pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LUZON, Lucon, or Luconia, one of the Philippine islands, and the largest of the whole group, situated between the thirteenth and nineteenth degrees of north latitude, and extending from the 120th to the 124th degrees of east longitude. It is 400 miles in length, by 115 in average breadth. The greater part of this island is mountainous, being intersected in its whole length from north to south by an elevated chain, from which diverge various ramifications and detached mountains of a conical figure, in the midst of extensive plains. The soil is remarkably fertile, and the climate for the most part moist; but it is temperate, considering the situation of the island within the tropics. It yields cotton, indigo, sugar, tobacco, and generally all sorts of tropical produce, the richest fruits of the West as well as of the East Indies, and, with ordinary industry, would rival the Moluccas in the production of spices and precious aromatics. In the mountains are found wild cinnamon, nutmegs, ebony, sandal wood, together with excellent timber for building and shipping. Gold is washed down from the higher grounds, and is found among the sands and mud of its rivers, brooks, and lakes. Civet cats are common, and ambergris is thrown on the coast in prodigious quantities. There are several volcanoes on the island, and many warm springs and small lakes, indicating an internal combustion, from which probably originate the earthquakes to which the island is subject. In 1650 one of these earthquakes overturned almost all the city of Manilla; and in 1754 another took place, which was attended with the most destructive effects. The coast is indented by many bays and commodious harbours; that of Manilla is the finest in the world, and is the only one frequented by ships of burden. The Spaniards on their arrival found upon the coast a nation of Moors, who called themselves Tagalians, and were Malayans by descent. They are for the most part a quiet and tractable people. After their conquest by the Spaniards they were most cruelly oppressed by monopolies and other tyrannical restraints; the population of the country was diminished, agriculture discouraged, and the inhabitants, destitute of any motive to energy, have sunk into indolence. Manilla is the capital. The population is estimated at 900,000, though nothing certain is known on this subject.
LYBIA, or Libya, a name anciently given to all that part of Africa lying between the borders of Egypt and the river Triton, and comprehending Cyrenaica, Marmarica, and the Regio Syrtica. See Ethiopia.
LYCAEUM, Auxε∕ov, in Antiquity, the name of a celebrated school or academy at Athens, where Aristotle explained his philosophy. The place was composed of portico - and trees planted in the quincunx form, where the philosophers disputed walking. Hence the philosophy of the Lycaeum is used to signify the philosophy of Aristotle, or the peripatetic philosophy. Suidas observes, that the Lycaeum[7:13:605] took its name from its having been originally a temple of Apollo Lycaeus, or rather a porticoor gallery built by Lycaeus, son of Apollo; but others state that it had been built either by Pisistratus or by Pericles.
LYCAON, in fabulous history, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Meliboea. He built a town called Lycosura, upon the top of Mount Lycaeus, in honour of Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto, and fifty sons. He lived about 1820 years before the Christian era, and was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. This is also the name of another king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter, because he had offered human victims upon the altar of the god Pan. Some attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind, as they relate, had become so enormous, that Jupiter, having visited the earth in order to punish its impiety and wickedness, came to Arcadia, where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper adoration to his divinity. But Lycaon, who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter that he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a wolf.
LYCIA, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the south, by Caria on the west, by Pamphylia on the east, and by Phrygia on the north. It was anciently called Milyas and Tremile, from the Milyae or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The country received the name of Lycia from Lycus, the son of Pandion, who there established himself. The inhabitants have been greatly commended by all the ancients for their sobriety and justice. They were conquered by Croesus, king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. When Alexander marched into the East, they became part of the Macedonian empire, and afterwards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidae. The country was reduced into a Roman province by the Emperor Claudius.
LYCODONTES, the petrified teeth of the lupus-piscis, or wolf-fish, frequently found in a fossil state. They are of different shapes; but the most common kind swell out in a semi-orbicular form, and are hollow within, somewhat resembling an acorn-cup. This hollow is found sometimes empty, and sometimes filled with the stratum in which it was imbedded. Many of them have an outer circle of a different colour from the rest.
