pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LEUTSCHAU, a city of the circle of Zips, in the province of Hither Theiss, in Hungary. It is unfortified, and irregularly built, has a Catholic and a Lutheran church, and contains 866 houses, with 4340 inhabitants. It has much trade in brewing and distilling, and in wine, and is much frequented by pilgrims, who visit there an image of the Virgin Mary. Long. 20. 21. 5. E. Lat. 49. 0. 58. N.*
LEUZE, a city of the Netherlands, in the province of Hennegau, and arrondissement of Tournay. It is situated on the river Dender, about six miles from its source, contains 4500 inhabitants, and has a considerable trade in linen. Long. 3. 33. E. Lat. 50. 34. N.
LEVANSO, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, near the western extremity of Sicily, four miles from Favignana. It is the Phorbantia of antiquity. It is nearly six miles in circumference, lofty, rugged, and, excepting at two or three places, inaccessible. It is inhabited, and furnishes corn, wine, oil, and cotton, and faggots and firewood, to the cities of Marsala and Trapani. Long. 12. 20. 29. E. Lat. 38. 1. 36. N.
LEVANT, in Geography, signifies any country situated to the eastward of us, or in the eastern part of any continent or country, or in that quarter where the sun rises.

Levant is also a name given to the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, bounded by Anatolia or Asia Minor on the north, by Syria and Palestine on' the east, by Egypt and Barca on the south, and by the island of Candia and the rest of the Mediterranean on the west.
LEVEN, the name of arriver in Dumbartonshire, another in Fifeshire, and of a loch in Kinross-shire.

Leven, a town or large village of Scotland, on the coast of Fife. It consists of two principal streets, with numerous by-lanes and detached mansions. The staple trade of Leven is the weaving of linen goods, which employs a considerable number of workmen. There is also an iron foundery, a brick and the work, and a pottery for coarse earthenware. The population may be estimated at 1500.
LEVER, in Mechanics, is a bar of iron or wood, one part of which being supported by a fulcrum, all other parts turn upon that as their centre of motion. This instrument is of two kinds. First, the common sort, where the weight which we desire to raise resting at one end, our strength is applied at the other, and the fulcrum is between both. When we stir up the fire with a poker, we make use of this lever; the poker is the lever, it rests upon one of the bars of the grate as a fulcrum, the incumbent fire is the weight to be overcome, and the other end held in the hand is the strength or power. In this, as in all the others, we have only to increase the distance between the strength and fulcrum, in order to give him who uses the instrument greater power.

The lever of the second kind has the fulcrum at one end, the strength is applied at the other, and the weight to be raised rests between them. Thus in raising the water-plug in the streets, the workman puts his iron lever through the hole of the plug till he reaches the ground on the other side, and, making that his prop, lifts the plug with his strength at the other end of the lever. In this lever also, the greater the distance of the fulcrum from the strength, the greater is the workman’s power.

