pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ACCUSATIVE, in Latin Grammar, is the fourth case of nouns, and signifies the relation of the noun on which the action implied in the verb terminates; and hence, in such languages as have cases, these nouns have a particular termination, called accusative, as, Augustus vicit Antonium, Augustus vanquished Antony. Here Antonium is the noun on which the action implied in the word vicit terminates, and therefore must have the accusative termination. Ovid, speaking of the palace of the sun, says, Materiem superabat opus, The work surpassed the materials. Here materiem has the accusative termination, because it terminates the action of the verb superabat.— In the English language there are no cases, except the genitive; the relation of the noun being shown by the assistance of prepositions, as of, to, from, &c.
ACE, among gamesters, a card or die marked only with one point.
ACELDAMA, in Scripture history, a place without the south wall of Jerusalem,, beyond the brook of Siloam, which was called the Potter’s Field, because clay of which pots were made was dug out of it. It was afterwards bought with the money with which the high-priests and rulers of the Jews purchased the blood of Jesus Christ; arid hence it was called Aceldama, the field of blood.
ACENTETUM, or Acenteta, in Natural History, a name given by the ancients to the purest and finest kind of rock-crystal. They used the crystal in many ways; sometimes engraving on it, and sometimes forming it into vases and cups, which were held next in value to the vasa murrhina of those times. The crystal they obtained from the island of Cyprus was much esteemed, but often faulty in particular parts, having hairs, cracks, and foulnesses, which they called salts, in the middle of the large pieces. Pliny tells us, that when it was used for engraving on, the artist could conceal all these blemishes among the strokes of his work; but when it was to be formed into cups or precious vases, they always chose the Acentetum, which had no flaws or blemishes.
ACEPHALI, or Acephałitae, a term applied to several sects who refused to follow some noted leader. Thus, the persons who refused to follow either John of Antioch or St Cyril, in a dispute that happened in die council of Ephesus, were termed Acephali, without a head or leader. Such bishops, also, as were exempt from the jurisdictiop and discipline of their patriarch, were styled Acephali. Acephali, the levellers in the reign of King Henry I. who acknowledged no head or. superior. They were reckoned so poor, that they had not a tenement by which they might acknowledge a superior lord.
ACEPHALOUS, or Acephalus, in a general sense, without a head. The term is more particularly used in speaking of certain nations or people, represented by ancient naturalists and cosmographérs, as well as by some modern travellers, as formed without heads; their eyes, mouth, &c. being placed in other parts. Such are the Blemmyes, a nation of Africa, near the head of the Niger, represented to be by Pliny and Solinus: Blemmyis traduntur capita abesse, ore et oculis pectori affixis. Ctesias and Solinus mention others in India, near the Ganges, sine cervice, oculos in humeris habentes. Mela also speaks of people, quibus capita et vultus in pectore sunt. And Suidas, Stephanus Byzantinus, Vopiscus, and others after them, relate the like. Some modern travellers have pretended to find acephalous people in America.

Several opinions have been framed as to the origin of the fable of the Acephali. The first is that of Thomas Bartholine, who turns the whole into a metaphor; being convinced, that the name Acephali was anciently given to such as had less brain, or conducted themselves less by the rules of prudence, than others. Olegrius rather apprehends that the ancient voyagers, viewing certain barbarous people from the coasts, had been imposed on by their uncouth dress; for that the Samogitians, being short of stature, and going in the severity of winter with their heads covered in hoods, seem at a distance as if they were headless. F. Lafitau says, that by Acephali [7:2:92] are only meant people whose· heads are sunk below their shoulders. Hulsius, in his epitome of Sir Walter Raleigh’s Voyage to Guiana, speaks of a people which that traveller found between -the lakes of .Panama and Cassipa, who had no head or neck; and Hondius, in his map, marks the place with the figures of these monsters. But De Laet^[1. Descript. Αmer. lib. xvii. c. 22. ] rejects the story; being informed by others, that the inhabitants of the banks of the Caora, a river that flows out of the lake of Cassipa, have their heads so far sunk between their shoulders, that many believed they had their eyes in their shoulders, and their mouths in their breasts.

