pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
TAGANROG, a fortified city of South Russia, in Europe, in the circle of Rostow and province of Caterinoslaw, about 1300 miles from St Petersburg. It is built on an elevated tongue of land, on the Sea of Azoph, which forms a small bay, where the small vessels can be secured. From the favourable situation for trade, it has become an emporium for the productions that are conveyed from the interior of the empire by the great rivers the Wolga, the Don, and the Donetz. It is a kind of free port, has quarantine regulations, custom-house, naval and land police, and is furnished with a regular garrison. The chief impediment to the progress of the commerce from this place is the shallowness of the water in the Sea of Azoph, which forbids large vessels from approaching to nearer than two miles from the city. In spite of this obstacle, however, more than 1400 vessels have been loaded in one year, with wheat, iron, tallow, oil, cordage, leather, sail-cloth, and hides. Though the greater part of the ships are Russian, yet many of them are Greek, Austrian, and English. The country around is highly beautiful and fertile, and the fruits of warm climates come to perfection in the summer in the open air, especially the melons and grapes. The city has been rapidly increasing in population ever since 1805, and is now said to contain 20,000 inhabitants. The late emperor Alexander died here in 1825, whilst busily occupied in projects to improve the place, and extend its prosperity. Long. 38. 34. 25. E. Lat. 47. 12. 30. N.
TAGAPOLA, a small island among the Philippines, twenty-five miles west of the island of Samar.
TAGLIACOZZI, Gasparo, a renowned surgeon, was born at Bologna in the year 1546. He studied in that university under Cardan, and took his doctor’s degree at the age of twenty-four. He was appointed professor of surgery, and afterwards of anatomy; and after having acquired much reputation, he died at Bologna on the 7th of November 1599. His principal work is entitled “De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem libri duo.” Venet. 1597, fol. It was reprinted under the title of “Chirurgia nova, de Narium, Aurium, Labiorumque Defectu per Insitionem Cutis ex Humero, arte hactenus omnibus ignota, sarciendo.” Francof. (1598), 8vo. This new title sufficiently indicates the art which he professed, of repairing noses, ears, and lips, by a species of ingrafting. The name of Taliacotius is well known to the readers of Hudibras.
TAGOLANDA, a small island, about twenty miles in circumference, situated off the north-eastern extremity of Celebes. It is populous, and plentifully supplied with provisions. Long. 125. 5. E. Lat. 2. 10. N.
TAGUS, or Tajo, the largest river of Spain; which, taking its rise on the confines of Aragon, runs south-west through the provinces of New Castille and Estremadura; and passing by the cities of Aranjuez, Toledo, and Alcantara, and then crossing Portugal, forms the harbour of Lisbon, at which city it is about three miles broad; and about eight or ten miles below this it falls into the Atlantic Ocean.
TAGYPEEL, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the north-east coast of Borneo. Long. 117. 54. E. Lat. 6. 29. N.
TAHEJ, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Cutch, of which it was formerly the capital; but it has now dwindled into a small village. Long. 76. 27. E. Lat. 23. 17. N.
TAHMOR, a town of Hindustan, province of Oude. Long. 81. 10. E. Lat. 27. 4L N.
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TAHNESIR, an ancient town of Hindustan, in the province of Delhi, in the Sikh territories, ninety miles north by west from the city of Delhi. Long. 76. 30. E. Lat. 30. N.
TAHNOON, a district of Northern Hindustan, tributary to the Ghoorkali rajah of Nepaul. It has an irregularly mountainous surface, and is known to be but thinly inhabited. To the south it is bounded by the British territory of Terriani, at the foot of the Himalaya Mountains.
TAHNUM, a town of Northern Hindustan, tributary to the Ghoorkali rajah of Nepaul, about twenty-five miles north-west from Gorcah. Long. 84. 10. E. Lat. 28.41. N.
TAHOOROWAH, one of the smaller Sandwich Islands, situated about nine miles from the south-west part of Mo-wee. Long. 199. 30. E. Lat. 21. 40. N.
TAHRAH, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Cutch, situated about thirty miles from Luckput Bunder, on the road from that place to Mundavee, a seaport in the Gulf of Cutch.
TAHUK, or Tabur, a town of Hedsjas, in Arabia, the first conquest made by Mahommed. It is 176 miles south-south-east from Jerusalem.