These instruments, as we see, assist the strength; but sometimes a workman is obliged to act at a disadvantage in raising either a piece of timber or a ladder upon one end. We cannot, with grammatical propriety, call this a lever, since such a piece of timber in fact in no way contributes to raise the weight. In this case, the man who is the strength or power is in the middle, the part of the beam already raised is the weight, the part yet at the ground is the fulcrum on which the beam turns or rests. Hence the man’s strength will be diminished in proportion to the weight it sustains. The weight will be greater the farther it is from the fulcrum, therefore the man will bear the greater weight the nearer he is to the prop.
LEVERET, amongst sportsmen, denotes a hare in the first year of her age.
LEVIGATION, in Pharmacy and Chemistry, the reducing hard and ponderous bodies to an impalpable powder, by grinding them on a porphyry, or in a mill.
LEVITE, in a general sense, means all the descendants of Levi, amongst whom were the Jewish priests themselves, who, being descended from Aaron, were likewise of the race of Levi. In a more particular sense, Levite is used to signify an order of officers in that church, who were employed in performing the manual service of the temple. They were obedient to the priests in their ministration, and brought them wood, water, and other necessaries for the sacrifice. They sung and played upon instruments in the temple and in other places. They applied themselves to the study of the law, and were the ordinary judges of the country, but always subordinate to the priests. Their subsistence consisted of the tithes of corn, fruit, and cattle, throughout Israel; but the priests were entitled to a tenth of their tithes, by way of first fruits to the Lord. Forty-eight cities were assigned for the residence of the Levites, of which the priests claimed thirteen, six being chosen as cities of refuge. They were consecrated, before they entered upon their ministry, by shaving their flesh, washing their clothes, and sprinkling with the water of expiation. Imposition of hands was used in consecration, and two bullocks were offered at the door of the tabernacle. They waited weekly, and by turns, in the temple, beginning their attendance on one sabbath and ending the next, during which time they were maintained out of the offerings. In the time of Solomon, the number of Levites, from the age of twenty, and capable of serving, was thirty thousand.
LEVITICUS, a canonical book of the Old Testament, so called from its containing the laws and regulations relative to the priests, Levites, and sacrifices.
LEVROUX, a town of France, in the department of the Indre, and the arrondissement of Chateauroux. It stands on the river Nahon, and contains 330 houses, with 2900 inhabitants.
LEWES, a borough-town of the rape of Swanbrough, in the county of Sussex, situated on the right bank of the Ouse, from which it gradually rises, forty-nine miles from London. It stands at the foot of the chalk hills, and is well built and pleasantly situated. It was anciently walled, and still retains the remains of an ancient fortress. It formerly had twelve churches, now reduced to six, and before the reformation several religious houses. It has now several charity schools, and other benevolent institutions. It is not incorporated, but returns, and will continue to do so, two members to the House of Commons. The summer assizes are held here. There is some trade by the river, which is navigable for barges to Newhaven. On its banks are some cast-iron founderies. The market is held on Saturday. The population amounted in 1801 to 4909, in 1811 to 5221, in 1821 to 7083, and in 1831 to 8592.
LEWISHAM, a parish in the hundred of Blackheath 'and county of Kent, six miles from London, situated on a branch of the river Broxbourne. It is chiefly inhabited by the richer class of citizens of the metropolis as their country retreats. The church is an elegant modern structure, rebuilt since it was destroyed by a fire. The population amounted in 1801 to 4007, in 1811 to 6625, in 1821 to 8185, and in 1831 to 9659.
LEXIARCHI, at Athens, six officers, assisted by thirty inferior ones, whose business it was to impose fines upon such as came not to the public assemblies, and also to make scrutinies amongst such as were present. The lexiarchi kept a register of the age, manners, and abilities of the citizens, who were always enrolled at the age of twenty.
LEXICON, the same with dictionary. The word is chiefly used in speaking of Greek dictionaries, and is derived from the Greek λεξις, word, diction, from λεγω,' I speak.
LEXINGTON, a town of Kentucky. See Kentucky.
LEYRIA, a city of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura. It is situated on the banks of the river Lis, at its confluence with a smaller stream, and was formerly a royal residence, well fortified. Its inhabitants are now estimated to amount to 4000. It is the see of a bishop, and contains a cathedral, two parish churches, an hospital, an almshouse, and 630 houses.
LEYTA, one of the southernmost of the Philippines, ninety-five miles in length by thirty-eight in breadth. The soil is fertile, and the mountains abound in deer, wild hogs, and fowls. The air is pure, healthy, and temperate. A chain of mountains runs through the island in a direction north-west and south-east; and so materially do they influence the climate, that the seasons are entirely different on opposite sides of the mountains. The inhabitants amount to 9000, who pay a tribute in wax, rice, or cloth. Long. 124. 40. E. Lat. 10. 50. N.
LEYTON, Low, a village in the hundred of Becontree, in the county of Essex, six miles from London, on the border of Epping Forest. It is chiefly filled with houses used as country-seats by the richer traders of the metropolis, and is supposed to have been a Roman station under the name of Durolitum. The population amounted in 1801 to 2519, in 1811 to 3162, in 1821 to 3374, and in 1831 to 3223.
LEZOUX, a city of France, in the department of the Puy-de-Dôme, 4 and arrondissement of Rioum, containing an hospital, 570 houses, and 3450 inhabitants.
LIANCOURT, a town of the arrondissement of Clermont, in the department of the Oise. It is situated on the river Bresche, and contains about 1200 inhabitants; and it is remarkable for the castle and park of the duke of the same name. It is celebrated for its manufactures of cambrics, lenos, lawns, and cotton goods of the finer kinds.
LIBANIUS, a Greek rhetorician and sophist in the fourth century, was born at Antioch, and shared the friendship of Julian the Apostate. That prince offered him the dignity of profectus proctorio ; but Libanius refused it, thinking the name of sophist, or professor of eloquence, much more honourable. There are still extant several of his letters and Greek orations, by which he acquired great reputation; but his style is somewhat affected and obscure.· St Basil and St Chrysostom were his disciples about the year 360. His letters were published at Amsterdam in 1738, and his Orations at Venice in the year 1755. Libanius was a pagan.
LIBANOMANTIA, in Antiquity, a species of divination, performed with frankincense, which, if it presently caught fire, and sent forth a grateful odour, was esteemed a happy omen, and vice versa.
LIBANUS, a lofty mountain of Syria, the ancient Lebanon, so celebrated in Scripture. Its direction is nearly north and south, from the vicinity of Tripoli to the borders of Palestine. Its distance from the Mediterranean is from thirty to forty miles. To the east there is the parallel chain of Anti-Libanus, which is covered with snow at its summit. The exact height of the mountain of Lebanon has not been ascertained. Mr Buckingham ascended to its summit; but he does not state its precise height, which must be considerable, as it is covered with snow to an unknown depth at all seasons; for he mentions, that though his horses sometimes sunk to the belly, they never were able to penetrate to the ground. The cedars of Lebanon, so often mentioned, still flourish at a lower level on the hill. Mr Buckingham saw about 200 cedar trees, all fresh and green. Some of them were very large, the trunk ten or twelve feet in diameter, with branches of corresponding size, each of them like large trees extending outward from the parent stock, and overshadowing a large space of ground. The view from the summit was magnificent, embracing the boundless prospect of the ocean to the westward, with the coasts of Syria. To the east the prospect was interrupted by the range of Anti-Libanus. The mountain consists of a species of limestone, which presents frequently the appearance of towers and castles.
LIBATION, amongst the Greeks and Romans, was an essential part of solemn sacrifices. It was also performed alone, as a drink-offering, by way of procuring the protection and favour of the gods in the ordinary affairs of life. Libations, according to the nature of the gods in honour of whom they were made, consisted of different liquids, but wine was that most usually employed. The wine offered to the gods was always unmixed with water. There were libations of water, libations of honey, libations of milk, and libations of oil, called wj^αλ∕α kga. The libation was made with a serious deportment and solemn prayer. At sacrifices, the libation, after it had been tasted by the priest, and handed to the bystanders, was poured out upon the victim. At entertainments a little wine was generally poured out of the cup, before the liquor began to circulate, to show the gratitude of the guests to the gods for the blessings they enjoyed.

