pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DINSLAKEN, a circle in the Prussian province of Westphalia, a part of the ancient duchy of Cleves. It extends over 201 square miles, or 128,640 English acres, and comprehends five cities, one town, and thirty-one villages, with 26,876 inhabitants. The chief place is a town of the same name, situated on the Misine, and containing 1063 inhabitants.
DIO Chrysostom, that is, Golden Mouth, a celebrated orator and philosopher of Greece, in the first century, was born at Prusa in Bithynia. He attempted to persuade Vespasian to renounce the empire; and he was hated by Domitian, but acquired the esteem of Trajan. This last prince took pleasure in conversing with him, and made Dio ride with him in his triumphal chariot. There are still extant eighty of his orations, and some other of his works; the best edition of which is that of Hermand Samuel Rai-marus, in 1750, folio.
DIOCESE, or Diocess, the circuit or extent of the jurisdiction of a bishop. The word is formed from the Greek διοoi7]ffις, government, administration, derived from δ∕o∕xsω, which the ancient glossaries render administro, moderor, ordino ; and hence διοoor i δις rr ∣ ζ πολiως, the administration or government of a city. Diocese is also used in ancient authors for the province of a metropolitan.

Diocaesis (δ ∣ οoοηδ ∣ ς) was originally a civil government, or prefecture, composed of different provinces.

The first division of the empire into dioceses is ordinarily ascribed to Constantine, who distributed the whole Roman world into four, namely, the diocese of Italy, the diocese of Illyria, that of the East, and that of Africa. And yet long before the time of Constantine, Strabo, who wrote under Tiberius, takes notice (lib. xiii. p. 432), that the Romans had divided Asia into dioceses; and he complains of the confusion which such a division occasioned in geography, Asia being no longer divided by people, but by dioceses, each of which had a tribunal or court, where justice was administered. Constantine, therefore, was only the institutor of those large dioceses, which comprehended several metropolises and governments; the former dioceses only comprehending one jurisdiction or district, or the country which had resort to one judge, as appears from the above passage in Strabo, and also from two in Cieero (lib. iii. epist. ad Eamil. 9, and lib. xiii. ep. 67).

Thus at first a province included different dioceses, and afterwards a diocese came to comprehend different provinces. In after times the Roman empire became divided into thirteen dioceses or prefectures; though, including Rome and the suburbic regions, there were fourteen. These fourteen dioceses comprehended a hundred and twenty provinces; each province had a proconsul, who resided in the capital or metropolis; and each diocese of the empire had a consul, who presided in the principal city of the district.

On this civil constitution the eeclesiastical one was afterwards regulated; and each dioecse had an ecclesiastical vicar or primate, who judged finally of all the concerns of the church within his territory. At present, however, diocese does not signify an assemblage of different provinces, but is limited to a single province under a metropolitan, or more commonly to the single jurisdiction of a bishop.

Brito affirms that diocese is properly the territory and extent of a baptismal or parochial church; and hence various authors use the word to signify a simple parish. See Parish.
DIOCLEIA (∆∕wcauα), in Antiquity, a solemnity observed during spring at Megara, in memory of the Athenian hero, who died in defence of the youth he loved.
DIOCLETIANUS, Caius Valerius Jovjus, a celebrated Roman emperor, born of an obseure family in Dalmatia in the year 245. Although originally a common soldier, yet by merit and success he gradually rose to the rank of general; and at the death of Numerian in 284 he was invested with the imperial purple. In this high station he rewarded the virtues and fidelity of Maximian, who had shared with him all the subordinate offices in the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created two subordinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called Caesars, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the superior title of Augustus. Diocletian has been celebrated for his military virtues; and although he was naturally unpolished by education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent, and well acquainted with the arts, which endear a sovereign to his people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies. His cruelty, however, against the followers of Christianity, has been deservedly branded with infamy. After he had reigned twenty-two years in the greatest prosperity, he pubicll abdicated the crown at Nicoedia in 305, and retired to a private station at Salona. Maximian his colleague followed his example, but not from choice; and when he some time afterwards endeavoured to rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and to persuade him to re-assume the purple, he received for answer, that Diocletian took now more delight in cultivating his little garden than he had formerly enjoyed in a palace, when his power extended over all the Roman world. He lived nine years after his abdication, in the greatest security and enjoyment, at Salona, and died in 314, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. Dioeletian is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigned his power. His bloody persecution of the Christians forms a chronological era, called the era of Diocletian, or of the martyrs. It was for a long time in use in theological writings, and is still preserved by the Copts and Abyssinians. It commenced on the 29th August 284.
DIODATI, John, a famous minister, and professor of theology at Geneva, was born at Lueea in 1579, and died [7:8:34]at Geneva in 1652. He is distinguished by translations,

1. Of the Bible into Italian, with notes, Geneva, 1607, 4to. The best edition is that of Geneva in 1641, folio. This is said to be more a paraphrase than a translation, and the notes are rather divine meditations than critical reflections.

