pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
MANDOW, a city and capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Malwah, situated among the Vindhaya Mountains, between the twenty-second and twenty-third degrees of north latitude. The city was formerly the capital of an Afghan dynasty, the princes of which were the sovereigns of Malwah during a part of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It is described as having been of prodigious extent, that is, about twenty-two miles in circumference, with its suburbs and gardens. ‘The fortress is situated on the summit of a mountain, and formerly contained many handsome monuments and mosques. A minaret eight stories in height was particularly noted. In 1615, when it was visited by Sir Thomas Roe, it had greatly decayed from its former grandeur. The works are much dilapidated, and the town is in ruins. It is forty-seven miles south-south-west from Oojain. The district is bounded by the Nerbuddah on the south, which is the principal and only river; the face of the country being generally mountainous, with intervening valleys of great fertility. Its chief towns are Munda, Bajulpoor, and Dectan.
MANDOWEE, a city of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, possessed by the chiefs of the Sikhs, and situated on the east side of the Beyah River, 140 miles northeast from Lahore. Long. 75. 48. E. Lat. 32.54. N. Also a town in the province of Gujerat and district of Broach, on the river Tuptee, twenty-five miles east from Surat. Long. 73. 25. E. Lat. 21. 13. N.
MANEGE, the exercise of riding the great horse, or the ground set apart for that purpose, which is sometimes covered for continuing the exercise in bad weather, and sometimes open in order to give more liberty and freedom both to the horseman and horse. The word is borrowed from the French manège, and that from the Italian maneggio, or, as some think, a manu agendo, acting with the hand.
MANES, a poetical term, signifying the shades or souls of the deceased.

Dii Manes were the same with the inferi, or infernal gods, who tormented men; and to these the heathens offered sacrifices to assuage their indignation. The heathen mythology is a little obscure respecting these gods’ manes. Some hold that they were the souls of the dead; others that they were the genii of men, an opinion which suits best with the etymology of the word.
MANETHO, or Manethos, an ancient Egyptian historian, who pretended to have derived all his materials from the sacred inscriptions upon the pillars of Hermes Trismegistus. He was high priest of Heliopolis in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, at whose request he wrote his history in Greek, beginning with the gods of Egypt, and continuing it down to the time of Darius Codomannus, who was conquered by Alexander the Great. His history of Egypt is a celebrated work, and is often quoted by Josephus and other ancient authors. Julius Africanus also inserted an abridgment of it in his Chronology. The work of the Egyptian high priest is however lost; and of it there only remain some fragments extracted from Julius Africanus, which are to be found in the Chronica of Eusebius. These remains, however, have latterly acquired great interest, from the attempts which have been made to decipher the hieroglyphical inscriptions, and thereby to rectify, as far as possible, the history and chronology of Egypt. But it seems very doubtful whether any effort of modern ingenuity, even though aided by the interpretation of Egyptian monuments, will ever succeed in reconciling with probability the account of the Egyptian dynastics given by this author.
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MANFREDONIA, a city and sea-port of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Capitanata, situated on the bay of the same name in the Adriatic. The harbour is protected by a mole, but is fit only for small vessels. It is the seat of an archbishop, whose cathedral is near the city, upon the site of the ancient Sipontum. The city is well built, with broad streets and good houses, and contains 5169 inhabitants, who cultivate and export both corn and wine.
