pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SALIC or Salique Law (Lex Saliva), an ancient and fundamental law of the kingdom of France, usually supposed to have been made by Pharamond, or at least by Clovis, in virtue of which males only are to inherit.

Some, as Postellus, would have it to have been called Salic, as if Gallic, because peculiar to the Gauls. Montanus insists that it was so named because Pharamond was at first called Salicus. Others will have it to be so named as having been made for the Salic lands. These were noble fiefs which the first kings used to bestow on the Sallians, that is, the great lords of their solle or court, without any other tenure than military service; and for this reason such fiefs were not to descend to women, as being by nature unfit for such a tenure. Some, again, derive the origin of this word from the Salians, a tribe of Franks that settled in Gaul in the reign of Julian, who is said to have given them lands upon condition of their personal service in war. He even passed the conditions into a law, which the new conquerors acquiesced in, and called it salie, from the name of their former countrymen.
SALII, in Roman antiquity, priests of Mars, of which there were twelve, instituted by Numa, and wearing painted, parti-coloured garments, and high bonnets, with a steel cuirass on the breast. They were called salii, from sαltαre, to dance; because, after assisting at sacrifices, they went dancing about the streets, with bucklers in their left hand, and a rod in their right, striking musically with their rods on one another’s bucklers, and singing hymns in honour of the gods.
SALIM, a river of Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Obi, sixty miles from Sourgout.
SALINA, an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It is divided by a channel three miles across from Lipari to the north-west of that island. It is about fourteen miles in circuit. A valley between two mountains, called Fossa Felice, is extremely fertile, and produces a great revenue from the exportation of grain, fruit, pulse, capers, salt, alum, and wine, the last of which, known by the name Malvasia, is highly valued. It is evidently of volcanic origin, having vestiges of ancient craters and several thermal springs. It was known to the ancients by the name of Didyme, or twins, from the two conical mountains, which are prominent objects when seen from the sea. The population consists of 4000 persons. The chief town is Amalfi, near to which is good anchorage. Long. 14. 47. 35. E. Lat. of Amalfi church, 38. 35. 40. N.
SALINES, a city of France, in the department of the Jura, and arrondissement of Poligny. It is situated in a narrow valley on the river Furieuse, and is defended by two forts. In it arc some strong brine springs, from which culinary salt is prepared; but much of the brine is conducted to Arp and Senans to be granulated. Near to it some excellent wine is produced, as well as much honey and bees-wax. In 1836 it contained 6554 inhabitants.
SALIVA is that fluid by which the mouth and tongue are continually moistened in their natural state, and is supplied by glands which form it, and are called salivary glands.
SALIVATION, in Medicine, a promoting of the flux of saliva by means of medicines, chiefly by mercury.
SALIX, the Willow. Willow trees have been frequently the theme of poetical description, both in ancient and modern times. In Virgil, in Horace, and in Ovid, we have many exquisite allusions to them and their several properties. The Babylonica, Babylonian pendulous salix, commonly called weeping willow, grows to a large size, having numerous long, slender, pendulous branches, hanging down loosely all round in a curious manner, and long, narrow, spear-shaped, serrated, smooth leaves. This curious willow is a native of the East, and is retained in our hardy plantations for ornament; it exhibits a most agreeable variety, particularly when disposed singly by the verges of any piece of water, or in spacious openings of grass ground. All the species of salix are of the tree kind, very hardy, remarkably fast growers, and several of them attaining a considerable stature when permitted to run up to standards. They are mostly of the aquatic tribe, being generally the most abundant and of most prosperous growth in watery situations. They, however, will grow freely almost anywhere, in any common soil and exposure; but they spring considerably faster and stronger in low moist land, particularly in marshy situations, by the verges of rivers, brooks, and other waters, which places often lying waste, may be employed to good advantage in plantations of willows for different purposes.
SALLAWATTY, one of the Papuan or Oriental Negro Isles, separated from the island of Papua or New Guinea by a narrow strait. It is thirty miles in length by twenty-five in average breadth, and produces abundance of sago of an excellent quality. It is situated about the 13lst degree of east longitude.
