pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MOSHEIM, John Laurence, an illustrious German divine, was born in 1695. He was descended of a noble family, which might seem to open to his ambition a fair path to civil promotion; but his zeal for the interests of religion, his thirst of knowledge, and particularly his taste for sacred literature, induced him to consecrate his talents to the service of the church. The German universities loaded him with literary honours; the king of Denmark induced him to settle at Copenhagen; and the Duke of Brunswick called him thence to Helmstadt, where he filled the academical chair of divinity, was honoured with the character of ecclesiastical counsellor to the court, and presided over the seminaries of learning in the duchy of Wolfenbuttel and in the principality of Blackenburg. When a design was formed of giving an uncommon degree of lustre to the university of Göttingen, by filling it with men of the first rank in letters, Dr Mosheim was deemed worthy to appear at the head of it, in quality of chancellor; and here he died, in the year 1755, universally lamented. In depth of judgment, in extent of learning, in purity of taste, in power of eloquence, and in laborious application to all the various branches of erudition and philosophy, he had certainly few superiors. His Latin translation of Cudworth’s Intellectual System, enriched with large annotations, discovered a profound acquaintance with ancient learning and philosophy. His illustrations of the Scriptures, his labours in defence of Christianity, and the light he threw upon religion and philosophy, appear in many volumes of sacred and profane literature; whilst his Ecclesiastical History, from the birth of Christ to the beginning of the eighteenth century, is unquestionably the best that has yet appeared. This work, written in Latin, has been translated into English, and accompanied with notes and chronological tables by Dr Archibald Maclaine; and from the translator’s preface to the second edition, 1758, in five vols. 8vo, this short account is taken.
MOSQUE, a temple or placcof religious worship amongst the Mahommedans. All mosques are square buildings, generally constructed of stone. Before the chief gate there is a square court paved with white marble, and low galleries round it, the roof of which is supported by marble pillars. In these galleries the Turks wash themselves before they go into the mosque. In each mosque there is a great number of lamps; and between these are suspended many crystal rings, ostrich eggs, and other curiosities, which, when the lamps are lighted, make a fine show. As it is not lawful to enter the mosque with stockings or shoes on, the pavements are covered with pieces of stuff sewed together, each being wide enough to hold a row of men kneeling, sitting, or prostrate. The women are not allowed to enter the mosque, but remain in the porches without. About every mosque there are six high towers, called minarets, each of which has three little open galleries, one above another; these towers, as well as the mosques, are covered with lead, and adorned with gilding and other ornaments[7:15:572]; and from them the people are summoned to prayers by certain officers appointed for the purpose, called muezzins. Most of the mosques have a kind of hospital belonging to them, in which travellers, of whatsoever religion they may be, are entertained three days. Each mosque has also a place called tarbe, which is the burying-place of its founders; within it there is a tomb six or seven feet long, covered with green velvet or satin; at the ends are two tapers, and round it several seats for those who read the Koran and offer up prayers for the souls of the deceased.
MOSQUITO Shore. See the articles Guatemala and Honduras.
MOSTRA, in the Italian music, a mark at the end of a line or space, to show that the first note of the next line is in that place. If this note be accompanied with a sharp or flat, it is proper to place these characters along with the mostra.
MOSUL, a large city of Asiatic Turkey, which, although lying almost in the very heart of the pachalik of Bagdad, forms of itself, with a small territory, not extending more than two miles on each side of the town, an independent government, under the order of a pasha of two tails. It is situated on the western bank of the Tigris, on ground so low that the river, which is nearly 100 yards wide, and flows with great rapidity, often rises to the level of the houses. The houses are built partly of brick and partly of stone; and the roofs and even the ceilings of the apartments are vaulted, owing to the scarcity and dearness of timber. It is surrounded by a wall, which has seven gates, and which is broken down in many places. The castle, which is in a decayed condition, occupies a small artificial island in the Tigris. The coffee-houses, baths, khans, and bazaars, are handsome buildings; and the latter are well supplied with provisions from Kurdistan. The black palace being now in ruins, the pasha resides in a cluster of insignificant buildings, in the dirtiest quarter of the town. The principal ornaments of Mosul are a college, the tomb of Sheikh Abdul Cassim, and the remains of a beautiful mosque, the minaret of which, seen from a distance, has a fine effect. Like all the other towns of the Turkish empire, it is in a declining state, and the greater part of the best buildings are crumbling into ruins. On the west the country is in an uncultivated state, which, along with the extensive burying ground under the walls, gives the city a gloomy aspect. A trifling commerce is carried on with Bagdad and Asia Minor, to which gall-nuts are exported, and copper from Armenia, which is floated down the Tigris on rafts; and in return Indian commodities are received, which are forwarded to Diarbekr, Orfa, Tocat, and other places. The population amounts to 35,000, consisting of Turks, Kurds, Jews, Armenians, Nestorians, and Arabs. Lat. 36. 21. N.
