pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
IDA, in Ancient Geography, a mountain situated in the [7:12:242]heart of Crete, being the highest in the island, round, and in compass about sixty stadia (Strabo); the nursing place of Jupiter, and where his tomb was visited in Varro’s time. There was another Ida, a mountain of Mysia, or rather a chain of mountains, extending from Zeleia, on the south of the territory of Cyzicus, to Lectum, the utmost promontory of Troas. The abundance of its waters became the source of many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Aesopus, and Granicus. It was covered with green wood, and the elevation of its top opened an extensive view of the Hellespont, and the adjacent countries; for which reason it was, according to Homer, frequented by the gods during the Trojan war. The top was called Gargara, and celebrated by the poets for the judgment of Paris on the beauty of the three goddesses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus.
IDALIUM, in Ancient Geography, a promontory on the eastern side of Cyprus; now Capo di Griego. It was sacred to Venus, and hence the epithet Idalia given her by the poets.
IDEA, defined by some to be the reflex perception of objects, after the original impression has been made on the mind. In common language, it is used as synonymous with notion or conception.
IDENTITY denotes that by which a thing is itself, and not any thing else; in which sense identity differs from similitude as well as diversity.
IDES, in the ancient Roman calendar, were eight days in each month, the first of which fell on the 15th of March, May, July, and October; and the 13th day of the other months of the year. The origin of the word is contested. Some suppose it to have been formed from 7δ≡∕v, to see, because the full moon was commonly seen on the days of the ides; others derive it from ειδος, species, figure, on account of the image of the full moon then visible; others from idu-lium or ovis idulis, a name given by the Etruscans to a victim offered on that day to Jupiter; and others again from the Etruscan word iduo, meaning to divide, because the ides divided the month into two nearly equal parts.

The ides came between the kalends and the nones, and were reckoned backwards. Thus they called the 14th day of March, May, July, and October, and the !2th of the other months, the pridie idus, or the day before the ides; the next preceding day they called the tertia idus ; and so on, reckoning always backwards till they came to the ĩiones. This method of reckoning time is still retained in the chancery of Rome, and in the calendar of the Breviary.

The ides of May were consecrated to Mercury; and the ides of March were ever esteemed unfortunate, after Caesar’s murder on that day. The time after the ides of June was reckoned fortunate for those who entered into matrimony; the ides of August were consecrated to Diana, and were observed as a feast-day by the slaves. On the ides of September, auguries were taken for appointing the magistrates, who formerly entered into their offices on the ides of May, and afterwards on those of March.
IDIOM, amongst grammarians, properly signifies the peculiar genius of each language, but is often used in a sense synonymous with dialect. The word is Greek, !διωμa, propriety, formed from ίδιος, proper, own.
IDIOPATHY, in Physic, a disorder peculiar to a certain part of the body, and not arising from any preceding disease; in which sense it is opposed to sympathy. Thus, an epilepsy is idiopathic when it happens merely through some fault in the brain, and sympathetic when it is the consequence of some other disorder.

1DIOSYNCR ASY, amongst physicians, denotes a peculiar temperament of body, by which it is rendered more liable to certain disorders than persons of a different constitution usually are.
IDIOT, or Ideot, in our laws, denotes a natural fool, or a fool from his birth. See Idiocy.

The word is originally Greek, iδιωrτ l ς, which primarily imports a private person, or one who leads a private life, without any share or concern in the government of affairs.

Idiot is also used, by ancient writers, to signify a person ignorant or unlearned, and answers to illiteratus, or imperitus. In this sense, Victor tells us, in his Chroni-eon, that in the consulship of Messala, the Holy Gospels, by command of the Emperor Anastasius, were corrected and amended, as having been written by idiot evangelists: Tanquam ab idiotis evangelistis composita.
IDLENESS, a reluctance in people to be employed in any kind of work.

