pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
RUGBY, a market-town of the county of Warwick, in the hundred of Knightlow, eighty-four miles from London. It is situated on the Grand Junction Canal, and has a good market on Saturday. The free-school here is celebrated, and has educated many youths of the first families of the kingdom. The population amounted in 1801 to 1487, in 1811 to 1805, in 1821 to 2300, and in 1831 to 2501.
RUGENWALD, a city of Prussia, in the government of Stralsund, and the capital of the circle of Schlawe-Pollnow. It is situated on the river Wipper, about a mile distant from the Baltic Sea. It is a fortified place, containing 460 houses, with 4100 inhabitants, who have some foreign trade, some ship-building, and manufactures of sailcloth and cordage, with many distilleries and breweries. It is frequented as a sea-bathing place in the summer. Long. 12. 18. E. Lat. 54. 22. N.
RUIB ISLE, a small island in the Eastern Seas, about six leagues from Waygoo, and surrounded by a multitude of smaller islands, with very deep waters between them. Long. 129. 55. E. Lat. 0. N.
RULE, in matters of literature, a maxim, canon, or precept, to be observed in any art or science.

Rule, in a monastic sense, a system of laws or regulations, according to which religious houses are governed, and which the religious make a vow, at their entrance, to observe. Rules of Court, in Law, are certain orders made from time to time in the courts of law, which attorneys are bound to observe, in order to avoid confusion; and both the plaintiff and defendant are at their peril also bound to pay obedience to rules made in court relating to the cause depending between them.
RUM, a species of brandy or vinous spirits, which is distilled from sugar-canes.

Rum, according to Dr Shaw, differs from simple sugar-spirit, in that it contains more of the natural flavour or essential oil of the sugar-cane; a great deal of raw juice and parts of the cane itself being usually fermented in the liquor or solution of which the rum is prepared.
RUMBO, a Malay kingdom, in the peninsula, about sixty miles from the city of Malacca. The sultan and all the principal officers of this state hold their authority immediately from Menangcabow in Sumatra, and have commissions for their respective offices. They have a peculiar dialect, called by the inhabitants of Malacca the language of Menangcabow.
RUMFORD, Count. See Thompson, Sir Benjamin.
RUMINANT, in Natural History, is applied to an animal which chews over again what it has eaten before, and which is popularly called chewing the cud.
RUN, a very extensive salt morass in Hindustan, which bounds the western frontier of the province of Gujerat, and communicates with the Gulf of Cutch. It is several hundred miles in length, and exhibits a variety of appearances, being in some places a widely expanded sheet of shallow water, only a few inches deep, and in others an impassable swamp. In some places it is a dry unproductive bank of sand, impregnated with saline particles, adverse to vegetation. In [7:19:521]eluding its windings, it extends over many hundred miles, and sweeps round the north of Cutch. It appears at one; time to have been covered with the waters of the ocean.
RUNALA, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, and the province of Kandesh, eighty-four miles east from Surat. Long. 74. 30. E. Lat. 21. 17. N.
RUNGPOOR, a town and district of Hindustan, in the north-eastern extremity of Bengal, situated about the twentieth degree of north latitude. The district is bounded on the north by the Bootan Hills, on the south by Mymunsing, on the east by the Brahmapootra, and on the west by Dinagepore. The river Durlah separates it from Couch Bahar. It is an open country, level, and well watered and productive. It yields in abundance silk, rice, indigo, hemp, and tobacco. Some parts of it are equal in fertility to any part of Bengal; but, on the whole, it is not so well cultivated or so populous as the other parts of this province. Besides the Brahmapootra, the principal rivers are the Teestah and the Durlah; and the chief towns Rungpoor, Mungulhaut, and Guzgotta. The tobacco grown here is mostly consumed in the southern and eastern districts of Bengal. The glandular swellings of the throat are very prevalent amongst the inhabitants, although parts of the district are a hundred miles distant from the Alpine region. This district was taken possession of by the Mahommedans early in the thirteenth century, and was always governed by a military collector. It was at first partially wrested from the rajah of Couch Bahar, when it was formed into a circar, and was finally conquered by the generals of Aurungzebe. It is now under a British establishment of a judge, collector, &c. The result of some queries by the Marquis of Wellesley in 1801 gave a population of 400,000. Rungpoor, the capital, is situated on the eastern bank of the Goggot river. It is a regularly-built town, and carries on a considerable trade with Bootan, Assam, and Calcutta. Long. 89. 5. E. Lat.

