pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
THEOGNIS, a Greek poet of a singular character, flourished in the 59th Olympiad, or about 544 years before the Christian era. According to Plato, who is followed by Suidas, he was a native of Megara in Sicily, but Harpocratio contends for Megara in Greece; and Corsini has satisfactorily shewn that the latter statement is much more probable.^[1. Corsini Fast Attici, tom. iii. p. 109. ] Theognis commonly uses the Ionic dialect, and not the Doric of the Sicilians; and his verses afford several other indications of an Achaian origin. He speaks of himself as a person of superior birth. From his fellow-citizens, whoever they were, he experienced harsh treatment; and having been driven into exile with his wife Argyris, he found a place of refuge at Thebes. As he survived the Median war, b. c. 490, he must have reached a very advanced age;^[2. Clinton’s Fasti Hellenici, vol. ii. p. 9. ] but how or where he terminated his career, we find no information. His remaining work consists of a series of l’ νωμαι , or moral sentences, written in elegiac verse, and containing many pointed and striking sentiments, though some of them are not strictly moral. The name of the author’s friend Cyrnus is very frequently introduced. Of this work there are many separate editions. It is likewise to be found in Brunck’s “Gnomici Poetae Graeci,” and in the first volume of Gaisford’s “Poetae Minores Graeci.” In the edition of Bekker (Lipsiae, 1815, 8vo), one hundred and fifty-one verses are printed for the first time, and the total number is thus raised to 1389. A more recent edition, with a critical commentary and notes, was published by F. Th. Welcker, Francof. 1826, 8vo.
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THEOPOMPUS, a celebrated Greek orator and historian, was born in the island Chios, and flourished in the reign of Alexander the Great. He was one of the most famous of all the disciples of Isocrates, and won the prize from all the panegyrists whom Artemisia invited to praise Mausolus. He wrote several works, which are lost.
THEORBO (Ital. Tiorho), a large kind of lute, long disused.
THEOREM, a proposition which terminates in theory, and which considers the properties of things already made or done; or it is a speculative proposition deduced from comparing together several definitions. A theorem is something to be proved, and a problem something to be done.
THEORY, in general, denotes any doctrine which terminates in speculation, without considering the practical uses or application thereof.
THEOSOPHISTS, a sect of men who pretend to derive all their knowledge from divine illumination. They boast that, by means of this celestial light, they are not only admitted to the intimate knowledge of God, and of all divine truth, but have access to the most sublime secrets of nature. They ascribe it to the singular manifestation of divine benevolence, that they are able to make such a use of the element of fire, in the chemical art, as enables them to discover the essential principles of bodies, and to disclose stupendous mysteries in the physical world. They even pretend to an acquaintance with those celestial beings which form the medium of intercourse between God and man, and to a power of obtaining from them, by the aid of magic, astrology, and other similar arts, various kinds of information and assistance. To this class belonged Paracelsus, Robert Fludd, Jacob Böhm or Boehmen, Van Helmont, Peter Poiret, and the Rosicrucians.
THERAPEUTAE, a term applied to those that are wholly in the service of religion. This general term has been applied to particular sects of men, concerning whom there have been great disputes among the learned.
THERAPEUTICS, that part of medicine which acquaints us with the rules that are to be observed, and the medicines to be employed, in the cure of diseases.
THERMAE, hot baths or bagnios. Luxury and extravagance were in nothing carried to such heights as in the thermae of the Roman emperors. Ammianus Marcellinus complains that they were built to such an extent as to equal whole provinces; from which description Valesius would make an abatement, by reading piscina instead of provincia. And yet after all, the remains of some still standing are sufficient testimonies for the historian’s censure; and the accounts transmitted of their ornaments and furniture, such as being laid with precious stones (Seneca), set round with scats of solid silver (Pliny), with pipes and cisterns of the same metal (Statius), rather confirm than invalidate the censure. The most remarkable bagnios were those of Diocletian and Caracalla at Rome, great part of which remains at this day. The lofty arches, stately pillars, variety of foreign marble, curious vaulting of the roofs, great number of spacious apartments, all attract the curiosity of the traveller. They had also their summer and winter baths.