Idleness in any person whatsoever is a high offence against the public economy. In China it is a maxim, that if there be a man who does not work, or a woman that is idle, in the empire, somebody mu 1 ,i suffer cold or hunger upon that account, the produce of the lands not being more than sufficient, with culture, to maintain the inhabitants; and therefore, though the idle person may shift off the want from himself, yet it must in the end fall somewhere. The court of Areopagus at Athens likewise punished idleness, and exerted a right of examining every citizen as to the manner in which he spent his time; the intention of this being, that the Athenians, knowing they were to give an account of their occupations, should follow only such as were laudable, and that there might be no room left for those who lived by unlawful arts. The civil law expelled all sturdy vagrant from the city; and, in the English law, all idle persons or vagabonds, whom our ancient statutes describe to be “such as wake on the night and sleep on the day, and haunt customable taverns and ale-houses, and routs about; and no man wot from whence they come, ne whether they go ;” or such as are more particularly described by the statute 17 Geo. II. c. 5, and divided into three classes, namely, idle and disorderly persons, rogues and vagabonds, and incorrigible rogues; all these are offenders against the good order, and blemishes in the government, of any kingdom. They are therefore all punishable by the statute last mentioned; idle and disorderly persons with one month’s imprisonment in the house of correction; rogues and vagabonds w>ith whipping, and imprisonment not exceeding six months; and incorrigible rogues with the like discipline, and confinement not exceeding two years. Persons harbouring vagrants are liable to a fine of forty shillings, and to pay all expenses brought upon the parish thereby; in the same manner as, by our ancient laws, whoever harboured any stranger for more than two nights, was answerable to the public for any offence that might be committed by his inmate.
IDOL, in pagan mythology, an image or fancied representation of any of the heathen gods. This image, of whatsoever materials it might consist, was, by certain ceremonies called consecration, converted into a god; but whilst under the artificer’s hand, it was only a mere statue. Three things were necessary to turn it into a god; proper ornaments, consecration, and oration. The ornaments were various, and wholly designed to blind the eyes of the ignorant and stupid multitude. Then followed the consecration and oration, which were performed with great solemnity amongst the Romans. See Image.
IDOLATRY, or the worship of idols, may be distinguished into two sorts. By the first, men adore the works of God, the sun, the moon, the stars, angels, daemons, men, and animals; by the second, men worship the work of their own hands, as statues, pictures, and the like: but to these may be added a third, that by which men have worshipped the true God under sensible figures and representations. This indeed may have been the case with respect to each of the above kinds of idolatry; thus the Israelites adored God under the figure of a calf.

The host of heaven were the first objects of idolatrous worship, on account of their beauty, their influence on the productions of the earth, and the regularity of their motions, particularly the sun and moon, which are considered as the most glorious and resplendent images of the Deity. But afterwards, when the sentiments of mankind became more corrupt, they began to form images, and to entertain the opinion, that by virtue of consecration, the gods were called down to inhabit or dwell in these statues. Hence Arnobius takes occasion to rally the pagans for guarding so carefully the statues of their gods, who, if they were really present in their images, might save their worshippers the trouble of securing them from thieves and robbers.

