pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TAMBOW, a government of Russia, one of the East Sea provinces, extending in east longitude from 38° 31' to 43° 20', and in north latitude from 51° 8' to 55° 9', being 26,072 square miles. It is a level district in the northern part, sandy and swampy; but in the south it is of moderate fertility. It is well watered, some of its many streams running to the Wolga and others to the Don. The climate is healthy, but the winters are severely cold. The corn is more than sufficient for the consumption of the inhabitants, and a large quantity is distilled. The crown forests cover a large proportion of the district, and create a large export of timber and fuel. Many herds of cattle yield both hides and tallow, and the former are converted into leather for exportation. The growth of flax is extensive, and the manufactory of linens from it flourishing. There are also some manufactures of cloth, and many of iron, and some of glass ware. The trade is almost exclusively internal, the province having no communication by water with the sea. The population, by the latest accounts, is 1,422,000 persons.

Tambow, a city of Russia, the capital of the province of that name, 804 miles from St Petersburg. It is an ancient place, but has been much modernized of late years. It contains six wooden and seven stone churches, about 1600 houses, mostly of wood, and 15,000 inhabitants, who subsist by making linen goods and cordage, and in a greater degree by agriculture. Long. 41.40. E. Lat. 52. 43. 44. N.
TAMTAM, or Gong. See Music .
TAMWORTH, an ancient borough, situated partly in Warwickshire and partly in Staffordshire, 117 miles from London. The situation is at the confluence of the rivers Tame and Anker. The church is an ancient but irregular building, with some fine monuments. The ancient castle formerly belonged to the earls of Leicester. Near to it is Drayton Park, the seat of Sir Robert Peel. In Tamworth there are some cloth manufactures. It is a borough, governed by four aldermen and twelve councillors, and returns two members to parliament. There is a good market on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1831 to 7182.
TAN, the bark of trees after it has been ground and used by the tanner. The smallest sort is generally made up in little square cakes called turf, and sold for firing. The coarser sort is sometimes dried in the sun, and used by bakers for heating their ovens, &c.; but its chief use is for making hot-beds to raise pine-apples and other plants. William III. introduced the use of it from Holland, for the purpose of raising orange trees; after which it was discontinued for many years: but about 1719, when ananas were first brought into England, it came into general use, and has ever since been in great estimation with gardeners for all the purposes of forcing, &c. on account of its strong and lasting fermentation. The smaller the tan the quicker it heats; but the larger sort acquires heat more gradually, and retains it longer. The skilful gardener therefore uses the one or the other, or a mixture of both, according to the time and purpose for which it is wanted. It is not till some time after the tan comes out of the tanner’s pit that it begins to heat, and therefore it is not fit for immediate use; but having lain a week or two, it enters into a state of fermentation, and if put into hot-beds properly prepared, will retain a moderate heat for three or four months. When it becomes useless for the hot-house, it is said to be an excellent manure for some kinds of land.

The word tan is sometimes, though improperly, used for the bark itself, which is the chief ingredient in the tanning of leather. Oak bark, on account of its great astringency and gummy-resinous properties, is preferred to all other substances for the purpose of tanning, as it not only preserves the leather from rotting, but also, by condensing the pores, renders it impervious to water.
TANAH, a town of Hindustan, province of Gujerat, forty-one miles east by north from the city of Surat. Long. 73. 4L E. Lat. 21.21. N.
TANAGA, one of the Fox Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, about forty miles in circumference. Long. 182. 14. E. Lat. 53. 20. N.
TANAKEKE, a small island, about twelve miles in circumference, surrounded by a cluster of smaller ones. Many of the smaller islands of this group are uninhabited, and the others are peopled by the Buggesses. It is situated off the south-west extremity of Celebes. Long. 19. 10. E. Lau 5. 30. S.
TANDAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bengal, adjacent to the ruins of the ancient city of Gour. Long. 88. 15. E. Lat. 24. 49. N.
TANETE, a town and small principality in the island of Celebes, situated half way between Fort Rotterdam and the bay of Sori an. Long. 119. 35. E. Lat. 4. 14. S.
TANGERANG, a village of the island of Java, about fifteen miles west from Batavia. A large weekly bazaar is held here, to which the produce of the adjacent country is brought, and thence carried to Batavia. There is also a river of the same name, which falls into the ocean about twenty miles west of Bantam.
TANGIER, a port-town of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, and empire of Morocco, situated at the entrance of the Straits of Gibraltar, in Long. 5. 50. W. Lat. 38. 49. N. In 1662, this place belonged to the Portuguese, and was given to King Charles II. upon his marriage with the Infanta of Portugal; but growing weary of the charge of keeping it, he caused it to be blown up and destroyed in 1684; and ever since that time it has been only a poor fishing town. It was anciently called Tingis, and gave name to the province of Mauritania Tingitana.
