pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
PADUAN, amongst medallists, a modern medal struck in imitation of the antique, or a new medal struck with all the marks and characters of antiquity. This name is properly applicable to those medals only which were struck in the seventh century by an Italian painter born at Padua, who succeeded so well in the imposture, that the best judges are at a loss to distinguish his medals from the genuine ones; but it is also used to signify all medals of this kind.
PADULA, a town of Naples, in the province of Principato Citeriore. It stands in the Valley of Diana, between hills, and contains 5900 inhabitants.
PADUS, now the Po, anciently called Eridanus, especially by the Greeks, a river of Italy, celebrated in fable.
PAEAN, amongst the ancient pagans, was a song of rejoicing sung in honour of Apollo, and chiefly used on occasions of victory and triumph.

Paean, in the ancient poetry, is a foot consisting of four syllables, of which there are four kinds; the paean primus, secundus, tertius, and quartus. The paean primus consists of one long syllable and three short ones, or a trochaeus and pyrrhichius, as temporibus ; the paean secundus consists of a short syllable, a long, and two short, or an iambus and a pyrrhichius, as potentia ; the paean tertius consists of two short syllables, with a long and a short one, or a pyrrhichius and a trochaeus, as animatus ; and the paean quartus consists of three short syllables and a long one, or a pyrrhichius and iambus, as celeritas.
PAEDO-BAPTISM, infant baptism, or that conferred on children: from <παις, infant, and βαπτισμα, baptism. This has been the subject of great controversy in the church.
PAGAHM, an eminent city of the Burman empire, situated on the eastern bank of the Irrawuddy. This city was formerly the residence of a dynasty of kings, and it still contains numerous temples, in a superior style of architecture to those built in later times. Little remains of the city except a brick rampart. It has, however, a good market, well supplied with grain, oil, fish, and vegetables. Long. 94. 35. E. Lat. 21. 9. N.
PAGAN, Blaise Francois Comte de, an eminent French mathematician, was born at Avignon, in Provence, on the 3d of March 1604, and embraced the profession of arms at fourteen, having been bred to it with the greatest[7:16:692] care. In 1620 he was engaged at the siege of Caen, in the battle of Pont de Cé, and the reduction of the Navarrese, and the rest of Béarn, where he signalized himself, and acquired a reputation far surpassing his years. He was present in 1621 at the siege of St John d’Angeli; as also at that of Clarac and Montauban, where he lost his left eye by a musket-shot. After this time there happened neither siege nor battle in which he did not signalize himself by some effort of courage and conduct. At the passage of the Alps and the barricade of Suza, he put himself at the head of the forlorn hope, and immediately began a furious assault, and, the army coming to his assistance, forced the barricades. When the king laid siege to Nancy in 1633, Count Pagan had the honour to attend his sovereign, in drawing the lines and forts of circumvallation. In 1642 his majesty sent him to serve in Portugal in the capacity of field-marshal; and in the same year he unfortunately lost his eye-sight. But though he was thus disabled from serving his country in the field, he resumed, with greater vigour than ever, the study of the mathematics and fortification, and, in 1645, gave the public a treatise on this latter subject. In 1651 he published his Geometrical Theorems, which show a perfect knowledge of all parts of the mathematics. In 1657 he published his Theory of the Planets, a work which distinguished him amongst astronomers as much as that on fortification did amongst engineers; and, in 1658, his Astronomical Tables. Count Pagan died at Paris on the 18th of November 1665.
PAGANALIA, certain festivals observed by the ancient Romans in the month of January. They were instituted by Servius Tullius, who appointed a certain number of villages {pagι), in each of which an altar was to be raised for annual sacrifices to their tutelar gods; at these all the inhabitants were to assist, and give presents in money, according to their sex and age, by which means the number of country people was known. The servants upon this occasion offered cakes to Ceres and Tellus, in order to obtain plentiful harvests.
PAGANISM, the worship or adoration of false gods.
PAGEANT, a triumphal car, chariot, arch, or other similar decoration, variously adorned with colours, flags, &c. carried about in public shows and processions.
PAGES, three small rocky islets in the strait between Kangaroo Island and the main shore of New Holland. Long. 138. 21. E. Lat. 35. 46. S.
