pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HALI-BEIGH, first dragoman or interpreter at the Grand Signior’s court in the seventeenth century, was born of Christian parents in Poland; but having been taken by the Tartars when young, they sold him to the Turks, who brought him up in the Mahommedan religion in the seraglio. His name, in his native country, was Bobowski. He learned many languages, and Sir Paul Ricant owns that he was indebted to him for several things which he relates in his Present State of the Ottoman Empire. He maintained a correspondence with the English, who persuaded him to translate some books into the Turkish language; and he proposed to return into the bosom of the Christian church, but died before he could accomplish the design. Dr Hyde published his book Of the Liturgy of the Turks, their Pilgrimages to Mecca, their Circumcision and Visiting of the Sick. He translated the catechism of the church of England and the bible into the Turkish language. The manuscript is lodged in the library of Leyden. He wrote likewise a Turkish grammar and dictionary.
HALICZ, a town of the circle Strey, in the Austrian kingdom of Gallicia, situated on the river Dniester. It contains a Catholic and a Greek church, and two synagogues, with 357 houses, and 3120 inhabitants, the greater part of whom are Jews of the Caramite sect. It has a considerable internal trade.
HALIEUTICS, Halieutica, , Aλιsυπ×α, formed from akiiυς, jlsherman, which again is derived from αλς, the sea, mean books treating of fishes, or the art of fishing. We have still extant the halieutics of Oppian.
HALLAGE, a fee or toll paid for cloth brought to be sold in Blackwell Hall, London.
HALLAMAS, in our old writers, the day of all-hallows, or all-saints, viz. the 1st of November. It is one of the cross quarters of the year, which was computed, in ancient writings, from Hallamas or Candlemas.
HALLE, a city, the capital of a district of the same name, in the province of Saxony in Prussia. It is situated on the river Saale, which divides above the town into several streams, and these form a number of islands, on which it is built, and which are connected by several bridges. It contains 2212 houses, and 21,570 inhabitants, including the university and the suburbs. The university is an ancient institution, with a great number of professors, and about five hundred pupils. It has a botanical garden, a chemical laboratory, and an observatory, with a library of 50,000 volumes. It is highly esteemed as a school of surgery, medicine, and midwifery. There is also an orphan-house with two hundred children. It is a manufacturing town for coarse cloths, flannels, and friezes, and for hats and hosiery. Long. 11.53.40. E. Lat. 51. 29.5. N.
HALLEIN, a city of the circle of Salzach or Salzburg, in the Austrian province of the Upper Ens. It is situated on the river Salza, and is celebrated for its extensive saltworks, which employ upwards of two thousand workmen, partly in drawing the rock-salt from the mines, and partly in the subsequent process of refining it. As this place is close to the Bavarian frontier, that kingdom draws from thence 13,000 tons of culinary salt, and about 10,000 are furnished to the Austrian dominions. There are some manufactures of hosiery and of cotton goods. It contains three churches, 320 houses, and 4640 inhabitants.
HALLELUJAH, a term of rejoicing, sometimes sung rehearsed at the end of verses on such occasions. The word is Hebrew, or rather it is composed of two Hebrew words; one of them ι⅛⅛rτ, hallelu, and the other rr, jah, an abridgment of the name of God mtr-, Jehovah. . The first signifies laudate, praise ye, and the other, Dominum, the Lord. St Jerome first introduced the word hallelujah into the church service. For a considerable time it was only used once a year in the Latin church, viz. at Easter; but in the Greek church it was much more frequently employed. St Jerome mentions its being sung at the interments of the dead, which still continues to be done in that church, as also on some occasions in the Latin church, especially Lent. In the time of Gregory the Great, it was appointed to be sung all the year round in the Latin church, which raised some complaints against that pontiff, as giving too much in to the Greek form, and introducing , the ceremonies of the church of Constantinople into that of Rome. But he excused himself by alleging that this had been the ancient usage of Rome, and that it had been brought from Constantinople at the time when the word hallelujah was first introduced under Pope Damascus.
