pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LADEN, in nautical language, the state of a ship when she is charged with a weight or quantity of any sort of merchandise, or other materials, equal to her tonnage or burden. If the cargo with which she is laden be extremely heavy, her burden is determined by the weight of the goods; if it be light, she carries as much as she can stow, that she may be fit for the purposes of navigation. As a ton in measure is generally estimated at 2000 lbs. in weight, a vessel of two hundred tons ought accordingly to carry a weight equal to 400,000 lbs. when the matter of which the cargo is composed is specifically heavier than the water in which she floats; or, in other words, when the cargo is so heavy that she cannot float high enough with so great a quantity of it as her hold will contain.

Laden in Bulk, the state of being freighted with a cargo which is neither in casks, boxes, bales, nor cases, but lies loose in the hold, being defended from the moisture or wet of the hold by a number of mats and a quantity of dunage. Such are usually the cargoes of corn, salt, or such materials.
LADERNOJE-POLE, a circle in the Russian province of Olonez, extending over 660 square miles. It is so woody, marshy, and cold, that a small part only of it is capable of cultivation, and it contains not more than 23,500 inhabitants. The capital is the town of the same name situated on the river Swir. Near to it, Peter the Great formed his establishment for building his fleets. It is now a small place, with few and poor inhabitants. Long. 34. 23. E. Lat. 60. 45. N. It is about 170 miles from St Petersburg.
LADIK, or Ladikich, a town of Asia Minor, which occupies the site of the ancient Laodicea. The only vestiges that remain of this ancient place are fragments of marble columns, and a few capitals and pedestals of pillars, which the Turks have converted into tomb-stones. The modern town is built of mud, and contains 400 or 500 inhabitants. It is thirty miles west of Konieh.
LADISLAUS, the names of several kings of Poland. See Poland.
LADOGA, a lake in Russia, situated between the gulfs of Onega and Finland, measuring 150 miles by ninety, and considered as the largest in Europe. Peter the Great cut a canal sixty-seven miles in length from the south-western extremity of the lake, thus opening a communication between it and the Gulf of Finland.
LADOS Isles, a group of high, rugged, small islands, running in ridges from the mountains to the sea, with beautiful intervening valleys. They are situated off the north-west coast of the Malay peninsula. Long. 99. 40. E. Lat. 6. 5. N.
LADRONES, or Mariana Islands, a cluster of small islands in the North Pacific Ocean, off the southern extremity of China, and stretching 450 miles from north to south. These islands are fourteen, or, according to others, sixteen in number; namely, Guam or St John, the largest, Zarpane or Rota, Aguignan or St Ann, Tinian, Saypan or St Joseph, Anatachan or St Joachim, Sarigan or St Charles, Guguam or St Philip, Amalagan or Conception Isle, Pagon or St Ignatius, Agrigan or St Xavier, Assonsong or Assumption Island, and Urac, a desert isle. With the adjacent islands, the Ladrones are so near to the continent that they appear like disjointed fragments from the mainland. The islands to the eastward of the great Ladrone are high and uneven, and the depth of water amongst them is about twenty fathoms. Those to the westward are of a more even surface, and appear like a continued land, and the water amongst them is shoaler. These islands have a very barren and unpromising aspect, having scattered patches of verdure in particular spots, but their general appearance being little better than naked rocks, with scarcely a tree or shrub visible. These islands have been celebrated by the author of Anson’s Voyage, as little short of a terrestrial paradise. It was in 1742 that Anson’s wearied crew landed on them, wasted with sickness and a long sea-voyage, and naturally delighted with the appearance of land in any form; and these islands were, besides, at that time in a state of cultivation. Having since been neglected, they are now overrun with the rank vegetations of a tropical climate; and when the island was visited by subsequent navigators, amongst others by Byron, it was found to be an uninhabitable wilderness, overgrown with impenetrable thickets. The reason of this change was, that, owing to the oppressive policy of the Spaniards, by whom these islands had been conquered, the inhabitants, some time previous to Anson’s visit, had been removed to another island, and had left behind them, in the improved state of the country, proofs of their industry and civilization. Cotton and indigo trees abound, and generally all the productions of the tropical climates. Wild hogs are abundant, and of a very large size. The inhabitants are tall in their persons, and very active and robust; they are rude in their habits, and follow blindly the ignorant superstition of their priests, who instruct them in the belief of a malignant spirit, whom they appease by certain ceremonies. Long, of the Great Ladrone, 113. 44. E. Lat. 21. 52. N.