MOTAPA (sometimes called Moxomotapa, but improperly, as Mono is here a general name for kingdom), is dignified in the early narratives with the title of empire. Accounts disagree so much regarding the limits which ought to be assigned to Motapa, that it is impossible to derive from them a consistent result. It is uncertain whether it ever deserved the name of empire; at all events, at the present day, it appears to be but a geographical division, comprising several kingdoms independent of each other, and regarding which little or nothing is known.
MOTIR, an island in the Eastern Seas, of a triangular form, about twenty-four miles south from Ternate. Long. 127. 19. E. Lat. 0. 26. N.
MOTIVE is sometimes applied to that faculty of the human mind by which we voluntarily pursue good and avoid evil. Thus Hobbes distinguishes the faculties of the mind into two sorts, the cognitive and motive.
MOTOUALIS, a small nation of Syria, living to the east of the country of the Druses, in the valley which separates their mountains from those of Damascus.
MOTTO, in armoury, a short sentence or phrase carried in a scroll, generally under, but sometimes over, the arms, sometimes alluding to the bearing, sometimes to the name of the bearer, and sometimes containing whatever pleases the fancy of the deviser.
MOVEABLE, in general, denotes any thing capable of being moved. Moveable feasts are such as are not always held on the same day of the year or month, though they be on the same day of the week. Thus Easter is a moveable feast, being always held on the Sunday which falls upon or next after the first full moon following the 21st of March. All the other moveable feasts follow Easter, that is, they keep their distance from it, so that they are fixed with respect thereto. Such are Septuagesima, Sexagesima, Ash Wednesday, Ascension Day, Pentecost, Trinity Sunday, and the rest.
MOUFET, Thomas, a celebrated English physician, was born at London, and practised medicine with great reputation. Towards the close of his life he retired to the country, and died about the year 1600. This physician is known by a work which was begun by Edward Wotton, and printed at London in 1634, folio, under the title of Theatrum Insectorum. A translation of it into English was published at London in 1658, folio. Martin Lister gives a very unfavourable opinion of this book. “As Moufet,” says he, “made use of Wotton, Gesner, and others, an excellent work might have been expected from him; and yet his Theatrum is full of confusion, and he has made a very bad use of the materials with which these authors have furnished him. He is ignorant of the subject of which he treats, and his manner of expression is altogether barbarous. Besides this, he is extremely arrogant, to say no worse; for though he has copied Aldrovandus in innumerable places, he never once mentions his name.” But Lay thinks that Lister, by expressing himself in this manner, has not done justice to Moufet; and he maintains that the latter has rendered an essential service to the republic of letters.
MOUJGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer. It is surrounded with a high wall and towers, and has a conspicuous mosque, which stands over the gateway, and a tomb with a cupola ornamented with painted tiles. Its situation is in the middle of the desert of Bicaneer; but it has several good wells, and reservoirs of rain water. It belongs to a Mahommedan chief, whose capital, Bahawul-pore, stands on the bank of the Gharra or Hyphasis River, and who is tributary to the king of Afghanistan. The inhabitants are partly Hindus and partly Mahommedans. Mr Elphinstone, on his embassy to Cabul in 1808, visited this place, and was hospitably entertained. Long. 72.20. E. Lat. 28. 57. N.
MOULDING, any thing cast in a mould, or which seems to have been so, although in reality it were cut with a chisel or the axe.

Mouldings, in Architecture, projections beyond the naked wall, column, or wainscot, the assemblage of which forms cornices, door-cases, and other decorations of architecture.
