pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LYSIPPUS, a celebrated Greek statuary, of the city of Sicyon, in the Peloponnesus, flourished about 324 b. c. He was at first a worker in brass, but afterwards devoted himself to statuary, studying nature, by the advice of Eupompus, rather than following the manner of any master. He excelled all those who had preceded him, in the nicety of individual parts, and more particularly in the beauty of the hair. He lessened the size of the head, which had been exaggerated by the ancient sculptors, and made the body more slim, so as to increase the appearance of the height. He used to say, that former sculptors represented men as they should be, whilst he merely made them as they seemed to be. His reputation was such that his name was included in the famous edict published by Alexander, when he conferred on Apelles the sole right of painting his form, on Lysippus that of executing it in bronze, and on Pyrgoteles that of engraving it on precious stones. He is said (Plin. xxxiv. 7) to have produced fifteen hundred works of art, any one of which was sufficient to stamp him as a man of talent. Of these we can only mention a few of the most celebrated. There was one at Rome, the removal of which from the baths of Agrippa to the palace of the emperor, by order of Tiberius, had nearly caused a sedition. The populace clamoured for its being replaced, and Tiberius did not deem it prudent to deny their request. It was a statue called Apoxyomenos, representing, as its name implies, a man scraping himself in the bath with a strigilis, an instrument to clean the body of the particles of sweat. He executed many statues of Alexander, representing him at different periods of his life; and he so managed, that a slight bend of the head, for which Alexander was remarkable, became rather a beauty than a deformity. One of these statues was so much admired by Nero, that he caused it to be covered with gold, to the great grief of all true lovers of the art of sculpture. He executed a very fine bronze statue of Cupid with a bow, for the inhabitants of Thespis; also equestrian statues of twenty-five Macedonians who fell at the passage of the Granicus, and which Metellus caused to be transported to Rome. It has been supposed, though without any clear proof, that the celebrated horses of Venice formed part of this group. There is a statue of Hercules in the Palazzo Pitti at Florence, which bears his name, and has in every respect a strong resemblance to the Farnese Hercules, excepting the position of the legs(j‰s. Pio-Clem. iii. p. 66). This likewise has made it be supposed that the statue of the Palazzo Pitti is a copy of the Hercules of Lysippus, and that the Farnese is an imitation, on which Glycon thoughthe might engrave his name, on account of the change he had made in its position. Lysippus had as pupils his own sons, Dahip-pus, Bedas, and Euthycrates (Plin. xxxiv. 8. See Müller, Handbuch der Archaeologie der Kunst, Breslau, 1830).
M, Α liquid consonant, and the twelfth letter in the alphabet. It has one unvaried sound, and is pronounced by striking the upper lip against the lower. In this the pronunciation of the letter m agrees with that of b, the only difference between the two consisting in a little motion made in the nose in pronouncing m, and not in b ; and hence it happens that those who have taken cold, ordinarily pronounceanfor b, the nose in that case being disabled from making the necessary motion. All consonants are formed with the aid of vowels; but in m the vowel precedes (em), in b it follows (be ), and m is never mute. Quintilian observes, that the m sometimes ends Latin words, but never Greek ones; the Greeks in that case always changing it into n, for the sake of the euphony. Μ is also a numeral letter, and amongst the ancients it was used for a thousand; according to the verse,
Μ caput est numeri, quem scimus mille teneri.

When a dash is added on the top of it, as Μ, it signifies a thousand times a thousand, or a million. Μ, as an abbreviation, stands for Manlius, Marcus, Martius, and Mucius; Μ. A. signifies magister artium, or master of arts; MS, manuscript, and MSS, manuscripts. Μ, in astronomical tables, and other things of that kind, is used for meridional or southern, and sometimes for meridies or mid-day. Μ, in medicinal prescription, is frequently used to signify a maniple or handful; and it is sometimes also put at the end of a recipe, for misce, mingle, or for mixtura, a mixture; thus, m f. julapiurn, signifies mix and make a julep. Μ, in law, is the brand or stigma of a person convicted of manslaughter, and admitted to the benefit of his clergy.