MANGALORE, a sea-port town and fortress of Hindustan, situated on the eastern shore of the Indian Ocean, in the province of Canara. It is large and well built, and is situated on a salt-water lake, which is separated from the sea by a beach of sand, but which communicates with a river. At high water and in fine weather ships drawing less than ten feet can enter it; and there is good anchorage off the mouth of the river in from five to seven fathoms water. The inhabitants are chiefly Mapillas or Moplas (Mahommedans), said to be descended from a colony of Arabians who settled in this place before the time of Mahommed, some of whom adopted the Nair custom of leaving their inheritance to their sister’s children. In the reign of Hyder, the principal were Moplays and Concanies; but since the British have acquired the government, and established peace and good order, men of property have resorted to the place from Surat, Cutch, Bombay, and other places to the north, and its trade and wealth have in consequence increased. The exports consist principally of rice, which is sent to Muscat in Arabia, to Goa, Bombay, and Malabar. The other articles of export are betel-nut, black pepper, sandal wood, cassia, and turmeric; in exchange for which, sugar, salt, and piece-goods, consisting of blue cotton cloth from Surat, Cutch, and Madras, and white cotton cloth from Cutch, Bownagur, and other places to the north of Bombay, are imported. Mangalore was at an early period a great mart of trade, and was resorted to for this purpose by the Arabians. Fl ere the Portuguese had also a factory, which was destroyed by the Arabians. In 1763 the town was taken by Hyder Ali, then the Mysore general; in 1768 it was captured by a detachment from Bombay, but was shortly afterwards retaken by Hyder. In 1783, Mangalore again surrendered to a force from Bombay; and, after the destruction of General Mathews’ army, sustained a long siege from Tippoo, and was gallantly defended by Colonel Campbell. Upon the conclusion of the peace in 1784 it was restored, and the fortifications were dismantled. In 1799 it was finally taken possession of by the British, and is now the station of the judge and collector, &c. of South Canara. The travelling distance from Seringapatam is 162 miles, from Madras 440 miles. Long. 75. E. Lat. 12. 49. N.
MANGAPET, a large village of Hindustan, in the nizam’s territories, in the province of Hyderabad, situated near to the south-west bank of the Godavery. Long. 81. 5. E. Lat. 18. 14. N.
MANGEART, Dom Thomas, a Benedictine of the congregation of St Vanne and St Hidulphe, whose knowledge was an ornament to his order, and gained him the titles of antiquarian, librarian, and counsellor to Charles duke of Lorraine. He was preparing a very considerable work when he died, in the year 1763, before he had put the last hand to his book, which was published by Abbé Jacquin. This production appeared in 1763, under the title of Introduction a la Science des Médailles, pour servir à la Cοnnoissance des Dieux, de la Religion, des Sciences, des Arts, et de tout ce qui appartient a l’ Histoire ancienne, avec les preuves tirées des Médailles. But the elementary treatises on numismatical science were not sufficiently extensive, and the particular dissertations were by far too tedious and prolix. This learned Benedictine has collected into a single volume all the principles contained in the former, and all the ideas of any consequence which are to be found scattered throughout the latter. His work may serve as a supplement to Montfaucon’s Antiquity Explained. From Mangeart we likewise have a volume of Sermons, and a treatise on Purgatory, published at Nancy, 1739, in two vols. 12mo∙
MANGEE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, situated at the confluence of the Gogra with the Ganges. Long. 84. 35. E. Lat. 25. 50. N.
MANGEEA, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Cook, the natives of which resembled the Otaheitans in the beauty of their persons. Long. 201. 53. E. Lat. 21. 57. S.
MANGEEDARA, a district in the most eastern quarter of Borneo, extending towards the Sooloo archipelago, in a long narrow point. This peninsula, which is named Unsang, terminates eastward in a bluff point. On the northeast is a small island named Tambeesan, which forms a harbour capable of admitting ships of a considerable size. This district produces edible bird-nests, lackawood, dammer, and gold.
MANGERAY, Straits of. The straits which separate the island of Flores or Ende from that of Comodo, in general possess a depth of water exceeding thirty fathoms, though they are full of islands and small rocks. There are many good harbours and bays on the Flores side, where vessels may anchor.
MANGHELLY, a town in the Afghan territories, in the district of Puckholi. Long. 72. E. Lat. 33. 32. N.
ΜANIAGO, a town of Italy, the capital of a district in the Austrian delegation of Friuli. It stands at the foot of the mountains, and contains 3715 inhabitants.
MANICA, a district of Mocaranga, in Eastern Africa, celebrated as the country chiefly affording the gold for which this part of Africa is famous. It is mountainous, but fertile, and abounds in honey, wax, senna, dye-stuffs, and the like. A Portuguese expedition penetrated thither in 1569. They found the mines by no means equal to the reputation which they enjoyed, but consisting chiefly of gold dust in small quantities, imbedded in sand and earth, from which considerable labour was required to extract it. Manica is twenty days’journey from Sena, the nearest Portuguese settlement; and the communication is partly carried on through native tribes, who must be propitiated by presents. A small fort is maintained in this district.