SALLEE, an ancient and considerable town of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, with a harbour and several forts; but the river, which formerly admitted large vessels, is now-choked up with sand. It was formerly the stronghold of Moorish piracy, from which great depredations were committed upon Europeans; and there may still be seen an immense and dreary dungeon formed under ground for the detention of the unfortunate captives. On the opposite side of the river stands Rabat, or New Sallee, which is chiefly frequented by Europeans, and where they once possessed numerous factories; but the trade is now nearly annihilated. Long. 6. 40. W. Lat. 34. 3. N.

Sallee, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, situated on the north side of the Mahy river, and thirty-eight miles east by north from Cambay. Long. 73. 20. E. Lat. 22. 27. N.
SALLEEOLAKIT, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the south-west coast of Mindanao. Long. 121. 25. E. Lat. 6. 42. N.
SALLIAN, a city of Persia, situated on the Caspian, at the mouth of the Kur. It is chiefly inhabited by Russians, who carry on here an extensive fishery of sturgeon, which abounds in the neighbouring seas. It is ninety miles south of Schamachi.
SALLO, Denis De, a French writer, famous for being the projector of a certain class of literary journals, was born at Paris in 1626. He studied the law, and was admitted a counsellor in the parliament of Paris in 1652. It was in 1664 that he formed the plan of the Journal des Savans; and the year following he began to publish it under the name of Sieur de Héronville, which was that of his valet de chambre. But he played the critic so severely, that authors, surprised at the novelty of such attacks, retorted so powerfully, that M. de Sallo, unable to weather the storm, after he had published his third journal, declined the undertaking, which he handed over to the Abbé Gallois, who, without presuming to criticise, contented himself merely with giving titles and making extracts. M. de Sallo died in 1669.
SALLUNA, a town of Northern Hindustan, tributary to the Ghoorkhali rajah of Nepaul. Long. 81. 37. E. Lat. 29. 2. N.
SALLUZZO, a city of the kingdom of Sardinia, in the province of Turin, and the capital of the division of that name. It stands on an elevation not far from the river Po. It is surrounded with walls, is the see of a bishop, and has a cathedral, several churches and monasteries, and 10,150 inhabitants, who carry on much trade in wine and in corn, and make silk goods and ironmongery. Long. 16. 55. E. Lat. 25. 3. N.
SALLY-PORTS, in Fortification, are those underground passages which lead from the inner to the outward works; such as from the higher flank to the lower, or to the tenailles, or the communication from the middle of the curtain to the ravelin.
SALMASIUS, Claudius, a French writer of uncommon abilities and erudition, descended from an ancient and noble family, and born at or near Samur in the year 1596. His mother, who was a Protestant, infused her notions of religion into him, and he at length converted his father. He settled at Leyden; and in 1650 he paid a visit to Christina queen of Sweden, who is reported to have shown him ex traordinary marks of regard. Upon the violent death of Charles I. of England, he was prevailed on by the royal family, then in exile, to write a defence of that king; which was answered by our Milton in 1651, in a work entitled Defensio pro Populo Anglicano contra Claudii Salmasii Defensionem Pegiam. This book was read over all Europe, and conveyed such a proof of the writer’s abilities, that he was respected even by those who hated his principles. Salmasius died in 1653; and some did not scruple to say that Milton killed him by the acuteness of his reply. His works are numerous, and of various kinds; but the greatest monuments of his learning are, his Notoe in Historice Augustae Scriptores, and his Exercitationes Pliniana: in Salinum.
SALMO, the Salmon. See Ichthyology.
SALMON Fishery. See Fishery.
SALO, a market-town of Italy, in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, and in the delegation of Brescia. It is most delightfully situated on a bay in the lake of Garda, and behind it rises the Alpine mountain Pennino. It is the seat of a judicial tribunal, has three churches, an orphan-house, a hospital, and many well-built houses, and about 6500 inhabitants. The finest silk in Italy is produced in the vicinity; and within the town there are manufactories of hats, leather, glass, and linen threads.
SALO Bay, on the north coast of the island of Java. Long. 112. 36. E. Lat. 6. 58. S.
