pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
STEMPYLITES, a name given by the ancients to a sort of wine pressed hard from the husks.
STEMPLES, in mining, cross bars of wood in the shafts which are sunk to mines.[7:20:716]
STENTOROPHONIC Tube, a speaking trumpet; thus called from Stentor, a person mentioned by Homer.
STEP, in a ship, a block of wood fixed on the decks or bottom of a ship, and having a hole in its upper side, fitted to receive the heel of a mast or capstern. The steps of the main and fore masts of every ship rest upon the kelson, to which they are firmly secured by knees, bolts, or spikenails. The step of the mizen-mast usually rests upon the lower deck.
STEPHANO, St, a city of the province of Mazzara, in the island of Sicily. It stands on the sea-shore, in a situation rather unhealthy, on the declivity of Mount Quisquina, and at the distance of forty-eight miles from Palermo. It contains about 6000 inhabitants.
STEPHANOPHORUS, in Antiquity, the chief priest of Pallas, who presided over the rest It was usual for every god to have a chief priest; that of Pallas was the Stephanophorus, and that of Hercules was called Dadouchus. Stephanophorus was also a priest who assisted the women in the celebration of the festival Thesmophoria.
STEPNEY, a parish of the county of Middlesex, in the hundred of Ossulton, adjoining to London, and forming one of the suburbs, or rather a part of the metropolis. It was very extensive, and comprehended the districts on the side of the Thames, and extending till it united with Hackney, but has been divided into the distinct parishes of Stratford, Whitechapel, Limehouse, Wapping, Shadwell, Ratcliff Highway, Spitalfields, and Bethnal Green. It is commonly said by seamen, that all children born at sea are parishioners of Stepney, and that all the colonies of England are part and parcel of this parish, so as to make it the largest in the world. The population of the present division, containing four hamlets, Mile End Old Town, Mile End New Town, Poplar with Blackwall, and Ratcliff, amounted in 1801 to 25,260, in 1811 to 37,199, in 1821 to 49,163, and in 1831 to 67,872.
STERCORARIANS, or Stercoranistae, formed from stercus, “dung,” a name which those of the Romish church anciently gave to such as held that the host was liable to digestion, and all its consequences, like other food.
STEREOGRAPHIC Projection, is the projection of the circles of the sphere on the plane of some one great circle, the eye being placed in the pole of that circle.
STEREOMETER, an instrument invented in France for measuring the volume of a body, however irregular, without plunging it in any liquid.
STEREOMETRY, Σ τεϑεομετϑια , formed of οτεϑος, solid, and μετϑοv, measure, that part of geometry which teaches how to measure solid bodies, s. e. to find the solidity or solid contents of bodies; as globes, cylinders, cubes, vessels, ships, &c.
STEREOTOMY, formed from σετϑεος and τομη, section, the art or act of cutting solids, or making sections thereof; as walls and other membranes in the profiles of architecture.
STEREOTYPE Printing, a method of printing, which was introduced into this country by William Ged of Edinburgh, before the middle of the eighteenth century. See Printing.
STERLING, an epithet by which genuine English money is distinguished. It is unnecessary to mention the various conjectures of antiquaries about the origin and meaning of this appellation. The most probable opinion seems to be this, that some artists from Germany, who were called Esterlings, from the situation of their country, had been employed in fabricating our money, which consisted chiefly of silver pennies; and that from them the penny was called an esterling, and our money esterling or sterling money.
STERN, the posterior part of a ship. The stern is terminated above by the taffarel, and below by the counters; it is limited on the sides by the quarter-pieces, and the intermediate space comprehends the galleries and windows of the different cabins.

Stern-East, a rope used to confine the stern of a ship or boat to any wharf or jetty head, &c.

Stern -Most, in sea language, usually denotes that part of a fleet of ships which is in the rear, or farthest a-stern, as opposed to headmost.

Stern- Post, a long straight piece of timber erected on the extremity of the keel, to sustain the rudder and terminate the ship behind.

Stern- Sheets, that part of a boat which is contained between the stern and the aftmost or hindmost seat of the rowers. It is generally furnished with benches to accommodate the passengers.
