enough to look to that after the laws and the magistrates have done their utmost. The greatest vigilance of both will do more than oppose some bounds and some difficulties to this intercourse. And after all, these pretended fears are without foundation in experience. The men are in all respects the most virtuous in countries where the women are most chaste.

“If fornication be criminal, all those incentives which lead to it are accessaries to the crime; as lascivious conversation, whether expressed in obscene or disguised under modest phrases; also wanton songs, pictures, books, the writing, publishing, and circulating of which, whether out of frolic or for some pitiful profit, is productive of so extensive a mischief from so mean a temptation, that few crimes within the reach of private wickedness have more to answer for, or less to plead in their excuse.”
FORNIX, in Anatomy, is a part of the corpus callosum in the brain, so called on account of a distant resemblance to the arch of an ancient vault when viewed in a particular manner.
FORQUALQUIER, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Alps, in France, extending over 369 square miles. It is divided into six cantons and fifty-two communes, and contains 32,411 inhabitants. The capital is a town of the same name, situated on a plain through which the river Laye flows, and which yields wine, olive oil, and much silk. The latter is extensively spun there. It contains 2741 inhabitants. Long. 5. 46. E. Lat. 43. 58. N.
FORT AUGUSTUS, the central fort ο/three such establishments erected for the purpose of overawing the Highlands since the Revolution. It is situated in the centre of a beautiful plain or opening in the hills, in the heart of Inverness-shire, at the western extremity of Lochness, and on the south bank of the Caledonian Canal. Fort Augustus is the weakest of the three forts mentioned, and was easily taken and destroyed by the Highland insurgents during the revolt of 1745. It resembles a gentleman’s house more than a place of military strength; and, though capable of containing 400 soldiers, is now sufficiently garrisoned by a few veteran artillerymen.
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FORT GEORGE, a fortress of Scotland, in the county of Inverness. It is an irregular polygon of six bastions, mounted with eighty pieces of cannon, and is situated on the southern extremity of a low peninsula which projects into the Murray Firth, about twelve miles north-east of Inverness. The whole fortress covers an area of ten Scotch acres, and the barracks possess accommodation for about 3000 troops. This fortress was begun in 1746, and completed in 1764, at an expense of L.160,000. It was constructed with the intention of keeping the Highlands in check; but for this purpose it is now no longer required, and only serves as a barrack for soldiers. It is usually occupied by a governor, lieutenant-governor, several inferior officers, and one or two companies of soldiers. The view from the ramparts is extensive and varied.
FORT ST DAVID, a town of Hindustan, on the seacoast of the Carnatic, situated on the river Tripapolore. Three rivers of considerable size all fall into the sea in the space of four miles within the bounds of Fort St David. The Panaur is about 1800 yards to the north of the Tripapolore, and the two streams communicate by a canal which runs parallel to the margin of the sea, from which it is distant about 1000 yards. Fort St David stands in the angle formed by the junction of the canal with the Tripapolore, which passes close to the site of the fort, and then sends to the south an arm that joins at no great distance the river of Bandapollam, where both in one channel continue along the eastern side of Cuddalore, separated from the sea by a mound of sand. This factory was first established in the year 1691. After the capture of Madras by the French in 1746, the English were besieged here without success; and from this period it continued the head of the English settlements till 1758, when it was taken by Lally, after a short siege, and the fortifications destroyed. It is 100 miles south-south-west from Madras, and 15 southsouth-west from Pondicherry. Long. 79. 57. E. Lat. 11. 46. N.
FORT WILLIAM, a fortress of Scotland, in the county of Inverness. It is situated on the east side of Lochiel, and the south side of the small river Nevis, where it falls into that inlet of the sea, at the distance of sixty-one miles south-west of Inverness, and twenty-nine and a half southwest of Fort Augustus. It is of a triangular form, with two bastions mounting fifteen twelve-pounders. The fort was originally built during the usurpation of Cromwell, by General Monk, and occupied much more ground at that time than it does at present. During the reign of William III. it was rebuilt on a smaller scale, and received its name in honour of that monarch. In the year 1745 it stood successfully a siege of five weeks, but is by no means a place of great strength. It is now garrisoned by a governor, fort-major, and a company of soldiers.
FORTALICE, in Scotch Law, signified anciently a small place of strength, built for the defence of the country, and which on that account was formerly reckoned inter regalia, and did not go along with the lands upon which it was situated without a special grant from the crown. Now, fortalices are carried by a general grant of the lands; and the word has become synonymous with manor-place, messuage, and the like.
FORTAVENTURA, or Fuerteventura, one of the Canary Islands. It is fertile in corn and excellent fruits, and remarkable for its numerous breed of goats and prodigious quantity of goat-milk cheese. For its size and population see the article Canary Islands.
FORTIFIED Island, an island in the Indian Seas, lying off the coast of Canara, about a mile from the land, a little way north from the entrance into Lake Onore. The island abounds in cocoa-nut, palms, and plantain trees, and has plenty of fresh water. It produces the best sort of cari, which is used by the natives in painting their houses. Its name is derived from its fortifications, which were greatly strengthened by Tippoo Saib, from whom it was taken in 1792, by three British frigates. It is upwards of a mile in circuit. Long. 74. 27. E. Lat. 14. 16. N.
FORTISSIMO, in Music, sometimes denoted by FFF, oτ fff signifies to sing or play very loud or strong.
FORTITUDE, a virtue or quality of the mind, which is generally considered to be the same as courage, though in a more accurate sense the oue may be distinguished from the other. Courage may be a virtue or a vice, according to circumstances; fortitude is always a virtue. We speak of desperate courage, but not of desperate fortitude. A contempt or neglect of danger, without regard to consequences, may be called courage ; and this some brutes possess as well as man. In them it is chiefly the effect of natural instinct; in man it depends partly on habit and partly on strength of nerve. But fortitude being the virtue of a rational and considerate mind, is founded on a sense of honour and a regard to duty.

