pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
IMPULSION, in Mechanical Philosophy, a term employed to express a supposed peculiar exertion of the powers of body, by which a moving body changes the motion of another body by hitting or striking it. The plainest case of this action is when a body in motion strikes another body at rest, and puts it in motion by the stroke. The body thus put in motion is said to be impelled by the other; and this method of producing motion is called impulsion, to distinguish it from pression, thrusting, or protrusion.
IMPURITY, in the law of Moses, is any legal defilement. Of this there were several sorts. Some were voluntary, as the touching a dead body, or any animal that had died of itself, or any creature that was esteemed unclean; or the touching things holy by one who was not clean, or was not a priest; the touching one who had a leprosy, or who was polluted by a dead carcass, and so on. Sometimes these impurities were involuntary, as when any one inadvertently touched bones, or a sepulchre, or any thing polluted; or fell into diseases which pollute, as the leprosy. The beds, clothes, and moveables, which had touched any thing unclean, contracted also a kind of impurity, and in some cases communicated it to others.

These legal pollutions were generally removed by bath-, ing, and lasted no longer than the evening. The person polluted plunged over head in the water, and either had his clothes on when he did so, or washed himself and his clothes separately. Other pollutions continued seven days, as that which was contracted by touching a dead body. Some impurities lasted forty or fifty days, whilst others again lasted till the person was cured.

Many of these pollutions were expiated by sacrifices, and others by a certain water or ley made with the ashes of a red heifer, sacrificed upon the great day of expiation. When the leper was cured, he went to the temple and offered a sacrifice of two birds, one of which was killed, and the other set at liberty. He who had touched a dead body, or had been present at a funeral, was to be purified with the water of expiation, and this upon pain of death. The woman who had been delivered offered a turtle and a lamb for her expiation; or, if she was poor, two turtles or two young pigeons. These impurities, which the law of Moses has expressed with the greatest care and accuracy, were only figures of other more important impurities, such as the sins and iniquities committed against God, or faults committed against our neighbour. The saints and prophets of the Old Testament were sensible of this; and our Saviour, in the gospel, has strongly inculcated that they are not outward and corporeal pollutions which render us unacceptable to God, but such inward pollutions as infect the soul, and are violations of justice, truth, and charity.
IMPUTATION, in general, the charging something to the account of one which belonged to another. Thus, the assertors of original sin maintain that Adam’s sin is imputed to all his posterity; and, in the same sense, the righteousness and merits of Christ are imputed to true believers.
INACCESSIBLE, something that cannot be approached by reason of intervening obstacles.
INALIENABLE, that which cannot be legally alienated, or made over to another. Thus the dominions of the king, the revenues of the church, the estates of a minor, and the like, are inalienable, otherwise than with a reserve of the right of redemption.
INANIMATE, a body that has either lost its vitality, or that is not of a nature capable of having any.
INANITION, amongst physicians, denotes the state of the stomach when empty, in opposition to repletion.
INANITY, the scholastic term for emptiness or absolute vacuity, and implying the absence of all body or matter whatsoever, so that nothing remains but mere space.
INAUGURATION, the coronation of an emperor or king, or the consecration of a prelate; and so called from the ceremonies used by the Romans when they were received into the college of augurs.
INCA, or Ynca, a name given by the natives of Peru to their kings and princes of the blood. Pedro de Cieca, in his Chronicles of Peru, speaking of the origin of the Incas, states that that country was, for a long time, the theatre of all manner of crimes, of war, dissension, and the most dreadful disorders, till at last two brothers appeared, one of whom, called Mangocapa, having built the city of Cusco, made laws, and established order and harmony by his wise regulations, took the name of Inca, which signifies king or great lord; and this name descended to his posterity.
INCAMERATION, a term used in the chancery of Rome, for the uniting of lands, revenues, or other rights, to the pope’s domains.
INCANTATION denotes certain ceremonies, accom [7:12:257] panied with a formula of words, supposed to be capable of raising devils, spirits, &c.
INCAPACITY, in the canon law, is of two kinds; first, the want of a dispensation for age in a minor, and for legitimation in a bastard, &c., which renders the provision of a benefice void in its original; and, secondly, crimes and heinous offences, which annul provisions at first valid.
INCARNATION, in Theology, signifies the act by which the Son of God assumed the human nature, or the mystery by which Jesus Christ, the Eternal Word, was made Man, in order to accomplish the work of our salvation.

