pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CREFELD, a circle in the Prussian province of Juliers-Cleeve-Berg, extending over 109 square miles, and comprising five cities, one market-town, twenty-two villages, and 36,094 inhabitants, who are among the most industrious of any of the subjects of Prussia.

Crefeld, a city, the capital of the circle of the same name. It is a walled town, well built, though in a marshy situation, and contains churches of the different religious confessions. The inhabitants in 1817 were 14,791; but since that time they are calculated to have increased to upwards of 20,000. Various manufactures are carried on in cotton, linen, woollen, and silk; but the latter has more especially been extended of late years, and the produce of their looms rivals that of Lyons, of Spittalfields, and of Coventry, in the London shops. The city and its inhabitants, in their cleanliness, industry, and economy, bear a stronger resemblance to the Hollanders than to the Germans. Like the former, they cultivate all culinary vegetables extensively, and around the city there are more than 2000 market gardeners.
CRELLIUS, John, a famous Socinian, born in 1590, in a village near Nuremberg. In 1612 he went into Poland, where the Unitarians had a school, in which he became professor of divinity and minister at Cracow, where he died in 1632, aged forty-two. Crellius wrote, 1. Ethica Aristotełica, ad Sacrarum Literarum normam emendata, 1650, 4to; 2. De Deo et attributis ejus, Cracow, 1630; 3. De unο Deo patre libri duo, in quibus multa etiam de Filii et Spiritus Sancti natura, 1631, 8vo; 4. Declaratio sententia de causis mortis, Christi, 1637, 8vo; 5. Vindicia pro Pe- ligiοnis libertate, 1637, 8vo; 6. De Spiritu Sancto qui fidelibus datur, 1650, 8vo; 7. Catechesis ecclesiarum Polonica-ruin reformata et redacta primum per Faustum Socinum et alios, nunc a J. Crellio, etc. recognita, Irenopoli, 1665, 1680, 1684, 8vo; and other works, including a German translation of the New Testament, and Commt⅛UitΓes on some of the Epistles. v .
CREMA, a city of the delegation of Lodi, and government of Milan, in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy. It is situated on the river Serio, and is the seat of a bishop, and, besides the cathedral, contains thirty-two churches, several palaces, 800 houses, and 8420 inhabitants. In a district between the marsh of More and the river Adda much flax is raised, and much linen cloth made in the city. It has also manufactures of silk and of hats. Long. 9. 36. 37. E. Lat. 45. 21. 9. N.
CREMATION is sometimes used for burning, particularly when applied to the ancient custom of burning the dead. This custom is well known to have prevailed among most eastern nations, and it continued with their descendants after they had peopled the different parts of Europe. Hence we find it prevailing in Greece, Italy, Gaul, Britain, Germany, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, until Christianity abolished it.
CREMONA, a delegation of the government of Milan, in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, bounded on the north by Brescia, on the east by Mantua, on the south by Parma, and on the west by Lodi. It extends over 500 square miles, or 320,000 English acres, and was inhabited in 1817 by 170,960 individuals. The delegation is subdivided into nine districts, containing two cities, seven market-towns, anxl one hundred and eighty villages, in all of which are 19,300 houses. It is a level district, producing heavy crops of wheat, rice, and maize, yielding abundance of silk and flax, and possessing appropriate stocks of black cattle, but very few sheep. The greatest scarcity experienced is that of wood for fuel and for building. There are not any manufactures worthy of notice, except that of spinning silk.