Libations were likewise in use amongst the Hebrews, who poured out a kind of wine on the victim after it was killed; and the several pieces of the sacrifice were laid “pon the altar, ready to be consumed in the flames.
LIBELLA, a piece of money amongst the Romans, being the tenth part of the denarius, and equal in value to the as. It was called libella, as being a little pound, because equal to a pound of brass.
LIBELLI, the name given to the bills which were put up amongst the Romans, giving public notice of the time [7:13:270]when a show of gladiators would be exhibited, with the number of the combatants, and other circumstances. This was called munus pronunciare or proponere. The libelli or bills were sometimes termed edicta. These public notices were given by the person who intended to oblige the people with a show, and were frequently attended with pictures representing the engagement of some celebrated gladiators. There was also the famosus libellus, or defamatory libel. Seneca calls them contumeliosi libelli, infamous rhymes, which, by a Roman ordinance, were punishable with death. Libellus in the civil law also signifies the declaration, or state of the prosecutor’s charge against the defendant; and it has the same signification in the English spiritual courts.
LIBERA, in Mythology, the name of a goddess, which Cicero, in his book De Naturd Deorum, represents as the daughter of Jupiter and Ceres. Ovid, in his Fasti, says, that the name was given by Bacchus to Ariadne. Libera is exhibited on medals as a kind of female Bacchus, crowned with vine leaves.
LIBERAL ARTS, are such as depend more on the labour of the mind than on that of the body; or, which consist more in speculation than operation, and have a greater regard to enlightened amusement and curiosity than to necessity. The word comes from the Latin liberalis, which amongst the Romans signified a person who was not a slave, and whose will consequently was not checked by the command of any master. The liberal arts, including under this name rhetoric, painting, sculpture, music, and architecture, used formerly to be summed up in the verse,