2. Of the Bible into French, Geneva, 1644; 3. Of Father Paul’s History of the Council of Trent into French.
DIODORUS, an historian, surnamed Siculus., because he was born at Argyra, in Sicily. He wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Carthage; and it is said that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his history, which occupied the labour of thirty years. He is, however, too credulous in some of his narrations, and frequently wanders far from the truth. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and trifling incidents; whilst events of the greatest importance to history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in silence. He lived in the age of Julius Caesar and Augustus; and spent much time at Rome in order to procure information, and authenticate his historical narrations. This important work, which he composed in Greek, contained forty books, of which there are only fifteen remaining. The style is clear and neat, and very suitable to history. The best edition is that of Wesseling, Amsterdam, 1745, in 2 vols. folio, with very learned and judicious remarks. It has been reprinted with important additions by the society of Deux-Ponts, 1793-1801, in 11 vols. 8vo. The Latin translation of Poggio, Bologna, 1742, folio, is very incomplete, and only sought after by reason of its scarcity. Diodorus Siculus has been translated into French by Terrasson, Paris, 1737, in 7 vols. 12mo.
DIOMEDES, son of Tydeus and Ðiephyle, was king of Aetolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He often engaged Hector and Aeneas, and obtained much military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the temple of Minerva in Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus, king of Thrace, and in carrying away his horses. On his return from the siege of Troy he lost his way in the darkness of night, and landed in Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife Aegiale forgot her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some to the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wound-ed in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of Aegiale proved highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native country, which was the seat of his disgrace; and the attempts of his wife to take away his life contributed, according to some accounts, to hasten his departure. He proceeded to that part of Italy afterwards named Magna Graecia, where he built a city, which he called Argyrippa, and married the daughter of Daunus, the king of the country; and he died there in extreme old age, or, according to a certain tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of their grief were changed into birds resembling swans, which took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became remarkable no less for the tameness with which they approached the Greeks, than for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They were called the birds of Diomed. Altars were raised to Diomedes as to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus.
DION, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often, along with the philosopher Plato, who had come to reside at the tyrant’s court, advised him to lay aside the supreme power. But his great popularity rendered him odious in the cy r es of the tyrant, who banished him to Greece. There, however, he collected a numerous force, and resolved to free his country from tyranny; an achievement which he easily effected, on account of his uncommon popularity. He entered the port of Syracuse with only two ships, and in three days reduced under his power an empire which had already subsisted for fifty years, and which was guarded by five hundred ships of war, and above a hundred thousand troops. The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius; but he was shamefully betrayed and murdered by one of his familiar friends, called Callicrates or Callipus, 354 years before the Christian era.

Dion Cassius, a native of Nicaea, in Bithynia, whose father’s name was Apronianus. He was raised to the greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by r Pertinax and his three successors. Being naturally fond of study, he improved himself by unwearied application, and spent ten years in collecting materials for a history of Rome, which he published in eighty books, after a laborious employment of twelve years in composing it. This valuable history commenced with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy, and extended to the reign of the Emperor Alexander Severus. The first thirty-four books are totally lost; the twenty following, that is, from the thirty-fifth to the fifty-fourth, remain entire; the six following are mutilated; and fragments are all that we possess of the last twenty. In the compilation of this extensive history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides as a model, but he is not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure and elegant, his narrations are judiciously managed, and his reflections are generally learned; but, upon the whole, he is credulous, and the bigoted slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of Caesar. Seneca is the object of his satire, and is represented by the historian as debauched and licentious in his morals.
DIONIS, Peter, born at Paris, was one of the greatest surgeons of the eighteenth century. In the time of Louis XIV. he was appointed anatomical and chirurgical demonstrator in the Garden of Plants, and he was the first who held that place. He was surgeon in ordinary to Maria Theresa of Austria, queen of France, and to two dauphinesses and the royal children. He was the author of several works, both on anatomical and surgical subjects. One of the first of his publications is entitled Anatomie de l’ Homme, suivant la circulation du sang, et les nouvelles decouvertes, 8vo, which appeared in 1690, and has been frequently reprinted, and translated into different languages. It was translated into the Tartar dialect, by a Jesuit, for the use of Kang-hi, emperor of China. This work has been considered as a useful compendium of anatomy. In another work which he published in 1698, entitled Dissertation Historique et Physique sur la Generation de l’ Homme, he supports the ovarian hypothesis. In 1707 he published a work on surgery, entitled Cours d’Operations de Chirurgerie, 8vo, which was several times reprinted; and latterly it was edited with notes by La-faye, in two vols. This treatise was long received as a standard book on the subject. It contains many useful and pertinent observations, detailed in plain, unaffected language. Dionis is the author of two other works; the first, Dissertation sur la Mort Subite, 12mo, published in 1709, and the other Traite Generale des Accouchements in 1718, 8vo. But the last is little else than an abridgment of Mauriceau’s work on the same subject. Dionis died at Paris on the 11th December 1718.
DIONYSIA, in Grecian antiquity, solemnities in honour of Bacchus, sometimes called by the general name of Orgia, and by the Romans Bacchanalia and Liberalia.
DIONYSIACA, in Antiquity, was a designation given to plays and all manner of sports acted on the stage; because playhouses were dedicated to Dionysius or Bacchus, and Venus, as being the deities of sports and pleasure.
DIONYSIUS I. from a private secretary became general and tyrant of Syracuse and all Sicily. He was likewise a poet; and having, by bribes, gained the tragic prize at Athens, he indulged himself so immoderately 7 at table from excess of joy, that he died of the debauch, 368 B. c.; but some authors assert that he was poisoned by his physicians.

