pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CHELTENHAM, a town in the hundred of the same name, in the county of Gloucester, ninety-five miles from London. It takes its name from the small river Chilt, which passes through the town in its way to the Severn. It has long been celebrated for its mineral spring, whose supply of water was small; but of late years new springs have been discovered, more copious in their produce, in consequence of which the company resorting to it has increased, and a corresponding number of new private and public buildings have been erected. It now, in extent and elegance, more resembles a large city than the small town it was forty years ago. The situation, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills, is healthy 7 , picturesque, and pleasant, and affords means of gratifying both pedestrians and equestrians. The pump-rooms, theatre, ball-rooms, hotels, public walks, and lodging houses, are well arranged, and admirably adapted for the visitors who resort to this Spa. The markets are well and reasonably 7 supplied. The population amounted in 1811 to 8325, in 1821 to 13,396, and in 1831 to 22,942.
CHEMISE, in Fortification, the wall with which a bastion or any other bulwark of earth is lined, for its greater support and strength; or it is the solidity of wall from the talus to the stone row.

Fire Chemise, a piece of linen cloth, steeped in a composition of oil of petroleum, camphor, and other combustible matters, used at sea for setting fire to an enemy’s vessel.
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CHEMNITZ, or Chemnitius, Martin, a famous Lutheran divine, the disciple of Mclancthon, was born at Britzen, in Brandenburg, in 1522. He was employed in several important negotiations by the princes of the Lutheran communion, and he died in April 1589. His principal work is Examem Concilii Tridentini, Frankfort, 1585, in 4 vols. fol. and 4to. This work comprises a course of theology for the use of the Protestant churches. Another production of Chemnitz, scarcely less celebrated than his Examination of the Council of Trent, is his Treatise on Indulgences., which was translated from Latin into French, and printed at Geneva in 1599, 8vo.

Chemnitz, or Schemnitz, a circle in the province of Hither Danube, in Hungary. It extends round the city of the same name, which is one of the chief mining districts in the Austrian dominions. The city, with its suburbs, which are very extensive, contains 1692 houses, and 20,240 inhabitants, of whom more than 8000 are employed directly or indirectly in the mines. There are eighteen mines in the circle, which yield gold, silver, copper, iron, arsenic, and saltpetre, to the amount of two hundred thousand pounds. The city is elevated 2150 feet above the level of the sea, in a rocky soil, from which the river Chemnitz rises. It contains four Catholic churches and one Lutheran, an institution for mineralogy, and two gymnasiums for Catholics and Lutherans, with six professors and a hundred and forty students. Long. 18. 54. E. Lat. 48. 47. 45. N.

Chemnitz, a city in the circle of Erzgebirge, of the kingdom of Saxony, the chief place of a bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on a plain elevated about nine hundred and forty feet above the level of the sea, on the rivers Chemnitz and Gablentz. It contains 12,000 inhabitants, who are industriously employed in various branches of the cotton, linen, and woollen manufacture; and in the trades of brewers, distillers, hatters, and hosiers. About a mile from the city is the ancient electoral palace of the reigning family.
CHEMOSIS, a disease of the eyes, proceeding from inflammation, in which the white of the eyes swells above the black, and overtops it to such a degree that there appears a sort of gap between them. Others, however, define it differently.
CHEODLE, a market-town of the hundred of Tot-monslow, in the county of Stafford. It is situated in the centre of a district abounding in coal, in consequence of which several establishments are formed for making copper, tin, and brass wares. Near the town are the ruins of a Cistertian abbey, founded in 1167. -The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 2830, in 1821 to 3862, and in 1831 to 4119. The market is held on Friday.
CHEPSTOW, a market-town of the hundred of Caldi-cott, in the county of Monmouth. It is built on the river Wye, over which is a bridge, where the tide rises higher than at any spot in England. It is a place of considerable trade, but especially for ship timber and oak bark, lt has a market on Saturday, well attended. The views on the Wye, especially from Piercefield, are very attractive, as are the picturesque scenery of the river. Chepstow was formerly walled, and had a strong castle, which is now in a dilapidated state. The population amounted in 1811 to 2381, in 1821 to 3008, and in 1831 to 3524.
