pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ILLOGAN, a town of the hundred of Penwith, in the county of Cornwall, 266 miles from London. It is in a mining district, which affords employment to the people, especially in one of the richest of the copper mines, called Cook’s Kitchen, which is within the parish. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2895, in 1811 to 4078, in 1821 to 5170, and in 1831 to 6072.
ILLUMINATI, the name of a secret society or order in Germany and other countries of Europe, whose professed object, it is said, was to propagate the purest principles of virtue; but whose real views were to subvert every established government and religion, and, by delivering mankind from the necessary and salutary restraints of civil society, to bring them to an imaginary state of freedom and independence. Of this order much has been said and written; but that any society existed, regularly organized in the way which this is represented to have been, working in secret, and at the same time possessing extensive power and influence, has not been established by any kind of proof.
ILLUMINATORS. See Illuminating.
ILLUMINED, Illuminati, a term anciently applied to such persons as had received baptism. This name was occasioned by a ceremony in the baptism of adults, which consisted in putting a lighted taper in the hand of the person baptized, as a symbol of the faith and grace which he had received in the sacrament.

Illumined, Illuminati, is also the name of a sect of heretics who sprang up in Spain about the year 1575, and were called by the Spaniards Alambrados. Their principal doctrines were, that by means of a sublime manner of prayer, which they had attained to, they entered into so perfect a state, that they had no occasion for ordinances, sacraments, or good works; and that they could give way even to the vilest actions without sin. The sect of Illumined was revived in France in the year 1634, and was soon afterwards joined by the Guerinets, or disciples of Peter Guerin, who together formed but one body, called also Illumined ; but being hotly pursued by Louis XIII. they were soon destroyed. The brothers of the Rosy Cross are sometimes also called Illumined. See Rosycrucian.
ILLUSTRIOUS, Illustris, in the Roman empire, a title of honour peculiar to people of a certain rank, It was first given to the most distinguished amongst the knights, who had a right to bear the latus clavus ; but afterwards those only were entitled illustrious who held the first rank amongst the persons called honorati, that is, the prafecti proctorii, praefecti urbis, treasurers, comites, and others. The Novels of Valentinian distinguish as many as five kinds of illustres, amongst whom the illustres administratores bear the first rank.
ILLYRIUS, Mathias, Flaccus, or Francowitz, one of the most learned divines of the Augsburg confession, born in Istria, anciently called Illyria, in 1520. He is said to have been a man of considerable genius, extensive learning, and of great zeal against popery; but he was of a restless and passionate temper, which overbalanced all his good qualities, and occasioned much disturbance in the Protestant church. He published a great number of books, and died in 1575.

1LMINSTER, a town of the county of Somerset, in the hundred of Abdick, 135 miles from London. It stands in a fertile district, and has a market, which is held on Saturday. There was formerly a considerable manufacture of woollens, but it has declined, and of late years has been in some measure replaced by mills for making lace net. There is a large church, formerly conventual, and an excellently endowed grammar-school. The population amounted in 1801 to 2045, in 1811 to 2160, in 1821 to 2156, and in 1831 to 2957.
IMAGE, in Optics, a figure in the form of any object, made by the rays of light issuing from the several points of it, and meeting in so many other points, either at the bottom of the eye, or on any other ground, or on any transparent medium, where there is no surface to reflect them. Thus we are said to see all objects by means of their images formed in the eye.
IMAGINARY Quantities, or Impossible Quantities, in Algebra, are the even roots of negative quantities; which expressions are imaginary, or impossible, or opposed to real quantities; as √ — aa, or∖∕ — α 4 . For as every even power of any quantity whatever, whether positive or negative, is necessarily positive, or has the sign +, because + by +, or — by —, give equally +; hence it follows that every even power, as the square, for instance, which is negative, or having the sign —, has no possible root; and therefore the even roots of such powers or quantities are said to be impossible or imaginary. The mixed expressions arising from imaginary quantities joined to real ones, are also imaginary; as a — ∕f — aa, or b + λ ∕ — aa. Imaginary Poots of an equation are those roots or values of the unknown quantity which contain some imaginary quantity. Thus the roots of the equation xx + aa = 0, are the two imaginary quantities + √ — aa and — a/ — aa, or + aV — 1 and — a*/ — 1.
IMAGINATION, a power or faculty of the mind, by which it conceives and forms ideas of things communicated to it by means of the organs of sense.

