pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BURSA, a large walled city of Asiatic Turkey, in the province of Natolia, about six miles in circuit, including the suburbs. It is situated on eminences on each side of a height, and is surmounted by a castle, which is about a mile in circumference, and which antiquaries conjecture to be the ancient Prusa. The city is said to contain 300 mosques and churches, the tombs of several sultans, together with chapels of marble and jasper. The population consists of Turks, Greeks, Armenians, and Jews. The two latter, however, do not amount to more than 600 and 800 families. The Greeks dwell in a suburb west of the castle, and divided from it by a deep channel, planted with mulberry trees, and crossed by several bridges, one of them ninety paces long and sixteen broad, and occupied on each side by shops. The Greeks have three churches in this suburb, and their metropolitan. The Armenians inhabit a suburb to the east of the former, where they have a church and an archbishop. The town is resorted to for its mineral springs, which are reckoned salutary in various disorders. At the west end of the town a spring of cold and another of hot water rise in the same apartment; and in another bath called the New Spring, which is the largest and most beautiful of the whole, two hot streams issue from a copious fountain, and run through the middle of the room. There are various manufactures in the town, and an extensive trade. Satins in great variety, and chiefly striped, are made here, for the short under garments of the Turkish habit; and there are besides manufactures of silk stuffs and gauze, while quantities of raw silk are exported by the caravans to Aleppo, Smyrna, and Constantinople. Bursa is a very ancient city, and is generally supposed to have been built by Prusius, king of Bithynia, about five or six centuries before the Christian era. After experiencing many revolutions, it was captured by an Arab prince in the year 957, but was soon retaken and held by the Greeks. In 1356 it was conquered by the Turks under Othman IΓ., and remained the capital of the Turkish empire until the conquest of Constantinople in 1452 by Mahommed II., when the seat of government was transferred to that city. The population is computed at 60,000. It is 75 miles south-southwest of Constantinople. Long. 29. 12. E. Lat. 40. 11. N.
BURSAR, or Burser (JBτιrsarius'), is used, in the middle-age writers, for a treasurer or cash-keeper. In this sense we meet with bursars of colleges. Conventual bursars were officers in monasteries, who were bound to deliver an account yearly on the day after Michaelmas. The word is formed from the Latin bursa, whence the English word purse; and hence also the officer, who in a college is called bursar, in a ship is called purser. Bursars, or Bursors (Bursariι), also denote those to whom stipends are paid out of a burse or fund appointed for that purpose.
BURSARIA, the bursary, or exchequer of collegiate and conventual bodies; or the place of receiving, paying, and accounting, by the bursarii or bursars.
BURSE, in matters of commerce, denotes a public edifice in certain cities, for the meeting of merchants to negociate bills, and confer on other matters relating to money and trade. In this sense burse amounts to the same with what we otherwise call an exchange. The first place of this kind to which the name Burse was given was at Bruges. From this city the name was afterwards transferred to the like places in others, as in Antwerp, Amsterdam, Bergen in Norway, and London. This last, anciently known by the name of the common burse of merchants, had the denomination of the royal exchange given it by Queen Elizabeth. In the times of the Romans there were public places for the meeting of merchants in most of the trading cities in the empire: that built at Rome in the 259th year after its foundation, under the consulate of Appius Claudius and Publius Servilius, was denominated the college of merchants ; some remains of it are still to be seen, and are known by the modern Romans under the name loggia. The Hans Towns, after the example of the Romans, gave the name of colleges to their burses.
BURSLEM, a market-town of the hundred of Pirehill, in the county of Stafford, 151 miles from London, on an elevated spot near the Trent and Mersey Canal, about one mile from an underground tunnel 1880 yards in length. It is one of the most important towns in the potteries, in a thickly-peopled neighbourhood, where the chief employment is making the various kinds of earthenware. It has good markets on Mondays and Saturdays. The number of inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 6578, in 1811 to 8625, in 1821 to 9699, and in 1831 to 11,250.
BURY, a market-town of the hundred of Salford, in the county of Lancaster, 194 miles from London, on the river Irwell. It is celebrated for its extensive printing grounds, which have been the foundation of the large fortune of

Sir Robert Peel. Some other branches of the cotton trade arc carried on here. The market is held on Thursday, and well supplied. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 7072, in 1811 to 8762, in 1821 to 10,583, and in 1831 to 15,086.

Bury St Edmunds, a market and borough town of the hundred of Thingoe, in the county of Suffolk, 71 miles from London. The river Bourn or Dark, which runs through the town, is navigable to Lynn. The ancient abbey is a magnificent pile of ruins. It is a clean, well-built, and well-paved town, with a handsome guild-hall, theatre, and other public buildings. The assizes for the county are held here. The markets are held on Wednesday and Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 7655, in 1811 to 7986, in 1821 to 9999, and in 1831 to 11,436.
BURYING. See Burial. Burying Alive was the punishment of a vestal who had violated her vow of virginity. The unhappy priestess was let down into a deep pit, with bread, water, milk, oil, a lamp burning, and a bed to lie on. But this was only for show; for the moment she was let down, they began to cast in the earth upon her till the pit was filled up. Some middle-age writers seem to make burying alive the punishment of a female thief.

