pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HEPHAESTIO, one of the chief favourites of Alexander the Great, was the son of Amyntor of Pella, the capital of Macedonia. He accompanied Alexander in his expedition against the Persians; and yet it is not a little surprising that he held no military command till after the battle of Arbela, b. c. 331, when he was appointed leader of a squadron of horse. (Arrian, iii. 15.) From this time his advancement to superior command was rapid, for we find him next year, b. c. 330, in the expedition against the [7:11:240]Parthians and Hyrcanìans, hipparchos, or colonel, of a regiment. (iii. 27.) In the campaign against the inhabitants of Sogdiana, he was appointed to the command of a brigade, and was then sent with Perdiccas into the country of Peucelastis, on the banks of the Indus, where he took the chief town. (iv. 16, 22, 23.) After the battle in which Porus was defeated on the banks of the Hydaspes, b. c. 327, Hephaestio was sent with a body of troops against another Porus, who reigned over the country along the banks of the Hydraotes. (v. 21; Diodor, xvii. 21.) As a reward for his services, he received from his royal friend Drypetis, the daughter of Darius, last king of Persia. (Arrian, vii. 4.) But he did not long survive the successful termination of Alexander’s exploits; for being taken ill at Ecbatana, where all had assembled to return thanks to the gods with more than ordinary solemnity for their success, Hephaestio suddenly died, to the inconsolable grief of Alexander. (vii. 14; Diodor. Sic. xvii. 114, 115.)

Hephaestio, a grammarian of Alexandria, in Egypt, who lived a. D. 150, and is supposed to have been one of the preceptors of Aelius Verus, mentioned by Julius Capitolinus in his life of that emperor. ( Vit. Veri, c. 2.) Suidas states that he was a voluminous writer, though chiefly on grammar and metres; but, of all his works, nothing has been preserved except an Elementary Treatise on Metres. (Eγχεiξiδιοv mp μiroωv κα∕ ποιημάτων.) Though this work is by no means complete, nor always correct, still it is valuable as being the only one on that subject which has reached us. It has been illustrated by numerous scholia; and there is an introduction to it (πξθλsγoμsva), ascribed to the celebrated Longinus, which was first published by Hudson in the preface to his edition of the work (⅞r≡g∕ ύψους), Oxford, 1710. The principal editions of this work of Hephaestio are, Florent, ap. Junt. 1526; Par. ap. Turne-bum, with scholia, 1553; Trajecti ad Rhenum, ap. Pauw, 1726; but the best is by Gaisford, Oxford, 1810.
HEPHTHEMIMERIS (composed of ⅛rα, seven, ημnfυς, half, and μiooς, part), in the Greek and Latin poetry, a sort of verse consisting of three feet and a syllable; that is, of seven half feet.

Hephthemimeris, or Hepthemimeres, is also a caesura after the third foot; that is, on the seventh half-foot. It is a rule that this syllable, though it be short in itself, must be made long on account of the caesura, or to render it an hephthemimeris.
HEPTACHORD, in the ancient poetry, signified verses which were sung or played on seven chords, that is, on seven different notes. In this sense it was applied to the lyre when it had but seven strings. One of the intervals is also called an heptachord, as containing the same number of degrees between the extremes.
HEPTAGON, in Geometry, a figure consisting of seven sides and as many angles. In fortification, a place is termed a heptagon which has seven bastions for its defence.
HEPTAGONAL Numbers, in Arithmetic, a sort of polygonal numbers, in which the difference of the terms of the corresponding arithmetical progression is 5. One of the properties of these numbers is, that if they be multiplied by 40, and 9 be added to the product, the sum will be a square number.
HEPTANGULAR, in Geometry, an appellation given to figures which have seven angles.
HEPTARCHY (compounded of the Greek ⅛rα, septem, seven, and v⅛γy, imperium, government), a government composed of seven persons, or a country governed by seven persons, or divided into seven kingdoms. The Saxon heptarchy included all England, which was cantoned out into seven petty independent kingdoms. See Britain.
