pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DRESDEN, a city of Germany, the capital of the former electorate, now the kingdom of Saxony. It is a beautiful spot, both as regards the position and the buildings. The river Elbe divides it into two unequal parts, over which is a fine bridge of sixteen arches, 1420 feet in length and thirty-six in breadth, which, though destroyed in the French revolutionary war, has again been restored· It was fortified, but the works now serve the purposes merely of police. There are seven market-places or squares, and about sixty broad streets, with others connecting them together; and the public buildings, which are numerous and beautiful, give to the whole a most magnificent appearance, but especially in the new town, which is of more recent erection.

There are seventeen Lutheran, two Catholic, and a small Calvinist church; the most remarkable are the Frauen-kirk of the Protestants, and the elegant Catholic church connected with the royal palace. Over the altar of the latter is a painting of the ascension by Mengs, highly valued.

Dresden has obtained the name of the Athens of the north, from the various collections of the fine arts and of antiquities that are to be seen there. The palace is spacious and noble, and in the repository in the GGinen Gewölbe is arranged a collection of antiquities connected with the ancient history of the country, of very great value. The zwenger or barbican is a beautiful circular building. The garden serves the purposes of a promenade, and the apartments are used as the repository of a valuable cabinet of natural history. The picture gallery occupying the four sides of a square building is peculiarly rich in specimens of art of the best and oldest masters, and is said to be the best in Europe at the present time. The Japan palace, in a garden looking on the Elbe, contains the royal library, amounting to more than 150,000 volumes, a collection of porcelain, and many of the finest specimens both of ancient and modern statuary. The chancery house is a fine building, and, besides several paintings, contains some most valuable records of the historical kind. The other public and private houses deserving attention are numerous, and will reward the curious visitor who shall devote his time to their minute examination.

The institutions for benevolence and for instruction are numerous, appropriate, and well conducted. The surrounding country presents many objects which induce pleasing walks or rides, especially the Plaunesche-grund, where a rapid stream runs between lofty rocks, the palace of Pilnitz on the banks of the Elbe, and the gardens which surround a part of the city.

There are many manufactures carried on of gold and silver articles, silk goods, cotton and woollen cloth, gloves, hosiery, and other minute commodities. A considerable quantity of wine is made from the vineyards on the sides of the hills overlooking the Elbe. Dresden has suffered in its population by war in 1745, 1756, 1811, and especially in 1813. The inhabitants amount to 49,000, of whom 5000 are Catholics, 200 Calvinists, 860 Jews, and forty Hussites.
DREVET, Peter, the younger, an eminent French engraver, was a member of the royal academy of painting and sculpture, and died at Paris in 1739, at the age of forty-two. His portraits are neat and elegant, but laboured to the last degree. He particularly excelled in representing lace, silk, fur, velvet, and other ornamental parts of dress. But the younger Drevet did not confine himself to portraits. We have several historical prints by him, which in point of neatness and exquisite workmanship are scarcely to be equalled. His most esteemed and best historical print is very valuable; but the first impressions of it are rarely to be met with. It is The Presentation of Christ in the Temple; a very large plate, lengthwise, from Luigi de Bologna. Among his portraits, the two held in the highest estimation are, that of Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, a whole length figure standing, a middling sized upright plate, from Rigaud; and that of Samuel Bernard, a whole length figure sitting in a chair, a large upright plate. The first impressions of the last are before the words Conseiller dEtat were inserted upon the plate.
DREUX, an arrondissement in the department of the Eure and Loire, in France, extending over 620 square miles, and divided into seven cantons and 138 communes, with 71,506 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, is situated on the river Blaise, and contains 860 houses, with 6037 inhabitants. Long. 1. 16. 19. E. Lat. 48. 44. 17. N.
DRIESEN, a city of Prussia, in the province of Brandenburg, surrounded by the two rivers Netze. It contains 317 houses, and 2565 inhabitants, mostly weavers of linen and woollen cloth, or employed in distilleries.
DRIFFIELD, a market-town in the wapentake of Harthill, in the east riding of Yorkshire, 197 miles from London. There is a market which is held on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1411, in 1811 to 1857, and in 1821 to 2303.
DRIFT, in Navigation, the angle which the line of a ship’s motion makes with the nearest meridian, when she drives with her side to the wind and waves, and is not governed by the power of the helm; it also implies the distance which the ship drives on that line. A ship’s way is only called drift in a storm, and then when it blows so vehemently as to prevent her from carrying any sail, or at least restrains her to such a portion of sail as may be necessary to keep her sufficiently inclined to one side, that she may not be dismasted by her violent labouring produced by the turbulence of the sea.

