pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DEUTEROCANONICAL, in the school theology, an appellation given to certain books of Scripture, which were added to the canon after the rest, either by reason of their not being written till after the compilation of the canon, or of some dispute as to their canonicity. The word is Greek, being compounded of δεur⅛∙ς, second, and ×ανονoοος, canonical.

The Jews, it is certain, acknowledged several books in their canon, which were inserted there at a later period than the rest. They say, that under Esdras a great assembly of their doctors, which they call by way of eminence the Great Synagogue, made the collection of the sacred books which we now have in the Hebrew Old Testament; and they agree that this assembly put books therein which had not been so before the Babylonish captivity, such as those of Daniel, Ezekiel, Haggai, and those of Esdras and Nehemiah.

The Roman Catholic church has since added others to the canon, which were not, and could not be, in the canon of the Jews, by reason’that some of them were not composed till afterwards. Such is the book of Ecclesiasticus, with several of the apocryphal books, as the Maccabees, Wisdom of Solomon, &c. Others were added at a still later period, by reason that their canonicity had not yet been examined; and till such examination and judgment took place they might be set aside at pleasure. But since that church has pronounced as to the canonicity of these books, there is no more room now for her members to doubt of them, than there was for the Jews to doubt of those of the canon of Esdras; and the deuterocanonical books are with them as canonical as the protocanonical; the only difference between them consisting in this, that the canonicity of the one was not generally known, examined, and settled, as soon as that of the others.

The dcuterocanonical books in the modern canon are the book of Esther, either the whole, or at least the last seven chapters; the Epistle to the Hebrews; that of James; that of Jude; the second epistle of St Peter; the second and third epistles of St John; and the book of the Revelation. The deuterocanonical parts of books are, in Daniel, the hymn of the three children; the prayer of Azariah; [7:7:743] the histories of Susannah, and of Bel and the Dragon; the last chapter of St Mark; the bloody sweat, and the appearance of the angel, related in St Luke (chap, xxii.); and the history of the woman taken in adultery, in St John (chap, viii.)
DEUTERONOMY, one of the sacred books of the Old Testament, being the last of those written by Moses (see Pentateuch). The word is Greek, being compounded of 0iυτtζος, second, and vομος, law.

Deuteronomy was written in the fortieth year after the delivery from Egypt, in the country of the Moabites, beyond Jordan; Moses being then in the hundred and twentieth year of his age. It contains, in Hebrew, eleven paraches, though only ten in the edition of the rabbin at Venice; twenty chapters, and nine hundred and fifty-five verses. In the Greek, Latin, and other versions, it contains thirty-four chapters; but the last is not by Moses; and some say that it was added by Joshua immediately after Moses’s death, which is the most probable opinion; whilst others contend that it was added by Esdras.
DEUTEROPOTMI, in Grecian antiquity, a designation given to such of the Athenians as had been thought dead, and, after the celebration of the funeral rites, unexpectedly recovered. It was unlawful for the deuteropotmi to enter into the temple of the Eumenides, or to be admitted to the holy rites, till after they were purified, by being let through the lap of a woman’s gown, that they might seem to be born again.
DEUTEROSIS, the Greek name which the Jews applied to their Mischnah or second law.
DEUTSCHKRONE, a circle in the Prussian government of Dantzic. It extends over 785 square miles, or 602,400 English acres, comprising five towns and 27,046 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is situated between the two lakes Arnis and Radunsee. It has a Catholic and Lutheran church, with 2015 inhabitants.
DEVAPRAYAGA, a town of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Serinagur, situated at the junction of the Bhagarathi and Alcanando rivers, the union of which forms that part of the Ganges held most sacred by the Hindus, the bathing in which is supposed to purify them from all their sins. This is one of the five principal prayags, or holy points where two rivers meet, mentioned in the Shastras, and is considered as peculiarly sacred. The town stands on a scarp of the mountain, about a hundred feet above the water. It contains only two hundred and fifty houses, which are built of stone, two stories high, and covered with shingles. In the upper part of the town stands the celebrated temple of Ramachandra, constructed of large blocks of cut stone, piled up without mortar to the height of sixty feet. The presiding deity is an image about six feet high, cut in black stone, the lower part of which is painted red. The town is chiefly inhabited by Brahmins of different sects, who draw rich contributions from the superstition of the pilgrims; besides which they have an estate consisting of twenty-five villages. The town and temple suffered much by an earthquake in the year 1803. The latter was repaired at the expense of Dowlut Rao Scindia. Long. 78. 31. E. Lat. 30. 3. N.
DEVA, or Dierarich, a market-town of the Austrian province of Siebenbergen. It is built on the river Maros, and is defended by an ancient castle, which overlooks it. It contains a Catholic, a Greek, and a Protestant church, with about 2500 inhabitants, chiefly of Wallachian origin, who are employed in cultivating the vine. Long. 22. 51. 25. E. Lat. 45. 52. 8. N.
DEVENTER, a circle in the province of Overyssel, in the Netherlands, containing four cantons, viz. Deventer, Hardenburg, Ommen, and Raelte, with 41,570 inhabitants. The capital is the city of that name, at the junction of the Schipbeek with the Yssel. Its fortifications are now in a neglected state. It is a well-built city, with seven churches, 1200 houses, and 9621 inhabitants, who are industriously employed in making iron goods, earthenware, linen cloth, and in breweries. It was the birthplace of the classical Gronovius and of Thomas a Kempis.
DEVICOTTA, a fort and sea-port town in the south of India, and district of Tanjore, situated at the mouth of the Coleroon River. It was taken in 1749 from the rajah of Tanjore, and became one of the Company’s principal factories on the Coromandel coast. The approach to the port is very dangerous, owing to an extensive shoal which lies off it. Long. 79. 55. E. Lat. 11. 20. N.
DEVIL (Diabolus), an evil angel, one of those celestial spirits cast down from heaven for pretending to be equal with God. The Ethiopians paint the devil white, and are thus quits with the Europeans, who paint him black. There is no mention of the Devil in the Old Testament, but only of Satan and Belial ; nor do we meet with the word in any heathen authors, in the sense in which it is used among Christians, that is, as a creature who had revolted against God. Their theology went no farther than evil genii or daemons.

