pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BASTION, in the modern fortification, a huge mass of eaith, usually faced with sods, sometimes with brick, and r rjy w ith stone, standing out from a rampart of which it ls apnncipal part. This is what, in the ancient fortification, was called a bulwark. Solid bastions are those which have e void space within them filled up entirely, and raised 0 an equal height with the rampart. Hollow bastions are those surrounded only with a rampart and parapet, vι ∏g the space within unoecupied, where the ground is Ş° ow that no retrenchment can be made in the centre, m e event of the rampart being taken. Flat bastion is astion built in the middle of the curtain, when it is too n g to be defended by the bastion at its extremes. Cut i∏<r l ° η ì S w hi e h> instead of a point, has a re-entering a . n ^ e ' Composed bastion is when two sides of the a ] s θ ri ° r P 0 b r g° n are very unequal, which makes the gorges s unequal. Deformed bastion is when the irregularity of the lines and angles puts the bastion out of shape; as when it wants a demigorge, one side of the interior polygon being too short, Demi-bastion is composed of one face only, with but one flank, and a demigorge. Double bastion is that which is raised on the plane of another bastion. Regular bastion is that which has its true proportion of faces, flanks, and gorges. See Fortification.
BASTOGNE, a small town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg. Long. 3. 42. E. Lat. 50. 6. N.
BASTON, Paton, or Patune, is a French word signifying a staff or eudgel; but is by many English writers eor-ruptly spelt as above. It is borne in English coats of arms, as a badge of illegitimacy.

Baston, Robert, a Carmelite monk, afterwards prior of the convent of that order at Scarborough, and also poet lauréat and public orator at Oxford, flourished in the fourteenth century King Edward I. in his expedition into Scotland in 1304, took Robert Baston with him in order to celebrate the victories he was to gain over the Scots; but the poet having been taken prisoner, was obliged to change his note and sing to another tune, “the Bruce of Bannockburn.” He wrote several pieces in Latin, on the Wars of Scotland, the Luxury of Priests, Synodical Sermons, &c.; and also a volume of tragedies and comedies, in English. He died about the year 1310.
BASTWICK, Dr John, was born at Writtle, in Essex, in 1593. He practised physic at Colehester, but, being a man of warm imagination, and a good Latin scholar, applied himself to writing books against popery. About the year 1633 he printed in Holland a Latin treatise, entitled Elenchus Religionis Papisticae, with Flagellum Pontificis et Episcoporum Latialium; in which the English prelates thinking themselves also aimed at, he was fined L. 1000 in the High Commission Court, excommunicated, prohibited from practising physic, while his books were ordered to be burnt, and the author himself consigned to prison until he made a recantation. Instead of recanting, however,he wrote in prison, Apologeticus adProesules Anglicanos, and another book called The Litany, in which he exclaimed vehemently against the proceedings of that arbitrary court, and taxed the bishops with an inclination towards popery. Prynne and Burton coming under the lash of the Star-chamber court at the same time, they were all censured as scandalous and seditious persons, condemned to pay a fine of L.5000 each, to be set in the pillory, to lose their ears, and to undergo perpetual imprisonment in three remote parts of the kingdom. The parliament in 1640 reversed these proceedings, and ordered Dr Bastwick a reparation of L.5000 out of the estates of the commissioners and lords who had persecuted him. The civil commotions which ensued prevented his receiving this solatium for his sufferings; but, in 1644, his wife had an allowance ordered for her own and her husband’s maintenance. What became of him afterward is not known.
BAT. See Mammalia, Index. Bat, Bate, or Batz, a small copper coin, mixed with a little silver, current in several cities of Germany, and worth four crutzers.
BATABLE, or Debatable Ground, that land which lay between Scotland and England, when the kingdoms were distinct, and to which both nations pretended right.
BATACOLO, a small fort and garrison on the east coast of the island of Ceylon, situated on an island in an arm of the sea. Here is a small square fort, mounting twenty-four guns, and a village in the vicinity, chiefly inhabited by Mahommedans and Hindoos.
BATALIN, an island in the Eastern Seas, off the coast of Celebes, between the first and second degree of south latitude, and about the 124th degree of east longitude. It is about 25 miles in length by 7 in average breadth.
