pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ROLLING, the motion by which a ship rocks from side to side like a cradle, by the agitation of the waves.
ROLLO, the conqueror of Normandy, was a Norwegian duke, banished from his country by Harold Harfager (who conquered Norway in 870) on account of the piracies he exercised. He first retired with his fleet among the islands of the Hebrides to the north-west of Scotland, whither the flower of the Norwegian nobility had fled for refuge ever since Harold had become master of the whole kingdom. He was there received with open arms by those warriors, who, eager for conquest and revenge, waited only for a chief to undertake some glorious enterprise. Rollo, placing himself at their head, and seeing his power formidable, sailed towards England, which had long been a field open on all sides to the violence of the northern nations. But the great Alfred had some years before established such order in his part of the island, that Rollo, after several fruitless attempts, despaired of forming there such a settlement as should make him amends for the loss of his own country. He pretended, therefore, to have had a supernatural dream, which promised him a glorious fortune in France, and which served at least to support the ardour of his followers. The w cakness of the government in that kingdom, and the confusion in which it was involved, were still more persuasive reasons to insure them of success. Having therefore sailed up the Seine to Rouen, he immediately took that capital of the province, then called Neustria, and making it his magazine of arms, he advanced to Paris, to which he laid siege in form. This war at length ended in the entire cession of Neustria, which Charles the Simple was obliged to give up to Rollo and his Normans in order to purchase a peace. Rollo received it in perpetuity to himself and his posterity, as a feudal duchy dependent on the crown of France. A description of the interview between Charles and this new duke gives us a curious picture of the manners of these Normans; for the latter would not take the oath of fealty to his sovereign lord any other way than by placing his hands within those of the king; and absolutely refused to kiss his feet, as custom then required. It was with great difficulty that he was prevailed on to let one of his warriors perform this ceremony in his stead; but the officer to whom

Rollo deputed this service suddenly raised the king’s foot so high, that he overturned him on his back; a piece of rudeness which was only laughed at: to such a degree were the Normans feared, and Charles despised. Rollo was soon afterwards persuaded to embrace Christianity, and he was baptized with much ceremony by the archbishop of Rouen, in the cathedral of that city. As soon as he saw himself in full possession of Normandy, he exhibited such virtues as rendered the province happy, and deserved to make his former outrages forgotten. Religious, wise, and liberal, this captain of pirates became, after Alfred, the greatest and most humane prince of his time.
ROLPAH, a town of Northern Hindustan, and capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Nepaul. It is a woody country, governed by a chief, who pays an annual tribute to the rajah of Nepaul. Long. 82. 5. E. Lat. 29. 22. N.
ROMA Isle, in the Eastern Seas, about forty miles in circumference. Long. 127. 30. E. Lat. 7. 35. N.
ROMAGNA, a province of Italy, in the pope’s territories, bounded on the north by the Ferrarese, on the south by Tuscany and the duchy of Urbino, on the east by the gulf of Venice, and on the west by the Bolognese and a part of Tuscany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, fine fruits, and pastures. It has also mines, mineral waters, and salt-works, which make its principal revenue. Ravenna is the capital town.
ROMANIA or Rumelia, an extensive province of the Turkish empire in Europe, called by the Turks the Ejelat Rumili, or the land of the Romans. In the more extended sense it comprehends the whole countries to the west and the north of the Bosphorus, but in a more peculiar sense it included the ancient Thrace; Bulgaria, Servia, and Greece, except a strip on the coast and the islands which are in the Pashalic of the Capudan Pascha, and one distinguished as the Ejalet Dscheseir. It is divided into 24 districts or sand-giacets, extends over 105,182 square miles, and probably contains 6,000,000 inhabitants. The capital of it, as of the empire, is Constantinople or Istambol.
ROMBLON or Romblino, one of the smaller Philippine islands, about 30 miles in circumference. Long. 121. 58. E. Lat. 12. 40. N.
ROMFORD, a market-town of the county of Essex, in the parish of Hornehurch and hundred of Havering, eleven miles from London. The population was, in 1801, 3179; in 1811, 3244; in 1821, 3777; and in 1831, 4294.
