pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HIDAGE (JIidagium) was an extraordinary tax payable to the kings of England for every hide of land. This tax was levied not only in money, but in provision, armour, and other articles; and when the Danes landed in Sandwich in 994, King Ethelred taxed all his lands by hides, so that every three hundred and ten hides found one ship furnished, and every eight hides furnished one jack and one saddle, to arm for the defence of the kingdom. Sometimes the word hidage was used to signify being quit of that tax, which was also called hidegild, and interpreted, from the Saxon, a price or ransom paid to save one’s skin or hide from beating.
HIDALGO, in modern history, a title given in Spain to all who are of a noble family. See Spain.
HIDES, in a general sense, are the skins of beasts; but the term more particularly denotes those of large cattle, such as bullocks, horses, buffaloes, and the like. Hides are called raw when in the state in which they were taken from the carcass; and green when dressed with some of the neutral salts, such as alum, to prevent them from putrefying. When, by a process called tanning, they are impregnated with a vegetable principle, such as that in oak bark, they are said to be cured or tanned. The reputation of South American hides stands very high, and immense quantities of them are annually imported into this country. Great numbers of hides are also yearly brought to Great Britain from the United States, from the Continent, and from various parts of Africa. In 1832 there was imported into this country 186,982 cwt. 3 qrs. 3 lbs. weight of hides, of which quantity South America alone yielded 89,320 cwt. The duty levied upon the whole was L.25,412. 15s. lid.
HIDJELLEE, a town and district of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, situated upon the west bank of the Hooghly river. It is the first town which is seen after entering the river. Here ships formerly used to anchor, but they now run up to Kedjeree or Diamond Harbour. There is here an extensive salt manufactory belonging to government. This place is very unhealthy. It was to Hidjellee that the English retreated in 1687, after escaping from, the Hooghly. They fortified the island, and held possession of it for three months, against all the efforts of Aurungzebe, till peace was concluded. The vicinity abounds with tigers, and the creeks with sharks and alligators. Long. 88. 10. E. Lat. 21. 50. N. The district is bounded on the east by the Hooghly, and on the south by the sea. Some of the land is good, and produces a great quantity of rice, cocoa-nuts, the betel nut, and other things. It is principally valuable on account of the lands which are overflowed by the spring tides, and on which salt is made. Its chief towns are Hidjellee and Contai.
HIERACITES, in Ecclesiastical History, Christian heretics in the third century, so called from their leader Hicrax, a philosopher of Egypt, who taught that Melchizedek was the Holy Ghost, denied the resurrection, and condemned marriage.
HIERAPOLIS, in Ancient Geography, a town of Phrygia, abounding in hot springs, and so called from the number of its temples. There are coins extant exhibiting figures of various gods who had temples here. Of this place Epictetus the Stoic philosopher was a native. It is now called Pambouh ; and is situated near the Scamander, on a portion of Mount Mesogis, distant six miles from Laodicea.
HIERARCHY, amongst divines, denotes the subordination of angels. Some of the Rabbin reckon four, others ten, orders or ranks of angels, and give them different names, according to their different degrees of power and knowledge.

Hierarchy likewise denotes the subordination of the clergy, ecclesiastical polity, or the constitution and government of the Christian church considered as a society.
HIERO I. and II. kings of Syracuse. See Syracuse.
HIEROCLES, a violent promoter of the persecution of the Christians under Diocletian, flourished in the year 302. He wrote against the Christian religion some books, in which he pretends to expose inconsistencies in the Holy Scriptures, and compares the miracles of Apollonius Tyanaeus with those of Jesus Christ. He was refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius. The remains of his works were collected into one volume octavo by Bishop Pearson, and published in 1654, with a learned dissertation prefixed to the work.

Hierocles, a Platonic philosopher of the fifth century, who taught at Alexandria, and was admired for his eloquence. He wrote seven books upon Providence and Fate, and dedicated them to Olympiodorus, who by his embassies did the Romans good service under the emperors Honorius and Theodosius the younger. But these books are now lost, and we only know them by the extracts in Photius. He wrote also a Commentary, which is still extant, upon the golden verses of Pythagoras.
