pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
AGONALIS Circus, now La Piazza Novona, a long, large, beautiful street in the heart of Rome, adorned with fountains, and the obelisk of Caracalla, still retaining the form of that circus. The reason of the name Agonalis is either unknown or doubtful. Ovid seems to derive it from the agones, or solemn games, there celebrated, supposed to have been the Ludi Apollinares, or Actiaci, instituted by Augustus; whence the circus was called Apollinaris; also Alexandrinus, from the emperor Alexander Severus, who either inclosed or repaired it.
AGONISMA, in Antiquity, denotes the prize given to the victor in any combat or dispute.
AGONISTARCHA, from aywy, combat, and a^γy>ς, chief, in Antiquity, seems to have been much the same with agonotheta ; though some suggest a difference, making it the office of the former to preside at and direct the private exercises of the athletae, which they went through by way of practice, before they made their appearance on the public theatres or amphitheatres.
AGONISTICI, in Church History, a name given by Donatus to such of his disciples as he sent to fairs, markets, and other public places, to propagate his doctrine; for which reason they were also called Circutores, Circelliones, Catropirae, Coropitae, and at Rome Monteuses. They were called Agonistici, from the Greek aywι>, combat, in regard they were sent as it were to fight and subdue the people to their opinions.
AGONIUM, in Roman Antiquity, was used for the day on which the rex sacrorum sacrificed a victim, as well as for the place where the games were celebrated, otherwise called agon.
AGONOTHETA, or Agonothetes, in Grecian Antiquity, was the president or supèriñtendent of the sacred games; who not only defrayed the expense attending them, but inspected the manners and discipline of the athletae, and adjudged the prizes to the victors.
AGONYCLITAE, or Agonyclites, in Church History, a sect of Christians, in the 7th century, who prayed always standing, as thinking it unlawful to l<neel.
AGORAEUS, in Heathen Antiquity, an appellation given to such deities as had statues in the market-places; particularly Mercury, whose statue was to be seen in almost every public place.
AGORANOMUS, in Grecian Antiquity, a magistrate of Athens, who had the regulation of weights and measures, the prices of provisions, &c.—The agoranomi, at Athens, were ten in number, five belonging to the city, and as many to the Piraeus; though others make them 15 in all, of whom they assign 10 to the city. To these a certain toll or tribute was paid by all who brought any thing to sell in the market.
AGORDO, a market town in the Austrian dominions, in Italy, with 1825 inhabitants. It is in the government of Venice, and in the delegation of Belluno, on the river Condevolo. In its vicinity are mines of copper, lead, sulphur, ( and vitriol, the preparation of which is the chief occupation of the people.
AGRAM, or Zagrab, a palatinate in the Austrian province of Croatia. Its extent is 768 square miles, or 491,520 English acres. The inhabitants in 1816 were 71,357, all of the Catholic religion. It is subdivided into two circles, that of Agram and of St John; the latter of which comprehends no town. In the whole palatinate there are one city, two market towns, and 279 villages. The country is undulating, but with a range of hills towards the Warasdin frontier. It is Watered by the Save and its tributary streams. The chief productions are corn, tobacco, wine, potashes, and cattle. It contains much wood and pasture land.