ROMNEY, NEW, a town in the county of Kent, in the Lathe of Sheepway, seventy-two miles from London. It was once a place of much more importance than it is at present. It is surrounded with rich but unhealthy marshes, and is defended against the sea by a strong dyke, called Dunchurch Wall, on which is a good carriage road over the marshes. The population was in 1801, 755; in 1811, 841; in 1821, 962, and in 1831,983.
ROMORANTIN, an arrondisement of the department of the Loire and Cher, in France, eight hundred and eleven square miles in extent. It comprehends six cantons, divided into forty-eight communes, containing, in 1836, 47,722 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name at the junction of the Romorantin and the Saudre, and has some beautiful promenades on the bank of the former river. It contains 1200 houses, with 7181 inhabitants, who manufacture to a considerable extent woollen cloth and tanned leather.
ROMSEY or Rumsey, a large market and borough town of the county of Hants, seventy-three miles from London. It is in the division of Andover, of the hundred of King’s Sombome, and stands on the river Test, on the road between Southampton and Salisbury, and is surrounded by pleasant meadows, which, by irrigation, are rendered highly fertile. It is divided into two parishes; with one church in common, a spacious building in the form of a cross, which, in ancient times, was the chapel of a richly endowed abbey. All the early abbesses were of royal blood, and so distinguished by their piety as to be deemed saints. The trade, which formerly consisted in making woollen stuffs, has nearly been annihilated; by the late law it elected annually four aldermen and twelve counsellors, who chuse the mayor. The population was in 1801, 4274; in 1811, 4297; in 1821,5128; and in 1831,5432.
ROMPEE or Rompu, in Heraldry, is applied to ordinaries that are represented as broken; and to chevrons, bends, or the like, whose upper points are cut off.
RONA, one of the Hebrides, is reckoned about twenty leagues distant from the north-east point of Ness in Lewis, and is about a mile long, and half a mile broad.
RONCESVALLES, a valley in Spain, in the province ofNavarne, and district ofSanguessa. It stands at the foot of the Pyrenees, and is the largest valley in the province, but covered with wood. The town of the name is small, but on the great road from France to Madrid, having a church, an Augustin monastery, and an hospital. It has become a place of celebrity from the warlike deeds which the spot has witnessed, both by the defeat of Roland and the twelve peers of France at a remote period, and by the operations under the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Soult.
RONDA, a city of Spain, in the kingdom of Granada, and province of Andalusia. Ronda is about four thousand five hιmdred feet above the level of the sea, but being surrounded with mountains of vast elevation, it is, in fact, with regard to them, a largely extended valley. The mountains that surround it are more or less covered with snow throughout the whole year; and it is conveyed to the cities of Seville, Cadiz, Gibraltar, and other places, for the daily consumption of their luxurious inhabitants. The plain on which the city stands is one of the most verdant and fertile spots in this the best part of Spain. This city, long a Roman station, under the name of Arunda, abounds with inscriptions, monuments, and ruins of that people, which has been diligently explored by sundry antiquarians. The inhabitants amount to about twenty thousand. Longevity is so very general, that it is a proverb in Andalusia, that in Ronda a man at eighty is still a boy. The public buildings are numerous, but not striking, though some of the churches and convents have the ornaments and riches so commonly belonging to spiritual edifices in this country.
ROORTERPOOR, a considerable town of Hindustan, province of Delhi, district of Morabad, forty-two miles north by east from Bareilly. Long. 79. 20. E. Lat. 29. 1.
ROOD, a quantity of land equal to forty square perches, the fourth part of an acre.
ROOK. See Ornithology.
ROONAY, a town of Bengal, in the district of Birbhoom, which formerly possessed a small fort that commanded the high road. Long. 87. 0. E. Lat 24. 26. N.
ROOPNAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, belonging to the rajah of Jyenagur. Long. 75. 52. E. Lat. 26. 39. N.
ROOPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, belonging to the Sikhs, and situated on the south-east bank of the river Sutlege. Long. 75.50. E. Lat. 31.7. N.
ROOT. See Algebra, Arithmetic, and Equations.
