pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
NAUPACTUS, or Naupactum, in Ancient Geography, a city of Aetolia, at the mouth of the Evenus. The word is derived from vαuς and πηγwμι i because it was there that the Heraclidae built the first ship which carried them to Peloponnesus. It originally belonged to the Locri Ozolae, and afterwards fell into thehands of the Athenians, by whom it was given to the Messenians, who had been driven from Peloponnesus by the Lacedaemonians. After the battle of Aegospotamos, it became the property of the Lacedaemonians; but it was restored to the Locri. Philip of Macedonia afterwards took it, and gave it to the Aetolians; and from this circumstance it has generally been called one of the chief cities of their country. Long. 22. 20. E. Lat. 38. 0. N. On the shore there was a temple of Neptune, and near it a cave filled with offerings, and dedicated to Venus, where widows resorted to request new husbands of the goddess. (Pausanias, lib. x. p. 898.)
NAUPLIUS, in fabulous history, a son of Neptune and Amymone, was king of Euboea, and the father of the famous Palamedes, who, by the artifice and resentment of Ulysses, was so unjustly sacrificed by the Greeks at the Trojan war. The death of Palamedes highly enraged Nauplius; and, to revenge the injustice of the Grecian princes, he endeavoured to debauch their wives, and ruin their characters. When the Greeks returned from the Trojan war, Nauplius was pleased to see them distressed in a storm on the coasts of Euboea; and, to render their disaster still more universal, he lighted fires on such places as were surrounded with the most dangerous rocks, that the fleet might be shipwrecked upon the coast. This had the desired effect; but Nauplius was so disappointed when he observed that Ulysses and Diomedes had escaped from the general distress, that he threw himself into the sea. According to some mytholoğists, there were two persons of this name; one a native of Argos, the son of Neptune and Amymone, who accompanied Jason to Colchis; and the other king of Euboea, who lived about the time of the Trojan war, and, according to some, was the son of Cly-tonas, [7:15:742]one of the descendants of Nauplius the Argonaut. The Argonaut was remarkable for his knowledge of naval affairs and of astronomy. He built the town of Nauplia, and sold Auge, daughter of Aleus, to King Teuthras, in order to screen her from her father’s resentment.
NAUSCOPY, the art of discovering the approach of ships or the neighbourhood of land at a considerable distance. This pretended art was discovered by Μ. Bottineau, who was employed in the Isle of France from the year 1782 to 1784. The account given of it is as follows: “This knowledge is not derived either from the undulation of the waves, or from the subtilty of sight, or from any particular sensation; but merely from observation of the horizon, which discovers signs indicating the proximity of ships or of land. On the approximation of a ship toward the land, or towards another ship, there appears in the atmosphere a meteor of a particular nature, visible to every one without any painful attention. It is not by any kind of accident that this meteor appears under these circumstances; on the contrary, it is the necessary result of the approximation of one vessel towards another, or towards the land. The existence of the meteor, and the knowledge of its different modifications, are what constitute the certainty and precision of my information. If I am asked how it is possible that the approach of a ship towards land should give birth to any meteor whatsoever in the atmosphere, and what connection there can be between two objects at such a distance from each other; I reply, that I am not obliged to give an account of the hows and wherefores; that it is sufficient for me to have discovered the fact, without being obliged to account for its principle.” Upon this we shall only observe, that the whole seems to be the work of fancy.
NAUTPOOR, a town of Bengal, in the district of Purneah, on the Cosah river, forty-two miles north-north-west of Purneah. Long. 16. 58. E. Lat. 26. 17. N.
NAVACOTT, a town of Northern Hindustan, subject to the Ghoorkah rajah of Nepaul, 105 miles north-east from Catmandoo. Long. 83. 37. E. Lat. 28. 57. N.
NAVAL means something relating to a ship (navis). Naval Camp, in Antiquity, a fortification, consisting of a ditch and parapet on the land side, or of a wall built in the form of a semicircle, and extended from one point of the sea to another. This was sometimes defended with towers, and beautified with gates, through which the ancients issued forth to attack their enemies. Towards the sea, or within it, they fixed great pales of wood, like those in their artificial harbours; and before these the vessels of burden were placed, in such order that they might serve instead of a wall, and give protection to those within. In this manner Nicias is reported by Thucydides to have encamped himself; but it seems only to have been practised when the enemy was thought superior in strength, and raised great apprehensions of danger. When their fortifications were considered strong enough to defend them against the assaults of enemies, it was frequent to drag their ships to shore, which the Greeks called ενωκκειν, and the Romans subducere. Around the ships the soldiers disposed their tents, as appears everywhere in Homer. But this seems to have been practised only in winter, when the enemy’s fleet was laid up and could not assault them; or in long sieges, and when they were in no danger from their enemies by sea, as in the Trojan war, where the defenders of Troy never once attempted to encounter the Grecians in a sea-fight.