Lingua, Tropus, Ratio, Numerus, Tonus, Angulus, Astra; and the mechanical arts, which are innumerable, under

Rus, Nemus, Arma, Faber, Vulnera, Lana, Rates.

See the article Arts.
LIBERALIA, feasts celebrated by the ancient Romans, in honour of Liber or Bacchus, and the same with those which the Greeks called Dionysiaca. They derived their name from liber, free, a title conferred on Bacchus in memory of the liberty or freedom which he granted to the people of Boeotia; or, perhaps, because wine, of which he was the reputed deity, delivers men from care, and sets their minds at ease and freedom. Varro derives the name of this feast from liber, free, because the priests were free from their function, and eased of all care, during the time of the liberalia ; as the old women officiated in the ceremonies and sacrifices of these feasts.
LIBERTUS, or Libertinus, amongst the Romans, a freedman, or a person set free from a legal servitude.

Persons of this class still retained some mark of their ancient state, he who made a slave free having a right of patronage over the libertus ; so that if the latter failed in showing due respect to his patron, he was restored to his servitude, and if the Ubertus died without children, his patron was his heir.

In the early age of the republic, libertinus denoted the son of a libertus or freedman; but afterwards, that is, before the time of Cicero, and under the emperors, the terms Ubertus and libertinus were used as synonymous.
LIBITINA, in the Roman mythology, the goddess who presided over funerals. This goddess was the same with the Venus Infera or Epithymbia of the Greeks. She had a temple at Rome, where a certain piece of money was lodged for every person who died, and whose name was recorded in a register called Libitinoe Patio. This practice was established by Servius Tullius, to obtain an account of the annual number of deaths in the city of Rome, and consequently the rate of increase or decrease of its inhabitants.
LIBITINARII, were undertakers whose office it was to take care of funerals, prepare all things necessary upon this solemn occasion, and furnish every article required. They obtained their livelihood by this gloomy business, and kept a number of servants to perform the working part of the profession, such as the pollinctores, vespillones, and others. The name Libitinarii is derived from Libitina, the goddess of funerals, in whose temple were sold all things relating to funerals. See Funeral.
LIBNA, in Ancient Geography, a sacerdotal city in the f tribe of Judah, a place of strength, as appears from Sennacherib’s laying siege to it (2 Kings, xix.; Isaiah, xxxvii.). In Jerome’s time, it was a village, called Lobna, in the territory of Elcutheropolis∙
LIBOURNE, an arrondissement of the department of the Gironde, in France, 544 square miles in extent. It comprehends nine cantons, which are divided into 143 communes, and contain 105,400 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the right bank of the Dordogne, where the water of the river Isle falls into it. It is surrounded with walls and pleasing promenades, and contains 900 houses and 8400 inhabitants, whose chief occupations consist in making woollen goods, porcelain, glass and leather, and collecting salt and wine. Long. 0. 21. W. Lat. 44. 55. N.
LIBRA, or Balance, one of the mechanical powers. See Balance. Libra, in Astronomy, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, exactly opposite to Aries, and so called because when the sun is in this sign at the autumnal equinox, the days and nights are equal, as if weighed in a balance. The stars in this constellation are, according to Ptolemy 17, to Tycho 10, to Hevelius 20, and to Flamsteed 51.

Libra also denotes the ancient Roman pound, borrowed from the Sicilians, who called it litra.

The libra was divided into 12 uncice or ounces, and the ounce into 24 scruples. The divisions of the libra were, the uncia, one twelfth; the sextans, one sixth; the quadrans, one fourth; the triens, one third; the quincunx, five ounces; the semis, six; the septunx, seven; the bes, eight; t Arndodrans, nine; the dextrans, ten; and the deum, eleven; whilst the as weighed twelve ounces or one libra.