STERNOMANTIS, in Antiquity, a designation given to the Delphian priestess, more usually called Pythia. Sternomantis is also used for any one that had a prophesying demon within him.
STERNUTATIVE, or Sternutatory, a medicine proper to produce sneezing.
STETTIN, one of the governments into which the Prussian province of Pomerania is divided. It extends over 4895 square miles, comprises forty cities and market-towns, and 1510 villages. It is divided into eleven circles. The inhabitants amounted in 1817 to 327,002, and in 1831 to 432,570; the whole of them adhering to the Lutheran church, with the exception of about 3000 Catholics and 1500 Jews. It has been formed out of the whole of the former province of Pomerania and the western part of Hither Pomerania. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the left bank of the river Oder, from which it has a gradual ascent. It is a well-built city, but some of its streets are steep. It is strongly fortified, has a citadel, and a fine place of arms, and storehouses for munitions of war. From its position near the mouth of such a river, it has facilities for carrying on a very extensive commerce. The productions of foreign countries are conveyed from it to the cities of Kustrin, Frankfurt, Breslau, and even to Cracow; and it is the best shipping port for the productions of the districts which surround those cities. The larger classes of vessels cannot ascend to Stettin, but are loaded or discharged by means of barges at the port of Swinemunde, near the discharge of the Fresh Haff into the Balric. It contains a fine old royal palace, a Gothic cathedral with two lofty towers, a gymnasium, to which belong an astronomical observatory, a library, and museums. It has considerable manufactories of linen and woollen goods, tobacco and snuff, several sugar refineries, tanneries, soapboilers’ works, and extensive breweries and distilleries. Many vessels are built at Stettin, and more than 200 are owned by the merchants of the city. About 800 ships yearly enter and clear out. The city, with the suburbs, contains 32,191 inhabitants, and the markets are well and cheaply supplied. Long. 14. 50. 25. E. Lat. 52. 25. 36. N.
STEVENAGE, a town of the hundred of Broadwater, in the county of Hertford, thirty-one miles from London. It formerly belonged to the abbot of Westminster. The church, which stands on a hill, is an ancient building, with a large square tower. There is a free grammar-school, and an endowed alms-house. This town has a market on Wednesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1254, in 1811 to 1302, in 1821 to 1664, and in 1831 to 1859.
STEYER, a city of Austria, in the province of the Upper Ens, the capital of the circle of Traun. It stands at the junction of the two rivers Steyer and Traun, which, when united, flow into the Danube. It is a place of great industry, and contains various manufactories. There are some of cotton and of linen goods; but the chief occupation is that of preparing cutlery and arms of various kinds, the latter chiefly for the imperial armies. The other necessaries for the equipment of armies are also extensively fabricated. The city contains 10,640 inhabitants, having of late years greatly increased. Long. 14. 14. 45. E. Lat 48. 4.45. N.