THERMIA, an island of Greece, in the southern part of the Archipelago. It is about fifty-five square miles in extent, is flat on the coast, but increases in height towards the centre. The soil is generally fertile, and produces good wheat, wine, figs, and cotton wool The raising of silk is an important object of pursuit; and much honey and wax are collected. It contains 6000 inhabitants, all Greeks.

It formerly had natural warm baths, but they are not now in use. The chief town is of the same name, and stands on the north-east side of the island. It is the seat of a Greek bishop, who has sixteen churches under his jurisdiction. Near to it there is a very secure harbour, called Porto S. Grini, where one half of the population reside. Long. 24. 15. E. Lat. 37. 20. N.
THERMOPYLAE, a narrow pass or defile, between the [7:21:243] Sinus Maliacus on the east, and a steep branch of Mount Oeta, covered with unpassable woods, on the west; leading from Thessaly to Locris and Boeotia. These mountains divide Greece in the middle, in the same manner as the Apennine does Italy; forming one continued ridge from Leucate on the west, to the sea on the east, with thickets and rocks interspersed. The valley is of small breadth, and completely occupied by a marsh, through which it is impossible for horse or foot to penetrate. Through the middle of this marsh a paved road was made by the Greeks, which still remains, and affords the only path to Greece from Thessaly. The Thermae or hot springs, from which the place had its name, are near the narrowest part of the pass; and their temperature was found by Dr Clarke to be 111 degrees. At the south entrance of the defile is a small eminence, on which he found a tumulus, with the remains of a massive pedestal of red breccia much time-worn, and evidently the tomb of the 300 Spartans to whose immortal memories this monument was consecrated. The rising ground on which the monument stands is the spot where the Spartans fell. The remains of the wall which shut up the pass are also yet visible.
THERWARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, thirty miles north-west from Rahdunpoor.
THESEA, feasts celebrated by the Athenians in honour of Theseus, consisting of sports and games, with mirth and banquets. Such as were poor and unable to contribute to them were entertained at the public expense.
THESEUS, a famous hero of antiquity, ranked among the demigods, whose history is fabulous. He was the reputed son of Aegeus king of Athens. He threw Sciron, a cruel robber, down a precipice; fastened Procrustes, tyrant of Attica, to a bending pine, which being let loose, tore him asunder; killed the Minotaur kept in the labyrinth by king Minos, in Crete; and by the assistance of that prince’s daughter, Ariadne, who gave him a clue, escaped out of that labyrinth, and sailed with his deliverer to the isle of Naxos, where he had the ingratitude to leave her. Theseus afterwards overcame the centaurs, subdued the Thebans, and defeated the Amazons. He assisted his friend Pirithous in his expedition to the infernal regions to carry off Proserpine; but was imprisoned by Pluto, till he was released by Hercules. He is also said to have established the Isthmian games, in honour of Neptune; to have united the twelve cities of Attica; and to have founded a republic there, 1236 b. c. Some time after, taking a voyage into Epirus, he was seized by Aidonus, king of the Molossians; and in the mean time Menestheus rendered himself master of Athens. But at length Theseus being released from prison, retired to Scyros, where King Lycomedes caused him to be thrown from the top of a rock. Theseus had several wives; the first of whom was Helena, the daughter of Tyndarus; the second, Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons; and the last, Phaedra, sister to Ariadne, who punished him for his infidelity to her sister, by her incestuous passion for his son Hippolytus.
THESIS, a general position which a person advances, and offers to maintain.
THESPIS, a famous Greek tragic poet, and the first representer of tragedy at Athens. He carried his troop from village to village in a waggon.
THESSALY, a country of Greece, the boundaries of which have been different at different periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on the south by the southern parts of Greece, or Graecia Propria; cast, by the Aegean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by Illyricum and Epirus. It was generally divided into four separate provinces, Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istiacotis, and Phthiotis, to which some add Magnesia. It has been likewise called Aemonia, Pelasgicum, Argos, Hellas, Argeia, Dryopis, Pelasgia, Pyrrhaea, &c. The name of Thessaly is derived from Thessalus, one of its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated, such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country passed for a treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin, and a perfidious action a Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was originally governed by kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian monarchs. It is bounded by Macedonia on the north, by the Archipelago on the cast, by Achaia or Livadia on the south, and by Epirus on the west.
