pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ALLEGORY, in Composition, consists in choosing a secondary subject, having all its properties and circumstances resembling those, of the principal subject, and describing the former in such a manner as to represent the latter. The principal subject is thus kept out of view, and we are left to discover it by reflection.

Nothing gives greater pleasure than an allegory, when the representative subject bears a strong analogy, ⅛ its circumstances, to that which is represented. But most writers are unlucky in their choice, the analogy being generally so faint and obscure, as rather to puzzle than to please. Allegories, as well as metaphors and similes, are unnatural in expressing any severe passion which totally [7:2:521]occupies the mind. For this reason, the following speech of Macbeth is justly condemned by the learned author of the Elements of Criticism:
Methought I heard a voice cry, Sleep no more!
Macbeth doth murder Sleep, the innocent sleep;
Sleep, that knits up the ravell’d sleeve of care,
The birth of each day’s life, sore labour’s bath,
Balm of hurt minds, great Nature’s second course,
Chief nourisher in life’s feast.
Act ii. sc. 2.

But see this subject more fully treated under the article Metaphor and Allegory.
ALLEGRO, in Music, an Italian word, denoting that the part is to be played in a sprightly, brisk, lively, and gay manner.

Piu ALLEGRO signifies that the part it is joined to should be sung or played quicker; as Poco piu Allegro intimates that the part to which it refers ought to be played or sung only a little more briskly than allegro alone requires.
ALLELUIAH, or Halleluiah, a word signifying Praise the Lord, to be met with either at the beginning or. end of some psalms; such as psalm cxlvi. and those that follow to the end. Alleluiah was sung upon solemn days of rejoicing, Tobit xiii. 12. St John in the Revelation (xix. 1, 3, 4, 6,) says, that he “heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluiah :...and the four and twenty elders and the four beasts fell down and worshipped God that sat on the throne, saying, Amen, Alleluiah.” This hymn of joy and praises was transferred from the synagogue to the church. So much energy has been observed in this term, that the ancient church thought proper to preserve it, without translating it either into Greek or Latin, for fear of impairing the genius and softness of it. The fourth council of Toledo has prohibited the use of it in time of Lent, or other days of fasting, and in the ceremonies of mourning; and, according to the present practice of the Romish church, this word is never repeated in Lent, nor in the obsequies of the dead; notwithstanding which, it is used in the mass for the dead, according to the Mosarabic ritual, at the introit, when they sing, Tu es portio mea, Domine, Alleluiah, in terra viventium, Alleluiah, Alleluiah. The singing of Alleluiah was oftentimes an invitatory or call to each other to praise the Lord.
ALLEMAND, a sort of grave, solemn music, with good measure, and a slow movement. It is also a brisk kind of dance, very common in Germany and Switzerland.

Allemand, a river which falls into the Mississippi from the south-east, about 43 miles south of the Natches.
ALLEMANNIC, in a general sense, denotes any thing belonging to the ancient Germans. Thus, we meet with Allemannic history, Allemannic language, Allemannic law, &c.
ALLEMOND, a town of Upper Dauphiny, in the circle of Grenoble, in France. In the mountains of Cha-lanches, near it, is a lead mine, with silver, which is worked, and by smelting has yielded, in somewhat less than the last 20 years, upwards of 300,000 ounces of silver.
ALLENDORF, a bailiwick in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, containing one city and eight other places, with 4332 inhabitants. The city, of the same name, stands on the river Lumbde, and contains 1179 inhabitants. The chief employment is husbandry, assisted by some manufactures of hosiery. The bailiwick, though in the dominions of Hesse-Darmstadt, is a patrimonial domain of the mediatised family Von Rabenau.