PAGI, Antony, one of the ablest critics of his time, was born at Rogne in Provence in the year 1624. He devoted himself to the study of chronology and ecclesiastical history, in which he excelled. His principal work is, a criticism on the Annals of Baronius, in which he has rectified a great number of mistakes both in chronology and in facts. Pagi died in 1699.
PAGNANI, a large market-town of Italy, in the province Principato Citeriore, of the kingdom of Naples. It now contains, with adjoining villages, 9630 inhabitants.
PAGNINUS, Sanctes, an Italian Dominican, eminent for his skill in oriental languages and biblical learning, was born at Lucca in 1466. He was deeply and accurately skilled in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Arabic, but particularly in the Hebrew. He applied himself to examine the vulgar translation of the Scriptures; and believing it to be greatly corrupted, he undertook to make a new one from the Hebrew text. The design of Pagninus seemed a bold one; yet such was his reputation, that it was approved by Leo X., who promised to furnish him with all necessary means for carrying on the work, which was printed at Lyons in 1527. This is the first modern translation of the Bible from the Hebrew text. Pagninus, however, is thought to have adhered with too great servility to the original text, and thus to have rendered his translation obscure, barbarous, and full of solecisms. He also translated the New Testament from the Greek; and was author of a Hebrew Lexico and a Hebrew Grammar. He died in 1536, aged seventy. Luther spoke of him and his translations in terms of the highest praise.
PAGO, an island in the Adriatic, forming a portion of the Austrian province of Dalmatia. It is long, and of a singular form, with several peninsulas, and abounds in salt lagunes, from which much culinary salt is made. The island abounds in excellent coal. It contains 4300 inhabitants of the Sclavonian race.
PAGOD, or Pagoda, a name given by the Hindus and others to the temples where they worship their gods.

Pagod, or Pagoda, is also the name of a gold and silver coin, current in several parts of the East Indies.
PAHANG, or Pulo Pahang, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the coast of Malacca, five miles east from the town of Pahang.

Pahang, a town of Malacca, on the east coast, situated twelve miles from the sea, on a broad and shallowriver, full of shoals. It is divided at its mouth, which is situated in lat. 3. 45. N., into two channels, which are navigable for small vessels up to the town. It is enclosed by a wall made of the trunks of trees joined close together, and about twenty-four feet in height. The streets are fenced on both sides with hedges of reeds, and planted with cocoa and other trees; so that it has more the appearance of an assemblage of gardens than of a regular city. It formerly carried on a considerable trade, and was visited by vessels from various parts of India, such as Bantam, Batavia, Japan, and China. At present the trade is carried on in vessels belonging to the place, in which are imported articles of European manufacture, such as iron, cutlery, glass; also piece-goods, woollens, tobacco, &c. In return they receive from the eastern islands cloves, elephants’ teeth, mace, nutmegs, rattans, sago, tortoise-shell. Gold-dust, with which the river abounds, is also a principal article of trade. The mouth of the river is in lat. 3. 45. N.
PAHO, a river on the west coast of the isle of Celebes, which runs into the Straits of Macassar. Long. 119.52. E. Lat. 3. 10. S.
PAIMBOEUF, an arrondissement of the department of the Lower Loire, in France, 332 square miles in extent. It comprehends five cantons, divided into twenty-six communes, and contains 39,800 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the left bank of the Loire, and nine miles from its mouth. It has a good haven, where the larger ships discharge their lading into craft to convey it to Nantes. There are several establishments for building and repairing ships. The city contains 800 houses and 3980 inhabitants.
PAINOMJEUNG, a castle of Thibet, situated on a perpendicular rock washed by a river which flows at its foot. Long. 89. 10. E. Lat. 29. N.
PAINSWICK, a market-town of the county of Gloucester, in the hundred of Bisley, 101 miles from London, and seven from Gloucester. It is pleasantly situated on the banks of a small stream which empties itself into the Stroud. The town is not large; but the parish is divided into four lythings, and contains 6510 acres of land. It is a place of great antiquity, having a church of various styles of architecture, with a tower, on which is a spire rising to the height of 174 feet. On the summit of a hill called Spire Head, adjoining to the town, are the ruins of an ancient fortification called Kingsbury Castle. It has a good market, which is held on Tuesday. The principal occupation consists in making superfine woollen cloths; and, by the population returns of 1831, the number of the families employed in trade and manufactures was 448, whilst those employed in agriculture were 195, and all others 243. In 1801 the population amounted to 3150, in 1811 to 3201, in 1821 to 4044, and in 1831 to 4099.