Cremona, the capital of the delegation of that name, in Italy, is a city on the Po, containing 26,000 inhabitants, and is the seat of a bishop. It has upŵards of forty churches, including the cathedral. It is well built, without fortifications. Its chief trade is in silk and linen cloth, and musical instruments., Long. 9. 54. 52. E. Lat. 45. 7. 43. N.
CRENELLE, or 1mbattled, in Heraldry, is used when any honourable ordinary is drawn, like the battlements on a wall to defend men from the enemy’s shot. This attribute belongs to the arms of such as have defended castles for their prince and country, or of such as are skilled in architecture.
CRENOPHYLAX, in Antiquity, a magistrate of Athens, who had the inspection of fountains.
CREODIBA, in the customs of the middle ages, a robbery and murder committed in a wood, where the body of the person killed was burnt in order to prevent the discovery of the crime. The word, says Wendelinus, is compounded of cruy and diven, that is, wood-robbers.
CREOLES, a name originally given to the families descended from the Spaniards who first settled at Mexico in America. These are much more numerous than .the Spaniards properly so called, and the Mulattoes, from which species of inhabitants they are distinguished; and formerly they were excluded from all considerable employments. The name is now used in a more extensive sense, and applied to all natives of the West Indies.
CREON, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who had repudiated Medea; but to revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her as a present a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it on, and was seized with sudden pains; her body took fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house also was consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate.

CiiEON, son of Menoctius, was father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Oedipus. At the death of Laius, who had married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. But as the ravages of the Sphynx were intolerable, Creon offered his crown and his~daughter in marriage to him who could explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Oedipus was happy in his explanations, and having ascended the throne of Thebes, he married Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her had two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, who mutually agreed, after their father’s death, to reign alternately a year each. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when he was once in power he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by a single combat between the two brothers, who killed each other, and Creon ascended the throne until Leodamus, tlie son of Eteocles, should be of sufficient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, he ordained that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied; and if this was in any manner disobeyed, that the offenders should be buried alive. Antigone, the sister of Polynices, transgressed, and was punished accordingly. Haemon, the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave when his father refused to grant her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him because he refused burial to the Argives.
CREPANCE, in the manege, a chop or cratch in a horse’s leg, given by the spunges of the shoes of one of the hinder feet crossing and striking against the other hinder foot. This cratch degenerates into an ulcer.
CREPIDAE, among the Romans, a kind of slippers or shoes, which were always worn with the pallium, as the calcei were with the toga.
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CREPUNDIA, in Antiquity, a term used to express such things as were exposed along with children, as rings, jewels, &c. serving as tokens by which they might afterwards be known.
CREPUSCULUM, in Astronomy, twilight; the time from the first dawn or appearance of the morning to the rising of the sun; and again, between the setting of the sun and the last remains of day.
CRESCENT, the new moon, which, as it begins to recede from the sun, shows a little rim of light, terminating in points or horns, which increase till it becomes full and round in the opposition. The word is formed from cresco, I grow. The term is also used for the same figure of the moon in its wane or decrease, but improperly; because the points or horns are then turned towards the west, whereas in the just crescent their direction is towards the east.

Crescent, in Heraldry, is a bearing in the form of a half moon. The Ottomans bear sinople, a crescent montant, argent.

The crescent is frequently used as a difference in coat armour, to distinguish it as that of a second brother or junior family.

The figure of the crescent is the Turkish symbol; or rather it is that of the city of Byzantium, which bore this device from all antiquity, as appears from medals struck in honour of Augustus, Trajan, and others.

The crescent is sometimes montant, that is, its points look towards the top of the chief, which is its most ordinary representation; and hence some contend, that the crescent, absolutely so called, implies that situation; though other authors blazon it montant, when the horns are towards the dexter side of the escutcheon, in which position others call it incroissant.

Crescents are said to be adossed, when their backs or thickest parts are turned towards each other, and their points look towards the sides of the shield. Crescent inverted, is that whose points look towards the bottom; but turned crescents are placed like those adossed, the difference being, that all their points look to the dexter side of the shield; conturned crescents, on the contrary, look to the sinister side; and affronted or appointed crescents are contrary to the adossed, the points looking towards cach other.