THETFORD, a town of the hundred of Shropham, in the county of Norfolk, eighty miles from London. It stands on a branch of the river Ouse, and consists of three parishes. It was formerly much more extensive than it is at present, and in the reign of Edward the Third it contained twenty churches, eight monasteries, and six hospitals. Many of the remaining buildings exhibit marks of great antiquity, though the town is not otherwise remarkable. The county assizes are held here once in each year. Thetford is a borough, with a mayor, four aldermen, and eleven councillors, and it returns two members to parliament. There is some little trade by the Ouse with Lynn. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 2922, and in 1831 to 3462.
THETIS, in Pagan mythology, the wife of Oceanus, and the mother of Nereus and Doris, who were married to each other; and from this marriage sprung the nymphs of the earth and sea. Among the sea-nymphs there was one named Thetis the younger, who excelled all the rest in beauty, and for whom Jupiter conceived such a passion, that he resolved to espouse her; but being informed by the Destinies that she would bring forth a son who would rise above his father, he married her to Peleus. To their nuptials all the gods and goddesses were invited except Discord, who, to be revenged for this contempt, threw a golden apple into the assembly, on which was engraven, For the Fairest. Juno, Pallas, and Venus, disputed for this apple; but Paris being chosen to decide the difference, adjudged it to Venus. From this marriage of Thetis and Peleus sprung Achilles.
THEURGY, ϑεουgγια , a name which the ancients gave to that sacred part of magic which we sometimes call white magic, or the white art. The word is formed from Θ εὸς , God, and ἔgγον , work; q. d. the art of doing divine things; or the power of working extraordinary and supernatural things, by invoking the names of God, saints, angels, &c. Accordingly, those who have written of magic in general, divide it into three parts: the first of which is called theurgy, as operating by divine or celestial means; the second natural magic, performed by the powers of nature; and the third, comprehending necromancy, sorcery, and witchcraft or magic, performed by the assistance of demons or departed men.
THIAGUR, a town of Hindustan in the Carnatic. It is fifty-six miles west by south from Pondicherry. Long. 79. 12. E. Lat. 11. 45. N.
THIERS, an arrondissement of the department of the Puy de Dome, in France. It is 334 square miles in extent, and comprehends six cantons and thirty-nine communes, having 70,657 inhabitants in 1836. The capital is the city of the same name, and is built on the side of a hill, at whose base flows the river Durolle. It contained in the same year three churches, and 9982 inhabitants. It is a seat of the hardware and cutlery trade; and at one time fabricated considerable quantities of inferior jewellery and gilt toys. Long. 3. 27. 47. E. Lat. 45. 51. 27. N.
THIMBRIC-KOUY, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Anatolia, on the site of the ancient Thymbra, where considerable ruins are still found.
THIONVILLE, an arrondissement of the department [7:21:244] of the Moselle, in France, extending over 408 square miles, It is divided into five cantons, and these into 117 communes, having a population of 87,520 persons in 1836. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the right bank of the Meuse. It is one of the strongest of the frontier fortified places of France, and was attacked by the Prussians in 1792, but without success. In 1836 it contained 5680 civil inhabitants, principally employed in the manufacture of hats and hosiery. Long. 6. 5. 25. E. Lat. 49. 21. 30. N.
THIRLWALL, a hamlet within the parish of Haltwhistle, in the west division of the ward of Tindal, in the county of Northumberland. It is remarkable from being situated on the Picts’ wall, at the place where the Scots made gaps to force a passage into England. It has an ancient castle built on the north side of the wall, about twenty yards long and twelve broad, with walls nine feet thick. It is curiously vaulted underneath, and on the top are six small turrets. Though this place had in 1831 only 328 inhabitants, they have rapidly increased, and are still increasing, in consequence of the railway from Carlisle to Newcastle, which passes by it, and from the extensive fields of coal which are in its neighbourhood.
