pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
EFFERVESCENCE, an intestine motion excited among the parts of two bodies of different natures, when they reciprocally dissolve each other. Effervescences are commonly attended with bubbles, vapours, small jets of the liquid, and a hissing noise; which phenomena again are occasioned by the air disengaging itself. Sometimes also they are accompanied with a great degree of heat, from the decomposition of some substances and the formation of new compounds.

Formerly the word fermentation was also applied to effervescences; but now that word is confined to the motion naturally excited in animal and vegetable matters, and from which new combinations among their principles take place.
EFFIGY, the portrait, figure, or exact representation of a person.
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Effigy, is also used for the print or impression of a coin, representing the prince’s head who struck it.

Eerier, to execute or degrade in, denotes the execution or degradation of a condemned contumacious criminal, who cannot be personally seized.
EFFLORESCENCE, in Chemistry, denotes the formation of a kind of mealy powder on the surface of certain bodies. Efflorescence is occasioned either by decomposition or by drying. The efflorescence which happens to cobalt and martial pyrites is of the former; and that observed on the crystals of soda, Glauber’s salt, and the like, of the latter kind. An efflorescence is sometimes also a species of crystallization, such as the beautiful vegetations which shoot up from different saline substances. See Crystallization.
EFFLORESCENTIA, in Botany (from effloresco, to bloom), the precise time of the year and month in which every plant shows its first flowers. Some plants flower twice a year, as is common between the tropics; others oftener, as the monthly rose. The former are called by botanists biseroe, the latter multifera.
EFFLUVIUM, in Physiology, a term much used by philosophers and physicians to express the minute particles which exhale from most, if not all, terrestrial bodies, in form of sensible vapours.
EFFRONTES, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of heretics, in 1534, who scraped the forehead with a knife till it bled, and then poured oil into the wound. This ceremony served them instead of baptism. They are likewise said to have denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit.
EFFUSION, the pouring out of any liquid. In the ancient heathen sacrifices there were divers effusions of wine and other liquors, called libations. Effusion, or Fusion, in Astronomy, denotes that part of the sign Aquarius represented on celestial globes and planispheres by the water issuing out of the urn of the water-bearer.
EGENOTISO, an island in the Eastern Seas, about twenty miles in circumference, and fifty miles from the north-east coast of Sumatra. Long. 104 1 45. E. Lat. 0. 27. S.
EGER, a circle of the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia, extending over 110 square miles, and containing 23,000 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name. It contains 800 houses, and 8500 inhabitants, who are employed in various manufactures. It is celebrated as the place where Wallenstein was put to death, and also for its mineral water, which is extensively dispensed in Germany. Long. 12. 18. E. Lat. 50. 5. N.
EGERIA, a nymph who assisted Numa in framing a code of laws for the people of Rome. The king and the nymph used to meet at night in a wood at the gates of Rome, then called Lucus Camaenarum, which is now, according to popular opinion, La Caffarella. When Numa died, Ëgeria was so violently affected with grief, that she frequently interrupted by her ¼'eeping the sacrifice of Diana, till the goddess in pity changed her into a fountain of the same name. (Ovid. Afe<. xv. 547; Liv. i. 19; Juv. V. 10.)
EGGENFELDEN, a bailiwick of the circle of the Lower Danube, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 220 square miles. It contains five market-towns, 133 villages, and 867 hamlets, with 22,566 inhabitants. The [7:8:457] capital is the town of the same name. It is situated on the river Roth, and contains 226 houses, with 1340 inhabitants.
EGHAM, a village of the hundred of Godley and Chertsey, in the county of Surrey, 18 miles from London. It is situated on the banks of the Thames, which is the boundary towards Middlesex, and over which is a bridge connecting it with Staines. The great western road passing through it gives some animation. The country around it is pleasant. The population amounted in 1801 to 2190, in 1811 to 2823, in 1821 to 3616, and in 1831 to 4203.