LADY, a title derived from two Saxon words, signifying loaf-dαy, words which have in time been contracted into the present appellation. It properly belongs only to the daughters of earls, and all of higher rank; but custom has made it a word of complaisance for the wives of all gentlemen. As to the original application of this expression, it may be observed, that in former times it was the fashion for opulent families to live constantly at their mansion-houses in the country, where once a week, or oftener, the lady of the manor distributed to her poor neighbours, with her own hands, a certain quantity of bread.

Lady-Duij, in Law, the 25th of March, being the annunciation of the Holy Virgin.
LAERNE, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of East Flanders, and arrondissement of Oudenarde, containing 530 houses, and 3300 inhabitants.
LAELIUS Sapiens, C., was the son of C. Laelius Nepos, and distinguished by his love of philosophy in an age when war still continued to be regarded as the only employment worthy of a Roman. He was the pupil of Diogenes the stoic, and afterwards of Panaetius. (Cic. Fin. ii. 8.) He was the intimate friend and companion of Scipio Africanus the younger, and attended him in his expedition into Africa when he took Carthage, b. c. 146. (Appian. Pun. 126.) He was then employed as praetor in Lusitania, where he obtained considerable advantages over Viriathus. (Cic. Off. ii. 11.) He was elected consul along with Servilius Caepio (b. c. 140); but notwithstanding the able manner in which he discharged the du [7:13:11]ties of the office, he did not succeed in being re-elected, a circumstance which Cicero laments in most feeling language. (Tusc. V. 19.) Laelius spent much of his time in the country, devoting himself partly to rural occupations, and partly to study. The mildness of his disposition, and the equanimity of his temper, are noticed by Horace, when he speaks of mitis sapientia Loelü. (Sat. ii. 1.) He was the intimate friend of Pacuvius and Terence; and it is said that he and Scipio assisted the latter in the composition of some of his plays. It was no doubt his friendship with Scipio that induced Cicero to place the name of Laelius at the head of his beautiful essay on Friendship. The interlocutors are Laelius himselfi and his two sons-in law, C. Fannius and Q. Mucius Scaevola.
LAENA, in Antiquity, was a gown worn by the Roman augurs, and peculiar to their office. In this gown they covered their heads when they made their observation on the flight of birds, and other omens.
LAESTRYGONES, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same as the people of Leontium, and to have been neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh; and when Ulysses landed on their coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his companions. According to Homer’s description, they were of a gigantic stature. A colony of them is supposed to have passed over into Italy with Lamus at their head, where they built the town of Formiae; and hence the epithet of Laestrygonia is often used for that of Formiana.
LAEVIUS, a Latin poet, whose age is unknown, but who probably lived before the age of Cicero. A poem of his, entitled Erotopagnia, or Love-Games, is quoted by Aulus Gellius. Apuleius also quotes six lines from the same poet, but he does not state from what work he borrowed them. Laevius had also composed a poem entitled the Ccntaurs, which Festus quotes under the title of Petrarum.
LAGEMAN (Lagammannus) homo habens legem, or homo legalis seu legitimus, or, as we now say, “good men of the jury.” The word is frequently used in Domesday, and the laws of Edward the Confessor.
LAGEN (Lagena), in ancient time, was a measure of wine, containing six sextarii, and from which is probably derived our flagon. Sir Peter Leicester, in his Antiquities of Cheshire, interprets lagena vini to mean a bottle of wine.
LAGONEGRO, a city, the capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Basilicata, of the kingdom of Naples. It is situated in the valley of Sorgipiano, on the banks of the river of that name, in a fertile and beautiful spot, filled with villas. The population is 5150.