Force of Imagination. See Apparitions.
IMAGO, in Natural History, is a name given by Liu-naeus to the third state of insects, when they appear in their proper shape and colours, and undergo no further transformation.
IMAM, Imaum, or Iman, a minister in the Mahommedan church, answering to a parish priest amongst us. The word properly signifies what we call a prelate, antistes, one who presides over others; but the Moslemins frequently apply it to a person who has the care and intendency of a mosque, and reads prayers to the people, which they repeat after him.

Imam is also applied, by way of excellence, to the four chiefs or founders of the four principal sects in the Mahommedan religion. Thus Ali is the imam of the Persians; Abu-beker the imam of the Soonites, which is the sect followed by the Turks; and Saphii, or Safi-y, the imam of another sect.
IMAUS, in Ancient Geography, the largest mountain of Asia, and part of Taurus, from which the whole of India runs off into a vast plain, resembling Egypt. It extends through Scythia, as far as to the Mare Glaciale, dividing it into Scythia intra Imaum, and Scythia extra Irnaurn ; and also stretching out along the north of India to the Eastern Ocean, separates it from Scythia.
IMBECILITY, a languid, infirm state of the body, which being greatly impaired, is unable to perform its usual exercises and functions.
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IMBIBING, the action of a dry porous body, which absorbs a moist or fluid one.
IMBRICATED, a term used by some botanists to express the figure of the leaves of some plants, which are hollowed like an imbrex, or gutter-tile,-or are laid in close series over one another like the tiles of a house.
IMBRO, or Imrus, an island in the Archipelago, to the south-west of the Gulf of Saros, eighty-six square miles in extent. It has 4000 Greek inhabitants, who produce corn, wine, oil, and cotton wool, and occupy one town and several villages. Long. 25. 40. E. Lat. 40. 10. N.
IMITATION, derived from the Latin imitare, to represent or repeat a sound or action, either exactly or nearly in the same manner as they were originally exhibited.

Imitation, in Music, admits of two different senses. Sound and motion are either capable of imitating themselves by a repetition of their own particular modes, or of imitating other objects of a nobler and more abstracted nature. Nothing perhaps is so purely mental, nothing so remote from external sense, as not to be imitable by music. Dramatic or theatrical music contributes to imitation no less than painting or poetry; it is on this common principle that we must investigate both the origin and the final cause of all the fine arts. But this imitation is not equally extensive in all the imitative arts. Whatever the imagination can represent to itself is in the department of poetry. Painting, which does not present its pictures to the imagination immediately, but to external sense, and to one sense alone, paints only such objects as are discoverable by sight. Music might appear subjected to the same limits with respect to the ear; yet it is capable of painting every thing, even such images as are objects of ocular perception alone. By a magic almost inconceivable, it seems to transform the ears into eyes, and endow them with the double function of perceiving visible objects; and it is the greatest miracle of an art, which can only act by motion, that it can make that very motion represent absolute quiescence. Imitation, in its technical sense, is a reiteration of the same air, or of one which is similar, in several parts where it is repeated by one after the other, either in unison, or at the distance of a fourth, a fifth, a third, or any other interval whatever.

Imitation, in Oratory, is an endeavour to resemble a speaker or writer in those qualities regarding which we propose them to ourselves as patterns. The first historians amongst the Romans were, according to Cicero, very dry and jejune, till they began to imitate the Greeks, and then they became their rivals. It is well known how closely Virgil has imitated Homer in his Aeneid, Hesiod in his Georgies, and Theocritus in his Eclogues. Terence copied from Menander, and Plautus from Epicarmus, as we learn from Horace (lib. ii. Ep. ad August.), who himself owes many of his beauties to the Greek lyric poets. Cicero appears, from many passages in his writings, to have imitated the Greek orators. Thus Quintilian said of him, that he expressed the strength and sublimity of Demosthenes, the copiousness of Plato, and the delicacy of Isocrates.
IMMERSION, that act by which a thing is plunged into water or any other fluid.