THIRSK, a town of the wapentake of Birdforth, in the north riding of the county of York, 223 miles from London. It is situated on the river Coldbeck, by which it is divided into two parts. The town has some trade in making coarse linens and sackings. It is an ancient borough, and returns one member to parliament. The church is a fine old building. There are also various places of worship for dissenters. There is a market on Monday, and several fairs. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 3502, and in 1831 to 3829.
THIRSTY Sound, an inlet or bay on the east coast of New Holland. Long. of the northernmost point, 150. 0. 10. E. Lat. 22. 6. 53. S.
THISTLE, Order of the, or of St Andrew, a military order of knighthood in Scotland, the rise and institution of which are variously related by different authors. Lesley bishop of Ross reports, that the night before the battle between Athelstan king of Northumberland and Hungus king of the Picts, a bright cross, in form of that upon which St Andrew (the tutelary saint of Scotland) suffered martyrdom, appeared to Hungus; who, having gained the victory, ever after bore the figure of that cross on his banners. Others assert, that Achaius king of Scotland first instituted this order, after having made the famous league offensive and defensive with Charlemagne king of France. But although the thistle had been acknowledged as the symbol of the kingdom of Scotland from the reign of Achaius, yet some refer the beginning of this order to Charles VII. of France. Others place the foundation of it as low as the year 1500. The chief and principal ensign is a gold collar composed of thistles and sprigs of rue interlinked with amulets of gold, having as a pendant the image of St Andrew with his cross, and the motto Nemo με Impune lacesset, “Nobody shall provoke me with impunity.” The ordinary or common ensign worn by the knights is a star of four silver points, and over them a green circle, bordered and lettered with gold, containing the said motto, and in the centre is a thistle; all which is embroidered on their left breast, and worn with the collar, with a green ribband over the left shoulder, and brought under the right arm: the pendent image of St Andrew, with his cross, in a purple robe, is within an oval of gold enamelled vert, with the former motto; but sometimes they wear, encircled in the same manner, a thistle crowned. About the time of the Reformation, this order was dropped, and James 11, of Great Britain resumed it, by creating eight knights. the Revolution again unsettled it; and it lay neglected till Queen Anne, in 1703, restored it to the primitive design, of twelve knights of St Andrew.
THISTLE’S Island, an island on the south coast of New Holland, at the mouth of Spencer’s Gulf. It is about twelve miles long. Long, of the north end, 136. 3½. E. Lat. 34. 56. N.
THOMAR, a corregimiento in the province of Estremadura, in Portugal, on the borders of Beira and Alentejo. It comprises twenty-six cities and towns, seventy-nine villages, and 21,748 dwellings, with 108,740 inhabitants. The capital is a city of the same name, on the small river Na-bao, in a delightful country covered with olive and orange trees. It is well and regularly built. It has an ancient castle, four churches, four monasteries, a poor-house, a hospital, and 1100 houses, with 5400 inhabitants. From the oil produced there, they make abundance of soap; and some of them are occupied in making cotton goods. It stands on the site of the ancient city Nahancia, which was destroyed by the Moors.
THOMASTOWN, an ancient borough in the county of Kilkenny, Ireland, situated on the river Nore, which is here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. Its position on a navigable river renders it well adapted for trade, and in some degree it acts as the port to the city of Kilkenny. The town contains the ruins of an old monastery, to which is attached the parish church. It is distant from Dublin sixty miles, and in the year 1831 its population amounted to 2871.
THOR, the eldest and bravest of the sons of Odin and Frea, was, after his parents, the greatest god of the Saxons and Danes while they continued heathens. They believed that Thor reigned over all the aerial regions, which composed his immense palace, consisting of 540 halls; that he launched the thunder, pointed the lightning, and directed the meteors, winds, and storms. To him they addressed their prayers for favourable winds, refreshing rains, and fruitful seasons; and to him the fifth day of the week, which still bears his name, was consecrated.
