pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
STYX, in Fabulous History, a river of hell, round which it flows nine times. The gods held the waters of the Styx in such veneration, that to swear by them was reckoned an oath altogether inviolable. If any of the gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, which lulled them for one whole year into a sens∣ less stupidity; for the nine following years they were deprived of the ambrosia and the nectar of the gods; and after the expiration of the years of their punishment, they were restored to the assembly of the deities, and to all their original privileges. It is said that this veneration was shown to the Styx, because it received its name from the nymph Styx, who with her three daughters assisted Jupiter in his war against the Titans.

Styx was a river which it was necessary for departed shades to pass before they could enter the infernal regions; and it was the office of Charon to ferry them over. Mythological writers have said that the Egyptians framed both this and some other fables relating to the dead, from certain customs peculiar to their country; that in particular there was, not far from Memphis, a famous burying-place, to which the dead bodies were conveyed in a boat across the lake Acherusia; and that Charon was a boatman who had long officiated in that service. The learned Dr Blackwell, in his Life of Homer, has observed, that, in the old Egyptian language t Charoni signified "ferryman.”[7:20:786]
SUAKIN. a seaport town of Nubia, situated on the western coast of the Red Sea, was formerly a place of great wealth and importance, but has long been in a declining state, and is now almost in ruins. Snakin looks better when seen at a distance than on a nearer view; the buildings all white-washed and on an elevated site, and two minarets, giving the town a handsome appearance. Like all the towns in the east, it has narrow and dirty streets. All that remains of its former grandeur is its capacious port, which is capable of containing 200 large vessels, that can anchor close to the island in seven fathoms water; but is so narrow at the mouth as to render an entrance impracticable, except with the most favourable wind. It is rather remarkable that this narrow passage should have so long remained open, considering the clouds of sand which are borne toward it at one season, and the action of the sea continually breaking over it, after having passed over sandbanks. The Turks obtained possession of Suakin at the same time that they occupied the opposite coast of Arabia. In the fifteenth century Suakin was a place of great importance and wealth, the emporium of the Red Sea, and one of the richest cities in the east. It derived its importance from its being in the middle ages the maritime capital of the Turks in the Red Sen, when that empire maintained there a powerful navy. Suakin has declined along with the Turkish power; and its only support is now derived from its being the channel of communication between Arabia and the interior of Africa. Pilgrims and slave-dealers, or persons who combine these two vocations, quit the Nile at Shendi, and proceed through Taka and other districts of Nubia to this port, where they embark for Jidda. They carry with them slaves, with a little ivory and gold, and take Indian goods in return. The surrounding country is arid and barren, and produces no grain except that coarse species called dhonrra nr juwarry. There is abundance of good water, which is preserved in wells and tanks. Fish are cheap and plentiful, and the mullets are particularly fine. Sheep are cheap, and do not cost above a dollar each. But fowls are scarce and dear. The country around, and the coast to a considerable extent, is occupied by a hardy race of Bedouin Arabs, called Suakini. Suakin is supposed to be the Soter Limen of Diodorus, the Theon Seter of Ptolemy; though it is not easy to conceive how these terms, signifying “the safe harbour,” could apply to one of such difficult entrance. Long. 37. 33. E. Lat. 19. 48. N.
SUΛN, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, district of Rotas. It is twenty-five miles south-east from Patna. Long. 86. 25. E. Lat. 25. 16. N.