Burying Place. The ancients buried out of cities and towns; a usage which we find equally among Jews, Greeks, and Romans. Amongst the last, burying within the walls was expressly prohibited by a law of the twelve tables. The usual places of interment were in the suburbs and fields, but especially by the way sides. We have instances, however, of persons buried in the city; but it was a favour allowed only to a few of singular merit in the commonwealth. Plutarch says, those who had triumphed were indulged in it. Be this as it will, Vai. Publicola, and C. Fabricius, are said to have had tombs in the forum; and Cicero adds Tubertus to the number. Lycurgus allowed his Lacedemonians to bury their dead within the city and round their temples, that the youth, being inured to such spectacles, might be the less terrified with the apprehension of death. Two reasons are alleged why the ancients buried out of cities; the first, an opinion that the sight, touch, or even neighbourhood of a corpse, defiled a man, especially a priest; whence that rule in A. Gellius, that the flamen dialis might not on any account enter a place where there was a grave: the second, to prevent the air from being corrupted by the stench of putrified bodies, and the buildings from being endangered by the frequency of funeral fires.

Burying in churches was not allowed for the first three hundred years after Christ; and the same was severely prohibited by the Christian emperors for many ages afterwards. The first step towards it appears to have been the practice of erecting churches over the graves of some martyrs in the country, and translating the relics of others into churches in the city; the next was, allowing kings and emperors to be buried in the atrium or church-porch. In the sixth century, the people began to be admitted into the church-yards; and some princes, founders, and bishops, into the church. From that time the matter seems to have been left to the discretion of the bishop.
BUSBEC, Auger Gislen, Lord of, a person illustrious on account of his embassies, was born at Commines in the year 1522, and educated at the famous universities of Louvain, Paris, Venice, Bologna, and Padua. He was engaged in several important employments and negocia-tions, and in particular was twice sent ambassador by the king of the Romans to the emperor Soliman. He collected inscriptions, bought manuscripts, searched after rare plants» inquired into the nature of animals; and in his second journey to Constantinople carried with him a painter, that [7:5:747] he might be able to communicate to the curious the figures, at least, of the plants and animals that were not well known in the West. He wrote a Discourse of the State of the Ottoman Empire, and a Relation of his Two Journeys to Turkey, which are much esteemed. He died in 1592.
BUSBY, Dr Richard, son of a gentleman in Westminster, was born at Lutton in Lincolnshire in 1606. He passed through the classes in Westminster school as king’s scholar, and completed his studies at Christ-church, Oxford. In 1640 he was appointed master of Westminster school; and by his skill and diligence in the discharge of this important and laborious office for the space of fifty-five years, bred up the greatest number of eminent men, in church and state, that ever at one time adorned any age or nation. He was severe in his school; though he applauded wit in his scholars, even when it reflected on himself. He died in 1695, aged eighty-nine, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where there is a fine monument erected for him, with a Latin inscription. He composed several books for the use of his school.
BUSEO, a town in the eastern division of Wallachia, the seat of a Greek bishop, and the capital of the district of the same name, which comprehends one other town, and 218 villages. It has several churches, mostly of the Greek communion, 1500 houses, and 4900 inhabitants, who carry on considerable trade.
BUSH, Paul, the first bishop of Bristol, became a student in the university of Oxford about the year 1513, and in 1518 took the degree of bachelor of arts. He afterwards became a brother of the order called bonhommes; of which, after studying some time among the friars of St Austin, now Wadhain College, he was elected provincial. In that station he lived many years, till at length King Henry VIII. being informed of his great knowledge in divinity and physic, made him his chaplain, and in 1542 appointed him to the new episcopal see of Bristol; but Bush having, in the reign of Edward VI., taken a wife, he was on the accession of Alary deprived of his dignity, and spent the remainder of his life in a private station at Bristol, where he died in the year 1558, aged sixty-eight, and was buried on the north side of the choir of the cathedral. Wood says, that while he was a student at Oxford, he was numbered among the celebrated poets of that university; and Pitt gives him the character of a faithful Catholic, notwithstanding his want of chastity. He wrote, 1. An Exhortation to Margaret Burgess, wife to John Burgess, clothier, of King’s Wood, in the county of Wilts. London, printed in the reign of Edward VI. 8vo. 2. Notes on the Psalms. 3. Treatise in Praise of the Cross. 4. Answer to certain Queries concerning the abuse of the Mass, Records, No. 25. 5. Dialogues between Christ and the Virgin Mary. 6. Treatise of Slaves, and Curing Remedies. 7. A little treatise called the Extirpation of Ignorancy. 8. Carmina diversa.