TAIF, or Tayf, a town of Arabia, in the Hedsjas, situated in a mountainous but fertile and well-cultivated district. It was visited by Burckhardt in 1814, who describes it at that time as nearly in a state of ruin, many of the buildings having been nearly destroyed by the Wahabys when they took Taif in 1802; and the town having afterwards been abandoned, every tiling is hastening to decay. There were not more than four or five buildings, inhabited by the principal officers of the pacha, above the common size. There were at that time two small mosques. The tomb of El Abbas, which had a good dome over it, and was often visited by pilgrims, was entirely destroyed by the Wahabys. Taif is celebrated for its beautiful gardens, which are situated some distance from the town, are well watered by wells and rivulets descending from the mountains, and produce grapes of a very large size and delicious flavour, figs, quinces, and pomegranates, besides all the other fruits which are found in these climates. They are also renowned for the finest roses, which, like the grapes, are transported to all parts of the country. There are small pavilions in these gardens, to which the people of Taif, and formerly the great merchants of Mecca, resorted in summer. They had all their houses and establishments here, and lost considerable property when the town was plundered by the Wahabys. The indigenous inhabitants of Taif are Arabs. There are a few natives of Mecca, but the far greater part of the foreigners are Indians by origin, who still preserve the dress and manners of Indian Mussulmans. Some are merchants, but the greater part are druggists, whose trade is of great importance from the general predilection of all classes for drugs and perfumes. Taif was a commercial town before the Wahaby invasion, when it was plundered. It was resorted to by the Arabs of the country around for articles of dress, while by the mountain tribes were brought supplies of wheat and barley in caravans. It was also a considerable entrepôt for coffee, brought from the mountains of Yemen by the Bedouins on camels. When Burckhardt visited it, every thing denoted great misery. The only imports from the interior were dates; and the streets abounded with beggars, many of whom must have perished with hunger, as it cost at that time a sum equal to tenpence to procure bread enough for a man’s daily subsistence. The town is supplied with water from two copious wells. It is sixty miles south-east from Mecca.
TAIL, the train of a beast, bird, or fish, which in land animals, it is said, serves to drive away flies, &c. and in birds and fishes to direct their course, and assist them in ascending or descending in the air or water. But the tail in all animals is of great use in directing their motions.
Tail, or Fee-tail, in Law, is a conditional estate or fee, opposed to fee-simple.
TAILZIE, in Scotish Law, the same with entail, a deed settling an estate upon a series of heirs, and generally accompanied with conditions and limitations, making a perpetuity.
TAÏIBOORNY, a town of Hindustan, province of Aurangabad, now belonging to the British. Long. 75. 23. E. Lat. 18. 0. N.
TAIMUR, a cape of Asiatic Russia, in the district of Turachansk, on the Frozen Ocean.
TAIMURSKAIA, a gulf of the Frozen Ocean, on the coast of Asiatic Russia. Long. 94. 10. to 98. 10. E. Lat. 75. to 77. N.
TAIN, a royal borough of Scotland, and the county town of Ross-shire. It is situated on the margin of the Firth of Dornoch, about a mile from the sea, in the neighbourhood of a fertile and well-cultivated country. The town is pleasant and prosperous. It is provided with an excellent academy, taught by a rector and two masters. The trade is principally confined to the demands of the town and adjoining districts. Tain unites with Cromarty, Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall, and Wick, in sending a member to parliament. The population of the borough and parish in 1831 amounted to 3078, of which about 2000 belonged to the borough.
TAI-PING, a city of China, of the first rank, in Kiang-nan, on the Yang-tse-kiang river, and at the junction of three of its tributaries. It is 525 miles south of Pekin. Long. 118. 14. E. Lat. 31. 38. N.
Tai-Ping, a city of China, of the first rank, in Quang-see, near the confines of the kingdom of Tonquin. It is built on a point of land which is almost surrounded by a river. Long. 106. 34. E. Lat. 22. 25. N.
TAITONG, a city of China, of the first rank, in Shan-see, situated in a mountainous country, and exposed to the incursions of the Tartars. It is well fortified, and has a strong garrison. It is 155 miles west of Pekin. Long. 112. 44. E. Lat. 40. 5. N.
TAI-YUEN, a city of China, of the first rank, in Shan-see. It is populous, and strongly fortified. It is 230 miles west-south-west of Pekin. Long. 111. 56. E. Lat. 37.