MANICORDON, or Maniciiord, a musical instrument in the form of a spinet; the strings of which, like those of the clarichord, were covered with little pieces of cloth, to deaden as well as to soften their sound, whence it is also called the dumb spinet.
MANICPOOR, a district of Hindustan, in the nabob of Oude’s territories, and in the province of Allahabad, situated about the twenty-sixth degree of north latitude. The soil is here fertile, and the country tolerably supplied with water. It produces cotton, tobacco, sugar, and all the grains of India. The principal towns are Manicpoor, Dalmow, and Russoolpoor. The capital of the above-mentioned district is pleasantly situated on the north-east bank of the Ganges. Long. 81. 25. E. Lat. 25. 47. N.
MANIFESTO, a public declaration made by a prince in writing, showing his intentions in undertaking a war or other enterprise, with the motives which induce him thereto, and the reasons upon which he founds his rights and pretensions.
MANIFOLD Cape, on the east coast of New Holland, is formed of several rocky heads and intermediate beaches. An island which lies off is in long. 150. 50. E. and lat. 22. 42. S.
MANILIUS, Marcus, a Latin poet, who flourished towards the end of the reign of Augustus, but respecting whose private history we are entirely ignorant. Even the place of his birth is unknown. Vossius imagines that he is the same as Manilius Antiochus, who was brought as a slave to Rome along with his cousin Publius Syrus (See Publius Syrus). Others have supposed him to be the same as Manlius the mathematician, who erected at Rome, in the Campus Martius, a gnomon of seventy feet in height, by order of Augustus. (Montucla, Hist, des Mathématiques, i. p. 485.) He is the author of a poem entitled Astronomico, in five books, the last of which seems to be imperfect, as we nowhere find the observations which the author had3promis- ed to make on the setting of stars. He was of the sect of the Stoics, as we gather from the introduction to the sixth book, as well as from several other passages. The poem of Manilius professes to be on astronomy, but it is rather a treatise on astrology, a subject which was beginning to be much studied at this time in Rome. The style is full of energy, and worthy of the age of Augustus. Éditio Princeps, Nuremberg, 1473, per Regiomontamim; Venetiis, apud Aldum, 1499; cum notis Bentleii, Londini, 1739; C. interpr. Gall, et not. eel. Pingré, Paris, 1786.
MANIPA, one of the smaller Molucea Isles, about twelve miles in length by six in breadth, and five or six leagues west from the island of Ceram. It is well cultivated and inhabited. Long. 127. 51. E. Lat. 3. 21. N.
MANIPULUS, Manipule, amongst the Romans, was a small body of infantry, which in the time of Romulus consisted of one hundred men, and in the time of the consuls, and first Caesars, of two hundred. See the article Army. Manipulus is also an ecclesiastical ornament, worn by the priests, deaeons, and subdeacons in the Roman Catholic church.

Manipulus, amongst physicians, is used to signify a handful of herbs or leaves, or as much as a man can grasp in his hand at once; a quantity which is frequently denoted by the abbreviature Μ, or m.
MANKIAM Isle, a small island in the Eastern Seas, about thirty miles in circumference, off the west coast of Gilolo. Long. 127. 30. E. Lat. 0. 20. N.
MANNA, a Scripture term, signifying a miraculous kind of food which fell from heaven for the support of the Israelites in their passage through the wilderness.