25. 47. N.
RUNGPORE, an extensive fortress of Hindustan, which is sometimes, but erroneously, called the capital of Assam. Gergong is the real capital, of which Rungpore is only the fort. It is situated on an island, and can only be approached by a bridge, which was built centuries ago, and remains a monument of the abilities of the Bengal artificers who were employed to construct it. Long. 94. 40. E. Lat. 20.35. N.
RUNIC, a term applied to the language and letters of the ancient Goths, Danes, and other northern nations. See Scotland.
RUNNER, in nautical language, a rope belonging to the garnet and the two bolt-tackles. It is received in a single block joined to the end of a pendant; it has at one end a hook to hitch into any thing, and at the other a double block, into which is reeved the fall of the tackle, or the garnet, by which means it purchases more than the tackle would without it.
RUNNET or Rennet, is the concreted milk found in the stomachs of sucking quadrupeds, which have as yet received no other nourishment than their mother’s milk. In ruminating animals, which have several stomachs, it is generally found in the last, though sometimes in the next to it. If the runnet is dried in the sun, and then kept close, it may be preserved in perfection for years. Not only the runnet itself, but also the stomach in which it is found, curdles milk without any previous preparation. But the common method is, to take the inner membrane of a calf’s stomach, to clean it well, to salt and hang it up in brown paper. When this is used the salt is washed off, then it is macerated in a little watbr during the night, and in the morning the infusion is poured into the milk to curdle it.
RUPEE, a silver coin current in the East Indies, equal to about two shillings and sixpence sterling.
RUPNAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, belonging to Dowlet Row Scindia. It is thirteen miles north-east from the city of Ajmeer. Long 74. 58. E. Lat. 26. 43. N.
RUPPIN, a city of Prussia, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the government of Potsdam, which extends over 725 square miles, and comprehends five cities, 97 villages, 84 hamlets, and 54,600 inhabitants. The city is situated on the lake Rhin, whence, by sluices, a stream is carried through it. Although ancient, it is well built, and was formerly fortified. It contains two churches, a gymnasium with six professors, and in 1834 had 800 houses and 7415 inhabitants. By a lake and a canal which joins the river Havel, the trade is extended to the Elbe. The occupations of the citizens chiefly consist in making woollen goods of various kinds, tanning leather, brewing beer, and distilling corn-spirits. Near to it there is much tobacco cultivated. Long. 22. 48. 47. E. Lat. 52. 55. 59. N.
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RUSCIUD, a small river of Persia, which falls into the Persian Gulf, forty-eight miles west of Ormus.
RUSCSUK or Rusdschuk, a city of Turkey in Europe, and of the district of Silistria. It is situated on the river Danube, at the point where the Kara Lom falls into that great stream. It is fortified, and has extensive suburbs, a fortress, nine mosques, several Greek and Armenian churches, some Jewish synagogues, and a great number of baths. It has 6000 houses, and is supposed to contain 30,000 inhabitants, who make linen, woollen, cotton, and silk goods, and carry on extensive trade by the river. Lat. 43. 51. 3. N.
RUSS, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the west coast of Nassau. Long. 99. 48. E. Lat. 2. 53. S.
RUSSOOA, a village of Thibet, on the northern face of the Himalaya Mountains, which marks the frontier of the Nepaul dominions in this direction. Long. 85. 40. E. Lat. 28. 3. N.
RUSSOOLPOOR, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the nabob of Oude, in the province of Allahabad, forty miles north-west from the city and fortress of Allahabad. Long. 81. 25. E. Lat. 25. 57. N.
RUST, the calx or oxide of a metal, iron, for instance, formed by exposure to the air, or by corroding and dissolving its superficial parts by some menstruum. Water is the great instrument or agent in producing rust; and hence oils and other fatty bodies secure metals from rust, water being no menstruum for oil, and therefore not able to make its way through it. Almost all metals are liable to rust. The rust of iron is not merely an oxide of that metal; it contains, besides, a portion of carbonate.
RUSTIC, in Architecture, implies a manner of building in imitation of nature, rather than according to the rules of art.