Acephalus, an obsolete term for the taenia or tapeworm, which was long supposed to be acephalous. The first who gave it a head was Tulpius, and after him Fehr: the former even makes it biceps, or two-headed.

Acephalus is also used to express a verse defective in the beginning.
ACEQUARA, a town of the kingdom of Naples, in the principality of Citra, with 2263 inhabitants.
ACEQUARIA, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy of Modena, about 18 miles south-west from the capital, with 1360 inhabitants. It is chiefly celebrated for its mineral springs.
ACEQUI, a city, the capital of the province of the same name, in Italy. It is a walled city, partly on the banks of the Bormida, and partly on a hill rising above that river. It has a cathedral, three monasteries, and a nunnery. The inhabitants, who chiefly trade in silk, are 6600. There are some celebrated warm baths, which were known in ancient times, and used by the Romans. It is in Long. 8. 31. E. Lat∙ 44. 40. N.
ACER, the Maple or Sycamore Tree.
ACERA, the name of a town of Spain, on the river Carion, in the jurisdiction of Saldana and province of Valencia; and also of another on the Ebro, in the department of Reynosa and province of Toro.
ACERB, a sour rough astringency of taste, such as that of unripe fruit.
ACĘRENZA, a town of the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Basilicata, 80 miles east from Naples, containing 1800 inhabitants.
ACERINA, in Ichthyology, a name given by Pliny and other old naturalists to the fish we at this time call the ruffe.
ACERNO, a town of Italy, in the citerior principality of Naples, with a bishop’s see, and 2400 inhabitants. It is situated 12 miles north-east of Saluno, in Long. 15. 46. E. Lat∙ 40. 45. N.
ACERRA, in antiquity, an altar erected among the Romans, near the bed of a person deceased, on which his friends daily offered incense till his burial. The real intention probably was to overcome any offensive smell that might arise about the corpse. The Chinese have still a custom like this: they erect an altar to the deceased in a room hung with mourning, and place an image of the dead person on the altar, to which every one that approaches it bows four times, and offers oblations and perfumes.

The acerra also signified a little pot, wherein were put the incerise and perfumes to be burnt on the altars of the gods and before the dead. It appears to have been the same with what was otherwise called thuribulumanà pyxis.

The Jews had their accrrae, in our version rendered censers ; and the Romanists still retain them under the name of incense pots. In Roman writers we frequently meet with plena acerra, a full accrra; to understand which, it is to be observed, that people were obliged to offer incense in proportion to their estate and condition; the rich in larger quantities, the poor only a few grains: the former poured out full accrrae on the altar, the latter took out two or three bits with their fingers.

Acerra, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and in the-Terra di Lavoro, seated on the river Agno, 7 miles north-east of Naples; anciently Acerrae. It contains 6256 inhabitants. Long. 14. 13. E. Lat 40.55. N.
ACESCENT, a word used to denote any thing which is turning sour, or which is slightly acid. It is only applied properly to the former of these two meanings. The second may be expressed by either of the two words acidulous or sub-acid.
ACESINES, in Ancient Geography, a large and rapid river of India, which Alexander passed in his expedition into that country. The kingdoιħ of Porus, which was conquered by Alexander, lay between the Hydaspes and this river, which, uniting with the former and other considerable rivers, pours its waters into the Indus. According to Major Rennell, the modern Chunab is the Acesines of the ancients.
ACESIUS, a bishop of Constantinople in the reign of Constantine, was a rigid adherent to the Novatian doctrines, according to which those whom persecutions had shaken from the faith, or who were guilty of any mortal sin after baptism, could not be admitted to the communion of the church, even after exhibiting the most convincing proofs of sincere repentance. Constantine, who was extremely displeased with the severity of this rigid sect, in discouraging and rejecting repentance, is said to have thus expressed himself: “Then, Acesius, make a ladder for yourself, and go up to heaven alone.”
ACETABULUM, in antiquity, a measure used by the ancients, equal to one-eighth of our pint It seems to have acquired its name from a vessel in which acetum or vinegar was brought to their tables, and which probably contained about this quantity.