MOULINET is used, in Mechanics, to signify a roller, which being crossed with two levers, is usually applied to cranes, capstans, and other sorts of engines, to draw ropes, heave up stones, and the like.

Moulinet is also a kind of turnstile or wooden cross, which turns horizontally upon a stake fixed in the ground. It is usually placed in passages, to keep out horses, and to oblige passengers to pass one by one. These moulinets are often set near the outworks of fortified places at the sides of the barriers, through which people pass on foot.
MOULINS, an arrondissement in the department of the Allier, in France, 932 square miles in extent. It is divided into nine cantons and ninety-four communes, and contains a population of 82,300 persons. The capital is the city of that name, situated on the left bank of the Allier, over which there is a fine stone bridge 1080 feet in length. It has good streets', regularly built, and is surrounded with pleasing promenades. It contains 1500 houses, and 13,800 inhabitants, who carry on the trades of making jewellery, cutlery of the finer kinds, and some linen and cotton goods. Long. 2. 14. E. Lat. 46. 34. N.
MOULTING, or Molting, the falling off or change of hair, feathers, skins, horns, or other parts of animals, happening in some annually, and in others only at certain stages of life. The generality of animals moult in the spring. The moulting of a hawk is called mewing. The moulting of a deer is the shedding of his horns in February or March. The moulting of a serpent is the peeling oft' of his skin.
MOUND, a term used for a bank, rampart, or other fence, particularly that of earth.
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Mound, in Heraldry, a ball or globe with a cross upon it, such as our kings are usually drawn with, holding it in their left hand, as they do the sceptre in the right.
MOUNT EDGECUMBE, a prodigiously high peak, at the entrance of Cook’s Strait, in New Zealand, on the west side. Its height is supposed not to be much inferior to that of the Peak of Teneriffe.

Mount Sorrel, a town of the county of Leicester, in the hundred of West Goscote, 105 miles from London, on the great north-west road by Manchester to Scotland. It stands in two parishes, Barrow and Rothley, on a rugged hill overlooking the river Soar. It had a castle of great strength, which was destroyed by the country people in 1217, on account of the depredations committed by the garrison. The population amounted in 1801 to 1233, in 1811 to 1502, in 1821 to 1422, and in Í831 to 1602.

Mounts of Piety, certain funds or establishments in Italy, where money is lent out on some small security. There were also mounts of piety in England, raised by contribution, for the benefit of people ruined by the extortions of the Jews.
MOURZOUK, the capital of Fezzan, see that article.
MOUSSYRE, one of the Kurile Islands, resorted to by the Russians for sea-birds and aquatic animals.
MOUZILLON, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Loire, and arrondissement of Nantes. It is situated on the river Gaugueise, and, including the parish, contains 3100 inhabitants, who chiefly cultivate the vine, and produce the best wine of the department.
MOW is the name of several towns in Hindustan, the principal of which is in the province of Agra, and district ofFurukabad. Long. 79. 18. E. Lat. 27. 34. N. This is also the name of a town in the district of Allahabad, fifty-three miles north-east from Benares; and of another seventy-six miles from Benares.
MOXA, or Mugwort of China, is a soft lanuginous substance, prepared in Japan from the young leaves of a species of artemisia, by beating them together when thoroughly dried, and rubbing them between the hands till only the fine fibres are left. The down upon the leaves of mullein, cotton, hemp, &c. answers the same purpose.

In the eastern countries it is used by burning it on the skin. A little cone of the moxa is laid upon the part, previously moistened, and set on fire at the top; it burns down with a temperate glowing heat, and produces a darkcoloured spot, the exulceration of which is promoted by applying a little garlic; and the ulcer is left to discharge, or is soon healed, according to the intention in using the moxa.