54. N.
TAJGAUW, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor, fortified, in 1792, by Purseram Bhow. It is seventeen miles north by west from Merritch. Long. 75.

55. E. Lat. 16. 47. N.
TAKAKAKAN, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the east coast of Borneo. Long. 116. 51. E. Lat. 38. N.
TALALAP, one of the Philippine Islands, where the Spaniards, in 1730, built a church, and established a religious mission; but the whole party were soon after murdered by the natives, and the church was demolished.
TALAVERA, usually distinguished by the addition to its name of de la Reyna, is the capital of a partido, which comprises within it almost the whole of the western side of the province of Toledo, in Spain. It is a place of great antiquity, containing many Roman monuments. When Spain was invaded by the Moors, it speedily surrendered, but was successively occupied and plundered by the contending armies as long as the Mahommedan power existed in the Peninsula. It is remarkable as the scene of the first great conflict that occurred between the British army under the command of the duke of Wellington, and the French. On the 27th and 28th July 1809, the British army, of 19,000, with a Spanish force of 40,000 indifferent troops, were repeatedly attacked in their position by a well-appointed French army of 47,000 French troops, under the command of the intrusive king Joseph Bonaparte. The conflict was severe, but the British repelled the attacks, and the enemy retreated. Though the victory was thus gain [7:21:71]ed, it was indecisive, as the duke of Wellington soon afterwards retreated, and his wounded men fell into the hands of the French. The city stands on a beautiful plain watered by the Tagus. It is but indifferently built, has seven churches, one of which, that of the Hieronymites, is very fine, and no less than twelve monasteries. It contains about 5000 inhabitants, but with the suburbs and contiguous villages about 8000. The chief occupation is the fabrication of silk stockings; but there are manufactures of soap, of earthen ware, of hats, and cordage, upon a small scale. Talavera is remarkable as the birth-place of Mariana, the historian of Spain. Long. 5. 1.5. W. Lat. 39. 59. 50. N.
TALENT signifies both a weight and a coin very common among the ancients, but very different among different nations. The common Attic talent of weight contains 60 Attic minae, or 6000 Attic drachmae; and weighed, according to Dr Arbuthnot, 59 lbs. 11 oz. 17 1 / 7 gr. English Troy weight. There was another Attic talent, by some said to consist of 80, by others of 100 minae. The Egyptian talent was 80 minae, the Antiochian also 80, the Ptolemaic of Cleopatra 86 2 / 3 , that of Alexandria 96, and the Insular talent 120. In the valuation of money, the Grecian talent, according to Dr Arbuthnot, was equal to 60 minae, or, reckoning the mina at L.3. 4s. 7d., equal to L.193. 15s. The Syrian talent, in this valuation, consisted of 15 Attic minae, the Ptolemaic of 20, the Antiochian of 60, the Eubecan of 60, the Babylonic of 70, the Greater Attic of 80, the Tyrian of 80, the Eginaean of 100, the Rhodian of 100, and the Egyptian of 80 minae. There is another talent much more ancient, which Dr Arbuthnot calls the Homeric talent of gold, which seems to have weighed six Attic drachms or three darics, a daric weighing very little more than a guinea. According to this talent, some reckon the treasure of King David, particularly that mentioned 1 Chron. xxii. 14, which, according to the common reckoning, would amount in gold talents to the value of L.547,500,000, and the silver to above L.342,000,000. As David reigned in Judaea after the siege of Troy, it is not improbable but Homer and he might use the same numeral talent of gold. Among the Romans there were two kinds of talents, the little and the great talent. The little was the common talent; and whenever they say simply talentum, they are to be understood of this. The little talent was sixty minae or Roman pounds; the mina or pound being estimated at 100 drachmae or denarii. It was also estimated at twenty-four great sesterces, which amounted to sixty pounds. The great talent exceeded the less by one third part. Budaeus computes that the little talent of silver was worth L.75 sterling, and the greater L.99. 6s. 8d. sterling. The greater of gold was worth L.1125 sterling.
Talent, as a species of money, among the Hebrews, was sometimes used for a gold coin, the same with the shekel of gold, called also stater, and weighing only four drachms. The Hebrews reckoned by these talents as we do by pounds, &c. Thus a million of gold, or a million of talents of gold, among them, was a million of shekels or nummi; the nummus of gold being the same weight with the shekel, viz. four drachms. But the Hebrew talent weight of silver, which they called cicar, was equivalent to that of 3000 shekels, or 113 lb. 10 oz. 1 dwt. 10 2 /7 gr. English Troy weight, according to Arbuthnot’s computation.