Naval Crown, amongst the ancient Romans, a crown adorned with figures of prows of ships, and conferred on persons who, in naval engagements, had first boarded an enemy’s vessel.

Naval Tactics, the warlike operations of fleets. See Tactics, Naval.
NAVAN, a borough-town of Ireland, in the county of

Meath and province of Leinster, about thirty miles northwest of Dublin, situated at the junction of the Boyne and Blackwater, near the canal called the Boyne Navigation. The situation of the town, in the centre of a great corn country, produces an excellent corn market; and its abundant supply of water affords great facilities for flour-mills and trading in flour. The landed property originally belonging to the corporation is said to have amounted to about 1200 acres; but it has been from time to time encroached upon by the neighbouring proprietors, and otherwise disposed of, till it has at length dwindled down to less than 150 acres. By the census of 1831, the population of Navan amounted to 4416; males 2085, females 2331. The families employed in agriculture were 403; in trade, manufactures, and handicraft, 305; not comprised in the preceding classes, 200. The proportion of Roman Catholics to Protestants is as ten to one. There are very few Protestant dissenters in the district.
NAVIGATORS ’ Islands, a group of islands in the Southern Pacific Ocean, remarkable for their extent, fertility, and population. They are about ten in number, and are situated between 169. and 172. 30. west longitude, and from latitude 13. 25. to an uncertain boundary southward. When seen from the ocean they present a lofty appearance, and are mountainous, but neither surrounded with a low border nor enclosed by reefs, like the Society Islands. The first discovery of these islands was made in 1722, by Roggewein and Bauman, who fell in with the easternmost of the number; whilst Bougainville, in 1768, added another; and Perouse, in 1787, discovered the two westernmost, which are the largest, being more than forty miles in length. The last navigator was informed of three more to the southward. The whole group was visited in 1791 by Captain Edwards. The inhabitants are a stout and well-made race, of the ordinary height of five feet nine or eleven inches. They are altogether savage in their manners, which are said to be remarkably profligate and indecent. They are also of the most ferocious dispositions. The least dispute between them is followed by blows from clubs, sticks, or paddles, and is often attended with the loss of life. They are very ingenious, and fashion their work dexterously with hatchets shaped like adzes, and made of very fine and compact basalts. With these they finish works in wood, and give them so high a polish that they appear to be coated with the finest varnish. They also manufacture a species of cloth which possesses great strength and pliability, and is well calculated for the sails of canoes. The name of Navigators’ Islands was bestowed by Bougainville, from the practice which prevails amongst the inhabitants of continually travelling in canoes. We have no data upon which we can calculate the amount of the population; but it must be considerable, considering that these islands are amongst the largest and most fertile in the South Seas.
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NAXIA, the anxient Naxos, is one of the largest and most fertile of the islands in the Archipelago, known as the Cyclades. Its greatest length from north to south is seventeen miles, and its greatest breadth about twelve miles. The north point is in latitude 37. 12. Although the rocks are of a most repulsive appearance, yet the island is diversified by hills, valleys, and plains, and is well wooded and watered. Besides the city of its name, it contains thirty-five villages, and a population of about 17,000 persons. It produces corn equal to six months’ consumption, and a surplus of oil, fruits, and cheese. Large quantities of oranges and lemons are exported. There is no port on the island for ships to enter.
NAXOS, or Naxia, a considerable town, and capital of the Isle of Naxos, opposite the Isle of Paros, with a castle and two archbishops’ sees, the one Greek and the other Latin. The greater part of the inhabitants are Greeks. Long. 25. 51. E. Lat. 37. 8. N.
NAYO, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near to the north coast of Celebes. Long. 124. 24. E. Lat. 1. 24. N.
NAYRES are the nobility of the Malabar coast. We may with truth affirm that they are the oldest nobility in the world; for the most ancient writers mention them, and quote the Iaw which permits the Nayre ladies to have several husbands, every one being allowed four.
NAZIM, a river of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tobolsk and district of Berezof, which falls into the Obi, after a course of 160 miles.
NAZOOK, a large lake of Armenia, situated amongst the mountains, in a bare and desolate country, being thirteen miles in length and five in breadth.
NEALING, or rather Annealing, a term used to signify the preparing of several matters, by heating or baking them in the oven, or otherwise. See Annealing.
NEAMUTSERAI, a fortified village of Afghanistan, in the district of Puckoli, on the north-eastern border of Lahore. It has a caravanserai, which is placed in a break of the great range of mountains, which extends from the Punjab to the Indus. Long. 71. 50. E. Lat. 33. 30. N.