[7:11:294]
HIEROMANCY, in Antiquity, that part of divination which predicted future events from observing the various things offered in sacrifice.
HIEROMNEMON, amongst the ancient Greeks, signified a delegate chosen by lot, and sent to the great council of the Amphictyons, where it was his business to take care of all that concerned religion. The hieromne-monies were reekoned more honourable than the other members of that assembly, the general meetings of which were always summoned by them, whilst their names were prefixed to the decrees enacted by the council.

Hieromnemon (composed of iεgoς, sacred, and μνημών, one who reminds of ), an officer in the ancient Greek church, whose principal function was to stand behind the patriarch at the sacraments and ceremonies, and show him the prayers and psalms, which he was to rehearse. He also clothed the patriarch in his pontifical robes, and assigned the places of all those who had a right to be around him when seated on his throne, just as the master of the ceremonies now does to the pope.
HIEROPHANTES, or Hierophanta (from ∕⅛oς, holy, and φaiwμaι, 1 appear), a priest amongst the Athenians. The hierophantes was properly the chief person who officiated in the Eleusinian mysteries. This office was first executed by Eumolpus, and continued in his family for about twelve hundred years, though when any person was appointed to this dignity he was required always to live in celibacy.
HIEROPHYLAX, an officer in the Greek church who officiated as guardian or keeper of the holy utensils, vestments, &c. and who answered to our saerista or vestry keeper.
HIERES, four small islands in the Mediterranean Sea, a part of the department of the Var in France. They are near Toulon, and form shelter for a roadstead of the same name, where ships are protected by the town of Hiérès on the mainland. That town is small, but is remarkable for the mildness of the climate, and for the quantity of pomegranates, figs, and other fruits, which the vicinity yields.
HIGH, a term or relation, importing that one thing is superior to or above another. Thus we say a high mountain, the high court of parliament, high relief, and the like.

High, in Music, is sometimes used in the same sense with loud, and sometimes in the same sense with acute. High Places were eminences upon which the heathens used to worship their gods, and which were chosen for that purpose as being supposed to be nearer heaven, their constant residence. The Jews are frequently blamed for their attachment to high places, after the manner of the Gentiles; and their proseuchoe wore frequently upon mountains, with groves planted round them. Where high places are reprobated in Scripture, therefore, we should understand them as places abused and prostituted to idolatrous purposes.

High Way, a free passage for the king’s subjects; on which account it is called the hing s high way. High -Way-Men are robbers on the high way, for the apprehending and taking of whom a reward of L.40 is promised by the statute 4 and 5 W. and Μ. to be paid within a month after conviction by the sheriff of the county; to which the statute 8 Geo. II. cap 6 superadds L.10 to be paid by the hundred indemnified by such capture.
HIGHAM-FERRERS, a town of the county of Northampton, which gives name to the hundred in which it stands, and is sixty-four miles from London. It is an ancient borough, formerly returning one member to parliament, but disfranchised by the law of 1832. There is a small market on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 726, in 1811 to 823, in 1821 to 877, and in 1831 to 965.
HIGHGATE, a populous village, four miles from London, on the great north road. It is situated on a hill over-lookingthe metropolis, and commanding extensive views to the south beyond it. It is the residence of several of the opulent merchants and traders of the city, some of whose houses are of great elegance. It is partly in the parish of Hornsey and partly in that of Paneras, but has a church or chapel of ease. It was designed a few years ago to form a tunnel and a roadway through the hill; but that plan has yielded to an archway, which has lightened the labour of horses.
HIGHLANDERS, a general appellation for the inhabitants of the mountainous parts of any country. In Britain, the name is appropriated to the people who inhabit the mountainous parts of Scotland, to the north and northwest, including , those of the Hebrides or Western Isles. See Scotland.
HIGHNESS, a quality or title of honour given to princes. The kings of England and Spain had formerly no other title but that of Highness; the former till the time of James I. and the latter till that of Charles V. The petty princes of Italy first began to be complimented with the title of Highness in the year 1630; and the Duke of Orleans assumed the title of Royal Highness in the year 1631, to distinguish himself from the other princes of France.