This virtue takes different names, according as it acts in opposition to different sorts of evil; but some of these are applied with considerable latitude. With respect to danger in general, fortitude may be termed intrepidity ; with respect to the dangers of war, valour ; with respect to pain of body or distress of mind, patience ; with respect to labour, activity ; with respect to injury, forbearance ; with respect to our condition in general, magnanimity.

The motives to fortitude are many and powerful. This virtue tends greatly to the happiness of the individual, by giving composure and presence of mind, and keeping the other passions in due subordination. To public good it is essential; for without it the independence and liberty of nations would be impossible. It gives to a character that elevation which poets, orators, and historians, have in all ages rejoiced to celebrate. Nothing so effectually inspires it as rational piety; the fear of God is the best security against every other fear. A true estimate of human life, particularly its shortness and uncertainty, together with the numberless evils and temptations to which, by a long continuance in this world, we must unavoidably be exposed, ought by no means to discourage or to throw any gloom on our future prospects, but should teach us that many things are more formidable than death, and that nothing is lost, but much gained, when, by the appointment of Providence, a well spent life is brought to a conclusion.
FORTUNA, the goddess of fortune, worshipped by the Greeks and Romans, became particularly celebrated after the triumphs of the latter. According to Hesiod, she was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, the sister of the Parcae, and the protectress of cities. The sculptor Bupalus represented her with a celestial globe on her head, and a cornucopia in her hand. She had temples in Smyrna, Corinth, and Elis; but it was at Rome where she seems to have been more particularly worshipped, and where she had upwards of twenty shrines erected to her honour. There was a magnificent temple of Fortune at Praeneste, now Palestrina, eighteen miles east from Rome. Here was the celebrated oracle called Sortes Proenestince, where the response was given by means of words written on pieces of wood, which were placed in a box, and having been taken out at random, were then united, when the priest declared the meaning of the answer. The first Mosaic pavement introduced into Italy was ordered by Sylla for this temple; and it is a curious fact that a very fine specimen is still seen at Palestrina, which may possibly be that to which we have alluded.
FORTUNATAE Insulae, the name by which the Canary Islands were known to the ancients. The Carthaginians were no doubt acquainted with these islands at an early period, but it was the selfish nature of their policy to confine such knowledge to themselves, for the sake of the commercial advantages to be derived from it. It was not, therefore, till the fall of Carthage that the Greeks and Romans acquired any accurate information respecting the islands on the west coast of Libya. Statius Sebosus, the friend of Lutetius Catulus, consul 242 b c., and who flourished in the time of the Cimbrian war, could not have been the first who made the discovery, though he was probably the first who gave a description of them to the public. Of this account we possess only a few notices by Pliny, who seems to have derived no information from any other quarter. Yet there must have been considerable intercourse with these islands, as we find that Sertorius, when flying before the superior force of the party of Sylla, was so charmed with the account of them he received from some sailors, that he was strongly tempted to take refuge there. The name seems at first to have been restricted to two, Convallis, the island of Teneriffe, and Planaria, now Canaria, from which the Canary Islands derive their name. Ptolemy extends the name to six islands. (Strab. i. 3; Plin. vi. 32; Plut. Sert. 9; See Minano, Diccionario Geografie, &c. Madrid, 1826.)
FORTUNE Islands, two small islands in the Eastern Seas, one near the south-west coast of the island of Sumatra, in long. 90. 25. E. and lat. 1. 35. S.; the other near the north coast of the island of Celebes, in long. 123. 48. E. and lat. 0. 50. N.
FORUM, in Roman antiquity, a public place within the city of Rome, where causes were judicially tried, and orations delivered to the people.