LYCOMEDES, in fabulous history, a king of Scyros, an island in the Aegean Sea. He was son of Apollo and Parthenope, and was secretly intrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman’s clothes, in order to prevent him proceeding to the Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoidably perish. Lycomedes rendered himself famous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on the pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, by which means he was killed.
LYCON, a philosopher of the school of Aristotle, was a native of Loadicea, in Phrygia. He was born b. c. 300, and died, at the age of seventy-four, b. c. 226. Upon the death of Strato, Lycon became the head of the Aristotelian sect (b. c. 270), and taught the school at Athens which had been conducted successively by Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Strato, whom he succeeded. We are informed by Diogenes Laertius, in his life of this philosopher, that he was particularly successful in directing the studies of youth; and that he regarded corporal punishment as not only useless, but positively injurious, holding, that youth ought to be directed by feelings of honour and shame, as a horse is by the spur and reins. His eloquence was full of mild persuasion, and so melodious, that his contemporaries prefixed the letter G to his name, making it Glycon, which signifies sweetness. He was much esteemed by Attalus and Eumenes I. kings of Pergamus; and Antiochus, king of Syria, did every thing in his power to prevail on him to remain at his court. He conducted the school with great ability during upwards of forty-two years, and was succeeded by Aristo Ceus (Plut. Mor. p. 605, b.). The last will of Lycon is given by Diogenes, and exhibits a strong proof of the kindness and goodness of his nature.
LYCURGIA, a festival observed by the Spartans, in memory of their lawgiver Lycurgus, whom they honoured with a temple and an annual sacrifice.
LYDD, a market-town of the county of Kent, in the hundred of Langport and lathe of Shepway, seventy-three miles from London. It is in a low situation, on Romney Marsh; and is a member of the Cinque Ports, near the sea. It has a small market, which is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1303, in 1811 to 1504, in 1821 to 1437, and in 1831 to 1357.
LYDGATE, John, surnamed the Monk of Bury, not, as Cibber conjectures, because he was a native of that place, for he was born about the year 1380, in the village of Lydgate, but because he was a monk of the Benedictine convent at St Edmund’s-Bury. After studying some time in the English universities, he travelled into France and Italy; and, having thus acquired a competent knowledge of the languages of those countries, he returned to London, where he opened a school, in which he instructed the sons of the nobility in polite literature. At what time he retired to the convent of St Edmund’s-Bury, does not appear; but he was certainly in that establishment in the year 1415. He was alive in 1446, when he must have been about sixty-six years of age; but in what year he died is not known. Lydgate, according to Pits, was an elegant poet,+ persuasive rhetorician, an expert mathematician, an acute philosopher, and a respectable divine. He was a voluminous writer, and, considering the age in which he lived, an excellent poet. His language is less obsolete, and his versification more harmonious, than the language and versification of Chaucer, who wrote about half a century before his time. His works are, 1. History of the Theban War, printed at the end of Chaucer’s works, 1561, 1602, 1687; 2. Poemation of Good Counsel, at the end of Chaucer’s works; 3. The Life of Hector, London, 1594, folio, printed by Gross, and dedicated to Henry V.; 4. Life of the thessed Virgin, printed by Caxton; 5. The Proverbs of Lydgate upon the fall of princes, printed by Winkyn de Worde, London, 4to; 6. Dispute of the Horse, the Sheep, and the Goose, printed in Caxton’s Collect. 4to; 7. The Temple of Brass, amongst the works of Chaucer; 8. London Lickpenny (vide Stows History') ; besides an incredible number of ι other poems and translations preserved in various libraries.
