pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PELAGIANS, a Christian sect who appeared about the end of the fourth or beginning of the fifth century. They maintained that Adam was by nature mortal, and, whether he had sinned or not, would certainly have died; that the consequences of Adam’s sin were confined to his own person; that new-born infants are in the same situation with Adam before the fall; that the law qualified men for the kingdom of heaven, and was founded upon equal promises with the gospel; that the general resurrection of the dead does not follow in virtue of our Saviour’s resurrection; that the grace of God is given according to our merits; and that this grace is not granted for the performance of every moral act, the liberty of the will, and information in points of duty, being sufficient. The founder of this sect was Pelagius.
PELAGIUS was a native of Great Britain, but whether of England, Scotland, or Wales, is as uncertain as it is immaterial. He was born towards the close of the fourth century, and educated in the monastery of Bangor, in Wales, of which he became a monk, and afterwards abbot. In the early part of his life he passed over to France, and thence proceeded to Rome, where he had the insolence to promulgate certain opinions different from those of the church. His morals being irreproachable, he gained many disciples; and the heresy he preached made so rapid a progress, that it became necessary for the pope to exert his power. To avoid the danger, Pelagius passed over to Sicily, in the year 409, attended by his friend and pupil Celestins. In 411 they landed in Africa, continued some time at Hippo, and were present at the famous conference between the Catholics and Donatists, which was held at Carthage in 412. From thence they travelled into Egypt, and from Egypt, in 415, to Palestine, where they were graciously received by John bishop of Jerusalem. In the same year Pelagius was cited to appear before a council of seventeen bishops, held at Diospolis. They were satisfied with his creed, and absolved him of heresy. The African bishops, however, being displeased with their proceedings, appealed to the Roman pontiff, who first approved, and afterwards condemned, the opinions of Pelagius; the latter, with his pupil Celestins, was publicly excommunicated; and all the bishops who refused to subscribe the condemnation of the Pelagian heresy were immediately deprived. What became of him after this period is entirely unknown; but it seems very probable that he retired to Bangor, and died abbot of the monastery of that place. He wrote, 1. Expositionum in Epistolas Paulinas, lib. xiv.; 2. Epistola ad Demetriadem de Virginitate; 3. Explanatio Symboli ad Damasum; 4. Epistolae ad viduam duae; and, 5. De Libero Arbitrio. These, and many other fragments, were scattered amongst the works of St Jerome. They were also col lected by Garnerius, and published in Append. Op. Mercatoris, p. 373.
PELAIGHE, a town of Hindustan, tributary to the Mahrattas, and situated in the province of Agra, twelve miles north from Narwar. Long. 78. 8. E. Lat. 25. 51. N.
PELANDAH, a large village of Hindustan, in the Rajpoot territories, and province of Ajmeer, said to contain 1000 houses. It is seventy miles east-south-east from Jyenagur. Long. 76. 45. E. Lat. 26. 36. N.
PELANGY, a river in the island of Magindanao, on which the capital is situated, and here as broad as the Thames at London bridge.
PELATAE were those free-born citizens amongst the Athenians, who by poverty were reduced to the necessity of serving for wages. During their servitude they had no vote in the management of public affairs, from having no estate to qualify them; but this restriction was removed whenever they had released themselves from their servile situation, which they were allowed to do when able to support themselves. Whilst they continued servants, they had also a right to change their masters. We find them sometimes distinguished by the name of Thetae.
PELAUDAH, a large village of Hindustan, in the Rajpoot territories, and province of Ajmeer, containing 1000 houses. It is seventy miles east-south-east from Jyenagur. Long. 76. 45. E. Lat. 26. 36. N.
PELEG, son of Eber, was born in the year of the world 1757. The Scripture says his father gave him the name of Peleg, signifying division, because in his time the earth began to be divided (Gen. xi. 16; x. 25); whether it was that Noah had begun to distribute the earth amongst his descendants, some years before the building of Babel, or that Peleg came into the world the same year that Babel was begun, and at the division of languages, or that Eber by a spirit of prophecy gave his son the name of Peleg some years before the tower of Babel was begun, is not absolutely certain. That which perplexes the interpreters is, that Peleg came into the world not above a century after the deluge. But it would seem, that the number of men in existence was not then sufficient for such an undertaking as that of Babel. In the next place, Joktan the brother of Peleg had already thirteen sons at the time of this dispersion, which happened after the confusion of Babel (Gen. x. 26, 27, 28). But Peleg being born in the thirty-fourth year of Eber (Gen. xi. 16), it is impossible his brother Joktan should have had such a number of children at the birth of Peleg. It would seem, therefore, that he was not born at the time of the dispersion. ^ ι To this it may be answered, that Moses has there enumerated the names of the thirteen sons of Joktan (in Gen. x. 26) by way of anticipation, though they were not born until some time after the confusion at Babel; but as they possessed a very large country, it was convenient to take notice of them, and to name them amongst the other descendants of Noah, who divided the provinces of the East amongst themselves. However this may have been, at the age of thirty years Peleg begat Reu, and died at the age of 239.
PELETHITES. The Pelethites and Cherethites were famous under the reign of David. They were the most valiant men in the army of that prince, and guarded the person of the king.
PELICONDAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of the Circars, and district of Cicacole. Long. 84. 10. E. Lat. 18. 33. N.
PELIME, a river of Asiatic Russia, which falls into the Taudo, near the town of the same name.
PELING, an island in the Yellow Sea, near the coast of Corea, ten miles in length and four in breadth. Long. 124. 28. E. Lat. 38. 24. N.