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PAIR, two of a sort, a couple.
PAITA, or Payta, a town of Peru, in the department of Truxillo. It stands on a bay of the same name, situated in 5.2. of south latitude. A hard sandy beach extends round the harbour, which is completely sheltered from all prevailing winds. The port is a rendezvous for American whale-ships. It is the seaport of Piura, fourteen leagues in the interior, and carries on a considerable coasting trade. The exports from Paita are cinchona, rhatany, silver, and wool. This town has suffered as much from the invasions of the buccaneers as any port of the Pacific. It was also burned by Lord Anson in 1741, and by Lord Cochrane in 1810; yet the importance of its position has always led to its reconstruction. The population amounts to about 3000.
PAITAN, a district on the north-eastern coast of Borneo, containing a bay and river of the same name. The bay is greatly encumbered with shoals, and the coast on both sides is extremely foul. The country around produces abundance of camphor.
PAKIR, a seaport of Arabia, situated on the coast of Hadramaut, from which a considerable trade is carried on with India. The environs abound in cattle, grain, and dates. Pakir is twenty-five miles east of Dofar.
PALACE, Palatium, a name generally applied to the dwelling-house of a king, prince, or other great personage. It takes different epithets, according to the quality of the inhabitants, as imperial palace, royal palace, pontifical palace, cardinal palace, ducal palace, episcopal palace, and so on.
PALACHY, a, town of India, in the province of South Coimbetoor, containing 300 houses, and a small temple, with a small fort adjacent. Palachy is 121 miles south by east from Seringapatam. Long. 77. 8. E. Lat. 11. 47. N.
PALAEMON, Q. Rhemmius, a famous grammarian of Rome, in the reign of Tiberius, who was born of a slave, at Vienza. We are told he was first brought up to the business of a weaver; but attending his master’s son to school, he profited by this opportunity of attaining knowledge, and acquired so much skill in common learning, that he ob tained his freedom, and became a teacher or preceptor at Rome. His claim to learning cannot be questioned, since he is recorded as a scholar even by Juvenal. Only some fragments of his works remain.
PALAEOLOGUS, Michael, a very able man, who was governor of Asia under the Emperor Theodorus Lascaris; and who, by various stratagems and cruelties, procured the empire for himself and his posterity. See Constantinopolitan History.
PALAEPAPHOS, a town of Cyprus, where once stood a temple of Venus; and an adjoining town called Neo Paphos, where St Paul struck Elymas blind, and converted the proconsul Sergius Paulus.
PALAESTRA, in Grecian antiquity, a public building where the youth exercised themselves in wrestling, running, playing at coits, and other feats of strength and skill. To prevent the combatants from hurting themselves by falling, the bottom of the palaestra was covered with dust or gravel. Some think that the palaestra was only a part of the gymnasium. Many authors also imagine that the palaestra was of two kinds, the one for the exercise of the body, the other for the cultivation of the mind; but the derivation of the word seems to confine it exclusively to bodily exercise.
PALALAIKA, or Balalaika, a rude kind of guitar with two strings, which is common in Russia.
PALAMEDES, a Greek chief, son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, by Clemene. He was sent by the Grecian princes who were going to the Trojan war, to bring to the camp Ulysses, who, in order to avoid the expedition, pretended insanity, and, the better to carry on the imposition, often harnessed different animals to a plough, and sowed salt instead of barley. But Palamedes soon discovered the cheat. He knew that regret to part with Penelope, whom Ulysses had lately married, was his only reason for pretending insanity; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes took Telemachus, of whom Penelope had lately been delivered, and put him before his father’s plough. Ulysses turned the plough a different way, not to hurt his child. He was therefore obliged to attend the Greek princes to the war; but a mortal enmity took place between Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of Ithaca determined to take every opportunity to distress him; and when all his attempts were frustrated, he had recourse to a base stratagem, and had Palamedes unjustly accused and convicted of treason, and stoned to death by the army. Palamedes was a man of learning as well as a soldier; and, according to. some, he completed the alphabet of Cadmus by the addition of the four letters ∂, ξ, χ, <ρ, during the Trojan war. To him also is attributed the invention of dice and backgammon; and it is said that he was the first who regularly ranged an army in order of battle, and who placed sentinels round the camp, and excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchward.