The Roman libra was used in France for the proportions of their coin till the time of Charlemagne, or perhaps till that of Philip I. in 1093, their sols being so proportioned that 20 of them were equal to the libra. By degrees it became a term of account; and every thing of the value of twenty sols was called a livre. Libra Pensa, in our law books, denotes a pound of money in weight. It was'usual in former days not only to tell the money, but to weigh it, because many cities, lords, and bishops, having their mints, coined money, and often very bad money too; for which reason, though the pound consisted of twenty shillings, they always w eighed it.
LIBRARII, amongst the ancients, were a sort of copyists who transcribed in beautiful or at least legible characters, what had been written by the notarii in notes and abbreviations.
LIBRATION, in Astronomy, an apparent irregularity of the moon’s motion, by which she seems to librate about her axis, sometimes from the east to the west, and at other times from the west to the east. See Astronomy, Index.
LIBURNIA, in Ancient Geography, a district of Illyricum, extending towards the Adriatic, between Istria on the west, Dalmatia on the east, and Mount Albius on the north. The people were called Liburni. The apparitors, who at the command of the magistrate summoned the people from the country, were called Liburni, because generally men of Liburnia.
LIBURNUS, in Ancient Geography, a mountain of Campania. It was also a port of Tuscany, and is now Livorno, or Leghorn. Long. 11. E. Lat. 43. 30. N.
LIBYA, in general, a term which, according to the Greeks, denoted Africa. It was derived from Lub, thirst, being a dry and thirsty country. See Africa. Libya, in a more limited sense, was the middle part of Africa, extending north and west, between the Mediterranean to the north, and Ethiopia to the east. It was divided into the Hither or Exterior Libya, and the Farther or Interior. The former lay between the Mediterranean on the north, and the Farther Libya and Ethiopia beyond Egypt on the south. The Farther or Interior Libya was a vast country, situated between the Hither Libya on the north, the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Ethiopic on the south, and Aethiopia beyond Egypt on the east.

Libya, in a still more confined sense, called Libya Propria, was a northern district of Africa, and part of the Hither Libya, situated between Egypt on the east, the Mediterranean on the north, the Syrtis Major and the Pcgio Tripolitana to the west, the Garamantes and Aethiopia beyond Egypt to the south. This Libya was again subdivided into Libya taken in the strictest sense of all, and into Marmarica and Cyrenaica. Libya in the strictest sense was the most eastern portion of Libya Propria, next to Egypt, with Marmarica on the west, the Mediterranean on the north, and the Nubi, now called Nubia, to the south.
LICENSE, in Larv, an authority given to a person to do some lawful act.
LICENSER of Books, an officer without whose permission, formally granted, no book could be published. It has been proved by Beckman that such an office was established, not only in the Roman empire, but also in the states of Greece. All the copies of the works of Protagoras which could be procured were burned at Athens by the public cricr, and the satirical works of Labienus shared the same fate under the reign of the Emperor Augustus. Not long after the invention of printing, laws were enacted for subjecting books to examination. See Bibliography.
LICENTIATE, one who has obtained the degree of a license. The greater number of the officers of justice in Spain are distinguished by no other title than that of licentiate. In order to pass as licentiate in common law, civil law, and physic, they must have studied seven years, and in divinity ten. Amongst us a licentiate usually means a physician who has a license to practise, granted by the College of Physicians.
LICETUS, a celebrated physician of Italy, was born at Rappollo, in the state of Genoa, in the year 1577. He came into the world in the seventh month; but his father, an ingenious physician, wrapped him up in cotton, and nurtured him so carefully that he lived to be seventy-seven [7:13:319]years of age. He was trained with great care, became a distinguished man in his profession, and was the author of a great number of works, particularly one De Monstris. He was professor of philosophy and physic at Padua, where he died in the year 1655.
LICHTENBERG, a part of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg, but detached from the other territory of that state. It is situated to the west of the Rhine, surrounded by the lands of Prussia, Bavaria, and Hesse-Homberg. It extends over 248 square miles, contains two towns, ninety-six villages, 4038 houses, and 26,315 inhabitants. The capital is St Wendel, situated on the river Blies.