STEYERMARK, or Steiermark, one of the provinces of the Austrian empire. Its name is derived from an ancient palace at the junction of the Steyer with the Ens, which in the twelfth century was inhabited by a Count Trungau, who was ruler over a part of Carinthia, then an independent duchy. It extends in north latitude from 45° 54' to 47° 50', and in east longitude from 13° 26' to 16° 19', being an extent of 8600 square miles. It comprehends twenty cities, ninety-six market-towns, and 3540 villages, with a population, according to the last census, of 869,000 persons, all adhering to the Catholic church, with the exception of four Lutheran congregations and a few Jews. It is bounded on the north by the province of Lower Ens, on the east by Hungary, on the south by the Illyrian province of Laybach, and on the west by that province and the Upper Ens. The northern and western divisions of the province are covered with the lofty mountains of the Julian Alps, divided into two branches. These mountains in no case reach the line of perpetual snow, the highest of them, called the Grossenberg, being but 8380 feet, and the others from 3250 to 7600 feet. The southern and eastern parts of the province are less elevated, consisting of plains and undulating bills. The mountains give rise to numerous rivulets, which form within it large rivers, all of which terminate in the Danube. The principal of these are the Mur, the Drave, the Ens, and the Raab. There are no extensive lakes, but many of small extent, and some of them in very elevated situations. It abounds in mineral springs, both warm and cold, and containing various combinations of iron, salt, and sulphur; but they are not much repaired to by invalids. One half of the province is covered with woods, which yield fuel and timber for building, and contain abundance of game both of the larger and smaller kind. Of the former kind are roebucks, wild swine, gemsen, and bears, as well as beasts of prey, especially wolves and lynxes. The land in the valleys is fertile and well cultivated, and produces good corn, a great proportion of which is maize, forming the chief food of the labouring classes. More than 60,000 acres are cultivated with vines, which produce tolerable wine. Hemp and flax are sufficiently raised to provide clothing, with the aid of the wool of about 150,000 sheep. The mineral productions are various. Salt is the most considerable in quantity. Iron is produced, and is converted into utensils for internal use, but not for exportation. Silver is raised to the extent of about 60,000 ounces yearly, and likewise some copper, cobalt, alum, vitriol, and sulphur. The commerce is not extensive, except between the upper and lower parts of the province, though some is carried on both with other parts of Germany and with Austrian Italy. One of tile great roads to Lombardy passes through this province. It still retains some privileges respecting the assembling of the states, but they are of little practical efficacy. The capital is Gratz, a city of 40,900 inhabitants.
STEYNING, a town of the hundred of that name, in the rape of Bramber and county of Sussex, fifty-one miles from London. It is ill built, but has a curious church, of Norman architecture, and was the burial-place of some of the Saxon kings. It returned two members to the House of Commons, but was disfranchised by the act of 1832. It has a market on Wednesday, and several fairs at which great numbers of sheep are sold. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1174, in 1811 to 1210, in 1821 to 1324, and in 1831 to 1436.
STIBADIUM, among the Romans, a low kind of table, couch, or bed, of a circular form, which succeeded to the triclinia, and was of different sizes according to the number of guests for which it was designed. Tables of this kind were called hexaclina, octaclina, or enneaclina, according as they held six, eight, or nine guests, and so of any oilier number.
STICCATO (Ital.), a rude musical instrument, formed of a number of sticks of hard wood of different lengths, generally attached to each other by strings at the ends, but so as to hang separate from one another when suspended by the top. It is played upon by striking the sticks with rods of cane or whalebone tipped with ivory balls. Mersenne, in his Harmonia Universalis, calls this instrument ligneum psalterium.
STICHOS, a name given by the old writers to a pectoral confection, the principal ingredient of which was tile herb marrubium or horehound.
STIGMATA, in Natural History, the apertures in different parts of tile bodies of insects, communicating with the tracheae or air-vessels, and serving for the office of respiration.

Stigmata, in Antiquity, certain marks impressed on the left shoulder of the soldiers when listed.

Stigmata were also a kind of notes or abbreviations, consisting only of points disposed various ways; as in triangles, squares, crosses, &c.

Stigmata is likewise a term used among the Franciscans, to express the marks or prints of our Saviour’s wounds, said to have been miraculously impressed by him on the body of their seraphic father St Francis.
STIGMATIZING, among the ancients, was inflicted upon slaves as a punishment, but more frequently as a mark to distinguish them: in which case it was done by applying a red-hot iron marked with certain letters to their foreheads, till a fair impression was made; and then pouring ink into their furrows, that the inscription might be the more conspicuous. It was customary to stigmatize the worshippers and votaries of some of the gods. The marks used on these occasions were various; sometimes they contained the name of the god, sometimes his particular ensign, as the thunderbolt of Jupiter, the trident of Neptune, the ivy of Bacchus; or they marked themselves with some mystical number, by which the god’s name was described. To these three ways of stigmatizing St John is supposed to refer (Rev. chap, xiii. ver. 16, 17). Theodoret is of opinion that the Jews were forbidden to brand themselves with stigmata, because the idolaters, by that ceremony, used to consecrate themselves to their false gods. Among some nations, stigmatizing was considered as a distinguishing mark of honour and nobility. In Thrace, as Herodotus informs us, it was practised by none but persons of credit, nor omitted by any but persons of the meanest rank. The ancient Britons are also said to have[7:20:726] imprinted on the bodies of their infants the figures of animals, and other marks, with hot irons.