Rustic Gods, or dii rustici, in Antiquity, were the gods of the country, or those who presided over agriculture. Varro invokes the twelve dii consentes, as the principal amongst the rustic gods, viz. Jupiter, Tellus 1 the Sun, Moon, Ceres, Bacchus, Rubigus, Flora, Minerva, Venus, Lympha, and Good Luck. Besides these twelve arch[7:19:591]rustic gods, there were an infinity of lesser ones; as Pales, Vertumnus, Tutelina, FuIgor, Sterculius, Mellona 1 Jugati-i nus, Collinus, Vallonia, Terminus, Sylvanus, and Priapus, i Struvius adds the Satyrs, Fauns, Sileni, Nymphs, and even « Tritons, and gives the empire over all the rustic gods to the god Pan.!

Rustic Work, is where the stones in the face, &c. of a ∣ building, instead of being smooth, are hatched, or picked ∣ with the point of a hammer.
RUSTRE, in Heraldry, a bearing of a diamond shape, pierced through in the middle with a round hole.
RUTH, a canonical book of the Old Testament, being ∣ a kind of appendage to the book of Judges, and an intro-: duction to those of Samuel, and having its title from the person whose story is there principally related. In this story are observable the ancient rights of kindred and redemption; and the manner of buying the inheritance of the deceased, with other particulars of great note and antiquity. The canonicalness of this book was never disputed; but the learned are not agreed about the epoch of the history which it relates. Ruth the Moabitess is found in the genealogy of our Saviour. (Matt. i. 5.)
RUTHERGLEN or by contraction Rugi.en, the head burgh of the nether ward of Lanarkshire, in Scotland, is situated about two miles south-east of Glasgow, and nine west of Hamilton. Few towns in Scotland can lay claim to greater antiquity than Rutherglen. It was erected into a royal burgh by King David I. about the year 1126.

The territory under the jurisdiction of the burgh was extensive, and the inhabitants enjoyed many distinguished privileges, which were, however, gradually wrested from them by political influence in favour of Glasgow, which in latter times rose into consequence by trade and manufactures. The ancient dimensions of the place are now unknown; but in the fields and gardens towards the east, the foundations of houses are occasionally discovered.

About a hundred and fifty yards to the south of the main street is a kind of lane, known by the name of Dins-dykes. This place has acquired an opprobrious celebrity, from the circumstance which befell the unfortunate Queen Mary when her forces were routed at the battle of Langside. Her majesty, who, during the battle, stood on a rising ground about a mile from Rutherglen, no sooner saw her army defeated, than she took her precipitate flight to the south. Dins-dykes unluckily lay in her way. Two rustics, who were at that instant cutting grass hard" by, seeing her majesty flying in haste, rudely attempted to intercept her, and threatened to cut her in pieces with their scythes if she presumed to proceed a step further. Neither beauty nor royalty would have secured her escape, had not some of her followers come to her relief.

Adjoining to a lane called the Bach-row stood the castle of Rutherglen, originally built at a period coeval, it is reported, with the foundation of the town. This ancient fortress underwent several sieges during the unhappy wars in the days of King Robert Bruce, and it remained a place of strength until the battle of Langside; soon after which it was destroyed by order of the regent, to revenge himself on the Hamilton family, in whose custody it then was. The foundations of the buildings are now erased, and the site converted into dwelling-houses and gardens.

Rutherglen, in conjunction with Renfrew, Dumbarton, Kilmarnock, and Port-Glasgow, sends a member to the British parliament. The fairs of this town are generally well attended, and have long been famous for a great show of horses, of the Lanarkshire breed, which are esteemed the best draught-horses in Britain. The inhabitants of this borough still retain some customs of a very remote antiquity. One of these is the making of Rutherglen sour cakes. The operation is attended with some peculiar rites, which lead us to conclude that the practice is of Pagan origin. In