Acetabulum, in Anatomy, a cavity in any bone for receiving the protuberant head of another, and thereby forming that species of articulation called Enarthrosis. Acetabulum, in Potany, the trivial name of a species of the peziza, or cup peziza, a genus belonging to the cryptogamja fungi of Linnaeus. It has got the name of acetabulum from the resemblance its leaves bear to a cup.
ACETARY. Grew, in his Anatomy of Plants, applies this term to a pulpy substance in certain fruits, e. g. the pear, which is inclosed in a congeries of small calculous bodies towards the base of the fruit, and is always of an acid taste.
ACETOSA, Sorrel; by Linnaeus joined to the genus Pumex.
ACETOSELLA, in Eotany, a species of Oxalis.
ACETOUS, an epithet applied to such substances as are sour, or partake of the nature of vinegar.
ACETUM, Vinegar, the vegetable acid of the chemists.
ACHAEA, in Ancient Geography, a town of the island of Rhodes, in the district of Ialysus, and the first and most ancient of all; said to be built by the Heliades, or grandsons of the sun.
ACHAEANS, the inhabitants of Achaia Propria, a Peloponnesian state. This republic was not considerable, in early times, for the number of its troops, nor for its wealth, nor for the extent of its territories; but it was famed for its probity, its justice, and its love of liberty. Its high reputation for these virtues was very ancient. The Crotonians and Sybarites, to re-establish order in their towns, adopted the laws and customs of the Achaeans. After the famous battle of Leuctra, a difference arose betwixt the Lacedemonians and Thebans, who held the virtue of [7:2:93]this people in such veneration, that they terminated the dispute by their decision. The government of the Achaeans was democratical. They preserved their liberty till,the time of Philip and Alexander; but in the reign of these princes, and afterwards, they were either subjected to the Macedonians, who hadmade themselves masters of Greece, or oppressed by domestic tyrants. The Achaean commonwealth consisted of twelve inconsiderable towns in Peloponnesus. Towards the 124th Olympiad, about the time when Ptolemy Soter died, and when Pyrrhus invaded Italy, the republic of the Achaeans recovered its old institutions and unanimity. The inhabitants of Patrae and of Dymae were the first assertors of ancient liberty. f The tyrants were banished, and the towns again made one commonwealth. A public council was then held, in which affairs of importance were discussed and determined. A register was appointed to record the transactions of the council. This assembly had two presidents, who were nominated alternately by the different towns. But instead of two presidents, they soon elected but one. Many neighbouring towns, which admired the constitution of this republic, founded on equality, liberty, the love of justice, and of the public good, were incorporated with the Achaeans, and admitted to the full enjoyment of their laws and privileges.—The arms which the Achaeans chiefly used were slings. They were trained to the art from their infancy, by slinging from a great distance, at a circular mark of a moderate circumference. By long practice they took so nice an aim, that they were sure, not only to hit their enemies on the head, but on any part of the face they chose. Their slings were of a different kind from those of the Balearians, whom they far surpassed in dexterity.
ACHAEI, Achaeans, the inhabitants of Achaia Propria. In Livy, the people of Greece; for the most part called Achivi by the Roman poets. In Homer, the general name for Grecians. See Achaeans.
ACHAEMENES, according to Herodotus, was grandfather of Cambyses, and great-grandfather of Cyrus the first, king of Persia. Most of the commentators of Horace are of opinion, that the Achaemenes whom that poet mentions, Ode xii. of his 2d book, was one of the Persian monarchs; but if that were true, he must have reigned before the Medes subdued the Persians; for we do not hear of any king of that name from the time that the Persians founded that great monarchy, which is looked upon as the second universal one. However this be, the epithet Achaemenians is frequently given to the Persians in the old Latin poets.