Some of the American idolaters have a notion of two collateral independent beings, one of whom is good and the other evil; the last, as they imagine, having the direction and superintendence of this earth, for which reason they chiefly worship him. The Chaldeans, in like manner, believed both in a good principle and an evil one, which last they imagined was the enemy of mankind. Isaiah, speaking, according to some commentators, of the fall of the devil, calls him Lucifer, from his former elevation and state of glory; but others explain this passage of Isaiah in reference to the king of Babylon, who had been precipitated from his throne and his glory. The Arabians call Lucifer Eblis, which some think is only a diminutive or corruption of the word Diabolus.
DEVINCTION (Devinctio), in Antiquity, was used to signify a love charm or incantation used to gain the affection of a person beloved. It was formed by tying knots, and is thus described by Virgil in his eighth Eclogue:

Necte tribus nodis ternos, Amarylli, colores:

Necte, Amarylli, modo; et, Veneris, dic, vincula necto.
DEVISE, or Device, in Heraldry, Painting, and Sculpture, any emblem used to represent a certain family, person, action, or quality, with a suitable motto applied in a figurative sense.

The Italians have reduced the making of devises into an art, some of the principal laws of which are, that there shall be nothing extravagant or monstrous in the figures; that figures shall never be joined which have no relation or affinity with one another, excepting some whimsical unions established in ancient fables, which custom has authorized; that the human body shall never be used; that the fewer figures so much the better; and that the motto shall be every way suitable.

