pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CERBERUS, in fabulous history, a three-headed mastiff, born of Typhon and Echidna, and placed to guard the gates of hell. He fawned upon those who entered, but devoured all who attempted to get back. He was, however, mastered by Hercules, who dragged him up to the earth, when, in struggling, a foam dropped from his mouth which produced the poisonous herb called aconite or wolf’s bane. Some have supposed that Cerberus is the symbol of the earth, or of all-devouring time; and that its three mouths represent the present, past, and future. The victory obtained by Hercules over this monster denotes the conquest which this hero acquired over his passions. Bryant supposes that Cerberus was the name of a place, and that it signified the temple of the sun; deriving it from Kir Abor, the place of light. This temple was called also Tor-Caph-El, which was changed to τpr,τtyaKος ; and hence Cerberus was supposed to have had three heads. It was likewise called Tor-Keren, Turris Regia ; whence τξ ∣ κaξη∙ i ∣ ος, from τξtις, three, and καgrjrap, head.
CERCELE, in Heraldry. A cross cercele is a cross which, opening at the ends, turns round both ways, like a ram’s horn.
CERDONIANS, ancient heretics, who maintained most of the errors of Simon Magus, Saturninus, and the Manicheans. They took their name from their leader Cerdon, a Syrian, who went to Rome in the time of Pope Hyginus, and there abjured his errors, but in appearance only; for he was afterwards convicted -of persisting in them, and accordingly cast out of the church again. Cerdon asserted two principles, the one good and the other evil. This last, according to him, was the creator of the world, and the god who appeared under the old law. The first, whom he called unknown, was the father of Jcsus Christ, who, he taught, was incarnate only in appearance, and was not born of a virgin; nor did he suffer death but in appearance. He denied the resurrection, and rejected all the books of the Old Testament, as proceeding from an evil principle. Marcion, his disciple, succeeded him in his errors.
CEREALIA, in Antiquity, feasts of Ceres, instituted by Triptolemus, son of Celsus, king of Eleusin, in Attica, in gratitude for his having been instructed by Ceres, who was supposed to have been his nurse, in the art of cultivating corn and making bread. The cerealia passed from the Greeks to the Romans, who celebrated them for eight days successively; commencing generally on the fifth of the ides of April.

Cerealia, in Botany, from Ceres, the goddess of corn, the name given by Linnaeus to the larger esculent seeds of the grasses.
CEREBELLUM, the hinder part of the head. See Anatomy.
CEREBRUM, the Brain. See Anatomy.
CEREMONIAL Çceremoniale), a book in which is prescribed the order of the ceremonies to be observed in certain actions and occasions of solemnity and pomp. The ceremonial of the Roman church is called ordo Romanus. It was published in 1516, by the Bishop of Corcyra; but the College of Cardinals were so scandalized at it, that some of them wished to have the author as well as his book burnt, for his temerity in exposing the sacred ceremonies to the eyes of profane people.

Ceremonial is also used for the set or system of rules and ceremonies which custom has introduced for regulating[7:6:296] our behaviour, and which persons practise towards each other, either from duty, decency, or civility.

Ceremonial, in a more limited sense, denotes the manner in which princes and ambassadors are in use to receive and to treat one another.

Ceremonial is more particularly used in speaking of the laws and regulations given by Moses relating to the worship of God among the ancient Jews. In this sense it amounts to nearly the same with what is called the Levitical Law, and stands contradistinguished from the moral as well as judicial law.
CEREMONY, an assemblage of actions, forms, and circumstances, serving to render a thing more magnificent and solemn.