Allendorf, a city, capital of the bailiwick of the same name in Hesse-Cassel. It contains 1433 inhabitants. In the suburb is a salt spring of great strength, and proper houses for granulating and drying the salt.
ALLENSTEIN, a circle in the department of Königsberg, and province of East Prussia, extending over 522 square miles, or 333,080 acres. It contains two cities, 19 large parishes, and 21,635 inhabitants. The district is full of small lakes and extensive woods. The soil is bad, and yields little more than rye, oats, potatoes, and buckwheat, with some flax. The most extensive of the lakes are the Dadai and the Wadang. It is watered by [7:2:524]the rivers Alle, Pisa, and some smaller streams. The capital is a city on the Alle, of the same name. It contains ,299 houses, and 1846 inhabitants, who have some trade in glass, earthenware, yarn, tanned leather, and potash. It is in long. 20. 13. 37. E. lat. 53. 45. 50. N.
ALLER, a river which runs through the duchy of Luneburg, and falls into the Weser a little below Verden.

Aller-<7oocZ, in our ancient writers. The word aller serves to make the expression of superlative signification. So aller-good is the greatest good. Sometimes it is written alder.
ALLERION, or Alerion, in Heraldry, a sort of eagle without beak or feet, having nothing perfect but the wings. They differ from martlets by having their wings expanded, whereas those of the martlets are close; and denote imperialists vanquished and disarmed: for which reason they are more common in French than in German coats of arms.
ALLEVARD, a town of Dauphiny in France, containing 2160 inhabitants, in the vicinity of which are several iron-mines extensively worked, some blast furnaces, and also some mineral springs of curative power.
ALLEVEURE, a small brass Swedish coin, worth about ∣d. English money.
ALLEY, William, bishop of Exeter in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was born at Great Wycomb in Buckinghamshire. From Eton School, in the year 1528, he removed to King’s College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of bachelor of arts. He also studied some time at Oxford; afterwards he married, was presented with a living, and became a zealous reformer. Upon Queen Mary’s accession he left his cure and retired into the north of England, where he maintained his wife and himself by teaching a school, and practising physic. Queen Elizabeth ascending the throne, he went to London, where he acquired great reputation by reading the divinity lecture, at St Paul’s, and in July 1560 was consecrated bishop of Exeter. [7:2:525] He was created doctor of divinity at Oxford in November 1561. He died on the 15th of April 1570, and was buried at Exeter, in the cathedral. He wrote, 1. The Poor Man’s Library, 2 vols. folio, Lond. 1571. These volumes contain twelve lectures on the first epistle of St peter, read at St Paul’s. 2. A Hebrew Grammar. Whether it was ever published is uncertain. He translated the Pentateuch, in the version of the Bible which was undertaken by Queen Elizabeth’s command.

Alley, in Gardening, a straight parallel walk, bounded on both sides by trees, shrubs, &c. and usually covered with gravel or turf.

Alley, in Perspective, that which, in order to have a greater appearance of length, is made wider at the entrance than at the termination.
ALLIA, a river, or rather rivulet, of Italy, in the Sabine territory, which joins the Tiber 11 miles from Rome; famous for the great slaughter of the Romans by the Gauls under Brennus, when 40,000 were killed or put to flight; hence Alliensis dies, an unlucky day (Virgil, Ovid, Lucan).
ALLIANCE, in the Civil and Canon Law, the relation contracted between two persons or two families by marriage.