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BATANG, an island in the Eastern Seas, separated from the island of Bintang by a narrow strait. It lies off the south-eastern extremity of the Malay peninsula, and is surrounded by smaller rocky islets. It is estimated at 25 miles in length by 10 in average breadth.

Batang, or Batany, a town and sea-port on the east coast of the island of Gilolo. On Batang hook or point is situated a very strong and capacious natural fortress, accessible only by ladders up the perpendicular face of the rock. There is a plain at the top, about three miles in circumference, on which are houses and gardens. Long. 128. 48. E. Lat. 0. 9. S.
BATANISTS, or Batenites. See Batenites.
BATAVA (sciLĆWm ), a citadel of V in delicia, so called from the Cohors Batava, in garrison under the commander in Rhaetia; now Passau, situated in Bavaria, at the confluence of the Danube, Inn, and Ills.
BATAVORUM Insula, the island of the Batavi, in Ancient Geography. This island is described by Tacitus. “The Rhine flowing in one channel,” says he, “or only broken by small islands, is divided, at its entering Batavia, as it were into two rivers. One continues its course through Germany, retaining the same name and violent current, till it falls into the ocean. The other, washing the coast of Gaul, with a broader and more gentle stream, is called by the inhabitants Vahalis; which name it soon changes for that of Mosa, by the immense mouth of which river it discharges itself into the same ocean.” According to Tacitus, therefore, the island of the Batavians was bounded by the ocean, the Rhine, and the Vahalis, now the Waal. Caesar extends it to the Mosa, or Meuse; but Pliny’s description coincides with that of Tacitus. This island was, however, of greater extent in the time of Tacitus than in that of Caesar; for, by a new canal, Drusus, the father of Germanicus, conveyed the waters of the Rhine into the ocean, a considerable way north of the former mouth of that river. The Batavi were a branch of the Catti, who, having been expelled their country in consequence of a domestic sedition, occupied the extremity of the coast of Gaul, at that time uninhabited, together with this island situated among shoals. The name of Batavi they carried with them from Germany. The modern name of this island is Betu or Betaw. Batavorum Oppidum, in Ancient Geography, a town in the island of the Batavi, mentioned by Tacitus, without any particular name.
BATE, George, an eminent physician, born at Maid’s [7:4:440]Morton, near Buckingham, in the year 1608. In 1629 he obtained a license, and for some years practised in and about Oxford; but his practice was chiefly amongst the Puritans, who at that time considered him as one of their party. In 1637 he took his degree of doctor in physic, and became very eminent in his profession; so that when King Charles kept his court at Oxford, Dr Bate was his principal physician. When the king’s affairs declined, he removed to London, where he accommodated himself so well to the times, that he became physician to the Charterhouse, fellow of the college of physicians, and afterwards principal physician to Oliver Cromwell. Upon the Restoration, he got into favour with the royal party, and was made principal physician to the king, and fellow of the Royal Society; all which preferment, it is said, was owing to a report raised on purpose by his friends, that he had given the Protector a dose which hastened his death. Dr Bate wrote in Latin an account of the civil commotions in England, and some other pieces. He died at his house in Hatton-Garden, and was buried atKingston-upon-Thames, in Surrey.

There was another George Bate, who wrote a work entitled, “The Lives, Actions, and Execution, of the prime Actors and principal Contrivers of that horrid Murther of our late pious and sacred King Charles I.”

Bate Isle, an island of Hindostan, belonging to the province of Gujerat, situated at the south-western extremity of the Gulf of Cutch. This island has a good harbour, well secured from the prevailing winds, but with a rocky anchorage. The island of Bate is a great resort of Hindoo pilgrims; and the town contains 2000 houses, chiefly inhabited by Brahmins. The island does not produce sufficient subsistence for the support of the inhabitants, who consequently import large quantities of ghee, sugar, grain, &c. About 150 vessels of different sizes belong to the port, and with these piracies were formerly carried on, until they were checked by the British. The Bate Isle pirates were the dread of all the traders on the western coasts of India. The port has been improved, but is still an insignificant place. It was nevertheless attacked without success, and with great loss, in 1803, by a British force. But, in 1807, a treaty was entered into with the chiefs of the island, by which it was agreed that a free and open commerce should be permitted to all British vessels. Long. 69. 21. E. Lat. 22. 22. N.