Achaemenes, son of Darius I. king of Persia, and brother of Xerxes, had the government of Egypt bestowed on him, after Xerxes had forced the Egyptians to return to their allegiance. He some time after commanded the Egyptian fleet in the celebrated expedition which proved so fatal to all Greece. The Egyptians having again taken up arms after the death of Xerxes, Achaemenes was sent into Egypt to suppress the rebellion, but was vanquished by Inarus, chief of the rebels, succoured by the Athenians.
ACHAEUS, cousin-german to Seleucus Ceraunus and Antiochus the Great, kings of Syria, became a very powerful monarch, and enjoyed the dominions he had usurped for many years; but at last he was punished for his usurpations in a dreadful manner, in the 140th year of Rome, as related by Polybius.^[1. Lib. iii. cap. 56. ]
ACHAFALAYA, a river in Louisiana, in North America, or more properly a secondary channel of the Mississippi, by which a part of its waters flows off from the main trunk, and passes to the Gulf of Mexico Its mouth is about 100 miles westward of the proper mouth of the Mississippi."
ACHAIA, a name taken for that part of Greece which Ptolemy calls Hellas, the younger Pliny Graecia ; now called Livadia. Achaia Propria, anciently a small district in the north of Peloponnesus, running westward along the, bay of Corinth, and bounded on the west by the Ionian Sea, on the south by Elis and Arcadia, and on the east> by Sicyonia: inhabitants, the Achaeans, properly so called; its metropolis Patrae. It is now called Romania Alta, in, the Morea.

Achaia also denoted all those countries that joined in the Achaean league, reduced by the Romans to a province. Likewise for Peloponnesus.

Achaiae Presbyteri, or the Presbyters of Achaia, were those who were present at the martyrdom of St Andrew the apostle, A. p. 59; and are said to have written an epistle iń relation to it. Bellarmin, and several other eminent writers in the church of Rome, allow it to be genuine; while Du Pin and some others expressly reject it.
ACHAIUS, son of Ethwin, was raised to the crown of Scotland, a. d. 788. The Emperor Charlemagne sent an embassy to this prince, to request an alliance with him against the English, whose pirates so infested the seas that the merchants could not carry on their trade. The alliance was concluded in France, upon conditions so advantageous to the Scots, that Achaius, to perpetuate the memory of it, added to the arms of Scotland a double field sowed with lilies. He died in 819.
ACHALALACTLI, a species of king’s-fisher.
ACHAN, the son of Carmi, of the tribe of Judah, at the taking of Jericho, concealed two hundred shekels of silver, a Babylonish garment, and a wedge of gold, contrary to the express command of God. This sin proved fatal to the Israelites, who were repulsed at the siege of Ai. In this dreadful exigence, Joshua prostrated himself before the Lord, and begged that he would have mercy upon his people. Achan was discovered by casting lots, and he and his children were stoned to death. This expiation being made, Ai was taken by stratagem. (Josh, vii. viii.)
ACHANE, an ancient Persian corn measure, contain-, ing 45 Attic medimni.
ACHARACA, anciently a town of Lydia, situated between Tralles and Nysa; in which were the temple of Pluto and the cave Charonium, where patients slept in order to obtain a cure.
ACHAT, in Law, implies a purchase or bargain. And hence probably purveyors were called Achators, from their making bargains.
ACHATES, the companion of Aeneas, and his most faithful friend, celebrated in Virgil.

Achates, in Natural History, the same as Agate. Achates, in Ancient Geography, a river of Sicily, now the Drillo ; which runs from north to south, almost parallel with, and at no great distance from the Gela; and rises in the north of the territory of Noto. It gave name to the achates, or agate, said to be first found there.
ACHAZIB, or Achzib, in Ancient Geography, a town of Galilee, in the tribe of Asher, nine miles from Ptolemais.—Also a town in the more southern parts of the tribe of Judah.
ACHELOUS, in fabulous history, wrestled with Hercules, for no less a prize than Dejanira, daughter of King Oeneus; but as Achelous had the power of assuming all shapes, the contest was long dubious. At last, as he took that of a bull, Hercules tore off one of his horns, so that he was forced to submit, and to redeem it by giving the conqueror the horn of Amalthea, the same with the cornucopia, or horn of plenty; which Hercules, having filled with a variety of fruits, consecrated to Jupiter. Some explain this fable, by saying, that Achelous is a winding river of Greece, whose stream was so rapid, that it roared like a bull, and overflowed its banks; but Hercules, by bringing it into two channels, broke off one of the horns, and so restored plenty to the country. See the next article.