Agram, one of the circles into which the palatinate of the same name in Austrian Croatia is divided. It is likewise the name of the capital of the whole. The city of Agram, in long. 16. 10. 13. E. and lat. 45. 49. 2. N., contains 2000 houses and 17,266 inhabitants. It is the seat of a bishop, of the courts of justice, and of the several boards which direct the affairs of the province of Croatia. There is an academical institution with ten professors. It has no manufactures; but the Save being navigable to the city, most of the commerce of Croatia centres in it.
AGRAMONT, a Spanish town in the province of Catalonia, with 3000 inhabitants.
AGRARIAN Laws, among the Romans, those relating to the division and distribution of lands; of which there were a great number; but that called the Agrarian Law, by way of eminence, was published by Spurius Cassius, about the year of Rome 268, for dividing the conquered lands equally among all the citizens, and limiting the number of acres which each citizen might enjoy. For some learned and ingenious inquiries on this subject, see Niebuhr’s Roman History.
AGREDA, a Spanish town in the province of Soria, containing six parish churches, four monasteries, 3200 inhabitants, 11 tanneries, and 26 potteries. Not far from this place rises the mountain of Moncayo.
AGRIA, called by the Germans Eger, is a strong town in Upper Hungary, situated on a river of the same name, and has a citadel called Eriaw. It was besieged by the Turks in 1552, with 70,000 men; but they lost 8000 in one day, and were obliged to raise the siege, though the garrison consisted only of 2000 Hungarians, assisted by the women, who performed wonders on this occasion. However, it was afterwards taken by Mahomet III. in 1596, but was retaken by the emperor in 1687; since which time it has continued under the dominion of the house of Austria. It is 47 miles north-east of Buda, and 55 south-west of Cassovia. Long. 20. 10. E. Lat. 48. 10. N.
AGRIGAN, or Island of St Francis Xavier, one of the Ladrone or Marianne Islands. It is 50 miles in circumference, is very mountainous, and has a volcano in it; situated in long. 146. E. lat. 19. 4. N.
AGRIONTA, in Grecian Antiquity, festivals annually celebrated by the Boeotians in honour of Bacchus. At these festivals the women pretended to search after Bacchus as a fugitive, and, after some time, gave over their inquiry, saying that he had fled to the Muses, and was concealed among them.
AGRIOPHAGI, in Antiquity, a name given to those who fed on wild beasts. The word is Greek, being compounded of ayg/o¢, wild, savage, and φαχω, I eat. The name is given, by ancient writers, to certain people, real or fabulous, said to have fed altogether on lions or panthers. Pliny and Solinus speak of Agriophagi in Ethiopia, and Ptolemy of others in India on this side the Ganges.
AGRIPPINA, daughter of Germanicus, sister of Caligula, and mother of Nero; a woman of wit, but excessively lewd. She was thrice married, the last time to Claudius, her own uncle, whom she poisoned to make way for Nero, her son. Nero afterwards caused her to be murdered in her chamber, when she bid the executioner stab her first in the belly, that had brought forth such a monster.

Agrippina Colonia Ubiorum, in Ancient Geography, now Cologne; so called from Agrippina, the daughter of Germanicus and mother of Nero, who had a colony sent thither at her request by the emperor Claudius, to honour the place of her birth. See Cologne.
AGRIPPINIANS, in Church History, the followers of Agrippinus, bishop of Carthage in the third century, who first introduced and defended the practice of re-baptisa-tion.
AGROM, a disease frequent in the East Indies, in which the tongue is parched, chaps, and is sometimes covered with white spots. The Indians attribute this disease to extreme heat of the stomach.
AGROSTOGRAPHIA signifies the history or description of grasses.
AGROUND, the situation of a ship whose bottom, or any part of it, hangs or rests upon the ground, so as to render her immovable till a greater quantity of water floats her off, or till she is drawn out into the stream by the application of mechanical powers.
AGRYPNIA, among Physicians, implies an inaptitude to sleep; a troublesome symptom of feverish and other disorders.

Agrypnia, in the Greek Church, implies the vigil of any of the greater festivals.
AGUADA, a Spanish river in Salamanca. It rises in the Sierra de Xalama, and empties itself, near San Martino, into the Duero. It is 83 miles in length.
AGUAS-BELLAS, a town of Portugal, where a free mart is held, in the district of Thomar, and province of Estremadura.
AGUDA, a river in the province of Burgos, in Spain, which discharges its water into the Ebro.
AGUE, a general name for all periodical fevers, which, according to the different times of the returns of the feverish paroxysm, are denominated tertian, quartan, and quotidian.

Ague- Cake, the popular name for a hard tumour on the left side of the belly, lower than the false ribs, said to be the effect of intermittent fevers.
AGUILAR, a town in the arrondissement of Campena, and province of Cordova, in Spain. It is situated on the river Cabra, has 1600 inhabitants, and produces abundance of oil.

Aguilar, a town of Spain, in the province of Navarre, about 24 miles west from Estella.