SUAREZ, Francis, a renowned Jesuit, was born at Grenada on the 5th of January 1548. He belonged to a noble family, and was sent to prosecute the study of law in the university of Salamanca; but when he had finished his course, he was induced to change his destination, and assume the habit of St Ignatius. He at first experienced much difficulty in comprehending the principles of the philosophy which was then taught; but having been placed under the guidance of Rodriguez, he soon began to be distinguished by the uncommon rapidity of his progress, and became one of the most distinguished members of the society. Having taught philosophy at Segovia, he was afterwards employed in teaching theology at Valladolid, Rome, Alcala, and Salamanca. Wherever he taught, his lectures attracted a numerous auditory. He was at length appointed to the first chair of divinity in the university of Coimbra; but before entering upon his office, he went to Evora, and took his doctor’s degree. Here his reputation continued to increase. At the instigation of the pope, he prepared an elaborate work, entitled “Defensio Catholics Fidei contra Anglicanae Sectae Errores.” Conimbricae, 1613, fol. This work gave much offence to King James, and was burnt at St Paul’s by the hands of the hangman. Nor did it receive better treatment from the parliament of Paris; who, by an arrêt pronounced on the 26th of June 1614, condemned it to the flames, as containing maxims contrary to the rights of sovereigns. It was ably refuted by Robert Abbot, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. Suarez, having been called to Lisbon for some weighty conference, died there on the 25th of September 1617. An instant before he expired, he said to those who surrounded his bed, “I never knew it was so pleasant to die.”

Suarez was a great master of the scholastic philosophy and theology of his age, nor was he a mean or ordinary proficient in jurisprudence. Grotius has described him as the most acute of philosophers and divines. His treatise “De Legibus et Deo Legislatore,” is commended by Sir James Mackintosh, “as exhibiting the most accessible and perspicuous abridgment of the theological philosophy in its latest form.” According to the same competent authority, “he first saw that international law was composed, not only of the simple principles of justice applied to the intercourse between states, but of those usages, long observed in that intercourse by the European race, which have since been more exactly distinguished as the consuetudinary law acknowledged by the Christian nations of Europe and America.” Of this learned Jesuit, the works are very numerous. An edition of them in twenty-three vols. fol. began to be published at Maintz and Lyon in the year 1630. An edition was published at Venice in the year 1740. (x.)
SUBAH, the general name of the viceroyships, or greater governments, into which the Mogul empire was divided, consisting of several provinces: the jurisdiction of a subahdar, the same as subahship, subaedaree, or nizamut.
SUBAHDAR, the viceroy, lord-lieutenant, or governor, holding a subah; the same as nabob or nazim. Also the black commander of a company of sepoys.
SUBALTERN, a subordinate officer, or one who discharges his post under the command and subject to the direction of another; stich are lieutenants, sub-lieutenants, cornets, and ensigns, who serve under the captain.
SUBARKAN, a village of Diarbekir, in Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, seventy-five miles east-south-east of Ker-kesich.
SUBBULGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Agra. It is surrounded by a high stone wall in good repair, with a number of bastions; but has few cannon mounted. On one side of the fort is a deep precipice. The country in the vicinity is well cultivated. It is sixty-five miles south-west from the city of Agra. Long. 75. 25. E. Lat. 26. 22. N. There is another town of the same name in the province of Delhi, situated on the east side of the Ganges. The town is surrounded by a very extensive line of fortification, though it exhibits as well as the walls, little more than falling ruins. The town is improving since it came under British authority. It is twelve miles south from Hurdwar. Long. 78. 10. E. Lat. 29. 48. N.
SUBDEACON, an inferior minister, who anciently attended at the altar, prepared the sacred vessels, delivered them to the deacons in time of divine service, attended the doors of the church during communion service, and went on the bishop’s embassies with his letters or messages to foreign churches. They were so subordinate to the superior rulers of the church, that, by a canon of the council of Laodicea, they were forbidden to sit in the presence of a deacon without his leave. According to the canon law, a person must be twenty-two years of age to be promoted to the order of sub-deacon.
SUBDOMINANT, in Music. See Music.
SUBDUPLE Ratio is when any number or quantity is contained in another twice. Thus 3 is said to be subduple of 6 as 6 is duple of 3.
SUBDUPLICATE Ratio of any two quantities, is the ratio of their square roots.[7:20:787]
SUBJECT, in Music. See Music .
SUBITO, in the Italian music, is used to signify that a tiling is to be performed quickly and hastily; thus we meet with volti subito, turn over the leaf quickly.
SUBLIMATE, a chemical preparation, consisting of quicksilver united with muriatic acid.
SUBLIMATION, in Chemistry, the condensing and collecting, in a solid form, by means of vessels aptly constructed, the fumes of bodies raised from them by the application of a proper heat.