CHER, a department of France, formed out of the ancient Upper Berri, and a small portion of the Bourbonnois. It is bounded on the north by the Loiret, on the east by the Nièvre, on the south by the departments of the Allier and the Creuse, and on the west by those of the Indre and Loire and Cher. It comprehends 2908 square miles, or 740,152 hectares. The surface presents a level plain, with no hills, and scarcely an elevation. The soil in the eastern part, on the banks of the Loire and the Arnon, is fertile, and in the southern part it is indifferent; in the middle a mixture of some good and much bad land, and in the north many heaths and much poor sandy lands, are to be seen. About one fifth of the department consists of woodland. The corn of the department, which consists chiefly of rye, is about equal to the consumption. Some of the wine is of a moderate quality, and is sent to Paris as inferior Burgundy; but the greater part is converted into brandy. Hemp and flax are also produced; and before the revolution, silk was cultivated successfully. There are some mines of iron wrought, and indications of silver are to be seen. The manufactures are few, and restricted to the consumption of the department, with the exception of iron, of which about 7000 tons are sent to other districts. The department is divided into three arrondissements, twenty-nine cantons, and 307 communes, and contains 233,583 inhabitants. The capital is the city of Bourges.
CHERASCO, a city of Italy, in the province of Coni, of the kingdom of Sardinia. It is built at the junction of the rivers Stura and Tanaro. It contains several public buildings, and 11,160 inhabitants. There are considerable establishments for spinning and weaving silk. The country around is highly productive of corn and wine. Long. 7.45. E. Lat. 44. 35. N.
CHERBOURG, an arrondissement of the department of La Manche, in France. It comprehends 380 square miles, and is divided into five cantons and seventy-eight communes, containing 67,565 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, is a city in a large bay at the mouth of the small river Divette. As the only part possessed by France in the Channel, great pains and cost have been expended within the last twenty years to render the haven secure and defensible. It contains 14,315 inhabitants, who chiefly belong to the naval service, or find occupation in the various trades with which an arsenal is naturally surrounded. Besides these, arc establishments for making large mirrors and other glass. It is in long. 1. 8. 20. W. and lat. 49. 2. 50. N.
CHEREM, among the Jews, is used to signify a species of annihilation. The Hebrew word cherem signifies properly to destroy, exterminate, devote, or anathematize.
CHERIBON, Sheribon, or Tcheribon, a town in the island of Java, and capital of a principality of the same name, 190 miles by the coast eastward of Batavia. Thetown is situated at the head of a deep bay, formed to the southeast of Point Indramayo, and to the westward of which there is good anchorage in the easterly monsoon. The bay is well sheltered from the north-west monsoon by a sand bank, which stretches from the north point of the bay to the eastward. Smaller vessels run along the bank to within three fourths of a league from the land. In order to enter the river, country craft drawing from four to six feet are obliged to wait for the high tides, on account of the small bank at the mouth. This was formerly a considerable military station; and the European town, which contains many good houses, was well peopled till within a few years of the British conquest, when a pestilential disorder carried off the greater part of the inhabitants; and since this period the town has been nearly deserted. This malady was ascribed to a morass, extending many miles to the eastward of the town, over which the wind blowing at particular periods of the year, wafts disease and death. Others, again, assign as the cause a cold drying wind, issuing through an opening in the mountains to the southward. There is a large Chinese village in the vicinity·

The surrounding district is remarkably fertile, and produces the finest coffee raised in the island, and which is particularly noted for the smallness of its grain. The other productions are timber, cotton, yarn, arreca, indigo, sugar, and some pepper. Edible bird-nests also form a great article of trade. No less than four sovereigns formerly resided at Cheribon, to whose ancestors the whole territory once belonged; but the splendour of its former ’sovereigns has long passed away. In 1680 the country came under the protection of the Dutch East India Company, to whose servants the chiefs were bound to deliver the produce of the country at fixed prices. By different stipulations and treaties the power of the sultans was at last reduced to an empty name; and small districts were assigned them for their maintenance, out of which they were obliged to pay a certain proportion to their masters. When the British conquered the island, they were all miserably poor; and an old man, who was the head, had, by way of distinction, the name of sultan. A new arrangement was concluded with them, by' which, in consideration of their being secured in the possession of certain tracts of land with an annual pension, they consented that the internal administration of the country should be exercised by the British. All the oppressive exactions from the people, either of their produce or their labour, were at the same time abolished, and a land-tax was imposed, which produced, in 1814, 255,306 rupees. Long. 108.35. E. Lat. 6.43. S.