ROQUE, St, a city of Spain, in the province of Seville, and the partido of Gibraltar. It is about six miles from the latter fortress, and the first place beyond the Spanish lines. It stands on an elevated spot, commanding a view of the rock of Gibraltar. It contains about 1800 inhabitants, exclusive of the troops. There is another town of the same name, with the addition of De Rumiera, in the district of Montania, in the province of Burgos, on the river Miera, containing 1250 inhabitants.
ROSA, the Rose. See the article Botany.

Rosa, Salvator, an admirable painter, was born at Naples in 1614. He was first instructed by Francesco Francazano, a kinsman; but the death of his father reduced him to sell drawings sketched upon paper for any thing he could get. One of these happening to fall into the hands of Lanfranc, he took him under his protection, and enabled him to enter the school of Spagnoletto, and to be taught by Daniel Falcone, a distinguished painter of battles at Naples. His pieces are exceedingly scarce and valuable; one of the best of them being that representing Saul and the witch of Endor, which was preserved at Versailles. He died in 1673; and as his paintings are in few hands, he is more generally known by his prints, of which he etched a great number. He painted landscapes more than history; but his prints are chiefly historical. The principal landscape of this master is a noble picture at Chiswick. We are told that he spent the early part of his life in a troop of banditti; and that the rocky desolate scenes in which he was accustomed to take refuge, furnished him with those romantic ideas in landscape, of which he is so exceedingly fond, and in the description of which he so greatly excels. His robbers, as his detached figures are commonly called, are supposed also to have been taken from the life.

Amongst the musical manuscripts purchased at Rome by Dr Burney, was a music-book of Salvator, in which are many airs and cantatas of different masters, and eight entire cantatas, written, set, and transcribed by this celebrated painter himself.
ROSALGATE, the most eastern point of Arabia. The coast turns to the north-west, till it joins the Persian Gulf. Long. 60. 10. E. Lat. 22. 20. N.
ROSAMOND, daughter of Walter Lord Clifford, was a young lady of exquisite beauty. The popular story of her is as follows. Henry II. saw her, loved her, declared his passion, and triumphed over her honour. To avoid the jealousy of his queen Elinor, he kept her in a wonderful labyrinth at Woodstock; and by his connection with her had William Longsword earl of Salisbury, and Geoffrey bishop of Lincoln. On Henry’s absence in France, however, on account of a rebellion in that country, the queen found means to discover her; and, though struck with her beauty, she recalled sufficient resentment to poison her. The queen, it is said, discovered her apartment by a thread of silk; but how she came by it is differently related. This popular story is not however supported by history. She was buried in the church of Godstow, opposite to the high altar, where her body remained till it was ordered to be removed with every mark of disgrace by Hugh bishop of Lincoln in 1191. She was, however, considered as a saint after her death.
ROSAS, a fortified city of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, and district of Gerona. It stands on an elevation on Cape de Creus, on the Mediterranean Sea, and commands the celebrated bay of that name where so much [7:19:472]valour was displayed by our ships of war, whose boats’ crews boarded and captured or destroyed many of the enemy’s ships during the long hostilities. The bay has a lighthouse, and is protected by two strong forts, and is one of the most secure anchorages on that coast. The city contains 1900 inhabitants, who in time of peace depend chiefly on the fisheries. Long. 3. 31. 2. W. Lat. 42.16. 6. N.