LAGOS, a city of Portugal, the capital of the province of Algarve. It is a seaport, in a bay of the same name, celebrated for the naval victory obtained in it by Admiral Rodney over the Spanish fleet commanded by Don Juan de Langara, in the American war. The vicinity of Lagos is very mountainous, and abounds with woods, which are converted into charcoal, with which fuel it supplies a great portion of the south of Spain and Portugal. It is fortified and well built, has two parish churches, three monasteries, two hospitals, one alms-house, 801 houses, and 4050 inhabitants. A small harbour, guarded by two forts, is good, and can contain a whole fleet. It trades in wine, oil, figs, and corn, and has sumptuous aqueducts.
LAHDACK, a mountainous district and independent Tartar kingdom in Northern Hindustan, situated to the north of the great Himalaya ridge of mountains, principally between the thirty-fourth and thirty-seventh degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the north and east by Thibet, on the w est by Cashmere, and on the south by the Nahry Sangkar province. These limits are not, however, precisely defined. This country imports from Thibet fine goats’ hair or shawl wool, which is re-exported to Cashmere, and there manufactured into shawls; and its exports consist chiefly of fruit. The inhabitants are supposed to be worshippers of the Delai Lama. This country, since the British conquests, has been extended to the Himalaya Mountains, and has been penetrated by British functionaries, amongst others by Mr Williams; and from his information, and the drawings which he exhibited, the inhabitants seemed to Bishop Heber to resemble the Kalmucks in dress, countenance, and religion. Their written character is, however, different from the Mongolian. They carry on a pretty regular intercourse with Russia; and it is singular that sheets of gilt leather, stamped with the imperial eagle, were amongst the presents which the king of Lahdack sent when he offered his allegiance to the British government. The capital is of the same name; it is the mart of all the trade that is carried on in the country, and is the rendezvous of the merchants who travel from Hindustan to Yarkand in Chinese Tartary, whence they proceed in a body the greater part of the way along the banks of the Indus. The position of this place is extremely uncertain. According to the best maps, it is placed in long. 78. 3. east, latitude 35.35. north, two hundred miles northeast from the city of Cashmere. These Tartars have showed themselves very friendly to the British; and their Khan, as is stated by Bishop Heber, sent a formal offer of his allegiance to the British government, which was declined. At a point above the town of Drans, in Little Thibet, the main stream of the Indus is met by a smaller river, which has been traced from Rodauk in Thibet, and flowing past Lahdack, the capital of Little Thibet, is then named the Lahdack River. Near to Lahdack it is joined by another stream from the north-west, which Lieutenant Macartney conjectures to issue from the Lake of Surikol. It was formerly thought that this river was one of the principal branches of the Ganges, but it is now ascertained to be a tributary of the Indus.
LAHIJAN, a town of Persia, in the province of Ghilan, once the metropolis of the province; but having revolted against Shah Abbas, it was taken and demolished [7:13:19] and has ceased to be of any importance. It is eight miles east of Reshd.
LAHR, a city of the duchy of Baden, in Germany, in the circle of Kinzig. It stands on the river Schutter, which runs to the Rhine, is surrounded with walls, and contains 600 houses, with 4660 inhabitants. It is a place of manufacturing industry, producing cotton and woollen goods, and various other commodities.
LAIBACH, or Laybach, one of the governments into which the Illyrian province of Austria is divided. It extends over 8394 square miles, and contains twenty-five cities, forty-two market-towns, and 5947 villages and hamlets, with 611,730 inhabitants. It is for the most part mountainous, except in the centre, where it is level and fertile. Its chief products are corn, fruit, wine, wood, iron, copper, and marble. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river from which that name is derived. It is well built, but antique, and contains a cathedral, with ten other catholic churches, two hospitals, 980houses, and about 10,000 inhabitants. Above the town, on a hill on which it is built, is a strong fortress, at present appropriated to the confinement of criminals. There is a collegiate establishment, with a rector and twenty-one professors, who superintend the instruction of students in theology, philosophy, law, and medicine, and confer degrees in each of these faculties. There are manufactures of silk, of ribbons, of china-ware, of leather, and of various chemical productions; and an extensive trade is carried on with Italy, with Bavaria, and with Croatia. Long. 14. 41. 10. E. Lat. 46. 1. 48. N,
L’AIGLE, a city of France, in the arrondissement of Mortagne, and department of the Orne, situated on the river Rille. It contains 844 houses, and 5850 inhabitants. There are several manufacturers of linen and cotton goods; but it is especially celebrated for its needles, pins, and other small articles of iron and steel.