PALAMOW, a district of Bengal, situated on the western frontier, between the 22d and 25th degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the north by Rhotas; on the south and west it touches different wild districts of Gund∙ wanch; and on the east it has Ramgur. It is the least populous and worst cultivated of any district in British India. It contains, however, both iron and coal; but the natives are not sufficiently advanced in civilization to explore the mines. The Burnah or Cayle River, which falls into the Soane, flows through it; and on its stream timber and other heavy articles might be floated down to Patna, if the country were more civilized. The principal towns are Palamow and Jaynagur. The former, the chief town of the district, is situated in a valley on the eastern side of the Cayle River, and is the residence of a rajah or zemindar. Long. 78. 10. E. Lat. 23. 52. N.
PALAPETTY, a town of Hindustan, in the district of [7:16:737]Dindigul, thirty miles north from the town of Dìndigul. Long. 78. 10. E. Lat. 10.40. N.
PALAR, a river of the south of India, which has its rise in the province of Mysore, and, after a course of 200 miles, falls into the Bay of Bengal near Sadras.
PALARIA, amongst the Romans, a kind of exercise performed at a stake by the soldiers. The stake being fixed in the ground, and six feet in height above it, the young undisciplined soldiers advanced against it, armed with a hurdle and cudgel instead of a sword and shield, and went through all the rules of attack and defence, as if actually engaged with an adversary. Sometimes they stood at a distance, and attacked with missive weapons; at the same time using all the requisite motions for defending themselves, and warding off what might be thrown against them.
PALATINATE, a province or signiory, possessed by a palatine.

Palatinate of the Rhine, a province of Germany, divided into two parts by the Rhine, called the Upper and Lower Palatinate.
PALATINE, or Count Palatine, a title anciently given to all persons who had any office or employment in the prince’s palace, but afterwards conferred on those delegated by princes to hold courts of justice in the provinces, and on such amongst the lords as had a palace, that is, a court of justice, in their own houses.

Palatine-Games, in Roman antiquity, were games instituted in honour of Augustus by his wife Livia, after he had been enrolled amongst the gods. They were celebrated in the palace, whence the name, and were confirmed by the succeeding emperors. Some authors say that these games were instituted in honour of Julius Caesar, and others again confound them with the Ludi Augustales; but neither of these opinions seems to be well supported.
PALATSHA, a village of Anatolia, in Asia Minor, situated near the coast of the Mediterranean. It is supposed by some to be the ancient Miletus, whilst others believe the ruins to be those of Myus, an ancient town, ultimately incorporated with Miletus. Long. 27.12. E. Lat. 37.31. N.
PALAWAN Isle, a large island in the Eastern Seas, estimated at 275 miles in length, and thirty-two miles in average breadth. It stands between the northern extremity of Borneo, with which and the Philippines it forms an extensive chain of islands. The country is described as being flat to the bottom of the hills. Its productions are cowries, wax, tortoise-shell, and sea-slug or biche de mer, the last being abundant. It contains much ebony and laka-wood; also hot springs and mines of gold.
PALAZZOLA, a city of the island of Sicily, in the intendancy of Siragosa, and district of Noto. It is situated on a high mountain, the ancient Erbessus, in a humid atmosphere, 130 miles from Palermo. It contains 8500 inhabitants, chiefly cultivators.
PALCATI Nor, or Balkasii, a lake of Northern Tartary, extending about 200 miles from north to south, and 110 from east to west. It is situated 700 miles east from the Aral. Its waters, though somewhat brackish, are not altogether unfit for drinking. It contains several small lakes near its southern extremity. On the west it has the country of the Kirghisses, and on the east the great plateau of Soongaria.
PALCOTE, a town of Bengal, in the province of Bahar, and district of Chuta Nagpore, 200 miles west by north from Calcutta. Long. 85. 0. E. Lat. 22. 58. N.