ROSCIUS, Q, a celebrated comic actor, who is spoken of in terms of the highest commendation by Cicero. The exact period of his birth is unknown; but he must have been somewhat older than Cicero (born b. c. 106), as he had already earned a high reputation before the death of Sulla, B. c. 78. His subsequent career was said to have been predicted by a strange occurrence whilst he was still a child. His early years were spent at Solonium, near Lanuvium; and whilst he was sleeping in his cradle, a serpent entwined itself round his body without injuring him. This circumstance in the life of the actor was afterwards represented by the artist Praxiteles, and celebrated by the poet Archias. The orator afterwards remarks, that it seems ridiculous that the gods should predict the future fate of an actor, whilst they neglected statesmen and heroes, whom the world admired. Of his education we know nothing, except that he and Aesopus the tragic actor used to attend the forum when Hortensius the orator pleaded, that they might imitate on the stage what they admired in him. He had a particular squint of the eye, hut this was of course concealed by the mask he wore. His private character was highly respected, and Cicero remarked that he was such an artist that he seemed the only one fit to appear upon the stage, and yet so excellent a man that it was beneath his dignity, which he thought worthy of the senate. He used to contend with Cicero which of them could represent the same sentiment in the greatest variety of ways, he by acting, and Cicero by his eloquence. So high an opinion did he entertain of his profession, that he wrote a work comparing it with oratory. He gave lessons in elocution, and used to say that he never had a pupil whom he could altogether approve of. His gains as an actor are variously stated, by Macrobius at 1000 denarii (L.32.5s. 10d.) a day; and by Cicero at 600,000 sesterces for ten years (L.48,434. 10s.), which would make it somewhat less than L.5000 a year; but for the last ten years he had refused to receive this pension from the Roman people. He had a dispute with one Fannius Chcerea respecting a slave, of whom they were joint owners, and he was defended by Cicero; but at what time this took place we have no means of judging. Only a part of the speech has been preserved. He died a little before the time (about b. c. 61) that Cicero delivered his oration in defence of Archias.
ROSEHEARTY, a burgh of barony in the county of

Aberdeen, situated on the shores of the Moray Frith, and eighteen miles from Banff. The inhabitants, who amount to about 800, are mostly employed in fishing. It possesses a harbour, which may eventually become of importance, situated as it is on an exposed part of the coast, with a considerable depth of water. Its revenues amount to about L.100 yearly.
ROSENAU, a city of the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the province of the Hither Theiss, and circle of Gom∂r. It is situated on the river Sajo, and is the seat of a bishop, and of an episcopal seminary. It contains several churches, 680 houses, and 5400 inhabitants, trading in linen, paper, wood-ware, and ironmongery, and also producing good wine. Long. 20. 27. 13. Ë. Lat. 48. 39. 2. N.
ROSENGYN, one of the Banda Isles, about seven miles south-east of Lantore. Convicts were sent here when the island was in possession of the Dutch. The productions are nutmegs, mace, and yams; and here a few cattle are also fed.
ROSETO, a small city of Italy, of the province of Prin-cipato Ulteriore, and of the kingdom of Naples. It was long celebrated from possessing in its church an image of the Virgin Mary, brought there, according to a legend, in a miraculous manner, which induced many pilgrims from all parts of Europe to resort to it for purposes of devotion, and to present very valuable offerings. It was taken and plundered by the French, and the venerated image having been obtained by a private individual, has been restored to its former place; but the number of votaries has much diminished. The inhabitants amount to about 3000, who subsist principally in making holy trinkets, and from supplying lodging and provisions to the pilgrims who still resort to it.
ROSETTA, a town of Africa, in Egypt, is pleasantly situated on the west side of that branch of the Nile called by the ancients Bolbitinum, affirmed by Herodotus to have been formed by art; the town and castle being on the right hand as you enter the river. Any one who sees the hills about Rosetta would judge that they had been the ancient barriers of the sea, and conclude that the sea has not lost more ground than the space between the hills and the water.

Rosetta is esteemed one of the most pleasant places in Egypt. It is about two miles in length, and consists only of two or three streets. The country about it is most delightful and fertile, as is the whole Delta on the other side of the Nile, exhibiting the most pleasant prospect of gardens, orchards, and corn-fields, excellently cultivated. This place is also famous for having produced the celebrated monument which, interpreted by Dr Young, led to the discovery of hieroglyphical literature, and threw new light on a subject of great antiquity. It consists of a black basalt, fragmented, which the French troops had found when digging the foundation of Fort St Julian; and is inscribed, as far as it is entire, with the hieroglyphic or sacred, the demotic or enchorial, and the Hellenic or Greek character.

