pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
JUSTINIANI, St Laurence, the first patriarch of Venice, descended of a noble family, was born there in the year 1381. He died in 1485, leaving several religious works, which were printed together at Lyons in 1568, in one volume folio, with his life prefixed by his nephew. He was beatified by Clement VII. in 1524, and canonized by Alexander VIII. in 1690.

Justiniani, Augustin, bishop of Nebbio, one of the most learned men of his time, was descended from a branch of the same noble family with the preceding, and born at Genoa in 1480. He assisted at the fifth council of Lateran, where he opposed some articles of the concordat between France and the court of Rome. Francis I. made him his almoner; and he was for five years rcgius professor of Hebrew at Paris. He returned to Genoa in 1522, where he discharged all the duties of a good prelate; whilst learning and piety flourished in his diocese. He perished at sea in his passage from Genoa to Nebbio, in 1536. He composed several pieces, the most considerable of which is Psalterium Hebroewm, Gr cecum, Arabicum, et Chaldaicum, cum tribus Latinis interpretationibus et glossis. This was the first psalter of the kind printed. There is also ascribed to this prelate a translation of Maimonides’s More Nevochim.
JUSTINUS, a Latin historian, whose name appears in some manuscripts as Μ. Junianus Justinus, and in others, Justinus Frontinus. We are unable to fix with precision the period during which he flourished, though some have placed him in the reign of Antoninus, A. d. 160, from the name of that emperor being found in the dedication according to some manuscripts, though it is doubted whether this dedication be genuine. Of his private history we know nothing. Justin abridged the history of Trcgus Pompeius, who wrote in the reign of Augustus. Its title runs thus: Historiarum Philippicarum, et totius mundi originum et terree situs ex Trogo Pompeio excerptarum, libri xliv aNinoad Cessarem Augustum. The first six books may be considered as an introduction to the history of Macedonia, which is found in books vii. viii. ix. xi.—xvii. xxiv.—xxvi. xxviii.—xxx∙ xxxiii. Justin tells ns that he omitted every thing which he considered as either unnecessary or likely to be displeasing to the reader, and in this way he has passed over all the geograpical information of Trogus. He is particularly deficient in chronological arrangement, though his style is in general simple and correct. The Prologi which are [7:12:657]found attached to each book were not written by Justin, but by some old grammarian. Editio princeps, Venet. 1470, per Jenson, and Rome, 1470, 1471. It has often been published along with Florus: Mediol. 1476; ed. Bongar - sius, Par. 1581; ed. Lemaire, Par. 1823; e recen. Gron. et cum var. not. ed. Frotscher, Lips. 1827, 3 vols.
JUSTNESS, the exactness or regularity of any thing. Justness is chiefly used in speaking of thought, language, and sentiments. The justness of a thought consists in a certain precision or accuracy, by which every part of it is perfectly true, and pertinent to the subject. Justness of language consists in using proper and well-chosen terms; in not saying either too much or too little.
JUTERBOCK, a city of the circle of that name, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, on the river Elbe, containing 569 houses, and 3394 inhabitants, employed in making cloth, leather, shoes, and linen goods.
JUTLAND, a large peninsula, which makes the principal part of the kingdom of Denmark. See Denmark.
JUVENCUS, Caius Vecticus Aquilinus, one of the first of the Christian poets, was born of an illustrious family in Spain. About the year 320 he put the life of Jesus Christ into Latin verse, of which he composed four books. In this work he followed closely the text of the evangelists; but his verses are written in bad taste and in worse Latin.
JUVENTAS, in Mythology, the goddess who presided over youth amongst the Romans. This goddess was long honoured in the capitol, where Servius Tullius erected a statue to her. Near the chapel of Minerva there was the altar of Juventas, and upon this altar a picture of Proserpine. The Greeks called the goddess of youth Hebe; but it has been generally supposed that this was not the same with the Roman Juventas.
JUXON, Dr William, archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Chichester in 1582. He was educated at Merchant Tailors’ School, and thence elected into, St John’s College, Oxford, of which he became president. King Charles I. made him bishop of London, and in 1635 promoted him to the office of lord high treasurer of England. The whole nation, and especially the nobility, were greatly offended at this high office being given to a clergyman; but he behaved so well in the administration, that be soon put a stop to all the clamour raised against him. This place he held no longer than the 17th of May 1641, when he prudently resigned the staff, to avoid the storm which then threatened the court and the clergy. In the following February an act passed, depriving the bishops of their votes in parliament, and incapacitating them from exercising any temporal jurisdiction. In these leading steps, as well as in the total abolition of the episcopal order which followed, he was involved with his brethren; but neither as a bishop nor as a treasurer was a single accusation brought against him in the long parliament. During the civil wars he resided at his palace at Fulham, where his meek, inoffensive, and affable manners, notwithstanding his remaining steady in his loyalty to the king, procured him the visits of the principal persons of the opposite party, and respect from all. In 1648 he attended his majesty at the treaty in the Isle of Wight; and, by his particular desire, waited upon him at Cotton House, Westminster, the day after the commencement of his trial, during which he frequently visited him in the office of a spiritual father; and his majesty declared he was the greatest comfort to him in that afflicting situation. He likewise attended his majesty on the scaffold, where the king, taking off his cloak and george, gave him the latter. After the execution, Bishop Juxon took care of the body, which he accompanied to the royal chapel at Windsor, and stood ready, with the common-prayer book in his hands, to perform the last ceremony for the king; but he was prevented by Colonel Whichcot, governor of the castle. He continued in the quiet possession of Fulham Palace till the ensuing year, 1649, when he was deprived, having been spared longer than any of his brethren. He then retired to his own estate in Gloucestershire, where he lived in privacy till the restoration, when he was presented to the see of Canterbury; and, during the little time he enjoyed it, expended, in buildings and reparations at Lambeth Palace and Croydon House, near L. 15,000. He died in 1663, having bequeathed L.7000 to St John’s College, and to other charitable uses near L.5000. He published a sermon on Luke, xviii. 31, and Some Considerations upon the Act of Uniformity.
K.

