pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CILICIA, an ancient kingdom of Asia, situated between the 36th and 40th degrees of north latitude, and bounded on the east by Syria, or rather by Mount Amanus, which separates it from that kingdom; on the west by Pamphylia; on the north by Isauria, Cappadocia, and Armenia Minor; and on the south by the Mediterranean Sea. The whole country was divided by the ancients into Cilicia Aspera and Cilicia Campestris ; and the former was called by the Greeks Petroea or Stony, from its abounding with stones.

According to Josephus, Cilicia was first peopled by Tarshish the son of Javan, and his descendants, and hence the whole country was named Tarsus. The ancient inhabitants were in process of time driven out by a colony of Phoenicians, who under the conduct of Cilix first settled in the island of Cyprus, and thence passed into the country which, from their leader, they called Cilicia. Several other colonies from different nations afterwards settled in this kingdom, particularly from Syria and Greece, and hence theCilicians in some places used the Greek tongue, in others the Syriac; but the former was greatly corrupted by the Persian, the predominant language of the country being a dialect of that tongue. We find no mention of the kings of Cilicia after their settlement in that country till the time of Cyrus: to him, however, they voluntarily submitted, and continued subject to the Persians till the overthrow of that empire; but they were governed, till the time of Artaxerxes Mnemon, by kings of their own nation. After the downfal of the Persian empire, Cilicia became a province of the kingdom of Macedon; and, on the death of Alexander, it fell to the share of Seleucus, and continued under his descendants till it was reduced into a Roman province by Pompey. As a proconsular province, it was first governed by Appius Claudius Pulcher, and after him by Cicero, who reduced several strongholds on Mount Amanus, in which some Cilicians had fortified themselves, and held out against his predecessor. It was on this occasion that the division formerly mentioned, into Petroea and Campestris, took place. The latter became a Roman province; but the former was governed by kings appointed by the Romans, till the reign of Vespasian, when the family of Tracondementus being extinct, this part also became a province of the empire, and the whole was divided into Cilicia Prima, Cilicia Secunda, and Isauria ; the first including all Cilicia Campestris, the second the coast of Cilicia Petroea, and the last the inland parts of the same division. It is now a province of Asiatic Turkey, and is called Caramania, having been the last province of theCara-manian kingdom which held out against the Ottoman race.
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CILICIUM, in Hebrew antiquity, a sort of habit made of coarse stuff, formerly in usc among the Jews in times of mourning and distress. It is the same with what the Septuagint and Hebrew versions call sackcloth.
CIMABUE, Giovanni, a celebrated painter, born at Florence in 1240, and the first who revived the art of painting in Italy. According to the custom of the times, he painted in fresco and in distemper; colours in oil not being then found out. He excelled in architecture as well as in painting; and was concerned in erecting the edifice of Sancta Maria del Fior at Florence, during which employment he died, at the age of sixty, and left many disciples.
CIMENA, a city of the intendancy of Calatanisetta, in the island of Sicily. It is very unhealthy, though situated on the side of a mountain. It is near the sea, on the river Ciotta, and contains 6150 inhabitants.
CIMMERII, anciently a people near the Palus Maeotis. They invaded Asia Minor 1284 years before Christ, and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxares. But after they had been masters of the country for twenty-eight years, they were driven back by Alyates, king of Lydia. This is also the name of another nation on the western coast of Italy. The country which they inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to indicate great obscurity, the expression of “Cimmerian darkness” has been proverbially used; and Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from the gloomy and dismal country where they dwelt.
CIMOLIA Terra, in Natural History, a name applied by the ancients to an earth, at one time much employed in medicine, but which in later ages has been supposed to be no other than our tobacco-pipe clay and fullers’ earth.

The cimolia terra of the ancients was found in several of the islands of the Archipelago, particularly in the island of Cimolus, whence it derived its name. It was used with great success in erysipelas, inflammations, and the like, being applied by way of cataplasm to the part affected. The ancients also used, as we do, what we call cimolia, or fullers’ earth, for the cleansing of clothes. This earth, though so long disregarded, and by many supposed to be lost, is yet very plentiful in Argentiere (the ancient Cimolus), Sphanto, and many of those islands. It is a marl of a lax and crumbly texture, and a pure bright white colour, but very soft to the touch. It adheres firmly to the tongue, and, if thrown into water, raises a little hissing[7:6:698] and ebullition, and moulders to a fine powder. It makes a considerable effervescence with acids, and suffers no change of colour in the fire. These are the characters of what the ancients called simply terra cimolia ; but besides this, they obtained from the same place another earth which they called by the same general name, but which was distinguished by the epithet purple, purpurescens. This they described as fattish, cold to the touch, of a mixed purple colour, and nearly as hard as a stone.