AGUiLΑR del Campo, a town of Old Castile, with the title of marquisate, about 15 leagues north of the city of Burgos.
AGUILLANEUF, or Augillaneuf, a form of rejoicing used among the ancient Franks on the first day of the year. The word is compounded of the French A, to, gui, misletoe, and lan neuf, the new year. Its origin is traced from a druid ceremony: the priests used to go yearly in December, which with them was reputed a sacred month, to gather misletoe of the oak, in great solemnity. The prophets marched in the front, singing hymns in honour of their deities; after them came a herald with a caduceus in his hand; these were followed by three druids abreast, bearing the things necessary for sacrifice; last of all came the chief or arch druid, accompanied with the train of people. The chief druid, climbing the oak, cut off the misletoe with a golden sickle, and the other druids received it in a white cloth. On the first day of the year it was distributed among the people, after having blessed and consecrated it by crying A gui Γαη neuf, to proclaim the new year.
AGUILLON, or Aguillonius, Francis, a Jesuit, born at Brussels. He was rector of the Jesuits college at Antwerp, and eminent for his skill in mathematics. He was the first who introduced that science among the Jesuits in the Low Countries. He wrote a book of Optics, and was employed in finishing his Catoptrics and Dioptrics when he died in 1617.
AGUIRRA, Joseph Saenz de, a Benedictine, and one of the most learned men of the 17th century, was born March 24, 1630. He was censor and secretary of the supreme council of the inquisition in Spain, and interpreter of the Scriptures in the university of Salamanca. He printed three volumes in folio upon Philosophy, a commentary upon Aristotle’s ten books of Ethics, and other pieces. He died at Rome in 1699.
AGUR. The xxxth chapter of the Proverbs begins with this title,—“The words of Agur, the son of Jakeb which, according to the signification of the original terms, may be translated, as the Vulgate has it, Verba congre- ∣ gantis, filii vomentis; which translation Le Clerc condemns, supposing these to be proper names which ought not to be translated. These words are rendered by Louis de Dieu, “the words of him who has recollected himselζ the son of obedience.” The generality of the fathersand commentators will have it that Solomon describes himself under the name of Agur the son of Jakch; others conjecture that Agur, as well as Lemuel (in chap. xxxi. 1), were wise men who lived in the timo of Solomon, and were his interlocutors in the book of Proverbs; an opinion which F. Calmet thinks is without the least show of probability, this book being nothing like a dialogue. This last expositor thinks it probable that Agur was an inspired author different from Solomon, whose sentences it was thought fit to join with those of this prince, because of the conformity of their matter.
AGURAH, in Jewish Antiquity, the name of a silver coin, otherwise called gerah and keshita.
AGUSADURA, in ancient customs, a fee due from vassals to their lord for the sharpening of their ploughing tackle. Anciently the tenants in some manors were not allowed to have their rural implements sharpened by any but whom the lord appointed, for which an acknowledgement was to be paid, called agusadura, in some places agusage ; which some take to be the same with what was otherwise called reillage, from the ancient French rαlk, a ploughshare.
AGYEI, in Antiquity, a kind of obelisks, sacred to Apol- ’ lo, erected in the vestibules of houses, by way of security.
AGYNIANI, in Church History, a sect who condemned all use of flesh, and marriage, as not instituted by God, but introduced at the instigation of the devil. The word is compounded of the privative α, and γυνη, woman. They are sometimes also called Agynensis, and Agymi; and are said to have appeared about the year 694. It is no wonder they were of no long continuance. Their tenets coincide in a great measure with those of the Abelians, Gnostics, Cerdonians, and other preachers of chastity and abstinence.
AGYRTAE, in Antiquity, a kind of strolling impostors, running about the country to pick up money, by telling fortunes at rich men’s doors; pretending to cure diseases by charms, sacrifices, and other religious mysteries; also to expiate the crimes of their deceased ancestors, by virtue of certain odours and fumigations; to torment their enemies, by the use of magical verses, and the like. The word is Greek, Αγvξraι, formed of the verb aγυοu, I congregate ; alluding to the practice of charlatans or quacks, who gather a crowd about them.