EGINHARD, or Eginhart, a celebrated historian of the ninth century, was a native of one of the eastern provinces of France. His family is not known, and those who have pretended that he was of noble descent have given no other proof of their assertion than the reception which he met with at the court of Charlemagne. He was instructed in letters by Alcuin, who foresaw the success of his pupil, and recommended him to the favour of the emperor. Being afterwards admitted to receive lessons along with the young princes, he justified the opinions which had been formed of his merits by the progress which he made in his studies; and Charlemagne, wishing to attach to his person a young man of so much promise, appointed the latter his secretary. Eginhard is said to have formed a strong attachment for Emma or Imma, one of the daughters of Charlemagne, whom, with the consent of the emperor, he is stated to have espoused; but, however this may be, it is certain that he married a lady of rank belonging to the court of Charlemagne. The expressions in the ancient manuscripts, though somewhat vague, leave no doubt as to this circumstance. After the death of Charlemagne, Eginhard passed into the service of Louis le Debonnair, who confided to him the education of his eon Lothaire. But use and experience having inspired him with a disgust for the court, he obtained permission to quit it; and accordingly having resigned his employments, he withdrew to the monastery of Fontenelle, whilst his wife Emma, and his son Vussin, also embraced the monastic life. Having governed this monastery during seven years, he, in 823, resigned the administration to his friend Ansegise, and then retired first to the abbey of St Pierre, and afterwards to that of St Bavon de Gaud. He afterwards left his retreat, however, and returned to the court, where he is stated by some to have taken part in the troubles of which Louis le Debonnair became the victim. But this is contradicted by his letters, which prove that he neglected no means to prevent the execution of the plot entered into against this unfortunate prince by his own children. Eginhard is supposed to have died about the year 839. He left several works, of which the following are the most important: 1. Vita et Gesta Caroli Magni, Cologne, 1521, in 4to, rare; 2. Annales Regum Francorum Pipini, Caroli Magni, Ludovici Pit, ab anno Christi 741 ad annum 829, contained in the collection of Pierre Pithou, Paris, 1588, and Francfort, 1613; 3. Egin-hardi Epistola, contained in the collection of Duchene, tom. ii. in the Eginhardus Vindicatus of John Weinekens, ' and also in the collection of Dorn Bouquet; 4. De Translatione SS. Martyrum Marcellini et Petri ; 5. Ereviarium Chronologicum ab orbe condito ad Ann. Chr. 809, which is merely an abridgment of the Chronicle of Bede.
EGMONT ISLAND, or New Guernsey, the principal island in the group called Queen Charlotte’s Isiands, in the South Pacific Ocean. It is about 54 miles in length, and from 20 to 32 in breadth. The country in general is mountainous, covered with woods, and intersected with numerous valleys and small rivers. The inhabitants are brave, vigorous, and active, but treacherous and dishonest. Long. 166. E. Lat. 11. S.

Egmont Island, a small woody island in the South Pacific Ocean, six miles in length by about four in breadth. Long. 138. 30. W. Lat. 19. 20. N.
EGNATIA, or Gnatia, a city of Peucetia, a province of Apulia, situated on the coast, the inhabitants of which are ridiculed by Horace for exciting the wonder of the ignorant multitude by burning incense on an altar without the process of ignition. Pliny, with the utmost gravity, makes the prodigy still more surprising, by stating that this sacred stone possessed the power of setting fire to any species of wood by mere juxtaposition (ii. 107). Attempts of this kind to impose on the credulity of a superstitious people were by no means uncommon amongst the ancients; and this trick, with some slight variations, was practised by the priests in very different parts of the world. Aristotle mentions a stone in Thrace from which, on being moistened with water, flames issued forth; and, according to Pliny, the same thing occurred in the country of the primitive Sabines. In Lydia, Pausanias was witness to a miracle of a somewhat similar nature. There was a small chapel set apart for this particular purpose; on entering he found the altar covered with ashes of a peculiar colour, and one of the magi having made his appearance, placed dry wood upon it, and his tiara on his head. He then repeated a few prayers, when a beautiful and brilliant flame issued from the altar without the application of fire. This city gave name to the Via Egnatia, which passed from Ðrundusium through Egnatia to Canusium. Its ruins are found at the Torre d’Agnazzo, where the inhabitants still pretend to show the temple alluded to by Horace.
