pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
SCONE, a village of Scotland, now chiefly remarkable for being the place where the kings were anciently crowned. Kenneth II. upon his conquest of the Picts in the ninth century, having made Scone his principal residence, delivered his laws, called the Macalpine laws, from a tumulus, named the Mote Hill of Scone. The old palace was begun by the Earl of Gowrie, but was completed by Sir David Murray of Gospatrick, the favourite of King James VI. to whom that monarch had granted it; and the new possessor, in gratitude to his benefactor, put up the king’s arms in several parts of the house. During the middle ages of the Scottish monarchy Scone was the occasional residence of the kings; and it was here that they were crowned, sitting on the famous stone called the stone of Dunstaffnage or stone of Scone, which, if the ancient chronicles may be believed, was the pillow on which Jacob slept when journeying through the plains of Luz. Edward I. carried it off, to the great mortification of the Scotch, who looked upon it as a kind of palladium. The abbey and palace were demolished by a mob from Dundee at the Reformation. Charles II., before the battle of Worcester, was crowned in the chapel at Scone.[7:19:694] The old pretender resided here for some time in 1715, and his son paid it a visit in 1745. On the site of the ancient palace a splendid edifice has been reared by the Earl of Mansfield, who represents the old family of Stormont. In the modern structure much of the old furniture has been preserved, particularly a bed that belonged to James VI., and another of which the curtains were wrought by the fair hands of Queen Mary when a prisoner in Lochleven Castle. The old market-cross stands in the midst of the pleasure-grounds. The modern village is regularly built, and of a neat appearance.
SCORE, or Partition, in Music. Either of these terms means that written or printed arrangement of different parts for voices or instruments, or for both, by which the structure of any piece of music, consisting of a number of such parts, is brought successively under the eye, measure after measure, so as to enable the student of composition to study the work, or the conductor of an orchestra to accompany the whole suitably on the piano-forte or organ, or instantly to perceive and correct errors in the performance, especially during rehearsals. In a score or partition, all the staves required in any given page for the different parts should be marked with their proper clefs, &c., and, on the left margin, with the names of the different voices or instruments, and then braced together at the left side, while at every bar of the measure a straight line is drawn down the page, from the top of the highest stave to the bottom of the lowest. For the sake of perspicuity, in every partition the same number of staves ought to be used from beginning to end on every page, even where many bars of rests occur in this or that part; and also the clefs, &c. ought to be marked on every page, as well as the names of the different voices or instruments. The general neglect of these simple precautions renders many partitions extremely confused and perplexing to their readers. In the article Music , we have used the word partition in preference to the word score, for various reasons; and especially as we had already the word partition used in the sixteenth century by an English writer of eminent musical authority, in the very sense in which we employ it. Thomas Morley, in his “Plaine and easie Introduction to practicall Musicke,” edition of 1597, page 34, has stamped the word partition as an English musical term. He says, “and to the ende that you may the more easily understand the contryving of the parts, and their proportion one to another, I have set it downe in partition." He then gives the example, part under part, in partition.
SCORIA, or Dross, amongst metallurgists, is the recrement of metals in fusion, or, more determinately speaking, is that mass which is produced by melting metals and ores. When cold, it is brittle, and not dissoluble in water, being properly a kind of glass.
SCORIFICATION, in Metallurgy, is the art of reducing a body, either entirely or in part, into scoria.
SCOT, Michael, of Balwirie, a renowned Scottish worthy of the thirteenth century. This singular man made the tour of France and Germany, and was received with some distinction at the court of the Emperor Frederic II. Having travelled enough to gratify his curiosity or his vanity, he returned to Scotland, and gave himself up to study and contemplation. He was skilled in languages; and, considering the age in which he lived, was no mean proficient in philosophy, mathematics, and medicine. He translated into Latin, from the Arabic, the history of animals by the celebrated physician Avicenna. He wrote a book concerning the Secrets of Nature, in which he treats of generation, physiognomy, and the signs by which we judge of the temperaments of men and women. We have also a tract of his on the Nature of the Sun and the Moon. He there speaks of the grand operation, as it is termed by alchymists, and is exceedingly solicitous about the projected powder, or the phi losopher’s stone. He likewise wrote what he calls Mensa Philosophica, a treatise replete with astrology and chiromancy. He was much admired in his day, and was even suspected of magic; and he had Roger Bacon and Cornelius Agrippa for his panegyrists.