HERACLEA, an ancient city of Romania, being the see of an archbishop of the Greek church, and also a seaport. It was a famous place in former times, and there are still some remains of its ancient splendour. Theodore Lascaris took it from David Comnenus, emperor of Trebisond, after which it fell into the hands of the Genoese; but Mahommed II. took it from them, and since that time it has been in the possession of the Turks. It is situated near the sea. Long. 27. 58. E. Lat. 40. 59. N.
HERACLEONITES, a sect of Christians, the followers of Heracleon, who refined upon the Gnostic divinity, and maintained that the world was not the immediate production of the Son of God, but that he was only the occasional cause of its being created by the demiurgos. The Heracleonites denied the authority of the prophecies of the Old Testament; maintaining that they were mere random sounds in the air, and that St John the Baptist was the only true voice that directed to the Messiah.
HERACLIDAE, the descendants of Hercules, who at the time of their father’s death were residing with Ceyx, king of Trachis, who generously protected them till he was forced by the threats of Eurystheus to refuse them any longer refuge. They fled to Athens, where they received the protection of Theseus, dwelt in the Tetrapolis, and, together with the Athenians under the command of Hyllus and Iolaus, fought a battle against" Eurystheus at the pass of Sciron. The Argive king fell, and the result of this battle was the possession by the Heraclidae of the whole Peloponnesus, where they ruled for one year, at the expiration of which a pestilence drove them back again to Attica. They were succeeded by the Pelopidae, against whom the expeditions of the Heraclidae were now directed. Hyllus again collected his forces, and met the Arcadians, Ionians, and Achaeans at the isthmus, where he fell in single combat with Echemus, the son of Aëropus, prince of Tegea; upon which the Heraclidae promised not to renew the attempt for fifty, or some say a hundred years. They made two unsuccessful attempts under Cleodaeus and Aristoma-chus; but at last, led by Temenus, they met the united force of the Peloponnesus, under the command of Tisamenus, the grandson of Agamemnon, and completely defeated it, 1104 B. c. This event, which is said to have happened eighty years after the fall of Troy, and 328 years before the first Olympiad, gave the Heraclidae, along with the Dorians, entire possession of the country. (Diod. iv. 57,58. Apollodor. ii. 8, ad fin. Herod, ix. 26. Paus. ii. 13, 18; iii. 1; iv. 2; v. 3; Müller’s Dorians.)
HERACLITUS, a celebrated philosopher of Ephesus, in Asia Minor, flourished about B. c. 503, in the reign of Darius, son of Hystaspes. Of his personal history we know nothing more than that he was the son of Blyson, attended the lectures of the philosophers Hippasus and Xenophanes, and made a particular study of the doctrines of the Pythagoreans. Heraclitus was one of those spirits whose eye was formed so as to view only the miseries of human life, and who gave vent to their sensibility by tears, as Democritus did by laughter. He was usually called the Weeping Philosopher. He was a voluminous writer, but his most esteemed work was a treatise on nature, which, however, was so obscure, that he obtained the surname of ∑xo-τε/vo¢. It is said that Euripides sent this work to Socrates, and that the philosopher having read it, remarked that all he could understand was very good, but that much of it was unintelligible. Heraclitus retired from intercourse with men to some deserted spot, where he could pursue without interruption his philosophical speculations; but his austere mode of living brought on a dropsy, and finding no relief, he determined to destroy himself by fire, and thus perished in his sixtieth year. Others say that he was devoured by dogs. Heraclitus regarded fire as the beginning and end of all things, as a matter subtile, eternal, unalterable, and ever moving. The less subtile portions of fire produced air, those of air generated water, and from this again was formed earth. The soul he considered as an igneous substance, or an exhalation (αyαdυμ√αΛς). He was in fact a materialist, and admitted only body, form, and motion. Every thing was only a change of body, death only a change of form. This treatise was first published by Crates, and put into Greek verse by Scythinus. Some fragments of it which remain have been published by Stephens, with other pieces, in a work entitled Poesis Philosophica, Paris, 1573. Also Fragmenta et Literoe, Gr. et Lat. ed. Lubin, Rostock, 1601. See likewise De prmcipio rerum naturalium ex mente Heracliti physici exercitatio, Lips. 1697; De rerum naturalium genesi ex mente Heracliti physici dissertatio, Lips. 1702.