LYDIAT, Thomas, a learned English divine, was born in 1572, and educated at Oxford. About the year 1609, he became acquainted with Dr James Usher, afterwards archbishop of Armagh, who carried him to Ireland. He studied at Dublin College for about two years, after which he returned to England; and the rectory of Alkrington becoming vacant, he was presented to it. But at length, being bound for the debts of a near relation, which he found himself unable to pay, having before spent his patrimony in printing several books, he was sent to prison, and confined at Oxford, in the King’s Bench, and elsewhere, until Sir William Boswell, a generous patron of learned men, Dr Robert Pink, warden of New College, Bishop Usher, and Dr Laud, discharged the debt. In the civil wars he suffered much in his rectory of Alkrington from the parliamentary party, by whom he was four times pillaged to the value of at least L.70, and even forced for a quarter of a year together to subsist on the bounty of others. He wrote some pieces in English, and several works in Latin, on chronology, and natural history; and died in 1646.
LYDIUS Lapis, in the natural history of the ancients, the name of the stone used by way of touchstone for the trial of gold and silver, and called by some Heraclius lapis. Both of these names were also applied by the ancients to the loadstone; and hence has arisen no small misunderstanding of'their works. Pliny has observed, that both the loadstone and touchstone were at times called Lydius and Heraclius lapis.

The true lapis Lydius, or touchstone, was anciently found only in the river Tmolus; but it was afterwards discovered in other places, and is now very common in many of the German rivers. The ancients give us very remark able and circumstantial accounts of the uses they made of it; and it is plain that, by means of it, they were able to discern the alloys of gold with very great exactness. We at present use several different stones under this name, and for the same purpose. In Italy, a green marble called verdello is most frequently employed; and with us small pieces of basalt.
LYDNEY, a town of the county of Gloucester, in the hundred of Blideslow, on the western side of the Severn, 123 miles from London. It was formerly a Roman station, and more extensive than at present. The market was held on Wednesday, but has of late years disappeared. In the neighbourhood are extensive iron and coal mines. The parish, including the chapelry of Aylburton, contained a population amounting in 1801 to 1032, in 1811 to 1160, in 1821 to 1393, and in 1831 to 1534.
LYME-REGIS, a borough and market town of the county of Dorset, in the hundred of Whitchurch, 143 miles from London. It stands on the side of a steep hill, overlooking the sea, and has a small artificial harbour, called the Cobbe, secure for vessels of small tonnage. It has been i much frequented of late years for the purposes of sea-bathing, and appropriate institutions for the accommodation of visitors have been established. It is an ancient borough, and previously to the passing of the reform act returned two members to parliament, but now elects only one. There is a well-supplied market on Friday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1451, in 1811 to 1925, in 1821 to 2269, and in 1831 to 2621.
LYMINGTON, a market and borough town of the county of Hants, in the parish of Boldre, in the New Forest. It stands on a creek about half a mile from the sea. It is pleasantly situated on the brow and declivity of a gentle hill, looking towards the Isle of Wight; and many of the houses are highly respectable in appearance. It has been lately frequented, by visitors for the purpose of sea-bathing. It is a corporation, and returns, as before the recent law, two members to parliament; but other places in the vicinity are added to make up the proper constituency. The population amounted in 1801 to 2378, in 1811 to 2641, in 1821 to 3164, and in 1831 to 3361.
LYMPH, a fine colourless fluid, separated in the body from the mass of blood, and contained in peculiar vessels called lymphatics.
LYMPHAEA were artificial caves or grottoes amongst the Romans, furnished with a great many tubes, canals, and various hydraulic apparatus, through which the water gushed out unexpectedly upon the spectators whilst they were admiring the beautiful arrangement of the shell-work in the grotto.
LYMPHATI was a name given by the Romans to such as were seized with madness. It is supposed to be used for Nymphaü, because the ancients imagined that every person who had the misfortune to see a nymph was instantly struck with frenzy. Lymphati may indeed signify madmen, as derived from lympha, water, over which element the nymphs were thought to preside; but ʹ it appears most likely that distracted people were called lymphati, from the circumstance of madmen being affected with the hydrophobia, or dread of water, after the bite of a mad dog; for this peculiarity, in cases of canine madness, was not unknown to the Romans.