Immersion, in Astronomy, is when a star or planet is so near the sun, with regard to our observations, that we cannot see it; being, as it were, enveloped and hid in the rays of that luminary. It also denotes the beginning of an eclipse of the moon, or that moment when the moon begins to be darkened, and to enter into the shadow of the earth.
IMMERITTA, or Imiretta, or, as it is sometimes called, Iberia, a country of Asia, to the north of Persia, bounded on the east by Georgia, and on the south by the Mossain Hills; on the north it extends as far as the principal chain of the Caucasus, and on the west the Euxine and the Hippus are the frontier lines. It lies between the 43d and 44th degrees of north latitude. It is in general of a rich soil, but is greatly depopulated and neglected; the few inhabitants in the country being as little inclined to industry as the other inhabitants of the Caucasus. In 1784 it acknowledged the supremacy of Russia, but it is in a great measure independent in its internal government. The manners of the natives are rude and simple. They generally inhabit some secluded spot in woody hills or in pleasant valleys; and here, in contented solitude, the native of Immeritia avoids the incursions of his enemies in his secret retreat. They have a method, however, of calling each other together on important occasions, by means of deep-sounding tones; and on this signal being given, hundreds of people issue from places where no one could have supposed there had been a single creature. They are chiefly of Georgian origin. The principal town is Cotatis, situated on the left bank of the Phasis river; an inconsiderable place, inhabited by about eighty Jewish, Armenian, and Turkish families. The Quirilia is the only river of consequence in Immeritia. It takes its rise in the Soani ridges, and being greatly increased by the snow-streams which descend from the Georgian side of the Caucasus, enters the Phasis in the neighbourhood of Cotatis.
IMMOLATION, a ceremony used in the Roman sacrifices. It consisted in throwing upon the head of the victim some sort of corn and frankincense, together with the mola or salt cake, and a little wine.
IMMORTAL, that which will last to all eternity, as having in it no principle of alteration or corruption.
IMMUNITY, a privilege or exemption from some office, duty, or imposition. Immunity is more particularly understood of the liberties granted to cities and communities.
IMMUTABILITY, the condition of a thing that cannot change. Immutability is one of the divine attributes.
IMOLA, a city of Italy, of the province of Ravenna, in the papal dominions. It is situated on an island formed by two branches of the river Santerno, in a fruitful valley, surrounded by poplars, with vines entwined amongst the branches. It is the see of a bishop, and has a cathedral, fifteen churches, seventeen religious houses for the two sexes, and 8350 inhabitants, chiefly employed in producing wine. Long. 11. 30. 10. E. Lat. 44. 21. 32. N.
IMPANNELLING, in Law, signifies the writing down or entering into a parchment, list, or schedule, the names of a jury summoned by the sheriff to appear for such public services as juries are employed in.
IMPARLANCE, in English Law, a petition in court for a day, to consider or advise what answer the defendant shall make to the plaintiff’s action; and hence it is the continuance of the cause till another day, or a longer time given by the court.
IMPEACHMENT, an accusation and prosecution for treason and other high crimes and misdemeanours. Any member of the lower house of parliament may impeach any one belonging either to that body or to the House of Lords. The method of proceeding is to exhibit articles on behalf of the Commons, by whom managers are appointed to make good their charge. These articles are carried to the Lords, by whom every person impeached by the Commons is always tried; and if they find him guilty, no pardon under the great seal can be pleaded to such an impeachment. 12 Will. III. cap. ii.
IMPECCABILES, in Ecclesiastical History, a name given to those heretics who boasted that they were impeccable, and that there was no need of repentance.
IMPECCABILITY, the state of a person who cannot [7:12:255] sin, or a grace, privilege, or principle, which puts him out of the possibility of sinning.