Incarnation (formed from in, and caro, flesh), in Surgery, signifies the healing and filling up of ulcers and wounds with new flesh. See Surgery.
INCARNATIVES, in Surgery, medicines which were supposed to assist nature in filling up wounds or ulcers with new flesh.
INCENDIARY, in Law, is applied to one who is guilty of maliciously setting fire to another’s dwelling-house or premises. A bare intent or attempt to do this, by actually setting fire to a house, unless it absolutely burns, does not fall within the description of incendit et combussit. But the burning and consuming of any part is sufficient, though the fire be afterwards extinguished. It must also be a malicious burning, otherwise it is only a trespass. This offence is called arson in the English, and wilful fire-raising in the Scotch law.

Amongst the ancients, criminals of this kind were adjudged to be burned. Qui cedes, accrvumque frumenti juxta domum positum sciens, prudensque dolo malo combusserit, vinctus igni necatur. The punishment of arson was death by the ancient Saxon laws and by the Gothic constitutions ;. and in the reign of Edward I. incendiaries were burned to death. The statute 8 Henry VI. c. 6, made the wilful burning of houses, under special circumstances, high treason; but it was reduced to felony by the general acts of Edward VI. and Queen Mary. This offence was denied the benefit of clergy by 21 Henry VIII. c. 1, which statute was repealed by 1 Edward VI. c. 12; and arson was held to be ousted of clergy with respect to the principal, by inference from the statute 4 and 5 Philip and Mary, c. 4, which expressly denied it to the accessory; though now it is expressly denied to the principal also by 9 Geo. I. c. 22.
INCENSE, or Frankincense, in the Materia Medica, a dry resinous substance, known amongst authors by the names tus and olibanum.

Incense is a perfume with which the Pagans and the Roman Catholics still perfume their temples and altars. The word comes from the Latin incensum, that is, burned, by taking the effect for the thing itself.

The burning of incense formed part of the daily service of the ancient Jewish church. The priests having drawn lots to ascertain who should offer it, the person destined took a large silver dish, in which was a censer full of incense; and being accompanied by another priest carrying some live coals from the altar, went into the temple, where, in order to give notice to the people, they struck upon an instrument of brass placed between the temple and the altar; and being returned to the altar, he who brought the fire left it there, and went away. Then the offerer of incense having said a prayer or two, waited the signal, which was the burning of the holocaust; immediately after which he set fire to the incense, the multitude continuing all the time in prayer.
INCEPTIVE, a word used by Dr Wallis to express such moments, or first principles, as, though of no magnitude themselves, are yet capable of producing results which are. Thus a point has no magnitude itself, but is inceptive of a line which it produces by its motion. So a line, though it have no breadth, is yet inceptive of breadth; that is, it is capable, by its motion, of producing a surface which has breadth.
INCEST, the crime of illicit commerce between persons who are related in a degree in which marriage is prohibited by the laws of the country. Most nations look on incest with horror.

Incest, Spiritual, a crime committed in like manner between persons who have a spiritual alliance by means of baptism or confirmation.

Spiritual incest is also understood of a vicar, or other beneficiary, who holds two benefices, the one of which depends upon the collation of the other. Such a spiritual incest renders both of these benefices vacant.
INCHOATIVE, a term signifying the beginning of a thing or action, and the same with what is otherwise called inceptive.

Inchoative Verbs denote, according to Priscian and other grammarians, verbs which are characterised by the termination sco or scor added to their primitives; as augesco from augeo, calesco from caleo, irascor from ira, and so of the rest.
INCIDENCE denotes the direction in which one body strikes on another. See Optics and Mechanics.
INCIDENT, in Law, is a thing appertaining to or following another which is principal. A court baron is inseparably incident to a manor, and a court of pie-powders to a fair.