Devise, in Law, the act by which a person bequeathes his lands or tenements to another by his last will or testament.
DEVIZES, a market-town of the hundred of Pottern and Canning, in Wiltshire, ninety miles from London, containing two parishes. It is situated at the foot of the chalk hills, in a healthy and fertile district, and is an ancient town. It was formerly fortified, and, from its situation, must have been very strong. The market-place is open and well built, but the streets are mostly narrow, and in an ancient fashion. Some woollen trade is carried on, but to a less extent than formerly. Two members are returned to parliament, who are chosen by the freemen. There are two weekly markets, on Mondays and Thursdays. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3547, in 1811 to 3750, in 1821 to 4208, and in 1831 to 4562.
DEVOLUTION, in Law, a right acquired by transmission from one to another.
DEVONSHERING, a term used by the farmers to express the burning of land by way of manure. The method employed is to cut off the turf about four inches thick, to [7:7:745]burn it in heaps, and then to spread the ashes upon the - land. The name is probably derived from its having been j first practised in Devonshire.
DEWAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Malwah, fifty-five miles south-east from Kotah. Long. 76. 20. E. Lat. 24. 36. N.
DEWAN, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, fifteen miles east-south-east from Cambay. Long. 73. E. Lat. 22. 18. N.
DEWANNY, the revenue department of a province.
DEWARCOTE, a town of Northern Hindustan, and capital of a district of the same name, which is situated about the 31st degree of north latitude, between the Jumna and the Ganges. Long. 78. 2. E. Lat. 30. 59. N.
DEWARCUNDAH, a large district of Hindustan, in the province of Hyderabad, situated principally between the 18th and !9th degrees of north latitude. It extends along the south side of the Godavery, and is in a very desolate state. It contains the ruins of numerous forts and villages, which show that it was formerly flourishing and highly cultivated.
DEWARGUNGE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, and district of Mymunsingh, situated on the west side of the Brahmapootra, 110 miles north-bywest from Dacca. Long. 89. 40. E. Lat. 25. 7. N.
DEWSBURY, a town in the wapentake of Morley, in the county of York, 187 miles from London. It is situated on the river Calder, and was formerly more extensive than it is at present. Large quantities of coarse woollen goods are manufactured here. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 4566, in 1811 to 13,740, in 1821 to 16,261, and in 1831 to 19,854.
DEXTANS, in Roman antiquity, ten ounces, or of the libra. See Libra.
DEXTER, in Heraldry, an appellation given to whatever belongs to the right side of a shield or coat of arms: thus we say, bend-dexter, dexter-point, and the like.
DEXTROCHERE, or Destrociiere, in Heraldry, is applied to the right arm painted fin a shield, sometimes naked, sometimes clothed, or adorned with a bracelet; and sometimes armed, or holding a moveable member used in the arms.
DEY, the title of the sovereign of Algiers, under the protection of the grand signior. The sovereignty and the title have now ceased to exist, Algiers having become a colony of France.
DEYNSE, a city on the left bank of the Lys, in the province of East Flanders, in the Netherlands. It contains 582 houses, with 2980 inhabitants, who conduct very numerous breweries and distilleries.
DEYRAH, a town of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Serinagur. It is populous and well built, and formerly paid tribute to the Sikks, but is now subject to the government of Nepaul. Long. 77. 45. E. Lat. 30. 19. N.
DEZPHOUL, a town of Persia, in the province of Kusistan, situated on the eastern bank of the Abzal, in a beautiful and spacious plain. Its only ornament is an elegant bridge, erected by the command of Sapor, a prince celebrated both as the destroyer and the founder of cities. This bridge is 450 paces in length, twenty in breadth, and about forty in height. The piers are of large stones, and the arches and upper parts of brick. The population is nearly 15,000. It is twenty-eight miles west from Shuster.
DHENJEE, a town of Hindustan, situated at the extremity of the Gujerat peninsula, and so difficult of access, owing to an almost impenetrable jungle, and rough rocky ground, that the ruler has nearly withdrawn from his allegiance. This place furnishes men to the piratical vessels which prey upon the trade of the Indian seas, and it receives a share of the plunder. A treaty was concluded in 1807 with the chief, by which he agreed to relinquish piracy
DHOOLPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra. It is situated on the northern bank of the river Chumbul, and is a considerable and flourishing town, though it has been often exposed to the calamities of war. In 1501 it was the capital of a Hindu chief, but was taken by the Afghan sultan Sekunder Lody; it is now included in the British possessions. It is forty-two miles southsouth-west from Agra. Long. 77. 55. E. Lat. 26. 43. N.
DHROLE, a large and populous walled town, in the Gujerat peninsula, situated near the Gulf of Cutch. The adjacent ground is covered with gardens, and the town completely concealed by trees, with a clear stream of water running under it.
DHYRSA, a small village of Hindustan, in the Gujerat peninsula, situated near the Runn, in the district of Moor-nee, at the junction of two rivers, which fall into the Gulf of Cutch. Long. 70. 55. E. Lat. 23. 20. N.
DIABETES, in Physic, a preternatural discharge of urine, which having changed its properties, exceeds the quantity of liquids drank.
DIABOLUS. See Devil. Diabolus Metallorum, a title given by chemists to jupiter or tin, because, when incorporated with other metals, it renders them incapable of reduction, or at least very difficult to undergo that operation.
DIACAUSTIC Curve, a species of the caustic curves formed by refraction.
DIACHYLON, in Pharmacy, an emollient digestive plaster, composed of mucilages or viscid juices drawn from certain plants.
DIACODIUM, in Pharmacy, a syrup prepared from poppy heads. It is also called the syrupus de meconio.
DIACOUSTICS, called also Diaphonics, the consideration of the properties of refracted sound, as it passes through different media. The word is formed from the Greek bια, through, which intimates a passage, and axouω, I hear ; the consideration of the passage of the sounds which we hear. See Acoustics.
DIACRH, in Antiquity, was the name of a party or faction at Athens. That city was divided into two parties; the one of which favoured an oligarchy, and the other consisted of such as were for a democratical or popular [7:7:755]government, in which the whole people should have a share. The first were called diacrii, and the latter pe-diaci ; because the one inhabited the lower, and the other the az¢ov or upper part of the city. The laws of Solon imported, that Peisistratus should be the chief of the diacrii; though the scholiast on Aristophanes’s comedy of The Wasps affirms that Pandion distributed the quarter of the diacrii among his sons, and put Lycus at their head.
DIADEM, in Antiquity, a head-band or fillet, worn by kings as a badge of their royalty. It was made of silk, thread, or wool, and fastened round the temples and forehead, the ends being tied behind, and let fall on the neck. It was usually white and quite plain, though sometimes embroidered with gold, and set with pearls and precious stones. In latter times it came to be twisted round crowns, laurels, &c. and even appears to have been worn on various parts of the body. See Crown. The word comes from the Latin diadema, identical with the Greek ö/αοη/ζα, a little band encompassing the head, and derived from the verb δ∕αδsw, cingo, I gird.