K the tenth letter, and seventh consonant, of our alphabet, being formed by a guttural expression of the breath through the mouth, together with a depression of the lower jaw, and an opening of the teeth. Its sound is much the same with that of the hard c, or qu, and it is used for the most part only before e, ?, and n, in the beginning of words, as ken, kill, know, and the like. It used formerly to be always joined with c at the end of words, but is at present very properly omitted, at least in words derived from the Latin. Thus, for publick, musick, we now say public, music, and so on. However, in monosyllables it is still retained, as jack, block, mock, and the like.

K was borrowed from the, Greek kappa, and was but little used amongst the Latins. Priscian looked on it as a superfluous letter, and says that it was never to be used except in words borrowed from the Greek. Dausquius, after Sallust, observes that it was unknown to the ancient Romans. Indeed we seldom find it in any Latin authors, excepting in the word kalendae, where it sometimes stands instead of c. Carthage, however, is frequently spelt on medals with a K, salvis aug. et caes. fel. kart.; and sometimes the letter K alone stood for Carthage. Μ. Berger has observed, that a capital K, on the reverse of the medals of the emperors of Constantinople, signified Konstantinus ; and that on the Greek medals it signified ΚΟΙΛΗ SYPIA, Coele-Syria. Quintilian tells us, that in his time, some people had a mistaken notion, that wherever the letters c and a occurred at the beginning of a word, k ought to be used instead of the c. Lipsius observes, that K was a stigma anciently marked on the foreheads of criminals with a red-hot iron.

The letter K has various significations in old charters and diplomas; for instance, KR. stood for chorus ; KR. C. for cara civitas ; KRM. for carmen·, KR. AM. N. ĩm carus amicus noster; KS. chaos; KT. capite tonsus, &c. The French never use the letter k excepting in a few terms of art and proper names borrowed from other languages. Ablancourt, in his dialogue of the letters, introduces K as complaining that he has been often in a fair way of being banished from the French alphabet, and confined to the countries of the north.

K is also a numeral letter, signifying 250, according to the verse,

K quoque ducentos et quinquaginta tenebit.

