pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BARNABAS’S Day, St, a Christian festival, celebrated on the 11th of June. St Barnabas was born in Cyprus, and descended of the tribe of Levi, whose Jewish ancestors are thought to have retired thither to secure themselves from violence during the troublesome times in Judaea. His proper name was Joses, to which, after his conversion to Christianity, the apostles added that of Barnabas, signifying either “the son of prophecy” or “the son of consolation ;” the first respecting his eminent prophetic gifts, the other his great charity in selling his estate for the comfort and relief of the poor Christians. He was educated at Jerusalem under the great Jewish doctor Gamaliel; which probably laid the foundation of that intimate friendship that afterwards subsisted between this apostle and St Paul. The time of his conversion is uncertain; but he is generally esteemed one of the seventy disciples chosen by our Saviour himself.

At Antioch Paul and Barnabas had a contest which ended in their separation; but what followed it with respect to Barnabas is not related in the Acts of the Apostles. Some say that he went into Italy and founded a church at Milan. It is generally believed that he suffered martyrdom at Salamis, where some Jews, having come out of Syria, set upon him as he was disputing in the synagogue, and stoned him to death. He was buried by his kinsman Mark, whom he had taken along with him, in a cave near that city. The remains of his body are said to have been discovered in the reign of the emperor Zeno, together with a copy of St Matthew’s gospel, written with his own hand, and lying on his breast.

St Barnabas's Epistle, an apocryphal work ascribed to Barnabas, and frequently cited by Clement of Alexandria and by Origen. It was first published in Greek, from a copy of Father Hugh Menard, a Benedictine monk. An ancient version of it was found in a manuscript of the abbey of Coebey, near a thousand years old. Vossius published it, in the year 1656, together with the epistles of St Ignatius.

St Barnabas's Gospel, another apocryphal work, ascribed to Barnabas the apostle, wherein the history of Jesus Christ is related in a manner very different from the account given us by the four evangelists. The Mahommedans possess this gospel in Arabic, and it corresponds very well with those traditions which Mahommed followed in his Koran. It was probably a forgery of some nominal Christians, and afterwards altered and interpolated by the Mahommedans, the better to serve their purpose.
BARNABITES, a religious order, founded in the sixteenth century by three Italian gentlemen, who had been advised by a famous preacher of those days to read care fully the epistles of St Paul. Hence they were called clerks of St Paul, and also Barnabites, because they per formed their first exercise in a church of St Barnabas at Milan. Their habit was black, and their office to instruct· catechize, and serve in mission. f
BARNACLES, in Farriery, an instrument composed of [7:4:383]two branches joined at one end with a hinge, to put upon horses’ noses when they will not stand quietly to be shod, bled, or dressed.
BARNARD-Castle, a market-town in the parish of Gainsford and Darlington Ward, of the county of Durham, 247 miles from London, on the banks of the Tees. The market is held on Wednesday. A long and spacious street forms the principal part of the town, and its chief ornament is a handsome octagon market-house. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2966 in 1811 to 2986, and in 1821 to 3581.
BARNES, Joshua, professor of the Greek language at Cambridge in the beginning of the eighteenth century. He was chosen queen’s professor of Greek in 1695, a language which he wrote and spoke with the utmost facility. His first publication was a whimsical tract entitled Gerania, or a new discovery of the little sort of people called Pygmies. After this appeared his Life of Edward III., in which he introduces his hero making long and elaborate speeches. Rewrote several other books, particularly Sacred Poems; the Life of Oliver Cromwell the Tyrant; several dramatic pieces; a poetical paraphrase on the history of Esther, in Greek verse, with a Latin translation, &c. He also published editions of Euripides, Anacreon, and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, with notes and a Latin translation. He wrote with greater case in Greek than even in English, and yet he is generally allowed not to have understood the delicacies of that language. His death took place on the 3d of August 1712, in the fifty-eighth year of his age.
BARNET, or Chipping Barnet, a market-town in the hundred of Caisho and county of Hertford, 11 miles from London, on the great northern road. Near it, in 1471, was fought the decisive battle between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which the great Earl of Warwick fell. The market, held on Monday, is large, as well as the great cattle fairs. The inhabitants in 1801 amounted to 1258, in 1811 to 1579, and in 1821 to 1755.
BARNEVELDT, John d’Olden, the celebrated Dutch statesman, and one of the founders of the civil liberty of Holland. His patriotic zeal inducing him to limit the authority of Maurice, prince of Orange, the second stadtholder of Holland, the partisans of that prince falsely accused him of a design to deliver his country into the hands of the Spanish monarch. On this absurd charge he was tried by twenty-six commissaries deputed from the Seven Provinces, condemned, and beheaded, in 1619. His sons William and René, with a view of avenging their father’s death, formed a conspiracy against the stadtholder, which was discovered. William fled, but Réné was taken and condemned to die; which fatal circumstance has immortalized the memory of his mother, of whom the following anecdote is recorded. She solicited a pardon for René; upon which Maurice expressed his surprise that she should do that for her son which she had neglected for her husband. To this remark she replied with indignation, “I would not ask a pardon for my husband, because he was innocent; I solicit it for my son, because he is guilty.”
BARNSLEY, or Black Barnsley, a town in the parish of Şilkstone, of the wapentake of Staincross, in the Vest Riding of Yorkshire, 171 miles from London. It was iormerly a place of considerable manufacture in iron, but it has of late years become extensively engaged in making linen and other cloth. The trade has been greatly increased in consequence of the extension of canal navigation, which connects the town with Wakefield and the other canals and navigable rivers which unite at that place. There is a large market every Wednesday for cattle and corn. The inhabitants in 1801 amounted to 3606, in 1811 to 5464, and in 1821 to 8284.
BARNSTAPLE, a market and borough-town and seaport of the hundred of Braunton, in the county of Devon, 194 miles from London and 36 miles from Exeter. It stands on the river Tawe, in a fertile district, and was formerly a great manufacturing place, but of late years has declined in that branch of industry. The market, which is large, is held on Friday. Barnstaple returns two members to parliament, chosen by the freemen, who are very numerous, and scattered about in such various places as to render the expenses of a contested election very heavy; and it is said to be accompanied with much bribery. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3748, in 1811 to 4298, and in 1821 to 5079.