Peling Isle, an island in the Eastern Seas, near the east coast of the island of Celebes, between the 123d and 124th degrees of east longitude. It is fifty miles in length by fifteen in breadth, and is surrounded by many smaller isles, with numerous rocks and shoals. Long. 124. 28. E. Lat. 38. 24. N.
PELION, a mountain of Thessaly, near Ossa. It rises majestically over the Sinus Pelasgicus, having its top covered with pines, and its sides with oaks. From this mountain was cut the spear of Achilles, called pelias, which none but himself could wield.
PELLA, in Ancient Geography, a town situated on the confines of Emathia, a district of Macedonia. It was the royal residence, and being situated on an eminence verging to the south-west, was encompassed with impassable marshes summer and winter.
PELLEW, Sir Edward’s Group, a cluster of islands on the north coast of New Holland, which occupy a space of thirty-four miles east and west, by twenty-two north and south, on the western coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. These islands are far from being fertile, and when the surface is not bare rock, it consists of sand, with a greater or less proportion of vegetable soil. The larger islands 'are covered with trees, bushes, and grass. In the large islands traces of the kangaroo are to be seen, and turtle-tracks on the beaches. Their names are Vanderlin’s Island, Northwest, South-west, and Centre Islands. The latitude of Centre Island is 15. 39. S.
PELLISSON, or Pellisson Fontanier, Paul, was the son of James Pellisson, counsellor at Castres. He was born at Beziers in 1624, and educated in the Protestant religion. He studied with success the Latin, Greek, French, Spanish, and Italian tongues, and applied himself to the perusal of the best authors in these languages; after which he studied with reputation the law at Castres. In 1652 he purchased the post of secretary to the king, and five years afterwards became first deputy to Μ. Fouquet. He suffered by the disgrace of that minister; and in 1661 was confined in the Bastille, whence he was not discharged till four years afterwards. During his confinement he applied himself to the study of controversy; and in 1670 he abjured the Protestant religion. Louis XIV. bestowed upon him an annual pension of two thousand crowns, and he likewise enjoyed several posts. In 1676 he received the abbey of Giment, and some years afterwards the priory of St Orens at Auch. He died in 1693. His principal works are, 1. The History of the French Academy; 2. Reflections on religious Disputes, in four vols. 12mo; 3. The History of Louis XIV.; and, 4. Historical Letters and Miscellanies, in three vols. 12mo.
PELOPIA, a festival observed by the Eleans in honour of Pelops. A ram was sacrificed on the occasion; but priests and people were both prohibited from partaking of it, on pain of excommunication from Jupiter’á temple; the neck only being allotted to the officer who provided wood for the sacrifice. This officer was called Sυ∙ λιυς ; and white poplar was the only wood made use of at this solemnity.
PELOPONNESUS, a large peninsula to the south of the continent of Greece. It was called the island of Pelops, though properly not an island, but a peninsula, ending in a point like the leaf of the plane-tree. Anciently called Apia and Pelasgia, this peninsula was second to no other country for nobleness, being situated between the Aegean and Ionian Seas, and resembling a plane-leaf, on account of its angular recesses or bays. It is now called the Morea.
PELOPS, in fabulous history, the son of Tantalus, king of Phrygia, went into Elis, where he married Hippodamia the daughter of CEnomaus, king of that country, and became so powerful, that all the territory which lies beyond the isthmus, and composes a considerable part of Greece, was called Peloponnesus, from his name Pelops, and the Greek word νησος, an island.
PELTA, a small, light, manageable buckler, used by the ancients, and also worn by the Amazons. The pelta is said by some to have resembled an ivy leaf in form; by others it is compared to the leaf of an Indian fig-tree, and by Serbius to the moon in her first quarter.
PELUSSIN, a town of France, in the department of the Loire, and arrondissement of St Etienne. It has some considerable manufactories of silk; and the neighbourhood is remarkable for the great quantity of chestnuts which are collected annually for exportation. It contains about 460 houses, with 3350 inhabitants.
PELUSIUM, in Ancient Geography, was a strong city of Egypt, without the Delta, distant twenty stadia from the sea, and situated amidst marshes, from which circumstance it derived its name. It was called the key or inlet of Egypt, because, if taken, the rest of Egypt lay quite open and exposed to an enemy.
PEMBA, a low, well-wooded, and extremely fertile island, fourteen leagues in length, near the eastern coast of Africa. It exports both corn and cattle to a considerable amount. Long. 41. E. Lat. 5. S.
PEMBERTON, a township of the parish of Wigan, in the hundred of West Derby, in the county of Lancaster, 198 miles from London. It has no market, and is chiefly inhabited by manufacturers. The population amounted in 1801 to 2309, in 1811 to 2934, in 1821 to 3679, and in 1831 to 4277.
PEMBROKE, the county-town of the shire of that name, in South Wales, situated on a branch of the fine haven of Milford. It is 250 miles from London, and ten from Haverford West. It is a very ancient town, and was once defended by strong walls and a powerful castle, the ruins of which still remain. It consists of one long street, rising up to the remains of the castle, which has an imposing aspect. There are two churches, St Mary’s and St Michael’s, the latter of which is of a remote age. The county assizes and elections are held here; and there is a tolerable market, which is held on Saturday, but little trade of any kind. In virtue of the municipal reform law passed in 1835, the town elects annually a corporation, consisting of a mayor, six aldermen, and eighteen councillors, with justices of the peace nominated by the crown; for which purpose it is divided into two wards. The population amounted in 1801 to 2595, in 1811 to 2525, in 1821 to 4925, and in 1831 to 6511.
PEMGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Khandeish, belonging to the Mahrattas, on the southern bank of the Nerbuddah, seventy-three miles south-east from Oojain. Long. 76. 35. E. Lat. 22. 28. N.
PEMNAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, and district of Tirhoot. It formerly possessed a strong fort, surrounded by a thick wood. Long. 85. 43. E. Lat. 26. 29. N.
PEN, a little instrument, usually formed of a quill, and serving to write withal. But pens are sometimes made of silver, brass, or iron.