BUSHEAB, an island in the Persian Gulf, about sixteen miles in length and five or six in breadth, separated from the mainland by a channel of considerable breadth, from which runs a long ridge of rocks. It is inhabited, and covered with date trees. The chief resides at the east end, and subsists partly by piratical adventures. Long. 53. 4. E. Lat. 27. 2. Nľ
BUSHEL. See Weights and Measures.
BUSHIRE, Abuschehr, a town of Persia, in the province of Fars, situated in the Persian Gulf. The surrounding country is a parched and barren desert, consisting of brown sand or grey clay and rock, unenlivened by any kind of vegetation. The town, which is of a triangular form, occupies the southern extremity of a peninsula eleven miles long and four broad, and is encircled on all sides except the south by water; but in high tides and storms it has sometimes been completely insulated. This, however, is not likely to happen again, as the water is fast receding from the town. It is fortified on the land side by a mud wall mounting twelve pieces of cannon. The streets are very narrow, and, like all the towns and villages in this country, it is but a mean place, being in fact little better than a collection of clay houses, surrounded by walls and towers of the same material. At a distance they can scarcely be discerned from the surface of the ground; they resemble any thing rather than the habitations of man; and they are enveloped in dirt and every species of discomfort. The heat here is intolerable, ranging in summer from 87° to 90°, and sometimes to 100°, 105°, and 106°; so that few even of the natives can endure it. To add to this evil, there is scarcely a drop of sweet water to be had within the walls. There are wells in the sandy peninsula on which the town is situated, which are dug to the depth of thirty fathoms, and from which sweet water is brought from a great distance. The EastIndia Company have a factory at this place, but the apartments are small, comfortless, and ill aired. A better house was at one time built, but the jealousy of the Persian government being awakened, an order was sent to raze it to the ground. A considerable exportation takes place of Persian commodities, such as carpets, wine ∙of Shiraz, rose-water, drugs, &c.; and the imports are Indian goods of different kinds, and English manufactures. Not more than eight ships under English colours frequent the port, and about six under those of Muscat, making an average of about 4500 tons of shipping. The outer roads, where ships exceeding 300 tons burden can alone anchor, are upwards of six miles from the town. The anchorage is tolerably good; but during the fury of the north-west winds ships are frequently obliged to cut their cables and bear up for Karak. The inner roads afford better shelter, but are also at some distance from the shore. The population is said by Morier to amount to 10,000; others state it at 5000. It is ten miles west-south-west of Shiraz. Long. 50. 43. E. Lat. 28. 59. N.
BUSIRIS, in Ancient Geography, a city of Lower Egypt, to the south of Leontopolis, on that branch of the Nile called Busiriticus. It is said to have been built by Busiris, who was noted for his cruelty, and was slain by Hercules.
BUSK, a city of the circle of Lemberg, in the Austrian province of Gallicia. It is situated on the river Bug, which runs from a beautiful lake here. The inhabitants are about 3150, and have four churches, three Greek and one Catholic, and manufactures of leather and of paper.
BUSKIN, a kind of shoe, somewhat in the form of a boot, and adapted to either foot, and worn by either sex. This part of dress, covering both the foot and mid-leg, was tied underneath the knee; it was very rich and fine, and principally used on the stage by actors in tragedy. It was of a quadrangular form; and the sole was so thick, that by means of it men of the ordinary stature might be raised to the pitch and elevation of the heroes they personated. The colour was generally purple on the stage; and herein it was distinguished from the sock worn in comedy, which was only a low common shoe. The buskin seems to have been worn not only by actors, but by girls, to increase their height; travellers and hunters also made use of it to defend themselves from the mire. In classic authors we frequently find the buskin used to signify tragedy itself; and it was also understood as signifying a lofty strain or elevated style.
BUSS, in maritime affairs, a small sea vessel, used in the herring fishery, commonly from forty-eight to sixty tons burden, and sometimes more. A buss has two small sheds or cabins, one at the prow and the other at the stern; and that at the prow serves for a kitchen.
BUSSOLENGO, a town of the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, in the delegation of Verona. It is situated on the river Etsch, and contains about 3000 inhabitants, chiefly employed in the manufacture of linen goods.
BUST, or Busro, in Sculpture, denotes the figure or portrait of a person in relievo, showing only the head, shoulders, and stomach, the arms being lopped off, and ordinarily placed on a pedestal or console.