B∕∖RO, or Baron, Peter, professor of divinity in the university of Cambridge in the sixteenth century, was born at Estampes, in France, and educated in the university of Bourges, where he was admitted a licentiate in the law; but being of the Protestant religion, he was obliged to leave his native country in order to avoid persecution, and, withdrawing into England, was kindly entertained by Lord Burleigh. He afterwards settled at Cambridge, and, by the recommendation of his noble patron, was in 1574 chosen Lady Margaret’s professor there. For some years he enjoyed quietly his professorship; but a restless faction was at last raised against him, by his opposing the doctrine of absolute predestination; and this rendered his situation so uncomfortable, that he chose to leave the university and settle in London. He wrote, In Jonam Prophetam Praelectiones xxxix.; De Praestantia et Dignitate Divinae Legis; and other pieces. He died in London about the year 1600.
BAROCCI, Frederic, a celebrated painter, was born at Urbino, where the genius of Raphael inspired him. In his early youth he travelled to Rome, where he painted several things in fresco. He then returned to Urbino, and giving himself up to intense study, acquired a great name in painting. His genius particularly led him to religious subjects. At his leisure hours, he etched from his own designs a few prints, which are highly finished, and executed with great softness and delicacy. The Salutation is his capital performance in that way; of which, however, we seldom meet with any impressions but those taken from the retouched plate, which are very harsh. He died at Urbino in 1612, aged 84.
BAROCHE. See Broach.
BAROCO, in Logic, a term given to the fourth mode of the second figure of syllogisms. A syllogism in baroco has the first proposition a universal affirmative, but the second and third particular negatives, and the middle term is the predicate in the first two propositions. For example,