When it had a stroke above it, κ, this letter stood for 250,000. K on the French coinage denotes money coined at Bordeaux.
KAARTA, one of the many kingdoms into which the western part of Africa is divided, and of which little or nothing is known, excepting that it is of considerable extent, but, from the arenaceous nature of the soil, very scanty in all vegetable productions, with the exception of the lotus. The capital is called Kemmoo; but the king has, besides, two strong fortresses, Joko and Gedingooma, to which he can flee for security when his dominions are invaded by the forces of the neighbouring states. Kasson, formerly an independent country, is now incorporated with Kaarta. It is about fifty miles from north to south, and nearly the same from east to west; but, though small, it is well peopled, and is a beautiful and fertile country. Kasson is likewise considered as rich in gold, silver, and coffee. The capital is called Kooniakary. The commerce of the states in this quarter consists in exchanging gold, ivory, and slaves, for European goods.
KABANIA, a fortress of Asiatic Russia, being part of the line formed for the defence of the government of Tobolsk. There are seventy-five houses without the fort. It is 270 miles south of Tobolsk.
KABANOUA, or Kabanouska, a fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tomsk, for protecting the frontier against the Kirghises. It is eighty-six miles south of Tomsk.
KABARDA, a territory of Asia, in the Russian government of Caucasus, inhabited by the principal of those nations known under the name of Circassians. The Terek, along the southern bank of which it extends, separates it from the Russian government of Caucasus. It is divided into the Great and Little Kabarda, the frontier of which reaches from the shore of the Caspian to the river Malka, whilst the latter extends thence to the environs of the city of Mosdok. They are both subject to Russia, but they are governed internally by their own princes.
KABOUR, a river of Asia, in the pashalik of Bagdad, which rises near Merdin, and pursues a southerly course, until it receives the Mygdonius, when it enters the Euphrates at Kerkesia, the ancient Circessium.
KABRONANG, an island in the Eastern Seas, about eighteen miles in circumference. It is in a high state of cultivation, and may be seen about eighteen leagues off", being distinguished by a high-peaked hill about the middle. It is separated from Salibabo island, which lies to the north-west, by a strait about four miles wide. Long. 126. 35. E. Lat. 3. 50. N.
KACHTAN, or Cachtan, a small district of Yemen, in Arabia, situated in a mountainous district, about six days’ journey north-north-east from Saade.
KADESH, Kadesh-barnea, or En-mishpat, in Ancient Geography, a city celebrated for several remarkable events. At Kadesh, Miriam the sister of Moses died; and here it was that Moses and Aaron, showing a distrust in God’s power, when they smote the rock at the waters of strife, were condemned to die without the consolation of entering the promised land. The king of Kadesh was one of the princes killed by Joshua. This city was given to the tribe of Judah, and was situated about eight leagues to the south of Hebron.
KADIRGUNGE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, and district of Furruckabad, surrounded by a mud wall. It is situated near the south-west bank of the Ganges, and forty-three miles north-north-west from Furruckabad. Long. 79. 2. E. Lat. 27. 50. N.
KADMONAEI, or Cadmonaeĩ, in Ancient Geography, a people of Palestine, said to have dwelt at the foot of Mount Hermon, which lies to the eastward, and is the reason of the appellation, with respect to Libanus, Phoenicia, and the northern parts of Palestine. They were also called Hevoei.
KADOM, a city of European Russia, in the province of Tambow. It is situated in a woody district, mostly inhabited by Tartars. The population amounts to 5100 persons.
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Much wax and honey is collected in the neighbourhood. It is 230 miles east-south-east from Moscow.
KAFFA, a city of the Russian empire, in Europe, in the Crimea. It was formerly the capital of that peninsula, and the residence of the khan; and, from the end of the thirteenth till the middle of the fifteenth century, it maintained, by its flourishing trade, which was chiefly with Genoa, a population of 100,000. It was taken by the Turks in 1474, since which time its trade has vastly declined. It was taken by the Russians in 1770, and given back again to the khan in 1774. But it was, with the whole of the Crimea, given up to Russia in 1783, which cession was confirmed by the treaty of 1792, concluded at Jassy, between Turkey and Russia. It stands on a bay of the Black Sea, on the side of a hill. It was declared a free port by the Russians in 1798. It is the seat of the provincial government, has some trade in the products of the soil of the peninsula, and contains 5000 inhabitants. There is a Greek theatre, a botanic garden, and a museum of antiquities, established in the neighbourhood. It is sometimes called by the Russians Feodosia.
KAFFILAR KOOK, a village of Persia, surrounded by a range of high mountains of the same name, on the road from Sultania to Sennah, and seventy miles north-northeast of the latter place.
KAHLORE, a Sikh town of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, situated on the banks of the Sutlege, above Macowall, and near the mountains through which that river enters Hindustan. There is also a town of this name situated at a short distance north-east from the city of Lahore.