Cimolia Alba, the officinal name of the earth of which we now make tobacco-pipes. Its distinguishing characters are, that it is a dense, compact, heavy earth, of a dull white colour, and very close texture, not easily frangible between the fingers, and slightly staining the skin in handling. It adheres firmly to the tongue, melts very slowly in the mouth, and is not readily diffusible in water. It is found in many places. That of the Isle of Wight is much esteemed for its colour. It is found in great abundance near Pole in Dorsetshire, and near Wedensbury in Staffordshire.

Cimolia Nigra is of a dark lead colour, hard, dry, and heavy, of a smooth compact texture, and not viscid. It does not colour the hands, crumbles when dry, adheres to the tongue, diffuses slowly in water, and is not acted upon by acids. It burns perfectly white, and acquires a considerable hardness. The chief pits for this clay are near Northampton, where it is used in the manufacture of tobacco-pipes. It is also mixed with the critche clay of Derbyshire, in the proportion of one part to three, in the manufacture of the hard reddish-brown ware.
CIMON, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle. He was famous for his debaucheries in his youth, and the reformation of his morals when he arrived at years of discretion. He behaved with great courage at the battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence and valour. In one day he defeated the Persian fleet, took two hundred ships, and totally routed their land army. The money which he had obtained by his victories, however, was not applied for his own private use, for with it he fortified and embellished the city. Some time afterwards he lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians, who had declared war against the Lacedemonians; but he was recalled from his exile, and on his return he effected a reconciliation between Lacedaemon and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt and Cyprus, with a fleet of two hundred ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their fleet. He died while besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus.
CINALOA, or Sinaloa, a province of Mexico, in the intendancy of Sonora, situated between New Biscay and the Gulf of California. On the south it is bounded by Guadalaxara and the ocean. It is about 300 miles in length and 150 in breadth. The country is bare, destitute of timber, and hilly. The air is dry, pure, and salubrious, except along the coast, where the ground is marshy, the soil rich, and the atmosphere humid. The principal vegetable products are maize, legumes, fruits, and cotton. Cinaloa contains five towns, ninety-two villages, thirty parishes, fourteen farms, and four hundred and fifty cottages. The population amounts to about 60,000, of whom not above three twentieths are Spaniards.
CINALOA, or Sinaloa, the capital of the above province, is situated to the east of the port of Santa Maria d’Aome. It contains a population of 9500. Long. 106. 40. W. Lat. 26. 26. N.
CINCINNATI, a city of the state of Ohio, in Hamilton county, on the northern bank of the river Ohio. It was first laid out in the year 1789, and began to flourish after the year 1794, since which period it has rapidly increased in wealth, trade, and population. The city is pleasantly and advantageously situated, partly on the first and partly on the second bank of the river, the upper portion of it being elevated fifty or sixty feet above the lower. The central part of the town is very compact, and a great proportion of the houses are handsomely built of brick. The principal public buildings and institutions in 1829 were a court-house, a jail, the medical college, the Cincinnati college, an hospital⅜ a museum, a city library, the apprentices’ library, three market-houses, five insurance companies, twenty-three places of public worship, five classical schools, and forty-seven common schools. There were published at the same period two daily newspapers, two twice a week, and five weekly, besides other periodical publications. Cincinnati is a place of great trade and extensive manufactures. The exports, of which the most considerable articles are flour and pork, amounted in 1826 to 1,063,560, and the imports to 2,528,590 dollars. There are between thirty and forty manufacturing establishments, some of which are on a very extensive scale, and their machinery is to a great extent moved by steam power. The value of the manufactures in all the departments was estimated, in 1828, at 1,850,000 dollars. The population in 1820 amounted to 9642, and in 1829 to 24,148. Long. 84. 27. W. Lat. 39. 6. N.
CINCINNATUS, a Roman dictator, who was taken from the plough to be advanced to the dignity of consul, in which office he restored public tranquillity, and then returned to his rural employments. Being called forth a second time to become dictator, he conquered the enemies of Rome, and, refusing all rewards, retired again to his farm, after he had been dictator only sixteen days. The same circumstance occurred once more in the eightieth year of his age. He died 376 years before Christ.
CINEAS, a Thessalian, the minister and friend to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate was a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could call every senator and knight by his name.
CINERITIOUS, an appellation given to different substances, on account of their resembling ashes either in colour or consistence; hence it is that the cortical part of the brain has sometimes got this epithet.
CINISI, a town of the intendancy of Palermo, in the island of Sicily, situated in a fine plain under Mount Dell Ursa, yielding wine and excellent figs, with 3400 inhabitants.
CINQUE Ports, five havens situated on the eastern part of England, towards France, and thus called by way of eminence, on account of their superior importance, as having been thought by our kings to merit a particular regard, for their preservation against invasion. Hence they have a particular policy, and are governed by a keeper with the title of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. Camden tells us that William the Conqueror first appointed a warden of the Cinque Ports; but King John first granted them their privileges, upon condition that they should provide eighty ships at their own charge for forty days, as often as the king should have occasion in the wars, he being then straitened for a navy to recover Normandy. The five ports are Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich. Thorn tells us that Hastings provided twenty-one vessels; with twenty-one men in each vessel. To this port belong Seaford, Pevensey, Hedney, Winchelsea, Rye, Ha-mine, Wakesbourn, Creneth, and Forthclipe. Romney provided five ships, with twenty-four men in each. To this port belong Bromhal, Lyde, Oswarstone, Dangemares, and Romenhal. Hythe furnished seven ships, with twenty-one seamen in each. To this port belongs Westmeath. Dover furnished the same number as Hastings. To this port belong Folkstone, Feversham, and Marge. Lastly, Sandwich furnished the same with Hythe. To this port belong Fordiwic, Reculver, Serre, and Deal.