CHERILUS of Samos, a Greek poet, who flourished 479 years b. c. He sung the victory gained by the Athenians over Xerxes, and was rewarded with a piece of gold for every verse. His poem had afterwards the honour of being rehearsed yearly along with the works of Homer.
CHERSO, an island in the Adriatic Sea, belonging to the Austrian Illyrian province. It is a long island, stretching from north to south about thirty-five miles. It consists of a single range of mountains, formed into a kind of natural terraces, on which vines and olive trees flourish. The other parts of the island are covered with bushes of laurel and mastic, but scarcely any large trees. There is a scarcity of spring water, and the houses are generally furnished with cisterns to contain rain water. The whole [7:6:508] island contains about 7000 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, on the western side of the island, has a cathedral, several churches and monasteries, and in 1819 contained 3570 inhabitants.
CHERSON, the capital of the province as well as of the circle of the same name in European Russia. It is distant from Petersburg 1200 miles, and has been built since 1778, on the right bank of theDneiper. It contains many establishments of a public nature, viz awell-built fortress, the marine arsenal, with its docks, storehouses, and ships of war; a suburb for the Greeks settled there, and another as quarters for the military.· It has three churches, a well-built bazar, and barracks for the sailors of the fleet. The city contains 1500 private dwellings, and about 12,000 inhabitants. It has a great trade in ship-timber and ship-building. The river is too shallow for ships drawing much water, and its depth has so much diminished that vessels cannot now, as a few years ago, come to the quays. Near to the city is a monument to the celebrated Potemkin, and also one to the philanthropic Howard. It is in long. 32. 33.13. E. and lat. 46. 37. 46. N.
CHERSONESUS, among geographers, the same as a peninsula, or land almost encompassed by the sea, and only joined to the continent by a narrow neck or isthmus. The word is Greek, ^sgōOvîļ¢ro;, from χεg<ros, land, or earth, and wjuo¢, island. In ancient geography it was applied to several peninsulas, as the Chersonesus Aurea, Cimbrica, Taurica, and Thracica, now thought to be Malacca, Jutland, the Crimea, and Romania.
CHERUB (plural, Cherubim), an angelic spirit, which in the celestial hierarchy is placed next to the seraphim. The term cherub, in Hebrew, is sometimes taken for a calf or ox. Ezekiel represents the face of the cherub as synonymous with the face of an ox. The word cherub, in Syriac and Chaldee, signifies ↑,odill or plough, which is the proper work of oxen; Cherub also signifies strong and powerful. Grotius says that the figures of the cherubim resembled that of a calf; Bochart likewise thinks that the cherubim had more likeness to the figure of an ox than to any thing besides; Spencer is of the same opinion; and St John, in the Revelation, calls cherubim beasts. Josephus says that the cherubim were extraordinary creatures, of a figure unknown to mankind. Clemens Alexandrinus believes that the Egyptians imitated the cherubim of the Hebrews in the representations of their sphinxes and other hieroglyphical animals. Indeed all the descriptions which the Scripture gives us of cherubim differ from one another, but agree in representing them by a figure composed of various creatures, as a man, an ox, an eagle, and a lion. Such were the cherubim described by Ezekiel. Those seen by Isaiah, and which he called seraphim, had the figure of a man with six wings, two of which covered their faces, and two more covered their feet, while with the two others they flew. Those which Solomon placed in the temple at Jerusalem are supposed to have been nearly of the same form. But those which St John describes in the Revelation were all eyes before and behind, and had each six wings. The first was in the form of a lion, the second in that of a calf, the third in that of a man, and the fourth in that of an eagle. The figure of the cherubim was not always uniform, since they are variously described as having the shapes of men, eagles, oxen, lions, and sometimes of all these put together. Moses likewise calls the symbolical or hieroglyphical representations which were embroidered on the veils of the tabernacle, cherubim of costly work. Such were the symbolical figures which the Egyptians placed at the gates of their temples, and the images of the generality of their gods, which were commonly statues composed of the figures of men and animals combined on metaphorical, or rather allegorical principles.