NEAP or Neep Tides are those tides which happen when the moon is in the middle of the second and fourth quarters. The neap tides are low tides in respect of their opposites the spring tides. As the highest of the spring tides is three days after the full or change, so the lowest of the neap tides is four days before the full or change; on which occasion the seamen say that it is deep neap.
NEAPED. When a ship wants water, so that she cannot get out of the harbour, off the ground, or out of the dock, the seamen say she is neaped, or beneaped.
NEAS, or Nias Isle. This island is situated on the west coast of Sumatra, from which it is separated by a strait sixty miles in breadth, and is fifty miles in length by twenty in average breadth. It is a large and productive island, and is divided into about fifty small districts, under chiefs or rajahs, who live in a state of perpetual hostility, their great object being to make prisoners, that they may sell them for slaves. These violences are encouraged by native traders, who resort to these islands for cargoes of slaves, and who are accused of occasionally surprising and carrying off whole families. The number of slaves exported is estimated at from 600 to 1000. Besides slaves, padi and rice are exported to a considerable amount. The cultivation of these articles is carried on at a distance from the coast, whither the natives retire, to be secure from piratical depredations. They bring down their produce to the harbours, and exchange it for iron, steel, beads, tobacco, and the coarser kinds of Madras and Surat piece-goods. Hogs are reared in great numbers; and several parts of the continent are supplied from thence with yams, [7:16:69]bears, and poultry. It is well peopled, and its inhabitants are a peculiar and distinct race, not only from those of Sumatra, but from the people on all the islands to the southward. They are of lighter complexions, especially the women, than the Malays; smaller also in their persons, and shorter in their stature, with broad mouths, flat noses, and their ears pierced and distended in an extraordinary manner. They have a singular sort of leprous scurf on their skins, which in some covers the whole body and limbs, whilst in others it resembles rather the ring-worm running in waving lines or concentric curves. The principal food of the common people is rice, and the better classes use pork. The natives are remarkable for their docility and expertness in handicraft work, and are excellent house-carpenters and joiners. They are likewise industrious and frugal, temperate and regular in their habits, but at the same time avaricious, sullen, vindictive, and sanguinary. They are often employed by the Dutch as domestic servants; but they are always esteemed dangerous. In many cases, however, this may be owing to the bad treatment which they receive. Some of the petty rajahs in the island have amassed treasures to a considerable amount, equal to 10,000 or 20,000 dollars.
NEATH, a market-town of the hundred of the same name, in the county of Glamorgan, in South Wales, and distant 197 miles from London. The neighbourhood abounds in good coal, which is brought by canals from the pits to the navigable river Neath, and which forms an important branch of its commerce. There are, besides, several extensive works for smelting the copper ore produced on the opposite shore of Cornwall. About half a mile west of the town are the remains of its extensive and picturesque castle, and beyond it the cascade of Mellincourt, where the river Clydaugh precipitates itself over rocks of eighty feet perpendicular height. It is a corporate town, under a portreeve and twelve aldermen, but has never sent members to the House of Commons. It has a well-supplied market on Wednesday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2502, in 1811 to 2740, in 1821 to 2823, and in 1831 to 4043.
NEBULY, or Nebulee, in Heraldry, is when a coat is charged with several little figures, in form of words running within one another, or when the outline of a bordure, ordinary, or the like, is indented or waved.
NECESSITY, whatever is done by a cause or power that is irresistible. In this sense it is opposed to freedom. Man is a necessary agent, if all his actions be so determined by the causes preceding each action, that not one past action could possibly not have come to pass, or have been otherwise than it has been; or if it be so ordained that any future action cannot possibly not come to pass, or be otherwise than it shall be. But he is a free agent if he be able, at any time, to do different things; or, in other words, if he be not unavoidably determined in every point of time, by the circumstances in which he is placed, and the causes to the action of which he is exposed, to do that one thing which he does, and not possibly to do any other thing. Whether man is a necessary or a free agent, is a question which has been debated with much ingenuity by writers of the first eminence. (See Metaphysics, part iii. chap. V.; and also Predestination.) Necessity, in Mythology, a power superior to all other powers, and equally incapable of being resisted by gods or men. Herodotus, as quoted by Cudworth, mentions an oracle which declared that “God himself could not shun his destined fate;” and amongst the fragments of Philemon, collected by Le Clerc, we find the following sentence:

∆βvλβ.* βαfιλιων t<r∕ztv, al βa<ηλlis Qιων, à has iναγxui∙

“We are subject to kings, kings are subject to the gods, and God is subject to Necessity.” Hence it is that, in the Iliad, we find Jove himself, the sire of gods and men, regretting that he was restrained by Necessity from rescuing his favourite son from the sword of Patroclus. Nay, to such a height was this impiety carried in the earliest ages of Greece, that we find Hesiod and Homer teaching that the gods themselves were generated by Necessity engendering with Night and Chaos.

This power, although always represented as blind and unintelligent, was, however, worshipped as a goddess, bearing in her hand large iron nails, and wedges, and anchors, and melted lead, as emblems of the inflexible severity of her nature. In the city of Corinth she had a temple, in which the goddess of Violence likewise resided, and into which no person was ever permitted to enter except the priest who officiated in sαcris.

Learned men have exercised their ingenuity in vain attempts to trace this portentous notion to its origin. Some, who wished to interpret it in a pious sense, have supposed that the gods who are subject to necessity were only those who were the ministers of the supreme numen; and that by necessity itself nothing more was meant than divine providence. But this is not consistent with the generation of the gods according to Homer and Hesiod, nor with the epithets saeva necessitas, dura necessitas, by which this power was perpetually distinguished. Others, amongst whom may be mentioned Mosheim, have supposed that this monstrous fable was invented by the Pagan priests, and diligently inculcated upon the minds of the people, to excuse the villanies of the objects of their worship.
NECHO, a king of Egypt, who began his reign 690 before Christ, and was killed eight years afterwards by Sabacon king of Ethiopia. Psammeticus his son succeeded him, and was the father, as Herodotus informs us, of Necho II. who reigned about 616 before Christ. This Necho II. is celebrated in history for attempting, though in vain, to cut a canal from the Nile to the Arabian Gulf. He carried his arms as far as the Euphrates, and conquered the city of Carchemish. This prince is not only known in Scripture, but also in profane history, under the name of Necho. He had no sooner succeeded to the crown than he raised great armies, and fitted out vast fleets, as well upon the Mediterranean as upon the Red Sea; he gave battle to the Syrians near the city of Migdol, and having routed them, made himself master of the city of Cadytis. The learned, however, are not agreed respecting this city of Cadytis. Some conceive it to have been Cades in Arabia Petraea, others Jerusalem, and others the city of Cedes, or Kedesh, in Galilee, in the tribe of Naphtali.