HALLIAR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, extending along the eastern shore of the Gulf of Cutch. The general characteristic of this district is barrenness, with particular spots in a high state of cultivation. The ruler of the country has lately given orders to the zemindars to plant annually a certain number of mango and other trees, in order to improve the appearance of the country. The princes themselves breed a number of horses and camels. The inhabitants never shoe their horses, yet they gallop at full speed over the worst ground; and by such training their hoofs become as hard as the rocks over which they tread. The natives of this country have a practice of suspending rags on trees, which example being followed by others, the tree, according to the popular superstition, becomes consecrated, and is styled the Chintra Peer, or Ragged Saint. The country is possessed by independent native chiefs, who claim descent from Rawul, the youngest son of Rai Humeer, the sovereign of Cutch. This prince usurped the throne of his father, but was afterwards compelled to resign it to his brother, and leave the country. He crossed the Runn at Mallia, and finally established his headquarters at a village where Noanagur now stands. His followers in the course of a few years added to their possession two villages, which received the name of Haìliar, an appellation it still retains.
HALMOTE, or Halimote, is identical with what is now called a court-baron, the word implying a meeting of the tenants of the same hall or manor. The name is still retained at Luston, and other places in Herefordshire.
HALMSTAD, a province in the south of Sweden, bounded by Gottenburg, Elfsborg, Jonkoping, and Krons-burg. It is mountainous in the eastern part, but to the west level and sandy. The soil is poor, stony, and ill cultivated, so that it is necessary to import one third of the corn required for food. The inhabitants subsist either by their dairies, or by the fisheries, which employ a great proportion of them. It is divided into four bailiwicks, in which are four towns and 3556 farming establishments, with 71,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city Halmstad, situated at the mouth of the river Nissa, by which it trades in deals, pitch, and tar. It contains a church, a stadthouse, 199 dwellings, and 1634 inhabitants. Long. 12. 46. 40. E. Lat. 56. 39. 45. N.
HALO, or Corona, in Natural History, a coloured circle appearing round the body of the sun, moon, or any of the large stars.
HALSTEAD, a market-town of the county of Essex, in the hundred of Hinchford, forty-six miles from London. The river Colne runs at the bottom of the town, from which the streets gently rise. It has a good cornmarket on Friday, and once employed many persons in the woollen manufacture, which is now nearly extinct. There is a good foundation grammar-school, and the county bridewell is established in the town. The population amounted in 1801 to 3380, in 1811 to 3379, in 1821 to 3858, and in 1831 to 4637.
HALTERISTAE, in Antiquity, a kind of players at discus, who were so denominated from a peculiar kind of discus, called by the Greeks αλrr^, and by the Latins halter. (See Discus.) Some conceive the discus to have been a leaden weight or ball which the vaulters bore in their hands, to secure and keep themselves the more steady in their leaping. Others think that the halter was a lump or mass of lead or stone, with a hole or handle fixed to it, by which it might be carried; and that the halteristae were those who exercised themselves in removing these masses from place to place. Mercurialis, in his treatise De Arte Gymnastica (1. ii. c. 12), distinguishes two kinds of halteristae (for though there was but one halter, there were two ways of applying it); the one was to throw or pitch it in a certain manner; the other only [7:11:121]? to hold it out at arm’s-end, and in this posture to perform different motions, swinging the hand backwards and forwards, according to the figures given by Mercurialis. The halter was of a cylindrical figure, smaller in the middle, where it was held, by one diameter, than at the two ends. It was above a foot long, there was one for each hand, and it was either of iron, stone, or lead. Galen {De Tuend. Valetud. lib. i. V. and vi.) speaks of this exercise, and shows of what use it is in purging the body of peccant humours.
HALYMOTE, properly signifies a holy or ecclesiastical court. See Halmote.
HALYS, the largest river of Asia Minor, which, according to Herodotus (i. 72), rose in the mountains of Armenia, and after flowing through that part of Cappadocia called Cilicia, separated the Matieni from the Phrygians, and then the Syrians of Cappadocia from the Paphlagonians. Strabo (xii. 546) says that it rises in Great Cappadocia, but towards Pontica, and the vicinity of the district Ca-misene; it runs a great way from east to west, then turning to the north, traverses the country of the Galatae and Paphlagonians. Pliny (vi. 2) makes it rise in Mount Taurus, and flow through Cataonia and Cappadocia. Both of these accounts are correct; for the Halys, now l∖izil-Ermak, has two main branches, the one rising in the mountains of Taurus, and the other in those of Lesser Armenia. This river derived its name from some salt mines near which it flowed (Strab.), and, forming the boundary of the Median and Lydian empires in the times of Croesus, is connected with the ambiguous oracle which led to the destruction of that prince. Tournefort describes it near its mouth as being as wide as the Seine at Paris. It has only one mouth, though modern maps give it several.