As to the adoration which the ancient pagans paid to the statues of their gods, it is certain, that the wiser and more sensible heathens considered them only as simple representations or figures designed to recal to their minds the memory of their gods. This was the opinion of Varro and Seneca; and the same sentiment is clearly expressed in Plato, who maintains that images are inanimate, and that all the honour paid to them has respect to the gods whom they represent. But as to the vulgar, they were stupid enough to believe the statues themselves to be gods, and to pay divine worship to stocks and stones.
IDOMENEUS, in fabulous history, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete. He accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war with a fleet of ninety ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return from the Trojan war, he made a vow to Neptune in a tempest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to the god; and the inhumanity and rashness of this sacrifice rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and having gone in quest of a settlement, landed in Italy, where he founded a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died in extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing his new kingdom flourish, and [7:12:244]his subjects happy. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron (v. 1217), Idomeneus, during his absence in the Trojan war, intrusted the management of his kingdom to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation, but he was persuaded by Nauplius, king of Euboea, to put to death Meda, the wife of his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. By these violent measures he so strengthened himself on the throne of Crete, that Idomeneus at his return found it impossible to expel the usurper.
IDRIA, a city of the Austrian government of Laybach, in the circle of Adelsburg. It is on the river Idrizza, in a mountainous district, where are some of the richest mines of quicksilver in Europe, which have received greater activity from the neglected state of the similar mines at Almaden in Spain. The city contains 320 houses, with 3650 inhabitants, who are chiefly dependent on the mines for employment. Long. 15. 3. 45. E. Lat. 46. 0. 48. N.
IDSTEIN, a bailiwick of the principality of Nassau, in Germany. It extends over about 82,000 acres, and contains 13,500 inhabitants, of whom about 7000 are Catholics and 6000 Lutherans, with a few Menonites, and some Jews. It contains two cities and twenty-nine villages. The capital is a small city of the same name. It stands at the foot of a mountain, and is surrounded with walls. The inhabitants amount to 1860, employed in curing leather, and other trades. Near to it is the palace of Gassen-bach, belonging to the sovereign; and around it his experimental farm, on which are large flocks of Merino sheep.
IDUMAEA. See Edom.
IDYLLION, in ancient poetry, properly signifies any poem of moderate extent, without considering the subject. But as the collection of the poems of Theocritus was called Idyllia, and the pastoral pieces being by far the best in that collection, the term Idyllion seems to be now appropriated to pastoral pieces.
IF, an islandof France, in Provence, and the mosteastern of the three before the harbour of Marseilles. It is well fortified, and its port is one of the best in the Mediterranean.
IFSHWAR, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Malwah, thirty miles southwest from Bopal∙ Long. 77. 8. E. Lat. ,23. 24. N.
IGLAU, a circle of the Austrian province of Moravia, extending over 1110 square miles, comprehending thirty-five cities and towns, 469 villages and hamlets, 23,312 houses, and 146,189 inhabitants. The chief place is a city of the same name, situated on the river Iglawa. It is well built, and surrounded with walls; contains 1200 houses, with 10,986 inhabitants. It is a great manufacturing place, producing yearly from 40,000 to 50,000 pieces of cloth, besides much paper, leather, and other goods. Its situation, on the chief road through the province, furnishes a very considerable transit trade. Long. 15. 30. 55. E. Lat. 49. 23. 23. N.
IGLESIAS, a city in the island of Sardinia, in the province of Cagliari, the see of a bishop. It is finely situated amongst limestone hills, and abundantly watered by various springs; and the surrounding country is highly productive of corn, wine, and fruits. The population in 1826 amounted to 9545 persons.
IGNATIA, a genus of plants belonging to the pentandria class. See Botany, Index.
IGNIS Fatuus, a kind of light, supposed to be of an electrical nature, appearing frequently in mines, marshy places, and near stagnant waters. It was formerly thought to have something ominous in its nature, and to presage death and other misfortunes. There have been instances of people being decoyed by these lights into marshy places, where they perished; and hence the names of Ignis fatuus, Will-with-a-wisp, and Jack-xvith-a-lanthorn, as if this appearance were an evil spirit which took delight in doing mischief of that kind. The general opinion is, that this light is produced by the decomposition of animal or vegetable matters, or by the evolution of gases which spontaneously inflame in the atmosphere.
IGNITION properly signifies setting fire to any substance; but the sense is sometimes limited to that kind of burning which is not accompanied with flame, such as - that of charcoal, cinders, metals, stones, and other solid substances. For the explanation of the phenomena of ignition, see Chemistry.
IGNOBILES, amongst the Romans, was the designation of those persons who had no right of using pictures and statues. See Jus Imaginis.
IGNOMINIA, a species of punishment amongst the Romans, by which the offender suffered public shame, either by virtue of the praetor’s edict, or by order of the censor. This punishment, besides the disgrace, deprived the party of the privilege of bearing any offices, and of almost all the other rights of a Roman citizen.
IGNORAMUS, in Law, is a word properly used by the grand inquest impannelled in the inquisition of causes criminal and public, and written upon the bill, by which any crime is offered to their consideration, when they mislike the evidence, as defective, or too weak to make good the presentment; the effect of which word so written is, that all further inquiry for that fault is thereby stopped, and the party delivered without further answer. It resembles that custom of the ancient Romans, where the judges, when they absolved a person accused, wrote A. upon a little table provided for that purpose, meaning thereby absolvimus ; but if they judged him guilty, they wrote C. for condemnamus ; and if they found the cause difficult and doubtful, they wrote N. L. for non liquet.
IGNORANCE, the privation or absence of knowledge. The causes of ignorance, according to Locke, are chiefly these three; first, want of ideas; secondly, want of a discoverable connection between those ideas we have; and, thirdly, want of tracing and examining our ideas.

