pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HERRING, in Ichthyology, a species of Clupea. The name herring is derived from the German word signifying an army, to express their number, when they enter our seas. See Fisheries. Herring, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, memorable for his attachment to civil and religious liberty, was the son of a clergyman, and born in the year 1693. He received his grammar-school education at Wisbech, in the isle of Ely; and at the age of seventeen was sent to Jesus College, Cambridge, at which place he was made bachelor of arts in 1714, and had the degree of master of arts conferred upon him about three years afterwards. In the year 1722, he was appointed chaplain to Dr Fleetwood, bishop of Ely, who gave him two rectories; and in 1726 he was nominated preacher to the honourable society of Lincoln’s Inn. He was chosen chaplain in ordinary to his . majesty about the same period, and obtained from Cambridge the degree of doctor of divinity in the year 1728. Bishop Fleetwood, his patron, declared to his friends that he never heard a sermon from Dr Herring which he would not have been proud to be the author of himself. In 1731, he was chosen rector of Blechingley in Surrey; the same year he was appointed dean of Rochester; and in the year 1737 the king promoted him to the see of Bangor. In 1743 he was elevated to the archiepiscopal see of York; and it was peculiarly fortunate for the country at such a critical juncture, that a man of his principles and public spirit was raised to so exalted a rank. The rebellion in Scotland had been so artfully concealed by its friends in England, that it was scarcely believed the Highlanders were in arms until the royalists were defeated at the battle of Gladsmuir. Amidst the universal consternation which this event occasioned, Archbishop Herring roused the people to a sense of their danger, contributed to assuage the panic, and encouraged them to unite with firmness and vigour in the defence of their country.

A meeting of the nobility, gentry, and clergy, was held at York, where the archbishop addressed them in a very able and animated speech, requesting them to unite as one man in averting the present danger, to preserve their happy constitution, and to contribute by a subscription to raise troops for the defence of the country. The whole assembly entered warmly into his views, and immediately subscribed about L.40,000 for the important purpose recommended by his grace. On the death of Archbishop Potter, which happened in 1747, Dr Herring was translated to the see of Canterbury. In 1753 he was seized with a violent fever, which brought him to the verge of the grave; and although he so far recovered that he languished a few years, yet his strength and spirits were much exhausted, and he expired in 1756, in the sixty-third year of his age. He was buried, according to his own desire, without any pomp or parade, and no monument was erected to his memory.
HERRNHUTH, a town of the kingdom of Saxony, in the circle of Voightland, at the foot of the mountain Huts-berg, but 1054 feet above the level of the sea. It is the place from which the religious sect known in England as Moravians has received the name of Herrnhutters, by which they are commonly distinguished on the Continent. It was built by Count Zinzendorf in 1722, for the reception of the refugees of the sect driven by persecution from Moravia. It contains 100 houses, and about 1400 inhabitants, who are occupied in various manufactures upon a small scale. It is considered as the point of union for the scattered members of the sect in Europe and America.
HERSE, in Fortification, a lattice, or portcullis, in the form of a harrow, beset with iron spikes. The word herse is French, and literally signifies harrow ; being formed of the Latin herpex or irpex, which denotes the same thing. It is usually suspended by a rope fastened to a moulinet, to be cut, in case of surprise, or when the first gate is broken with a petard, that the herse may fall, and stop up the passage of the gate or other entrance of a fortress.
HERSFELD, a province of the principality of Hesse Cassel, in Germany, extending over 156 square miles, on an elevated plain, but watered by the river Fulda. It contains one city, one market-town, and sixty-two villages or hamlets, with 2885 houses, and about 19,000 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, is situated on the river Fulda, and is an open town, which was burnt by the French on their retreat from Leipsic, but has been since rebuilt. It contains 433 houses, and 5220 inhabitants, chiefly linen weavers and bleachers.
HERSILLON, in the military art, a sort of plank or beam, ten or twelve feet in length, two sides of which are driven full of spikes or nails, to incommode the march of the infantry or cavalry. The word is a diminutive of herse; the hersillon doing the office of a little herse.
HERSTAT, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liège, on the left bank of the Meuse. It is a place in which there are very large iron works, and near to it is abundance of coals. It contains 4710 inhabitants, chiefly employed in making ironmongery.