Drift, in mining, a passage cut out under the earth betwixt shaft and shaft, or turn and turn; or a passage or way wrought under the earth to the end of a meer of ground, or part of a meer.

Drift-äzí'Z, a sail used under water, veered out right a-head by sheets, as other sails are. It serves to keep the ship’s head right upon the sea in a storm, and to hinder her from driving too fast in a current.

Drift- Wood, trees or timber carried out to sea by the rivers when in flood, and then drifted about in various directions, and to different parts, by the currents of the ocean.
DRILL, in Mechanics, a small instrument for making such holes as punches do not conveniently serve to form. Drills are of various sizes, and are chiefly used by smiths and turners.
DRILLING is popularly used for exercising soldiers. The word is derived from the French drille, which signifies a raw soldier.
DRINK, a part of our ordinary food in a liquid form. See Dietetics.
DRISSA, a circle in the Russian government of Witepsk. It is bounded on the north by Sebesk, on the east by Po-lozk, on the south by Minsk, and on the west by Resitza. It is watered by the Düna and its tributary streams, and [7:8:199]is fertile in rye, flax, and black cattle. The inhabitants amounted in 1797 to 51,400, who have since that census rapidly increased. It contains four cities and 1055 villages. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the river Drissa, where it falls into the Düna. It is a small town, with a slight but growing population.
DRIVING, in Metallurgy, is said of silver, when, in the operation of refining, the lead being burnt away, the remaining copper rises upon its surface in red fiery bubbles.

Driving, in the sea language, is said of a ship when an anchor being let fall does not hold her fast, nor prevent her sailing away with the wind or tide. The best help in this case is to let fall more anchors, or to veer out more cable; for the more cable she has out, the safer she rides. When a ship is a-hull or a-try, they say she drives to leeward.
DROHICYN, a circle in the Russian government of Bialystock, on the southernmost division of it. It is about 1100 square miles, or 704,000 acres in extent, and contains six cities, one market-town, and 112 villages, with, in 1797, 49,651 inhabitants, who are estimated to have increased in 1827 to 68,000. The chief place, of the same name, is situated on the river Bug, and contains a college, in which are 250 noble students, a Franciscan and a Benedictine monastery, and four churches. Long. 22. 38. E. Lat. 51. 4. N.
DROHOBICZ, a city of the circle of Sambor, in the Austrian kingdom of Galicia. It stands on the river Tes-menica, which empties itself into the Dniester. It is a place of considerable trade, especially in corn, cattle, and salt. It contains several churches, monasteries, and public schools, with 1200 houses, and about 8000 inhabitants, among whom are a great number of Jews. The salt mines produce annually about 3700 tons of refined salt.
DROITWICH, a town of the hundred of Halfshire, in the county of Worcester, 118 miles from London. It is situated in a valley filled with salt springs, which, when reached, rise nearly to the surface; a circumstance supposed to proceed from a subterranean river passing through the masses of rock-salt which are excavated in Cheshire. The water from the springs is fully saturated, so that common salt will not dissolve in it. The salt is procured by evaporating the water, which yields about seven times as much salt as an equal quantity of sea water. The cheapness of coal causes an extensive making of salt, which supplies the neighbourhood. There is a canal joining the Severn, by which much salt is conveyed to Worcester, Gloucester, and Bristol, from which last city much-is exported to distant markets. It is an ancient borough, lately sending two members to parliament, but now only one. The market is held on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1845, in 1811 to 2079, in 1821 to 2176, and in 1831 to 2487.
DROME, a department of France, formed out of the districts Valentenois and Divis, of the ancient principality of Dauphine. It is bounded on the north by the department of the Isère, on the east by that and the Upper Alps, on the south by the Lower Alps and Vaucluse, and on the west by the Ardèche, from which the Rhone separates it. The extent is 2722 square miles, or 692,750 hectares. The whole department consists of mountains, with valleys between, the entrances to which are commonly very narrow. The mountains increase in height on removing from the Rhone. At first they are sandy, then calcareous, and the highest of all are granite. Cultivation is in a languid state; the produce of corn is insufficient for the consumption, and 200,000 bushels are annually required from the surrounding districts to feed the population. They are enabled to obtain this in exchange for olives, almonds, nuts, silk, and hermitage wine, whicb the great heat of the summers brings to perfection under the shelter of the mountains. Much fuel also is collected, as one sixth of the land is covered with wood. Many sheep too are bred, but of an inferior race, producing a coarse wool. The manufacturing industry is confined to making some coarse woollen cloths, a few silk goods, and some domestic utensils for the supply of the inhabitants. The population amounts to 252,847 persons, of whom 34,500 are of the reformed church. None of them are rich or poor, but in moderate and nearly equal circumstances. It is divided into four arrondissements, twenty-eight cantons, and 360 communes. The capitalis the city of Valence.
DROMEDARY. See Mammalia.
DROMORE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down, situated on the river Lagan. It is a very ancient town, and the seat of a bishopric. The see was founded by St Colman in the sixth century. Besides the cathedral, which is small, there are two meeting houses. The population amounts to 1942. Dromore is situated fifteen miles southwest of Belfast.
DRONE, the male of the honey bee. Sometimes other flies also are so named. See Bee.
DRONERO, a city of Italy, in the province of Coni, and kingdom of Sardinia. It stands on the river Maria, is surrounded with walls, and contains six parish churches, one capuchin monastery, and 6440 inhabitants. There is a very considerable linen manufactory in the city.
DRONFIELD, a town of the hundred of Scarsdale, in the county of Derby, 157 miles from London. It has a well-endowed free school, founded in the reign of Elizabeth. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1182, in 1811 to 1343, in 1821 to 1522, and in 1831 to 1653.
DRONTHEIM, the northernmost province of the kingdom of Norway, extending from 61. 4L to 71. 11. north latitude. It extends over 64,284 square miles, but the population amounts to no more than 239,712 individuals, who inhabit six cities or towns and 115 parishes, which contain 262 churches and 110 chapels.