STILPO, a celebrated philosopher of Megara, flourished under the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes. In his youth he had been addicted to licentious pleasures, from which he religiously refrained from the moment when he ranked himself among philosophers. When Ptolemy Soter, at the taking of Megara, offered him a large sum of money, and requested that he would accompany him into Egypt, he accepted but a small part of the offer, and retired to the island of Aegina, whence, on Ptolemy’s departure, he returned to Megara. That city being again taken by Demetrius the son of Antigonus, and the philosopher required to give an account of any effects which he had lost during the hurry of the plunder, he replied that he had lost nothing;[7:20:727] for no one could take from him his learning and eloquence. So great was the fame of Stilpo, that the most eminent philosophers of Athens took pleasure in attending upon his discourses. His peculiar doctrines were, that species or universals have no real existence, and that one thing cannot be predicated of another. With respect to the former of these opinions, he seems to have taught the same doctrine with the sect afterwards known by the appellation of Nominalists. To prove that one thing cannot be predicated of another, he said, that goodness and man, for instance, are different things, which cannot be confounded by asserting the one to be the other. He argued further, that goodness is a universal, and universals have no real existence; consequently, since nothing cannot be predicated of any thing, goodness cannot be predicated of man. Thus, while the subtile logician was, through his whole argument, predicating one thing of another, he denied that any one thing could be the accident or predicate of another. If Stilpo was serious in this reasoning, if he meant any thing more than to expose the sophistry of the schools, he must be confessed to have been an eminent master of the art of wrangling; and it was not wholly without reason that Glycera, a celebrated courtezan, when she was reproved by him as a corrupter of youth, replied, that the charge might be justly retorted upon himself, who spent his time in filling their heads with sophistical quibbles and useless subtleties. In ethics he seems to have been a Stoic, and in religion he had a public and a private doctrine, the former for the multitude, and the latter for his friends. He admitted the existence of a Supreme Divinity, but had no reverence for the Grecian superstitions.
STILOBATUM, in Architecture, denotes the body of the pedestal of any column.
STILTON, a town of the hundred of Normancross, in the county of Huntingdon, seventy-four miles from London. It stands on the great north road, and has many good inns, with post-horses. It has long been celebrated for the excellence of its cheese. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 509, in 1811 to 663, in 1821 to 710, and in 1831 to 793.
STIMULANTS, in Medicine , substances which increase the action of certain parts of the body. In particular, they quicken the motion of the blood, increase the action of the muscular fibres, and affect the nervous system.
STING, an apparatus in the bodies of certain insects, in the form of a little spear, serving them as a weapon of offence.
STIPULATION, in the civil law, the act of stipulating, that is, of treating and concluding terms and conditions to be inserted in a contract. Stipulations were anciently performed at Rome, with abundance of ceremonies; the first of which was, that one party should interrogate, and the other answer, to give his consent, and oblige himself. By the ancient Roman law, nobody could stipulate but for himself; but as the tabelliones were public servants, they were allowed to stipulate for their masters; and the notaries succeeding the tabelliones, have inherited the same privilege.
STIRRUP, in the manège, a rest or support for the horseman’s foot, for enabling him to mount, and for keeping him firm in his seat. Stirrups were unknown to the ancients. The want of them in getting upon horseback was supplied by agility or art. Some horses were taught to stoop to take up their riders; but the riders often leapt up by the help of their spears, or were assisted by their slaves, or made use of ladders for the purpose. Gracchus furnished the highways with stones, which were intended to answer the same end. The same was also required of the surveyors of the roads in Greece, as part of their duty. Menage observes that St. Jerom is the first author who mentions stirrups. But the passage alluded to is not to be found in his epistles; and if it were there, it would prove nothing, because St Jerom lived at a time when stirrups are supposed to have been invented, and after the use of saddles. Montfaucon denies the genuineness of this passage; and, in order to account for the ignorance of the ancients with regard to an instrument so useful and so easy of invention, he observes, that while cloths and housings only were laid upon the horses’ backs, on which the riders were to sit, stirrups could not have been used, because they could not have been fastened with the same security as upon a saddle. But it is more probable, that in this instance, as in many others, the[7:20:734] progress of human genius and invention is uncertain and slow, depending frequently upon accidental causes.