Dionysius II. his son and successor, was a greater tyrant than his father. His subjects were obliged to apply [7:8:36]to the Corinthians for succour; and Timoleon, their general, having conquered the tyrant, forced him to flee to Corinth, where, it is said, he was.obliged to keep a school for his subsistence. He died 343 b. c. Dionysius Halicarnassensis, a celebrated historian, and one of the most judicious critics of antiquity, was born at Halicarnassus. After the battle of Actium he went to Rome, where he staid twenty-two years under the reign of Augustus, and there composed in Greek his History of the Roman Antiquities, in twenty books, of which the first eleven only are now remaining. There are also still extant several of his critical works. The best edition of the works of this author is that of Dr Hudson, Oxford, 1704, in Greek and Latin, 2 vols folio. It has been reprinted more correctly, with notes by Reiske, Leipzig, 1774-1777, in six vols. 8vo.

Dionysius, a learned geographer, to whom is attributed a Periegesis, or Survey of the Earth, in Greek verse. Some suppose that he lived in the time of Augustus; but Scaliger and Salmasius place him under the reign of Severus, or of Marcus Aurelius. He wrote many other works, but his Periegesis is the only one we have remaining, the best and most useful edition of which is that improved with notes and illustrations by Hill. „

Dionysius Areopagita was born at Athens, and educated there. He went afterwards to Heliopolis, in Egypt, where, if we may credit some writers of his life, he beheld that wonderful eclipse which happened at our Saviour’s passion, and was urged by some extraordinary impulse to cry out, Aut Deus patitur, aut cum patiente dolet, either God himself suffers, or sympathises with him who does. At his return to Athens he was elected into the court of Areopagus, from which circumstance he derived his name of Areopagite. About the year 50 he embraced Christianity; and, as some say, was appointed first bishop of Athens by St Paul. Of his conversion we have an account in the 17th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles. He is supposed to have suffered martyrdom, but whether under Domitian, Trajan, or Hadrian, is not certain. We have nothing remaining under his name except what there is every reason to believe spurious.

Dionysius the Lesser, a Scythian, who became abbot of a monastery at Rome. He was the first who computed time from the birth of Dionysius to Christ, and fixed that great event according to the vulgar era. He was also a learned canon law writer, and died about the year 540.
DIOPHANTINE Problems, in Mathematics, certain questions relating to square and cube numbers, and right-angled triangles, the nature of which was determined by Diophantus, a mathematician of Alexandria, who is believed to have lived about the third century. The works of Diophantus were published with notes at Paris in 1621, by Bachet de Meziriac; and another edition appeared in 1670, with observations on every question by Μ. Fermat.
DIOPHANTUS, a celebrated mathematician of Alexandria, reputed to be the inventor of algebra. It is not certain when Diophantus lived; some have placed him before Christ, and some after, in the reigns of Nero and the Antonines, but all with equal uncertainty. It seems he is the same Diophantus who wrote the Canon Astrono-micus, which, Suidas says, was commented on by the celebrated Hypatia, daughter of Theon of Alexandria. His reputation must have been very high among the ancients, since they ranked him with Pythagoras and Euclid in mathematical learning. Bachct, in his notes upon the fifth book De Arithmeticis, has collected, from Diophantus’s epitaph in the Anthologia, the following circumstances of his life, namely, that he was married when he was thirty-three years old, and had a son born five years thereafter; that this son died when he was forty-two years of age, and that his father did not survive him above four years. From this it appears that Diophantus was eighty-four years old . wlj,en he died.
DIOPTASE of Haily ; the rhombohedral emerald malachite of Mohs. This is a very rare mineral; it occurs in crystals of small dimcnsions, of a brilliant emerald green colour, disposed in limestone, and is only found in the Kirghese steppes, Siberia. See Mineralogy, Index.
DIOPTER, or Dioptra, the same with the index or alhidade of an astrolabe, or other such instrument.