LAIRESSE, Gerard, an eminent Flemish painter, born at Liege in 1640. He wrote an excellent book on the art, which was translated into English, and printed at London, both in 4to and 8vo.
LAIS, a celebrated courtezan, daughter of Timandra, born at Hycara in Sicily. It is said that she first began to sell her favours at Corinth for ten thousand drachmas. This gave rise to the proverb, Non cuivis homini contigit adire Corinthum. The success which her gallantries met with at Corinth encouraged her to pass into Thessaly, and more particularly to enjoy the company of a favourite youth called Hippostratus. She was, however, disappointed. The women of the place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated her in the temple of Venus, about 340 years before the Christian era. Some suppose that there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daughter.
LAITY, the people as distinguished from the clergy. The lay part of his majesty’s subjects is divided into three distinct states; the civil, the military, and the naval.
LAMA is the name of the sovereign pontiff, or rather god, of the Asiatic Tartars. He is never to be seen but in a secret place of his palace, amidst a great number of lamps, sitting cross-legged upon a cushion, and adorned all over with gold and precious stones; and at a distance his worshippers prostrate themselves before him, it being unlawful for any to kiss even his feet. He is called the great lama, or lama of lamas, that is, priest of priests. The orthodox opinion is, that when the grand lama dies, either of old age or infirmity, his soul in fact only quits a crazy habitation to look for another younger or better; and it is discovered again in the body of some child, by certain tokens known only to the lamas or priests, in which order he always appears.
LAMAY, an island in the Eastern Seas, five or six miles in circuit. It is four leagues distant from Formosa, and is inhabited and cultivated. Lat. 22. 22. N.
LAMBALLE, a city of France, ih the department of the Northern Coast, and arrondissement of St Brieux. It stands on the river Gnoscion, on one of the most fertile spots of the district, and contains 3900 inhabitants, who make linen goods, leather, but especially the best parchment. Long. 2. 4L W. Lat. 48. 28. N.
LAMBERT of Aschaffenburg, a Benedictine monk, of the eleventh century, who wrote several works, amongst which is a History of Germany from the year 1050 to 1077.
LAMBETH, a very large parish in the hundred of Brixton, in the county of Surrey. It may be considered as one of the suburbs of London, on the south side of the Thames, and only separated from it by that river. Its boundaries are very wide, extending on the east from Southwark, to Wandsworth on the west, and till it comes, at Norwood, in contact with Croyden to the south. It is remarkable for the palace of the Archbishop of Canterbury, an ancient and magnificent pile of building, of the architecture of various ages, from the year 1197 down to the present time, when it has been recently repaired and beautified by the taste and the munificence of the present occupier of that high ecclesiastical dignity. The library contains a most curious and valuable collection of books and manuscripts, calculated to throw much light on the ecclesiastical and civil history of the kingdom, as well as on the pedigrees of many illustrious families. The buildings, park, and gardens, are said to contain thirteen acres. The parish church is near the palace, and is a small old building; but new churches of appropriate size have been built under the recent act for building churches in different parts of the parish, which, though not quite adequate to the population, afford tolerable accommodation to the worshippers. The parish contains several large establishments of a benevolent kind, especially the new bedlam for insane persons, the philanthropic institution, and the asylum for female orphans, and the Westminster lying-in hospital. From its easy access to London, which three of the bridges over the Thames afford, many valuable manufacturing and commercial establishments are within the parish. Boatbuilding is one that gives employment to numerous persons. Iron-founderies, and especially shops for making steam-engines of all powers, are extensive branches of trade. Breweries and distilleries are among the list of its [7:13:39]means of industry, and especially establishments for making vinegar and British wines. The celebrated gardens of Vauxhall are within this parish, and have been of late much improved in magnificence, as well as in the moral decorum, which was formerly a subject of regret and complaint. The parish is now divided into five districts, viz. St John’s Waterloo, Kennington, Brixton, Norwood, and that which remains to the parish church. The annual value of the real property, according to the assessment of 1815, was L.220,618. Few parishes show a more rapid increase of population than this. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 27,939, in 1811 to 41,644, in 1821 to 57,638, and in 1831 to 87,856. Under the reform bill, Lambeth returns two members to the House of Commons.