Nullus homo non est bipes: Non omne animal est bipes: Non omne animal est homo.
[7:4:384]
BARON, Robert, a dramatic author, who lived during the reign of Charles I. and the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell. He received the earlier part of his education at Cambridge, after which he became a member of Gray’s Inn. During his residence at the university he wrote a novel called the Cyprian Academy, in which he introduced the first two of the dramatic pieces mentioned below. The third of them is a much more regular and perfect play, and was probably written when the author had attained a riper age. The names of these productions are, 1. Deorum Dona, a masque; 2. Gripus and Hegio, a pastoral; and 3. Mirza, a tragedy. Mr Baron had a great intimacy with Howell the traveller, in whose collection of Letters there is one addressed to this gentleman, who was then resident at Paris.
BARONI, Leonora, a celebrated singer and composer, was born at Naples, but spent the greater part of her life at Rome. She was daughter of Adriana Baroni of Mantua, baroness of Piancaretta, a lady also distinguished for her musical talents, and, on account of her beauty, surnamed the Fair. Leonora, like her mother, was celebrated by the wits, who vied with one another in their eulogiums of the fair cantatrice; and, in 1639, there was published, at Bracciano, a collection of Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, and French poems addressed to her, under the title of Applausi Poetici alle Glorie della Signora Leonora Baroni. Among the Latin poems of Milton are no fewer than three, entitled Ad Leonoram Romae Canentem, in which this lady is celebrated for her vocal powers, with an allusion to her mother’s exquisite performance on the lute. A discourse on the music of the Italians, printed with the life of Malherbe, and some other treatises, at Paris, 1672, in 12mo, contains an elaborate and somewhat high-flown eulogium on the musical talents of this accomplished lady. It was composed by Μ. Maugars, prior of St Peter de Mac, the king’s interpreter of the English language, and so famous as a performer on the viol, that the king of Spain and several other sovereign princes of Europe desired to hear him.
BARONIUS, Caesar, a pious and learned cardinal, was born at Sore in 1538. He studied at Rome, and put himself under the discipline of Philip de Neri. In 1593 he was made general of the congregation of the Oratory by the resignation of the founder Philip de Neri. Pope Clement VIII. made him his confessor, and raised him to the rank of cardinal in 1596. He was afterwards made librarian to the Vatican, and died in 1605, at the age of sixty-eight. He wrote several works, the principal of which is his Annales Ecclesiastici from a. d. 1 to 1198, in 12 vols. folio; a work which has been abridged by several persons, particularly by Henry Spondaeus, Bzovius, and Ludovico Aurelio.
BARONY, Baronia, or Baronagmm, the lordship or fee of a baron, either temporal or spiritual. Baronies, in their first creation, proceeded from the king himself, the chief lord of the whole realm, and could be holden immediately of no other lord. For example, the king enfeoffed a man of a great seigniory in land, to be held by the person enfeoffed and his heirs, of the king and his heirs, by baronial service; that is, by the service of twenty, forty, sixty, or such other number of knights, either more or fewer, as the king by his enfeoffment limited or appointed. In the ages immediately succeeding the Conquest, when a great lord was enfeoffed by the king of a large seigniory, such seigniory was called a barony, but more commonly an honour; as, the honour of Gloucestershire, the honour of Wallingford, the honour of Lancaster, the honour of Richmond, and the like. But there were in England certain honours which were often called by Norman or other foreign designations; that is to say, sometimes by English and sometimes by foreign names. This happened when the same person was lord of an honour in Normandy, or some other foreign country, and also of an honour in England. For example, William de Forz, de Force, or de Fortibus, was lord of the honour of Albemarle in Normandy, and also of two honours in England, namely, the honour of Holderness, and that of Skipton 'in Craven; and these honours in England were sometimes called by the Norman name, as the honour of Albemarle, or the honour of the earl of Albemarle.
BARRA, or Barray, island of. See Barray. Barra, in Commerce, a long measure used in Portugal and some parts of Spain, to measure woollen cloths, linen cloths, and serges. There are three sorts of barras; that of Valencia, thirteen of which make 12ŷ yards English measure; that of Castile, seven of which make 6⅜ yards; and that of Aragon, three of which make 2^- yards English.
BARRABA, Desert of, a tract of land in Siberia, lying between the rivers Irtisch and Obi, in the province of Tobolsk. It is uninhabited, but not owing to any defect of the soil, which is excellent for tillage, and part of it might also be laid out in meadows and pastures. Itisin-terspersed with a great number of lakes, abounding with a species of carp called by the neighbouring people kαrαw-schen; and the country produces great numbers of elks, deer, foxes, ermines, and squirrels. Between the Irtisch and Obi are some rich copper mines, particularly on a mountain called Pictowa, from the picta or white firs that grow upon it. Every hundredweight of the ore found here yields twelve pounds of pure copper; and there is no occasion for digging deep in order to come at it. Most of these ores, besides being very rich in copper, yield a considerable portion of silver; and this, again, affords as much gold as makes a sufficient return for the trouble and expense of extracting it.
BARRACAN, in Commerce, a sort of stuff, not diapered, something like camlet, but of a coarser grain. It ιs used to make cloaks, surtouts, and such other garments. The cities where barracans are chiefly made in France are Valenciennes, Lisle, Abbeville, Amiens, and Rouen; but those of Valenciennes are the most valued.
BARRACKPORE, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Bengal, about sixteen miles above Calcutta.
[7:4:405]
BARRAMAHAL, a district in the south of Hindostan, situated between the twelfth and fourteenth degrees of north latitude. This district was annexed by Hyder to the dominions of Mysore; and in 1792 it was ceded to the British government by the treaty of Seringapatam. At the time it was ceded it was in a miserable state; but it soon recovered under the superintendence of a just and moderate government; and in the course of five years its revenues were more than doubled. This district was not subdued by the Mahommedans until about the middle of the eighteenth century; and hence the population consists chiefly of Hindoos, who outnumber the Mahommedans in the proportion of nineteen to one.
BARRATOR, or Barretor, in the law of England, a person guilty of barretry. See Barretry.