HIGHWORTH, a market-town of Wiltshire, which gives its name to the hundred. It is situated on a pleasant hill near the Valley of the White Horse, seventy-seven miles from London, has a market, which is held on Wednesday, and was formerly a corporate, place. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1493, in 1811 to 1580, in 1821 to 1388, and in 1831 to 3127.
HIJA, or Hixar, a city of Spain, in the kingdom of Aragon, about thirty miles from Saragossa. It contains a church, a monastery, and two hospitals or poor-houses, with 2800 inhabitants, and confers the dignity of a duke on one of the oldest families of Spain.
HILARIA, in Antiquity, feasts celebrated every year by the Romans, on the 8th of the kalends of April, or the 25th of March, in honour of Cybele, the mother of the gods. The hilaria were celebrated with great pomp and rejoicing. Every person dressed himself as he pleased, and assumed the marks or badges of whatever dignity or quality he had a fancy for. The statue of the goddess was carried in procession through the streets of the city, accompanied by multitudes in the most splendid attire. The day before the festival was spent in tears and mourning. Cybele represented the earth, which at this time of the year begins to feel the kindly warmth of the spring; so that this sudden transition from sorrow to joy was an emblem of the vicissitude of the seasons, which succeed one another. The Romans originally derived this feast from the Greeks, who called it αvαCασ∕g, ascensus ; and the eve of the day they spent in tears and lamentations, whence they denominated it καrαCα<πg, descensus. But afterwards, the Greeks took the name ∕λxg∕α from the Romans; as appears from Photius, in his extract of the life of the philosopher Isidore.
HILARIUS, an ancient father of the Christian church, who flourished in the fourth century. He was born, as St Jerome informs us, at Poictiers, being descended of a good family, and he received a liberal education in the Pagan religion, which he did not forsake till he had arrived at maturity. He was advanced to the bishopric of Poictiers in the year 355, according to Baronius, and became a most zealous champion of the orthodox faith, particularly against the Arians, who were at that time gain- ∙, ing ground in France. He assembled there several councils, in which the determinations of the synods of Rimini and Seleucia were condemned. He wrote a treatise concerning Synods, and a work in twelve books on the Trinity, which is much admired by orthodox believers. He died about the end of the year 367. His works have been many times published; but the best edition of them is that by the Benedictines at Paris in 1693.
HILARODI, in the ancient music and poetry, a sort of poets amongst the Greeks, who went about singing little gay poems or songs, somewhat graver than the Ionic pieces, accompanied with some instrument. From the streets they were at last introduced into tragedy, as the magodi were into comedy. They appeared dressed in white, and were crowned with gold. At first they wore shoes; but afterwards they assumed the crepida, being only a sole tied over the foot with a strap.
HILARY, St, a town, the capital of the island of Jersey. It has a very convenient and secure harbour, defended by a strong castle; and the town is powerfully fortified both on the land and the sea sides, and the entrance from the country is protected by a drawbridge and an iron gate. The town is well built, with broad streets, and there is an elegant building for the courts of justice of the island. In the church the public worship is performed in both the English and French languages. It has an excellent market on Saturday. The corn market is held in a handsome building, supported by piazzas of the Tuscan order. At the census of 1831, the inhabitants consisted of 16,027 persons, viz. 7298 males, and 8729 females. Long. 5.24.25. W. Lat. 50. 7. 38. N.
HILBURGHAUSEN, a city, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Hilburghausen, in Germany. It stands on the right bank of the river Werra, is surrounded with walls, and contains the magnificent palace of the sovereign, two Lutheran churches and one Reformed, and several other public buildings. It is divided into three parts, the old town, the new, and the suburbs, which together have a population of 3820 persons, in 362 houses. It is a place of little commerce, and depends chiefly on the trade arising from the court, and from being the residence of the officers of the several boards of law and revenue.