Alliance is also used for a treaty entered into by sovereign princes and states, for their mutual safety and defence. In this sense, alliances may be distinguished into such as are offensive, whereby the contracting parties oblige themselves jointly to attack some other power; and into defensive ones, whereby they bind themselves to stand by and defend each other in case they are attacked by others. The forms or ceremonies of alliances have been various in different ages and countries. Anciently eating and drinking together, chiefly offering sacrifices together, were the customary rite of ratifying an alliance. Among the Jews and Chaldeans, heifers or calves, among the Greeks bulls or goats, and among the Romans hogs, were sacrificed on this occasion. Among the ancient Arabs, alliances were confirmed by drawing blood out of the palms of the hands of the two contracting princes with a sharp stone, dipping therein a piece of their garments, and therewith smearing seven stones, at the same time invoking the gods Vrotalt and Alilat, i. e. according to Herodotus, Bacchus and Uranius. Among the people of Colchis, the confirmation of alliances was said to be effected by one of the princes offering his wife’s breasts to the other to suck, which he was obliged to do till there issued blood.
ALLIER, a department of France, on a river of the same name, which runs at the foot of a branch of the Cevennes Mountains. It extends over 365 square leagues, and contains a population of 254,550 persons. It is composed of a part of the ancient province of Bourbonnois, and of that of Moulins. It is divided into four circles or arrondissements, viz. Mount Lucon, Moulins, Gannat, and Palise.
ALLIGATI, in Roman Antiquity, the basest kind of slaves, who were usually kept fettered. The Romans had three degrees or orders of slaves or servants; the first employed in the management of their estates, the second in the menial or lower functions of the family, the third, called alligati, above mentioned.
ALLIGATOR, or American crocodile, called Cayman by the Indians. See Reptilia, Index.
ALLIOTH, a star in the tail of the Greater Bear, much used for finding the latitude at sea.
ALLIX, Peter, a French Protestant divine, was born at Alençon in France, in the year 1641. He became a learned divine of the English church, and a strenuous defender of the Protestant faith. At the time when the edict of Nantes tolerated and protected the Protestants of France, he entered upon his clerical profession, and remained minister of Rouen until the 35th year of his age. In this period he wrote several pieces upon the controversy between the Papists and the Protestants, which obtained him great fame among his own party. He removed to Charenton in the vicinity of Paris, which was the principal church among the reformed, and frequented by persons of the first rank in France who professed the Protestant faith. Here Allix preached a course of excellent sermons in defence of the Protestant religion, some of which were afterwards printed in Holland, and added to his increasing fame. The chief object of these sermons was to repel the attack of the bishop of Meaux, the most ingenious and able opponent of the Reformation at that time. The unwise revocation of the edict of Nantes drove Allix and many others to seek refuge in England. Three years after his arrival in England, he had made himself so perfectly master of the English language, as to be able to write very correctly a Defence of the Christian Religion. This work he dedicated to James II. in testimony of gratitude for his kind reception of the distressed refugees of France. Not long after his arrival in England he was honoured with the title of doctor of divinity, and also received the more substantial honour of being appointed treasurer of the church of Salisbury. Aļlix still maintained the station of a champion for the Protestant cause, and in opposition to the bishop of Meaux proved that the charge of heresy justly belonged to the Papists, and not to their opponents, because they had introduced new doctrines into the church.