Crescent is also the name of a military order, instituted in 1448 by Renatus of Anjou, king of Sicily, &c.; and so called from the badge or symbol thereof, which is a crescent of gold enamelled. What gave occasion to this establishment was, that Renatus took for his device a crescent, with the word loz, praise, which, in the style of rebus, makes loz in crescent, that is, by advancing in virtue, one merits praise. Crescent Island is situated in the Pacific Ocean. It is six or seven miles in circumference, and is situated in long. 225. 30. E. and lat. 23. 22. S.
CRESCENTTNO, a town of Italy, in the province of Bercelli and kingdom of Sardinia. It is situated on the river Po, and contains 3960 inhabitants.
CRESCIMBENI, John Maria, an Italian poet, was born at Macerata, in the march of Ancona, in 1663. His talents for poetry and eloquence early developed themselves' His verses at first had too much pomp and point; but by residing in Rome, and by reading the best Italian poets, he brought himself back to nature. And he not only reformed himself, but undertook to reform taste in general. With this view he projected the establishment of a new academy, under the name of Arcadia ; the members of which at first did not exceed fourteen, but afterwards increased considerably. They called themselves the shepherds of Arcadia, and each took the name of some shepherd and some place in that ancient kingdom. The found er of this society was appointed chief director in 1690, and held this honourable post thirty-eight years, that is, until his death, which happened in the year 1728. In Niceron a ι list is given of his works, the principal of which are, l ls∙ toria della volgar Poesia, Rome, 1698, 4to; 2. 1 Commentary intorno alia detta lstoria, ò vols. 4to; 3. Le Vite dé piu celebri poeti Provenzali tradotte dal Francese, e accres- ciuti di moltissimi pocti, Rome, 1722, 4to; 4. Trattatο della bellezza della volgar poesia, Rome, 1700, 4to; 5. Istoria d’Arcadia, Rome, 1709, 4to; 6. Istoria della Basilica di S. Maria vn Cosmedin col ristretto di molle altre chiese di Poma, Rome, 1715, 1719, 4to; 7. Istoria della chiesa di S. Giovanni a porta Latina, Rome, 1716, 4to; 8. Istoria della Basilica di S. Anastasia, Rome, 1722, 4to;

9. Stato della sacrosanta chiesa papale Lateranese, Rome,

1724, 4to; 10. Omelie et Orazioni di pαpα Clemente XL, volgarizzate, Florence, 1704, 4to, Venice, 1714, 8vo; 11. Vita de Monsignore Gio. Maria Lancisi, medico di papa Clemente XI., Rome, 1721, 4to; 12. Vita di Monsignore Gabriello Fdipucci, Rome, 1724, 4to; 13. Atti della corο-nazione del Cavalier Perfetti, fatta in Campidoglio, Rome,

1725, 4to; 14. L’ Elvio, favolapastorale, Rome, 1695, 8vo; 15. Rime del Crescimbeni, Rome, 1695, 12mo; 16. Gli Apologhi di Berardino Baldi tradotti in versi, Rome, 1702, 12mo; 17. Compendio della vita della beatissima Ver-gine, Rome, 1724,16mo; besides a number of works edited by him.
CRESSY, a market-town in the department of the Somme, in France, on the river Maye. It contains at present 1318 inhabitants; but its ançient celebrity was derived from the victory gained on the field to the southwest of the town in the year 1346, by the English army under Edward the Black Prince.
CREST, in armoury, denotes the uppermost part of an armoury, or that part rising over the cask or helmet. Next to the mantle, says Guillim, the crest or cognizance claims the highest place, being seated on the most eminent part of the helmet, yet so as to admit an interposition of some escrol, wreath, chapeau, crown, or the like.

The ancient warriors wore crests to strike terror into their enemies, at the sight of the spoils of animals they had killed; or to give them the more formidable mien, by making them appear taller and fiercer.

In the ancient tournaments, the cavaliers had plumes of feathers, especially those of ostriches and herons, for their crests: these tufts they called plumarts, and they were placed in tubes, on the tops of high caps or bonnets. Some had their crests of leather; others of parchment, pasteboard, &c. painted or varnished, to keep out moisture; others of steel, wood, &c. on which were sometimes represented a member or ordinary of the coat, as an eagle, fleur-de-lis, &c. but never any of those called honourable ordinaries, as pale, fesse, &c. The crests were changeable at pleasure; being reputed merely an arbitrary device or ornament.