EGREMONT, a market-town of the ward of Allerdale, in Cumberland, two miles from "the sea, and 304 from London. It consists chiefly of one spacious street, many of the houses having a piazza in front, and bearing marks of considerable antiquity. At the west end of the town are the ruins of a castle. The market is held on Saturday. Population in 1821, 1741, and in 1831, 1741.
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EGYPTIANS, or Gypsies. See Gypsies.
EHINGEN, a bailiwick of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, in the circle of the Danube. It extends over 143 square miles, comprehending two cities, two towns, and sixty-two smaller places, with 23,124 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the Danube. It contains 500 houses, and 2670 inhabitants, who spin cotton yarn by means of machinery, and prepare the dyes for Turkey red. Long. 9. 51. 34. E. Lat. 48. 29. 36. N.
EHNINGEN, a city of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, in the circle of the Black Forest, where the greatest markets are held of any in the kingdom. It contains 4500 inhabitants, who make ribbons, lace, handkerchiefs, and other goods.
EHUD, the son of Gera, a Benjamite, a left-handed man, who delivered Israel from the oppression of Eglon, king of Moab, under whom they served for eighteen years. This will be found recorded in the third chapter of Judges.

El A, or Ey, in our old writers, is used to indicate an island. Hence the names of places ending in ey denote that they are islands. Thus, Ramsey, the isle of rams; Shepey, the isle of sheep; and so of others.

Eia is also sometimes used for water; and hence the names of places near waters or lakes sometimes terminate in ey-
EIBENSTOCK, a city of the kingdom of Saxony, in the circle of Erzgeberg, and bailiwick of Krottendorf. It stands on the river Mulde, in a mining district, 1896 feet above the level of the sea, and contains 4397 inhabitants, employed chiefly in mining and preparing the metals; but the females make a large quantity of thread lace.

L’ICETAE, called also Heicetae and Hicet.e, were heretics of the seventh century, who made profession of the monastic life. From the passage in Exodus where Moses and the children of Israel are said to have sung a song in praise of the Lord, after they had safely passed the Red Sea, the Eicetae concluded that, in order to praise God aright, the introduction of singing and dancing was necessary; and as Mary the prophetess, sister of Moses and Aaron, beat a drum on the same occasion, an example which was followed by all the other women to express their joy, the Eicetae, in order the better to imitate them, enticed females to make profession of the monastic life, and assist in their mirth.
EICHSTEDT, a bailiwick of the circle of the Regen, in the kingdom of Bavaria. It was formerly under the dominion of the Duke of Leuchtenberg, but has been mediatised. It extends over 470 square miles, and comprehends four cities, nine market-towns, a hundred and eleven villages, and seventy hamlets, with 45,256 inhabitants. It is a well-watered and well-cultivated district. The mountains contain iron, slates, and marble. It was given by the late king to his son-in-law Eugene Beauharnois, and was said to have yielded L.25,000 yearly. The capital is a city of the same name, which stands in a narrow valley on the river Altmühl. It is surrounded with walls, and has a castle the residence of the prince, a cathedral, a gymnasium, an orphan house, six churches, 900 houses, and 7000 inhabitants, some of whom are employed in manufacturing fine thin cloths and some other articles. Long. 11. 6. 5. E. Lat. 48. 53. 30. N.
EIDER Duck. See Ornithology. Eider Zλ>uvι, the down of the eider duck. The eider duck plucks off the down from its breast for the purpose of making its nest, which it continues to renew as often as deprived of it, until its breast becomes quite bare.

In commerce this down is sold in balls about the size of a man’s fist, and weighing from three to four pounds. It is so remarkably fine and elastic, that if one of these balls be opened and cautiously held over a fire to expand, it will fill a quilt about five feet square. Supplies of it are received chiefly from Norway, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, where the birds abound. There are two kinds of it, sea-weed down and grass down. The former is the heaviest, but not so easily cleaned as the other.

