pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ADULT, an appellation given to any thing that is arrived at maturity: thus, we say an adult person, an adult plant, &c. Among civilians, it denotes a youth between 14 and 25 years of age.
ADULTERATION, the act of debasing, by an improper mixture, something that was pure and genuine. The word is Latin, formed of the verb, adulterare, to corrupt, by mingling something foreign to any substance.

Adultération of Coin properly imports the making or casting of a wrong metal, or with too base or too much alloy. Adulterations of coins are effected divers ways: as, by forging another stamp or inscription; by mixing impure metals with the gold or silver; by making use of a wrong metal, or an undue alloy, or too great an admixture of the baser metals with gold or silver. Counterfeiting the stamp, or clipping and lessening the weight, does not so properly come under the denomination of adulterating. This term is somewhat less extensive than debasing, which includes diminishing, clipping, &c. To adulterate or debase the current coin is a capital crime in all nations. The ancients punished it with great severity. Among the Egyptians both hands were cut off, and by the civil law the offender was thrown to wild beasts. The emperor Tacitus enacted, that counterfeiting the coin should be capital; and under Constantine it was made treason, as it is also among us.
ADULTERINE, in the Civil Law, is particularly applied to a child issued from an adulterous amour or commerce. Adulterine children are more odious than the illegitimate offspring of single persons. The Roman law even refuses them the title of natural children, as if nature disowned them. Adulterine children are not easily dispensed with for admission to orders. Those are not deemed adulterine who are begotten of a woman openly married, through ignorance of a former wife being alive. By a decree of the parliament of Paris, adulterine children are declared not legitimated by the subsequent marriage of the parties, even though a papal dispensation be had for such marriage, wherein is a clause of legitimation.

Adulterine Marriages, in St Augustine’s sense, denote second marriages contracted after a divorce.
ADVOCATION, in Scotish Law, a mode of appeal from certain inferior courts to the supreme court. The writ employed is called a Bill of Advocation.
ADVOWEE, in ancient customs and law-books, denotes the advocate of a church, religious house, or the like. There were advowees of cathedrals, abbeys, monasteries, &c. Thus, Charlemagne had the title of advowee of St Peter’s; King Hugh, of St Riquier; and Bolandus mentions some letters of Pope Nicholas, by which he constituted King Edward the Confessor and his successors advowees of the monastery at Westminster, and of all the churches in England. These advowees were the guardians, protectors, and administrators of the temporal concerns of the churches, &c.; and under their authority were passed all contracts which related to them. It appears also, from the most ancient charters, that the donations made to churches were conferred on the persons of the advowees. They always pleaded the causes of the churches in court, and distributed justice for them, in the places under their jurisdiction. They also commanded the forces furnished by their monasteries, &c. for the war; and even were their champions, and sometimes maintained duels for them.

This office is said to have been first introduced in the fourth century, in the time of Stillico; though the Benedictines do not fix its origin before the eighth century. By [7:2:169]degrees men of the first rank were brought into it, as it was found necessary either to defend with arms or to protect with power and authority. In some monasteries they were only called conservators ; but these, without the name, had all the functions of advowees. There were also sometimes several sub-advowees or sub-advocates in each monastery, who officiated instead of the advowees themselves; which, however, proved the ruin of monasteries, those inferior officers running into great abuses.

Hence also, husbands, tutors, and every person in general who took upon him the defence of another, were denominated advowees or advocates. Hence several cities had their advowees, which were established long after the ecclesiastical ones, and doubtless from their example. Thus, we read in history of the advowees of Augsburg, of Arras, &c.

The vidâmes assumed the quality of advowees; and hence it is that several historians of the eighth century confound the two functions together. Hence also it is that several secular lords in Germany bear mitres for their crests, as having anciently been advowees of the great churches.

Spelman distinguishes two kinds of ecclesiastical advowees: the one, of causes or processes, advocati causarum ; the other, of territory or lands, advocati soli. The former were nominated by the king, and were usually lawyers, who undertook to plead the causes of the monasteries. The other, which still subsist, and are sometimes called by their primitive name, advowees, though more usually patrons, were hereditary, as being the founders and endowers of churches, &c. or their heirs.

