pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ATHANASIUS, St, bishop of Alexandria, and one of the greatest defenders of the faith against the Arians, was born in Egypt. He followed St Alexander to the council of Nice in 325, where he disputed against Arius, and the following year was made bishop of Alexandria, but in 335 was deposed by the council of Tyre; when, having recourse to the emperor Constantine, the Arian deputies accused him of having hindered the exportation of corn from Alexandria to Constantinople; on which the emperor, without suffering him to make his defence, banished him to Treves. The emperor, two years after, gave orders that he should be restored to his bishopric; but, on his return to Alexandria, his enemies brought fresh accusations against him, and chose Gregory of Cappadocia to his see, which obliged Athanasius to go to Rome to reclaim it of Pope Julius. He was there declared innocent, in a council held in 342, and in that of Sardica in 347; and two years after was restored to his see by order of the emperor Constans; but after the death of that prince he was again banished by the emperor Constantius, which obliged him to retire into the deserts. The Arians then elected one George in his room, who being killed in a popular sedition under Julian in 360, St Athanasius returned to Alexandria, but was again banished under Julian. His successor Jovian, however, being a Christian, restored him to his see. To that emperor he addressed a letter, in which he proposed that the Nicene creed should be the standard of the orthodox faith, and condemned those who denied the divinity of the Holy Ghost. He was afterwards banished by Valens in 367, but again returned from what has been termed his fifth exile. St Athanasius died on the 2d of May 375. His works principally contain a defence of the mysteries of the Trinity, and of the incarnation and divinity of the Word and Holy Spirit. There are three editions of them which are esteemed; that of Commelin, printed in 1600; that of Peter Nannius, in 1627; and that of Father Montfaucon. As to the creed which bears his name, see the preceding article.

ΑΤΗΑΝΑΊΊ, in Persian Antiquity, a body of cavalry, consisting of 10,000 men, always complete. They were called athanati (a word originally Greek, and signifying immortaC), because, when one of them happened to die, another was immediately appointed to succeed him.
ATHEIST, a person who does not believe the existence of a Deity. Many, both ancient and modern, have pretended to atheism, or have been reckoned atheists by the world; but it may be justly questioned whether any man ever seriously adopted such a principle. Among us, the greatest philosophers have been the principal advocates for the existence of a Deity. So true is the saying of Lord Bacon, that though a smattering of philosophy may lead a man into atheism, a deep draught will certainly bring him back again to the belief of a God and Providence.
ATHELING, Adeling, Edeling, Ethling, or Etheling, among the Anglo-Saxons, was a title of honour, properly belonging to the heir-apparent or presumptive to the crown. This honourable appellation was first conferred by King Edward the Confessor on Edgar, to whom he was great uncle, when, being without any issue of his own, he intended to make him his heir.
ATHELSTAN, a Saxon king of England, natural son of Edward the Elder, and grandson of the great Alfred. He succeeded to the crown in 925, and reigned 16 years. There was a remarkable law passed by this prince, which shows his just sentiments of the advantages of commerce, as well as the early attention to it in this country. It declared, that any merchant who made three voyages on his own account beyond the British channel or narrow seas, should be entitled to the privilege of a thane or gentleman.
ATHENAEUM, in Antiquity, a public place wherein the professors of the liberal arts held their assemblies, the rhetoricians declaimed, and the poets rehearsed their performances. The three most celebrated Athenaea were those at Athens, at Rome, and at Lyons; the second of which was built by the emperor Adrian.
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ATHENAEUS, a Greek grammarian, born at Naucratis in Egypt in the third century, one of the most learned men of ’ his time. Of all his works we have none extant but his Deipnosophi, i. e. the Sophists at Table. There is an infinity of facts and quotations in this work, without which we should have been ignorant of many curious circumstances regarding the ancients. The first edition was printed by Aldus in 1514, in folio. The best edition is that by Schweighaeusen, published in 1801-7, in 14 yols. 8vo. There is a French translation of Athenaeus, in 5 vols. 4to.