ElLAU-PRUSSIAN,or Eylau-Preussischen, a town of the province of East Prussia, and government of Königsberg. It contains a hundred and ninety-eight houses, and 2077 inhabitants. It is remarkable for the great battle fought there on the 7th and 8th February 1807, between the French and the united Russian and Prussian armies.
EILENBURG, a city of the Prussian province of Saxony, in the circle of De)etzsch. It is situated on an island formed by the Mulda, is surrounded with walls, and contains 638 houses, and, with the military, 5100 inhabitants. There are establishments for the printing of calico, and for other manufactures.
EIMBECK, or Einbeck, a city of the province of Grubenhagen, in the kingdom of Hanover, at the foot of the Hartz Mountains. It is walled, and contains 773 houses, with 4907 inhabitants employed in various trades.
EINDHOVEN, a city of the province osNorth Brabant, in the Netherlands. It stands at the junction of the rivers Gender and Dommel, and contains 390 houses, and 2975 inhabitants. Long. 5. 23. 20. E. Lat. 51. 25.26. N. It is the capital of a circle of the same name, divided into seven cantons, which contain 86,560 inhabitants.
EINSHEIM, a bailiwick in the circle of the Neckar, in the duchy of Baden, in Germany, comprehending one city, sixteen villages, and five hamlets, with 15,450 inhabitants; the capital of which, of the same name, stand* on the river Elsenz, and has 186 houses, with 2400 inhabitants.
EISENACH, a principality, forming a considerable part of the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, in Germany. It extends over 456 square miles, comprehending seven cities, six market towns, 228 villages, 12,920 houses, and 75,706 inhabitants. It is a scattered principality, many portions of which are surrounded by the territory of other sovereigns. The city of Eisenach, the capital of the principality, is situated on the river Nesse, at the foot of a range of lofty hills, from the summit of which a fine view is obtained over a great part of Saxony. It contains 1490 houses and 8750 inhabitants. It is a place of active industry in a great variety of manufactures, particularly those of cotton and woollen. Near to it is the castle of Wartburg, situated on a lofty rock, and celebrated as the place of confinement of Martin Luther. Being on the high road between Frankfort and Leipsic, it has a great transit trade. It İb in longitude 10. 13.51. east, and latitude 50. 57. 7. north. Eisenach is also the capital of a bailiwick of its own name, which comprehends one city, one market-town, nineteen villages, and twelve hamlete, with 17,325 inhabitants.
EISENBURG, a city of the principality of Altenburg, in the grand duchy of Saxe-Gotha, in Germany. It is situated on a remarkable elevation, is surrounded with walls, and contains a ducal palace, three churches, 575 houses, and 4550 inhabitants, who make cotton goods, ribbons, furniture, porcelain, leather, and other articles. It is the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, with 14,500 inhabitants.
EISLEBEN, a city of the province of Prussian Saxony, the capital of the circle of Mansfeld. It is divided into the old and the new city, is surrounded with walls, and has several establishments for education, four churches, 957 houses, and 7100 inhabitants. It is celebrated as the birth-place of Martin Luther, the house where he was born being now used as a charity school. It is a place [7:8:562]of considerable trade and manufacturing industry. Long. 11. 26. 5. E. Lat. 51. 53. 5. N.
EJECTMENT, in English Law, a writ or action which lies in favour of the lessee for years, on his being ejected or put out of his land before the expiration of his term, either by the lessor or a stranger. It may also be brought by the lessor against the lessee, for rent in arrears, or holding over his term, and the like.
EKATERINOGRAD, a town and fortress of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Caucasus, on the river Mulka or Balk, which a little lower falls into the Terek. It is the strongest place on the Caucasian line of posts, having been founded in the year 1776; and it remained the capital of the province of Caucasus, until it was constituted a government in 1785. It is twenty-four miles north-west of Mozdok.
EKRON, a city and government of the. Philistines. It fell by lot to the tribe of Judah, in the first division made by Joshua, but it was afterwards given to the tribe of Dan. It was situated very near the Mediterranean, between Ashdod and Jamnia. Ekron was a powerful city, and it does not appear from history that the Jews were ever peaceable possessors of it. The idol Beelzebub was principally adored at Ekron.