SUBMULTIPLE, in Geometry, &c. A submultiple number or quantity is that which is contained a certain number of times in another, and which, therefore, repeated a certain number of times, becomes exactly equal thereto. Thus 3 is a submultiple of 21. In this sense a submultiple coincides with an aliquot part.

Submultiple Ratio, is that between the quantity contained and the quantity containing. Thus the ratio of 3 to 21 is submultiple. In both cases submultiple is the reverse of multiple: 21, e. gr. being a multiple of 3, and the ratio of 21 to 3 a multiple ratio.
SUBPOENA, in Law, a writ by which persons are called into chancery, in cases where the common law has provided an ordinary remedy; and the name of it proceeds from the words therein, which charge the party called to appear at the day and place affirmed, “sub pcεna centum librarum,” &c.
SUBREPTITIOUS, or Surreptitious, a term applied to a letter, license, patent, or other act, fraudulently obtained of a superior, by concealing some truth which, had it been known, would have prevented the concession or grant.
SUBROGATION, or Subrogation, in the civil law, the act of substituting a person in the place, and entitling him to the rights, of another. In its general sense, subrogation implies a succession of any kind, whether of a person to a person, or of a person to a thing.
SUBROY, a small town of Hindustan, province of Cutch, on the Gulf of Cutch, from which place it is distant twenty-three miles to the north. This town stands on a rising ground on the road from Luckput Bunder to Mundavie, and is defended by a castle. It is populous and flourishing, and the surrounding country is tolerably well cultivated.
SUBSTRACTION, or Subtraction, in Arithmetic, the second rule, or rather operation, in arithmetic, whereby we deduct a less number from a greater, to learn their precise difference.
SUBTANGENT of a Curve, the line that determines the intersection of a tangent with the axis, or that determines the point wherein the tangent cuts the axis prolonged.
SUBTENSE, formed from sub, under, and tendo, I stretch, in Geometry, a right line which is opposite to an angle, and drawn between the two extremities of the arc which measures that angle.
SUBUNREEKA, a river of Hindustan, which has its source in the province of Bahar, district of Chuta Nagpeor, whence it flows in a south-easterly direction, and after a winding course of 250 miles falls into the Bay of Bengal. It is fordable except in the rainy season. It was the first river of Bengal into which Europeans were allowed to Alter. The channel is now choked up with sand.
SUCCADANA, a town on the west coast of the island of Borneo. It is situated on the principal or southern outlet of a large river, which is navigable 150 miles for prows. It is celebrated for very large diamonds, and also for the best camphire; and is a considerable mart for opium, the sale of which is monopolized by the rajah and his family. It is the custom here, as at all the eastern ports, to give a present at the first audience, in proportion to the rank of the person visited; to the king about fifty dollars, to the rajah thirty, and the shahbunder and agent about twenty each. Gold dust, tin, and pepper, are also to be procured here. Lat. 1. 30. S.
SUCCULA, in Mechanics, an axis or cylinder with staves in it to move it round, but without any tympanum or pc-ritrochium.
SUCKLING, Sir John, an English poet and dramatist, was the son of Sir John Suckling, comptroller of the household to King Charles I. anti was born in the year 1608-9. He is supposed to have been born at Twickenham, as it appears from the parish-register that he was baptized there on the 10th of February. He discovered an uncommon aptitude for the acquiring of languages, insomuch that he is reported to have spoken Latin at five years of age, and to have written it at nine. When he grew up, he travelled; but seems to have affected nothing more than the character of a courtier and fine gentleman; which he so far attained that he was allowed io have the peculiar happiness of making every thing he did become him. In his travels he made a campaign under the great Gustavus Adolphus; and his loyalty, if not his valour, appeared in the beginning of our civil wars; for, after his return to England, he raised a troop of horse for the king’s service, entirely at his own charge, and mounted them so completely and richly that they are said to have cost him L.12.000. This troop, with Sir John at its head, behaved so ill in the engagement with the Scots, upon the English borders, in 1639, as to occasion a famous lampoon, composed by Sir John Mennig, which was set to a brisk tune, and much sung by the parliamentarians. This disastrous expedition, and the ridicule that attended it, were supposed to have hastened his death; but he survived till the 7th of May 1741. He was a sprightly wit and an easy versifier, but no great poet. His poems, plays, speeches, tracts, and letters, were collected into an octavo volume in the year 1709.