MAAT, John. See Blankof.
MABILLON, John, a learned writer of France in the seventeenth century, was born at Perremonte, on the frontiers of Champagne, in the year 1632. He was educated in the university of Rheims, and afterwards entered into the abbey of the Benedictines of St Rémy. In the year 1663 he was appointed keeper of the treasures and monuments of France at St Denis; but having unfortunately broken a looking-glass, which was alleged to have belonged to Virgil, he desired leave of his superiors to quit an employment which frequently obliged him to say things he did not believe. Next year he went to Paris, and ∣proved very serviceable to Father d’Acheri, who was desirous of having some young monk who could assist him jin compiling his Spicilegium. This made Mabillon known. Soon afterwards the congregation of Saint-Maur having formed a design of publishing new editions of the Fathers, revised from the manuscripts in the libraries of the Benedictines, Mabillon was charged with the edition of St Bernard, which he prepared with extraordinary diligence. After this he published many other works evincing great capacity and industry. In 1682, he was employed by Μ. Colbert in examining some ancient titles relating to the royal family. In the year following the same minister sent him into Germany, to search the archives and libraries of the ancient abbeys, for all that seemed calculated to illustrate the history of the church in general, and that of France in particular. Mabillon published an account of this journey. In the year 1685 he undertook another journey into Italy, by order of the king of France, and returned the year following with a very noble collection. He placed in the king’s library above three thousand volumes of rare books, printed and in manuscript, and composed two volumes respecting the pieces which he had discovered in that country. He was highly esteemed for his virtues as well as his learning.
MACAIRE, a town of France, in the department of the Gironde and arrondissement of Réolle, situated on the right bank of the Garonne, where the tide ceases to operate on that stream. It contains 1530 inhabitants.
MACAO, an island and town of China, belonging to the Portuguese, and the only European settlement within the limits of that empire. It was in consequence of the aid afforded by the Portuguese to the Chinese against the pirates who infested their coasts, that the privilege of a settlement was conceded to them. At first the Chinese refused to trade with the Portuguese; but being forced to have recourse to their aid, and having by their means compelled the pirates to raise the siege of Canton, and pursued them to Macao, which they took, most of the marauders were put to death. This service being reported to the emperor, he published an edict, by which the Portuguese were to have possession of Macao, with the power of forming a settlement, which they gladly accepted. They accordingly made choice of a peninsula, where they built a town, and fortified it after the European manner; but the Chinese have effectually provided for their own security, by not allowing them any provisions except what they receive through themselves. The peninsula on which the town is built is connected with the mainland by a neck of land not more than 100 yards in breadth. The territory attached to it is about three miles in length, and half a mile in breadth. The isthmus connecting it with the rest of the island is crossed by a wall projecting on both sides into the sea, and there the Chinese keep a gate and guardhouse. Beyond this wall the Portuguese are seldom permitted to pass, so that their communications with the continent are entirely in the power of the Chinese. Still the possession of the place was of great service to the Portuguese, who carried on a lucrative commerce with Japan, by which Macao became one of the richest places in their possessions. But since their expulsion from Japan, and the other European nations shared in the Canton trade, the place no longer enjoys its former prosperity.

The city of Macao is of considerable extent, the houses being built of stone, and constructed on the European plan, but without any attempt at exterior elegance, and the streets narrow and irregular. The public buildings consist of churches, convents, and the senate-house; the latter terminates the only spacious and level street of the town. The governor’s house is situated on the beach, and near it is the English factory, a plain commodious building. The harbour has not a sufficient depth for vessels of great burden; and large ships generally anchor about six or seven miles off the town, bearing west-north-west. It is defended by several forts mounted with heavy cannon, and garrisoned by Portuguese troops. There is a Portuguese customhouse and quay on the south side of the town, where all ships, as they come into the bay, are obliged to send their boats. The Chinese treat the Portuguese with great hauteur, exacting duties sometimes in the port, and punishing individuals under the Portuguese regime; and the moment any resistance is made, the supply of provisions is stopped until harmony be restored. All sorts of provisions, vegetables, and fruits are found at Macao in great abundance. Long. 113. 32. E. Lat. 22. 10. N.