Diadem, in Heraldry, is applied to certain circles or rims serving to inclose the crowns of sovereign princes, and to bear the globe and cross, or the fleur de lis, for their crest. The crowns of sovereigns are bound, some with a greater and some with a less number of diadems. The bandage about the heads of Moors on shields is also called diadem in blazoning.
DIADIN, or Diadem, a town of Turkish Armenia, situated on an eastern branch of the Euphrates, which is here not above twenty feet broad, and very shallow. The houses are built of wood and stones, and, with the exception of one apartment, afford shelter to cattle as well as men. It has a citadel fortified with towers, in which the governor resides. Near it is a large monastery of the Armenians, which is sometimes attacked by predatory bands, who also occasionally assail the town. It contains 600 houses, and is seventy-two miles south-south-west of Erivan, and 140 south-south-east of Erzerum.
DIAERESIS, in Grammar, the division of one syllable into two, which is usually noted by two points over a letter, as aulaí, instead of aul<e, dissoluenda for dissolvenda.
DIAETETAE, in Grecian antiquity, a kind of judges, of which there were two sorts; the cleroti and diallacterii. The former were public arbitrators, chosen by lot to determine all causes exceeding ten drachms within their own tribe; and from their sentence an appeal lay to the superior courts. But the latter, on the contrary, were private arbitrators, from whose sentence there lay no appeal; and accordingly they always took an oath to administer justice without partiality.
DIAGLYPHICE, the art of cutting or engraving figures on metals, such as seals, intaglios, matrices of letters, and the like, or coins for medals.
DIAGNOSIS (from δ∕αyι>α∣ffκω, to discern or distinguish), the diagnostics or the signs of a disease. They are of two kinds, namely, the adjunct and the pathognomonic; the former being common to several diseases, serve only to point out the difference between diseases of the same species; but the latter being those which always attend the disease, distinguish it from all others.
DIAGNOSTIC, in Medicine, a term given to those signs which indicate the present state of a disease, with its nature and cause.
DIAGONAL, in Geometry, a right line drawn across a quadrilateral figure, from one angle to another; by some called the diameter, by others the diametral, of the figure.
DIAGORAS, surnamed the Atheist, lived in the 91st Olympiad. He was not a native of Athens, but he philosophised in that city. He delighted in making verses; and having composed a poem which a certain poet stole from him, he sued the thief; but the latter swore it was his own composition, and got credit by the work. This tempted Diagoras to deny a Providence; and the Athenians summoned him to give an account of his doctrine. He fled, and they set a price upon his head, promising a reward to any one who should kill him; but he took shipping, and was cast away.
DIAGRAM, in Geometry, a scheme for explaining and demonstrating the properties of any figure, whether triangle, square, circle, or other.