SUCKUT, a small town and district of Hindustan, province of Lahore, intersected by the Beyah river, belonging to the Sikhs. Long. 75. 45. E. Lot. 32. 41. N.
SUCTASGUR, a town and fortress of Hindustan, province of Allahabad. The fortifications were formerly more considerable, and defended the passes of the western hills. They are now neglected. It is the capital of a small district, which was included in the collectorship of Benares. It is fourteen miles south of the fortress of Chunar.
SUDASHYGUR, a fortress of Hindustan, on the western shore of the province of Canara. It is situated on a high point of land, and being remarkably white, is a conspicuous point from the sea. It commands the entrance of the Aliga river.
SUDATORY, a name given by the ancient Romans to their hot or sweating-rooms; sometimes also called Laconica.
SUDBURY, a town in the hundred of Babergh and county of Suffolk, fifty-six miles from London. It stands on the river Stour, which divides it from Essex, and is navigable to the sea by Manningtree. The town comprises three parishes, with each a church, and is tolerably well built. It was one of the earliest seats of the woollen manufacture, some share of which it still retains; and it has likewise some silk trade. It is a borough, governed by a mayor, six aldermen, and twenty-three common-council men, and returns two members to the House of Commons. It has a good market on Saturdays. The inhabitants in 1801 amounted to 3263, in 1811 to 8471, in 1821 to 3950, and in 1881 to 4677.
SUECA, a city of Spain, in the province of Valencia, and government of Alcira. It stands on the banks of the river Xucar, in a marshy soil, which, though not very favourable to health, is well adapted for the growth of rice, which is here cultivated to a great extent. In the town there is a church, with a monastery and a chapel; and it contains 700 dwellings, with 4800 inhabitants.[7:20:788]
SUEN-HOA, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-che-)ee, situated among the mountains near the great wall. It is a populous place, well built, and distinguished by the beauty of its streets. The district includes a considerable number of forts destined to defend the great northern barrier of the empire. It is seventeen miles north-west of Pekin.
SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS, Caius, a Latin historian, was the son of Suetonius Lenis, who became a military tribune in the reign of the emperor Otho. The son is supposed to have been born about the beginning of the reign of Vespasian. Having betaken himself to the practice of the law, he appears to have acquired reputation as a pleader. He lived on terms of intimacy with the younger Pliny, who recommended him to Trajan as a very learned and upright man, and obtained for him the “jus trium liberorum.” Although he had a wife, he was without children; and a participation of this privilege was of some importance to him in the exercise of his profession. After the death of this emperor, he was appointed secretary to Hadrian; but he was dismissed from his office in consequence of his having manifested a want of due respect for the empress Sabina. After his retirement from public life, he had more leisure to devote himself to literary pursuits. Of that period of Roman history, his principal work, “Vitae duddecim Caesarum,” contains the most curious and characteristic record which has been transmitted to our times. The picture which he exhibits is certainly a very foul one, but on that account is more likely to be true. His lives are not digested according to any order strictly chronological, but it is rather his plan to combine curious, interesting, and characteristic particulars, which serve to mark the progress of the different emperors, most of whom were a disgrace to human nature. Other two works of a slighter texture, “De illustribus Grammaticis liber,” and “De claris Rhetoribus liber,” bear the name of Suetonius. To him are likewise ascribed very brief lives of Terence, Horace, Lucan, Persius, Juvenal, and the elder Pliny.