The critics are divided respecting the original of the word manna. Some think that man is put instead of the Hebrew word mah, which signifies What is this? and that the Hebrews, when they first observed the new food which God had sent them, cried to one another, R1∏1Q, man-hu, instead of mah-liu, What is this? Others contend that the Hebrews knew before what manna was; and that, seeing it in great abundance about their camp, they said one to another, Man-hu, This is manna. Salmasius and some other moderns are of the latter opinion. They imagine that the manna which God sent the Israelites was nothing but the fat and thick dew which still falls in Arabia, which being instantly condensed, served as food to the people; that this is the same thing as the wild honey (mentioned in Matth, iii. 4), with which John the Baptist was fed; and that the miracle of Moses did not consist in the production of any new substance, but in the exact and uniform manner in which the manna was dispensed by Providence for the maintenance of such a great multitude. On the contrary, the Hebrews and orientals believe that the fall of the manna was wholly miraculous. The Arabians call it the “sngar-plums of the Almighty ;” and the Jews are so very jealous of this miracle, that they denounce a curse against all who presume to deny the interposition of a miraculous power. According to our translation, and some others, Moses is betrayed into a contradiction in relating this story of the manna. In rendering it, they say, “And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, It is manna; for they wist not what it was” (Exodus, xvi. 15); whereas the Septuagint, and several authors both ancient and modern, have translated the text according to the original, “The Israelites seeing it, said one to another, What is this? for they knew not what it was.” We must here observe, that the word by which they asked, What is this? was in their language man, [7:14:235]‘which likewise signifies meat ready provided; and therefore it was always afterwards called man or manna.
MANNEDORF, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Zurich, standing on the eastern side of the lake of that name, in a beautiful situation. It contains 2360 inhabitants, who prosper by agriculture, and by considerable manufactures of silk and cotton goods; and the place is celebrated for the abundance and excellence of the fruit grown in it.
MANNHEIM, a city in the grand duchy of Baden, in the circle of the Neckar. It stands at the influx of that river into the Rhine, and has a bridge of boats over the latter river, the joint property of the states of Bavaria and Baden. It was formerly fortified, but the walls and ditches have, since 1796, been converted into pleasing promenades. It is well and regularly built, the streets crossing each other at right angles; and it is better paved than most of the continental towns. Being a second capital of the duchy, it has a fine palace, fronting to the Rhine, 750 feet in length, with a corps de logis of elegance, and a pavilion of five stories. Within this building is a splendid collection of antique and modern statuary, of casts in plaster of Paris, of copperplates, drawings, autographs, and a part of the ducal library, still amounting to 70,000 volumes. The building next to tire palace in magnificence is the college formerly belonging to the Jesuits, now occupied by secular priests. There are several public edifices, churches, hospitals, the council-house, the mint, the exchange, and others, which attest the former magnificence rather than the present prosperity of the city. In 1816, it contained 1526 dwelling-houses, and about 18,000 civil with 2500 military inhabitants; but they are said to have decreased since that period. There are various manufactures, such as are to be found in a capital, chiefly of articles of luxury. Gold and silver ware, jewellery, engravers, musical-instrument makers, and booksellers, are the most prominent. This city has some shipping trade on the Rhine, and has several large fairs, but its commerce is inconsiderable. It is in long. 8. 27. 34. E. and lat. 49. 29. N.
MANNINGTREE, a town of Essex, in the parish of Mistley and hundred of Tendring. It stands in a beautiful situation upon the south bank of the river Stour, which is navigable to it. It is sixty-one miles from London, and has a good market, which is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1016, in 1811 to 1075, in 1821 to 1265, and in 1831 to 1237.
MANOMETER, or Manoscope, an instrument to show or measure the alterations in the rarity or density of the air. The manometer differs from the barometer in this, that the latter only serves to measure the weight of the atmosphere, or of the column of air over it; whereas the former serves to measure the density of the air in which it is found, and this density depends not only on the weight of the atmosphere, but also on the action of heat and cold, and other circumstances.
MANOR, Maneri um (a manendo, because it was the usual residence of the owner), seems to have been a district of ground held by lords or great personages, who kept in their own hands as much land as was necessary for the use of their families; and this was called terra dominicalis, or demesne land, being occupied by the lord, as dominus mane-rii, and his servants. The other, called tenemental lands, they distributed amongst their tenants; and these, from the different modes of tenure, were distinguished by two different names. The first kind was booh-land, or charter-land, which was held by deed under certain rents and free services, and in effect differed nothing from free soccage lands; and hence arose most of the freehold tenants who hold of particular manors, and owe suit and service to the same. The second species was called folk-land, which was held by no assurance in writing, but distributed amongst the common folk or people, at the pleasure of the lord, and resumed at his discretion, being indeed land held in villenage.