HERTHA, or Herthus, in Mythology, a deity worshipped by the ancient Germans, and mentioned by Tacitus, in his book De Moribus Germanorum (c. 40). Vossius conjectures, that this goddess was Cybele; but she was more probably Terra, or the Earth, because the Germans still use the word lιert for the earth, whence also the English word earth.
HERZBERG, a town of the kingdom of Hanover, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the province of Grubenhagen, on the river Sieben. It stands at the foot of the Hartz Mountains, and contains 321 houses, with 2720 inhabitants, employed in cotton and linen weaving, and in making paper.
HESBIN, a city of France, in the arrondissement of Montreuil, and department of Calais. It stands at the junction of the river Canche with the Ternaise, in a marshy situation, and is strongly fortified. It contains 938 houses, and 4160 inhabitants, who produce hosiery and cotton goods, and have some twist mills. Long. 2. 3. E. Lat. 50. 22. N.
HESIONE, a daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, who was exposed to a sea monster which had been sent by Neptune to ravage the coast of Troy, as a punishment to the king for having defrauded the god of his stipulated reward. Hercules, who was then accompanying the Argonauts, delivered the princess, slew the monster, and received as a reward six beautiful horses. Besides, Hesione from gratitude agreed to follow him. He left the princess and the horses with Laomedon till he should return from the expedition. When Hercules sent his friend Telamon to reclaim his property, Laomedon refused to give them up. Incensed at this treachery, the hero laid siege to Troy, killed the perjured king, carried off Hesione, and gave her in marriage to Telamon.
HESPER, Hesperus, in Astronomy, the evening star; an appellation given to Venus when she follows or sets after the sun. The word is formed from the Greek ‘Εστί- ξος, and is supposed to have been originally the proper name of a man, brother of Atlas, and father of the Hesperides.
HESPERIDES, nymphs who possessed a garden, in which grew the golden apples given by Jupiter to Juno on the day of her marriage. They were Aegle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa. The garden was guarded by a dragon called Ladon, and is generally placed near Mount Atlas in Africa. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of these apples. He persuaded Atlas to go in search of them, whilst he sustained the burden of the heavens on his shoulders. On his return with the apples, Hercules expressed a wish to ease his head by placing something on it, and when Atlas assisted him to remove this inconvenience, Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples. According to others, Hercules slew the dragon and gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of Atlas. According to Diodorus, they were the same as the Atlantides, being called Hesperides from their mother Hesperis, the wife of Atlas; and they were the keepers of flocks of sheep, the Greek word μηλοv signifying either a sheep or an apple.
HESPERIDUM Insulae, in Ancient Geography, islands [7:11:287]near the ĩĩesperi Cornu ; but the accounts of them are so much involved in fable, that nothing certain can be affirmed respecting them.
HESPERUS, in fabulous history, son of Cephalus by Aurora, was changed into a star, called Lucifer in the morning, and Hesperus in the evening.
HESTON, a parish in the hundred of Islesworth, of the county of Middlesex, ten miles from London, the chief part of which consists of the town of Hounslow, through which the great roads to the western counties pass. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1782, in 1811 to 2251, in 1821 to 2810, and in 1831 to 3407.
HESYCHIUS, the most celebrated of all the ancient Greek grammarians whose works are now extant, was a Christian; and, according to some, the same with Hesychius, patriarch of Jerusalem, who died in the year 609. He wrote a Greek lexico, which, in the opinion of Casaubon, is the most learned and useful work of that kind produced by the ancients. Schrevelius published a good edition of it in 1668, in 4to, with notes; but the best is that of John Alberti, printed at Leyden in 1746, in two vols. folio.
HETERIARCH, Hetaeriarcha, in Antiquity, an officer in the Greek empire. There were two kinds of heteriarchs; the one simply so called, and the other denominated great heteriarch, who had the direction of the former. The principal function of these officers was to' command the troops of the allies.
HETEROCLITE, in Grammar, an irregular or anomalous word, which, either in declension, conjugation, or regimen, deviates from the ordinary rules of grammar. The word is Greek, ŝrífoxX/rov, formed from tτtζoς, alter, another, different, and κλ∕vω, I decline. Heteroclite is more peculiarly applied to nouns which vary or are irregular in point of declension.
HETERODOX, in Polemical Theology, something which is contrary to the faith or doctrine established in the true church. The word stands in opposition to orthodox.