Herodotus attributes the origin of crests to the Carians, who first bore feathers on their casks, and painted figures on their bucklers, whence the Persians called them cocks.

The crest is esteemed a greater mark of nobility than the armoury, as being borne at tournaments, to which none were admitted until they had given proof of their nobility. Sometimes it serves to distinguish the several branches of a family. It has also been employed, on occasion, as the distinguishing badge of factions. Sometimes the crest is taken from the device; but more usually it is formed of some piece of the arms. Thus, the emperor’s crest is an eagle; that of Castile, a castle, &c. Families which exchange arms, as the houses of Brunswick and Cologne have done, do not change their crests; the first still retain the horse, and the latter the mermaid.
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Crest, in Heraldry·, the figure placed above the helmet in an achievement.
CRETIO, in Antiquity, a certain number of days allowed to the heir to consider whether he would act as heir to the deceased or not; after which time, if he did not take up the inheritance, he was excluded from the state.
CREUX, a term in sculpture, used by the French, though not yet naturalized amongst us; but the want of a word of equal import in English pleads strongly for its admission into our language.

, Creux originally signifies a hollow, cavity, or pit, out of which something has been sçooped; and hence it is used to denote that kind of sculpture and engraving where the lines and figures are cut and formed within the face or [7:7:467]plane of the plate or matter engraven on; in which sense it stands opposed to relievo, where the lines and figures ’are embossed, and appear prominent above the surface of the matter.
CREVIER, John Baptiste Louis, was trained under the celebrated Rollin, and afterwards became professor of rhetoric in the college of Beauvais, an office which he held for more than twenty years, discharging its duties with equal zeal and success. Upon the death of his master in 1741, he undertook to complete his Roman History, and published the last eight volumes of the work. He also published other works, and proved greatly serviceable to the cause of virtue and religion, as well as to that of letters. His death happened in 1765, at a very advanced age. Besides the continuation just mentioned, he published, 1. An edition of Livius, cum notis, in six vols. 4to, 1748, and afterwards another edition, better adapted to the use of his pupils, in six vols. small 8vo; 2. L’ Histoire des Empereurs des Romains, jusqu a Constantin, 1749, 12 vols. 12mo; 3. Histoire de l ’ Université de Paris, 7 vols. 12mo; 4. Rhétorique Françoise, a just and useful work; 5. Observations sur l’Esprit des Loix ; 6. Remarques sur le Traite des études de Rollin, Paris, 1780, 12mo.
CREUSA, in fabulous history, the daughter of Creon, king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from Medea, who took that method of revenging the infidelity of Jason.
CREUSE, a department of France, formed out of the ancient country of La Marche, and of a small part of Lower Auvergne. It is bounded on the north by the departments of the Indre and Cher, on the east by those of the Allier and Puy-de-Dome, on the south by Corrèze, and on the west by Upper Vienne. Its extent is 2332 square miles, or 590,250 hectares, according to the Almanac Royale. The surface is generally level, with but few elevations, which are mostly in the south and west, and gradually disappear in advancing to the east and the north. The soil is generally of little fertility; and being elevated, there are to be found in this department the sources of many small rivers and rivulets, whose waters fructify the surrounding districts, but none of whose streams enter the department of the Creuse. The winter begins early and continues long. The vegetable products are corn, chiefly buck-wheat and rye, but little wheat, potatoes, hemp, fruit, especially chestnuts, and acorns. There is no surplus of food. Some cattle are bred, but chiefly fattened in other districts. The inhabitants are a hardy race, scarcely speaking any other language but a Languedoc patois, and wandering through the other parts of the kingdom in search of employment. The agriculture is in a backward state, both as regards the practices and the implements. Manufacturing is also at a low ebb, only yielding a few coarse necessaries of clothing and furniture. The population amounts to 238,774 persons, of whom it is said more than 40,000 spend their summers in working in the other departments, and bring back towards ∣ the end of the summer upwards of 120,000 francs. The capital is Gueret.