Master of the Ceremonies, an officer instituted by King James I. for the more honourable reception of ambassadors and strangers of quality.
CERES, a pagan deity, the inventor or goddess of corn; in like manner as Bacchus was of wine. According to the poets, she was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the mother of Proserpine, whom she had by Jupiter.
CERET, an arrondissement in the department of the Eastern Pyrenees, in France, 680 square miles in extent. It is divided into four cantons and forty-six communes, and contains 28,629 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is situated on the river Tech, at the foot of the Pyrenees. The situation is picturesque, and has some delightful promenades around it. The houses are 416, and the inhabitants 2517. Long. 2.36. E. Lat. 42. 23. N.
CERIGNOLA, an Italian city in the Neapolitan province of Capitanata. It suffered severely by an earthquake in 1730; but has been in some measure rebuilt since, and now contains a population of 6900 individuals.
CERIGO, an island in the archipelago, anciently called Cytherea ; noted for being the birth-place of Helen and of Venus. It is now one of the seven isles constituting the Ionian republic. See Ionian Islands.
CERINTHIANS, ancient heretics, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. They took their name from Cerinthus, one of the first heresiarchs in the church, and contemporary with St John. They believed that Jesus was a mere man, born of Joseph and Mary; but that, in his baptism, a celestial virtue descended upon him in form of a dove, by means of which he was consecrated by the Holy Spirit, and made Christ. It was by means of this celestial virtue, therefore, that he wrought so many miracles; which virtue, as he received it from heaven, quitted him after his passion, and returned to the place whence it came; so that, according to them, Jesus, whom they called a pure man, really died and rose again, but Christ, who was distinguished from Jesus, did not suffer at all. It was partly to refute this sect that St John wrote his gospel. They received the gospel of St Matthew, in order to countenance their doctrine of circumcision, from Christ’s being circumcised; but they omitted the genealogy. They also discarded the Epistles of St Paul, because that apostle held that circumcision was abolished.
CERINTHUS, a heresiarch, contemporary with the apostles, who ascribed the creation not to God, but to angels. He taught that Jesus Christ was the son of Joseph, and that circumcision ought to be retained under the gospel. He is looked upon as the head of the converted Jews, who raised in the church of Antioch the tumult of which St Luke has given the history in the 15th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles. Some authors ascribe the book of the Apocalypse to Cerinthus, adding, that he sent it forth under the name of St John, in order to give greater authority to his reveries touching Christ’s reign upon earth.
CERIUM, a rare metal, discovered in the year 1803. See Chemistry.
CERNE Abbas, a market-town of the hundred of Totcombe, in the county of Dorset, seven miles from Dorchester, and 123 from London. It is chiefly remarkable for a figure of unknown ancient date, cut on the side of a hill. It represents a giant with a club. The height of the person is 180 feet, and it covers an acre of ground; between his legs arc three rude letters scarcely legible, and over them the modern figures 748. It is said by some to be the representation of Cenric, son of Cuthred, king of Wessex, who was slain in battle; and by others it is supposed to be the figure of some deity, and these have con-je “lured the letters to be JAO. It is repaired once every seven years, by filling up the lines with chalk. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 847, in 1811 to 951, and in 1821 to 1060.

CERNEUX-Pequinot, a town in the department of the Doubs, in France, close to which, on the frontiers of Switzerland, is a celebrated mineral spring. The town, including the inhabitants on the adjoining lake, contains 1325 persons.
CEROPEGIA. See Botany' Index.
CERRETO, a city of Italy, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, and kingdom of Naples, situated near the river Susano, and containing 4590 inhabitants, who are employed in woollen manufactures.
CERTHIA. See Ornithology.
CERTIORARI, in Law, a writ which issues out of the chancery, directed to an inferior court, to call up the records of a cause there depending, in order that justice may be done. It is not only used out of the court of chancery, but likewise out of the king’s bench, in which last-mentioned court it lies where the king would be certified of a record.
CERVANTES. See Saavedra.
CERVERA, a town of Spain, in the province of Catalonia. It lies between Manresa and Lerida, rather nearer to the river Segre than the Llobregat. It contains a very magnificent university, which was established at the beginning of the last century, when the different colleges of Catalonia were abolished on account of their opposition to the Bourbons. It is now the principal place of education in the province. It is situated in latitude 4L 39., and possesses a population of about 5000 souls. The university contains forty-three professors, and 800 students.