BATENITES, a sect of apostates from Mahommedanism, dispersed throughout the East, who professed the same abominable practices with the Ismaelians and Kar-matians. The word properly signifies esoteric.
BATES, William, D. D. an eminent Presbyterian divine, born in November 1625. He was admitted to Emanuel College, Cambridge, and thence removed to King’s College in 1644. He was one of the commissioners at the conference in the Savoy, for reviewing the public liturgy, and was concerned in drawing up the exceptions against the Common Prayer; notwithstanding which, he was appointed chaplain to King Charles II. soon after the Restoration, and became minister of St Dunstan’s in the West; but he was afterwards deprived of his benefice for nonconformity. Dr Bates bore a good and amiable character; and was honoured with the friendship of the lord keeper Bridgman, the lord chancellor Finch, the earl of Nottingham, and Archbishop Tillotson. He published Select Lives of Illustrious and Pious Persons, in Latin; and since his death, all his works, except his Select Lives, have been printed in one volume in folio. He died in July 1699, in the seventy-fourth year of his age.
BATHERI, a village of Northern Hindostan, situated among the mountains of Serinεgur. It has a sacred temple, and is situated 300 feet above the bed of the Ganges. On the opposite side of the river is an extraordinary cascade, which issues from the summit of the mountain. Long. 78. 30. E. Lat. 30. 49. N.
BATHGATE, a town and parish of Scotland, in the county of Linlithgow, on the great road between Edinburgh and Glasgow. Lime-stone, coal, and iron-stone, abound in the neighbourhood. It∙is eighteen miles west of Edinburgh. The population is 2919.
BATHYLLUS and PY z LADES, inventors of pantomimic entertainments on the stage. Bathyllus succeeded in representing comedy; Pylades in representing tragedy. Their art consisted in expressing the passions by gestures, attitudes, and dumb show; not, as in modern times, in machinery and the fooleries of Harlequin. They flourished at Rome, under Augustus, about a. d. 10.
BATILLUS, a musical instrument made of metal, in the form of a staff, furnished with metallic rings, which, being struck, gave out harmonic sounds. It was used by the Arminians in their church-service.
BATINDA, a district in Hindostan, situated partly in the north-western quarter of the province of Delhi, and partly in the northern extremity of the province of Ajmeer. 1his district is celebrated for the fertility of its pasture-ands, and for an excellent breed of horses.
BATISTE, in Commerce, a fine white kind of linen cloth, manufactured in Flanders and Picardy.
BATMAN, in Commerce, a kind of weight used at Smyrna, containing six okes of 400 drachms each.
BATMANSON, John, prior of the Carthusian monastery, or Charter-house, London. He was for some time a student at Oxford, but it does not appear that he took any degree in that university. He was intimately acquainted with Edward Lee, archbishop of York, at whose request he wrote against Erasmus and Luther. He died in the year 1531, and was buried in the chapel belonging to the Charter-house. According to Bale, he was a proud forward person; and Erasmus, in one of his letters to the bishop of Winchester, calls him an ignorant fellow. Pits, on the contrary, gives him the character of a man of singular genius, zeal, piety, and learning. He wrote, l. Animadversiones in Annotationes Erasmi in Nov. Testamentum; 2. A Treatise against some of Luther’s works, which, as well as the former production, he afterwards retracted; 3. Commentaria in Proverbia Solomonis; 4. In Cantica Canticoum; 5. De unica Magdalena; 6. Institutiones Noviciorum; 7. De Contemptu Mundi; 8. De Christo duodeni; 9. On the words, Missus est, &c.
BATON, or Baston. See Baston.
BATRACHOMYOMACHIA, or “battle of the frogs and the mice,” the title of a burlesque poem generally ascribed to Homer. The subject of the work is the death of Psycharpax, a mouse, son of Toxartes, who having mounted on the back of Physignathus, a frog, was being conveyed to her palace, to which she had invited him, when, seized with fear at seeing himself in the middle of the pond, he tumbled off and was drowned. Physignathus being suspected of having intentionally shaken off Psycharpax, the mice demanded satisfaction, and unanimously declared war against the frogs.