HALYWERCFOLK, in old writers, were persons who enjoyed land, by the pious service of repairing some church, or defending a sepulchre. This word also signified such persons in the diocese of Durham as held their lands by the tenure of defending the corpse of St Cuthbert, and who thence claimed the privilege of not being forced to go out of the bishopric.
HAM, or Cham, in Ancient Geography, the country of the Zuzims (Gen. xiv. 5), the situation of which is not known.

Ham, the youngest son of Noah, was the father of Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan, each of whom had the several countries peopled by them. With respect to Ham, it is believed that he had all Africa for his inheritance, and that he peopled it with his children. As for himself, it is thought by some that he dwelt in Egypt; but Basnage is of opinion that neither Ham nor Mizraim ever were in Egypt, but that their posterity settled in that country, and called it by the name of their ancestors. And as to Ham’s being worshipped as a god, and called Jupiter Hammon, he thinks people may have been led into this mistake by the similitude of names; and that Jupiter Hammon or Ammon was the sun, to which divine honours were at all times paid in Egypt. However this may be, Africa is called the land of Ham in several places of the Psalms (Psal. lxxvii. 51, civ. 23, cv. 22). In Plutarch, Egypt is called Chemia ; and there are some traces of the name of Ham or Cham observed in Psochemmis and Psittachemmis, which are cantons of Egypt.

Ham, a Saxon word, used to signify a place of dwelling, a village or town; and hence the termination of some of our towns, Nottingham, Buckingham, and the like. A home, close, or little narrow meadow, is also denominated a ham. Ham is likewise part of the leg of an animal, being the inner or hind part of the knee, or the ply or angle in which the leg and thigh, when bent, incline to each other.

Ham, in Commerce, means a leg or thigh of pork, dried, seasoned, and prepared, to make it keep, and to give it a brisk agreeable flavour.
HAMADAN, or Amadan, a city of Persia, in the province of Irak, which stands upon the site of the ancient Ecbatana. It was taken and destroyed by Timour or Tamerlane, and has never recovered its former splendour. The wall, with the citadel, was entirely pulled down by order of the conqueror, and has never since been rebuilt. It was long one of the most flourishing and prosperous cities of the East, but had been for many years on the decline, when it received its final blow from Timour the Tartar, who sacked and pillaged it, destroyed its walls and finest buildings, and reduced it from being a great and opulent city to a heap of ruins. In that dismantled state it remained a mere clay-built suburb of what it had been; but it possessed its iron gates, until within the last fifty years, when, by the orders of Aga Mahommed Khan, every vestige of its ancient greatness was destroyed. The mud alleys, which now occupy the site of ancient streets or squares, are narrow, interrupted by large hollows, and heaps of fallen crumbled walls of deserted dwellings. A miserable bazar is to be seen here and there in traversing the town; and large lonely spots, marked by broken low mounds, cover more ancient ruins. It is still a considerable place, however, and a known mart of trade between Ispahan and Bagdad, and between the latter place and Teheran, and is famed for the manufacture of leather, in which it carries on an extensive trade. Kinneir mentions that when he was in this place he was shown the tomb of Mordecai and Esther, a circumstance which he considers as a proof of the antiquity of the place. The Persians themselves say that it was the favourite summer residence of most of their sovereigns, from the days of Darius to those of Ghengis Khan. The situation is fine. During eight months of the year the climate is delightful. But in winter the cold is excessive, and fuel is with difficulty procured. The surrounding plain is intersected by innumerable little streams, covered with gardens and villages, and the vegetation is most luxuriant. It contains at present ten thousand meanly-built houses, and about forty or forty-five thousand inhabitants, amongst whom are about six hundred Jewish families, and nearly the same number of Armenians. Long. 40. E. Lat. 34. 53. N.