Dutch Pens are made of quills which have passed through hot ashes, to take oft' the grosser fat and moisture, and render them more transparent.

Fountain PEN is a pen of silver, brass, or other metal, so contrived as to contain a considerable quantity of ink, and let it flow out by degrees, to supply the writer a long time without his being under the necessity of taking fresh ink.

The Geometric Pen is an instrument by which a right line, a circle, an ellipse, and other mathematical figures, may be* described by a circular motion. It was first invented and explained by Suardi, in a work entitled Nuovo lnstromento per la Descrizzione di diverse Curve antiche e moderne. Several writers had observed the curves arising from the compound motion of two circles, one moving round the other; but Suardi first realized the principle, and reduced it to practice.
PENAFIEL, a town of the province of Toro, in Spain, the capital of a partida of the same name. It is situated on the river Duraton, and has a citadel, four churches, two monasteries, and 650 houses, with 3400 inhabitants.
PENANCE, a punishment, either voluntary or imposed by authority, for the faults which a person has committed. Penance is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic church. Besides fasting, alms, abstinence, and the like, which are the general conditions of penance, there are others of a more particular kind; as the repeating a certain number of ave-marias, pater-nosters, and credos, wearing a hair-shirt, and giving one’s self a certain number of stripes.
PENARANDA, a town of Spain, in the province of Avela, and partida of St Jago. It is the capital of a small district called the Sermo de St Vincente. It was once fortified, but its walls are now in a dilapidated state. It has a fortress, three churches, two monasteries, nine hundred and fifty houses, and about 3500 inhabitants, depending for a scanty subsistence chiefly on the cultivation of the soil.
PENATES, in Roman antiquity, were a kind of tutelar deities, either of countries or particular houses, in which last sense they differed in nothing from the lares. The penates were properly the tutelar gods of the Trojans, and were only adopted by the Romans, who gave them the title by which they are here described.
PENCIL, an instrument used by painters for laying on their colours. Pencils are of various kinds, and made of various materials. The largest sorts are made of boars’ bristles, the thick ends of which are bound to a stick, larger or smaller, according to the uses they are designed for. The finer sorts of pencils are made of camels’, badgers’, and squirrels’ hair, and of the down of swans, which are tied at the upper end with a piece, of strong thread, and enclosed in the barrel of a quill.

Pencil is also an instrument used in drawing or writing. It is made of long pieces of black lead or red chalk, placed in a groove cut in a slip of cedar; upon which other pieces of cedar being glued, the whole is planed round, and one of the ends being cut to a point, it is fit for use.
PENDANT, an ornament hanging at the ear, and frequently composed of diamonds, pearls, or other jewels.

Pendants, in Heraldry, parts hanging down from the label to the number of three, four, five, or six at most, resembling the drops in the Doric frize. When they are more than three, they must be specified in blazoning.