HETEROGENEITY, in Physics, the quality or disposition which renders a thing heterogeneous. The word is also used for the heterogeneous parts themselves; in which sense the heterogeneities of a body are the same thing with its impurities.
HETEROGENEOUS, or Heterogeneal, literally [7:11:289]imports something of a different nature, or which consists of parts of different or dissimilar kinds; in opposition to homogeneous. Heterogeneous Light was defined by Sir Isaac Newton to be that which consists of rays of different degrees of resrangibility. Thus the common light of the sun or clouds is heterogeneous, being a mixture of all sorts of rays.

Heterogeneous Nouns, one of the three variations in irregular nouns, or such as are of one gender in the singular number, and of another in the plural. Heterogeneous nouns, under which are comprehended mixed nouns, are sixfold: 1. Those which are of the masculine gender in the singular number, and neuter in the plural; aSjÅżc Tartarus, haec Tartara : 2. Those which are masculine in the singular number, but masculine and neuter in the plural; as, hie locus, hi loci et haec loca : 3. Such as are feminine in the singular number, but neuter in the plural; as, haec carbasus, et haec carbasa : 4. Such nouns as are neuter in the singular number, but masculine in the plural; as, hoc coelum, hi coeli: 5. Such as are neuter in the singular, but neuter and masculine in the plural; as, hoc rostrum, hi rastri, et haec rastra ; And, 6. Such as are neuter in the singular, but feminine in the plural number; as, hoc epulum, hae epulae. Heterogeneous Quantities are those which are of such different kind that one of them, taken any number of times, never equals or exceeds the other.

Heterogeneous Surds are such as have different radical signs: as √αa, and 3 √δZ>; 0 √9, and 7 √19.
HETEROSCII, in Geography, a term of relation, denoting such inhabitants of the earth as have their shadows falling but one way.
HETRURIA. See Etruria, and Etruscans.
HETTOWRA, a town of Hindustan, in the Napaul territories, and the centre of all commerce carried on between the Napaul dominions and those of Oude and the Company. It is situated on the Rapti river, and is a miserable village, consisting only of about sixty houses. Long. 85. 22. E. Lat. 27. 14. N.
HEUSDEN, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant. It is strongly fortified, commands the navigation of the river Maas, and contains 280 houses, with (in 1830) 1834 inhabitants.
HEVELIUS, or Hevelke, John, an eminent astronomer, was born at Dantzig on the 28th of January 1611. He studied in Germany, England, and France, and everywhere obtained the esteem of the learned. He was the first who discovered a kind of libration of the moon, and made several important observations on the other planets. He also discovered several fixed stars, which he denominated the Firmament of Sobieshi, in honour of John III. king of Poland. His wife was also skilled in astronomy, and made part of the observations published by her husband. In 1673 he published a description of the instruments with which he made his observations, under the title of Aiachina Coelestis, and in 1679 he published the second part of this work; but in September the same year, whilst he was at a seat in the country, he had the misfortune to have his house at Dantzig burnt down. By this calamity he is said to have sustained a loss of several thousand pounds; for not only were his observatory and all his valuable instruments and apparatus destroyed, but also a great number of copies of his Machina Coelestis; an accident which has rendered the second part very scarce, and consequently very dear. Hevelius died on the 28th of January 1687, his birth-day, at the age of seventy-six. He was a man greatly esteemed by his countrymen, not only on account of his skill and reputation in astronomy, but as an excellent and worthy magistrate. He was appointed a burgomaster of Dantzig; an office which he executed with the utmost integrity and approbation. He was also highly esteemed by foreigners, not only by those who were skilled in astronomy and the sciences, but by foreign princes and potentates; as appears from a collection of their letters to him, which was printed at Dantzig in the year 1683. The printed works of Hevelius are, 1. Selenographia, Dantzig, in folio; 2. Letters to Eichstadt on an Eclipse of the Moon, to Gassendi and to Boulliau on an Eclipse of the Sun, 1649, and to Riccioli on the Libration of the Moon; 3. Letter to Nuce-rius on Eclipses, 1654; 4. De Nativa Saturni Facie, 1656; 5. Mercurius in Sole visus, 1662; 6. Historia mine Stellae in collo Ceti, 1662; 7. Prodromus Cometicus, Descriptio Cometa?, Mantissa Prodromi Cometici, 1665 and 1666, in folio; 8. Cometographia, 1668, in folio; 9. Machina Coelestis, pars prior, 1673; 10. Epistola de Cometa anni 1672, Id. anni 1677, in 4to; 11. Machina Coelestis, pars posterior, 1679; 12. Annus Climactericus sive Observationum quadragesimus nonus, 1685. The posthumous works of Hevelius are, 1. Prodromus Astronomiae, 1690; 2. Uranographia seu Firmamentum Sobescianum, 1690; together with Excerpta ex Litteris illustrium et clariss. Virorum ad Jo. Hevelium perscriptis, judicia de rebus astronomicis ejusdemque scriptis exhibentia, Dantzig, 1684, in 4to.