Lambert conceives the word barretor to have been formed from the Latin balatro, a vile knave; but the proper derivation is from the French barrateur, a deceiver; and this agrees with the description of a common barretor given by Lord Coke, namely, that he is a common mover and maintainer of suits in disturbance of the peace, particularly by taking and detaining the possession of houses and lands or goods by false inventions or pretences. Hence it is said that a common barretor is the most dangerous oppressor in the law, for he oppresses the innocent under colour of law, which was made to protect them from ∣ oppression.
BARRATRY. See Barretry. Barratry, in a shipmaster, consists in defrauding the owners. If goods delivered on ship-board are embezzled all the mariners are bound, by the maritime law, to contribute to the satisfaction of the party that has lost his goods; and the cause is to be tried in the admiralty. In a case where a ship had been insured against the barratry of the master, and the jury found that the ship was lost by the fraud and negligence of the master, the court ruled that the fraud was barratry, though not named in the covenant, but that negligence did not amount to that offence.
BARRAUX, a fortress of Dauphine, belonging to France, now in the department of Isère. It stands in the valley of Grésivaudan, and was built by a duke of Savoy in 1597. It is seated on the river Isère, in long. 5.10. E. and. lat. 45. 0. N.
BARRAY, one of the Hebrides, about eight miles in length, of unequal breadth, and of an irregular figure. It produces oats, barley, and potatoes; and it contains about 20,000 superficial acres of wood. The fishery is prosecuted here with great activity, and about 30,000 ling and cod are annually caught and exported. A kind of shark is also taken, from which the fishermen obtain oil for sale or consumption. The rearing of cattle and the burning of kelp afford the chief employment to the inhabitants, who are mostly Roman Catholics. The population amounts to 1969.
BARRE, Louis François Joseph de la, a French historian and antiquary of some name, was born at Tournay in 1688. Besides various learned papers contributed to the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Letters, of which he was a member, he published in 1729, Mémoires pour servir a l' Histoire de France et de Bourgogne. He also contributed many articles to the edition ofMorori’s Dictionary, published in 1725, and was concerned in various other works. His death took place, whilst he was preparing a Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, in May 1738.
BARREL, in Commerce, a round vessel made of wood, in the form of a little tun.