Drontheim, the capital of the province of the same name in Norway, and the see of a bishop, is situated at the mouth of the river Nidelf, in a deep bay or fiord, in a most pleasing situation. It is walled, and was formerly defended[7:8:201] by two forts, which are now in a dilapidated state. The streets are spacious, and the houses of respectable appearance, though all built of wood. The cathedral was once the most celebrated in the north, though now only the choir, in which the kings were formerly crowned, is entire. It has, besides, two churches, and 1400 houses, with 9000 inhabitants. The haven is secure, and causes some export trade in copper, planks, stockfish, herrings, and train oil. There are a few manufactures of linen cloth, and also refineries for sugar and saltpetre, besides tanneries and glove-making. Long. 10. 18. 47. E. Lat. 63. 25. 47. N.
DROPSY, in Medicine, an unnatural collection of water in any part of the body. See Medicine.
DROSSLN, a city of Prussia, in a marshy situation, on the river Lenze, in the province of Brandenburg, containing 476 houses, and 2883 inhabitants.
DRUGGET, in commerce, a stuff sometimes all wool, and sometimes half wool half thread; sometimes corded, but usually plain. Those which have the woof of wool and the warp of thread are called threaded druggets ; and those wrought with the shuttle on a loom of four marches are called corded druggets. As to the plain, they are wrought on a loom of two marches, with the shuttle, in the same manner as cloth, camblets, and other like stuffs not corded.
DRUIDAE, or Droium, in Ancient Geography, a very ancient town, the principal place of the Druides or Druidae in Gaul, as they are called; now Dreux in the Orleannois. Here, according to Caesar, they met every year in a consecrated grove. The town was also called Duro~ cases. Long. 1. 21. W. Lat. 48. 45. N.
DRUM is a martial instrument in the form of a cylinder, hollow within, and covered at the two ends with vellum, which is stretched or slackened at pleasure by means of small cords or sliding knots. It is beat upon with sticks. Drums are sometimes made of brass, but most commonly of wood. The drum is said by Le Clerc to have been an oriental invention, and to have been brought into Spain by the Arabians, or perhaps rather the Moors.