BATS, or BATSCH, a circle in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, consisting of an extensive plain between the Danube and Theis, extending over 3638 square miles, or 3,328,320 acres, and comprehending three cities, nine towns, and 189 villages, with 315,500 inhabitants, who consist of various eastern races of Sclavonian or Celtic origin, with a few Germans and some Jews. It is subdivided into four parts, distinguished by pure Hungarian names. The productions are chiefly those of the soil; wheat, wine, fruit, tobacco, and hemp. A city of the same name is the capital of one of the four districts of the circle. It stands near the Danube, is the seat of the judiciary of the district, and contains a Catholic and a Greek church, with 5200 inhabitants. Long. 18. 52. 21. E. Lat. 46. 10. 46. N.
BATTAE, in Ancient Geography, a people of Germany, formerly inhabitants of the territory or district now called Hesse. Dissatisfied with their situation there, they settled on the island formed by the Vahalis and Rhine, which from them took the name of Batavia, or Batavorum Insula. See Batavorum Insula.
BATTALAH, a large open town of Hindostan, in the province of Lahore. It stands in a fine open plain, and is surrounded by groves of mango trees and tanks of water. It is about 24 miles east from Amrutsir, and 75 east-southeast from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 3. E. Lat. 31.34. N.
BATTALIA, an army ranged in order of battle, or ready for engagement.
BATTALION, the lowest integral denomination in an army or national military force. Hence two or more battalions constitute a regiment, two or more regiments a brigade, two or more brigades a division, two or more divisions a corps d’armée, and two or more corps d’armée a grand army. A battalion therefore is the unit or integer in all the combinations of an armed force. A battalion usually contains from 500 to 800 men; but the number it consists of is not determined. They are armed with firelocks, swords, and bayonets; and divided into eight or more companies, one of which is grenadiers. Some regiments consist of but one battalion, others are divided into four or five. ∙"
BATTANTA, a small island in the Eastern Seas, about the 131 st degree of east longitude, separated from the island of Salawatty by Pitt’s Straits. It is thirty-five miles in length by five in average breadth.
BATTECOLAH, a large open town of Hindostan, on the sea-coast of North Canara. It is situated on the north banks of the Sancadaholay, which flows through a beautiful valley, in a high state of cultivation. It contains 500 houses, and has two mosques, besides two Jain temples, the only remains of sixty-eight which were formerly in the place. Long. 74. 37. E. Lat. 13. 56. N.
BATTEN, a name given by workmen to a scantling of wood, from two to four inches broad, about one inch thick, and of considerable though variable length. The term is chiefly used in speaking of doors and windows of shops or other places of the kind which are not framed of whole deal, but are made to appear as if they were, by means of these battens braided on the plain board, sometimes round the edges, sometimes across them, and sometimes up and down.
BATTERING, the attacking with heavy artillery a fortification or strong post, possessed by an enemy, in order to demolish the works.

EAττERiNG-Iiam, in Antiquity, a military engine used before the invention of gunpowder, for beating down the walls of besieged fortresses. Generally speaking, it consisted of a long heavy beam of timber, armed at the extremity with iron fashioned something like the head of a ram, which being violently propelled with constant successive blows against a rampart or tower, shook the fabric of masonry, and in time caused it to tumble down.

Of this instrument there were several kinds. The first and simplest was a beam such as we have described, which the soldiers carried in their arms, and with one end of which they assailed the walls by main force. The second was composed of a vast beam, like the mast of a ship, shod with iron at one end, and suspended by the middle from another beam laid across two posts; and hanging thus equally balanced, it was successively drawn backwards and driven forwards with accumulated momentum against the wall or rampart. This is the kind described by Josephus as having been used at the siege of Jerusalem. The third description of battering-ram was covered over with a roof, shell, or screen of boards, to protect the men employed in working it from the stones, darts, and other missiles discharged by the besieged from thewalls; whence it was called testudo arietaria. A fourth kind, mentioned by Felibien, was provided with wheels, which greatly facilitated its operations, and made it be considered the most perfect and effectual of all. .