HAMADRYADES (formed of aμa, together, and δgvaς, dryad, from δgυς, oak), in Antiquity, certain fabulous deities revered amongst the ancient heathens, and believed to preside over woods and forests, and to be enclosed under the bark of oaks. The Hamadryades were supposed to live and die with the trees which they were attached to, as is observed by Servius on Virgil {Eclog. x. ver. 62), after Mnesimachus, the scholiast of Apollonius, who mentions other traditions relating to the same subject. The poets, however, frequently confound the Hamadryades with the Naiads, Napaeae, and rural nymphs in general. (See Catullus, Carm. lxviii. ver. 23; Ovid, East. iv. 229; Met. i. ver. 695, xiv. ver. 628; Propertius, Eleg. xx. 32; Virg. Ecl. X. ver. 64; Georg, iv. ver. 382, 383.) Festus calls them Querquetulanae, as having issued or sprung from oaks. An ancient poet, Pherenicus (Athenaeus, lib. iii.), calls the vine, fig-tree, and other fruit-trees, hamadryades, from the name of their mother the oak.
HAMAH, a flourishing town of Syria, situated on the Orontes, and generally supposed by some to be the ancient Apamea; but, according to Dr Pococke, the ancient Epiphania. The celebrated Arabic historian Abulfeda was formerly prince of Hamah. The sheiks of the town still enjoy high consideration, and inhabit a splendid palace. It is the only market for the Arabs, who roam over the desert between it and Tadmor; and it derives great [7:11:122] advantage from this trade. It is 62 miles south-southwest of Aleppo. Long. 37. 10. E. Lat. 34. 45. N.
HAMAXOB Π, Hamaxobians, in the ancient geography, a people who had no houses, but lived in carriages. The word is formed from aμaζpο, a carriage or chariot, and ∕3∕βς, life. The Hamaxobii, called also Hamaxobitae, were an ancient people of Sarmatia Europaea, who inhabited the southern part of Muscovy, and instead of houses, had a sort of tents made of leather, and fixed on carriages, to be ready for shifting and travel.
HAMBLEDON, or Hambledown, a town in the county of Hants, in the division of Portsdown, sixty-four miles from London. It has a small market for corn, which is held on Mondays. As it is at the foot of the Southdown hills, the climate is considered as favourable for pulmonary patients. The· population amounted in 1801 to 1358, in 1811 to 1495, in 1821 to 1886, and in 1831 to 2026.
HAMELN, a city of the kingdom of Hanover, in the province of Kalenberg. It stands on the river Weser, where that stream receives the water of the Hamel. It is surrounded by walls scarcely defensible; and the citadel of Fort George was destroyed by the French in 1806. It contains 674 houses, and 5454 inhabitants. There are some very large breweries, and several tanneries; and some linen goods are also made. The navigation of the Weser was dangerous near this place, but the danger has been removed by the erection of new locks.
HAMESECKEN, or Hamesucken. Burglary, or nocturnal housebreaking, was, by the ancient English law, called Hamesecken, as it is in Scotland to this day.
HAMI, a region of Central Asia, in Mongolia, situated in the heart of the great desert of Cobi, and on the great caravan route to China, to whose jurisdiction it is subject. The soil is barren, and it contains only one city and a few villages. It produces, however, melons of an exquisite flavour. The inhabitants are Mohammedans.
HAMILCAR Barcas, a Carthaginian general, the father of Hannibal, of a family which pretended to trace its descent to the ancient kings of Tyre, and which, from the warlike nature of its policy, was a favourite with the people. It was the eighteenth year of the first Punic war (247 b. c.), when Hamilcar was appointed to the command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily, from which they were nearly expelled. With his fleet he plundered the land of the Bruttii and Locrians, and then took up his station near Eryx, from which no power of the Romans could dislodge him. For five years he continued to desolate the coast of Italy, and to dispute the possession of Sicily, but his exertions were destined to prove of no avail. The fate of the war was decided without his intervention, in the naval engagement off the Insulae Oega-tes, and he had nothing but the humiliating duty to perform of arranging with the Romans the terms on which peace would be granted.