Cervera, a town of Spain, in the province of Soria, in Castile. It is watered by the river Alhama, which, though of short course, fructifies a tract of most productive land. Cervera contains about 5000 inhabitants, who are rich and industrious, and cultivate wheat, olives, hemp, and flax, and weave the latter into linen and sailcloth, which are distributed by themselves over the peninsula.
CERVINARA, a town of Italy, in the Neapolitan province of Principato-Ulteriore, containing 5155 inhabitants.
CERVUS, or Deer, in Zoology. See Mammalia. Servus Volans, in Natural History, is a name given to the stag-fly, or horned-beetle, a very large species of beetle with horns sloped, somewhat like those of the stag.
CERYX, in Antiquity. The ceryces were a sort of public criers, appointed to proclaim or publish things aloud in assemblies. The ceryx among the Greeks answered to the praeco among the Romans. Our criers exercise only a small part of the office and authority which belonged to ceryces and preecones. There were two kinds of ceryces, civil and sacred. The former were those appointed to call assemblies, and maintain silence therein; also to go on messages, and generally to do the office of our heralds. The sacred ceryces were a sort of priests, whose office it was to proclaim silence at the public games and sacrifices, to publish the names of the conquerors, to proclaim feasts, and the like. The priesthood of the ceryces was annexed[7:6:297] to a particular family, the descendants of Ccryx, son of Eumolpus. To them it also belonged to lead solemn victims to slaughter. Before the ceremonies began, they called silence in the assembly, by the formula, '∑υ<ρημnτt g ∣ γi <ffaς ioc ∣ ) λαwj; answering to the favete linguù of the Romans. When the service was over, they dismissed the people with this formula, Aαωv apsd’/í, Lie missa est.
CESARE, among logicians, one of the modes of the second figure of syllogisms, the minor proposition of which is a universal affirmative, and the other two universal negatives; thus,
Ce
No immoral books ought to be read;
Sa
But every obscene book is immoral;
Re
Therefore no obscene books ought to be read.
CESENA, a city of Italy, in the papal delegation of Forli. It stands on the river Savio, at the foot of a hill projecting from the Apennines. It contains a theological college, a cathedral, fourteen monasteries, and seven nunneries. In the college of the Minorites is a library of 15,000 volumes, rich in ancient works. The inhabitants amount to 14,670, who are employed in cultivating wine, hemp, flax, and silk, and in digging sulphur from a mine.
CESSIO Bonorum, in Scotch Law, the name of that action by which an insolvent debtor may apply for liberation from prison, upon conveying his whole real and personal estate to his creditors. See Bankrupt.
CESTUI, a French word, signifying he or him, frequently used in the English law writings. Thus, Cestui qui trust, a person who has lands or messuages committed to him for the benefit of another; and if such person does not perform his trust, he is compellable to it in chancery. Cestui qui vie, one for whose life any lands or tenements are granted. Cestui qui use, a person to whose use any one is infeoffed of lands or tenements. Formerly the feoffees to uses were deemed owners of the land, but now the possession is adjudged in cestui qui use.
CESTUS, among ancient poets, a fine embroidered girdle said to be worn by Venus, to which Homer ascribes the power of charming and conciliating love. The word is also written cestum and ceston, being the same with κίΰτος, a girdle or zone embroidered or wrought with a needle, and is derived, according to Servius, from κsm∕ι∕, pungere ; whence also incestus, a term used at first for any indecency by undoing the girdle, but now restrained to that between persons near akin.
CETOLOGY. See Mammalia.
CETTE, a city of the department of the Hérault, in France. It is situated on the sea-shore, on a tongue of land, and may be viewed as the chief outlet for the productions of Languedoc. It is a well-built city, containing 900 houses, and 8184 inhabitants. Long. 3. 37. 22. Ľ. Lat. 43. 23. 51. N.
CETUS, in Astronomy, the whale; a large constellation of the southern hemisphere, under Pisces, and next the water of Aquarius.