HEWSON, William, a very ingenious anatomist, was born in 1739. He became assistant to Dr Hunter, and afterwards entered into partnership with him; but on their disagreement, he read anatomical lectures at his own house, in which he was seconded by Mr Falconer. He wrote Inquiries into the Properties of the Blood, and the Lymphatic System, 2 vols.; and disputed with Dr Monro the discovery of the lymphatic system of vessels in oviparous animals. Hewson died in 1774.
HEXACHORD, in ancient music, a concord called by the moderns a sixth.
HEXAGON, in Geometry, a figure of six sides and angles; and if these sides and angles be respectively equal, it is called a regular hexagon.
HEXAHEDRON, in Geometry, one of the five platonic bodies, or regular solids, being the same with a cube.
HEXAMETER, in ancient poetry, a kind of verse consisting of six feet, the first four of which may be indifferently either spondees or dactyles; while the fifth is generally a dactyle, and the sixth always a spondee.
HEXASTYLE, in Architecture, a building with six columns in front.
HEXHAM, a market-town of the county of Northumberland, in the ward of Tindal, 286 miles from London. It stands at the head of a beautiful valley, at the junction of the North with the South Tyne. The church, formerly a cathedral, is ancient and spacious, and the interior highly ornamented; and adjoining to it are some venerable appendages. The streets are narrow, but clean. It is not a place of much trade. The chief occupations are tanning leather, and making shoes and gloves. It has well-attended markets on Tuesday and Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 4565, in 1811 to 4846, in 1821 to 5436, and in 1831 to 6042.
HEYDON, John, sometimes called Eugenius Theodi-dactus, was a great pretender to skill in the Rosicrucian philosophy and the celestial signs, in the reign of King Charles 1., and wrote a number of chemical and astrological works. This empiric was much consulted by the Duke of Buckingham, who believed in judicial astrology. He employed Heydon to calculate the king’s and his own nativity, and was assured that his stars had promised him great things. The duke also employed Hcydon in some treasonable and seditious practices, for which he was sent to the Tower. The astrologer lost much of his reputation by telling Richard Cromwell and Thurloe, who went to him disguised like cavaliers, that Oliver would infallibly be hanged by a certain time. This period, however, he outlived several years.
HEYLIN, Dr Peter, an English divine, was born at Burford, Oxfordshire, on the 29th of November 1600. He studied at Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts and divinity, and became a geographer and an historian. He was appointed one of the chaplains in ordinary to King Charles L, was presented to the rectory of Hemingford in Huntingdonshire, made a prebendary of Westminster, and presented with several other livings; but of these he was deprived by the parliament, who also sequestrated his estate, by which means he and his family were reduced to want. On the restoration, however, he recovered his spiritualities; but never rose higher than subdean of Westminster. He died in 1662, and was interred in St Peter’s Church in Westminster. His principal writings are, 1. Microcosmus, or a Description of the World, 1621; 2. Cosmographia; 3. The history of St George of Cappadocia, 1631; 4. Ecclesia Vindicata, or the Church of England Justified; 5. Historical and Miscellaneous Pieces.
HEYTESBURY, a borough-town in the hundred of that name, in the county of Wilts, ninety-three miles from London. It stands on the river Whiley, and has on it some mills for the cloth manufacture, which is extensively carried on. It is an ancient burgage tenure borough, and returned two members to the House of Commons, till disfranchised in 1832. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1072, in 1811 to 1023, in 1821 to 1329, and in 1831 to 1412.