LYNCEUS, in fabulous history, one of the fifty sons of Aegeus, married Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daughters of Danaus.

Lynceus, in fabulous history, one of the Argonauts who accompanied Jason in the expedition to Colchis to obtain the golden fleece. He was of great use to the Argonauts, by enabling them to avoid the sand-banks and rocks which they found in their way. The poets say that Lynceus had so piercing a sight that it could not only [7:13:611]penetrate to the bottom of the sea, but even to the shades below. Some mythologists suppose that this fable arose from the skill of Lynceus in observing the stars, and discovering the mines of gold and silver concealed in the earth.
LYNCURIUM, a stone believed to be the same with the tourmaline. The name is derived from λ∙jγξ, lynx, and òufoy, urine.
LYNCURIUS Lapis, a stone which was supposed capable of producing mushrooms.
LYNDHURST, a township and chapelry in the parish of Minstead, in the county of Hampshire. It is situated in one of the most beautiful parts of the New Forest, nine miles from Southampton, and eighty-six from London. The forest is about forty miles in compass, containing several towns and villages, with thirty-six churches, and, though laid waste as a hunting ground by William the Conqueror, is in a great part now fertile and productive. The pleasing town of Lyndhurst may be considered as a kind of metropolis of the New Forest. It gives the title of a baron to a late lord chancellor. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 882, in 1811 to 1015, in 1821 to 1170, and in 1831 to 1236.
LYNN-REGIS, a sea-port, market-town, and borough of the county of Norfolk, in the hundred of Freebridge, ninety-seven miles from London. It is situated on the right bank of the river Ouse, a⅛out eight miles from the sea. The harbour is capable of receiving 300 sail of vessels. From its situation at the mouth of a long river, it is advantageously placed for exporting the productions of the soil, and for conveying to a large district the foreign commodities they require. There is a large quantity of wine imported from Portugal and Spain, and of hemp, wood, flax, and other articles from the Baltic. The market-place is very extensive and handsome; the quays for landing wine are convenient; and though some of the streets are narrow, it is on the whole a well-built town. It is governed by a mayor, high steward, recorder, and aldermen, and returns two members to parliament. There are good markets on Tuesdays and Saturdays. The principal church, St Margaret’s, is one of the largest parochial churches in England. It was erected in 1160, and repaired and enlarged in 1741. There are two other churches or chapels, besides places of worship for the several descriptions of dissenters. The population amounted in 1801 to 10,096, in 1811 to 10,259, in 1821 to 12,253, and in 1831 to 13,370.
LYON King of Arms. This office is of great antiquity and respect in Scotland; and although the precise date of its institution is unknown, yet it must have been as early as the introduction of armorial figures as hereditary marks of gentility and distinction into this country, which was in the twelfth century. The regalia of this officer are, a crown of gold, with a crimson velvet cap, a gold tassel, and an ermine lining; a velvet robe reaching to his feet, with the arms of the kingdom embroidered thereon, before and behind, in the proper tinctures ;’ a triple row of gold chains round his neck, with an oval gold medal pendant thereto, on one side of which is the royal bearing, and on the other St Andrew with his cross enamelled in proper colours, and a baton of gold enamelled green, powdered with the badges of the kingdom. The Lord Lyon’s rank is superior to that of any other king of arms, as he holds his office immediately from the sovereign by commission under the great seal; whereas the kings at arms in England are deputies to the Earl Marshal, and act under his authority. Formerly Scotland was divided into two provinces, the one on the north, and the other on the south side of the Forth; and these provinces were under the management of two deputies appointed by the Lord Lyon, to superintend the execution of all the business of his office. Before the revolution, the Lord Lyon, upon his admission to office, was solemnly crowned by the sovereign or his commissioner, in presence of the nobility, the officers of state, and other great men, after a suitable sermon preached in the royal chapel; and his crown was of the same form with the imperial crown of the kingdom. On solemn occasions he wears the regalia above described; at all other times he wears the oval gold medal or badge on his breast, suspended by a broad green ribbon. He has the absolute disposal of all the offices in his own court, and of the places of heralds and pursuivants. The messengers at arms throughout Scotland are also created by him, and are amenable to his jurisdiction; and the powers vested in him by his commission are the same with those of the sovereign in all matters relative to the marks of gentility. See Heraldry.