KAIBALLS, a people of Asiatic Russia, who reside near the source of the Yenesei. They appear to be an intermixture of the Samoyeds with the Tartar race.
KAINS Γ, the Hottentot name of a species of antelope, denominated by the Dutch, on account of its agility, klip-springer. It is of a yellowish-gray colour, and of the size of a kid of a year old.
KAINSKE, a small fortified town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Tomsk, situated on a small river of the same name. It is placed as a defence to the Tartars of the steppe of Barabinsk, against the incursions of the Kalmucks and Kirghises.
KAIR, a large fortified town of Hindustan, in the province of Aurungabad, situated on the south bank of the Godavery.
KAIRWAN, a city of Africa, in the province of Tunis, the first seat of Saracenic empire in Barbary, and still ranking second only to Tunis in trade and population. It is a walled town, situated in a barren sandy plain, and dependent for its supply of water upon a capacious reservoir, filled by the rains, and a pond which becomes nearly dry in summer, when it exhales a noxious effluvium. The situation is undoubtedly ill chosen, yet it appears to occupy an ancient site, and it derives importance from its situation. Shaw,inhis Travels, gives the following account of it. “We have at Kairwan several fragments of ancient architecture; and the great mosque, which is accounted to be the most magnificent, as well as the most sacred, in Barbary, is supported by an almost incredible number of pillars. The inhabitants told me (for a Christian is not permitted in Barbary to enter the mosques) that there are no fewer than five hundred. Yet among the great variety of columns, and other ancient materials, that were employed in this large and beautiful structure, I could not be informed of one single inscription.” The name which it bears seems to be the same with caravan, and might therefore originally designate the place where the Arabs had their principal station in subduing this portion of Africa. It was founded by Hucba or Akbar, in the fiftieth year of the hejira, “under the modest title,” says Gibbon, “of the station of a caravan.” The population is said to amount to above 50,000. Long. 9. 57. E. Lat. 35. 36. N.
KAISERSLAUTERN, a city of Bavaria, the capital of the district of the same name, in the province of the Rhine. The district extends over 706 square miles, and contains 98,400 inhabitants. It is in a mountainous country, filled with mines, and a great part covered with woods. The city is situated on the river Lauter, and is surrounded with walls, containing three churches, 380 houses, and 2810 inhabitants. There are manufactories of cotton goods and hosiery, and several blast-furnaces. It is remarkable for three battles fought there· between the Prussians and the French, one in 1793, the other two in 1794. Long. 7. 4L E. Lat. 49. 26. N.
KAKETI, the most easterly and mountainous province of Georgia, in Asia, the surface of which is covered with the ruins of fortresses, villages, and towns, owing to the numerous wars, both foreign and domestic, to which it has been exposed. It is now subject to the dominion of Russia, having been formerly governed by its own princes. Some degree of order has been restored under the rigorous rule of Russia, and both commerce and population are extending.
KAKKABBAN, an island in the Eastern Seas, and one of the cluster called Maratuba, forty miles from the east coast of Borneo. Long. 116. 40. E. Lat. 2. 8. N.
KAKORH, a large town of Hindustan, in the province of Ajmeer, situated at the southern extremity of a range of hills.
KAKREZE, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, which consists of eighty-four villages, belonging to several Hindu chiefs. Its principal towns are Therah and Oon, at the latter of which the district commences. Kakreze is fifteen miles to the, north of Rahdunpoor.
KALAMATA, a town of Greece, in the Morea, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands at the mouth of the river Pirnascha, on the Gulf of Koron, and contains 2500 inhabitants, partly employed in the fishery, and in cultivating olives.
KALASIN, a city of the province of Twer, in Russia, the capital of a circle of its own name, which contains one city, 650 villages, and 64,210 inhabitants. The city stands at the mouth of the Chabna, where that river falls into the Volga. It contains 640 houses, and 3820 inhabitants. Long. 38. 38. E. Lat. 57. 20. N.
KALATIGAS, a small river of the island of Java, near its eastern extremity. It is the termination of the fine military road made by order of General Daendels, the French governor, and which extends in length from Batavia 684 miles.
KALATOA Isle, an island in the Eastern Seas, about thirty miles in circumference, surrounded by a cluster of other islands or rocks, on which the English ship the Ocean was lost in 1797. Long. 122. 15. E. Lat. 7. 18. S.
KALBE, a city, the chief place of a circle of the same name, in the province of Saxony, in Prussia, and situated on the river Saale. It is celebrated for its manufactures of friezes, flannels, and hosiery. It is fortified, and contains 781 houses, with 4427 inhabitants. Long. 11. 39. 1. E. Lat. 51. 54. 52. N.
KALDER Dag, a lofty range of mountains in Asia Minor, extending eastward from 0sium Kara Hissar to beyond Ak Shehr.
KALENDAR, a distribution of time, accommodated to the uses of life. See Calendar. Kalendar, Kalendarium, originally denoted, amongst the Romans, a book containing an account of monies at interest, which became due upon the kalends of January, the usual time when the Roman usurers let out their money.