HILDESHEIM, a province of the kingdom of Hanover, formerly an ecclesiastical state, but secularized and transferred to Prussia in 1803, and in 1805 delivered over, with Goslar, to the Hanoverian government. It is bounded on the north by Luneburg, on the east by Brunswick, on the south-east by Saxon Prussia, on the south by the Hartz and Brunswick, and on the west by Calenburg. It extends over 683 square miles, and comprehends nine cities, four market-towns, 240 villages and hamlets, formed into 135 parishes, with 18,803 houses, and a population in 1812 amounting to 121,816, now estimated to have since increased one fifth. The greater part of the inhabitants are Lutherans, but one sixth are Catholics, with a few Jews, and some Protestant sects. It is for the most part a level district, but towards the south there are some lofty mountains. A considerable portion of the land is covered with wood, and the rest yields moderate crops of rye, barley, flax, and potatoes, with some little wheat. It produces feathers, honey, and wax. The females spin much flax, and the yarn is an article of export; as are also wool, hops, rape-oil, and timber. The province is well watered by the rivers Innerste, which rises in the Hartz, by the Ecker, the Radau, and several small streams, which all finally terminate by the Leine, in the Weser. The province is governed by its own assembly of states, and has still its [7:11:367]bishop, who has only ecclesiastical authority over the Catholics.

Hildesheim, a city of Hanover, the capital of the province of that name. It is situated on the river Innerste, and surrounded with walls and ditches, which have been converted into promenades. It contains an ancient cathedral, containing, amongst other antiquities, a pillar called the Irmin-Saule, said to have been constructed by the Saxons in honour of Arminius, who defeated the Roman army under Quintilius Varus. There are three other Catholic and four Lutheran churches, with 1874 dwelling houses, and 13,820 inhabitants. It contains a Catholic seminary called Joseph’s Gymnasium, with eleven professors, and several schools for elementary instruction. It has some manufactures of ironmongery, linens, leather, soap, starch, snuff, and yarn. Near to it is the Zwergshohle, a saline spring, from which some Glauber salts are prepared. Long. 9. 48.28. E. Lat. 52. 9. 32. N.
HILVERSUM, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland, between Amsterdam and Norden. It contains 3520 inhabitants, who carry on extensive manufactories of carpets, floor-cloths, woollen baize, and kerseys, and make some cotton goods.
HILLAH. This town stands on a portion of the site of the ancient Babylon. It is situated about sixty miles to the south of Bagdad, on the western bank of the Euphrates. It is inclosed with a mud wall, and is said to have been built in the twelfth century, partly out of the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon. The land in the immediate neighbourhood is cultivated and fertile, and produces great quantities of rice, dates, and grain. This fertility is caused by the irrigation of the Euphrates, which here flows from two to two and a half miles an hour, and varies in breadth from 450 to 500 feet; and in spring, when it is in flood, is forty feet in depth. During six months of the year, the Euphrates is navigable as far as Hillah for flat-bottomed vessels not exceeding fifty tons burden. During the other six months the marshes of Lemloon entirely obstruct the commerce with Bassora; and but for this circumstance it would become the seat of a flourishing commerce. Hillah contains 12,000 inhabitants. A part of the town is situated on the eastern bank of the river, and is connected with the other by a bridge of boats, but is not nearly so extensive as that on the western bank. The town is well built, has an extensive and well-regulated bazar, several stately caravanserais built of the old Babylonian bricks, and numerous coffeehouses, along the bank of the river. It is governed by a magistrate deputed by the pasha. It is 48 miles to the south of Bagdad; 35 south-east of the Nah’r-Malcha, at its junction with the Tigris, which is the site of Scleucia; and 130 miles west from Hit, a town on the Euphrates. Long. 44. 13. 15. E. Lat. 33. 34. N. See Babylon.
[7:11:368]
HIN, a Hebrew measure of capacity for things liquid, containing the sixth part of an ephah, or one gallon two pints English measure.