Agyrtae, among the Greeks, amount to the same with Aeruscatores among the Latins, and differ not much from gypsies among us.
AHASUERUS, or Artaxerxes, the husband of Esther, and, according to Archbishop Usher and F. Calmet, the Scripture name for Darius, the son of Hystaspes, king of Persia; though Scaliger supposed Xerxes to have been the husband of Esther, or the Ahasuerus of Scripture: and Dr Prideaux believes him to be Artaxerxes Longimanus. See History of Persia.
AHAUS, a circle in the department of Munster, and Prussian province of Westphalia, formed out of the old lordships of Bocholt and Horstmar. It is 301 square miles, or 192,640 acres, in extent, comprehending three cities, six market towns, and 58 parishes, with 33,470 inhabitants. The soil is moderately fertile, and yields moderate crops of corn, buck-wheat, and flax. It is watered by the Aa, the Berkel, the Bechta, the Dinkel, and several smaller streams. The most valuable products are cattle, and especially sheep. There is some little spinning and weaving of linen; but the higher wages paid in Holland induce the labourers to go to that country, in the seasons of hay and corn harvest, to save the means of subsistence for the winter.—The chief city of the circle, of the same name, is the residence of the count, now mediatized; and contains, besides his castle, 300 houses, and 1103 inhabitants. Long. 7. 4. 34. E. Lat. 52. 4. 38. N.
AHAZ, king of Judah, the son of Jotham, remarkable for his vices and impieties. One of his sons he consecrated, by making him pass through and perish by the fire, in honour of the false god Moloch; and he offered sacrifices and incense upon the high places, upon hills, and in groves. Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, king of Israel, invaded Judah in the beginning of the reign of Ahaz; and having defeated his army and pillaged the country, they laid siege to Jerusalem. When they found that they could not make themselves masters of that city, they divided their army, plundered the country, and made the inhabitants prisoners of war. Rezin and his part of the confederate army marched with all their spoil to Damascus; but Pekah, with his division of the army, having attacked Ahaz, killed 120,000 men of his army in one battle, and carried away men, women, and children, [7:2:362]without distinction, to the number of 200,000. But as they were carrying those captives to Samaria, the prophet Oded, with the principal inhabitants of the city, came out to meet them, and by their remonstrances prevailed with them to set their prisoners at liberty. At the same time the Philistines and Edomites invaded other parts of his land, killed multitudes of the people, and carried off much booty. In this distressed condition, Ahaz, finding no other remedy for his affairs, sent ambassadors to Tiglath-pileser, king of the Assyrians; and to engage him to his interest, he stripped the temple and city of all the gold which he could meet with, and sent it as a present. Accordingly Tiglath-pileser marched to the assistance of Ahaz, attacked Rezin, and killed him, took his capital Damascus, destroyed it, and removed the inhabitants thereof to Cyrene.

The misfortunes of this prince had no influence to make him better; on the contrary, in the times of his greatest affliction, he sacrificed to the Syrian deities, whom he looked upon as the authors of his calamities, and endeavoured to render propitious to him, by honouring them in this manner. He broke in pieces the vessels of the house of God, shut up the gates of the temple, and erected altars in all parts of Jerusalem. He set up altars likewise in all the cities of Judah, with a design to offer incense on them. At length he died, and was buried in Jerusalem, but not in the sepulchres of the kings of Judah his predecessors; which honour he was deprived of on account of his iniquitous course of life. Hezekiah his son succeeded him in the year of the world 3287, before Jesus Christ 726.
AHAZIAH, the son and successor of Ahab, king of Israel, reigned two years, part alone, and part with his father Ahab, who ordained him associate in the kingdom a year before his death. Ahaziah imitated his father’s impieties (1 Kings xxii. 52, seq. ), and paid his adoration to Baal and Astarte, the worship of whom had been introduced into Israel by Jezebel, his mother. The Moabites, who had been always obedient to the kings of the ten tribes ever since their separation from the kingdom of Judah, revolted after the death of Ahab, and refused to pay the ordinary tribute. Ahaziah had not leisure or power to reduce them (2 Kings i. 1, 2, &c.); for about the same time, having fallen through a lattice from the top of his house, he hurt himself considerably, and sent messengers to Ekron, in order to consult Baalzebub, the god of that place, whether he should recover of the indisposition occasioned by this .accident. But the prophet Elijah went to Ahaziah, and declared that he should not recover from his illness; and accordingly he died in the year of the world 3108, and Jehoram his brother succeeded to the crown.

Ahaziah, king of Judah, the son of Jehoram and Athaliah, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Judah, in the year of the world 3119. He walked in the ways of Ahab’s house, to which he was allied. He reigned only one year. He was slain by Jehu the son of Nimshi.
AHEAD, a sea-term, signifying farther onward than the ship, or at any distance before her, lying immediately On that point of the compass to which her stem is directed. It is used in opposition to astern, which expresses the situation of any object behind the ship.
AHUAH, the prophet of Shiloh. He is thought to be the person who spoke twice to Solomon from God; once while he was building the temple (1 Kings vi. 11), at which time he promised him his protection; and at another time (id. xi. 6) after his falling into all his irregularities, when God expressed his indignation with great threatenings and reproaches. Ahyah was one of those who wrote the annals or history of this prince (2Chr.ix.29).