Women were sometimes advowees, advocatissae ; and the canon law mentions some who had this title, and who had the same right of presentation, &c. in their churches which the advowees themselves had. In statute 25 Edw. III. we meet with advowee paramount for the highest patron; that is, the king.
ADVOWSON, or Advowzen, in Common Law, signifies a right to present to a vacant benefice. Advowson is so called because the right of presenting to the church was first gained by such as were founders, benefactors, or maintainers of the church. Though the nomination of fit persons to officiate in every diocese was originally in the bishop, yet they were content to let the founders of churches have the nomination of the persons to the churches so founded, reserving to themselves a right to judge of the fitness of the persons nominated.—Advowsons formerly were most of them appendant to manors, and the patrons were parochial barons. The lordship of the manor and patronage of the church were seldom in 1ifferent hands, until advowsons were given to religious houses. But of late times the lordship of the manor and ìdvowson of the church have been divided.—Advowsons are presentative, collative, or donative: presentative, where the patron presents or offers his clerk to the bishop of the diocese, to be instituted in his church; collative, where the benefice is given by the bishop, as original patron thereof, or by means of a right he has acquired by lapse; donative, where the king or other patron does, by a single donation in writing, put the clerk into possession, without presentation, institution, or induction.

Sometimes, anciently, the patron had the sole nomination of the prelate, abbot, or prior, either by investiture {i. e. delivery of a pastoral staff) or by direct presentation to the diocesan; and if a free election was left to the brotherhood, yet a conge d’clire, or licence of election, was first to be obtained of the patron, and the person elected was confirmed by him. If the founder’s family became extinct, the patronage of the convent went to the lord of the manor.—Advowsons are temporal inheritances and lay fees: they may be granted by deed or will, and are assets in the hands of heirs or executors. Presentations to advowsons for money or other reward are void. (31 Eliz. cap. 6.) In Scotland this right is called patronage.
ADY, in Natural History, a name given to the palm-tree of the island of St Thomas. It is a tall tree, with a thick, bare, upright stem, growing single on its root, of a thin light timber, and full of juice. The head of this tree shoots into a vast number of branches, which being cut off, or an incision being made therein, afford a great quantity of sweet juice, which, fermenting, supplies the place of wine among the Indians. The fruit of this tree is called by the Portuguese caryoces and cariosse, and by the black natives abanga. This fruit is of the size and shape of a lemon, and contains a kernel, which is good to eat. The fruit itself is eaten roasted, and the raw kernels are often mixed with mandioc meal. These kernels are supposed very cordial. An oil is also prepared from this fruit, which answers the purpose of oil or butter. This oil is also used for anointing stiff and contracted parts of the body.
ADYNAMIA, in Medicine, of α privative, and δuναμις, strength, want of power, debility or weakness from sickness.
ADYNAMON, among ancient physicians, a kind of weak factitious wine, prepared from must boiled down with water, to be given to patients to whom genuine wine might be hurtful.
ADYTUM, in Pagan Antiquity, the most retired and sacred place of temples, into which none but the priests were allowed to enter. The Sanctum Sanctorum of the temple of Solomon was of the nature of the pagan adytum, none but the high-priest being admitted into it, and he but once a year.
ADZE, or Addice, a cutting tool of the axe kind, having its blade made thin and arching, and its edge at right angles to the handle; chiefly used for taking off thin chips of timber or boards, and for paring away certain irregularities which the axe cannot come at. The adze is used by carpenters, but more by coopers, as being convenient for cutting the hollow sides of boards, &c. It is ground from a base on its inside to its outer edge; so that, when it is blunt, they cannot conveniently grind it without taking its helve out of the eye.
AE, or AE, a diphthong compounded of A and E. Authors are by no means agreed as to the use of the ae in English words. Some, out of regard to etymology, insist on its being retained in all words, particularly technical ones, borrowed from the Greek and Latin; while others, from a consideration that it is no proper diphthong in our language (its sound being no other than that of the simple e), contend that it ought to be entirely disused; and in fact the simple e has of late been adopted instead of the Roman ae, as in the word equator, &c.