The schoolmen distinguish several kinds and degrees of impeccability; that of God belongs to him by nature; that of Jesus Christ, considered as man, belongs to him by the hypostatical union; that of the blessed is a consequence of their condition; and that of men is the effect of a confirmation in grace, and is rather called impeccance than impeccability. Accordingly, divines distinguish between these two ļ and this distinction is found necessary in the disputes against the Pelagians, in order to explain certain terms in the Greek and Latin fathers, which without this distinction would be easily confounded.
IMPEDIMENTS, in Law, are such hindrances as put a stop or stay to a person’s seeking his right by due course of law. Persons under impediments are those under age or coverture, non compos mentis, in prison, beyond sea, and the like, who, by a saving in our laws, have time to claim and prosecute their rights, after the impediments are removed.
IMPENETRABILITY, in Philosophy, that property of body by which it cannot be pierced by another. Thus a body which so fills a space as to exclude all others, is said to be impenetrable.
IMPERFECT, something that is defective, or which wants some of the properties found in other beings of the same kind.

Imperfect Number is that the aliquot parts of which, taken all together, do not make a sum that is equal to the number itself, but either exceed it or fall short of it; being an abundant number in the former case, and a defective number in the latter. Thus 12 is an abundant imperfect number, because the sum of all its aliquot parts, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, makes 16, which exceeds the number 12. And 10 is a defective imperfect number, because its aliquot parts 1, 2, 5, taken all together, make only 8, which is less than the number 10 itself.
IMPERIAL, something belonging to an emperor, or empire. See Emperor, and Empire. Imperial Cities, in Germany, were those which owned no other head but the emperor. These were a kind of little commonwealths, the chief magistrates of which did homage to the emperor; but in other respects, and in the administration of justice, they are sovereign. There were formerly a great many such cities; but since 1815 there are only four, Hamburg, Bremen, Lubec, and Frankfort.

Imperial Diet, is an assembly or convention of all the states of the empire. See Germany, and Diet.
IMPETRATION, the act of obtaining any thing by request or prayer. Imperation was more particularly used in our statutes for the pre-obtaining from the court of Rome of benefices and church-offices in England, which were at the disposal of the king and other lay patrons of the realm; the penalty of which is the same with that of provisors. 25 Edw. HI.
IMPOSITION of Hands, an ecclesiastical action, by which a bishop lays his hand on the head of a person, in ordination, confirmation, or in benediction. This practice is also observed by the dissenters at the ordination of their ministers, when all the ministers present place their hands on the head of him whom they are ordaining, whilst 1t one of them prays for a blessing on him and his future labours. This they retain as an ancient practice, justified by the example of the apostles, when no extraordinary gifts are conveyed. However, they are not all agreed as to the propriety of this ceremony, nor do they consider it as an essential part of ordination.

Imposition of hands was a Jewish ceremony, introduced not by any divine authority, but by custom; it having been the practice amongst that people, whenever they prayed to God for any person, to lay their hands on his head. Our Saviour observed the same custom, both when he conferred his blessing on children, and when he cured the sick. The apostles likewise laid hands on those upon whom they bestowed the Holy Ghost. The priests observed the same custom when any one was received into their body; and the apostles themselves underwent the imposition of hands afresh every time they entered upon any new design.
IMPOSSIBLE, that which is not possible, or which cannot be done or effected. A proposition is said to be impossible when it contains two ideas which mutually destroy each other, and which can neither be conceived nor united together. Thus it is impossible that a circle should be a square; because we conceive clearly that squareness and roundness destroy each other by the contrariety of their figure.

There are two kinds of impossibilities, physical and moral. Physical impossibility is that which is contrary to the law of nature. A thing is morally impossible, when of its own nature it is possible, but yet is attended with such difficulties that, all things considered, it appears impossible. Thus it is morally impossible that all men should be virtuous; or that a man should throw the same number with three dice a hundred times successively.

A thing which is impossible in law is the same with a thing impossible in nature; and if any thing in a bond or deed be impossible to be done, such deed or bond is void. 21 Car. I.
IMPOTENCE, or Impotency, in general, denotes want of strength, power, or means, to perform any thing.