Incident Diligence, in Scotch Law, a warrant granted by a lord ordinary in the Court of Session, for citing witnesses for proving any point, or for production of any writing necessary for preparing the cause for a final determination, or before it goes to a general proof.
INCINERATION (derived from in, and cinis, ashes), in Chemistry, the reduction of any substance into ashes by burning.
INCISIVE, an appellation applied to whatever cuts or divides. Thus the fore teeth are called dentes incisivi, or cutters; and medicines of an attenuating nature, incidents, or incisive medicines.
INCLE, a kind of tape made of linen yarn.
INCLINATION, a term used by mathematicians, and signifying the mutual approach, tendency, or leaning of two lines or two planes towards each other, so as to form an angle.
INCLINED Plain, in Mechanics, one which forms an oblique angle with the horizon.
INCOGNITO is applied to a person who is in any place where he would not be known; but more particularly to princes or great men who enter towns or walk the streets without their ordinary train, or the usual marks of their distinction and quality.
INCOMBUSTIBLE Cloth. See Mineralogy. On this Cronstedt observes, that the natural store of the asbesti is in proportion to their economical use, both being very inconsiderable. “It is an old tradition,” says he, “that in former ages they made cloths of the fibrous asbesti, which is said to be composed of the word byssus ; but it is not probable, since, if one may conclude from some trifles now made of it, as bags, ribbons, and other things, such a dress could neither have an agreeable appearance, nor be of any conveniency or advantage. It is more probable that the Scythians dressed their dead bodies which were to be burned, in a cloth manufactured of this stone; and this perhaps has occasioned the above fable.” Μ. Magellan confirms this opinion of Cronstedt’s, and informs us that some of the Romans also enclosed dead bodies in cloth of this kind.

Incombustible, something that cannot be burned or consumed by fire. See Asbestos.
INCOMPATIBLE, that which cannot subsist with another without destroying it. Thus cold and heat are incompatible in the same subject, the stronger overcoming and expelling the weaker.
INCORPOREAL, spiritual, a thing or substance which has no body. Thus the soul of man is incorporeal, and may subsist independently of the body.
INCORRUPTIBLES, Incorruptibiles, the name of a sect which sprung out of the Eutychiaŉs. Their distinguishing tenet was, that the body of Jesus Christ was incorruptible; by which they meant, that after the time in which he was formed in the womb of his mother, he was not susceptible of any change or alteration, not even of any natural and innocent passions or appetites, so that he ate without any occasion, before his death, as well as after his resurrection. And hence it was that they took their name.
INCUBUS, Night-mare, a disease consisting in an oppression of the chest, so very violent that the patient cannot speak, or even breathe. The word is derived from the Latin, incubare, to lie down on any thing and press it. The Greeks call it εφιάλτης, saltator, leaper, or one that rushes on a person.

In this disease the senses are not quite lost, but drowned and astonished, as are the understanding and imagination; so that the patient seems to think some huge u τ eight thrown on, and ready to strangle him. Children are very liable to this distemper; and so are fat people, and men of much study and application of mind. It is a result of dyspepsia.
INCUMBENT, a clerk or minister who is resident on his benefice, and who is called incumbent, because he does, or at least ought to, bend his whole study to discharge the cure of his church.
INCURVATION of the Pays of Light, their bending out of a rectilinear course, occasioned by refraction. See Optics.
INDEFEASIBLE, a term in law for what cannot be defeated or made void; as an indefeasible estate of inheritance, an indefeasible right, and so on.
INDEMNITY, in Law, the saving one harmless; or a writing to secure one from all damage and danger that may ensue from any act.
INDENTURE, in Law, a writing which comprehends some contract between two at least, being indented at top, answerable to another part which has the same contents. See Deed.
INDERABIA, or Anderabia, a small island near the mouth of the Persian Gulf. It is separated from the mainland by a strait about three miles in length, three in breadth, and free from danger. It is a low, level, and narrow island, about three miles in length. Ships running for shelter under this island must not come within a mile of its south end, until a remarkable tree, which will be distinguished by itself, bears west-north-west. Lat. 26. 40. N.
INDETERMINATE, in general, an appellation given to whatever is not certain, fixed, and limited; in which sense it is the same with indefinite.
INDEX, in Anatomy, denotes the fore finger. It is so called from indico I point or direct, because that finger is generally so used; and hence also the extensor indicis is called indicator. Index, in Arithmetic and Algebra, shows to what power any quantity is involved, and is otherwise called its exponent. See Algebra. Index of a Book, is that part annexed to a book, referring to the particular matter or passages therein contained.