AEACEA, in Grecian Antiquity, solemn festivals and games celebrated at Aegina in honour of Aeacus.
AEACUS, the son of Jupiter by Aegina. When the isle of Aegina was depopulated by a plague, his father, in compassion to his grief, changed all the ants upon it into men and women, who were called Myrmidones, from ∕Aug, ⅛ijξ, an ant. The foundation of the fable is said to be, that when the country had been depopulated by pirates, who forced the few that remained to take shelter in caves, Aeacus encouraged them to come out, and by commerce and industry recover what they had lost. His character for justice was such, that, in a time of universal drought, he was nominated by the Delphic oracle to intercede for Greece, and his prayer was answered. See the article Aegina. The Pagans also imagined that Aeacus, on ac [7:2:170] count of his impartial justice, was chosen by Pluto one of the three judges of the dead; and that it was his province to judge the Europeans.
AEBUDAE, a name anciently given to the Western Islands of Scotland.
AECHMALOTARCHA, in Jewish Antiquity, a title given to the principal leader or governor of the Hebrew captives residing in Chaldea, Assyria, and the neighbouring countries. This magistrate was called by the Jews rasch-galuth, i. e. the chief of the captivity; but the above term, of like import in the Greek, is that used by Origen and others who wrote in the Greek tongue.
AEDES, in Roman Antiquity, besides its more ordinary signification of a house, likewise signified an inferior kind of temple, consecrated to some deity.
AEDICULA, a term used to denote the inner part of the temple, where the altar and statue of the deity stood.
AEDILE (aedilis), in Roman Antiquity, a magistrate whose chief business was to superintend buildings of all kinds, but more especially public ones, as temples, aqueducts, bridges, &c. To the aediles likewise belonged the care of the highways, public places, weights and measures, &c. They also fixed the prices of provisions, took cognizance of debauches, punished lewd women and such persons as frequented gamiug-houses. The custody of the plebiscita, or orders of the people, was likewise committed to them. They had the inspection of comedies and other pieces of wit; and were obliged to exhibit magnificent games to the people, at their own expense, whereby many of them were ruined. They had the power, on certain occasions, of issuing edicts, and by degrees they procured to themselves a considerable jurisdiction. All these functions, which rendered the aediles so considerable, belonged at first to the aediles of the people, aedilesplebeii, or minores. These were only two in number, and were first created in the same year as the tribunes; for the tribunes, finding themselves oppressed with the multiplicity of affairs, demanded of the senate to have officers to whom they might intrust matters of less importance; and accordingly two aediles were created; and hence it was that the aediles were elected every year at the same assembly as the tribunes. But these plebeian aediles having refused, on a signal occasion, to treat the people with shows, pleading that they were unable to support the expense thereof, the patricians made an offer to do it, provided they would admit them to the honours of the aedilate. On this occasion there were two new aediles created, of the number of the patricians, in the year of Rome 388. They were called aediles curules, or majores, as having a right to sit on a curule chair, enriched with ivory, when they gave audience; whereas the plebeian aediles only sat on benches. Besides that the curule aediles shared all the ordinary functions with the plebeian, their chief employment was, to procure the celebration of the grand Roman games, and to exhibit comedies, shows of gladiators, &c. to the people; and they were also appointed judges in all cases relating to the selling or exchanging of estates. To ease these first four aediles, Caesar created a new kind, called aediles cerealcs, as being deputed chiefly to take care of the corn, which was called donum Cereris ∙ for the heathens honoured Ceres as the goddess who presided over corn, and attributed to her the invention of agriculture. These aediles cereales were also taken out of the order of patricians. In the municipal cities there were aediles, and with the same authority as at Rome.

We also read of an aedilis alimentarius, expressed in abbreviature by Aedil. alim. whose business seems to have been to provide diet for those who were maintained at the public charge, though others assign him a different office.