Fobum was also used for a place of traffic, and answered to our market-place. These places were generally called for a venalia, in contradistinction to the former, which were called for a civilia.

The for a civilia were public courts of justice, commonly magnificent in themselves, and surrounded with porticos and stately edifices. Of these, six were very remarkable: 1. Forum Romanum ∣ 2. Julianum ; 3. Augustum ; 4. Palladium ; 5. Forum Trajani ∣ and, 6. Forum Sallustii. The Forum Romanum was the most noted, and is often styled simply Forum, by way of eminence. Here were the bar called Rostra, the Comitium, the sanctuary of Saturn, the temple of Castor, and other remarkable edifices. Of the for a venalia, or market-places, which were numerous, the chief were, the forum boarium, for oxen or beef; suarium, for swine; pistorium, for bread; cupedinarium, for dainties; and olitorium, for garden stuffs.

The Grecian aγo1a, ∣ corresponded exactly with the Roman for a, being places where courts and markets were indiscriminately held. At Athens they had many for a, but the chief of these were the old and the new. Forum Indicere was the act of the praetor appointing the place in Rome where causes were to be tried. Agere forum denoted the bringing on causes out of Rome, in a Roman province, and was the same with agere conventum.
FOSS, or Fosse, in Fortification, a ditch or moat. The word in French is formed from the participle fossum, of the Latin verb fodio, I dig.

Foss, Fossa, in Anatomy, a kind of cavity in a bon¢, with a large aperture, but no exit or perforation. When the aperture is very narrow it is called a sinus.

Foss is particularly used for the cavity or indenture in the back part of the neck.
FOSSA, in our ancient customs, was a ditch full of water, where women who had committed felony were drowned. Nam et ipsi in omnibus tenementis suis omnem ab antiquo legalem habuere justitiam, videlicet ferrum, fossam, furcas, et similia. In another sense it is used to signify a grave, as appears by these old verses:
Hic jacent in fossa Bedae venerabilis ossa:
Hic est fossatus, qui bis erat hie cathedratus.

Foss- Way was anciently one of the four great Roman highways of England, and, according to Camden, was so called because it was ditched on both sides, this having been the Roman method of making highways.
FOSSANO, a city of the province Cuneo, in the kingdom of Sardinia. It is situated on the river Stura, is fortified, and contains a cathedral, five other churches, six monasteries, two nunneries, and 14,000 inhabitants. It is a place of consideration, from its extensive silk manufactures, and from its tanneries. There is also much trade in wine, com, hemp, and other products of the soil.
FOSSARII, in Antiquity, a kind of officers in the Eastern Church, whose business it was to inter the dead. Ciaconius relates that Constantine created nine hundred and fifty fossarii, whom he took out of the different colleges or companies of tradesmen; and he adds, that they were exempted from taxes, services, burdensome offices, and the like. Goar, in his notes on the Greek Euchologion, insinuates that the fossarii were established in the times of the apostles; and that the young men who carried off the body of Ananias, and those persons full of the fear of God who interred St Stephen, were of the number. St Jerome assures us that Úiefossarii held the first place amongst the clerks; [7:9:789]but he is to be understood of those clerks only who had the direction and superintendence of the interment of the devout.
FOSSIL, in Natural History, denotes in general every thing that is dug out of the earth, whether it be native thereto, as metals, stones, salts, earths, and other minerals, or extraneous, as the bones of animals, and the like.

Native fossils are substances found in the earth or on its surface, of a simple structure, exhibiting no appearances of organization, and included under the general names of simple and compound, earthy or metallic minerals. Extraneous fossils are bodies of the vegetable or animal kingdoms accidentally buried in the earth. Of the vegetable kingdom there are principally three kinds, trees or parts of them, herbaceous plants, and corals; and of the animal kingdom there are four kinds, sea shells, the teeth or bony palates and bones of fishes, complete fishes, and the bones of land animals. See Mineralogy.
FOUGASSE, in the art of war, a small mine from six to eight feet under ground, and generally placed under the glacis, or in dry ditches. It is charged with sacks of pθwder covered with earth and stones, and, like larger mines, is fired by means of a saucisson.
FOUL, in nautical language, is used when a ship has been long untrimmed, so that grass weeds, or barnacles, grow on her sides under water. A rope is also foul when it is either tangled in itself, or hindered by another from running or being overhauled.