TALGARTH, a market and borough town of the county of Brecon, in South Wales. It is situated in a fertile district; and near to it is an extensive lake, well stocked with fresh-water fish. The population amounted in 1821 to 698, and in 1831 to 741.
TALI, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Yunan, situated on a large lake. The mountains in the vicinity produce a species of marble, which is fashioned by the inhabitants into tables and other pieces of furniture. Long. 100. E. Lat. 25. 45. N.
TALIACOTIUS. See Taguacozzi.
TALIO (lex talionis), a species of punishment in the Mosaic law, by which an evil is returned similar to that committed against us by another; hence that expression, “Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.” This law was inserted in the twelve Tables of the Romans; but it was afterwards set aside, and a power was given to the praetor to fix a sum of money for the injury inflicted.
TALISMANS, magical figures cut or engraved with superstitious observations on the characterisms and configurations of the heavens, to which some astrologers have attributed wonderful virtues, particularly that of calling down celestial influences. The talismans of Samothrace, so famous of old, were pieces of iron formed into certain images, and set in rings: these were esteemed preservatives against all kinds of evils. There were likewise talismans taken from vegetables, and others from minerals.
TALLY is a stick cut in two parts, on each of which is marked, with notches or otherwise, what is due between debtor and creditor; and this was the ancient way of keeping all accounts, one part being kept by the creditor, the other by the debtor. Hence the tallier of the exchequer, whom we now call the teller. But there are two kinds of tallies mentioned in our statutes to have been long used in the exchequer. The one is termed tallies of debt, which are in the nature of an acquittance for debts paid to the king, on the payment of which these tallies are delivered to the debtors, who carrying them to the clerk of the pipe-office, have there an acquittance in parchment for their full discharge. The other are tallies of reward or allowance, being made to sheriffs of counties, as a recompense for such matters as they have performed to their charge, or such money as is cast upon them in their accounts of course, but not leviable. In the exchequer there is a tally-court, where attend the two deputy-chamberlains of the exchequer and the tally-cutter; and a tally is generally the king’s acquittance for money paid or lent, and has written on it words proper to express on what occasion the money is received.
TALMUD, a collection of Jewish traditions. There are two works which bear this name, the Talmud of Jerusalem, and the Talmud of Babylon. Each of these is composed of two parts; the Mishna, which is the text, and is common to both, and the Gemara or commentary. The Mishna, which comprehends all the laws, institutions, and rules of life which, beside the ancient Hebrew scripture, the Jews thought themselves bound to observe, was composed, according to the unanimous testimony of the Jews, about the close of the second century. It was the work of Rabbi Jehuda (or Juda) Hakkadosh, who was the ornament of the school at Tiberias, and is said to have occupied him forty years. The commentaries and additions which succeeding Rabbis made were collected by Rabbi Jochanan Ben Eliezer, some say in the fifth, others say in the sixth, and others in the seventh century, under the name of Gemara, that is, completion, because it completed the Talmud. A similar addition was made to the Mishna by the Babylonish doctors in the beginning of the sixth century according to Enfield, and in the seventh according to others. The Mishna is divided into six parts, of which every one which is entitled order is formed of treatises, every treatise is divided into chapters, and every chapter into mishnas or aphorisms. In the first part is discussed whatever relates to seeds, fruits, and trees; in the second, feasts; in the third, women, their duties, their disorders, their contracts, marriages, and divorces; the fourth treats of the damages or losses sustained by men or beasts, of things found, deposits, usuries, rents, farms, partnerships in commerce, inheritance, sales and purchases, oaths, witnesses, arrests, idolatry; and here are named those by whom the oral law was received and preserved; in the fifth part are noticed what regards sacrifices and holy things; and the sixth treats [7:21:72]on purifications, vessels, furniture, clothes, houses, leprosy, baths, and numerous other articles. All this forms the Mishna.