The privileges granted in consequence of these services were very great. Amongst others, they were each of them to send two barons to represent them in parliament; their deputies were to bear the canopy over the king’s head at the time of his coronation, and to dine at the uppermost table in the great hall, on his right hand; they were to be exempted from subsidies and other aids; their heirs were to be free from personal wardship, notwithstanding any tenure; they were to be impleaded in their own towns, and not elsewhere; they were not to be liable to tolls; and they had other privileges besides.
CINTRA, a town of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura, [7:6:701]with 1900 inhabitants, a little to the north of Lisbon. It is a most delightful spot, at the foot of a stupendous rocky mountain, and contains a palace of Gothic architecture. A monastery near it is asserted to be at the elevation of 3000 feet above the level of the sea. The town is not large, but the variety of fruits which it produces, and the salubrity of the air, render it a place of considerable resort to the richer inhabitants of Lisbon. It has attracted considerable notice, from being the spot where was concluded a convention, by which the army of France was permitted to retire from Portugal, after having been defeated by an inferior British force at Vimicro.
CINYRA, in the Jewish antiquities, a musical instrument. This, and the Hebrew cinnor, which is generally translated cithara, lyra, or psalterium, are the same. It was made of wood, and was played in the temple of Jerusalem. Josephus says that the cinyra of the temple had ten strings, and that it was touched with a bow. In another place he says that Solomon caused a great number of them to be made of a precious kind of metal called electrum, thus contradicting the Scriptures, which inform us that Solomon’s cinnors were made of wood.
CIOTAT, La, a maritime city of the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, in France. It has a harbour formed by two moles, and defended by a strong fort. It is the great shipping place for fruits, red and white wines, olives, and almonds. There are establishments for the construction of vessels, and for the tunny and Sardinia fisheries. Long. 5. 31.43. E. Lat. 43. 10. 29. N.
CIPUS, in Antiquity, a low column, with an inscription, erected on the high roads or other places, to show the way to travellers, to serve as a boundary, or to mark the grave of a deceased person.
CIRCE, in fabulous history, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Aetes, king of Colchis, and to Pasiphae, the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain the kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and carried by her father to an island called Aeaea, upon the coast of Italy. Ulysses, on his return from the Trojan war, visited her coast; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by an herb called moly, which he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded sword in hand the restoration of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegenus, or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe’s arms. At his departure the nymph advised him to descend to hell, and to consult the manes of Tiresias concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus.
CIRCENSIAN Games, a general term under which was comprehended all combats exhibited in the Roman circus, in imitation of the Olympic games in Greece. Most of the feasts of the Romans were accompanied with Circensian games; and the magistrates and other officers of the republic frequently presented the people with these shows, in order to procure their favour. The grand games were held during five days, commencing on the 13th of September.
CIRCLE, in Geometry, a plane figure comprehended by a single curve line, called its circumference, to which all right lines drawn from a. point in the middle, called the centre, are equal to one another.

Circles of the Sphere are such as cut the mundane sphere, and have their periphery either on its movable surface, or in another immovable, conterminous, and equidistant surface. Hence arise two kinds of circles, movable and immovable. The first are those whose peripheries are in the movable surface, and which therefore revolve with its diurnal motion, as meridians, and the like. The latter, having their periphery in the immovable surface, do not revolve, as the ecliptic, equator, and its parallels.

Circles of Altitude, otherwise called almucantars, are circles parallel to the horizon, having their common pole in the zenith, and still diminishing as they approach the zenith.

Diurnal Circles are immovable circles, supposed to be described by the seven stars, and other points of the heavens, in their diurnal rotation round the earth, or [7:6:704]rather, in the rotation of the earth round its axis. The diurnal circles are all unequal; the equator is the largest.

Horary Circles, in Dialing, are the lines which show the hours on dials; though these be not drawn circular, but nearly straight.