Plutarch informs us that, in the Parthian war, Mark Antony made use of a ram 80 feet in length; and Vitruvius states that this engine was sometimes 106, sometimes even 120 feet, in length; a circumstance to which we are to ascribe its prodigious force when vigorously worked. The battering-ram required a century of soldiers at a time to manage it; and as the working parties were regularly relieved as they became exhausted, it was kept in continual action, and from incessant iteration produced the most extraordinary effects. In fact, the momentum of [7:4:453]a battering-ram 180 feet in length, 28 inches in diameter, armed with a head of iron weighing a ton and a-half, and moved by the united strength of a hundred men, must have been equal to the momentum of a thirty-six pound shot discharged point blank from a modern piece of heavy ordnance; and hence it is not difficult to conceive how effective the constant reiteration of such impulses would become in the work of demolition.

Battering- Rams, in Heraldry, a bearing or coat of arms resembling the military engine of the same name.
BATTIE, or Batty. See Batnears.
BATTISTA, Franco, a celebrated painter, born at Venice, was a disciple of Michael Angelo, whose manner he followed so closely, that, in the correctness of his outlines, he surpassed most of the masters of his time.
BATTLEMENTS, in Architecture, are notches or indentures in the top of a wall or other building, in the form of embrasures.
BATTON, in merchandise, a name given to certain pieces of wood or deal for flooring or other purposes.
BATTORY, a name given by the Hans Towns to their magazines or factories abroad.
BATTU, an island lying off the western coast of Sumatra, forty miles in length by ten in average breadth, and entirely covered with wood. It is almost immediately under the equinoctial line. Its exports are cocoa nuts, oil, and sea-slug.
BATUA, Butua, Euthoe, or Euthoece, in Ancient Geography, a town of Dalmatia, situated on the Adriatic; now Budoa.
BAUCIS, in fabulous history, an old woman who lived with Philemon her husband in a cottage in Phrygia. Jupiter and Mercury happening to travel in that country, were well received by this venerable pair after having been refused entertainment by every body else. To punish the people for their inhumanity, the two gods laid the country under water, but removed Baucis and Philemon to the top of a mountain, where they saw the deluge, and their own little hut above the waters turned into a temple. Here the grateful gods promised to confer on their entertainers whatever boon the latter might solicit; in consequence of which they expressed a desire to officiate in this temple as'priest and priestess, and also to die together; both of which requests were granted.
BAUDELOT, Charles Caesar, a learned advocate in the parliament of Paris, distinguished by his skill in ancient monuments, was received into the Academy of Belles Lettres in 1705. He wrote a Treatise on the Advantages of Travelling, Letters and Dissertations on Medals, &c.; and died in 1722, aged 74.
BAUDIER, Michael, a gentleman of Languedoc, who lived in the reign of Louis XIII., and published several books, which procured him the character of a copious and laborious author. Among these were, 1. An Inventory of the General History of the Turks; 2. The History of the Seraglio; 3. That of the Religion of the Turks; 4. That of the Court of the King of China; 5. The Life of Cardinal Ximenes.
BAUDIUS, Dominic, professor of history in the university of Leyden, was born at Lisle on the 8th of August 1561. He began his studies at Aix-la-Chapelle, and continued them at Leyden, whence he removed to Geneva, where he studied divinity. After residing there some time he returned to Ghent, and afterwards to Leyden, where he applied himself to the study of the civil law, and was admitted doctor of law in June 1585. Soon after his admission he accompanied the ambassadors from the states to England, and during his residence in this country became acquainted with several persons of distinction, particularly the famous Sir Philip Sidney. He was admitted advocate at the Hague in January 1587; but getting soon tired of the bar, he went to travel in France, where he remained ten years. He was much esteemed in that kingdom, and gained many friends there. Achilles de Harlai, first president of the parliament of Paris, got him admitted advocate of the parliament of Paris in the year 1592. In 1602 he went to England with Christopher de Harlai, the president’s son, who was sent ambassador to the court of London by Henry the Great. But having, in the course of the same year, been named professor of eloquence at Leyden, Baudius went and settled in that university, where he read lectures on history after the death of Merula, and was also permitted to do the same on the civil law. In 1611 the states conferred upon him the office of historiographer in conjunction with Meursius; and in consequence of this appointment he wrote The History of the Truce. Baudius was a good prose writer, as appears from his letters, many of which were published after his death; and he was also a respectable Latin poet. The first edition of his poems was printed in the year 1587; but he published separately a book of iambics in 1591, dedicated to Cardinal Bourbon. Some of his poems, in the edition of 1607, he dedicated to the king of England, others to the prince of Wales, and went over to England to present them. He died at Leyden in 1613.