LYONS, or Lyon, an arrondissement of the department of the Rhone, in France, 531 square miles in extent. It comprehends sixteen cantons, which are divided into 128 communes, and contains 225,670 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, built by the Romans before the Christian era, and at present, next to Paris, the most important city in the French dominions. It is on a peninsula formed by the junction of the rivers Saone and Rhone; the quays on whose banks are, the most striking parts of the city, which, though built since the revolutionary destruction of it, has scarcely any erections worthy of much admiration; but some of the numerous bridges over the two rivers are striking objects. The most remarkable buildings are the Saracenic cathedral, the hotel de ville, and the hospital called hotel de Dieu. There is an establishment for education, consisting of a primary and secondary school of great repute, with the finest provincial library in France, consisting of about 120,000 volumes, with which are connected a museum, an observatory, a botanical garden, and a veterinary institution. Abundance of Roman antiquities are to be seen in the city and its vicinity. The population is at present about 140,000 persons, but it includes the commune. The chief occupation is the manufacturing of silk goods, velvets, satins, and all other kinds of the same elegant fabrication. There are, besides, as appears by the statement below, manufacturers of cotton, woollen, and leather goods, as well as of gold lace, jewellery, paper, and a variety of chemical preparations, and of perfumery. Lyons is remarkable as the birth-place of the Emperors Claudius and Caracalla, and of the poet Sidonius Apollinaris; and, in modern times, of the sculptor Coisevor, of the naturalist Jussieu, and of the antiquarian Spon. It is in long. 4.44. E., and lat. 45. 45. N.

A Statement of the Operative Population of the City of Lyons, distinguishing the several Trades and Manufactures in which the same are engaged, and the number actually employed in each, exclusively of their Families when the same are not employed in any Trade or Manufacture.
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[7:13:613]
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The quantity of silk manufactured during the year 1835, was 743,125 kilogrammes. The returns show an excess of 24,422 kilogrammes over the quantity of 1833, and 141,516 kilogrammes over that of 1824, which latter was the most prosperous year during the restoration. The kilogramme is equal to 2 lbs. 8 oz. 3 dwts. 2 grs. troy weight.
LYRA, in Astronomy, a constellation in the northern hemisphere. The number of its stars, in Ptolemy’s catalogue, is ten; in Tycho’s eleven; in Hevelius’s seventeen; and in the Britannic catalogue twenty-one.
LYRIC Poetry was such as the ancients sung to the lyre or harp. It was originally employed in celebrating the praises of gods and heroes, and its characteristic was sweetness. The author or inventor of it is, however, unknown. It was much cultivated by the Greeks; and Horace was the first who attempted it in the Latin language. Anacreon, Alcaeus, Stesichorus, Sappho, and Horace, were the most celebrated lyric poets of antiquity.
LYRODI, amongst the ancients, a kind of musicians who played on the lyre, and at the same time sung. This appellation was also given to such as made it their employment to sing lyric poems composed by others.
LYSANDRIA, a Samian festival, which was celebrated with games and sacrifices in honour of the Lacedaemonian general Lysander. It was anciently called Herea ; but this name the Samians abolished by a public decree.
LYSIARCH, an ancient magistrate, who superintended the sacred games, and presided in matters of religion, in the province of Lycia. He was created in a council consisting of deputies from all the provincial cities, twenty-three in number. The lysiarchs were heads both of the council and the pontiffs of the province.