CREWKERNE, a town in the hundred of the same ιame, in the county of Somerset, 131 miles from London. The town is situated in a fertile valley, watered by the rivers Axe and Parret∙ It has a good market, which is held on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 3012, in 1821 to 3434, and in 1831 to 3789.
CRIB, the rack or manger of a stable, or the stall or cabin of an ox. It is also used for any small habitation, as a cottage, or the like.
CRICELASIA, the driving a ring or hoop. Driving a hoop was one of the ancient gymnastics.) The hoop was as high as the breast of the person who used it; and it was commended for rendering the limbs pliable, and for strengthening the nerves.
CRICKL ADE, an ancient borough-town of the hundred of Highworth, in Wiltshire, eighty∙four miles from London. It is united by means of a canal to the rivers Tliames and Severn. The market is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1811 to 1393, in 1821 to 1485, and in 1831 to 1642.
CRIM Tartars, a people of Asia, so called because they originally came from Crimea. They rove from place to place in search of pastures. There are a great number of them about Astracan, to which place they flock in the winter time; but they are not permitted to enter the city. For this reason they erect in the open fields huts, which are made either of bulrushes or reeds, being about twelve feet in diameter, of a round form, and with a hole at the top to let out the smoke. Their fuel consists of turf or cow-dung; and when the weather is very cold, they cover their huts with coarse cloths, and sometimes pass several days without stirring out. They are generally of small stature, with large faces, little eyes, and an olive complexion. The [men are commonly so wrinkled in their faces that they look like old women. Their ordinary food is fish dried in the sun, which serves them instead of bread, and they eat the flesh of horses as well as that of camels. Their drink is water and milk, especially mare’s milk, which they carry about in filthy leathern bags. Their garments are of coarse grey cloth, with a loose mantle made of black sheep’s skin, and a cap of the same material. The women are clothed in white linen, with which they likewise dress their heads; and there is also a hole left in which to stick feathers. As for their religion, they are a sort of Mahommedans, but do not seclude their women like the Turks. See Crimea.
CRIMES and Punishments. See Penal Jurisprudence.
CRISPIN andCrispianus, two legendary saints whose festival, as marked in the calendar, is on the 25th of October. According to the legend, they were brethren, 1 born at Rome, whence they travelled to Soissons, in France, about the year 303, to propagate the Christian religion; and because they would not be chargeable to others for their maintenance, they exercised the trade of shoemakers; but the governor of the town discovering them to be Christians, ordered them to be beheaded. From this time the shoemakers made choice of these missionaries as their tutelar saints.
CRITHOMANCY, a kind of divination, performed by considering the doilgh or matter of the cakes offered in sacrifice, and the meal strewed over the victims which were to be slain. Hence, as barley-meal was commonly used in these ceremonies, this kind of divination was called crithomancy, from %g.'d97, barley, and μawua, divination.
CRITIAS, one of the thirty tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and well bred, but of dangerous principles, and cruelly persecuted his enemies, whom he put to death. He was killed about four hundred years before the Augustan age, in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished. He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written eļegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain.
CRITICISM, the art of judging with propriety concerning any object or combination of objects. But, in a more limited sense, the science of criticism is confined to the fine arts. The principles of the fine arts are best unfolded by studying the sensitive part of our nature, and by learning what objects are naturally agreeable and what are naturally disagreeable. But the man who aspires to be a critic in these arts must penetrate still deeper; he must clearly perceive what objects are lofty, what low, what are proper or improper, what are manly, and what are mean or trivial. Hence the foundation for judging of taste, and for reasoning upon it, is laid in the nature of things and in the constitution of the human mind; and thus the fine arts, like morals, become a rational science, and, like morals, may be cultivated to a high degree of refinement.
CRITO, an Athenian philosopher, who flourished four hundred years before Christ. He was one of the most zealous disciples of Socrates, and supplied him with whatever he wanted. He had several scholars, who proved great men; and he composed some dialogues, which have unfortunately been lost.