After having with much industry and learning exercised his talents in defence of Protestantism, he employed his pen to support the doctrine of the Trinity against the Unitarians, who contended that the idea of Christ’s divinity could be traced up no higher than the time of Justin Martyr. With a great display of erudition, he attempted to prove that the Trinitarian doctrine was believed by the Jewish church. But the reputation which he had acquired for learning and ability was somewhat diminished, by the ridicule which he brought upon himself in attempting to fix the precise time of Christ’s second coming to the year 1720, or, at the very latest, to the year 1736. He died at London in the year 1717, after his studious life had been protracted to the length of 76 years.
ALLOA, a sea-port town of Scotland, in the county of Clackmannan. It is situated on the north shore of the Frith of Forth, 27 miles from Edinburgh, 5 from Stirling by land and 19 by water, 32 from Perth, and 7 from Dollar. It has a safe and commodious harbour, having 16 feet of water in neap, and 22 in spring tides. The town is irregularly built. The chief public building is the church, which was first opened in 1819. It ⅛ a fine building, in the pointed style of architecture, with a handsome spire. Alloa is noted for the extensive distilleries which are carried on in the neighbourhood, from which large quantities of spirits are shipped for England; also for its breweries, which manufacture great quantities of ale that, for its fine quality, is in repute all over the country. Among the principal manufactories of this place are extensive brick and the works; a copper work, at which are made most of the implements or apparatus for distilleries; the Devon iron works; and a glass work, where, in addition to the ordinary green glass bottles, they now manufacture all sorts of finer glass. There are extensive collieries in the immediate vicinity, from which abundant supplies of fuel are brought by a waggon-way, direct to these works from the mouth of the pit. The exports from Alloa consist of pig-iron, ale, spirits, glass, and coals; and the imports are timber, oak, bark, hides, and great quantities of grain for malting. Adjoining the harbour is an excellent dry dock, capable of receiving ships of the greatest burden; and to the west is a ferry across the Forth, which is there 500 yards broad, with piers projecting down to low water-mark. A daily communication is maintained with Edinburgh and other towns along the Forth by means of steam-boats. It has a custom-house, which comprehends under the port of Alloa the creeks on both sides of the Forth from Kincardine to Stirling inclusive. In the immediate vicinity αf the town there is an ancient tower 89 feet high, with walls 11 feet in thickness, which was built about the year 1315. This was the residence of the Erskines, the descendants of the Earls of Mar, once a powerful family; and here many of the Scotish princes received their education, having been for more than two centuries the wards of the Lords Erskine and the Earls of Mar. The last heir of the Scotish monarchy educated here was Henry Prince of Wales, whose cradle, golf-clubs, and other memorials were long preserved by the heir of the Earls of Mar. They had also other royal memorials, which were all destroyed in a fire which broke out in the adjoining mansion. Alloa is supplied from the river with water, which is filtered through a circular bed of sand. Population in 1821, 5577. Long. 3. 46. W. Lat 56. 7. N.
ALLOCATION denotes the admitting or allowing of an article of an account, especially in the exchequer. Hence ALLOCATiONE Facienda is a writ directed to the lord treasurer, or barons of the exchequer, commanding them to allow an accountant such sums as he has lawfully expended in the execution of his office.
ALLOCUTIO, an oration or speech of a general addressed to his soldiers, to animate them to fight, to appease sedition, or to keep them to their duty. A mount of earth was raised upon the occasion, as it were a kind of a tribunal of turf. From this the general pronounced his harangue to the army, which was ranged in several squadrons around him, with their captains at their head. When the time and circumstances would not admit of a formal harangue, the general went through the ranks, and called each by his name, putting them in mind of their courage upon former occasions, mentioning the victories they had won, and making a promise of plunder.
ALLODIUM, or Alleud, denotes lands which are the [7:2:529]absolute property of their owner, without being obliged to pay any service or acknowledgement whatever to a superior lord.
ALLOS, a lake on the top of a lofty mountain in the department of the Lower Alps, in France. It is near the town of the same name, which contains 1400 inhabitants. The lake is about a league in circumference, and abounds in fish, especially in excellent trout.
ALLOY, or Allay, properly signifies a proportion of a baser metal mixed with a finer one. The alloy of gold is estimated by carats, that of silver by pennyweights. In different nations different proportions of alloy are used; whence their moneys are said to be of different degrees of fineness or baseness, and are valued accordingly in foreign exchanges. The chief reasons alleged for the alloying of coin are, 1. The mixture of the metals, which, when smelted from the mine, are not perfectly pure; 2. the saving of the expense it must otherwise cost if they were to be refined; 3. the necessity of rendering them harder, by mixing some parts of other metals with them, to prevent the diminution of weight by wearing in passing from hand to hand; 4. the melting of foreign gold or coin which is alloyed; 5. the charges of coinage, which must be made good by the profit arising from the money coined; 6. and lastly, the duty belonging to the sovereign, oń account of the power he has to cause money to be coined in his dominions.
ALLSTEDT, a bailiwick in the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, containing one city and 12 smaller places, with 5859 inhabitants. A city of 1847 inhabitants, of the same name, is the capital. It is situated on the Rhone, and has a ducal palace. The trade of the place consists in weaving cloth, and in preparing potash and saltpetre.
ALLUM. See Alum.
ALLUMINOR, from the French allumer, to lighten, is used for one who coloureth or painteth upon pâpér or parchment; and the reason is, because he gives light and ornament by his colours to the letters or other figures. Such ornaments are styled illuminations. The word is used in statute 1 Richard III. cap. 9. But now such a person is called a limner.
ALLUSION, in Rhetoric, a figure by which something is applied to, or understood of, another, on account of some similitude between them.
ALLUVION, in Law, denotes the gradual increase of land along the sea-shoré, or on banks of rivers.
ALMACANTARS. See Almucantars.
ALMADA, a Portuguese town upon the Tagus, opposite Lisbon, in the province of Estremadura, with 1 monastery, 700 houses, and 3000 inhabitants. Not far from this place is one of the entrances to the Tagus, defended by the tower of St Sebastian. Lat. 38. 37. 20. N.
ALMADEN de Azogue, a town in Spain, in the province of New Castile. It is distinguished by the rich mines of quicksilver in its vicinity, which are wrought on account of the government, and furnish that indispensable mineral to the silver mines of Mexico but from the decrease in the quantity raised, a considerable deficiency has arisen, which is supplied from the dominions of Austria. It contains 300 houses, and 1600 inhabitants.
ALMADIE, a kind of canoe or small vessel, about four fathoms long, commonly made of bark, and used by the negroes of Africa.