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MACARCA, a market-town of the Austrian province of Dalmatia. It is a sea-port on the Adriatic, with a small but good harbour, which is protected from the winds by the islands Lessina and Brassa, opposite to it. The inhabitants are 1620, chiefly employed in the fisheries.
MACARIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, the followers of Macarius, an Egyptian monk, who, towards the close of the fourth century, was distinguished for his sanctity and virtue. In his writings there are some superstitious tenets, and also certain opinions which seem tainted with Origenism. The name has also been applied to those who adopted the sentiments of Macarius, a native of Ireland, who about the close of the ninth century propagated in France the error afterwards maintained by Averroes, that one individual intelligence or soul performed the spiritual and rational functions in all the human race.
MACARONIC, a kind of burlesque poetry, consisting of a jumble of different languages, with words of the vulgar tongue Latinized, and Latin words modernized. Macaroni, amongst the Italians, as has been observed by Caelius Rhodiginus, signifies a coarse clownish man ; and because this kind of poetry is patched up out of several languages, and full of extravagant words and combinations, the Italians, amongst whom it took its rise, gave it the name of macaronic poetry. Others, however, derive the name a macaronibus, from macaroons, a kind of confection made of meal not boulted, sweet almonds, sugar, and the white of eggs, and accounted a great dainty amongst the country people in Italy; which circumstance occasioned this kind of poetry, which consists of Latin, Italian, Spanish, French, English, and other languages, and is thus composed of various ingredients, to be called by the same name or appellation. Thus a bold fellow, in the macaronic style, says, ’ Enfilavi omnes scadrones et regimandos.

And the following is in the same vein;

Archelos pistoliferos furiamque manantum,

Et grandem esmeutam quae inopinum facta ruelle est: Toxinumque alto troublantem corda clochero, &c.

Theophilus Folengius, a Benedictine monk of Mantua, was the first who invented, or at least cultivated, this kind of verse. The best pieces of the Macaronic kind are, the Ealdus of Folengio, and Macaronis Forza by Stefonio, a Jesuit, amongst the Italians; and the Reatus veritabilis, super terribili esmeuta Paisanarum de Ruellis, amongst the French. The famous Rabelais first transferred the macaronic style out of Italian verse into French prose, and upon this model formed some of the best things in his Pantagruel. We have but little in English in the macaronic style; and nothing scarce, excepting some little loose pieces collected in Camden’s remains. But the Germans and people of the Netherlands have had their macaronic poets; for instance, the Certamen Catholicum cum Calvinistis of Martinius Hamconius Frisius, which contains about 1200 verses, all the words of which begin with the letter C.
MACASSAR, the chief settlement of the Dutch in the island of Celebes, named by them first Rotterdam, and situated on the south-west coast of the island. The fort is about half a mile from the beach, opposite to the road, where a pier extends which serves for unloading the ships, and close to which there are fifteen or sixteen feet of water. The walls of the fort are high and strong, being built of rock Stone. Without is a large plain, on the north side of which is situated the town, where most of the Europeans reside. The Chinese live all together in one street, which is named after them. The Portuguese obtained permission to establish themselves here in 1525; but they were expelled by the Dutch in 1660, who hold the first and surrounding district in consequence of a treaty entered into with the native prince. The English in 1815 established a factory, which, however, they were soon under the necessity of abandoning. Numerous Chinese are settled here, who carry on a considerable trade with their native country. Macassar was formerly an extensive kingdom, which, before its conquest by the Dutch, comprehended a great extent of coast. The Straits of Macassar separate the island of Borneo from Celebes. They extend about 300 miles from north to south, and in average breadth 126 miles, excepting at the northern extremity, where it contracts to about sixty miles. It is of very dangerous navigation, abounding with shoals, rocks, and rocky islands, and in January and February a strong current is forced through this strait to the southward by the north winds.
MACAU, a town of France, in the department of the Gironde and arrondissement of Bordeaux, situated on the left bank of the Garonne, and containing 1800 inhabitants.