PALE, a little pointed stake or piece of wood used in making enclosures, separations, and the like. The pale was an instrument of punishment and execution amongst the ancient Romans, and still continues so amongst the Turks.
PALEMERDY, a town of Hindustan, in the Southern Carnatic, district of Madura, thirty-one miles south-east from the town of Madura. Long. 78.23. E. Lat. 9. 26. N.
PALENCIA, a province in Spain, forming part of the ancient kingdom of Leon. It extends 145 square leagues, and the number of its inhabitants is 118,064, a density of population much greater than the general average of the kingdom presents. As the province is well watered, the riches and population, which in Spain must arise from the abundance of that element, are on the advance. The rivers that water it discharge themselves at last into the Duero, and are the Pisuerga, the Carrion, the Arlanza, and the Arlanzon. The country is generally fertile in the valleys, and yields wheat, barley, and wines. There are some coarse woollen manufactories scattered over the province, as well as in the capital city. The Canal of Castille runs through this province as far as it is executed. This, like the Canal of Aragon, is designed to promote two important objects, that of internal navigation and that of irrigation. The part of this valuable and costly work that is completed begins in the village of Alar del Rey, in latitude 42. 5l., taking its water from the Pizuerga, the left bank of which it follows. It enters the kingdom of Leon by crossing that river, and then continues on its right bank, crossing also the Cieza, when it makes a turn to the city of Palencia, and terminates in the Carrion, a little below it. A branch called the Canal de Campos runs from it to the westward, towards Beceril. The masonry of this work is stupendous and well executed, as are all the locks, sluices, and other appendages. Such great operations always proceed slowly in Spain, and the recent struggles have created considerable impediments; but if the project be successfully pursued, and the original plan completed, this canal will connect itself with that of Aragon, and thus create an internal navigation across the whole of Spain. There are made in this province 500,000 hogsheads of wine, and 2000 of brandy. It possesses 3050 horses, 6500 mules, 3800 asses, 9300 oxen, 318,500 sheep, 11,300 goats, and 5500 pigs. It is in the captain-generalship of Zamora, and enjoys the privileges and laws of Castille.

Palencia, a city of Spain, the capital of the province of Leon. It is situated on the banks of the river Carrion, after that river has been increased by the junction of the Cieza. It is the see of a bishop, and has a large and ancient cathedral. The country around produces good wheat, barley, and wine, especially in moist summers; but it has a barren appearance, from being almost wholly destitute of trees. It is a manufacturing place, and furnishes blankets, coverlets, baize, serges, and hats, to a great portion of the inhabitants of its own and the surrounding provinces. It is not considered as a healthy city, from its vicinity to a most pestiferous stagnant lake called Nava. It is situated in longitude 4. 34. west, and latitude 42. 10. north, has a population of 8292 souls, and contains five churches, eleven monasteries, and two hospitals.
PALENGA, a village of Hindustan, in the province of Sinde, situated in the route from Hyderabad to Luckput Bunder. Lat. 24. 19. N.
PALERMO, a province or intendancy of the island of Sicily, belonging to the kingdom of Naples. It is formed out of the Val di Mazzara, and some portions of the Val di Demona. It is situated on the sea-shore, which is its western boundary, and is bounded on the east by Messina, on the south by Calataniferra and Girgenti, and on the east by Trapani. It is divided into four districts, viz. Palermo, Cefalu, Corleone, and Termini, and contains 410,000 inhabitants. The capital of the island, as well as of the intendancy, is the city of Palermo. It stands upon a beautiful gulf of the same name near Cape Gallo. It has a fine mole running out nearly a quarter of a mile from the arsenal, with a lighthouse, which forms a convenient harbour. The city is built upon a fertile plain; and the air in general is salubrious, but in some parts malaria is generated in autumn. Most of the houses have fountains, which contribute much to cleanliness. It is a well-built and not inelegant city. The most prominent buildings are the royal palace and the cathedral. There is an university, with a library, and a good observatory. Many fine specimens of Moorish architecture are still to be seen. The trade is considerable, and includes many articles produced in the island. It contains about 180,000 inhabitants. Long. 13. 20. 15. E. Lat. 36. 6. 44. N.