STIVIERE, a market-town in the delegation of Mantua, in Austrian Lombardy, usually distinguished by the name Castiglione della Stiviere. It stands in a strong position, and has a castle, eight churches, and 5460 inhabitants; and is remarkable for the victory of the French over the Austrians in 1796. Long. 10. 47. E. Lat. 45. 42. N.
STOBAEUS, Joannes, whose compilations have been found so highly valuable, is supposed to have been born at Stobi, a city of Macedonia. Heeren has endeavoured to render it probable that he must have lived’ between the years 450 and 500. He does not appear to have been a Christian. From about five hundred writers, in verse as well as prose, he extracted and digested an immense collection of passages; which has most commonly been considered as one work divided into four books, the first two being described as “Eclogae Physicae et Ethicae,” and the other two as Sermones. But, according to Heeren, they constitute two distinct compilations. As many of the books quoted by Stobaeus have scarcely left any other vestiges behind them, his merit in preserving these numerous and variegated reliques of antiquity cannot well be too highly estimated. Of the third and fourth books, otherwise called the Flolegium, the Creek text was published by Victor Trincavellus, Venet. 1536, 4to. An edition, accompanied with a Latin version, was published by Conrad Gesner, Tiguri, 1548, fol. It was reprinted at Basel in 1549, and at Zürich in 1559. Other editions succeeded; but they have all been nearly superseded by that of Gaisford, Oxon. 1822, 4 tom. 8vo. The text, which has been adjusted with great industry and skill, is not accompanied with a Latin translation. Of the “Eclogarum libri duo,” the Greek text was first published together with a Latin version by Canter, Antverp. 1575, fol. The editor made use of two manuscripts belonging to Sambucus and Sirlet; and hence a certain bibliographer has described this as Sirlet’s edition. A valuable edition of the Eclogaci was long afterwards published by Heeren, Gottingae, 1792-4, 2 tom. 8vo. The Florilegium and the Eclogae had been published in the same volume, under the title of “Stobaei Sententiae, ex thesauris Graecorum delectae.” Lugduni, 1668, fol. Some copies have a new title, with the date of 1609. Here we must not overlook the elegant labours of Grotius: “Dicta Poetarum quae apud Stobaeum exstant, emendata, et Latino carmine reddita.” Paris. 1623, 4to.
STOCKBRIDGE, a town of the hundred of King’s Som-bome, in the division of Andover, in the county of Hampshire, 66 miles from London. It stands in a pleasant valley, with various streams running through it, which afford great sport to parties who repair to them to enjoy trout-fishing. It is an ancient borough, and returned two members to parliament till 1832, when it was disfranchised. It has a small market on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 643, in 1811 to 663, in 1821 to 715, and in 1831 to 851.
STOCKPORT, a town in the hundred of Macclesfield and county of Chester, 173 miles from London. It stands on the banks of the river Mersey, over which is a neat stone bridge of a single arch, resting on rocks on both sides. By means of a canal this town has water communication with the rivers Dee, Ribble, Trent, and Severn, and thus with the greater part of the kingdom. The trade which it carries on is very extensive. It was formerly confined in a great measure to making cotton goods; but of late years the silk-manufacture has been introduced, and has been prodigiously extended. There are two parish churches. The oldest, called the Red Church, is built on a solid rock, and has a neat square tower, with a good set of bells. There are also many places of worship for the various dissenting sects. By the act of 1832 it has been created a borough, and returns two members to the House of Commons. There is a large market on Fridays. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 14,830, in 1811 to 17,545, in 1821 to 21,726, and in 1831 to 25,469.
STOCKS, or Public Funds in England. See Funding System.