Dioptra was an instrument invented by Hipparchus, which served several purposes, as to level water courses, to take the height of towers or places at a distance, to determine the places, magnitudes, and distances of the planets, and the like.
DIOPTRICS, that part of optics which treats of the laws of refraction, and the effects which the refraction of light has in vision. See Optics.
DIOSCORIDES, a physician of Cilicia, who lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was originally a soldier, but afterwards applied himself to study, and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs.
DIOSCURIA (δ∕oπκou^∕α, from ∆∕of, Jupiter, and xougo∕, infants), in Antiquity, a festival in honour of the ∆∕oo ’ κo∙^o∕, or Castor and Pollux, who were reputed to be the sons of Jupiter. It was observed by the Cyreneans, but cspccially by the Spartans, whose country was believed to have been honoured by the birth of these heroes. The solemnity was full of mirth, being a time in which they shared plentifully of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports, of which wrestling matches always formed a part.
DIOSZEG, a market-town of Hungary, in the province of Farther Theis, in the circle Grosswardein. It contains a reformed and a Greek church, and 3500 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in the cultivation of vines and of tobacco. Long. 21. 54. 5. E. Lat. 47. 31. 40. N.
DIPHTHONG, in Grammar, a double vowel, or the mixture of two vowels pronounced together so as to make one syllable.

The Latins pronounced the two vowels in their diphthong ae or ae, and oe or oe, much as we do, only that the one was heard much weaker than the other, though the division was made with all the delicacy imaginable. Diphthongs with reference to sight, are distinguished from those with reference to sound. In the former, either the particular sound of each vowel is heard in the pronunciation; or the sound of one of them is drowned; or, lastly, a new sound, different from either, results from both; but the first of these only are real diphthongs, as being such both to the eye and ear. Diphthongs with regard to the ear are either formed of two vowels meeting in the same syllable, or of two vowels whose sounds are severally heard; or of three vowels in the same syllable, which only afford two sounds in the pronunciation.

English diphthongs, witĩFřegard to the cye and car, are ai, au, ea, ce, ei, oo, ou. Improper English diphthongs, with regard to the eye only, are aa, ap, co, eu, ie, ei, οe, ue, ui.
DIPLOMA, in a peculiar sense, is used for an instrument or license given by colleges, societies, and such like bodies, to a clergyman to exercise the ministerial function, or to a physician to practise the profession, after passing examination, or admitting him to a degree.
DIPONDIUS, in the language of Scripture, is used by St Luke to signify a certain coin which was of very little value. Our translation of the passage is, “Are not two sparrows sold for two farthings ?” In St Matthew, who relates the same thing, we read “Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing ?” The Greek reads assarion instead of as. Now assarion, according to some, was worth half an as, that is to say, four French deniers and⅛th; and, according to others, two deniers and -⅛th. Dipondius seems rather to signify half an as. See Calmet, Diction. Bibl.; Luke, xii. 6; Matt. x. 29. But Dr Arbuthnot differs in opinion from the author last quoted. He says that this coin was at first libralis, or of a pound weight; and that even when diminished, it retained the name of libella. So that dipondius denotes two asses.
DIPPING, among miners, signifies the interruption or breaking off the veins of ore; an accident which gives them a great deal of trouble before they can discover the ore again. See Mining. Dipping Needle, an instrument used for observing the quantity of inclination towards the earth, assumed by any needle or other body after it has acquired the magnetic virtue. This was first observed by one Robert Norman, an Englishman, and a maker of compasses for mariners, in the end of the sixteenth century, who finding that he was always obliged to counterbalance that end which turns to the north by a bit of wax or such other substance, though the balance had been ever so exact before, published an account of his discovery as a matter of importance. The subject was instantly attended to; and instruments were not only contrived for ascertaining the quantity of the dip, but various speculations were formed concerning the cause of so surprising a phenomenon.

The general phenomena of the dipping needle are, that about the equatorial parts of the earth it remains in a horizontal position, but depresses one end as we recede from these; the north end if we go towards the north, and the south end if we proceed towards the south pole. The farther north or south that we go the inclination becomes the greater; but there is no part of the globe hitherto discovered where it points directly downwards, though it is supposed that it would do so in some part very near the pole. Its inclination is likewise found to vary very considerably at different times in different places of the earth, and by some changes of situation, in such a manner as must appear at first sight very unaccountable. Of all those who have attempted the investigation of this obscure subject, none has been more successful than Μ. Cavallo, who in his Treatise on Magnetism has paid particular attention to all the phenomena, and accounted for them upon plain and rational principles. The voyages to the arctic regions, in search of a north-west passage, have led to a great accumulation of observations by means of the dipping-needle. See Magnetism.