Divines and philosophers distinguish two sorts of impotency, natural and moral. The first is a want of some physical principle, necessary to an action, or where a being is absolutely defective, or not free and at liberty to act; the second only imports a great difficulty, as a strong habit to the contrary, a violent passion, or the like.

ImFotency is a term more particularly used to signify a natural inability for coition. Impotence with respect to men is the same as sterility in women There are many causes of impotence, as, a natural defect in the organs of generation, which seldom admits of a cure, and accidents or diseases; in which cases impotence may or may not be remedied, according as these are curable or otherwise. On this subject some curious and original observations by Mr John Hunter may be found in his Treatise on the Venereal Disease. He considers impotency as depending upon two causes, one of which he refers to the mind, and the other to the organs.

Impotency is a canonical disability, to avoid marriage in the spiritual court. The marriage is not void ab initio, but voidable only by sentence of separation during the life of the parties.
IMPRECATION (derived fromm, and precor, I pray), a curse or wish that some evil may befall any one.

The ancients had their goddesses, called in Latin Diroe, that is, Deorum iroe, who were supposed to be the executioners of evil consciences. They were called Diroe in heaven, Furies on earth, and Eumenides in hell. The Romans owned but three of these, and the Greeks only two. They invoked them with prayers and pieces of verses to destroy their enemies.
IMPRESSING Seamen. The power of impressing seafaring men for the naval service, by the king’s commission, has been a matter of much dispute, and submitted to with great reluctance; though Sir Michael Forster strenuously contends that the practice of impressing, and granting powers to the admiralty for that purpose, is of a very ancient date, and has been uniformly continued by a regular series of precedents to the present time, from which he concludes that it is part of the common law. The difficulty arises from this, that no statute has expressly declared this power to be in the crown, though many of them [7:12:256]very strongly imply it. But whatever may be said as to the legality of this method of manning the navy, there can be no doubt that it is a gross invasion of natural liberty; and hence it has in recent times been very generally reprobated, not only as forming a great anomaly in a free country, where natural rights are in all other cases respected, but likewise as contrary to sound policy, and at variance with the principles on which recruitment ought to be conducted, excepting in those cases of imperious necessity which imply the suspension of all ordinary rights and laws.
IMPRESSION is applied to the species of objects which are supposed to make some mark or impression on the senses, the mind, and the memory. The peripatetics assert, that bodies emit species resembling them, which are conveyed to the common sensorium, and there rendered intelligible by the active intellect; and, when thus spiritualized, they are called expressions, or express species, as being expressed from the others.

Impression also denotes the edition of a book, meaning thereby the mechanical part only; whereas edition, besides this, includes the care of the editor, who corrected or augmented the copy, adding notes and illustrations to render the work more useful.
IMPRISONMENT, the state of a person restrained of his liberty, and detained under the custody of another.

No person is to be imprisoned but as the law directs, either by the command or order of a court of record, or bylawful warrant; or the king’s process, on which one may be lawfully detained. Where the law gives power to imprison, in such case it is justifiable, provided he who does it in pursuance of a statute exactly pursues the statute in the manner of doing it; for otherwise it will be deemed false imprisonment, and consequently it is unjustifiable.

False Imprisonment. Every confinement of the person is an imprisonment, whether it be in a common prison, or in a private house, or in the stocks, or even by forcibly detaining one in the public streets. Unlawful or false imprisonment consists in such confinementor detention without sufficient authority. False imprisonment also may arise by executing a lawful warrant or process at an unlawful time, as on a Sunday; or in a place privileged from arrests, as in the verge of the king’s court. This is the injury. The remedy is of two sorts; the one removing the injury, the other making satisfaction for it.
IMPROMPTU, or Inpromptu, a Latin word employed to signify a piece made off-hand, or extempore, without any previous meditation, by mere force and vivacity of imagination.
IMPROBATION, in Scotch Law, the name of any action brought for setting aside any deed or writing upon the head of forgery.