MACBETH, a Scotch nobleman in the eleventh century, nearly allied to Duncan, king of Scotland. Not contented with curbing the king’s authority, he carried his ambition so far as to put him to death; and, chasing Malcolm Ceanmore his son and heir into England, usurped the crown. But Siward, earl of Northumberland, whose daughter Duncan had married, undertook, by the order of Edward the Confessor, the protection of the fugitive prince; marched with an army into Scotland; defeated and killed Macbeth; and restored Malcolm Greathead to the throne of his ancestors. Shakspeare has made this transaction the subject of one of his best tragedies.
MACCLESFIELD, a large market-town of the county of Chester, in the hundred of its own name, 168 miles north-west by north from London. It is pleasantly situated on an eminence at a short distance from the river Bollin. Many of the buildings in the principal streets are of a superior order. The town is lighted by gas, and well supplied with water derived from a spring on the neighbouring common. The river Bollin passes through the lower part of the town, and although the stream is small, it turns several mills. There are three established churches in the town, several dissenting places of worship, and a chapel for Roman Catholics. There is likewise a free grammar school, endowed with landed property of the yearly value of L.500, and a national school, with several Sunday schools. By the new municipal act, the town is divided into six wards; and the civil government is vested in a mayor, twelve aldermen, and thirty-six councillors. The justices of the peace are seven, one of them being the mayor for the time being. It returns two members to the ∣House of Commons. There are markets on Monday and Saturday, which are well supplied. It was long celebrated for making buttons, silk-twist, sewing-silk, and bands for hats; but of late years these have been superseded by those of silk and cotton goods of various descriptions. The number and magnitude of the factories, as 'stated below, demonstrate the extent and importance of these manufactures, as connected with this town. There are also iron and brass founderies, nail factories, rope and twine works, and hat manufactories. The number of silk mills in the town, and in the remaining .part of Prestbury parish, amounts to fifty-eight (eighteen of them being unemployed at the present time, 1836), and they furnish employment to 2429 males and 3525 females. The number of cotton mills is fourteen, employing 1370 males and 1429 females. The population amounted in 1801 to 8743, in 1811 to 12,999, in 1821 to 17,746, and in 1831 to 23,129.
MACEDONIANS, in Ecclesiastical History, the followers of Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, who, through the influence of the Eunomians, was deposed by the council of Constantinople in 360, and sent into exile. He considered the Holy Ghost as a divine energy diffused throughout the universe, and not as a person distinct from the Father and the Son. The sect of Macedonians was crushed before it had arrived at its full maturity, by the council at Constantinople, in the year 381.
MACER, Emilius, an ancient Latin poet, was born at Verona, and flourished under Augustus Caesar. Eusebius relates that he died a few years after Virgil. Ovid speaks of a poem of his, on the nature and quality of birds, serpents, and herbs, which he says Macer, being then very old, had often read to him. There is extant a poem under Macer’s name, upon the nature and power of herbs; but it is evidently spurious. He also wrote a supplement to Homer, as Quintus Calaber did afterwards in Greek.
MACERATA, a delegation of the papal dominions in Italy, in the march of Ancona, and on the Adriatic Sea, extending over 1072 square miles, and containing eight cities, sixteen market-towns, thirty-seven villages, and 197,890 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name. It stands on a delightful plain Overlooking the Adriatic, and is well built, with broad paved streets. It is the seat of a bishop, and contains eight monasteries, five nunneries, and, besides the cathedral, thirteen churches, with 15,500 inhabitants. There is a university, founded in 1290 and re-established in 1540, a Jesuits’ college, and a gymnasium for nobles. Long. 13.21. E. Lat. 45.18. 36. N.
MACERATION is an infusion or soaking of ingredients in water, or any other fluid, in order either to soften them or extract their virtues.
MACHAON, a celebrated physician amongst the ancients, was the son of Aesculapius and brother to Podalirius. He went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica, Ithome, and Oechalia. According to some, he was king of Messenia. He was physician to the Greeks, and healed the wounds which they received during this long war. Some suppose that he was killed before Troy, by Eurypylus, the son of Telephus. He received divine honours after his death, and had a temple in Messenia.