CEUTA, a fortress on the coast of Africa, belonging to Spain. It is situated on a peninsula eastward of Tangier, and opposite to Gibraltar. It is formed of the high mountain Acho, and six smaller ones which are jointly denominated the Bulwark, and incloses a space from east-north-east to west-south-west of about one mile and a half, and a plain which begins at the foot of the mountains. On this spot the city is built, and towards Africa is tremendously fortified. The cathedral of Ceuta and its bishop are under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Seville. Within the lines are formed suburbs, and gardens in which they raise all the fruits of the climate, and have some pleasant walks, cisterns, and fountains. Within the citadel there are cisterns sufficiently capacious to contain as much water as the garrison requires for two years’ consumption. On the top of the mountain Acho there is an observatory, from which the garrison may be enabled to see all the vessels which pass the Straits of Gibraltar, and all the movements of the Moors in their camp before the fortress. Ceuta contains 3000 inhabitants, besides criminals, who are sent here to hard labour, in what the Spaniards denominate a presidio. Long. 1. 37. 5. W. Lat. 35. 54. 4. N.
CEVA, a city of Italy, in the province of Mondovi, of the kingdom of Sardinia, at the junction of the rivers Se-vetta and Tanaro. It is a fortified place, containing 5470 inhabitants, employed in the silk manufacture, and in ironworks.
CEVENNES, mountains of Languedoc, in France, remarkable for the frequent meetings of the Protestants there as a place of security against the tyranny of their governors.
CHABLAIS, a province of the duchy of Savoy, in the kingdom of Sardinia, bounded on the north-west and north by the lake of Geneva, on the east by Switzerland, on the south-east by Faussigny, on the south-west by Genevois, and on the west by Geneva. Its extent is 1400 square miles, or 225,280 acres, and it comprehends two cities, sixty-three· towns and villages, with 44,700 inhabitants.
CHACHAPOYAS, a province of Peru, in the department of Truxillo, is bounded on the east by the eastern ridges of the Andes, on the north-west by the province of Luyu, and on the west by Caxamarca. The chief produce of the district was formerly tobacco. The cultivation of the vine has recently been introduced, and also that of indigo, which grows wild. Wheat, maize, barley, cocoa, sugar, cotton, castor oil, and all kinds of vegetables, are enumerated among the diversified productions of the province, which comprises every variety of climate. Cattle of all kinds are also plentiful. According to the last census, the population amounted to 10,176. The capital, which is of the same name, is built on the usual plan of the Spanish towns, with a plaza in the centre, having at one corner a handsome church. The streets are paved, but the houses are only one story high. It is the residence of an intendant. Lat. 6. 7. 41. S.
CHADCHOD, in Jewish antiquity. Ezekiel mentions chadchod among the merchandise which was brought to Tyre. The old interpreters, however, not knowing the meaning of this term, continued it in their translation; and St Jerome acknowledges that he could not discover the interpretation of it. The Chaldee renders it pearls; but some are of opinion that the onyx, ruby, carbuncle, crystal, or diamond, is meant by it.
CHADER, an island of the Arabian Irak, formed by a river running from the Euphrates to the Persian Gulf, which extends from Bussora nearly to El Katif, 240 miles in length and thirty in breadth.
CHAERONEA, in Ancient Geography, a town, or rather village, of Boeotia, immediately adjoining Phocis; celebrated as the birthplace of Plutarch, and as the scene of the fatal defeat of the confederate Greeks by Philip of Macedon.
CHAFFERY, in the iron-works, the name of one of the two principal forges. The other is called the finery. When the iron has been brought at the finery into what is called an ancony, or square mass, hammered into a bar in its middle, but with its two ends rough, the business to be done at the chaffery is the reducing of the whole to the same shape, by hammering down these rough ends to the shape of the middle part.
CHAFFINCH. See Ornithology.
CHAIN, a series of rings or links, fitted into one another, and thus connected as a whole.