CHESAPEAK Bay, a spacious bay of North America, in the states of Virginia and Maryland. The entrance, which is sixteen miles wide, is between Cape Charles and Cape Henry. The bay enters 190 miles into the land, dividing the states above named into two equal parts, called the eastern and western shores. It varies from seven to twenty miles in breadth, and the depth of water is generally about nine fathoms; it thus affords ample facilities for navigation, and for the erection of harbours. The Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannoe,York, and James Rivers, which are large and navigable, discharge their waters into this bay.
CHESELDEN, William, an eminent anatomist and surgeon, who was born at Burrow on the Hill, in the county of Leicester, and descended from an ancient family in the county of Rutland. He received the rudiments of his professional education at Leicester, and married Deborah Knight, a citizen’s daughter, by whom he had one daughter, Williamina Deborah. In 1713 he published his Anatomy of the Human Body, in one volume 8vo; and in 1723 a Treatise on the High Operation for the Stone. He was one of the earliest of his profession who contributed by his writings to raise it to its present eminence. In the beginning of 1736 he was thus honourably mentioned by Mr Pope: “As soon as I had sent my last letter, I received a most kind one from you, expressing great pain for my late illness at Mr Cheselden’s. I conclude you was eased of that friendly apprehension in a few days after you had dispatched yours, for mine must have reached you then. I wondered a little at your query, who Cheselden was? It shows that the truest merit does not travel so far any way as on the wings of poetry; he is the most noted and most deserving man in the whole profession of chirurgery, and has saved the lives of thousands by his manner of cutting for the stone.” He appears to have been on terms of the most intimate friendship with Mr Pope, who frequently, in his letters to Mr Richardson, talks of dining with Mr Cheselden, who then lived in or near Queen Square. In February 1737 Mr Cheselden was appointed surgeon to Chelsea hospital. He died at Bath on the 11th April 1752, of a disorder arising from drinking ale after eating hot buns. Finding himself uneasy, he sent for a physician, who advised vomiting immediately; and if the advice had been taken it was thought his life might have been saved. By his own direction he was buried at Chelsea.
CHESHAM, a market-town in the hundred of Burnham, of the county of Buckingham, twenty-eight miles from London. It is situated in a pleasing vale. The chief employment, besides agriculture, is making bone lace. The market is held on Wednesday. The population amounted in 1811 to 1191, in 1821 to 2017, and in 1831 to 5388.
CHEST, in commerce, a kind of measure, containing an uncertain quantity of several commodities. A chest of sugar, for instance, contains from ten to fifteen hundredweight; a chest of glass, from two hundred to three hundred feet; a chest of Castille soap, from two and a half to three hundredweight; a chest of indigo, from one and a half to two hundredweight, five score to the hundred.
CHESTER, a city, the capital of the county of the same name, in the hundred of Broxton. It is situated on the river Dee, over which is a fine bridge of twelve arches. The buildings are very antique, and the fronts of them have wooden galleries projecting towards the street, under and on which is a dry promenade in all weather. The cathedral has no particular attraction, but the chapter-house is an object of great admiration. The see of the bishop extends over Cheshire and Lancashire, and a part of West-moreland, Cumberland, and Yorkshire, with two parishes in Denbighshire and five in Flintshire. The ancient walls [7:6:520]are in a good state of preservation, and afford a pleasing . promenade of nearly two miles in length. At Chester a ] large fair was formerly held, to which the manufacturers of linen brought their goods from Ireland. Of late'some ∣ cotton manufactories have been established. The city is governed by a mayor, recorder, twenty-four aldermen, and forty common councilmen. Its shipping trade is inconsiderable. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 17,302, in 1821 to 19,949, and in 1831 to 21,363.