In speaking of an antique, we say the head is marble, and the bust porphyry or bronze, that is, the stomach and shoulders. Felibien observes, that though in painting one may say r a figure appears in busto, yet it is not properly called a bust, that word being confined to things in relievo. The bust is the same with what the Latins called Herman from the Greek Hermes, Mercury, the image of that god being frequently represented in this manner amongst the Athenians.

Bust is also used, especially by the Italians, for the trunk of a human body, from the neck to the hips.
BUSTAR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Gundwana, the capital of an independent rajah, whose subjects are among the most barbarous of any people in Hindustan. Long. 82. 38. E. Lat. 19. 44. N.
BUSTARD. See Ornithology, Index. Bustard Bay, a bay on the east coast of New Holland, in which there is a channel leading to a large lagoon. There is space here for a few ships to lie in safety, but access to the lagoon is prevented by shallows. Around the sides of the bay are salt marshes and bogs, and mangroves grow in various places. The bay derived its name from one of Captain Cook’s officers having ’ shot a bustard here. Many other large birds frequent the shore, and great quantities of the hammer and pearl oysters are found under the mangroves. The country is but thinly inhabited, and the natives bear a resemblance to those in the other parts of New Holland. Long. 208. 18. W. Lat. 24. 4. S.
BUSTUARII, in Homan Antiquity, gladiators who fought about the bustum or funeral pile of a person of distinction, in order that the blood which was spilt might serve as a sacrifice to the infernal gods, and render them more propitious to the manes of the deceased. This custom was introduced in the room of the more inhuman one of sacrificing captives at the bustum, or on the tombs of warriors.
BUSTUM, in Antiquity, denotes a pyramid or pile of wood, whereon were anciently placed the bodies of the deceased, in order to be burnt.

The Romans borrowed the custom of burning their dead from the Greeks. The deceased, crowned with flowers, and dressed in his richest habits, was laid on the bustum. Some authors say it was only called bustum after the burn-inġ[7:5:750], quasi bene ustum vel combustum : before the burning it was more properly called pyra, during it rogus, and afterwards bustum. When the body was only burnt there, and buried elsewhere, the place was not properly called bustum, but ustrini, or ustrinum. Bustum, in the Campus Aiartius, was a structure whereon the Emperor Augustus first, and after him the bodies of his successors, were burnt. It was built of white stone, surrounded with an iron pallisade, and planted within with alder trees.

Bustum was also figuratively applied to denote any tomb; whence the phrases facere bustum, violare bustum, and the like.

Bustum of an Altar, was the hearth or place where the fire was kindled.
BUSVAGON, an island in the Eastern Seas, belonging to the Philippines, fifty miles in length by thirteen in average breadth, and situated in the 12th degree of north latitude.
BUTCHER, a person who slaughters cattle for the use of the table, or who cuts up and retails the same. Among the ancient Romans there were three kinds of established butchers, whose office it was to furnish the city with the necessary cattle, and to take care of preparing and vending their flesh. The suarii provided hogs; the pecuarii or boarii other cattle, especially oxen; and under these was a subordinate class, whose office it was to kill, called lanii and carnifices. ' Butcher-Bird. See Ornithology, Index.
BUTT is used for a measure of wine, containing two hogsheads, or 126 gallons, and is otherwise called/njoe. A hutt, of currants is from 1500 to 2200 pounds weight.
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Butts, or Butt-ends, in the sea language, are the fore ends of all planks under water, as they rise, and are joined one end to another. Butt-ends in large ships are most carefully bolted; for if any one of them were to spring or give way, the leak would be very dangerous and difficult to stop.

Butts, the place where archers meet, with their bows and arrows, to shoot at a mark, which is called shooting at the butts.
BUTTER, a fat, unctuous substance, prepared from milk by beating or churning. It was late ere the Greeks appear to have had any notion of butter; their poets make no mention of it, and yet speak frequently of milk and cheese. The Romans used butter as a medicine, never as food. According to Beckman, the invention of butter belongs neither to the Greeks nor to the Romans. The former, he thinks, derived their knowledge of butter from the Scythians, the Thracians, and Phrygians; and the latter from the people of Germany. The ancient Christians of Egypt burnt butter in their lamps instead of oil; and in the Roman churches it was anciently allowed, during Christmas time, to burn butter instead of oil, on account of the great consumption of the latter at that season.
BUTTERFLY. See Entomology, Index.
BUTTERIS, in the manege, an instrument of steel, fitted to a wooden handle, wherewith to pare the foot or cut off the hoof of a horse.
BUTTOCK of a Ship, is that part which forms her breadth right astern, from the tack upwards; and a ship is said to have a broad or a narrow buttock, according as she is built broad or narrow at the transom.
BUTTSTED, a city, the chief of the bailiwick of the same name, containing 11,200 inhabitants, in the duchy of Saxe-Weimar. It stands on the river Lossa, and contains 1921 inhabitants, engaged in woollen manufactures.