TANK, in the language of Hindustan, a place enclosed for receiving and retaining rain-water. During the periodical rains the tanks are filled, and thus in the dry season furnish water for the rice-fields and cattle. Some of them are of great extent, measuring 300 or 400 feet on the side. They are of a quadrangular form, and lined with granite, descending in regular steps from the margin to the bottom.
TANKSAL, a town of Hindustan, in the Sikh territories, province of Delhi, 150 miles north from Delhi. Long. 76. 53. E. Lat. 30. 51. N.
TANNA, a town and fortress of Hindustan, province of Aurungabad and district of Bombay, situated on the east side of the island of Salsette. The fort, which is very strong, commands the passage between the island and the main land, which is about 200 yards broad. The fort is usually garrisoned by a battalion of sepoys, and a company of European artillery from Bombay. The town is straggling, but not large, and has several Portuguese churches, with a number of Christian inhabitants. It was taken from the Mahrattas in 1773, after an obstinate resistance. Long. 73. 5. E. Lat. 19. 10. N.
Τanna, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, one of those called the New Hebrides, discovered by Captain Cook in the year 1774, about twenty-two miles in length and ten in breadth. Long. 169. 44. E. Lat. 19. 32. S.
Τanna Balloo, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the east coast of Borneo. Long. 118. 21. E. Lat. 4.52. N.
TANNER, Thomas, an eminent antiquary, was born in 1674. His father, Thomas Tanner, was vicar of Market Lavington in Wiltshire. The son was sent to Queen’s College, Oxford, in 1689; took the degree of A.B. in 1693, and that of A.M. in 1696; and was elected a fellow of All Souls College in 1697. He became prebendary of Ely in 1713, archdeacon of Norfolk in 1701, and canon of Christ Church in 1724. He was consecrated bishop of St Asaph on the 23d of January 1732; and died at Christ Church on the 14th of December 1735. He was thrice married. Dr Tanner was a very industrious antiquary, and left an immense collection of papers, which are preserved in the Bodleian Library. He had a considerable share in the second edition of Wood’s Athenae Oxonienses. He published a work entitled “Notitia Monastica; or, a short History of Religious Houses in England and Wales.” Lond. 1695, 8vo. After the author’s death, an enlarged edition was published by his brother the Rev. John Tanner, Lond. 1744, fol. And an improved edition was published by Mr Nasmith in 1787. His principal work, with which he had been more or less occupied for the space of forty years, bears the title of “Bibliotheca BritannicoHibernica; sive, de Scriptoribus qui in Anglia, Scotia, et Hibernia, ad saeculi xvii . initium floruerunt.” Lond. 1748, fol. The preface was written by Dr Wilkins, who did not live to see the completion of the work.
TANORE, a decayed town on the sea-coast of Malabar. It is thirty miles south by east from Calicut. Long. 75. 55. E. Lat. 10. 55. N.
TANTALUS, in fabulous history, king of Phrygia and Paphlagonia, was the son of Jupiter and the nymph Plota. He one day entertained the gods at his table, when, to prove their divinity, he served up his son Pelops cut in pieces. All the deities, except Ceres, perceived his cruelty and impiety, and would not touch his provisions. That goddess, whose thoughts were solely employed about her daughter Proserpine, inadvertently ate a part of his left shoulder. Pelops, however, was restored to life, and an ivory shoulder given him in the room of that which had been eaten; while Tantalus was thrown into Tartarus, where he was punished with perpetual hunger and thirst. He was chained in a lake, the water of which reached up to his chin, but retired when he attempted to drink. The branch of a tree loaded with fruit hung down even to his lips, but on his attempting to pluck the fruit the branch sprung upwards.
TAOO, one of the Friendly Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, about twenty-four miles in circumference.
TAORMINA, a town in Sicily, situated on a high rock, and eighty-eight miles south of Messina. A colony from the isle of Naxos settled at the foot of Aetna, at no great distance from the shore, and at about a league or a league and a half from the present situation of Taormina. Dionysius the tyrant attacked this colony, and either took or set fire to their city. The inhabitants retired to the rocks of Mount Taurus, among which they found a tract of ground sufficiently level and secure, and of sufficient extent[7:21:78]. Here therefore they built a city, which, after the mountain, they named Tauromenium. It was at length raised to a very flourishing state by trade, and became celebrated as a seat of the arts, the remains of which show that the fine arts must there have been once successfully cultivated. Among other relics are still to be seen a spacious theatre, a tomb, and a long natural grotto, which appears to have been anciently adorned within with artificial ornaments. After the inhabitants of Taormina embraced Christianity, they still continued to visit this grotto with devout veneration. Instead of the pagan divinities to whom it had before been sacred, they substituted a saint, the venerable St Leonard. But St Leonard did not long draw crowds to this grotto; and the Christians have either defaced its pagan decorations, or suffered them to fall into decay by the injuries of time. It is now black and smoky; and it is with difficulty that any remains of the Greek paintings with which it was once ornamented can be distinguished.