Ignorance, in a more particular sense, is used to denote want of learning.

Ignorance, or mistake, in Law, a defect of will, by which a person is excused from the guilt of a crime, when, intending to do a lawful act, he does that which is unlawful. For here the deed and the will acting separately, there is not that conjunction between them which is necessary to constitute a criminal act. But this must be an ignorance or mistake of fact, and not an error in point of law. For a mistake in point of law, which every person of discretion not only may, but is bound and presumed to know, is, in criminal cases, no sort of defence. Ignorantia juris, quod quisque tenetur scire, neminem excusat, is as well the maxim of our own law as it was of the Roman.
IGUALADA, a town of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, with 12,000 inhabitants. It is situated near the celebrated monastery of Montserrat, and has a strong castle, which was long occupied by the French during the Peninsular war. It has a very large manufactory of firearms. Lat. 4L 35. N.
IKERY, formerly a town of the south of India, and province of Mysore, of great note, and said by the natives, with their usual exaggeration, to have contained 100,000 inhabitants. It was for a long period the residence and capital of a dynasty of Hindu princes, whose coins are still in existence. It is now in ruins, not, however, from the devastation of war, or any other calamity, but merely from the removal of the court to Bednore. Long. 76. 7. E. Lat. 14. 6. N.
ILA, Ilay, or Islay, a large island belonging to Argyleshire, and the most southerly of those called the Hebrides. It lies in a westerly direction from the peninsula of Kintyre, distant from it about twelve miles, and is separated on the north from the island of Jura by a small channel. It is twenty-eight miles in length, and at the broadest measures eighteen miles across. Oats and barley are the principal crops raised, and much of the grain is used in the distillation of whisky, for which the island [7:12:246]is celebrated. There are about fourteen distilleries upon it, and the trade thus carried on has been the means of greatly improving the condition of Islay. In 1821 the population amounted to 11,008, and in 1831 to 19,780. See Scotland.
ILANCE, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of the Grisons. Though small, it is a kind of capital, being the place where the authorities of the canton assemble. It is in a most picturesque situation, at the foot of a mountain, where the river Glenner falls into the Rhine. It has little or no trade, and the population scarcely amounts to 1000. It is, however, a city, being surrounded with walls.
ILBESSAN, a city of European Turkey, the capital of the circle of that name, in the province of Rumelia. It is situated on the river Uschkowobin, on a fruitful plain, is the seat < f a Greek bishop, has a castle which repelled the attacks of Scanderbeg, and 3000 inhabitants.
ILCHESTER, a small borough town of the county of Somerset, in the hundred of Tintinhull, 122 miles from London. It stands upon the river Ivel, one of the branches of the Parel, which is navigable within three miles of the town. It was once a fortified city, and the remains of the Roman fortifications may still be traced. It is the town where county elections are held, where the jail stands, and where criminals are executed; but the assizes are removed to the larger towns, Wells, Taunton, and Bridgewater. It formerly returned two members to the House of Commons, chosen by the householders, but was disfranchised in 1832. It is remarkable as the birth-place of Roger Bacon. There is a small market on Wednesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 817, in 1811 to 610, in 1821 to 802, and in 1831 to 1095.
ILDEFONSO, a town of Spain, in the province of Segovia. It is situated on the northern declivity of the Guadarama Mountains, 3000 feet above the level of the sea. It contains about 5000 inhabitants, who are mostly employed in making glass in a royal manufactory, which during the Peninsular war was abandoned, but has since been re-established. It was long celebrated for the large size of the mirrors fabricated in it, some of which were twelve feet high and seven feet wide. Here is also a royal palace, generally inhabited by the court in the few hottest months of summer. This palace, called the Granja, from having been originally a barn, has been highly decorated by a valuable gallery of pictures, and many other curiosities. It has also a fine garden laid out in the French taste, and embellished with all kinds of water-works, resembling those constructed at Versailles, but superior, from the river Eresma, which supplies them, descending with great rapidity from the mountain. This place is about forty miles north-west from Madrid, and six miles from Segovia.
ILERDA, in Ancient Geography, the capital of the Hi-gertes, situated on an eminence between the rivers Sicois and Cinga; a city often besieged and often taken, because exposed to incursions from Gaul, and under Gallienus destroyed by the Germans. Herda, now Lerida, on the river Segre.
ILEX, the holm or holly-tree, a genus of plants belonging to the tetrandria class, and in the natural method ranking under the forty-third order, Dumosce. See Botany.
ILFORD, a hamlet properly, but really a town, of the county of Essex, in the hundred of Beacontree. It is within the parish of Barking, but is a chapelry, with its own church. It stands on the great road from London to Yarmouth and Ipswich, at the distance of seven miles from Whitechapel church. The river Roding runs through it in its way to the Thames, in several branches, over which bridges are thrown. The population amounted in 1801 to 1724, in 1811 to 2462, in 1821 to 2972, and in 1831 to 3512.
ILFRACOMBE, a port and market-town of the county of Devon, 202 miles from London, in the hundred of Braunton. It is situated on the Bristol Channel, with a good harbour, but dry at low water. It is much visited for sea bathing, and is the principal passage from Devonshire to South Wales. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1838, in 1811 to 1934, in 1821 to 2622, and in 1831 to 3201.
ILIAC Passion, a violent and dangerous kind of colic, which takes its name from the intestine ilion, on account of its being usually affected in this distemper; or perhaps from the Greek verb hλsΛ, to wind or twist ; and hence also it is by the Latins called volvulus. See Medicine.
ILIAD, the name of an ancient epic poem on the subject of the taking of Troy, being the first and best of the epics composed by Homer. The Iliad is divided into twenty-four books or rhapsodies, which are marked with the letters of the alphabet.