Index of a Globe, is a little style fitted on to the north pole, and turning round with it, pointing to certain divisions in the hour-circle. It is sometimes also called gnomon. See Globe. Index Expurgatorius, a catalogue of prohibited books at Rome.
INDIAN, in a general sense, denotes any thing belonging to the Indies, East or West.

Indian Island lies on the coast of New Zealand, on the south point of Dusky Bay, and is about four miles in circumference.
[7:12:265]
INDICATION, in Physic, whatever serves to direct the physician how to act.
INDICATIVE, in Grammar, the first mood or mode of the verb, by which we simply affirm, deny, or ask something, as, amant, they love; non amant, they do not love; anumt ηe ? do they love? See Grammar.
INDICTION, in Chronology, a cycle of fifteen years.
INDICTMENT, in Law, one of the modes of prosecut ∙ ĩng an offender. In English law, it is a written accusation of one or more persons of a crime or misdemeanor, prefer- ' red to, and presented upon oath by, a grand jury. In Scotch Law, it is the name of the summons, or libel, upon which criminals are cited to take their trial before the High Court of Justiciary, and is drawn in the form of a syllogism.
INDIGENOUS, from indigena, denotes a native of a country, or that which was originally born or produced in the country where it is found. In this sense, particular species of animals and plants are said to be indigenous to the country where they are native; in opposition to Exotic.
INDIGESTION, a crudity or want of due coction of the food in the stomach.
INDIGETES, a name which the ancients applied to some of their gods. '

There are various opinions concerning the origin and signification of this word. Some pretend that it was given to the gods in general; others, that it was only applied to the demigods, or great men deified. Some say that it was given to such gods as were originally of the country, or rather such as were the gods of the country which bore this name; whilst others hold that it was ascribed to such gods as were patrons and protectors of particular cities; and others again contend that indigetes was derived from inde genitus or in loco degens, or from inde and ago, for dego, I live, I inhabit; an opinion which seems to be the most probable of all.

In effect it appears, that these indigetes were also called local gods (dii locales'), or topical gods, which is the same thing; that the indigetes were ordinarily men deified, who indeed were in effect local gods, being esteemed the protectors of those places where they were deified; that Virgil joins patrii with indigetes, as being the same thing (Georg, i. ver. 498.), thus dii patrii, indigetes ; and that the gods to whom the Romans gave the name of indigetes were, Faunus, Vesta, Aeneas, Romulus, all the gods of Italy, Minerva at Athens, and Dido at Carthage. It is true, we meet with Jupiter indiges ; but that Jupiter indiges is Aeneas, not the great Jupiter, we may see in Livy (lib. i. cap. 3.); and in this last sense Servius assures us that indiges comes from the Latin in diis ago, I am amongst the gods.

Amongst these indigetes gods, there was none more celebrated, or more extensively worshipped, than Hercules.
INDIVIDUAL, a particular being of any species, or that which cannot be divided into two or more beings equal or alike.

The usual division in logic is made into genera ; those genera into species ; and those species into individuals.
INDIVISIBLE, amongst metaphysicians. A thing is said to be absolutely indivisible, that is, a simple being, when it consists of no parts into which it can be divided. Thus, God is indivisible in all respects; as is also the human mind, not having extension, nor' other properties of body.

Indivisibles, in Geometry, the elements or principles into which any body or figure may be ultimately resolved, which elements are supposed to be infinitely small. Thus, a line may be said to consist of points, a surface of parallel lines, and a solid of parallel and similar surfaces.
INDORSEMENT, in Law, any thing written on the back of a deed; as a receipt for money received.