TAOUKA, one of the Society Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. Long. 145. 9. W. Lat. 14. 30. S.
TAPANOOLY, a small British settlement in Sumatra, situated on a small island at the bottom of the bay of Tapanooly on the north-west shore. It was taken by a French squadron in 1760, and also in 1809, when the inhabitants were plundered. Long. 98. 50. E. Lat. 1. 40. N.
TAPER denotes a kind of tall wax-candle, placed in a candlestick, and burnt at funeral processions, and in other church solemnities.

Paschal Taper, among the Romanists, is a large taper, to which the deacon applies five pieces of frankincense, in holes made for the purpose in the form of a cross; and which he lights with new fire in the ceremony of Easter Saturday. The Pontifical makes Pope Zosimus the author of this usage; but Baronius will have it more ancient, and quotes a hymn of Prudentius to prove it. That pope he supposes to have only established the use of it in parish churches, which, till then, had been restrained to greater churches. Papebroch explains the original of the paschal taper more distinctly, in his conatus ChronicoHistoricus, &c. It seems, though the council of Nice regulated the day on which Easter was to be celebrated, it enjoined the patriarch of Alexandria to make a yearly canon of it, and to send it to the pope. As all the other moveable feasts were to be regulated by that of Easter, a catalogue of them was made every year; and this was written on a taper, cereus, which was blessed in the church with much solemnity. This taper, according to Chastelain, was not a wax-candle made to be burnt; it had no wick, nor was it any thing more than a kind of column of wax, made on purpose to write the list of moveable feasts on, and which would suffice to hold that list for the space of a year. For among the ancients, when any thing was to be written to last for ever, they engraved it on marble or steel; when it was to last a long while, they wrote it on Egyptian paper; and when it was only to last a short time, they contented themselves to write it on wax. In process of time they came to write the moveable feasts on paper, but they still fastened it to the paschal taper. Such is the original of the benediction of the paschal taper.
TAPOOL, a small island, one of the Sooloo archipelago, situated due south from the principal Sooloo Isle.
TAPOPO, a small low island in the Eastern Seas, on the west coast of the island of Waygiou, covered with trees to the water’s edge.
TAPPA, one of the small Molucca Islands, separated from that of Lata by a channel in some places not above forty yards wide and one and a half long, with deep water. Long. 123. 35. E. Lat. 0. 6. N.
TAR, a thick, black, unctuous substance, obtained chiefly from old pines and fir trees by burning them with a close smothering heat. It is prepared in great quantities in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Russia, and North America, and in other countries where the pine and fir abound. Becher the celebrated chemist first proposed to make tar from pit-coal. Manufactures for this purpose were established many years ago in the bishopric of Liege, and in several parts of England. In the year 1781, the earl of Dundonald obtained a patent for extracting tar from pit-coal by a new process of distillation. Great hopes were entertained of the value of this discovery, but we have not heard that it answered his expectations. Tar, which is well known for its economical uses, is properly an empyreumatic oil of turpentine, and has been much used as a medicine both internally and externally. Tar-water, or water impregnated with the more soluble parts of tar, was formerly a very popular remedy, and was most earnestly recommended by Bishop Berkeley.
TARABAD, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Aurungabad, ninety-four miles south-east from Surat. Long. 74. 20. E. Lat. 20. 38. N.
TARAHPOOR, a town of Hindustan, province of Bahar, ninety miles south-south-east from Patna. Long. 86. 40. E. Lat. 25. 7. N.
TARANTELLA, a lively Neapolitan dance, the melody in 6/8 time.
TARANTO, a city of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Otranto. It stands on a rocky island near to Cape St [7:21:80]Vito, but is joined to the continent by a long bridge. It is surrounded with walls, and defended by batteries and a strong castle. It is the capital of a district, is the seat of an archbishop, and contains a cathedral, several churches and monasteries, an orphan-house, a naval hospital, and two Latin schools. It is irregularly built, and occupies but a small part of the ancient Tarentum. The harbour is now nearly filled with sand, but is accessible and secure for vessels of light draught of water, and for the craft of the numerous fishermen. About sixty coasting vessels belong to the port, trading, for the most part, in the Adriatic Sea. The city is supplied with water by means of an aqueduct. It contains 14,150 inhabitants, employed in trade in corn and oil, and other products of the land, in the fishery, and in making some cotton goods and hats, and in collecting salt. Long. 18. 25. E. Lat. 40. 45. N.