Circles of Latitude, or Secondaries of the Ecliptic, are great circles parallel to the plane of the ecliptic, passing through the poles thereof, and through every star and planet. They are so called, because they serve to measure the latitude of the stars, which is nothing but an arch of one of these circles intercepted between the star and the ecliptic.

Circles of Longitude are several lesser circles, parallel to the ecliptic; still diminishing, in proportion as they recede from it. On the arches of these circles the longitude of the stars is reckoned.

Circle of perpetual Apparition, one of the lesser circles, parallel to the equator, described by any point of the sphere touching the northern point of the horizon, and carried about with the diurnal motion. All the stars included within this circle never set, but are ever visible above the horizon.

Circle of perpetual Occultation is another circle at a like distance from the equator, and contains all those stars which neverappear in our hemisphere. The stars situated between these circles alternately rise and set at certain times.

Polar Circles are immovable circles, parallel to the equator, and at a distance from the poles equal to the greatest declination of the ecliptic. That next the north pole is called the Arctic, and that next to the south pole the Antarctic. Druidical Circles, in British topography, a name given to certain ancient inclosures formed by rude stones circularly arranged. These, it is now generally agreed, were temples, and, as many writers think, also places of solemn assemblage for councils or elections, and seats of judgment.
CIRCUIT, in Law, signifies the journey or progress which the judges take twice every year, through the several counties of England and Wales, to hold courts and administer justice, where recourse cannot be had to the king’s court at Westminster; and hence England is divided into six circuits, viz. the home circuit, Norfolk circuit, ^Midland circuit, Oxford circuit, Western circuit, and Northern circuit. In Wales there arc but two circuits, those of North and South Wales. Two judges are assigned by the king’s commission to every circuit.

In Scotland the judges of the supreme criminal court, or court of justiciary, are divided into three separate courts, consisting of two judges each; and the kingdom into as many districts. In certain burghs of every district, each of these courts by rotation is obliged to hold two courts in the year, in spring and autumn; which are called Circuit Courts. One more is now held at Glasgow during the Christmas recess.
CIRCULAR, in a general sense, any thing that is described, or moved round; as the circumference of a circle, or surface of a globe.

Circular Numbers, called also spherical ones, according to some,are such whose powerá terminate in the roots themselves. Thus, for instance, 5 and 6, all whose powers end in 5 and 6; as the square of 5 is 25, the square of 6 is 36, &c.

Circular Sailing is the method of sailing by the arch of a great circle. See Navigation.
CIRCUMCELLIONES. See Circoncelliones.
CIRCUMFERENCE, in a general sense, denotes the line or lines bounding a plane figure. However, it is generally used in a more limited sense for the curve line which bounds a circle, otherwise called a periphery; the boundary of a right-lined figure being expressed by the term perimeter.
CIRCUMFERENTOR, an instrument used by surveyors for taking angles.
CIRCUMFLEX, in Grammar, an accent serving to note or distinguish a syllable of an intermediate sound between acute and grave, and generally somewhat long. The Greeks had three accents, the acute, the grave, and the circumflex, formed thus, ', ', ~. The acute raises the voice, and the grave lowers it, while the circumflex is a kind of undulation or wavering of the voice, between the two. It is seldom used among the moderns, except to show the omission of a letter, which makes the syllable long and open; a thing much more frequent in the French than in our language. Thus they write pâte for paste; tete for teste; fûmes i'οr f usines, and the like: they also use the circumflex in the participles; some of their authors writing conneu, peu, others connu, pu, and so on. Father Buffier is at a loss for the reason of the circumflex on this occasion.

The form of the Greek circumflex was anciently the same with that of ours, viz. λ ; being a composition or union of the other two accents; but the copyists changing the form of the characters, and introducing the running hand, changed also the form of the circumflex accent; and instead of making a just angle, rounded it off, adding a dash through too much haste, and thus formed an s laid horizontally, which produced this figure", instead of λ.
CIRCUMGYRATION, the whirling motion of any body round a centre, as that of the planets round the sun.
CIRCUMLOCUTION, an ambages, or tour of words, used either when a proper term is not at hand by which to express a thing naturally and immediately; or when one chooses not to do it out of respect, or for some other reason. The word comes from circumloquor, I speak about.
CIRCUMPOLAR Stars, an appellation given to those stars which, by reason of their vicinity to the pole, move round it without setting.
CIRCUMPOTATIO, in Antiquity, a funeral feast provided in honour of the dead. Circumpotation was very frequent among the ancient Romans, as well as among the Athenians. Solon at Athens, and the decemviri at Rome, endeavoured to reform this custom, thinking it absurd that mirth and drunkenness should mingle with sorrow and grief.
CIRCUMSCRIBED, in Geometry, is said of a figure which is drawn round another figure, so that all its sides or planes touch the inscribed figure.