ATHENAGORAS, an Athenian philosopher, flourished about the middle of the second century, and was remarkable for his zeal for Christianity, and his great learning, as appears from the apology which he addressed to the emperors Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Commodus.
ATHENODORUS, a famous Stoic philosopher, born' at Tarsus, went to the court of Augustus, and was made by him tutor to Tiberius. Augustus had a great esteem for him, and found him by experience a man of virtue and probity. He used to speak very freely to the emperor, and before he left the court to return home, warned him against giving way to anger, but whenever he should be in a passion, to rehearse the 24 letters of the alphabet before he resolved to say or do any thing. He did not live to see his bad success in the education of Tiberius.
ATHENREE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, and province of Connaught. Long. 8. 5. W. Lat. 53. 14. N.
ATHEROMA, in Surgery, an encysted tumour, containing a soft substance, resembling pap, intermixed with hard and stony particles.
ATHERSTONE, a market town of the hundred of Hemlingford, in the county of Warwick, 109 miles from London. It has the benefit of the Coventry canal, which passes near the town, and some trade in ribbons, woollen stuffs, and hats. The market is on Tuesday. Population in 1801, 2650; in 1811, 2921; and in 1821, 3434 inhabitants.
ATHERTON, or Chowbent, a township in the parish of Leigh, and hundred of West Derby, in Lancashire, 199 miles from London. It is one of those places which has [7:4:130]grown to wealth and populousness since the extension of the cotton trade. Population in 1801, 3249; in 1811, 3894; and in 1821, 4145.
ATHLETAE, in Antiquity, persons of strength and agility, disciplined to perform in the public games. The word is originally Greek, c0ληr>jς, formed from c0λoς, certamen, combat; whence also, αSλoμ, the prize or reward adjudged to the victor. Under athletae were comprehended wrestlers, boxers, runners, leapers, throwers of the disk, and those practised-in other exercises exhibited in the Olympic, Pythian, and other solemn sports.
ATHLONE, a market town in Ireland, lying partly in Westmeath, and partly in Connaught. It is situated on the river Shannon, by which it is intersected, the opposite sides being connected by an ancient stone bridge. This afforded the principal passage over the river; and hence, in the war of 1688, the possession of the town was considered of vital importance. Accordingly, it underwent two sieges, the first by William III. in person, which failed; and the second by General Ginkle, who, in the face of the Irish, forded the river, and took possession of the town, not losing more than fifty men in the attack. At present it is one of the principal depots for arms and military stores, and quarters a large garrison, upon the expenditure of which the town chiefly depends. Distant 55 miles west of Dublin. Long. 7. 50. W. Lat. 53. 20. N.
ATHOL, the most northern district of Perthshire, in Scotland, extending about 45 miles in length by 40 in breadth. It is bordered on the north by Badenoch, on the west by Lochaber, on the east and south-east by Mar and Gowrie, on the south by Stratherne and Perth Proper, and on the south-west by Breadalbane. This district is rough and mountainous, interspersed with woods and valleys, but withal beautiful and romantic. In Blair, amidst a wilderness of old trees, stands Blair Castle, the principal seat of the duke of Athol. In the same neighbourhood is situated the pass of Killicranky, memorable as being the scene of action between the troops of William III. under General M‘Kay, and the highland adherents of James II. under the celebrated Viscount Dundee. Athol possesses a few villages; but it is destitute of towns of any importance.