MANOWLY, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, and province of Bejapoor, twenty-two miles north-east from the fortress of Darwar. It was taken by General Wellesley in 1799. Long. 75.10. E. Lat. 15.58. N.
MANRESA, a city of Spain, in the province of Catalonia. It is built on the banks of the river Llobregat, near its confluence with the Cardonero. Its inhabitants are enriched by extensive manufactures of silk goods; and near it are several mills for making gunpowder, which is produced in great quantities. It was in this city that Ignatius Loyola resided, and projected the establishment of the celebrated order of the Jesuits. It contains 8900 inhabitants.
MANS, Le, an arrondissement of the department of the Sarthe, in France, extending over 845 square miles, and divided into ten cantons and 128 communes, with 140,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Sarthe. It is one of the few cities of France which have increased considerably since the commencement of the revolution. The new part is well built, and there is a fine old Gothic cathedral. It contains 3230 houses, and 18,550 inhabitants, mostly employed in manufactures. It is remarkable for the wax candles made there; for thin woollen goods, especially buntings,* serges, and druggets; for coarse hempen cloth for packing; for lace, paper, hosiery, and blankets. Long. 0. 3. 16. W. Lat. 48. 9. 35. N.
MANSAROWAR, or Mansahror, a lake situated on the northern side of the Himalaya Mountains, which divide Hindustan from Thibet and Tartary. It is considered by the Hindus as the most sacred of all the various places of pilgrimage, and they evince their zeal by the hardships and dangers which they endure in reaching it. It is also held in great veneration by the Tartars, who carry a portion of the ashes of their friends from a very great distance to be thrown into it. It is situated on an elevated plain covered with long grass; and to the north is a conical hill dedicated to Mahadeva, and described as forming an irregular oval, approaching to a circle. It is eleven miles in breadth from north to south, and fifteen miles in length. It occupies the pilgrims five days to go round the lake, which, from its form, appears as if it had been the crater of a volcano. From this lake, according to the notions of the Hindus, flow four venerated rivers, namely, the Brahmapootra, the Ganges, the Indus, and the Sita. For a long period this lake was supposed to he the source of the Ganges, but recent surveys have corrected this mistake. Mr Moorcroft, who visited this lake in 1812, is of opinion that it has no considerable outlet. The water is clear and well tasted, and is supposed to be deepest in August and September, when it is replenished by the melting of the mountain snows. In the adjoining country are found wild horses, the yak of Tartary, and goats, which produce shawl wool. It is supposed to be situated about the 81st degree of east longitude, and the 31st degree of north latitude.
MANSE, Mansus, Mansa, or Mansum, in ancient law-books, denotes a house, or habitation, either with or without land. The word is formed a manendo, abiding, as being the place of dwelling or residence. Mansus presbyteri, is a parsonage or vicarage house for the incumbent to reside in. This was originally, and still remains, an essential part of the endowment of a parish church, together with the glebe and the tithes. It is sometimes called presbyterium.
MANSFIELD, a market-town of the county of Nottingham and hundred of Broxton, 139 miles from London. It stands on the border of the forest of Sherwood, on which formerly stood a hunting seat of the ancient kings. It was till lately a place merely for making hosiery, but of late considerable factories have been established for manu-factring[7:14:236] cotton goods. It i s a pleasant town, and has a well-supplied market, which is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 5988, in 1811 to 6816, in 1821 to 7861, and in 1831 to 9426.
MANSIR, a village of Hindustan, in the Sikh territories, and province of Lahore, situated on the margin of a beautiful sheet of water. Long. 74. 20. E. Lat. 32. 50. N.
MANSLAUGHTER, the unlawful killing of another, without malice either express or implied.
MANSOURIA, a small town of the pachalik of Bagdad, situated on the Euphrates, about twenty miles above its junction with the Tigris.