Kettle Drums are two sorts of large basons of copper or brass, rounded in the bottom, and covered with vellum or goat skin, which is kept fast by a circle of iron round the body of the drum, with a number of screws to screw up and down. They are much used among the cavalry, as also in operas, oratorios, concerts, and the like.
DRUSIUS, or Van den Drieche, John, a learned Protestant and eminent critic, was born at Oudenarde, in Flanders, on the 28th J one 1550. Being designed for the church, he learned Greek and Latin at Ghent, and philosophy at Louvain; but his father having been outlawed for his religion, and deprived of his estate, they both retired to England, where the son became professor of oriental languages at Oxford. Upon the pacification of Ghent, however, they returned to their own country, and Drusius was appointed professor of the oriental languages at Leyden. From this place he removed to Friesland, and was admitted professor of Hebrew in the university of Francker; an office which he discharged with great honour till his death, which happened in 1616. His works prove him to have been well skilled in Hebrew and in Jewish antiquities; and in 1600 the states-general employed him, at a salary of four hundred florins a year, to write notes on the most difficult passages in the Old Testament; but being frequently interrupted in prosecuting this undertaking, it was not published until after his death. He carried on an extensive correspondence with the learned in different countries; for, besides letters in Hebrew, Greek, and other languages, there were found amongst his papers upwards of two thousand written in Latin. He had a son, John, who died in England at the age of twenty-one, and was accounted a prodigy of learning.

Drusius, who was a man of real learning, and deserves the encomiums which Simon has bestowed on him, is also favourably mentioned by Bayle, Freher, Meursius, Foppens, Paquot, and others. Paquot states the number of the printed works and treatises of Drusius at forty-eight, and of the unprinted at upwards of twenty. Of the former more than two thirds were inserted in the collection entitled Critici Sacri, sive Annotata doctissimorum Virorum in vetus et novum Testamentum, Amsterdam, 1698, in 9 vols. folio, or London, 1660, in 10 vols. folio. Amongst the works of Drusius not to be found in this collection maybe mentioned, 1. Alphabetum Hebraicum vetus, 1584, 4to; 2. Tabulce in Grammaticam Chaldaicam ad usum Juventutis, 1602, 8vo; 3. An edition of Sulpitius Severus, Franeker, [7:8:221]1607, 12mo; 4. Opuscula quoe ad Grammaticam spectant omnia, 1609, 4to; 5. Lacrymee in obitum J. Scaligeri, 1609, 4to; and 6. Grammatica Linguae Sanctoe nova, 1612, 4to.
DRYADES, in the heathen theology, a sort of deities or nymphs, which, the ancients thought, inhabited groves and woods. They differed from the Hamadryades, the latter being attached to some particular tree, with which they were born, and with which also they died; whereas the former were goddesses of trees and woods in general.
DSJABBE TAR, a small island in the Red Sea, pertaining to Arabia, about forty miles west-south-west of Loheia. Long. 4L 35. E. Lat. 15. 32. N.
DSJABBEL, a small island in the Red Sea, about twenty-four miles from the coast of Arabia. Long. 43. 34. E. Lat. 15. 32. N.
DSJAR, a sea-port of Arabia, in the province of Heds-jaz, situated on the coast of the Red Sca, supposed to be the Eziongeber of the Scriptures. It is sixty-seven miles west of Medina.
DSJEBI, a walled town and district of Arabia, in the country of Yemen, with a citadel. It is the residence of a chief. The surrounding country is mountainous, and produces coffee. It is fifty-six miles east of Hodeida. Long. 43. 40. E. Lat. 14. 44. Ň.
DSJOBLA, a town of Arabia, in Yemen. The streets are paved, and the houses high and well built. It contains 600 houses. Part of the population consists of J ews, who inhabit a particular quarter without the town. It is twenty-two miles north of Taas, and sixty miles north-east of Mocha. '
DSJOF, an extensive province of Arabia, in the country of Yemen, consisting chiefly of sandy plains and deserts. It is celebrated for its horses and camels, which are exported in great numbers; and Mareb, its principal town, sends salt to Sana.
DUBNO, a circle in the Russian province of Volhynia. It is bounded on the north-west by Luzk, on the northeast by Rowno, on the east by Ostrog, on the south by Kremenez, and on the south-west by Austrian Galicia. It is the most fertile part of the rich province to which it belongs, is watered by the Slyr, and yields abundant crops of wheat, flax, tobacco, and rye. The capital, of the same name, is situated on the river Irwa. It is a large ill-built town, chiefly consisting of wooden houses, with crooked and ill-paved streets, and contains 5650 inhabitants, a great proportion of whom are Jews. Long. 25.35. E. Lat. 50. 26. N.
DUBOI, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat and district of Chumpaneer, situated in a low and marshy situation. Here are the remains of a Hindu city of great antiquity. The fortifications which surround it are nearly three miles in circumference. It is forty miles north-east from Broach. Long. 73. 35. E. Lat. 22. 4. N.
DUBRIS, in Ancient Geography, a town of Britain; now Dover, from Dovoria of the lower age, and a porttown in Kent, opposite to Calais.
DUCAL, in general, something belonging to a duke. See Duke.