MACHAERUS, in Ancient Geography, a citadel on the other side of Jordan, near the mountains of Moab, not far from and to the north of the Lake Asphaltites. It was the south boundary of the Peraea, and situated on a mountain encompassed round with deep and broad valleys, being built by Alexander king of the Jews. It was destroyed by Gabinius in the war with Aristobulus, and rebuilt by Herod, with a town of the same name around it. Here John the Baptist was beheaded.
MACHAULT, a town of the department of the North, and arrondissement of Bouziers, in France. It is an ancient place, with 1200 inhabitants.
MACHECOUL, a city of France, in the department of the Lower Loire, and arrondissement of Mentz. It is situated on the river Tenu, and contains 600 houses, with 3650 inhabitants. Long. I. 57. W. Lat. 47. 2. N.
MACHERLA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of [7:13:644] the Carnatic, district of Palnaud, 106 miles south from Hyderabad. Long. 78. 54. E. Lat. 16. 8. N.
MACHINE, Machina, in general signifies any thing that serves to augment or to regulate moving powers; or it is any body destined to produce motion, so as to save either time or force. The word comes from the Greek μaχavn, machine, invention, art ì and hence, in strictness, a machine is something that consists more in art and invention than in the strength and solidity of the materials, for which reason inventors of machines are called ingénieurs, or engineers. Machines are either simple or compound. The simple ones are the seven mechanical powers, namely, the lever, balance, pulley, axis and wheel, wedge, screw, and inclined plane. See Mechanics.
MACHINERY, in epic and dramatic poetry, is when the poet introduces some supernatural being into the scene, in order to solve some difficulty, or to perform some exploit out of the reach of human power. The ancient dramatic poets never made use of machinery, unless where there was an absolute necessity for so doing. It is quite otherwise with epic poets, who introduce machinery in every part of their poems; so that nothing is done without the intervention of the gods. In Milton’s Paradise Lost, by far the greater part of the actors are supernatural personages. Homer and Virgil do nothing without them; and, in Voltaire’s Henriade, the poet has made excellent use of St Louis.
MACHTEBETE, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of East Flanders and circle of Ghent, situated on the Moerdeke-Baert, containing 3350 inhabitants.
MACHUL, a musical instrument amongst the Hebrews. Kircher apprehends that this name was given to two kinds of instruments, one of the stringed, and the other of the pulsatile kind. That of the former sort had six chords; but there is great reason to doubt whether an instrument requiring the aid of the hair-bow, and so much resembling the violin, be as ancient as this would imply. The second kind was of a circular form, made of metal, and either hung round with little bells, or furnished with iron rings suspended on a rod or bar which passed across the circle. Kircher supposes that it was moved to and fro by a handle fixed to it, and thus emitted a melancholy kind of murmur.
MACHYNLETH, a market-town of Wales, in the county of Montgomery and hundred of its own name, 200 miles from London. It stands on the river Dyvy. It is a neat, well-built town, and very ancient, being the place where Owen Glendower assembled his parliament, and exercised other acts of regality, in the year 1402. The market is held on Monday. It is an ancient borough, and, in conjunction with Llanidloes, Llanvilling, Welshpool, and Newton, returns one member to parliament. The population amounted in 1801 to 1118, in 1811 to 1252, in 1821 to 1595, and in 1831 to 1625.
MACKENHEIM, a town of the circle of Rheinbach, in the Prussian government of Cologne, situated on the river Erft, containing 200 houses and 1260 inhabitants.
MACKLAHSUL, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, and district of Gaungra, on the north side of the Tuptee river, 20 miles north-east from Gawelghur. Long. 77. 34. E. Lat. 21. 64. N.
MACKOOR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, extending along the river Kaitna, and situated between the 20th and 21st degrees of north latitude. The principal towns are Omerpoor, Shahpoor, and Jaflier-abad.
MACKWA, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Cirears, 40 miles west-north-west from Cicacole. Long. 83. 24. E. Lat. 18. 33. N.
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