MOZAMBIQUE, or Mos ambique, a portion of the east ern coast of Africa, of which the limits are not very well defined, and about which little is known. It is sometimes called a kingdom, and was doubtless once entitled to that designation; but it is now a Portuguese colony. It takes its name from the capital, which is built on an island, the principal of three islands forming a part of the territory. The roadstead is good, and the pier commodious, but the situation is by no means either healthy or convenient. This city is said to have been once very handsome, but no recent traveller ascribes to it this characteristic. Although it derives its importance from being the emporium of the gold, ivory, and slaves brought down the Tambeze, it lies about three hundred miles from the mouth of that river, and the trade is in a great measure transferred to Quilli-mane. The principal inhabitants have their houses at Me-suril, on the continent, at the extremity of the peninsula of Caboceiro. There is a fort, of strength sufficient to defend it against pirates, but not against the attack of a regular force. The government-house still retains vestiges of its former splendour when in possession of the viceroys. Like the custom-house, and almost all the other public structures, it is spacious, and built of stone, but is fast falling into decay. The trade in slaves, once most extensive, has considerably declined since the British obtained possession of Madagascar and the Cape, into which colonies they prohibit their importation. In 1818 the number exported was estimated at above eight thousand, but no recent authorities inform us how much it has decreased. The other chief branches of commerce are gold and ivory. The governor, and even his negro attendants, are richly loaded with golden ornaments; and household utensils, made of that precious metal, are used in his establishment. The dominion of the Portuguese scarcely extends beyond the peninsula of Caboceiro; and they are with difficulty able, by alliance with the chiefs of Quintangonè and Sereime, to make head against the Makooa, a populous and warlike tribe, occupying a great extent of the coast. According to the narrative of Captain Owen, the population amounts to about 6000.
MOZGURRAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Moultan, sixty-five miles south-east from the town of Moultan. Long. 71. 51. E. Lat. 29. 48. N.
MUCHOO River, the largest river in the Gujerat peninsula, having its source in Sirdar, a few miles from Wankaneer, which it passes, and afterwards empties itself, by many mouths, into the Run.
MUCILAGE, in Pharmacy, is in general any viscid or glutinous liquor.

Mucilage also means the liquorwhich principally serves to moisten the ligaments and cartilages of the articulations, and is supplied by the mucilaginous glands.
MUCKEALAH, a town of Hindustan, and province of Lahore, belonging to the Sikhs. The neighbourhood is noted for the abundance of fossil salt. It is eighty-three miles north-west from the city of Lahore. Long. 72. 43. E. Lat. 32. 33. N.
MUCKONDABAD, a town of Hindustan, possessed by some independent chiefs, in the province of Gundwana, and twenty-five miles south from Reerah. Long. 81. 24. E. Lat. 24. 15. N.
MUCKUD, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the Af ghans, in the province of Lahore, on the Indus. Long. 70. 51. E. Lat. 32. 22. N.
MUCKUNDNAUTH, a town of Northern Hindustan, district of Lamjungh, and tributary to the Ghoorkali rajah of Nepaul. Long. 93. 50. E. Lat. 29. 38. N.
MUCKUNDRA, a village of Hindustan, in the province of Malwah, thirty miles south-south-east from Kotah, being situated in a circular valley at Chundkairy. Fourteen miles from this place is held one of the largest fairs in Hindustan. Long. 76. 12. E. Lat. 24. 48. N.
MUCUS, a mucilaginous liquor, secreted by certain glands, and serving to lubricate many of the internal cavities of the body. In its natural state it is generally limpid and colourless; but, from certain causes, it assumes a thick consistence and a whitish colour like pus.
MUDDIE, a fortified town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, situated near the morass called the Run. The surrounding country is much infested with robbers. Long. 69. 22. E. Lat. 22. 5. N.
MUFFLE, in Chemistry, a vessel employed in some metallurgic operations. In figure it represents an oblong arch or vault, the hinder part of which is closed by a semicircular plane, whilst the lower part or floor is a rectangular plane. It is a little oven, which is placed horizontally in assay and enamelling furnaces, so that its open side corresponds with the door of the fire-place of the furnace. Under this arched oven small cupels or crucibles are placed; and the substances contained are thus exposed to intense heat, without contact of fuel, smoke, or ashes.
MUFTI, the chief of the ecclesiastical order, or primate of the Mussulman religion. The authority of the mufti is very great in the Ottoman empire; for even the sultan himself, if he would preserve any appearance of religion, cannot, without hearing his opinion, put any person to death, or so much as inflict any corporal punishment. In all actions, especially criminal ones, his opinion is required, by giving him a writing, in which the case is stated under feigned names, and which he subscribes with the words, He shall, or shall not, be punished. Such outward honour is paid to the mufti, that the grand signior himself rises up to him, and advances seven steps to meet him when he comes into his presence.