The same prophet declared to Jeroboam that he would usurp the kingdom (1 Kings xi. 29, &c.), and that two heifers should alienate him from the Lord, meaning the golden calves erected by Jeroboam, one at Dan, the other at Bethel. About the end of Jeroboam’s reign, towards the year of the world 3046, Abijah, the son of that prince, fell sick; upon which Jeroboam sent his wife to this prophet to inquire what would become of the child. The queen therefore went to Ahijah’s house in Shiloh, disguised; but the prophet, upon hearing the sound of her feet, said, “Come in, thou wife of Jeroboam, why feignest thou thyself to be another? for I am sent to tlice with heavy tidings.” Then he commanded her to go and tell Jeroboam all the evil that the Lord had declared he would bring upon his house for his impieties; that so soon as she should enter into the city her son Abijah should die, and should be the only one of Jeroboam’s house that should come to the grave or receive the honours of a burial. Ahijah in all probability did. not long survive the time of this last prophecy; but with the time and manner of his death we are not acquainted.
AHJOLI, a city on the bay of Borgas, in the Black Sea, surrounded with many wind-mills, and of commercial consequence from the copious springs, from which salt is made. It is in the Turkish province of Silistria, a part of ancient Bulgaria.
AHITHOPHEL, a native of Gillo, was for some time the counsellor of King David, whom he at length deserted by joining in the rebellion of Absalom. This prince, upon his being preferred to the crown by the greater part of the Israelites, sent for Ahithophel from Gillo (2 Sam. xv. 12) to assist him with his advice in the present state of his affairs; for at that time AhithopheΓs counsels werc received as the oracles of God himself (chap. xvi. ult. y ). Nothing gave David more uneasiness than this event; and when Hushai his friend came to wait on him and attend him in his flight, he entreated him to return rather to Jerusalem, make a show of offering his services to Absalom, and endeavour to frustrate the prudent measures which should be proposed by Ahithophel. When Absalom was come to Jerusalem, he desired Ahithophel to deliberate with his other counsellors upon the measures which were proper for him to take. Ahithophel advised him, in the first place, to abuse his father’s concubines; so that when his party should understand that he had dishonoured his father in this manner, they might conclude that there were no hopes of a réconciliation, and therefore espouse his interest more resolutely. A tent, therefore, being prepared for this purpose upon the terrace of the king’s palace, Absalom, in the sight of all Israel, lay with his father’s concubines. The next thing Ahithophel proposed was in the terms following: “Let me now choose out 12,000 men, and I will arise and pursue after David this night; and I will come upon him while he is weary and weak-handed, and will make him afraid; and ali the people that are with him shall flee, and I will smite the king only; and I will bring back all the people unto thee: the man whom thou seekest is as if all returned; so all the people shall be in peace.” This advice was very agreeable to Absalom and all the elders of Israel. However, Absalom desired Hushai to be called to have his opinion. Hushai being come, and hearing what advice Ahithophel had given, said, “The counsel which Ahithophel has given is not good at this time; what, for the present, in my opinion, may do better, is this: “Let all Israel be gathered unto thee, from Dan even to Beersheba, as the sand that is by the sea for multitude, and put thyself in the midst of them; and wherever David is, we will fall upon him, and overwhelm him with our numbers, as the dew falleth upon the ground.” The last advice, [7:2:363]being more agreeable to Absalom and all the elders of Israel, was preferred; upon which Ahithophel saddled his ass, went to his house at Gillo, hanged himself, and was buried in the sepulchre of his fathers. He foresaw, without doubt, all that would happen in consequence of Hushai’s advice, and was determined to prevent the death which lie had deserved, and which David would probably have inflicted on him as soon as he should be resettled on his throne.
AHOLIBAH and Anolah are two feigned names made use of by Ezekiel (xxiii. 4) to denote the two kingdoms of Judah and Samaria. Aholah and Aholibah are represented as two sisters of Egyptian extraction. Aholah stands for Samaria, and Aholibah for Jerusalem. The first signifies a tent ; and the second, my tent is in her. They both prostituted themselves to the Egyptians and Assyrians, in imitating their abominations and idolatries; for which reason they were abandoned to those very people for whom they had shown so passionate and so impure an affection. They were carried into captivity, and reduced to the severest servitude.