Scot, Reginald, a judicious writer in the sixteenth century, was the younger son of Sir John Scot of Scotshall, near Smeethe, in Kent. He studied at Hart Hall in the University of Oxford; after which he retired to Smeethe, where he lived a studious life, and died in 1599. He published the Perfect Platform of a Hop-Garden; and a book entitled the Discovery of Witchcraft, in which he showed that all the relations concerning magicians and witches are chimerical. This work was not only censured by King James I. in his Daemonology, but by several eminent divines; and all the copies of it that could be found were burned.
SCOTAL, or Scotale, is where any officer of a forest keeps an ale-house within the forest, under colour of his office, making people come to his house, and there spend their money for fear of his displeasure. We find it mentioned in the charter of the forest, “Nullus forestarius faciat Scotallas, vel garbas colligat, vel aliquam collectam faciat.” The word is compounded of scot and ale, and, by transposition, is otherwise called aleshot.
SCOTALES were meetings formerly held in England for the purpose of drinking ale, of which the expense was paid by joint contribution. Thus the tenants of South Malling, in Sussex, which belonged to the Archbishop of Canterbury, were, at the keeping of a court, to entertain the lord or his bailiff' with a drinking, or an ale; and the stated quotas towards the charge were, that a man should pay threepence halfpenny for himself and his wife, and a widow and cottager a penny halfpenny. In the manor of Ferring, in the same county, and under the same jurisdiction, it was the custom for the tenants named to make a scotale of sixteen pence halfpenny, and to allow out of each sixpence a penny halfpenny for the bailiff.

Common scotales in taverns, at which the clergy were not to be present, arc noticed in several ecclesiastical canons. They were not to be published in the church by the clergy or the laity; and a meeting of more than ten persons of the same parish or vicinage was a Scotale that was generally prohibited. There were also common drinkings, which were denominated leet-ale, bride-ale, clerk-ale, and church-ale. To a leet-ale probably all the residents in a manorial district were contributors; and the expense of a bride-ale was defrayed by the relations and friends of a happy pair, who were not in circumstances to bear the charges of a wedding dinner. This custom prevails occasionally in some districts of Scotland even at this day, under the denomination of a penny bride-ale, and was very common about half a century ago. The clerk's-ale was in the Easter holidays, and was the method taken to enable clerks of parishes to collect their dues more readily.