ELAEOTHESIUM, in Antiquity, the anointing room, or place where those who were to wrestle or had bathed anointed themselves. See Gymnasium.
ELAM, in Ancient Geography, a country frequently mentioned in Scripture, and situated to the south-east of Shinar. In the time of Daniel (viii. 2) Susiana seems to have been part of that country; and before the captivity it does not appear that the Jews recognised Persia by any other name. Elymae and Elymais are frequently mentioned by the ancients. Ptolemy, although he makes Elymais a province of Media, yet places the Elymae in Susiana, and near to the sea; but Stephanus supposes it to have been part of Assyria, and Pliny and Josephus more properly part of Persia, whose inhabitants, we are informed by the latter, were descendants of the Elamites. The best commentators agree that the Elamites were sprung from Elam the son of Shem. It is likewise allowed that the most ancient amongst the inspired writers constantly allude to Persia when they speak of Elam and the kingdom of Elam.
ELAPHEBOLIA, in Grecian antiquity, a festival observed in honour of Diana the huntress. In the celebration of this mystery a cake was made in the form of a deer (iλαpoς), and offered to the goddess. It owed its institution to a notable circumstance. When the Phocians had been severely beaten by the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of one Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and to burn their wives, children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy. This flaming resolution was unanimously approved os by the women, who decreed Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. But when every thing was prepared, and just before they had fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, whom they totally routed, and thus obtained a complete victory. In commemoration of this unexpected success, the festival was instituted, and observed with the greatest solemnity.
ELAPHEBOLIUM, in Grecian antiquity, the ninth month of the Athenian year, answering to the latter part of February and the beginning of March. It consisted of thirty days, and took its name from the festival Elaphebolia, observed in this month in honour of Diana the huntress, as mentioned above.
ELASTIC, in Natural Philosophy, an appellation given to all bodies endowed with the property of elasticity.
ELASTICITY, or Elastic Force, that property which bodies possess of restoring themselves to their former figure, after any force which has disturbed it is withdrawn. Elasticity is generally accounted for by the great law of attraction. Thus, when a hard body is struck or bent, so that the component parts are moved a little from each other, but not so far as to overcome the power of the attractive force by which they cohere, they necessarily, on the cessation of that external force, return to their former state. All hard bodies are elastic, as steel, glass, and ivory, and many soft ones, as caoutchouc, silk thread, &c. The reniform bodies are all perfectly elastic. Liquids are also perfectly elastic, but to a small extent.
ELATEA, the largest and most important city of Phocis, situated on the declivity of a hill above the fertile plains of the river Cephissus. Behind it to the north rose a mountain ridge, which, issuing from Doris, stretched away to the south-east, and at its extremity was called by the name of Cnemis. Here dwelt the Locri Epicnemidiι. An enemy who wished to penetrate from Thermopylae by the most direct road into Greece required first to secure the mountain passes round Elatea, and to get possession of the city itself. Then the whole of Phocis and Boeotia lay open before him. Hence the alarm and consternation produced at Athens on the news reaching it of Elatea having fallen into the hands of Philip. (Demosth. Orat. de Cor. p. 284; Strab. ix. 424; Diodor. xvi. 84.) It was burnt to the ground by the Persians, and destroyed at the conclusion of the sacred war by order of the Amphictyonie council. Being afterwards rebuilt, it made a successful stand against the arms of Cassander, and was at last taken by the Romans from Philip, son of Demetrius. Its ruins are found on a site still called Elephta.
ELATERIUM, Eλarripov, in Pharmacy, a violently purgative medicine, prepared from the wild cucumber.
ELATH, or Eloth, a port of Idumaea, situated upon the Red Sea, which David in his conquest of Edom took, and established there an extensive trade. His son, we are informed, built ships in Elath, whence they were dispatched to Ophir for gold. It continued in the possession of the Israelites till the time of Joram, when the Edomites recovered it; but it was wrested from them by Azariah, who left it to his son. It was afterwards taken from Ahaz by the Syrians, who held it a long time; and it passed at length into the hands of the all-subduing Romans.