SALOMBO, a cluster of small islands in the Eastern Seas. Long. 113. 13. E. Lat. 5. 30. S.
SALON, a city of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and the arrondissement of Aix. It stands partly on the side of a hill and partly on the plain below, through which the canal of Craponne connects it with the river Crau. In 1836 it contained 5987 inhabitants, who cultivate great numbers of olive trees, in extracting the oil from which consists the chief occupation. Salon was the birthplace of the celebrated astrologer Nostradamus. Long. 5. 5. E. Lat. 43. 40. N.
SALONA, a seaport town of Dalmatia, situated on a bay of the Gulf of Venice. It was formerly a very considerable place, and its ruins show that it was twelve miles in circumference. In a valuable manuscript relation of Dalmatia, written by the senator Giambattista Giustiniani, about the middle of the sixteenth century, there is a sketch of what existed at the time. “The nobility, grandeur, and magnificence of the city of Salona, may be imagined from the vaults and arches of the wonderful theatre, which are seen at this day; from the vast stones of the finest marble, which lie scattered on and buried in the fields; from the beautiful column of three pieces of marble, which is still standing in the place where they say the arsenal was, towards the sea-shore; and from the many arches of surprising beauty, supported by very high marble columns. The height of the arches is a stone-throw, and above them there was an aqueduct, which reached from Salona to Spalatro. There are to be seen many ruins and vestiges of large palaces, and many ancient epitaphs may be read on fine marble stones; but the earth, which is increased, has buried the most ancient stones and the most valuable things.” Long. 17. 29. E. Lat. 24. 10. N.
SALONICA, a large city of Turkey in Europe, the capital of a province of the same name, and anciently Thessalonica. It is situated on a bay formed by the two capes of the Great and Little Burnu. It is of a triangular shape, the base of which is on the sea-shore. The walls of brick, on a stone foundation, are of an unusual thickness, and defended by bastions at the appropriate points. The appearance of the city from without is magnificent, from the number of minarets, cupolas, and lofty buildings; but the interior is found with narrow and crooked streets, disgusting public squares, and low, ill-built houses, resembling barracks; but[7:19:621] still a considerable degree of cleanliness is observable everywhere. The quays are covered with sheds; and the nume- , rous buyers and sellers who are congregated near them, and near the ships, present a striking picture of animation and bustle, and seem to confirm what is asserted by the natives, that Salonica is the first trading city of the Levant. The inhabitants are calculated, for they are not ascertained, to be between sixty and seventy thousand, of whom one half are Turks, one quarter Greeks, one fifth Jews, and the remainder Franks of all the several European nations, each of which have resident consuls. The manufactures are extensive, yielding cotton and silk goods, turkey leather, carpets, tobacco, and snuff, and the small articles of gold, silver, copper, steel, and iron; these, and many raw materials, such as raw silk, cotton, wool, corn, oil, honey, wax, with opium and other drugs, form the exports. Although the excellence and security of the haven naturally creates great maritime commerce, yet that by land with Austria and Germany is very extensive, and at one period conveyed vast quantities of colonial wares to great distances in the interior of Europe, as long as Bonaparte’s continental system was in force, and is still a valuable branch of the trade of this city. This place has institutions for education, and especially the Jews have an institution in which it is said there are more than a hundred tutors and a thousand pupils. The Greeks have several elementary schools, but none for the higher branches of learning. There are few remains of antiquity except the Hippodrome, which is of marble, and highly ornamented with most valuable sculpture. There is also a rotunda built in resemblance of that in Rome, and the remains of two triumphal arches built by Augustus and Constantine. In 1313 this city was ceded for a valuable consideration by the Greek emperors to the Venetians, who retained it ten years, and it fell under the Turks with Constantinople. Long. 22. 25. 25. E. Lat. 40. 40. N.
SALOON, a town of Hindustan, in the nabob’s territories, in the province of Oude, sixty-five miles southsouth-east from Lucknow. Long. 81. 24. E. Lat. 26. 2. N.
SALOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Cir-care, fifty-three miles north-west from Vizagapatam. Long. 83. 19. E. Lat. 18. 26. N.