The letters patent granted by the senate of Venice were called ducal ; and so also were the letters written in the name of the senate to foreign princes. The denomination of ducal is derived from the circumstance that, at the beginning of such patents, the name of the duke or doge was written in capitals. The date of ducals is usually in Latin, but the body is in Italian. In 1716 a courier was dispatched with a ducal to the emperor, returning him thanks for renewing the treaty of alliance with the republic of Venice, against the Turks.
DUCAS, a learned Greek, who wrote a history of what passed under the last emperors of Constantinople, until the capture of that city, and the fall of the eastern empire. This work, which is esteemed, was printed at the Louvre in 1649, with the Latin translation and notes of Boillaud.
DUCAT, a foreign coin, either of gold or silver, struck in the dominions of a duke. The origin of ducats is referred to one Longinus, governor of Italy, who, revolting against the emperor Justin the Younger, made himself duke of Ravenna, and called himself Exarcha, that is, without lord or ruler ; and, in order to show his independence, struck pieces of money of very pure gold in his own name, and with his own stamp, which, as Procopius relates, were called ducati, ducats. After him, the first who struck ducats were the Venetians, who called them zecchi-ni, or sequins, from Zecca, the place where they were first struck. This was about the year 1280, and in the time of John Dandolo. But we have pretty good evidence that Roger king of Sicily had coined ducats as early as 1240; and Du Cange scruples not to affirm that the first ducats were struck in the duchy of Apulia in Calabria. See Money.
DUCATOON, a silver coin, struck chiefly in Italy, particularly at Milan, Venice, Florence, Genoa, Lucca, Mantua, and Parma, though there are also Dutch and Flemish ducatoons. See Money.
DUCENARIUS, in Antiquity, an officer in the Roman army, who had the command of two thousand men. The emperors had also ducenarii among their procurators or intendants, called procuratores ducenarii. Some say that Ducenarii were those whose salary was two hundred sesterces; as in the games of the circus, horses hired for two hundred sesterces were called ducenarii. Others hold that ducenarii were those who levied the two hundredth penny, or the officers appointed to inspect the raising of that tribute. In the inscriptions at Palmyra, the word ducenarius, in Greek ôouzsvag/o;, occurs very frequently.
DUCENTESIMA, in Antiquity, a tax of the two hundredth penny, exacted by the Romans.
DUCHAL, James, D. D. a pious and learned dissenting minister, was born in Ireland, and finished his studies at the university of Glasgow, which afterwards, from a regard to his merit, conferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity. He resided ten or eleven years at Cambridge as the pastor of a small congregation, and there enjoyed his beloved retirement, with the advantage of books and of learned conversation, which he improved with the greatest diligence. On Mr Abernethy’s removal from Antrim he succeeded him there, and on that gentleman’s death he again succeeded him as a minister of a dissenting meeting-house in Wood Street, Dublin. In this situation he continued till his death, which happened on the 4th of May 1761, when he had completed his sixty-fourth year. He published a volume of excellent discourses on the presumptive arguments in favour of the Christian religion, together with many occasional tracts; and after his death a number of his sermons were published, in three volumes 8vo.
DUCHENPARAH, a town of Cashmere, the capital of a district of the same name, situated at the foot of a ridge of high mountains which bound Cashmere on the side of Great Thibet. Long. 74. 58. E. Lat. 34. 51. N. The district is situated between the thirty-fourth and thirtyfifth degrees of north latitude.
DUCHOWTSCHINA, a circle in the Russian government of Smolensko, north-east from the city, well watered and cultivated. The capital, of the same name, is situated on two rivers, the Ehewistitza and the Zarrewitza, which here join. The inhabitants amount to 950 only.