ATHOS, a celebrated mountain of Chalcidia, in Macedonia, situated in long. 26. 20. E. and lat. 40. 10. N. The ancients entertained extravagant notions concerning its height On many accounts it was famous amongst them, but it is no less so among the moderns. The Greeks, struck with its singular situation, and the venerable appearance of its towering ascent, rising as it does in the form of an isolated pyramid, erected so many churches, monasteries, hermitages, &c. upon it, that it became in a manner inhabited by devotees, and from thence received the name of the Holy Mountain, which it still retains, though many of those consecrated abodes are now decayed. This mountain advances into the Archipelago, being joined to the continent by an isthmus about half a league in breadth. It is 3353 feet in height, about 30 miles in circumference, and may be seen 90 miles off. It abounds with many different kinds of plants and trees, particularly the pine and fir. The appearance of the mountain at present is exceedingly interesting. Upon its sides there is scattered a profusion of convents, chapels, villages, cells, and grots, inhabited by a number of monks of various countries, who never marry, and subsist on the most penitential fare. They are very industrious, cultivating the vine and the olive in the field, and practising various mechanical arts in their secluded abodes. The researches of Professor Carlyle for some years have at length completely dissipated the expectations long indulged of finding valuable manuscripts in these monasteries.

Through this mountain, or rather through the isthmus behind it, Xerxes, king of Persia, is said to have cut a passage for his fleet when about to invade Greece. In , this work he spent three whole years, employing all the forces on board his fleet. The truth of such a canal being cut was long denied, but has at length been proved. Its remains were distinctly seen by Dr Sibthorp, partly filled with water. (See Walpole’s Memoirs relating to Turkey, 1817.)

ΑΤΉΥ, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, intersected by the river Barrow, which is there navigable. The county assizes are held at this place and Naas alternately. Distant 32 miles S. W. of Dublin. Long. 7.1. W. Lat. 52. 19. N.
ATIENZA, a town of Spain, in the southern division of the province of Sorea. It is on the declivity of a hill, contains five churches, a monastery, and 1950 inhabitants. Near to it are several salt springs, which are boiled in three villages in the neighbourhood.
ATKINS, Sir Robert, lord chief baron of the exchequer, was born in 1621, and educated at the university of Oxford, from whence he removed to the inns of court, and became eminent in the law. He was made knight of the bath, with many other persons of the first distinction, at the coronation of King Charles II. In 1672 he was appointed one of the judges of common pleas, in which honourable station he continued till 1679, when, foreseeing the troubles that soon afterwards ensued, he resigned his office, and retired into the country. In 1689 he was made lord chief baron of the exchequer by King William; and about the same time held the office of speaker to the house of lords, which had been previously refused by the marquis of Halifax. He distinguished himself by an unshaken zeal for the laws and liberties of his country. He wrote several pieces, which have been collected into an octavo volume, under the title of Parliamentary and Political Tracts. It has been remarked, that whoever wishes thorough information on the true constitution of his country, on the grounds and reasons of the revolution, and on the danger of suffering prerogative to jostle law, cannot read a better or plainer book than those tracts. He died in 1709, aged 88.

Atkins, Sir Robert, son of the preceding, was born in 1646. He wrote The Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire, in one large folio volume. He died October 29, 1711.
ATKYNS, Richard, was born of a good family at Tuffleigh, in Gloucestershire, in the year 1615. He was educated at Oxford, from whence he removed to Lincoln’s inn. During the civil wars he distinguished himself by his loyalty to King Charles I., and raised for him a troop of horse at his own expense. At the restoration he was made one of the deputy-lieutenants of Gloucestershire, and was remarkable for his attachment to the government. But at length being committed prisoner to the Marshalsea, in Southwark, for debt, he died there on the 14th of September 1677. He wrote several pieces, particularly a treatise On the Original and Growth of Printing.
ATLANTIC Ocean, that sea which is bounded by Europe and Africa on the east, and by America on the west.
ATLANTIDES, in Astronomy, a denomination given to the Pleiades, or seven stars, sometimes also called Ver-giliae. They are thus called, as being supposed by the poets to have been the daughters either of Atlas or his brother Hesperus, who were translated into heaven.