1821 the population of Rutherglen was about 1800, and including the parish it was 4640; in 1831 that of the town and parish was 5503.
RUTHIN, a borough and market town of the county of Denbigh, within the parish of Ruabon. It was formerly surrounded with walls, which are dilapidated; but it now consists of only one long street. It ls governed by four aldermen and twelve councillors. There are markets, which are held on Mondays and Saturdays. The population amounted in 1801 to 1115, in 1811 to 1292, in 1821 to 1294, and in 1831 to 3376. The apparent increase on the last census arises from the parish of Llanfurog being then, but not before, included in that of the town.
RUTLAMGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, and province of Malwah, forty-seven miles north-north-west from Oojain. Long. 75. 26. E. Lat. 28. 46. N.
RUTNAGIRI, a town of Hindustan, in the territories of the Nagpoor Mahrattas, and province of Bejapoor, on the east coast of the Concan district. Long. 78. 3. E. Lat. 17.1. N.
RUTTUNPORE, a town of Hindustan, the capital of a small district of the same name, in the province of Gund-wana, and district of Choteesgur, of which it is the capital. It is only a straggling village of about a thousand huts, many of which are uninhabited. It is situated in a remarkably productive and fertile country compared with the rest of the province, which is desolate and barren. This place is said to have been in possession of a family of Rajpoot Hindus from time immemorial. Their last independent chief, Sindar Sing, was, after a severe contest, subdued by Rago-gee Bounsia, the founder of the Nagpoor dynasty. It was here that a number of French troops, who were endeavouring to effect a retreat from Bahar through the country into the Deccan, halted, when they were entertained for a few days by Bombajee, the Mahratta sovereign, and at the end of that time treacherously murdered. The travelling distance from Calcutta by Chuta Nagpoor is 493 miles, from Nag-poor 220 miles, from Delhi 633, from Poonah 706 miles. Long. 82. 35. E. Lat. 22. 16. N.
RUYSSELEDE, a town of Belgium, in the province of West Flanders and circle of Bruges. It contains 5400 inhabitants, who are employed in making linen and some woollen goods.
RYACOTTA, a town and celebrated fortress of the south of India, added to the Baramuhl district by the Marquis Cornwallis, in virtue of a treaty he concluded with Tip-poo. The fort is very strong by nature, and it has been further fortified by art, as this place is the chief key to Karna-ta. The air is so temperate here, from the elevation of the ground, that even in the hot season the thermometer scarcely ever rises higher than 82° of Fahrenheit. Ryacotta was besieged in 1791 by Major Gowdie; and though it was of such strength, yet the garrison were intimidated by the spirited attacks of the besiegers, and surrendered, though amply supplied with guns, ammunition, and provision for its defence. It is ninety-eight miles east by north from Seringapatam. Long. 78. 1. E. Lat. 12. 33. N.
RYAGUDD, a town of Hindustan, possessed by independent zemindars, in the province of Orissa. It is sixty miles north-west from Cicacole. Long. 83. 27. E. Lat. 19. 1. N.
RYCHOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the nizam’s territories, and the province of Bejapoor. It is the capital of a district of the same name, and is 130 miles south-west from Hyderabad. It is an irregularly-built town, being an old fort with some new works. It is commanded by a hill, and by some rising grounds near it. Long. 77. 17. E. Lat. 15. 59. N. The district extends along the north bank of the Toombuddra river, between the 15th and 16th degrees of north latitude.
RYDE, a hamlet within the parish of Newchurch, in the Isle of Wight. It has become a place of some importance, from having of late years been the resort of numerous families for the purpose of sea-bathing. It is opposite to Portsmouth, and from its vicinity to Spithead has some trade in supplying fresh stock and vegetables to the ships of war. It is finely situated, and the bathing is good. The population in 1801 amounted to 2039, in 1811 to 2847, in 1821 to 3945, and in 1831 to 4928.
RYDROOG, a town and district of Hindustan, in the Balaghaut ceded territories. The town is 170 miles north by east from Seringapatam. Long. 77. 2. E. Lat. 14. 49. N. The district is situated principally between the 14th and 15th degrees of north latitude. The Hoggry is the chief river, and the principal towns are Rydroog and Mulkamarroor. This district was ceded to the Company in 1800, and a pension allowed to the polygar’s family, to whom it belonged.
RYE, a borough and seaport of the county of Sussex, in the hundred of Gostrow and rape of Hastings, 63 miles from London. It is a member of the Cinque Ports, but of a later date than the others. The harbour has been nearly choked up, partly by the recession of the sea, though it has been recently somewhat improved by a new cut. It was once fortified, but is ill built. It has a corporation, and returned two members to the House of Commons till 1832, since which it elects but one; and its corporation, by the late law, consists of a mayor, four aldermen, and eleven councillors, but no justice of the peace. It has markets, which are held on Wednesday and Friday. The population amounted in 1821 to 3599, and in 1831 to 3715.
RYEPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, and district of Choteesgur. This town, from its population and commerce, may be ranked amongst the first in the Choteesgur district. It contains 3000 huts, and has a stone fort on the north-east side of the town. It is sixty-nine miles from Ruttunpoor. Long. 82. 26. E. Lat. 21. 17. N.
RYLST, a city of Russia, in the government of Kursk, and the capital of a circle of the same name. It is built at the junction of the river Ryla with the Gem, and contains four stone and fourteen wooden churches, 840 houses, with 6300 inhabitants, who have considerable trade. It is 847 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 35. 3. E. Lat. 51. 35. N.
RYMER, Thomas, the author of that well-known and important work the Fadera, was born in the north of England, and educated at the grammar-school of Northallerton. He was admitted a scholar at Cambridge, then became a member of Gray’s Inn, and at length was appointed historiographer to King William in place of Mr Shadwell. He wrote a View of the Tragedies of the last Age, and afterwards published a tragedy named Edgar. For a critic he was certainly not well qualified, for he wanted candour; nor is his judgment much to be relied on, who could condemn Shakspeare with such rigid severity. His tragedy will show that his talents for poetry were by no means equal to those whose poems he has publicly censured. But though he has no title to the appellation of poet or critic, as an antiquarian and historian his memory will long be preserved. His Foedera, which is a collection of all public documents of the kings of England with foreign princes, is esteemed one of our most authentic and valuable records, and is oftener referred to by the best English historians than any other book in the language. It was published at London in the beginning of the eighteenth century, in [7:19:594]seventeen volumes folio. Three volumes more were added by Sanderson after Rymer’s death. The whole were reprinted at the Hague in ten vols., 1739. They were abridged by Rapin in French, and inserted in Le Clerc’s Bibliothèque, a translation of which was made by Stephen Whatley, and printed in four vols. 8vo, 1731. Rymer died on the 14th of December 1713, and was buried in the parish church of St Clement Danes. Some specimens of his poetry are preserved in the first volume of Mr Nichol’s Select Collection of Miscellaneous Poems, 1780.
RYNABAD, a small village of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, and district of Jessore. For a long time rumours were circulated that extensive ruins existed in the Sunderbunds, and particularly in the vicinity of Rynabad. But though repeated investigations have been made, none have been discovered.
S or s, the eighteenth letter and fourteenth consonant of our alphabet. The sound of it is formed by driving the breath through a narrow passage between the palate and the tongue elevated near it, together with a motion of the lower jaw and teeth towards the upper, the lips being a little way open, with such a configuration of every part of the mouth and larynx as renders the voice somewhat sibilous and hissing. Its sound, however, varies, being strong in some words, as this, thus, and soft in words which have a final e, as muse, wise. It is generally doubled at the end of words, by which they become hard and harsh, as in kiss, loss. In some words it is silent, as isle, island, viscount.