THORDA, or Τηοrenburg, a district of the province of Suabenburgen, in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary. It is a long narrow district, extending nearly the length of the whole province. It covers nearly 2000 square miles, but scarcely contains more than 70,000 inhabitants, the northern part comprising a great portion of the sterile Carpathian Mountains; but the southern part produces good corn, wine, and fruits, and rears some large flocks of sheep. The capital is a town of the same name, on the river Ar-anyos, which divides it into the old and new town. It contains two Catholic and two Calvinist churches, a Lutheran, a Greek, and a Unitarian church, and 7100 inhabitants. The Unitarians have a college, and the Franciscan monks a monastery. Near Thorda there are some mines of rock-salt, yielding 25,000 tons of culinary salt annually. Long. 23. 42. 12. E. Lat. 46. 31. 53. N.
THORN, a city, formerly one of the most distinguished, in the kingdom of Poland, but now the capital of a circle of the same name in the government of Dantzig and the province of West Prussia. It stands on the river Vistula, which is there nearly two miles across. There is a bridge of boats from the city to an island in the centre of the stream, and another from that island to the right bank. Thorn is a frontier town towards the Russian territory, is strongly fortified on every side, and a large garrison is always quartered in it. The buildings are of an antique fashion, very large and firm. There is a good market-place, but the streets are crooked and narrow. It contains three Catholic, one Lutheran, and one Reformed church; a monastery, a nunnery, a Catholic gymnasium with a good library, 800 houses, and 10,400 inhabitants, who carry on trade on the river in com, and make woollens, linens, leather, paper, soap, and gloves. It was the birth-place of the celebrated astronomer Copernicus, born in 1515. Long. 23. 44. 57. E. Lat. 53. 1. 30. N.
THORNBURY, a town of the hundred of the same name in the county of Gloucester, 124 miles from London. It is situated on a small stream that falls into the Severn, and consists of one street about half a mile long, with a large church resembling a cathedral, and the remains of a magnificent palace, begun, but never finished, by the duke of Buckingham in 1511. Thornbury is an ancient borough, and has a market on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 2764, and in 1831 to 4375.
THORNE, a town of the hundred of Strafforth and Tickhill, in the west riding of the county of York, 167 miles from London. It is situated in a marshy district, being surrounded by the rivers Don, Ouse, and Aire, and being near the canal of Headley. It has little trade except that of ship-building, which of late has declined. There is a market on Wednesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1821 to 3463, and in 1831 to 3779.
THORNHILL, Sir James, an eminent English painter, was born in Dorsetshire in 1676, of an ancient family, but was constrained to apply to some profession by the distresses of his father, who had been reduced to the necessity of selling his family estate. His inclination directed him to the art of painting; and on his arrival at London he applied to his uncle, the famous Dr Sydenham, who enabled [7:21:252]him to proceed in the study of the art under the direction of a painter who was not very eminent. The genius of ' Thornhill, however, made ample amends for the insufficiency of his instructor; and by a happy application of his talents he made so great a progress, that he gradually rose to the highest reputation. His genius was well adapted to historical and allegorical compositions; he possessed a fertile and fine invention; and he sketched his thoughts with great ease, freedom, and spirit. He equally excelled in portrait, perspective, and architecture; showed an excellent taste for design, and had a free and firm pencil. He was so eminent in many parts of his profession, that he must ever be ranked among the best painters of his time; and his performances in the dome of St Paul’s church at London, in the hospital at Greenwich, and at Hampton Court, are such public proofs of his merit as will convey his name to posterity with honour. This painter lived in general esteem: he enriched himself by the excellence of his works; was appointed state-painter to Queen Anne, from whom he received the honour of knighthood; had the singular satisfaction to repurchase his family estate; and was of sufficient importance to be elected a member of parliament. He died in 1732.
THORNHILL, a large and thriving village in the parish of Morton and county of Dumfries, is delightfully situated in a vale through which runs the river Nith. It consists of a few streets, having in the centre a cross, erected by the last duke of Queensberry. It has of late been much improved by the proprietor, the present duke of Buccleuch, who has had the streets levelled and paved, common sewers formed, and a good supply of water brought in. It contains two dissenting places of worship. It possesses also a branch of one of the Edinburgh banks, and a subscription library established in 1814. In 1831 the population amounted to 1373.