Suetonius was twice printed at Rome during the same year, 1470, and several other editions appeared at an early period. We pass over these, and hasten to mention the valuable editions of Casaubon, printed at Geneva in quarto in the years 1595 and 1615. His commentary abounds with recondite learning. Another elaborate edition was published by Graevins, Hag. Com. 1672, 4to. It was reprinted at the same place in 1691, and at Utrecht in 1703. This learned editor was soon succeeded by Pitiscus, Traj. ad Ren. 1690, 2 tom. 8vo. Leovard. 1714, 2 tom. 4to. But an edition still more elaborate was produced by the indefatigable Burman, Amst. 1736, 2 tom. 4to. And after no long interval, he was followed by Oudendorp, Lugd. Bat. 1751, 2 tom. 8vo.
SUEVI, a common name of the people situated between the Elbe and the Vistula, distinguished otherwise by particular names.
SUEVUS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Germany, thought to be the same with the Viadrus or Oder, emptying itself at three mouths into the Baltic, the middlemost of which is called Swine or Swene, which last comes near the name Suevus.
SUFFRAGAN, an appellation given to simple bishops with regard to archbishops, ou whom they depend, and to whom appeals lie from the bishops’ courts. The same name is likewise given to a bishop who is occasionally appointed to assist the diocesan.
SUFFRAGE denotes a vote given in an assembly where something is deliberated on, or where a person is elected to an office or benefice.
SUGAT, a town of Asia Minor, in the pachalic of Bursa, supposed to be on the site of the ancient Tottarium. The houses arc generally built of mud and wood, two stories high, with projecting verandahs, and roofed with common red tile. It is remarkable for the tomb of Ali Osman, held in high respect by the natives.
SUGGOWLY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, district of Bettiah. It is situated on the Boora Gunduck river, and it carries on a considerable trade in timber, floated down from the northern hills. Long. 85. 5. £. Lat 26. 43. N.
SUIATOI Nos, or Holy Cape, a cape of Asiatic Russia, in the province of Irkoutsk, between the rivers Yana and Indigirka, on the coast of the Frozen Ocean. Long. 39.30. E. Lat. 68. 30. N.
SUIDAS, a Greek lexicorapher, is supposed by Fabricius to have lived during the latter part of the eleventh century; but other writers are disposed to believe that he must have belonged to a more recent period. His country and his personal history arc alike unknown. From authors of various denominations he compiled an ample dictionary, which, with all its imperfections, has been found a most valuable repository of ancient erudition; and no scholar, intimately acquainted with the Greek language and literature, is unacquainted with the Lexico of Suidas. The first edition, which is very elegantly printed, was published by Demetrius Chalcondylus, Mediol. 1499, fol. He had access to several manuscripts. The text of Aldus has some appearance of being derived from a different source, Venet. 1514, fol. A third edition, with various interpolatione, followed after a longer interval, Basil. 1544, fol. It was succeeded by the Latin version of Wolfius, Basil. 1564, fol. Basil. 1581, fol. An edition of the Greek text, accompanied with a Latin version, was published by Aemilius Portus, Colon. Allobrog. 1619, 2 tom. fol. A splendid and valuable edition was at length produced by Küster, Cantab. 1705, 3 tom. fol. Here the version of Portus has received innumerable corrections; and from the collation of manuscripts, as well as by the aid of his own critical sagacity, he effected a great reformation of the text. He was a man of superior talents, and of profound erudition; but it is admitted that he ought to have devoted a greater portion of time to so formidable an undertaking. His edition was assailed by J. Gronovius in three different publications; and to this virulent critic Küster replied in a Diatribe Anti-Gronoviana, of which a second edition was printed at Amsterdam, 1712, 8vo. The text of Suidas was afterwards illustrated by many other writers, nor must we fail to mention the elaborate work of Toup, Emendationes in Suidam, Lond. 1760-6, 3 tom. 8vo. Oxon. 1790, 4 tom. 8vo. The labours of these learned men prepared the way for a most valuable edition, recently published under the following title: “Suidae Lexico post Ludolphum Kusterum ad codices manuscriptos recensuit Thomas Gaisford, S.T.P. Aedis Christi Decanus, necnon Graecae Linguae Professor Regius.” Oxon. 1834, 3 tom. fol. The third volume is very thin, and merely includes three Indices. By his edition of Suidas, Dr Gaisford has made a great accession to his former reputation in a department of learning in which he has no living rival in Great Britain.