HERACLIUS, an eastern emperor, descended from a Cappadocian family, was sent to subdue the tyrant Phocas, whom he totally vanquished in the year 610. In consequence of this victory, young Heraclius was raised to the throne by the suffrages of the senate and people. He confined in a monastery Crispus, the son-in-law of Phocas, whose defection had contributed to his success. Having humbly requested peace from the Persian monarch, who was extending his conquests all over the Asiatic part of the empire, his exorbitant and unjust conditions so exasperated Heraclius, that he at once started from inglorious ease into a conspicuous hero, raised, by vast exertions, a considerable army, conquered the king of Persia, and established his winter-quarters on the banks of the Halys. He next year penetrated into the very heart of Persia, and having resisted the attack of a threefold army of Persians, he surprised the town of Salban. Another of his expeditions was against the Tigris; and he fought a battle near the site of the ancient Nineveh in 627, about the end of the year, at which time he gained a complete victory over the Persians, having slain three of their chiefs with his own hand. He recovered three hundred Roman standards, and set a vast number of captives at liberty. In 628 he made the Persian king put an end to the persecution of the Christians, renounce the conquests of his father in the Roman empire, and restore the true cross, which had been taken from Jerusalem. When at Emesa, he first heard of the name of Mahommed, who invited him to embrace his new faith, but without success. He brought a reproach on his name by adhering to the doctrine of the Monothelites, but chiefly by espousing his niece Martina for his second wife, by whose influence he divided the succession between Constantine and Heracleonas, his son by Martina. He fell into a dropsical complaint, by which he was carried off in the month of February 641, in the thirty-first year of his reign.
HERALDUS, Desiderius, in French Hérault, a counsellor of the parliament of Paris, who in different works gave proofs of uncommon learning. His Adversaria appeared in the year 1599; but if the Scaligerana may be credited, he repented having published it. His notes on Tertullian’s Apology, on Minutius Felix, and on Arnobius, are esteemed; and he also wrote notes on Martial’s Epigrams. He disguised himself under the name of David Leidhresserus, to write a political dissertation on the independence of kings, some time after th⅛ death of Henry IV. He had a controversy with Salmasius, De Jure Attico αc Romano ; but did not live to finish what he had written on the subject. What he had executed, however, was printed in 1650. He died in June 1649. Guy Patin says that he was looked upon as a very learned man, both in the civil law and in polite literature, and that he wrote with great facility on any subject he pitched on.
HERAULT, a department of France, formed out of a part of the ancient province of Lower Languedoc. On the southern side it is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the other sides by French departments. Its extent is 2926 square miles, or, according to the Royal Almanac, 630,935 hectares. It is divided into four arrondissements, and these into thirty-six cantons and 333 communes; and it contains 346,207 inhabitants, of whom about 50,000 are Protestants, and the rest adhere to the Church of Rome. They speak a patois, that is, a mixture of Celtic, Arabic, Latin, and French, of which three fifths of the words are Latin. Of late years, however, especially in the towns, the peculiar dialect has been giving way to pure French. The northern division of the department consists of mountains, with valleys between them, which gradually decline in height as they approach the coast, where they expand into a level and fertile plain. The soil on the higher parts is commonly stony, chalky, and barren; but on the plain on the coast, though marshy, extremely fruitful. The corn raised in the department is of less importance than those vegetable substances which are the produce of southern climates. The chief attention is paid to the vines, and the wines are highly esteemed, especially those called Muscatel, Frontignac, and Lunel; but a very large proportion of the grapes are distilled, and yield brandy and spirits of wine for the foreign trade. Many olive trees are planted, and the oil which they afford is said to be equal to that of Provence. Silk worms are extensively bred, but chiefly in the district of the Cevennes. The country abounds in mines, which were once extensively worked; but at present all are abandoned except some of coals, which yield annually about 90,000 tons, and serve as fuel where wood is beginning to become scarce. Some salt is made by natural evaporation on the sea-coast; but not more than 6000 tons, though it would be very easy to procure a much larger quantity. The fishing for sardinias gives employment to numerous persons on the sea-shore. There are manufactures of woollen and cotton goods, and some of silk; and there are establishments for preparing chemical articles, perfumery, and dyers’ colours. The chief exports consist of wine, brandy, vinegar, spirits of wine, rosins, figs, almonds, capers, cork, oil, honey, wax, soap, and perfumery. The capital is the city of Montpellier, whose salubrity is much celebrated.