1LIMSK, a town of Asiatic Russia, situated on the Him, which falls into the Anguri. In the environs are found the most beautiful black sables. It contains 107 houses, and 531 inhabitants. It is 152 miles north of Irkutsk.
ILISSUS, a river to the east of Athens, which, uniting with the Eridanus on the west side, falls into the sea below the city. It was sacred to the muses, called Iliassi-des ; and on its bank stood their altar, where the lustration in the lesser mysteries was usually performed.
ILIUM, or Ilion, in Ancient Geography, a name for the city of Troy, but most commonly used by the poets, and distinguished by the epithet Vetus, ancient. According to Strabo, the ancient city was thirty stadia farther east than New Ilium. The position of the latter is, according to Dr Clarke, upon a low eminence, about three miles from the promontory Sigeum, now called Jenitchere. New or modern Ilium was a village which Alexander, after the battle of Granicus, called a city, and ordered to be enlarged. It was afterwards adorned by the Romans, who granted it immunities as their mother city. The various disasters of the Greeks and Trojans, as described by Homer, gave rise to the proverb Enas Malorum.
ILKESTON, a town of the county of Derby, in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, 126 miles from London. It is a place of manufacturing industry. The population amounted in 1801 to 2422, in 1811 to 2970, in 1821 to 3681, and in 1831 to 4446.
ILLICIUM, a genus of plants belonging to the dodecandria class, and in the natural method ranking with those of which the order is doubtful. See Botany.