SALOPAR, a town of the island of Ceylon, belonging to the British, eighteen miles north-north-west of Trincomalee.
SALPINX, σαλitiγξ, the name of an ancient Greek trumpet.
SALSETTE, an island on the western coast of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, about eighteen miles in length by fourteen in average breadth. It was formerly separated from Bombay by a narrow strait about two hundred yards across, opposite to the fort of Tannah, across which, in 1805, a causeway was carried, which, although it is said to have had a prejudicial effect on the harbour, has been of much advantage to the island. The soil is well adapted for the cultivation of sugar, cotton, hemp, indigo, and the[7:19:624] like; but it has been hitherto kept in a state of nature, and ' almost wholly covered with jungle, for the purpose of supplying Bombay with wood, charcoal, and sea-salt, of which there is a considerable manufactory in this island. It is more unhealthy than Bombay, the jungle being thicker and more shut in. In its present uncultivated state, it scarcely produces the hundredth part of what it might supply. Notwithstanding its present desolate state, Salsette contains numerous mythological antiquities, and the remains of reservoirs with flights of steps round them, and the ruins of temples, which indicate that it was formerly in a greater state of prosperity, and had a more numerous population. Among the most remarkable curiosities, are the caverns at Kennere, which are very extraordinary excavations. The largest resembles that at Carli, but is not equal to it in size and elegance. It contains two gigantic figures of Boodh, nearly twenty feet in height, and each filling one side of the vestibule. They are exactly alike, and in complete preservation, the Portuguese having adopted them and painted them red, and converted the temple into a Christian church. The manufacture of salt is carried on at the sea-shore, where extensive enclosures are levelled and divided into partitions of about twenty feet square, which are filled by the overflowing of the sea, and contain six or eight inches of water. The moisture is exhaled by the heat of the sun before the next tide, and the salt is gathered from the bottom of the enclosure. The first account we have of this island is dated in 1330, and was written by a friar named Oderic. It was taken possession of by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century, and from them by the Mahrattas in 1750. In 1773, during a rupture with that nation, the Company’s troops obtained possession of it; and it was formally ceded by the Mahrattas, at the treaty of Poorbun-der, in 1776, and subsequently confirmed at the peace of 1782—83, when all the small islands in the gulf formed by Bombay and Salsette were also ceded.
SALTASH, a market-town of the county of Cornwall, in the hundred of East, and a part of the parish of St Stephen. It is 220 miles from London, on the banks of the river Tamar, three miles above Plymouth, with which place it is connected by the Crimble Ferry. It is a corporate town, with a charter granting jurisdiction on the river Tamar. It returned two members to parliament before 1832. It has a market, which is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1150, in 1811 to 1478, in 1821 to 1548, and in 1831 to 1637.
SALTCOATS, a seaport town in Ayrshire, on the Frith of Clyde, thirty miles distant from Glasgow. At the end of the seventeenth century it consisted only of four houses; but it is now a place of considerable trade, and exports large quantities of coals, which are procured from the extensive coal-fields in the neighbourhood. There are some hundreds of looms in the town employed in weaving for the Glasgow and Paisley manufacturers; and ship-building has been carried on successfully for some years. In 1821 the population of the town and parish was 3413, and in 1831 it was 3544.
SALTPETRE, or Νιγrε (nitrate of potash), a compound of nitric acid and potash. It is generally obtained in the form of six-sided prismatic crystals, terminated by six-sided pyramids, joined by their bases. Its specific gravity is 1∙933. See CHEMISTRY.

it is used in the various arts, and is the principal ingredient in the manufacture of gunpowder. See Gunpowder.
SALTSKAMMER, a circle in the Austrian province of the Upper Ens, extending over 330 square miles, and containing three market-towns and seventy-two villages, with 15,600 inhabitants. It is a most picturesque district, five sixths of the surface being covered with Alpine mountains, and watered by the romantic river Traun, issuing from the beautiful lake of that name, which was a favourite retreat of the late Sir Humphry Davy to enjoy fishing. The capital is the town of Ischl, where a large quantity of salt is refined.