Scotia , in Architecture, a semicircular cavity or channel between the tores in the bases of columns.
SCOTISTS, a sect of school divines and philosophers, so called from their founder Joannes Duns Scotus, a Scottish cordelier, who maintained the immaculate conception of the Virgin, or that she was born without original sin, in opposition to Thomas Aquinas and the Thomists. As to philosophy, the Scotists were, like the Thomists, Peripatetics; only distinguished by this, that in each being, as many different qualities as it had, so many different formalities did they distinguish, all distinct from the body itself, and making as it were so many different entities; but these were metaphysical, and as it were superadded to the being. The Scotists and Thomists likewise disagreed about the nature of the divine co-operation with the human will, the measure of divine grace that is necessary to salvation, and other abstruse and minute questions, which it is needless to enumerate.
SCOUGAL, Henry, the second son of Patrick Scougal, bishop of Aberdeen, was born in June 1650, at Salton, in East Lothian, where his father, the immediate predecessor of Bishop Burnet, was rector. At the age of fifteen he entered the university, where he behaved with great modesty, sobriety, and diligence. No sooner had he finished his course of education, than he was promoted to a professorship in the university of Aberdeen, where he conscientiously performed his duty in training up the youth under his care in such principles of learning and virtue as might render them ornaments to church and state. Having been professor of philosophy for four years, he was at the age of twenty-three ordained a minister, and settled at Auchterless, a small village about twenty miles from Aberdeen. About the twenty-seventh year of his age he fell into a consumption, which by slow degrees wasted him away. Upon the twentieth day of June 1C78 he died, in the greatest calmness, in the twenty-eighth year of his age, and was buried in the King’s College church in Old Aberdeen. His principal work is a small treatise entitled the Life of God in the Soul of Man. This book is not only valuable for the sublime spirit of piety which it breathes, but for the purity and elegance of its style; qualities for which few English writers were distinguished before the revolution.
SCOUTS, in a military sense, are generally horsemen sent out before, on the wings of an army, at the distance of a mile or two, to discover the enemy, and to give the general an account of what they see.
SCREW, one of the six mechanical powers, is a cylinder cut into several concave surfaces, or rather a channel or groove made in a cylinder, by carrying on two spiral plains the whole length of the screw, in such a manner that they may be always equally inclined to the axis of the cylinder in their whole progress, and also inclined to the base of it in the same angle.
SCRIVENER, one who draws contracts, or whose business it is to place money at interest.
SCROLL, in Heraldry. See that article.
SCRUPLE, Scrupulus, or Scrupulum, the least of the weights used by the ancients, which amongst the Romans was the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, or the third part of a dram. The scruple is still among us a weight, containing the third part of a dram, or twenty grains. Among goldsmiths it is twenty-four grains.

Scruple, in Chaldaean chronology, is the 1 / 1080 th part of an hour, called by the Hebrews helakin. These scruples are much used by the Jews, Arabs, and other eastern people, in computations of time.

Scruples of half Duration, an arc of the moon’s orbit, which the moon’s centre describes from the beginning of an eclipse to its middle.

Scruples of Immersion or Incidence, an arc of the moon’s orbit, which her centre describes from the beginning of the eclipse to the time when its centre falls into the shadow.

Scruples of Emersion, an arc of the moon’s orbit, which her centre describes in the time from the first emersion of the moon’s limb to the end of the eclipse.[7:19:792]
SCRUTINY (Scrutinium), in the primitive church, was an examination or probation practised in the last week of Lent, upon the catechumens, who were to receive baptism on Easter-day. The scrutiny was performed with a great many ceremonies. Exorcisms and prayers were made over the heads of the catechumens; and upon Palm Sunday the Lord’s Prayer and Creed were given them, which they were afterwards made to rehearse. This custom was more in use in the Church of Rome than anywhere else, though it appears, by some missals, to have been likewise used, at a much later period, in the Gallican church. It is supposed to have ceased about the year 860.

Scrutiny is also used, in the canon Law, for a ticket or a little paper billet, in which, at elections, the electors write their votes privately, so that it may not be known for whom they vote. Among us the term scrutiny is chiefly used for a strict perusal and examination of the several votes hastily taken at an election, in order to find out any irregularities committed therein by unqualified voters.
SCRUTORE, or Scrutoir (from the French escritoire), a kind of cabinet, with a door or lid opening downwards.
SCRY, in falconry, denotes a large flock of fowl.
SCUDDING, the movement by which a ship is carried precipitately before a tempest. As a ship flies with amazing rapidity through the water whenever this expedient is put in practice, it is never attempted in a contrary wind, unless when her condition renders her incapable of sustaining the mutual effort of the wind and waves any longer on her side, without being exposed to the most imminent danger of being overset.