The Carthaginians were no sooner relieved from this critical position than they were threatened with a war of a still more alarming character. Their own mercenaries having assembled at Carthage to receive their arrears of pay, became clamorous and unreasonable in their demands, and at last proceeded to make open war on the country in whose defence they had been hitherto employed. Hamilcar was again called into active service, and soon relieved his country from all fear of these leagued banditti. The insulting conduct of the Romans was keenly felt by Hamilcar, and the whole object of his life was now directed to find the means of taking vengeance on his proud foe. For this purpose he procured his appointment to the command of the troops in Spain, with the hope of uniting to his country the whole of the peninsula. Here he expected to find resources which would enable him to make a successful attack on the Romans; and during the course of nearly nine years he continued extending the dominions of the republic, and reducing many nations under the Carthaginian yoke. At last he fell in an engagement with the Vettones, 229 b. c. , and his son-in-law Hasdrubal, succeeded to the command. (Polyb. ii. 1.)
HAMLET, Hamel, or Hampsel (from the Saxon ham, domus, and the German let, membrum), signifies a little village, or part of a village or parish. According to Spelman, there is a difference between villam integram, villam dimidiam, and hamletam, which, according to Stow, means the seat of a freeholder. Several county-towns have hamlets, as there may be several hamlets in a parish; and some particular places may be out of a town or hamlet, though not out of the county.

Hamlet, a prince celebrated in the annals of Denmark, and whose name has been rendered familiar in this country, by forming the subject of one of the noblest tragedies of Shakspeare. Adjoining to a royal palace, which stands about half a mile from that of Cronberg, in Elsineur, is a garden, which, Mr Coxe informs us, is called Hamlet’s Garden, and, according to tradition, is the very spot where the murder of his father was perpetrated. The house is of modern date, and is situated at the foot of a sandy ridge near the sea. The garden occupies the side of the hill, and is laid out in terraces rising one above another. Elsineur is the scene of Shakspeare’s Hamlet; and the original history from which our poet derived the principal incidents of his play is founded upon facts, but so deeply buried in remote antiquity, that it is difficult to discriminate truth from fable. Saxo Grammaticus, who flourished in the twelfth century, is the earliest historian of Denmark who relates the adventures of Hamlet. His account is extracted, and much altered, by Belleforest, a French author, an English translation of whose romance was published under the title of the PĹistorye of Harnblct ; and from this translation Shakspearc formed the groundwork of his play, though with many alterations and additions.
HAMMER, a well-known tool used by mechanics, consisting of an iron head fixed crosswise upon a handle of wood. There are several sorts of hammers used by blacksmiths; as, first, the hand-hammer, which is of such weight that it may be wielded or governed with one hand at the anvil; second, the up-hand sledge, used with both hands, and seldom lifted above the head; third, the about-sledge, which is the biggest hammer of all, and held by both hands at the farthest end of the handle, and being swung at arms’ length over the head, is made to fall upon the work with as heavy a blow as possible. There is also another hammer used by smiths, called a riveting hammer, which is the smallest of all, and is seldom used at the forge unless upon small work. Carpenters and joiners have likewise hammers accommodated to their several purposes.
HAMMERING, the act of beating or extending and fashioning a body under the hammer. When this operation is performed on iron heated for the purpose, it is usually called forging. Hammering, in coining. A piece of money or a medal is said to be hammered when struck, and the impression given, with a hammer, and not with a mill.
HAMMERSMITH, a large village, a part of the parish of Fulham, in the hundred of Ossulton, in the county of Middlesex. It is about three or four miles from the capital; but from thence to the end of it are continued streets, which make it a kind of prolongation of the metropolis. It stands on the Thames, on whose banks, within this district, are many beautiful villas and splendid houses. There is an establishment for the education of young ladies of the Roman Catholic church, amongst whom are some professed nuns. There are also a great number of other boarding schools of various classes. There is a chapel in the centre of the village, of the established religion, and several for both Catholic and Protestant dissenters. The population amounted in 1801 to 5600, in 1811 to 7393, in 1821 to 8809, and in 1831 to 10,222.
HAMMOCK, or Hamac, a kind of hanging bed, suspended between two trees, posts, hooks, or the like, and much used throughout the West Indies, as also on board of ships.