The Talmud of Babylon is most valued by the Jews; and this is the book to which they refer when they speak of the Talmud in general. An abridgement of it was in the 12th century made by Maimonides, in which he rejected some of its greatest absurdities. The Gemara is stuffed with dreams and chimeras, with many ignorant and impertinent questions, and the style is very coarse. The Mishna is written in a style comparatively pure, and may be very useful in explaining passages of the New Testament where the phraseology is similar. This is indeed the only use to which Christians can apply it; but this renders it valuable. Lightfoot had judiciously availed himself of such information as he could derive from it. Some of the popes, with a barbarous zeal, and a timidity of spirit for the success of the Christian religion, which the belief of its divinity can never excuse, ordered great numbers of the Talmud to be burned. Gregory IX. burned about twenty cart-loads, and Paul IV. ordered 12,000 copies of the Talmud to be destroyed.

The last edition of the Talmud of Babylon, printed at Amsterdam, is in twelve vols. folio. The Talmud of Jerusalem is in one large folio.
TALNERE, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, and province of Khandesh, situated on the Tuptee river, ninety-two miles west from Boorhanpoor. It was conquered by Aurungzebe, and formed part of the possessions of Holcar, and was ceded by that chief to the British. But the governor refusing to deliver it up, it was besieged and taken by the troops under Sir Thomas Hislop in 1818, who ordered him to be executed on one of the bastions, as an example to the other refractory governors. Long. 75. E. Lat. 21. 13. N.
TAMAHOO, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the west coast of Borneo. Long. 109. 21. E. Lat. 0. 7. N.
TAMAN, an island in the Russian province of Taurida, at the entrance of the Sea of Azoph from the Black Sea. Though properly a peninsula, it is made an island by the overflowings of the river Kuban, but which at some seasons are quite dried up. The strait of Taman is a narrow and dangerous passage leading to Taganrog, having in some places no more than thirteen feet of water. This strait, sometimes called the Strait of Yenicaleh, is defended by a powerful fort. Part of the island is low, but it contains a number of small hills of volcanic origin, from one of which there was an eruption in July 1804. There are three towns on the island. Taman, or Fanagoria, on the south-east, is a place of some trade, and is defended by a fort; Kertch, on the opposite side, stands at the foot of a steep hill, and contains about 1000 inhabitants, chiefly Greek fishermen and Jews; and Yenicaleh, beyond Kertch, contains a population of 2000 persons, and has a strong citadel. It stands in long. 36. 35. E. and lat. 45. 21. 30. N.
TAMAR, a river of Van Diemen’s Land, which has more the appearance of a chain of lakes than of a regularly formed river. The waters are supposed by Captain Flinders to have forced a passage by long undermining to the sea.
TAMBAH, a town of Hindustan, province of Bejapoor, seventy miles south from Poonah. Long. 73. 35. E. Lat. 17. 28. N.
TAMBEKAN, a town of Hindustan, province of Nepaul, belonging to the Ghoorkali rajah of Nepaul, celebrated for the copper mines in its vicinity. Long. 85. 30. E. Lat. 27. 25. N.
TAMBOUR, in Architecture, a term applied to the Corinthian and Composite capitals, as bearing some resemblance to a drum, which the French call tambour. Some choose to call it the vase, and others campana or the bell.
Tambour is also used for a little box of timber-work, covered with a ceiling, within the porch of certain churches; both to prevent the view of persons passing by, and to keep off the wind, &c. by means of folding doors, &c.
Tambour also denotes a round course of stone, several of which form the shaft of a column, not so high as a diameter.
Tambour, in the arts, is a species of embroidery. The tambour is an instrument of a spherical form, upon which is stretched, by means of a string and buckle, or other suitable appendage, a piece of linen or thin silken stuff; which is wrought with a needle of a particular form, and by means of silken or gold and silver threads, into leaves, flowers, or other figures.
TAMBOUR de Basque, a well-known kind of small drum, commonly called a tambourine. It is much used among the Biscayans, and consists of one piece of parchment stretched over the top of a broad hoop, which is furnished with little bells. It is sounded by sliding the fingers along the parchment, or by striking it with the back of the hand, or with the fist or the elbow.
TAMBOURIN, a drum much used in Provence. Its case is much longer and somewhat narrower than that of the common drum. It is beaten with a drumstick, while the performer at the same time plays with his left hand upon a small flute, called galoubet. See Ριρε.
TAMBURO (Ital.), the common military drum.
TAMBURONE, or Cassa GRANDE, or Cassa (Ital.), the military bass-drum. See M usic .