—In an ancient inscription we also meet with aedile of the camp, aedilis castrorum.
AEDILITIUM Edictum, among the Romans, was that whereby a remedy was given to a buyer in case a vicious or unsound beast or slave was sold to him. It was called aedilitium, because the preventing of frauds in sales and contracts belonged especially to the curule aediles.
AEDITUUS, in Roman Antiquity, an officer belonging to the temple, who had the charge of the offerings, treasure, and sacred utensils. The female deities had a female officer of this kind called Aeditua.
AEGAGROPILA, a ball composed of hair, generated in the stomach of the chamois goat, which is similar to those found in cows, hogs, &c. There is another species of ball found in some animals, particularly horses, which is a calculous concretion.
AEGEAN Sea, in Ancient Geography, now the Archipelago, a part of the Mediterranean, separating Europe from Asia Minor; washing, on the one hand, Greece and Macedonia; on the other, Caria and Ionia. The origin of the name is greatly disputed. Festus advances three opinions: one, that it is so called from the many islands therein appearing at a distance like so many goats; another, because Aegea, queen of the Amazons, perished in it; a third, because Aegeus, the father of Theseus, threw himself headlong into it.
AEGEUS, in fabulous history, was king of Athens, and the father of Theseus. The Athenians having basely killed the son of Minos, king of Crete, for carrying away the prize from them, Minos made war upon them; and being victorious, imposed this severe condition on Aegeus, that he should annually send into Crete seven of the noblest of the Athenian youths, chosen by lot, to be devoured by the Minotaur. On the fourth year of this tribute, the choice fell on Theseus; or, as others say, he himself entreated to be sent. The king, at his son’s departure, gave orders, that as the ship sailed with black sails, it should return with the same in case he perished; but, if he became victorious, he should change them into white. When Theseus returned to Crete, after killing the Minotaur, and forgot to change the sails in token of his victory, according to the agreement with his father, the latter, who watched the return of the vessel, supposing by the black sails that his son was dead, cast himself headlong into the sea, which afterwards obtained the name of the Aegean Sea. The Athenians decreed Aegeus divine honours, and sacrificed to him as a marine deity the adopted son of Neptune.
AEGIAS, among physicians, a white speck on the pupil of the eye, which occasions a dimness of sight.
AEGIDA, now Capo d’Istria, the principal town on the north of the territory of Istria, situated in a little island, joined to the land by a bridge. In an inscription it is called Aegidis Insula. Long. 14. 20. E. Lat. 45. 50. N. It was afterwards called Justinopolis, after the emperor Justinus.
AEGILOPS, the name of a tumour in the great angle of the eye, either with or without an inflammation. The word is compounded of α∕ξ, goat, and ω∙ψ, eye ; as goats are supposed extremely liable to this distemper. If the aegilopsbe accompanied with an inflammation, it is supposed to take its rise from the abundance of blood which a plethoric habit discharges on the corner of the eye. If it be without an inflammation, it is supposed to proceed from a viscous pituitous humour, thrown upon this part. The [7:2:171]method of cure is the same as that of the ophthalmia. But before it has reached the lachrymal passages, it is managed like other ulcers. If the aegilops be neglected, it bursts, and degenerates into a fistula, which eats into the bone.
AEGIMURUS, in Ancient Geography, an island in the bay of Carthage, about 30 miles distant from that city, (Livy); now the Goletta. This island being afterwards sunk in the sea, two of its rocks remained above water, which were called Arae, because the Romans and Carthaginians entered into an agreement or league to limit their respective boundaries by these rocks.
AEGINETA, Paulus, a celebrated surgeon of the island of Aegina, from whence he derived his name. According to Μ. le Clerc’s calculation, he lived in the fourth century; but Abu]faragius the Arabian, who is allowed to give the best account of those times, places him with more probability in the seventh. His knowledge in surgery was very great, and his works are deservedly famous. Fabricius ab Aquapendente has thought fit to transcribe him in a great variety of places. Indeed, the doctrine of Paulus Aegineta, together with that of Celsus and Albucasis, make up the whole text of this author. He is the first writer who takes notice of the cathartic quality of rhubarb; and, according to Dr Milward, is the first in all antiquity who deserves the title of man-midwife.
AEGINHARD, the celebrated secretary and supposed son-in-law of Charlemagne. He is said to have been carried through the snow on the shoulders of Imma, to prevent his being traced from her apartments by the emperor her father; a story which the elegant pen of Addison has copied and embellished in the third volume of the Spectator. There is a letter of Aeginhard’s still extant, lamenting the death of his wife, written in the tenderest strain of connubial affliction: but it does not say that this lady was the affectionate princess; and indeed some late critics have proved that Imma was not the daughter of Charlemagne. He was a native of Germany, and educated by the munificence of his imperial master, of which he has left the most grateful testimony in his preface to the life of that monarch. Aeginhard, after the loss of his wife, is supposed to have passed the remainder of his days in religious retirement, and to have died soon after the year 840. His life of Charlemagne, his annals from 741 to 889, and his letters, are all inserted in the 2d volume of Duchesne’s Scriptores Francorum. An improved edition of this valuable historian, with the annotations of Hermann Schmincke, in 4to, was published in 1711.
AEGIPAN, in Heathen Mythology, a denomination given to the god Pan, because he was represented with the horns, legs, feet, &c. of a goat.
AEGIPHILA, in Botany, Goat-friend.
AEGIS, in Ancient Mythology, a name given to the shield or buckler of Jupiter and Pallas. The goat Amalthaea, which had suckled Jove, being dead, that god is said to have covered his buckler with the skin; whence the appellation aegis, from α∕ξ, αιγος, she-goat. Jupiter afterwards restored the animal to life, covered it with a new skin, and placed it among the stars. He made a present of his buckler to Minerva; whence that goddess’s buckler is also called aegis. Minerva having killed the Gorgon Medusa, nailed her head in the middle of the aegis, which henceforth had the faculty of converting into stone all those who looked upon it; as Medusa herself had during her life. Others suppose the aegis not to have been a buckler, but a cuirass or breastplate; and it is certain that the aegis of Pallas, described by Virgil, Aen. lib. viii. ver. 435, must have been a cuirass, since that poet says expressly that Medusa’s head was on the breast of the goddess. But the aegis of Jupiter, mentioned a little higher, ver. 354, seems to have been a buckler. The words—
Cum saepe nigrantem
Aegida concuteret dextra,