PENDANTS of a Ship are those streamers, or long colours, which are split and divided into two parts, ending in points, and suspended at the heads of masts, or at the yard-arm ends.
PENDLETON, a township in the parish of Eccles and hundred of Salford, in the county of Lancaster, a hundred and eighty-eight miles from London and three from Manchester. It has no market, and is chiefly inhabited by manufacturers of cotton goods. The population amounted in 1801 to 3611, in 1811 to 4805, in 1821 to 5948, and in 1831 to 8435.
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PENELLA, a town of the kingdom of Portugal, in the province of Beira, and corregimiento of Cambra. It is situated upon an elevated spot, and is defended by two castles. It contains two churches, an hospital, and a poorhouse, 746 dwellings, and 3760 inhabitants.
PENELOPE, in fabulous history, the daughter of Icarus, married Ulysses, by whom she had Telemachus. During the absence of Ulysses, who had gone to the siege of Troy, and who staid twenty years from his dominions, several princes, charmed with Penelope’s beauty, told her that Ulysses was dead, offered to marry her, and pressed her to declare in their favour. She promised compliance on condition that they would give her time to finish a piece of tapestry she was weaving; but at the same time she undid in the night what she had done in the day, and by this artifice eluded their importunity till Ulysses’s return.
PENETRALE, a sacred apartment or chapel in private houses, which was set apart for the worship of the household gods amongst the ancient Romans. In temples also there were penetralia, or apartments of distinguished sanctity, where the images of the gods were kept, and certain solemn ceremonies performed.
PENGUIN Island, a small island near the coast of New Holland, at the entrance of Adventure Bay. Long. 147. 33. E. Lat. 43. 21. N.
PENICHE, a city of Portugal, in the province of Estremadura, and corregimiento of Leiria. It stands upon a peninsula, which is divided from the continent by a narrow channel, at times nearly dry. It is fortified and protected by a citadel called Amparo, and also by a fort on Cape Ca-rooeiro. It contains three churches, a monastery, a hospital, a poor-house, 920 dwelling-houses, and 4800 inhabitants. In the harbour, which is small, there is depth of water sufficient for large ships. The fishery affords occupation to the greater portion of the population.
PENIGK, a city of the kingdom of Saxony, in the circle of the Erzgebirge, and the capital of the patrimonial bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the river Mulde, and contains 440 houses, with 3450 inhabitants. It has a palace belonging to the mediatized count. The chief occupation consists in making and printing cotton goods.
PENINSULA, in Geography, is a portion or extent of land joining to the continent by a narrow neck or isthmus, the rest being encompassed with water.
PENISA, a town of Spain, in the partida of Dénia, and the province of Valencia. It contains 3200 inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in drying raisins for distant countries, an article which is peculiarly excellent in its quality, being the growth of the vicinity.
PENISCOLA, a city of Spain, in the province of Valencia, and the capital of a department of the same name, which runs along the coast of the Mediterranean, in the north-east part. The city stands on a hill which runs out into the sea. It has a citadel, and is surrounded with walls. This place is remarkable for the purity of the air. The inhabitants amount to 3000, a great part of whom are employed in the fisheries. The fields are not so well cultivated as in most other parts of the province. Long. 0. 23. 25. W. Lat. 40. 22. 40. N.