HERB, in Botany, a name by which Linnaeus denominates that portion of every vegetable which arises from the root, and is terminated by the fructification. It comprehends, 1. the trunk, stalk, or stem; 2. the leaves; 3. those minute external parts called by the same author the fulcra or supports of plants; and, 4. the buds, or, as he also terms them, the winter-quarters, of the future vegetable.
HERBACEOUS Plants are those which have succulent stems or stalks that die down to the ground every year. Of herbaceous plants, those are annual which perish, stem, root, and all, every year; biennial, which subsist by the roots two years; perennial, which are perpetuated by their roots for a series of years, a new stem being produced every spring.
HERBAGE, in Law, signifies the pasture provided by nature for the food of cattle; also the liberty to feed cattle in the forest, or in another person’s ground.
HERBAL signifies a book which treats of the classes, genera, species, and virtues of plants.

Herbal is also used to signify what is sometimes called hortus siccus, or a collection of dried plants.
HERBELOT, Barthelemi d’, a celebrated French orientalist, eminent for his oriental learning, was born at Paris on the 24th of December 1625. He travelled several times into Italy, where he obtained the esteem of some of the most learned men of the age. Ferdinand II. grand duke of Tuscany, showed him many marks of favour. A library being exposed to sale at Florence, the duke desired him to examine the manuscripts in the oriental languages, to select the best of them, and to mark the price; and this being done, that generous prince purchased the whole, and made him a present of them. Colbert, informed of D’Herbelot’s merit, recalled him to Paris, and obtained for him a pension of 1500 livres; and he afterwards became secretary and interpreter of the oriental languages, and royal professor of the Syriac tongue. He died at Paris in 1695. His principal work is the Bibliothèque Orientale, ou Dictionaire Universel, contenant généralement tout ce qui regarde la Connaissance des Peuples de F Orient, Paris, 1697, in folio. The Bibliothèque Orientale, considered in its details, occupied the same rank in the seventeenth, as the Histoire des Huns did in the eighteenth century; but with this difference, that D’Herbelot cleared the road, and was often copied by De Guignes. Both these celebrated orientalists were men of prodigious erudition; and in fact we can hardly persuade ourselves that the most laborious life could be sufficient for collecting the treasures which are to be found in this collection. If we reflect on the number of Arabic, Turkish, and Persian chronicles of which the Bibliothèque Orientale contains extracts; attend to the immense extent of the biography of Hadgi Khalfa, of which it presents an abridged translation; and consider the amount of accessory knowledge necessary in such an undertaking, some idea may be formed of the erudition, perseverance, and activity of D’Herbelot. Μ. d’Herbelot’s modesty was equal to his erudition; and his uncommon abilities were accompanied and adorned with probity, piety, and charity, which he practised throughout the whole course of his life.
HERBIVOROUS Animals, those which feed only on herbs or vegetables.
HERBIERS, a town of the arrondissement of Boubon-Vendee, in the department of Vendee, in France. It is situated on the river Maine, which passes through it, and contains 501 houses, with 2247 inhabitants. It is in a pleasant and fertile district, and produces very good wine.
HERBORN, a city of the duchy of Nassau, in Germany, on the river Dille, and the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It contains a theological seminary, with four professors for Protestants, two churches, 430 houses, and 2350 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable trade in linen goods and hosiery, in breweries and paper-making.
HERCYNIA Silva, in Ancient Geography, the largest of forests. Its breadth was a journey of nine days to the best traveller. Taking its rise at the limits of the Helvetii, Nemetes, and Rauraci, it extended along the Dauube to the borders of the Daci and Anartes, a length of sixty days’ journey, according to Caesar, who appears to have been well acquainted with its true breadth, seeing it occupied all Lower Germany. It may therefore be considered as covering the whole of Germany; and most of the other forests may be considered as parts of it, though distinguished by particular names; consequently the Hartz, in the duchy of Brunswick, which gave name to the whole, may be considered as one of its parts. The name Hartz denotes resinous, or pine-trees. By the Greeks it is called C)rcynius, as a name common to all the forests in Germany; in the same manner as Hercynius was the name given by the Romans. Both are derived from the German Hartz.