In the country to the north of Rosetta are delightful gardens, full of orange, lemon, and citron trees, and almost all sorts of fruits, with a variety of groves of palm-trees; and when the fields are green with rice, it adds greatly to the beauty of the country. It is about twenty-five miles northeast of Alexandria, and a hundred north-west of Cairo. Long. 30. 45. E. Lat. 31. 30. N.
ROSS, a market-town of the county of Hereford, in the hundred of Greytree, 115 miles from London. It is finely situated on a hill rising from the river Wye. Its chief trade is in the sale of cider. Pope has immortalized the place by his laudatory description of one of its residents, John [7:19:483]Kyrle, who died in 1724, having spent his income on works of utility and of beneficence. The market is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 2347, in 1811 to 2261, in 1821 to 2962, and in 1831 to 3078.

Ross, or Ross Carbery, a town in the county of Cork, Munster, Ireland, is situated on an eminence, at the head of a narrow creek in Ross Bay. It is a place of great antiquity. The town is laid out on a regular plan, and consists of a square, from the four corners of which diverge so many streets. It has an ancient cathedral, embosomed in trees, which, with the wooded banks of the bay, forms a remarkably beautiful feature in the appearance of the town. The harbour is spacious, but of little use, in consequence of being blocked up by the sand. The population amounted in 1831 to 1522.

Ross, New. See New Ross.
ROSSIANO, a city of Italy, in the province of Calabria Citeriore, and the kingdom of Naples. It stands on the sea-shore, between the rivers Lucena and Celano. It is the see of a bishop, and has a cathedral, and twenty-three other churches, of which nine belong to the same number of monasteries or nunneries. The inhabitants amount to 7700.
ROSTAK, a city of Arabia, in the district of Ommon. It is the residence of the imaum; but Muskat is the chief town through which the intercourse with the Europeans is carried on. It is situated near Jebel Akdar, the largest and highest mountain in Ommon, and is celebrated for its fine grapes. It is seventy miles west from Muskat.
ROSTOCK, a city of the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which was formerly the capital of the two duchies of Mecklenburg, but since 1695 it has become the sole possession of the present branch. It is situated on the navigable river Wornow, about eight miles from the Baltic Sea. It is strongly fortified, and contains a citadel, seven churches, 2180 houses of an antique style of building, and about 16,000 inhabitants. It is the place at which the assembly of the states, and the courts of law, are held; and it contains a university founded in 1419, which has a due number of professors, and about a hundred students, to which are attached an observatory, an anatomical theatre, and a library of thirty thousand volumes. It is the most considerable trading place in the German part of the Baltic, and the export of wheat is greater than from any other German port. It has a variety of manufactures for brandy, vinegar, beer, cloths, glass, leather, iron ware, soap, sugar, and linen, and 140 ships belonging to the port. This place gave birth to Prince Blucher, to whom a statue has been erected in the square. Long. 12. 32. E. Lat. 54. 10. N.
ROSTOW, a city of Russia, in the province of Jaros-low, the capital of a circle of its own name, situated on the lake of Nero or Rostow. It contains twenty-four churches, six hospitals, 1016 houses, and 6500 inhabitants; and has extensive trade in corn, hemp, linen, tallow, leather, honey, and wax, and some in salt. It is 530 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 39. 35. E. Lat. 58. 57. N.
ROSTRA, a part of the Roman forum, in which orations, pleadings, and funeral harangues, were delivered. It derived its name from the circumstance of its exhibiting the beaks of ships taken from the Antiates.
ROSTRUM, literally denotes the beak or bill of a bird; and hence it has been figuratively applied to the beak or head of a ship.
ROT, a very fatal disease incident to sheep, arising from wet seasons, and too moist pasture. It is very difficult of cure, and is attended with the singular circumstance of a kind of animals being found in the blood-vessels.
ROTHBURY, a small market-town in the county of Northumberland, pleasantly situated on the northern side of the river Coquet, over which there is a handsome stone bridge. The town consists of three wide and airy streets; and as the situation, from being screened by lofty hills from the north and east winds, is favourable to invalids, and the Coquet is well adapted for trout-fishing, many persons resort thither during the summer months, for health and amusement. The rectory is one of the richest livings in the county. The church is an ancient structure. The population in 1831 amounted to 1014.