Barrel, formerly, was also a measure of liquids. The English barrel, wine measure, contained the eighth part of a tun, the fourth part of a pipe, and one half of a hogshead, or 31⅜ gallons; a barrel, beer-measure, contained 36 gallons; and a barrel, ale-measure, 32 gallons.

Barrel also denotes a certain weight of several kinds of merchandise, and differs according to the nature of the commodities. Thus a barrel of Essex butter weighs 106 pounds, and of Suffolk butter 256 pounds; a barrel of herrings ought to contain 32 gallons wine-measure, and about 1000 herrings; a barrel of salmon should contain 42 gallons, and a barrel of eels the same; a barrel of soap should weigh 256 lbs.

Barrel, in Mechanics, a term given by watch-makers to the cylinder about which the spring is coiled; and by gunsmiths to the cylindrical tube of a gun, pistol, or blunderbuss, through which the ball is discharged.

Barrel, in Anatomy. See Anatomy. ’ Thiendering Barrels, in the military art, are filled with bombs, grenades, and other fire-works, to be rolled down a breach.
BARREN Island Cape, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, lying in Bass’s Straits, between Great Island [7:4:407] on the north and Clarke’s Island on the south. It is about twenty miles in length by ten in breadth, and chiefly covered with low vegetation. Long. 148. 10. E. Lat. 40. 23. S. .
BARREN Island, an island in the Bay of Bengal, about eighteen miles in circumference. It contains a volcano 1800 feet above the level of the sea, which is sometimes in a state of activity, and discharges immense columns of smoke and showers of red-hot stones. It is 45 miles east of the Lower Andaman Island. Long. 64.10. E. Lat. 12.15. N.
BARRETRY, in the Law of England, is the offence of frequently exciting and stirring up suits and quarrels between his majesty’s subjects, either at law or otherwise. The punishment for this offence in a common person is by fine and imprisonment; but if the offender, as is frequently the case, belongs to the profession of the law, a barre-torwho is thus able as well as willing to occasion mischief ought for that reason to be disabled from practising for the future. And hence it is enacted by statute 12 Geo. I. c. 29, that if any one who has been convicted of forgery, perjury, subornation of perjury, or common barretry, shall practise as an attorney, solicitor, or agent, in any suit, the court, upon complaint, shall examine it in a summary way, and, if proved, shall direct the offender to be transported for seven years. 'To this head may also be referred another offence of equal malignity and audacity, that of suing a person in the name of a fictitious plaintiff, in other words, in the name of one who is either not in being at all, or is ignorant of the suit carried on in his name. This’offence, if committed in any of the king’s superior courts, is left, as a high contempt, to be punished at their discretion; but in courts of a lower degree, where the crime is equally pernicious, although the authority of the judges is not equally extensive, it is directed by statute 8 Elizabeth, c. 2, to be punished by six months’ imprisonment, and treble damages to the party injured.
BARRICADE, or Barricado, a military term for a fence formed in haste with vessels, baskets of earth, trees, palisades, or the like, to serve as a defence against the shot or assault of the enemy. The most usual materials for barricades consist of pales or stakes, crossed with batoons, shod with iron at the feet, and usually set up in passages or breaches.

Barricade, in Naval Architecture, a strong wooden rail, supported by stanchions, extending across the foremost part of the quarter-deck. In a ship-of-war the vacant spaces between the stanchions are commonly filled with rope-mats, cork, or pieces of old cable; and the upper part, which contains a double rope-netting above the rail, is stuffed with hammocks to intercept the flight, and to prevent the execution, of small-shot in time of action. ,
BARRIER, in Fortification, a kind of fence erected at a passage, retrenchment, or breach, to stop up the entry there. It is composed of great stakes, about four or five feet in height, placed at the distance of eight or ten feet apart, with transoms or overthwart rafters to stop either horse or foot that would enter or rush in with violence, while in the middle there is a movable bar of wood that opens or shuts at pleasure.