A ship either scuds with a sail extended on her foremast, or, if the storm is excessive, without any sail at all; which, in the sea-phrase, is called scudding under bare poles. In sloops and schooners, and other small vessels, the sail employed for this purpose is called the square sail. In large ships, it is either the foresail at large, reefed, or with its goose-wings extended, according to the degree of the tempest; or it is the fore-top sail., close reefed, and lowered on the cap; which last is particularly used when the sea runs so high as to becalm the foresail occasionally, a circumstance which exposes the ship to the danger of broaching to. The principal hazards incident to scudding are generally a pooping sea; the difficulty of steering, which exposes the vessel perpetually to the risk of broaching to; and the want of sufficient sea-room. A sea striking the ship violently on the stern may dash it inwards, by which she must inevitably founder. In broaching to, that is, inclining suddenly to windward, she is threatened with being immediately overturned, and, for want of sea-room, she is endangered by shipwreck on a lee-shore.
SCULPONEAE, among the Romans, a kind of shoes worn by slaves of both sexes. These shoes consisted only of blocks of wood made hollow, like the French sabots.
SCUPPERS are pipes of lead inserted in openings bored from the deck through the sides of a ship, to carry the water off from the deck to the sea. To avoid the inconvenience of having the scuppers broken by the working of the ship, each is formed of two pipes, one of which is passed upwards to the deck through the opening in the ship’s side, and having its lower end nailed on the outside planking; the other, which is of smaller diameter, after being woold-ed on the outside with flannel dipped in tallow, is passed downwards into the lower pipe, through the opening in the deck, and its upper end secured on the plank of the deck. In order to prevent the entrance of water by these scuppers when a ship is inclined, valves of metal are placed over the external outer ends, which close with the pressure of the external water. In merchant-vessels, leather-pipes, called scupper-hoses, are sometimes nailed round the opening for the same purpose. Sometimes scuppers are only leaden pipes passed through the ship’s side, and turned and fastened at each end.
SCURVY, a dreadful disease, in the prevention and cure of which, Dr Beddoes thinks, the mineral acids, especially the nitric and vitriolic, may be employed with as much success as the vegetable acids.
SCUTAGE (scutagium; Saxon, scildpening) was a tax or contribution raised by those that held lands by knights’ service, towards furnishing the king’s army, at one, two, or three merks for every knight’s fee. Henry III., for his voyage to the Holy Land, had a tenth granted by the clergy, and scutage, three merks of every knight’s fee, by the laity. This was also levied by Henry II., Richard I, and King John.
SCUTARI, a city of the western part of Turkey, the capital of the province of the same name, sometimes also called by the Turks Iskandria. It is situated on the river Drenas, at its efflux from the Lake Bojana. It is the seat of a Greek bishop. It contains Greek and Catholic churches, several mosques, and about 4000 houses, with 16,000 inhabitants. There is a considerable employment furnished by the building of ships and exporting of timber, and by fisheries. It is not on the sea-shore; but the village of Polna is the place where vessels load and unload, and which is fortified and protected by the castles Dragos and Golbaschi.
SCUTE (scutum), a French gold coin of three shillings and fourpence in the reign of Henry V. Catharine queen of England had an assurance made her of sundry castles, manors, lands, &c. valued at the sum of forty thousand scutes, two of which were worth a noble.
SCUTTLES, in a ship, holes in the decks of a ship, either for air, or as passages to the store-rooms; also openings in a ship’s side for the admission of air. If, in order to sink a ship, a hole be cut in her bottom, she is said, in nautical language, to be scuttled.
SCYLAX, a celebrated mathematician and geographer of Caria, flourished under the reign of Darius Hystaspes, about 558 before Christ. Some have attributed to him the invention of geographical tables. We have under his name a geographical work published by Hoeschelius; but it is written by a much later author, and is perhaps only an abridgment of Scylax’s Ancient Geography.
SCYLLA, in Ancient Geography, a rock in the Fretum Siculum, near the coast of Italy, dangerous to shipping, opposite to Charybdis, a whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, and both of them famous in mythology. Scylla and Charybdis have been almost subdued by the repeated convulsions of this part of the earth, and by the violence of the current, which is continually increasing the breadth of the straits. If proper allowance be made for these circumstances, we shall acquit the ancients of exaggeration, notwithstanding the dreadful colours in which they have painted this passage. It is formed by a low peninsula called Cape Pelorus, stretching eastward on the Sicilian side, immediately within which lies the whirlpool of Charybdis; and by the rocks of Scylla, which a few miles below, on the Calabrian shore, project westward. The current runs with surprising force from the one to the other alternately in the direction of die[7:20:14] tide, and the tides themselves are very irregular. Thus vessels, by shunning the one, were in the utmost danger of being swallowed up by the other.