In abbreviation, S. stands for societas or socius; as R. S. S. for regiae societatis socius, fellow of the royal society. In medicinal prescriptions, S. A. signifies secundum artem, according to the rules of art. And in the notes of the ancients, S. stands for Sextus; S. P. for Spurius; S. C. for senatus consultum; S. P. Q. R. for senatus populusque Romanns; S. S. S. for stratum superstrαtum, one layer above another alternately; S. V. B. E. E. Q. V. for si vales bene est, ego quoque valeo, a form used in Cicero’s time in the beginning of letters. Used as a numeral, S. anciently denoted seven; in the Italian music, S. signifies solo; and in books of navigation, S. stands for south, S. E. for south-east, S. W. for south-west, S. S. E. for south-south-east, S. S. W. for southsouth-west, &c.
RYOTS, in the policy of Hindustan, the name by which the renters of land are distinguished. They hold their possessions by a lease, which may be considered as perpe-tual, and at a rate fixed by ancient surveys and valuations. This arrangement has been so long established, and accords so well with the ideas of the natives concerning the distinction of castes, and the functions allotted to each, that it has been invariably maintained in all the provinces subject either to Mahommedans or Europeans; and to both it serves as the basis on which their whole system of finance is founded. Respecting the precise mode, however, in which the ryots held their possessions, there are many different opinions, for which we refer to Robertson’s Historical Disquisition concerning India.