are descriptive of a buckler, but not at all of a cuirass or [7:2:172]breastplate. Servius makes the same distinction on the two passages of Virgil; for on verse 354 he takes the aegis for the buckler of Jupiter, made, as above mentioned, of the skin of the goat Amalthaea; and on verse 435 he describes the aegis as the armour which covers the breast, and which in speaking of men is called cuirass, and aegis in speaking of the gods. Many authors have overlooked these distinctions for want of going to the sources.
AEGISTHUS, in Ancient History·, was the son of Thyestes by his own daughter Pelopea, who, to conceal her shame, exposed him in the woods. Some say he was taken up by a shepherd, and suckled by a goat; whence he was called Aegisthus. He seduced Clytemnestra, the wife of Agamemnon, and lived with her during the siege of Troy. Afterwards with her assistance he slew her husband, and reigned seven years in Mycenae. He was, together with Clytemnestra, slain by Orestes. Pompey used to call Julius Caesar Aegisthus, on account of his having seduced his wife Mutia, whom he afterwards put away, though he had three children by her.
AEGIUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of Achaia Propria, five miles from the place where Helice stood, and famous for the council of the Achaeans, which usually met there, on account probably of the commodious situation of the place.
AEGOBOLIUM, in Antiquity, the sacrifice of a goat offered to Cybele. The aegobolium was an expiatory sacrifice, which bore a near resemblance to the taurobolium and criobolium, and seems to have been sometimes joined with them.
AEGOPODIUM, in Botany, Small Wild Angelica, Goatwort, Goatsfoot.
AEGOSPOTAMOS, in Ancient Geography, a river in the Thracian Chersonesus, falling with a south-east course into the Hellespont, to the north of Sestos; with a town, and a station or road for ships, at its mouth. Here the Athenians under Conon, through the fault of his colleague Isocrates, received a signal overthrow from the Lacedemonians under Lysander, which was followed by the taking of Athens, and put an end to the Peloponnesian war.
AEGYPTIACUM, in Pharmacy, the name of several detergent ointments; as black, red, white, simple, and compound.