Chain also denotes a kind of string of twisted wire, serving to hang watches, tweeser cases, and valuable toys upon. The invention of this piece of curious work belongs to the English; and hence, in foreign countries, it is denominated the English chain. Chain, in surveying, is a measure consisting of a certain number of links of iron wire, usually a hundred, and serving to take the dimensions of fields, &c. This is what Mersenne takes to be the arvipendium of the ancients.

The chain is of various dimensions, as the length or the number of links varies: that commonly used in measuring land, called Gunter’s chain, is in length four poles or perches; or sixty-six feet, or a hundred links, each link being seven inches -⅛%; and hence it is easy to reduce any number of these links to feet, or any number of feet to links.

Chain-Bridges. See Suspension Bridges. Cnain-Pump. See Pump. Chain-Shot, two bullets with a chain between them. They are used at sea to shoot down yards or masts, and to cut the shrouds or rigging of a ship.

Chain Island lies in the Southern Pacific Ocean, and was discovered by Captain Cook in 1769. It is fifteen miles in length by five in breadth. Long. 145. 50. W. Lat. 34. 55. N.
CHAJOTLI, or Ciiayoti, a Mexican fruit, of a round shape, and similar, in the husk with which it is covered, to the chestnut, but four or five times larger, and of a much deeper green colour. Its kernel is of a greenish-white, and has a large stone in the middle, which is white, and like it in substance. It is boiled, and the stone eaten with it. This fruit is produced by a twining perennial plant, the root of which is also good to eat.
CHAIR (Cathedra) was anciently used for the pulpit, or suggestum, from which the priest spoke to the people. It is still applied to the place where professors and regents in universities deliver their lectures, and teach the sciences to their pupils; thus, we say, the professor’s chair, and the like.

Curule Chair was an ivory seat placed on a car, and in which were seated the prime magistrates of Rome, as well as those to whom the honour of a triumph had been granted.

Sedan Chair, a vehicle supported by poles, and in which persons are carried. It is borne by two men.
CHAISE, a sort of light open chariot, or calash. Aurelius Victor relates that Trajan first introduced the use of post-chaises; but the invention is generally ascribed to Augustus·, and was probably only improved by Trajan and succeeding emperors.
CHAL AWAR, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, which occupies an extensive tract of country between the Gulfs of Cutch and Cambay. It is situated between the twenty-first and twenty-second degrees of north latitude, and is about ninety miles in length from east to west, and about forty in breadth. The ra ι jah of Chalawar formerly ruled over the neighbouring districts of Warreaz, Puttun, and Chuwal. His residence was in the city of Dhama, of which there are at present scarcely any [7:6:307]vestiges. The inhabitants are chiefly of the Rajpoot tribe, divided into three classes, namely, the Jeenamas, the Ku- ’ raria, and the Naroda. The first are respectable, and are addressed by the title of Jee; the second perforin menial offices, and the last have relinquished their military character, and are degraded into the rank of cultivators. They have all an insurmountable objection to the flesh of a black goat, which they consideras unwholesome. A great proportion of this district is but thinly inhabited and poorly cultivated, and does not contain any town of note. It is laid waste by the predatory hostilities of the tribes who occupy it; and although the Mahratta chief, the Guicowar, claims the dominion over it, his authority is but little attended to. The country is of a broken, irregular aspect, and contains no rivers of any consequence.
CHALAZA, among naturalists, a white knotty sort of string at each end of an egg, formed of a plexus of the fibres of the membranes, and by which the yolk and white are connected together.
CHALCEDON, or Calcedon, anciently known by the names of Procerastis and Colbusa, a city of Bithynia, situated at the mouth of the Euxine, on the northern extremity of the Thracian Bosphorus, and over against Byzantium. Pliny, Strabo, and Tacitus, call it The City of the Blind ; alluding to the answer which the Pythian Apollo gave to the founders of Byzantium, who, consulting the oracle relative to a place where to build a city, were directed to choose that spot which lay opposite “to the habitation of the blind,” that is, as was then understood, to Chalcedon; the Chalcedonians well deserving that epithet for having built their city in a barren and sandy soil, without noticing the advantageous and pleasant spot on the opposite shore, which the Byzantines afterwards selected. In Christian times Chalcedon became famous on account of the council which was held there against Eutyches. The emperor Valens caused the walls of this city to be levelled with the ground for siding with Procopius, and the materials to be conveyed to Constantinople, where they were employed in building the famous Valentinian aqueduct. Chalcedon is at present a poor place, known to the Greeks by its ancient name, and to the Turks by that of Cadiahi, or “the Judges’ Town.”
CHALCEDONY. See Calcedony.
CHALCIDIC, Chalcidicum, or Chalcedonium, in the ancient architecture, a large magnificent hall belonging to a tribunal or court of justice. Festus says it took its name from the city Chalcis; but he does not explain the reason why it did so. Philander will have it to be the court or tribunal where affairs of money and coinage were regulated; so called from χαλκοί, brass, and boorι, justice. Others say the money was struck in it, and derive the word from χαλ%of, and o∕κoj, house. In Vitruvius it is used for the auditorium of a basilica; and in other ancient writers for a hall or apartment where the heathens imagined their gods to eat.