ATLANTIS, Atalantis, or Atlantica, an island mentioned by Plato and some others of the ancients, concerning the real existence of which many disputes have been raised. Homer, Horace, and the other poets make [7:4:131]two Atlanticas,calling them Hesperides and Elysian Fields, and representing them as the habitations of the blessed. The most distinct account of this island we have in Plato’s Timaeus, of which Mr Chambers gives the following abridgment:—“The Atlantis was a large island in the Western Ocean, situated before or opposite to the Straits of Gades. Out of this island there was an easy passage into some others, which lay near a large continent, exceeding in size all Europe and Asia. Neptune settled in this island (from whose son Atlas its name was derived), and divided it amongst his ten sons. To the youngest fell the extremity of the island, called Gadir, which, in the language of the country, signifies fertile, or abundant in sheep. The descendants of Neptune reigned here, from father to son, for a great number of generations, in the order of primogeniture, during the space of nine thousand years. They also possessed several other islands; and passing into Europe and Africa, they subdued all Libya as far as Egypt, and all Europe to Asia Minor. At length the island sunk under water; and for a long time afterwards the sea thereabouts was full of rocks and shelves.” Many of the moderns also are of opinion that the existence of the Atlantis is not to be looked upon as entirely fabulous. Some take it to have been America; and on this supposition, as well as from a passage in Seneca’s Medea, and other obscure hints, they imagine that the new world was not unknown to the ancients. But allowing this to be the case, the above-mentioned continent, which was said to lie beyond Atlantis, would seem rather to have been the continent of America than Atlantis itself. The learned Rudbeck, professor in the university of Upsal, in a work entitled Atlantica sive Manheim, endeavours to prove that Sweden and Norway are the Atlantis of the ancients; but the situation assigned to it renders this notion untenable. Kircher supposes it to have been an island extending from the Canaries quite to the Azores; adding, that it was really swallowed up by the ocean, as Plato asserts, and that these small islands are the shattered remains of it which were left standing.
AIOM, in Philosophy, a particle of matter, so minute as to admit of no division. Atoms are the minima naturce i [7:4:139] and are conceived to be the first principles or component parts of all physical magnitude.
ATOMICAL Philosophy, or the doctrine of atoms, a system which, from the hypothesis that atoms are endued with gravity and motion, accounted for the origin and formation of all things. This philosophy was first broached by Democritus, and afterwards cultivated and improved by Epicurus, whence it is denominated the Epicurean Philosophy.
ATOMIC Theory. See Chemistry.
ATONEMENT. See Expiation.
ATOOI, one of the larger Sandwich Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. Towards the north-east and northwest the country is rugged and broken, but to the southward it is more level. The hills rise from the sea with a gentle acclivity, and at a little distance back are covered with wood. The produce of this island is the same with that of the rest of the cluster; but its inhabitants greatly excel their neighbours in the management of their plantations. It is nearly 30 miles in length, and contains about 54,000 inhabitants. Long. 200. 20. E. Lat. 21. 57. N.
ATREBATII, a people of Britain, who inhabited part of Berkshire and Oxfordshire, next to the Bibroci. This was one of those Bclgic colonies which came out of Gaul into Britain, and there retained their ancient name. They are mentioned by Caesar among the nations which composed the Belgic confederacy against him; and the quota of troops which they engaged to furnish on the occasion to which he refers was 15,000. Comius of Arras was a king or chieftain among the Atrebatii of Gaul in Caesar’s time; and he seems to have possessed some influence over the Atrebatii of Britain, for he was sent by Caesar to persuade them to submission. This circumstance renders it probable that this colony of the Atrebatii had not been settled in Britain very long before that time. The Atrebatii were amongst the British tribes which submitted to Caesar; nor do we hear of any remarkable resistance they made against the Romans at their next invasion under Claudius. It is indeed probable that, before the time of this second invasion, they had been subdued by some of the neighbouring states; perhaps by the powerful nation of the Cat-tivellauni; which may also be the reason why they are so little mentioned in history. Calliva Atrebatum, mentioned in the seventh, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth Itinera of Antoninus, and. called by Ptolemy Calcula, seems to have been the capital of the Atrebatii. But our antiquaries differ respecting the situation of this ancient city; some of them placing it at Wallingford, and others at Ilchester.