Diagram, among ancient musicians, the same with the scale of the modern.
DIAH, Diat, a name given by the Arabs to the punishment of retaliation. By the Mahommedan law, a brother, or the next relation of a murdered person, ought to take part against the murderer, and demand his blood in reparation for that which he has shed. Before the time of Mahommed, the Arabs had a custom of putting a freeman of their prisoners to death in lieu of every slave they lost in battle, and a man for every woman who was killed. But Mahommed regulated the laws of reprisal, directing in the Koran, that by the diat a freeman should be required for a freeman, and a slave for a slave. The Turks, probably in consequence of this law, formerly massacred almost all their prisoners of war, but they now content themselves with enslaving and selling them.
DIAHEXAPLA, or Diahexapte, among farriers, a compound medicine, so called from its containing six ingredients, namely, birthwort and gentian roots, juniperberries, bay-berries, myrrh, and ivory shavings. It is commended for colds, consumptions, pursiness, and many other disorders in horses.
DIAKOVAR, a market-town of the Austrian Sclavonic province of Siebenbergen. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop and seminary. There is, besides the cathedral, a large Franciscan convent. The population is about 3000. Long. 18. 2. 14. E. Lat. 45. 31. 9. N.
DIAL, an instrument serving to measure time, which, if effected by the aid of the sun, is called a sun-dial. The word is from the Latin dies, day, because it indicates the hour of the day. The ancients also called it shiatherium, from its effect by the shadow. See Dialling.
DIALA, a river of Kurdistan, which rises a few miles north of Sherazur, in the mountains behind Salymania. It is mentioned in ancient history under the name of Delos and Arba. Taking a southerly course, it receives the tribute of a vast number of smaller streams, and unites with another river equal in size, which has its source at the foot of the Pass of Kurren. It now becomes a fine river, still continues its course to the south, and enters the Tigris about ten miles below Bagdad. It is 150 yards wide where it approaches the Tigris, and has a bridge of boats thrown across it for the convenience of travellers. It is fordable in the summer at Bakooba, about nine miles from Bagdad.
DIALECT, an appellation given to the language of a province, in so far as it differs from that of the whole kingdom. The term, however, is more particularly used in speaking of the ancient Greek, of which there were four dialects, the Attic,’Ionic, Aeolic, and Doric, each of which was a perfect language in its kind, was used in certain countries, and possessed peculiar beauties.

In Great Britain, besides the grand diversity of English and Scotch, almost every county has a dialect of its own, all diffcring considerably in pronunciation, accent, and tone, although one and the same language.
DIALIA, in Antiquity, sacrifices performed by the flamen dialis. See Flamen.
DIALITHA, in the writings of the ancients, a word used to express the elegant ornaments of the Greeks and Romans, composed of gold and gems. They also called these lithocolla, cemented stones or gems; the gold being in this case as a cement to hold the stones together. They wore bracelets and other ornamental articles thus made about their habits; and their cups and table-furniture, for magnificent feasts, were of this kind. The green stones were found to succeed best; and the emerald and greenish topaz, or, as we call it, chrysolite, were most in esteem for this purpose. Such a use of stones explains what Pliny very often says of them in his description: Nihil jucundius aurum decet, nothing becomes gold better. This he says of the green topaz or chrysolite; and the expression has greatly perplexed the critics, who did not hit upon the true explanation.
DIALOGISM, in Rhetoric, is used for the soliloquies of persons deliberating with themselves.
DIALTHAEA, in Pharmacy, an ungucnt formerly much used as a resolvent, and so called from Althaea, or marshmallows, which is the principal ingredient in it.
DIALYSIS, in Grammar, a mark or character, consisting of two points placed over two vowels of a word, in order to separate them, because otherwise they would make them a diphthong, as Mosaic, &c.