SALVATION means the safety or preservation of any thing which is or has been in danger, and is generally used in a religious sense, when it means preservation from eternal death, or reception to the happiness of heaven, which is now offered to all men by the Christian religion upon certain conditions. See Theology.
SALVIANUS, an ancient father of the Christian church, who flourished in the fifth century, and was well skilled in the sciences. He acquired such reputation for his piety and learning, that he was named the Master of the Bishops. He wrote a Treatise on Providence; another on Avarice; and some epistles, of which Baluze has given an excellent edition. That of Conrad Rittershusius, in two volumes 8vo, is also esteemed.[7:19:629]
SALUTE, in military matters, a discharge of artillery, or small arms, or both, in honour of some person of extraordinary quality. The colours likewise salute royal persons, and generals commanding in chief, which is done by lowering the point to the ground. In the field, when a regiment is to be reviewed by the king or his general, the drums beat a march as he passes along the line, and the officers salute one another, bowing their half-pikes or swords to the ground, then recover and take off their hats. The ensigns salute all together, by lowering their colours.

Salute, in the navy, a testimony of deference or homage rendered by the ships of one nation to those of another, or by ships of the same nation to those of a superior or equal.

This ceremony is variously performed, according to the circumstances, rank, or situation, of the parties. It consists in firing a certain number of cannon, or volleys, of small arms; in striking the colours or top-sails; or in one or more general shouts of the whole ship’s crew, mounted for that purpose on the masts or rigging.
SALWATTY, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the north-west coast of New Guinea, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It is about ninety miles in circumference. Long. 131. 15. E. Lat. 1. 6. S.
SALZWEDEL, a city of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Magdeburg, the capital of a circle of the same name, which extends over 454 square miles, and contains a population of 31,600 persons. It is situated on the river Jecke, which is navigable thus far, is surrounded with walls, and contains 930 houses, with 6300 inhabitants, employed in linen, cotton, and woollen manufactures, and in making leather, shoes, gloves, and refining salt.
SAMADONG, a large town in the island of Java, situated in a country of luxuriant fertility, 144 miles south-east from Batavia.
SAMAK, an island in the south-western part of the Gulf of Persia, about twelve leagues in circumference.
SAMANA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, possessed by native chiefs in alliance with the British, 122 miles north-west from Delhi. Long. 75.48. E. Lat. 30.2. N.
SAMANAP, a large and populous town on the southeastern coast of the island of Madura, and the residence of a prince. It is situated on a fine bay, which, though rather shallow, will admit of large brigs or country prows lying close to the town. It carries on an extensive commerce, and the country abounds in rice, and teak-timber for building. Long. 114. E. Lat. 7. 5. S.
SAMAND, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Moultan, and district of Bahar, which is tributary to the Afghans. It is situated on the eastern side of the river Indus. Long. 19. 57. E. Lat. 28. 11. N.
SAMANEANS, in Antiquity, a kind of magicians or philosophers, who have been confounded by some with the Brahmins. They proceeded from Ariana, a province of Persia, and the neighbouring countries, spread themselves in India, and taught new doctrines.

The Brahmins, before their arrival, it is said, were in the highest period of their glory the only oracles of India; and their principal residence was on the banks of the Ganges and in the adjacent mountains, whilst the Samaneans were settled towards the Indus. Others say that the Brahmins acquired all their knowledge from the Samaneans, before whose arrival it would be difficult to prove that the Brahmins were the religious teachers of the Indians. The most celebrated and ancient of the Samanean doctors was Boutta, or Buddha, who was born 683 years before Christ. His scholars paid him divine honours; and his doctrine, which consisted chiefly in the transmigration of souls, and in the worship of cows, was adopted not only in India, but also in Japan, China, Siam, and Tartary. It was propagated, according to M. de Sainte Croix, in Thibet, in the eighth century, and succeeded there the ancient religion of Zamolxis. The Samaneans, or Buddhists, were entirely destroyed in India by the Brahmins; but several of their books were preserv-[7:19:630] ed, and still continue to be respected on the coasts of Malabar.