Foul imports also the running of one ship against another. This happens sometimes by the violence of the wind, and sometimes by the carelessness of the people on board, to ships in the same convoy, and to ships in port by means of others coming in. The damages occasioned by running foul are of the nature of those in which both parties must bear a share. They are usually made to fall half upon the sufferer, and half upon the vessel which did the injury; but in cases where it is evidently the fault of the master of the vessel, he alone must bear the damage.
FOUCHENGE, a town of Persia, in the province of Khorassan, twenty-five miles north of Herat. Long. 76. 29. E. Lat. 34. 50. N.
FOUL Islands, a cluster of small islands in the Indian Sea, near the north coast of the island of Flores. Long. 121. i.2. E. Lat. b. 9. 8.
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FOULA, or Fowla Island, one of the Zetland Isles, lying between six and seven leagues west from the mair land. It is about three miles in length, narrow, and full ol rough, steep, and bare rocks; one of which is so large, and runs up to such a height, that it may be clearly seen from Orkney. This solitary isle, it has been conjectured, is the Thule of Tacitus. It is pastoral, and maintains a few families.
FOULAHS, a people of Africa, who inhabit the confines of the Sahara, or Great Desert. The principal of the Foulah states is that within Sierra Leone, and of which Teembo is the capital.
FOUMART, a species of Mustela. See Mammalia.
FOUNDATION, in Architecture, is that part of a building which is under ground.

Foundation denotes also a donation or legacy, either in money or lands, for the maintenance and support of some community, hospital, school, or other institution.
FOUNT, or Font, among printers, a set or quantity of characters or letters of each kind, cast by a letter-founder, and sorted. Thus, we say, a founder has cast a fount of pica, of english, and of pearl; meaning that he has cast a set of characters of these kinds.

A complete fount not only includes the running letters, but also large and small capitals, single letters, double letters, points, commas, lines, and numeral characters. See Printing and Type-Making.
FOUNTAIN, a spring or source of water rising out of the earth. Amongst the ancients, fountains were generally esteemed sacred; but some were held to be so in a more particular manner than others. The good effects resulting from cold baths gave springs and rivers this high reputation; for their salutary influence was supposed to proceed from some presiding deity. Particular reasons, however, occasioned some to be held in much greater veneration than others. It was customary to throw little pieces of money into those springs, lakes, or rivers, which were esteemed sacred, in order to render the presiding <fivinities propitious; as the touch of a naked body was supposed to pollute their hallowed waters. For the phenomena, theory, and origin of fountains or springs, see Spring. Fountain- Tree, a very extraordinary vegetable, which grows in one of the Canary Islands, and is likewise said to exist in some other places, and which distils water from its leaves in such plenty as to answer all the purposes of the inhabitants who live near it. Of this tree we have the following account in Glasse’s History of the Canary Islands :— “There are only three fountains of water in the whole island of Hierro, wherein the fountain-tree grows. One of these fountains is called Acof, which, in the language of the ancient inhabitants, signifies river ; a name, however, which does not seem to have been given it on account of its yielding much water, for in that respect it hardly deserves the name of a fountain. More to the northward is another, called Ħapio ; and, in the middle of the island is a spring, yielding a stream about the thickness of a man’s finger. This last was discovered in the year 1565, and is called the fountain of Antonio Hernandez. On account of the scarcity of water, the sheep, goats, and swine here do not drink in the summer, but are taught to dig up the roots of fern, and chew them to quench their thirst. The great cattle are watered at those fountains, and at a place where water distils from the leaves of a tree. Many writers have made mention of this famous tree, some in such a manner as to make it appear miraculous; others again deny the existence of any such tree, among whom is Father Feyjoo, a modem Spanish author, in his Teatro Critico But he, and those who agree with him in this matter, are as much mistaken as those who would make it appear to be miraculous. This is the only island of all the Canaries which I have not been in; but I have sailed with natives of Hierro, who, when questioned about the existence of this tree, answered in the affirmative."
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FOUR SADDLE Island, an islandin the Mergui Archipelago, about six miles in circumference, and separated by a narrow strait from the island of St Susannah. Lat. 10. 27. N.
FOUR CRAG’S Island, a low flat island, of a quadrangular figure, on the south-west coast of New Holland. Long. 137. E. Lat. 36. 26. S.
FOURCHEE, or Fourchy, in Heraldry, an appellation given to a cross forked at the end. See Heraldry.