ATREUS, in Fabulous History, the son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus, is supposed to have been king of Mycenae and Argos about 1228 years before the Christian era. He drove his brother Thyestes from court for having criminal intercourse with Aerope his wife; but, understanding that two children were the fruit of this connection, he recalled his brother, and made him eat them; at which horrid action the sun, it is said, withdrew his light.
ATRI, or Atria, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citra, with the title of a duchy. It is seated on a craggy mountain, 28 miles north-east of Aquila. Long. 13. 58. E. Lat. 42. 32. N.
ATRIENSES, in Antiquity, a kind of servants or officers in the great families of Rome, who had the care and inspection of the atria and the things lodged therein.
ATRIUM, in Ecclesiastical Antiquity, denotes an open place or court before a church, making part of what was called the narthex or ante-temple. The atrium in the ancient churches was a large area or square plat of ground, surrounded with a porticoor cloister, situated between the porch or vestibule of the church and the body of the church. Some have erroneously confounded the atrium with the porch or vestibule, from which it was distinct; others with the narthex, of which it was only a part. The atrium was the mansion of those who were not suffered to enter farther into the church; and more particularly, it was the place where the first class of penitents stood to beg the prayers of the faithful as they went into the church.
ATROPHY, in Medicine, a disease in which the body, or some of its parts, does not receive the necessary nutriment from the blood, but wastes and decays incessantly.
ATROPOS, in Fabulous History, the name of the third of the Parcae or Fates, whose business it was to cut the thread of life.
ATTACHMENT, in English Law, implies the taking or apprehending of a person by virtue of a writ or precept. It is distinguished from an arrest by proceeding out of a higher court by precept or writ; wher t eas the latter proceeds out of an inferior court by precept only. An arrest lies only against the body of a man; whereas an attachment lies often against the goods only, and sometimes against the body and goods. An attachment by writ differs from distress in not extending to lands; and a distress touches not the body, as an attachment does.
ATTACOTTI, an ancient people of Britain, mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus and St Jerome, as well as in the Notitia Imperii. They are represented as allies and confederates of the Scots and Picts, and therefore probably their neighbours; though their precise situation has not been determined by antiquaries.
ATTAINDER, in Law, is that species of infamy which is incurred by one who has been capitally convicted of a felony, treason, or other great crime. In that case the law sets a note of infamy upon him, puts him out of its protection, and takes no further care of him than barely to see him executed. He is then called attaint, attinctus, stained or blackened. He is no longer of any credit or reputation; he cannot be a witness in any court, neither is he capable of performing the functions of another man; for, by an anticipation of his punishment, he is already dead in law. This is after judgment; but there is a great difference between a man convicted and attainted, although they are frequently through inaccuracy confounded together. After conviction only a man is liable to none of these disabilities; for there is still in the contemplation of law a possibility of his innocencei Something may be offered in arrest of judgment; the indictment may be erroneous, which will render his guilt uncertain, and thereupon the present conviction may be quashed: he may obtain a pardon, or be allowed the benefit of clergy; each of which supposes some latent sparks of merit, which plead in extenuation of his fault. But when judgment is once pronounced, both law and fact concur in holding him completely guilty; and there is not the remotest possibility left of any thing effectual being said in his favour. Upon judgment of death, therefore, and not before, the attainder of a criminal commences; or upon such circumstances as are equivalent to judgment of death, as judgment of outlawry on a capital charge, pronounced for absconding or fleeing from justice, which tacitly confesses the guilt; and therefore, upon judgment either of outlawry or of death, for treason or felony, a man is said to be attainted.