LAMECH, of the race of Cain, was the son of Methu-sael, and father of Jabal, Jubal, Tubal-Cain, and Naamah s Lamech is celebrated in Scripture for his polygamy. One day he said to his wives, “Hear me, ye wives of Lamech; I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt. If Cain shall be avenged seven fold, truly Lamech seventy and seven fold.” These words contain an unintelligible riddle. The reader may consult the commentators. There is a tradition amongst the Hebrews, that Lamech, growing blind, ignorantly killed Cain, believing him to be some wild beast; and that afterwards he slew his own son Tubal-Cain, who had been the cause of this murder, because he had directed him to shoot at a certain place in the thickets where he had seen something stir. Several other suppositions are produced to explain this passage concerning Lamech, but all seem equally uncertain and absurd.

Lamech, the father of Noah. He lived an hundred fourscore and two years before the birth of Noah (Gen. v. 25, 31); and after that he lived five hundred and ninety-five years longer.
LAMEGO, a city of Portugal, in the province of Beyra. It is situated on the south side of the river Douro. The country which surrounds it yields the best port wine, and in large quantities. As the roads in Portugal are generally bad, the mercantile company of the higher Douro have in some measure obviated the evil by constructing a good road from Lamego to Oporto. The wines are now brought with less inconvenience than formerly, and are less subject to impure mixture than when they were transmitted by the internal voyage on the river. Lamego is a bishop’s see, and has a splendid cathedral, library, vineyards, and a fair. It has one ruined castle, one parish church, four monasteries, one hospital, one alms-house, 1648 houses, and 6592 inhabitants.
LAMENTATIONS, a canonical book of the Old Testament, written by the prophet Jeremiah (according to Archbishop Usher and some other learned men, who follow the opinion of Josephus and St Jerome) upon occasion of Josiah’s death. But this opinion does not seem to agree with the subject of the book, the lamentation composed by Jeremiah on that occasion being probably lost. The fifty-second chapter of the book of Jeremiah was probably added by Ezra as'a preface or introduction to the Lamentations. The first two chapters are employed in describing the calamities of the siege of Jerusalem; in the third the author deplores the persecutions which he himself had suffered; the fourth treats of the desolation of the city and temple, and the misfortunes of Zedekiah; the fifth chapter is a prayer for the Jews in their dispersion and captivity; and at the close of all, the author speaks of the cruelty of the Edomites, who had insulted Jerusalem in her misery. All the chapters of this book, except the last, are in metre, and digested in the order of the alphabet, with this difference, that in the first, second, and fourth chapters, the first letter of every verse follows the [7:13:40]order of the alphabet, but in the third the same initial letter is continued for three verses together. This order was probably adopted that the book might be more easily learned and retained. The subject of this book is of the most moving kind; and the style throughout is lively, pathetic, and affecting. In this kind of writing the prophet Jeremiah was a great master, according to the character which Grotius gives of him, Mirus in affectibus concitandis.
LAMIAE, a sort of demons who had their existence in the imaginations of the heathens, and were supposed to devour children. Their form was human, resembling beautiful women. Horace makes mention of them in his Art of Poetry. The name, according to some, is derived from lanio, to tear; according to others, it is a corruption of a Hebrew word signifying to devour. They are also called larvoe or lémures.
LAMINGTON Priors, a town of the hundred of Knightlow, in the county of Warwick, in a pleasant situation on the banks of the river Learn, ninety miles from London, and two from Warwick. Owing to the discovery of some mineral springs of several kinds, it has grown in a few years from a village to a handsome and considerable town, frequented by numerous visitors both for health and amusement. An hotel, a church, and a market, have been erected, with conveniences for bathing and drinking the waters. The population amounted in 1801 to 315, in 1811 to 543, in 1821 to 2183, and in 1831 to 6209.