TARARE, a town of France, in the department of the Rhone and the arrondissement of Villefranche. It stands at the foot of a mountain on the river Tardine, and has extensive manufactures of muslins, printed cottons, mixed cloths of wool and cotton, and considerable tanneries. It contains 6250 inhabitants.
TARASCON, a town of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and the arrondissement of Arles. It stands on the left bank of the Rhone, over which is a bridge of boats leading to Beaucaire. It is a well-built place, and has a castle, from the platform of which a fine prospect is to be seen. It contains 12,500 inhabitants, who have considerable trade in woollen and cotton goods, in making brandy, and in ship-building. Long. 4. 34. 31. E. Lat. 4b. 48. 20. N.
TARBES, an arrondissement of the department of the Upper Pyrenees, in France. It is 484 square miles in extent, is divided into eleven cantons, and these into 197 communes, containing, in 1836, 110,542 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, which is that also of the department. It is situated on a fine plain on the left bank of the Adour, is well built, with good paved streets, has a cathedral and two churches, a theatre, a hospital, and a fine market-place. The inhabitants amounted in 1836 to 12,630, who are chiefly employed in making hardware and leather. They have also a considerable trade with Spain. The prospects from the bridge towards the Pyrenees are very fine. It was the seat of the war during the duke of Wellington’s campaign in France. Long. 0.1. 32. W. Lat. 43. 14. 2. N.
TARDEBIG, a town of the hundred of Halfshire, in the county of Worcester, 113 miles from London. It has no market, and only derives some trade from the canal which passes by it from Birmingham. The inhabitants amounted in 1831 to 4145.
TAREM, a town of Persia, in the province of Laristan, situated in a plain on the banks of a salt river. It is a meanly built place, consisting of a mud fort, surrounded on all sides by wretched huts, but is populous, and contains many respectable merchants, who trade to Muscat, Gombroon, and Shiraz.
TARENT, an island on the western shore of the Persian Gulf, immediately opposite Katif. It is about seven miles in length and as many in breadth, is well supplied with fresh water, and embellished with many delightful gardens, which produce abundance of fruit.
TARIFF, a table containing the names of different sorts [7:21:81]of merchandise, with the duties to be paid as settled among trading nations.
TARN, a department of the south-west of Frarwe, formed out of a part of ancient Languedoc. It is bounded on the north and north-east by the department of Aveiron, on the south-east by Herault, on the south by Aude, on the west by Upper Garonne, and on the north-west by Tarn-Garonne. Its area contains 573,977 hectares, equal to 1,363,942 acres, or 2131 square miles. It comprehends four arrondissements, thirty-five cantons, and 327 communes. The population in 1836 amounted to 346,614 persons, of whom about 40,000 are Protestants, and the remainder adhere to the Roman Catholic church. The face of the country is a mixture of plains, hills, valleys, and some few mountains, mostly covered with wooths. These are branches from the Sevennes and Lozere chain, which in this department has the name of Montagne Noire, and extends on the south side into the departments of the Upper Garonne and the Aude. The chief river gives its name to the department, and receives the waters of the Rance and the Agout, and is navigable from Guillac to its mouth. The northern division is in part watered by the Aveiron and the Viaur. The climate is mild and healthy, with summers of great heat, and with winters of very short duration, unattended by any severe frosts. The soil is generally fertile in corn, and produces more grain, especially wheat, than is consumed within the department. In the higher parts of the department rye is found to succeed better than wheat; but the quantity raised of both is usually about equal. In the lofty districts the pasture is good, but in the lower districts the plains are burnt up in the summer, and the cattle, though good, are small in size. The husbandry work is chiefly performed by asses or mules. There are but few sheep; and no care has hitherto been taken to improve either the flesh or the wool. Swine are very abundant, and geese still more so; and large quantities of both are cured by smoking, and form a valuable article of export. It is said not to be uncommon to see fat geese weighing as much as thirty pounds, the livers of which are considered a great luxury. Fruit is abundant, especially plums, cherries, and chestnuts; and woad, anis and coriander seed, liquorice and saffron, are carefully cultivated. The wine is extensively made, some of good quality; that near Guillac is highly esteemed, and is principally purchased for the Bordeaux market, to be shipped to foreign countries. Silk was once extensively obtained, but that commodity has of late years much declined. Mines of copper and of lead were formerly worked, but have now ceased; and the only mineral produced is iron, and that in very small quantities. The manufacturing industry is confined to the towns of Albi and Castres, and to the more hilly districts. The inhabitants produce woollen stuffs and serges, silk and cotton goods. The tanneries are numerous, and make more than sufficient leather for the domestic consumption. The department sends two deputies to the legislative chamber. Castres is the capital town, and had 17,602 inhabitants in 1836.