HEYWOOD, John, an English dramatic poet, was born at North Mims, near St Albans, in Hertfordshire, and educated at Oxford. But the sprightliness of his disposition not being well adapted to the sedentary and plodding life of an academician, he retired to the place of his nativity, where he had the good fortune to become acquainted with Sir Thomas More. This patron of genius introduced our poet to the Princess Mary, and afterwards to her father Henry, who was much delighted with his wit and skill in music. When Mary came to the crown, Heywood became a favourite at court, and continued often to entertain her majesty, exercising his fancy before her, even till the time when she lay languishing on her deathbed. On the accession of Elizabeth, Heywood, being a zealous Catholic, thought fit to decamp, with other favourites of her deceased majesty, and settled at Mechlin in Flanders, where he died in the year 1565. Heywood was a man of no great learning, nor were his poetical abilities by any means extraordinary; but he possessed talents of more importance in the times in which he lived, namely, the talents of a jester. He wrote several plays, five hundred epigrams, A Dialogue in Verse concerning English Proverbs, and The Spider and Ely, α Parable. He left two sons, Ellis Heywood, who continued some time at Florence under the patronage of Cardinal Polo, became so good a master of the Italian tongue as to write a treatise in that language, entitled II Moro, and died at Louvain about the year 1572; and Jasper Heywood, who was obliged to resign a fellowship at Oxford on account of his immoralities. The latter translated three tragedies of Seneca, wrote various poems and devices, and died at Naples in 1597.
HIATUS properly signifies an opening, chasm, or gap; but it is particularly applied to those verses where one word ends with a vowel, and the following word begins with one, thereby occasioning a disagreeable opening of the mouth, and harshness of sound. The term hiatus is also used in speaking of manuscripts, to denote their defects, or the parts which have been lost or effaced.
HICETAS of Syracuse, an ancient philosopher and astronomer, who taught that the sun and stars were motionless, and that the earth revolved round them. This is mentioned by Cicero, and probably afforded Copernicus the first hint of the true system of the world. He flourished 344 b. c.
HICKES, George, an English divine of extraordinary parts and learning, was born at Newsham in Yorkshire on the 20th of June 1642. In 1681 he was made king’s chaplain, and two years afterwards dean of Worcester.
[7:11:293]

But the death of Charles II. stopped his preferment; for though his church principles were very high, he manifested too much zeal against popery to be a favourite with James II. At the Revolution, he, with many others, was deprived for refusing to take the oaths to King William and Queen Mary; and soon afterwards, Archbishop Sancroft and his colleagues considering how to maintain episcopal succession amongst those who adhered to them, Dr Hickes carried over a list of the deprived clergy to King James, and, with his sanction, a private consecration was performed, at which, it is said, Lord Clarendon was present. On this occasion Dr Hickes was consecrated suffragan Bishop of Thetford, and died on the 15th of December 1715. The principal works of Dr Hickes, who was a man of almost universal learning, are the following, viz. 1. Institutiones Grammaticae Anglo-Saxonicae et Moeso-Gothicae; Grammatica Islandica Runolphi Jonae; Catalogus librorum Septentrionalium; accedit Eduardi Bernardi Etymologicum Britannicum, Oxon. 1689, in 4to, inscribed to Archbishop Sancroft: 2. Antiquae Literaturae Septentrionalis libri duo; quorum primus G. Hickesii, S. T. P. Linguarum veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurum GrammaticoCriticum et Archaeologicum, ejusdem de antiquae Literaturae Septentrionalis utilitate dissertationem Epistolarum, et Andreae Fountaine equitis aurati Numismata Saxonica et Dano-Saxonica, complectitur; alter continet Humfredi Wanleii librorum veterum Septentrionalium, qui in Angliae bibliothecis extant, catalogum historicocriticum, necnon inultorum veterum codicum Septentrionalium alibi extantium notitiam, cum totius operis sex Indicibus, Oxon. 1705, in three vols. folio: 3. Sermons, 1713, in 8vo: 4. Letter from beyond Seas to the Ministers of the Nonconforming Party, 1674, reprinted in 1684: 5. Ravaillac Redivivus, being a narrative of the trial of James Mitchell, for an attempt on the person of Sharpe, Archbishop of St Andrews: 6. The Spirit of Popery, 1679: 7. Jovian, or an Answer to Julian the Apostate, 1683, in 8vo: 8. Infant Baptism, 1685, in 4to: 9. Speculum beatae Virginis, a discourse of the due praise and honour of the Virgin, 1686: with many other tracts and pieces of a miscellaneous character.