There is likewise an indorsement, by way of assignment, on bills of exchange and notes of hand; which may be done by merely writing a person’s name on the back of the instrument.
INDRE, a department of France, formed out of a part of the ancient Touraine, and a portion of the province of La Marche. It is an inland division, surrounded on every side by other departments of the kingdom. The extent is 2925 square miles, or, according to the Royal Almanac, 702,240 hectares, of which 441,383 are under the plough, 14,025 are vineyards, 36,696 pastures, 10,409 commons, 104,568 waste heaths, 57,343 woods and forests, 5059 gardens, and the remainder consists of the sites of cities, towns, and villages, and of roads, rivers, and canals. It is divided into 4 arrondissements, and these are subdivided into 23 cantons, and 275 communes, with a population of 207,721 individuals, all professing the Catholic religion, and having 166 churches. It is a level district, with but few hills, and only such valleys as receive the several streams which run through them. On the southern boundary there is a range of hills, not lofty, composed of granite and slate, but they rather belong to the department of the Cher. The department is watered by no less than 15 rivers, and 100 subsidiary brooks. The principal streams are the Creuse, the Indre, the Fouson, and the Arnon. The climate is temperate, neither the heat nor the cold being excessive, but in the vicinity of the more sluggish streams there is a moisture in the air, deemed unfavourable to health. The department is very backward in its agriculture, and the farms are mostly small, being let on the Metayer system, and the rent being paid by a stipulated portion of the crops. The common rotation is a fallow and two crops of corn. The yearly produce, wheat and rye, is about equal, and of both, as well of barley and oats, there is a surplus. The vineyards, though extensive, are neglected, and the wine is badly managed, and of little repute. The manufactures are chiefly of the domestic kind, and supply the inhabitants with clothing and household and rural implements. The capital is Chateauroux, with 8500 inhabitants.
INDRE and LOIRE, a department of the north-west of France, formed out of the ancient district of Touraine. It extends over 2953 square miles, or, according to the Royal Almanac, 612,679 hectares. It is divided into three arrondissements, whose subdivisions are 24 cantons, and 311 communes, with 274,970 inhabitants. It is generally a level country, consisting of valleys, in which the rivers run, and of plains between, of moderate elevation, which, from their good cultivation and fertility, have been denominated the garden of France. There are, however, some parts of the department which are sandy heaths, and others where the chalk is so slightly covered with soil, as to render it unfit for profitable cultivation. It is well watered by the rivers Loire, Cher, Indre, Vienne, and the Creuse, and their respective tributary brooks, too numerous to be recounted. The climate is temperate like all the middle of France, with a pleasant spring and autumn, hot summer, and short but not severe winter. The forests cover one-ninth of the department, producing fuel and timber. The corn of this division is unequal to the consumption, one-fourth of which must be supplied from the neighbouring provinces. It yields, however, a surplus of each kind of domestic animals, and of their produce, and a most copious [7:12:269]store of fruits of all kinds, some of which dried, as plums and apples, and others as almonds, filberts, walnuts, and chestnuts, with no preparation, form a considerable branch of commerce. It yields also good flax and hemp, and much honey and wax. The wine is chiefly white, and some of it, as well as of the red, is highly valued, but the greater part is made into brandy for distant markets. The rearing silk worms, which was once a considerable occupation, has been nearly abandoned. There are some mines of iron, whose ores are cleared and worked into the appropriate articles. The manufactures are inconsiderable, consisting of linen and woollen cloth, of some silk goods, paper, liquorice, and liqueurs. The capital of the department is the city of Tours.
INDUCTION, in Logic and Rhetoric, a consequence drawn from several propositions or principles first laid down; or a general inference deduced from a number of facts so arranged in the statement of them as to lead necessarily to the conclusion.

Induction, in Law, is putting a clerk or clergyman in possession of a benefice or living to which he is collated or presented.

Induction, in Philosophy. See Physics.