The Scriptures inform us of the expedition of Necho in all its particulars (2 Kings, xxiii. 29, &c.; and 2 Chronicles, XXXV. 20, 21, &c.). In the year of the world 3394, this prince having drawn out his army into the field in order to make war with the Assyrians or Babylonians, and to take the city of Carchemish, otherwise called Circusium, upon the Euphrates, Josiah king of Judah, who was a tributary to the king of Babylon, marched to oppose his passage. Necho, who had no designs against Josiah, sent to remonstrate with him. “What have I to do with you, king of Judah? It is not against you that I am come forth, but against another people, against whom the Lord has commanded me to make war. Leave off, therefore, to set yourself against me, for fear the Lord should punish you for your resistance.” But Josiah would not hearken to the remonstrances of Necho, and gave him battle at Megiddo, where he received the wound of which he died. The people of Jerusalem set up Jehoahaz as king of Judah, and Ñecho soon advanced, without making any longer stay in Judaea.

But at his return from his expedition, which proved very successful, he halted at Riblah in Syria; and send-ingfor[7:16:70] Jehoahaz the king'of the Jews, he there deposed him, loaded him with chains, and carried him into Egypt. Then marching to Jerusalem, he set up Eliakim, or Jehoiakim, in his stead, and exacted the payment of an hundred talents of silver and one talent of gold from the country. Jeremiah (xlvi. 2) informs us that the city of Carchemish was taken from Necho, by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, in the fourth year of Jehoiakim king of Judah; and Josephus adds, that the king of Babylon, pursuing his victory, brought under his dominion all the country which is situated between the Euphrates and Egypt, excepting Judaea. Thus Necho was again reduced within the limits of his own country.
NECROLIUM, a word used by some of the alchemist writers to express a remedy almost always capable of averting death, and continuing life to its utmost period.
NECROLOGY (necrologium, formed of vεxeος, dead, and aoyβj, discourse), a book anciently kept in churches and monasteries, in which were registered the benefactors of the same, the time of their deaths, and the days of their commemoration; as also the deaths of the priors, abbots, religious, canons, and other persons. This was likewise called calendar and obituary.
NECROPOLIS, a suburb of Alexandria, in Egypt. It signifies the City of the Dead, and was the place where temples, gardens, and superb mausoleums were erected. Here Cleopatra is said to have applied the asp to her breast, to prevent her being led in triumph by Augustus, who endeavoured to save her.
NECROSIS, νεκoωσις, in Medicine, a complete mortification of any part. It is also called sideratio and sphacelus.
NECTANEBUS, or Nectanabis, a king of Egypt, who bravely defended his country against the Persians. His grandson of the same name formed an alliance with Agesilaus, king of Sparta, and with the assistance of that prince he quelled a rebellion of his subjects. Some time afterwards, he was joined by the Sidonians, Phoenicians, and inhabitants of Cyprus, who had revolted from the king of Persia. This powerful confederacy was soon attacked by Darius, the king of Persia, who marched at the head of his troops. Nectanebus, to defend his frontiers against so dangerous an enemy, levied twenty thousand mercenary soldiers in Greece, the same number in Libya, and sixty thousand were furnished in Egypt. But this numerous body was not equal to the Persian forces, and Nectanebus, being defeated in battle, gave up all hopes of resistance, and fled into Ethiopia, where he found a safe asylum. From that time the kingdom of Egypt became tributary to the king of Persia.
NECTAR, amongst ancient poets, the drink of the fabulous deities of the heathens; in contradistinction to their solid food, which was called ambrosia.
NECTARINE, a fruit differing in nothing from the common peach, of which it is a species, but in having a smoother rind and a firmer pulp.
NEEDWOOD FOREST, in Staffordshire, between the Trent, Dove, and Blythe, and near Uttoxeter, is said to exceed all the forests in England in the excellence of its soil and the fineness of its turf.
NEELAB, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, situated on the east bank of the Indus, and thirty miles south-south-west from Attock. Long. 70.53. E. Lat. 32. 50. N.
NEELAHCUNDAH, a town of the Afghan territories, in the province of Lahore, on the Indus, forty-seven miles south-south-east from Attock. Long. 71. 49. E. Lat. 32. 38. N.
NEELGOUND, a fortress and district of the south of India, province of Bejapoor, situated on the Malpurba River. It is now included in the British territories.
NEELGUNGE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Oude, in the vicinity of which indigo is produced in abundance; it is fourteen miles west by south from Lucknow. Long. 80. 42. E. Lat. 26. 47. N.
NE EXEAT REGNO, in English law, is a writ to restrain a person from going out of the kingdom without the king’s license.