HINCKLEY, a town of the hundred of Sparkenhoe, in the county of Leicester, 100 miles from London. It is built on an eminence in a fertile country, and is chiefly inhabited by persons employed in the hosiery trade. There was formerly a castle, now converted into a modern dwelling, and a Benedictine monastery; and the town must once have been of greater extent than it is at present. There is a well-supplied market which is held on Monday. The population amounted in 1801 to 5070, in 1811 to 6058, in 1821 to 6706, and in 1831 to 6468.
HINDIA, a district of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Khandesh. It is situated between the twenty-second and twenty-third degrees of north latitude, and is bounded on the north by the Nerbuddah, and on the south by the Cattygong hills. The country is fertile. Hindia, the capital of this district, is a fortified town, and is pleasantly situated on the northern bank of the Nerbuddah river. Long. 77. 10. E. Lat. 22. 31. N.
HINDON, a borough-town of the county of Wilts, formerly a part of the pari >h of East Knowle, in the hundred of Downton. It is ninety-six miles from London, has a small market on Thursday, and its population amounted in 1801 to 793, in 1811 to 781, in 1821 to 830, and in 1831 to 932.
HINDONE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra. It was formerly a large city, but has suffered severely from the depredations of the Mahrattas. Long 77. E. Lat. 26. 45. N.
HINDU Coosh, or Kosh, a portion of the Himalaya range of mountains, in Afghanistan. They form the north-west boundary of the province of Caubul, separating it from Balk and Buduckshan. The range of mountains so denominated extends in a south-westerly direction as far as the snowy peak of Hindu Coosh, nearly north of Caubul. These mountains are covered with snow the greater part of the year, and void of verdure at the summit, but are well wooded at the base. They form the Caucasus range of the ancients. From the peak of Hindu Coosh the height diminishes; it no longer bears perpetual snow; and it is soon afterwards lost in a group of mountains which stretch in length from Caubul to Herat in Persia, and occupy more than two degrees of latitude in their breadth. Through these mountains there are seven passages; the principal of which are at Bajaruch, Anderab, Tool, Bamian, and Abderah.
[7:11:373]
HINGHAM, a town of the county of Norfolk, in the hundred of Forehoe, ninety-six miles from London, situated at the source of the river Yare. The land around is fertile, and there is a market on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1203, in 1811 to 1311, in 1821 to 1442, and in 1831 to 1539.
HINNOM, or the Valley of Hinnom, in Ancient Geography, a place which lay to the south of J crusalem. It was also called the Valley of Tophet, and was remarkable for the cruel and barbarous worship of Moloch, being the place where parents made their children pass through the fire in honour of that idol.
HINZUAN, oneofthe Comora Islands, situated between Madagascar and the continent of Africa, and otherwise called Anzuame, Anjuan, Juanny, and Johanna.

Hinzuan resembles, according to Sir William Jones’s description of it, a vast amphitheatre, of which a general notion may be formed by conceiving a multitude of hills infinitely diversified in figure and magnitude, and thrown together with artless symmetry in all conceivable positions. A series of mountains forms the background. One of these is pointed, about half a mile above the level of the sea, afid not more than three miles from the shore; and the whole are richly clothed with fruit trees of exquisite verdure. Beyond this there is another range, partly barren and partly verdant. Nearer the shore there is a vast multitude of cliffs, which push their verdure almost to the water’s edge. The rows of palm trees with which it abounds give an enchanting beauty and variety to the scene, and almost appear to have been planted by design. The north side of the island shoots out into two points, which are twenty-six miles distant from each other, with a large bay between them. It is justly considered as a proper place of refreshment for vessels bound to and from the East Indies, yielding limes, lemons, oranges, and many other valuable antiscorbutics.
HIPPOCENTAUR (composed of ⅛sχ, horse, “ma, pungo, I spur, and ravgος, bulD, in Antiquity, a fabulous monster, supposed to be half horse and half man. The hippocentaurs seem to have differed from the centaurs in this, that the latter only rode on bullocks, and the former on horses, as the names themselves indicate.
HIPPOCRENE, in Ancient Geography, a fountain of Mount Helicon, on the borders of Boeotia, sacred to the Muses. Some of the poets, as Ovid, make Hippocrene the same with Aganippe.