HEREDITARY, an appellation given to whatever belongs to a family by right of succession from heir to heir.

Hereditary is also figuratively applied to good or ill qualities supposed to be transmitted from father to son. Thus we say virtue and piety are hereditary qualities in such a family.
HEREFORD, a city, the capital of the county of the same name, situated on the river Wye. It was built before 823, where the first church was erected, and afterwards, in 1015, converted into a cathedral. The present cathedral was begun by the second bishop, on the model of the church at Aix-la-Chapelle. The city is composed of six parishes, though there are only four churches now in existence. A part of the cathedral fell down in 1786, but has been since rebuilt. The streets are wide and clean, and the buildings generally handsome. In the market-place or square is the county hall, a good building, in which the assizes and sessions are held. As Herefordshire is the nearest English county to Wales, much legal business is brought to the city from that principality. The government of the city is in the hands of a corporate body, consisting of a mayor, six aidermen, a recorder, and a common council. Two members are returned to the House of Commons by the freemen and householders, about 1100 in number. The air of the vicinity is considered peculiarly salubrious. There are well-supplied markets on Wednesday and Saturday, at which provisions of all kinds are moderate. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 6828, in 1811 to 7306, in 1821 to 9090, and in 1831 to 10,280.
HERETIC, a general name for all those persons of any religion, but especially the Christian, who profess or teach religious opinions contrary to the established faith, or to what is fixed as the standard of orthodoxy.
HERETOCHS, amongst our Saxon ancestors, signified the same with dukes or duces, denoting the commanders or leaders of their armies.

It appears, from the laws of Edward the Confessor, that the military force of this kingdom was in the hands of the dukes or heretochs, who were constituted through every province and county in the kingdom, being selected from the principal nobility, and such as were most remarkable for being sapientes , 1 fideles, et animosi. Their duty was to regulate and command the English armies; and because of their great power, they were elected by the people in their full assembly, or folkmote, in the same manner as sheriffs were elected.
HERFORDEN, a city of Prussia, the capital of a circle of the same name, in the Minden division of the province of Westphalia. It stands at the junction of the rivers Aa and Werre, and its walls are converted into promenades. It contains 1396 houses and 6804 inhabitants, with four Lutheran and one Reformed church. There is a large house of correction, with 500 prisoners, who are employed in spinning cotton. There are several mills for spinning and weaving cotton goods, and manufactures of linen. Long. 8. 33. 49. E. Lat. 52. 7. 25. N.
HERGEST’S Islands, a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, so called from Lieutenant Hergest, by whom they were discovered in 1792. They consist of

Riou’s, Trevenen’s, Sir Henry Martin’s, and Robert’s'lsles, and extend from longitude 219. 47. to 220. 21. E. and latitude 7. 53. to 9. 14. S.
HERIOT, in Law, a customary tribute of goods and chattels, payable to the lord of the fee on the decease of the owner of the land.
HERISAU, a town, the capital of the canton of Appenzell, in Switzerland. It stands in a beautiful district, is well built, and contains 750 houses and 7000 inhabitants. It is a place of extensive manufactures, especially of cotton goods for the fairs of Germany. Long. 9. 11. 5. E. Lat. 47. 23. 16. N.
HERISSON, in Fortification, a beam armed with a great number of iron spikes with their points turned outwards, and supported by a pivot on which it turns. Hérissons serve as barriers to block up passages, and are frequently placed before the gates, and more especially the wicketdoors, of a town or fortress, to secure those passages which must of necessity be frequently opened and shut.
HERIURA, a town of Hindustan, in the south of India, and province of Mysore, situated on the east side of the river Vedawati. During the government of the Chittledroog rajahs it was a place of great consequence, and contained 2000 houses, with an outer and inner fort. It was twice sacked by the Mahrattas in the reign of Hyder; and has since fallen into great decay, owing partly to a dreadful famine which followed, and swept away most of the inhabitants. Under its present mild government the town is gradually reviving. Long. 76. 37. E. Lat. 13. 46. N.