Chester, a county of the state of Pennsylvania, west of Delaware county, and south-west of Philadelphia. It is about forty-five miles in length by thirty in breadth. Chester is also the name of a number of towns and villages of inferior note in the United States of America.
CHESTERFIELD, a market-town of the hundred of Scarsdale, in the county of Derby, 150 miles from London, on a hill between two small rivers. It communicates, by means of a recent canal, with the river Trent. It has some manufactories of hosiery and of silk, and some spinning of cotton. The family of Stanhope derives the title of Earl from this town. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 4476, in 1821 to 5077, and in 1831 to 10,688.

Chesterfield, Earl of. See Stanhope. CHEVAL-de-Frise, a large piece of timber, pierced, and traversed with wooden pikes, and five or six feet long, armed or pointed with iron. The term is French, and properly signifies a Friselaìid horse, this term having been applied either from some conceived analogy between the appearance of the shaggy horses of the country and that of the instrument, or because it was first invented in Friseland. Chevaux-de-frise are űsed to defend a passage, stop a breach, or secure the avenues of a camp, against both horse and foot. They are sometimes also mounted on wheels with artificial fires, to roll down in an assault. Chevaux-de-frise were first used at the siege of Groningen in 1658.
CHEVALER, in the manège, is said of a horse when, in passing upon a walk or trot, his off fore-leg crosses or overlaps the near fore-leg every second motion.
CHEVALIER, a French term, ordinarily signifying a knight. The word is formed from the French cheval, a horse, and the barbarous Latin cavallιιs. It is used in heraldry to signify any cavalier or horseman armed at all points, and is the same as the Romans called cataphractus eques. CHEVAUX-de-Frise. See Cheval-de-Frise.
CHEVIOT, or Tivιoτ Hills, run from north to south through Northumberland and Cumberland, and formerly constituted the borders or boundaries between England and Scotland, where many a bloody battle was fought between the two nations, one of which is recorded in the ballad of Chevy Chase. These hills are the first land discovered by sailors in coming to Scotland from the east.
CHEVREAU, Urban, a learned writer, born at Loudun in 1613. He distinguished himself in his youth by his knowledge of the belles-lettres, and became secretary of state to Queen Christina of Sweden. Several German princes invited him to their courts; and Charles Louis, the elector palatine, retained him under the title of counsellor. After the death of that prince he returned to France, and became preceptor to the Duke of Maine. At length retiring to Loudun, he died there in 1701, aged eighty-eight. He was the author of a variety of works, amongst which may be mentioned, 1. Considerations Fortuites, and De la Tranquillité d’Esprit, Paris, 1642, 8vo; 2, L' Ecole du Sage, or Le Charactere des Vertus et des Vices, Paris, 1664, 12mo; 3. Lettres, Paris, 1642, 8vo; 4. Scanderbeg, 1644, 2 vols. 8vo; 5. Hermiogene, a romance in two parts, 1648, 8vo; 6. Tableau de la Fortune, Paris, 1651, 4to; 7. Poésies, 1656, 8vo; 8. Histoire du Monde, Paris, 1686, 2 vols. 4to. Chevreau has been accused of ιaving taken his history without acknowledgment from ;he Theatrum Universum of Christian Mathias; but the , ľharge has not been substantiated.
CHEYNE, Dr George, a physician of great learning and abilities, born in Scotland in 1671, and educated at Edinburgh under Dr Pitcairn. He died at Bath in 1742, aged seventy-two. He wrote several treatises that were well received; particularly an Essay on Health and Long Life, and the English Malady, or a Treatise of Nervous Diseases; both the result of his own experience. He is to be ranked among those physicians who have accounted for the operations of medicines, and the morbid alterations which take place in the human body, upon mechanical principles. A spirit of piety and of benevolence, and an ardent zeal for the interests of virtue, are predominant throughout his writings; and he also displays an amiable candour and ingeniousness which led him to retract with readiness whatever appeared to him to be censurable in his works. Some of the metaphysical notions which he introduced into his writings may perhaps be thought fanciful and ill-grounded; but an agreeable vivacity enlivens his productions, which also exhibit much openness and frankness, and in general very great perspicuity.