At present, in moderate weather, when the tide is either at ebb or flood, boats pass across the whirlpool; but, in general, it is like the meeting of two contending currents, with a number of eddies all around; and even now, there is scarcely a winter in which there are not some wrecks.
SCYROS, an island in the Aegean Sea, at the distance of about twenty-eight miles north-east from Euboea. It is sixty miles in circumference. It was originally in the possession of the Pelasgians and Carians. Achilles retired there to avoid going to the Trojan war, and became father of Neoptolemus, by Deidamia, the daughter of King Lycomedes. Scyros, which was conquered by the Athenians under Cimon, was very rocky and barren. It is now called Sciro. Long. 25. 0. E. Lat. 38. 15. N.
SCYTALA Laconica, in Antiquity, a stratagem or device of the Lacedaemonians, for the secret writing of letters to their correspondents, so that if they should chance to be intercepted, nobody might be able to read them.

To this end they had two wooden rollers or cylinders, perfectly alike and equal; one of which was kept in the city, the other by the person to whom the letter was directed. For the letter, a skin of very thin parchment was wrapped round the roller, on which the matter was written; and this being done, it was taken off, and sent away to the party, who, upon putting it in the same manner upon his roller, found the lines and words in the very same disposition as when they were first written.
SCYTHE, a well-known instrument, which has been long employed in cutting grass. See Agriculture.
SEA, in a strict sense, signifies a large portion of water almost surrounded by land, as the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas; but it is frequently used for that vast body of water which encompasses the whole earth. See the articles Geology and Physical Geography. Sea -Air is that part of the atmosphere which is above the sea. Sea-air has been found salubrious and beneficial in certain distempers. This may be owing to its containing a greater portion of oxygenous gas or vital air, and being less impregnated with noxious vapours, than the land. Dr Ingenhousz made several experiments to ascertain the salubrity of sea-air. By mixing equal measures of common air and nitrous air, he found that at Gravesend they occupied about 10·4, or one measure and 4 / 100 ths of a measure; whereas on sea, about three miles from the mouth of the Thames, two measures of air, one of common and one of nitrous air, occupied from 0∙91 to 0∙94. He attempted a similar experiment on the middle of the channel between the English coast and Ostend; but the motion of the ship rendered it impracticable. He found that in rainy and windy weather the sea-air contained a smaller quantity of vital air than when the weather was calm. On the sea-shore at Ostend it occupied from 94½ to 97; at Bruges he found it at 105, and at Antwerp 109½. Dr Ingenhousz thus concludes his paper. “It appears, from these experiments, that the air at sea and close to it is in general purer and fitter for animal life than the air on the land, though it seems to be subject to the same inconstancy in its degree of purity with that of the land; so that we may now with more confidence send our patients labouring under consumptive disorders to the sea, or at least to places situated close to the sea, which have no marshes in their neighbourhood. It seems also probable that the air will in general be found much purer far from the land than near the shore, the former being never subject to be mixed with land-air.”[7:20:15]
SEADOWLY, a port of Northern Hindustan, in the territories of the Nepaul rajah district of Mocwanpoor. To this port the British forces penetrated in 1767, and took it; but were obliged to retreat, from the pestilential effects of the climate.
SEAFORD, a town on the sea-shore, in the hundred of Flexborough and rape of Pewensey, in the county of Sussex, sixty-three miles from London. It was in former times much more extensive than it is at present. It is now a mere fishing and bathing place. It is a corporate town, with a bailiff and twelve jurats, and returned two members to the House of Commons till the year 1832. The population amounted in 1821 to 1047, and in 1831 to 1098.