Almadie is also the name of a kind of long boats, fitted out at Calicut, which are 80 feet in length and six or seven in breadth. They are exceedingly swift, and are otherwise called cathuri.
ALMAGEST, in matters of literature, is particularly used for a collection or book' composed by Ptolemy, containing various problems of the ancients both in geometry and astronomy. j Almagest is also the title of other collections of this kind. Thus, Riccioli has published a book of astronomy, which he calls the ŤVéw Almagest ; and Plukenet, a book which he calls Almagestum Potanicum.
ALMAGRA, a fine, deep red ochre, with some admixture of purple, very heavy, and of a dense yet friable structure, and rough, dusty surface. It adheres very firmly to the tongue, melts freely and easily in the mouth, is of an austere and strongly astringent taste, and stains the skin in touching. It is the Sil Atticum of the ancients; it ferments very violently with acid menstruums, by which single quality it is sufficiently distinguished frojn the Sil Syricum, to which it has in many respects a great affinity. It is found in immense quantities in many parts of Spain, and in Andalusia there are in a manner whole mountains of it. It is used in painting, and in medicine as an astringent.
ALMAJORA, a Spanish town on the sea-shore, in the province of Valencia, with 4500 inhabitants. Lat. 39. 53. N.
ALMANSA, a small city of Murcia, in Spain, to the north of the river Segura. A pyramid erected near it commemorates the decisive battle fought here in 1707, when the French and Spaniards gained a complete victory over the united forces of England and Portugal. It now contains 4000 inhabitants. 15 miles north-north-west of Villena, and 54 south-west of Valencia.
ALMARAZ, a town of Spain, in the province of Old Castile. It is on the north bank of the Tagus, where the road from Badajos divides into two branches, the one proceeding towards Madrid, the other towards Plasencia and Ciudad Rodrigo. The destruction of the bridge over the Tagus was one of the most brilliant actions of the late war.
ALMARIC, the name of a tenet broached in France by one Almaric, in the year 1209. It consisted in affirming that every Christian was actually a member of Christ, and that without this faith no one could be saved. His followers went farther, and affirmed that the power of the Father lasted only during the continuance of the Mosaic law; that the coming of Christ introduced a new law; that at the end of this began the reign of the Holy Ghost; and that now confession and the sacraments were at an end, and that every one is to be saved by the internal operation of the Holy Spirit alone, without any external act of religion. Their morals were as infamous as their doctrine was absurd. Their tenets were condemned by a public decree of the council of Sens, in the year 1209.
ALMAZAN, a Spanish town upon the Douro, in the province of Soria. It contains four monasteries, one hospital, and 2000 inhabitants.
ALMAZARRON, a town of Murcia in Spain, on the coast of the Mediterranean. In its vicinity is found a fine red earth without any mixture of sand, called alma-gri, which is very much valued by the polishers of mirrors, and is mixed with all the snuff in the royal manufactory of Seville. This production is supposed by Bowles to be of volcanic origin.