PENITENCE is sometimes used for a state of repentance, and sometimes for the act of repenting. It is also used for a discipline or punishment attending repentance, more usually called penance. Besides, it gives title to several religious orders, consisting either of converted debauchees and reformed prostitutes, or of persons who devote themselves to the office of reclaiming them. Of this latter kind is the Order of Penitence of St Magdalen, established about the year 1272 by one Bernard, a citizen of Marseilles, who devoted himself to the work of converting the courtezans of that city. Bernard was seconded by several others, who, having formed a kind of society, were at length erected into a religious order by Pope Nicholas III. under the rule of St Augustin. F. Gesnay says that they also constituted a religious order of the penitents, or women they converted, giving them the same rules and observances which they themselves followed.
PENITENTIAL, an ecclesiastical book, retained among the Catholics, in which is prescribed what relates to the imposition of penance and the reconciliation of penitents. There are various penitentials, as the Roman penitential, that of the venerable Bede, ι that of Pope Gregory III. and several others.
PENITENTIARY, in the ancient Christian church, a name given to certain presbyters or priests, appointed in every church to receive the private confessions of the people, in order to facilitate public discipline, by informing them what sins were to be expiated by public penance, and to appoint private penance for such occult crimes as were not proper to be publicly censured.
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Penitentiary, at the court of Rome, is an office in which are examined and delivered out the secret bulls, graces, or dispensations relating to cases of conscience, confessions, and the like.

Penitentiary, a prison or place of confinement for criminals, in which the prisoners are made to labour, and a system of discipline is employed for effecting their reformation. See Prison and Prison-Discipline.
PENJINE, a river of Asiatic Russia, near the northeastern extremity of the government of Irkoutsk. Its origin and course is but imperfectly known.
PENKRIDGE, a market-town situated within the hundred of Cuttlestone, in the county of Stafford, 129 miles from London. It stands on the river Penk, and has a market, which is held on Saturday. It is a very ancient town, being supposed to have been the Pennocrucicum of the Romans; but it has very little trade. The population amounted in 1801 to 1133, in 1811 to 1934, in 1821 to 2299, and in 1831 to 2351; but the parish, which is more extensive, appears by the last census to have contained 2991 persons.

PENMAN-Mawr, a mountain in Caernarvonshire, 1400 feet in height. It hangs perpendicularly over the sea, at so vast a height, that few spectators are able to look down the dreadful steep. On the side which is next the sea, there is a road cut out of the side of the rock, about six or seven feet wide, which winds up a steep ascent.
PENNAR, a river of Hindustan, which has its source not far from Nundydroog. It flows at first in a northerly direction until it approaches Gooty, and then takes a southeast course by Gandicota and Cuddapah; after which it reaches the sea at Gungapatnam by an easterly course, after passing the fortress of Nelloor.
PENNATORE, a town on the sea-coast of Travancore, where the rajah of Travancore constructed a harbour for European and Chinese ships, which anchored in order to load with pepper. Long. 76. 55. E. Lat. 8. 25. N.
PENNE, a city of France, in the department of the Lot and Garonne, and the arrondissement of Villeneuve d’Agen. It stands on an elevation on the left bank of the river Lot, and contains, with its parish, 6230 inhabitants.