Kalendar Months, the solar months, as they stand in the kalendar, beginning with January.

Astronomical Kalendar, an instrument engraved upon copper-plates, printed on paper, and pasted on board, with a brass slider which carries a hair, and shows by inspection the sun’s meridian altitude, right ascension, declination, rising, setting, amplitude, &c. to a greater exactness than our common globes will show.

Kalendar Brothers, a sort of devout fraternities, composed of ecclesiastics as well as laymen, whose chief business it was to procure masses to be said, and alms distributed, for the souls of such members as were deceased. They were also denominated kalend-brothers, because they usually met upon the kalends of each month, though in some places only once a quarter.
KALENDARIUM Fesγum. The Christians retained much of the ceremony and wantonness of the kalends of January, which for many ages was held as a festival, and celebrated by the clergy with great indecency, under the names of festum halendarum, or hypodiaconorum, or stultorum, that is, “the feast of fools sometimes also libertas decembrica. The people met masked in the church, and in a ludicrous way proceeded to the election of a mock pope or bishop, who exercised a jurisdiction over them suitable to the festivity of the occasion. Fathers, councils, and popes, long laboured in vain to restrain this license, which prevailed even at the close of the fifteenth century.
KALHAT, a sea-port of Arabia, in the province of Ammon, situated at the mouth of a river which falls into the Persian Gulf. It is eighty miles south-east of Muscat.
KALISCH, a city of Poland, the capital of the circle of that name. It is situated between the branches of the river Prosna, in a marshy situation. It contains ten churches, one of which, formerly the Jesuits’, is now used by Lutherans. There is a college for military students, in an university which belonged to the Jesuits. It contains 7310 inhabitants, of whom 1800 are Jews. There are manufactories of cloth, hats, and linen goods, and a large annual fair. Long. 18. 55. E. Lat. 51. 51. N.
KALKAS, a race of Mongols, who inhabit an extensive tract of country to the north of China, bordering on Siberia. Their princes and pontiffs dwelt a few years ago in a. camp, which is now converted into a city. Only the temples and abodes of the priests, and that of the Chinese viceroy, are built of wood. The rest of the nation dwell in tents.
KALKOON, or Turkey islands, a cluster of small islands in the Eastern Seas, surrounded by dangerous and extensive shoals. Long. 115. 45. E. Lat. 6. 15. S.
KALUBBLUB, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the south-western coast of Mindanao. Long. 121. 32. E. Lat. 6. 4G. N.