MUGANAYANA, a town of the south of India, in the province of Mysore. It contains about 200 houses, and is fortified with a mud wall. Long. 76. 58. E. Lat. 13. 8. N.
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MUGGLETONIANS, a religious sect which arose in England about the year 1657, and were so denominated from their leader Lodowick Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, who, with his associate Reeves, set up for great prophets, pretending, as it is said, to have an absolute power of saving and damning whomsoever they pleased; and giving out that they were the two last witnesses of God who should appear before the end of the world.
MUGLITZ, a city of the circle of Olmutz, in the Austrian province of Moravia. It stands on the river March, is surrounded with walls, and is the see of an archbishop, whose cathedral is there. It contains 368 houses, and 3013 inhabitants, some of whom are occupied in woollen manufactures.
MUGLEE, a town of Hindustan, in the Eastern Ghauts, ninety-five miles west from Madras. Long. 79. 5. E. Lat. 13. 10. N.
MUHLHAUSEN, a city of France, in the department of the Upper Rhine, and the arrondissement of Aldkirch. It stands on an island formed by the river Ill, which empties itself into the Rhine. It is the most considerable manufacturing place of the industrious department in which it stands, and is situated in a district of peculiar fertility. It contains 940 houses, and 10,100 inhabitants, who produce vast quantities of cotton goods of all kinds, and whose printed calicoes, both for design and colouring, far excel those of any other part of France. It produces also some valuable chemical preparations. It formed part of the Swiss confederacy till it was united to France in 1798. It is the birthplace of the celebrated mathematician Lambert. Long. 7. 22. E. Lat. 47. 50. N.
MULATTO, a name given in the Indies to those who are begotten by a negro man on an Indian or white woman, or by an Indian or white man on a negro woman.
MULCT, a fine of money laid upon a man who has committed some fault or misdemeanour.
MULE, a mongrel kind of quadruped, usually generated between an ass and a mare, and sometimes between a horse and a she-ass; but the signification of the word is commonly extended to every kind of animal produced by a mixture of two different species.

Mules, amongst gardeners, denote a sort of vegetable monsters produced by putting the farina foecundans of one species of plant into the pistil or utricle of another. The carnation and sweet-william being somewhat alike in their parts, particularly their flowers, the farina of the one will impregnate the other, and the seed so enlivened will produce a plant differing from either.
MULHARA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Allahabad, five miles north-north-east from Chatterpoor. Long. 79. 55. E. Lat. 25. N.
MULHAUSEN, a city of Prussia, in the government of Erfurt, the capital of the circle of the same name. It stands on the rivers Unstruth and Schwemotte, is surrounded with walls, and is divided into the upper and lower city, which, with the suburbs, contains 1672 houses, and 10,450 inhabitants. It has manufactories for various kinds of woollen goods, many breweries and distilleries, and several oil-mills. Long. 10. 23. 25. E. Lat. 51. 12. 59. N.
MULHEIM, a town of the Prussian government of Cologne, the capital of a circle of the same name. It has a church for each of the three religions, and a synagogue for the Jews, and contains 523 houses, and 3950 inhabitants. There is here a considerable manufactory of silksand velvets, and a good deal of traffic on the Rhine.

Mulheim, a city of the Prussian government of Dusseldorf, in the circle of Essen. It stands on the river Ruhr, and contains 700 houses, and 5650 inhabitants, who make much cotton-twist, woollen cloths, and paper, and carry on a considerable trade on the Rhine. There are several establishments for building vessels.
MULIER, in Law, signifies the lawful issue born in wedlock, though begotten before. The mulier is preferred to an older brother born out of matrimony; as, for instance, if a man has a son by a woman before marriage, which issue is a bastard, and afterwards marries the mother of the bastard, and they have another son, this second is mulier and lawful, and becomes heir of the father; but the other can be heir to no person. By the civil law, where a man has issue by a woman, and after that marries her, the issue is mulier.
MULLAHPORE, a town of Hindustan, in the nabob of Oude’s territories, situated on the south-west side of the Goggrah River. Long. 81. 16. E. Lat. 27. 40. N.