Achelous, a river of Acarnania, which rises in Mount Pindus, and dividing Aetolia from Acarnania, falls into the Ionian Sea. It was formerly called Thoas, from its impetuosity, and king of rivers. (Homer.) The epithet Acheloius is used for Aqueus (VirgiD, the ancients calling all 5vater Achelous, especially in oaths, vows, and sacrifices, according to Ephorus: now called Aspro Potamo. Rivers are by the ancient poets called Tauriformes, either from the bellowing of their waters, or from their ploughing the earth in their course. Hercules, restraining by dykes and mounds the inundations of the Achelous, is said to have broken off one of his hoκns, and to have brought back plenty to the country. See the preceding article.
ACHENWALL, Gottfried, a German writer, who obtained considerable celebrity from having first reduced statistics to a regular branch of study, and excited much of the attention of others to the subject. He was born at Elbing, in East Prussia, in October 1719. He studied, according to the custom of Germany, in several universities; and was at Jena, Halle, and Leipsic, before he took a degree at the last of those cities. He removed to Marburg in 1746, where he continued during two years to read lectures on history, and on the law of nature and of nations, and commenced those inquiries in statistics by which his name became known. In '1748 he removed to Göttingen, where he resided till his death in 1772. He made several journeys to Switzerland, France, Holland, and England, and published numerous small but accurate works on their history, population, products, laws, revenues, and administration. His chief merit lay in the lectures he delivered at the university, where he was a professor, in which he brought forward, in a fixed and steady form, and in a new and luminous point of view, those active powers of states which conduce to their physical and moral prosperity. He was married in 1752 to a lady named Walther, who obtained some celebritv by a volume of poems published in 1750. Both Achenwall and his. wife were great contributors to the periodical publications of Göttingen, by which they gained a degree of reputation which, from their labours not having been published, in a separate form, has been since ∙ nearly forgotten, and owing to which we are unable to place before our readers a correct list of their writings.” (g.)
ACHER, a river in the grand duchy of Baden, rising in the Mummel lake, and failing into the Rhine between Lechtenau and Greffern. ' *
ACHERI, Luke d’, a learned Benedictine of the congregation of St Maur, was born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, in 1609, and made himself famous by printing several works, which till then were only in manuscript: particularly, the Epistle attributed to St Barnabas; the Works of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury; a collection of scarce and curious pieces, under the title of Spicilegium, i. e. Gleanings, in 13 volumes quarto. The prefaces and notes which he annexed to many of these pieces, show [7:2:96] him to have been a man of genius and abilities. There was an edition of this valuable work published in 1725, in , three volumes folio; but the editor appears to have taken some unwarrantable liberties with the learned prefaces of his author. Acheri had some share in the pieces inserted in the first volumes of the Acts of the Saints of the order of St Benedict; the title whereof acquaints us that they were collected and published by him and Father Mabillon. After a very retired life, till the age of 76, he died at Paris the 29th of April 1685, in the abbey of St Germain in the Fields, where he had been librarian.
ACHERN, a city, chief of the bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the Acher, and on the mountain road; has 300 houses, and 1368 inhabitants, several of Whom are employed in woollen and in iron manufactures.
ACHERNER, or Acharner, a star of the first magnitude in the southern extremity of the constellation Eridanus, but invisible in our latitude.
ACHERON, feigned by the poets to have been the son of Ceres, whom she hid in hell for fear of the Titans, and turned into a river, over which souls departed were ferried in their way to Elysium.

Acheron, in Ancient Geography, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus; which, after forming the lake Acherusia, at no great distance from the promontory of ’ Chimerium, falls into the sea opposite to the isle of Paxo.

Acheron, or Acheros, a river of the Bruttii in Italy, running from east to west, where Alexander, king of Epirus, was slain by the Lucani, being deceived by the oracle of Dodona, which bade him beware of Acheron.
ACHERSET, an ancient measure of corn, conjectured to be the same with our quarter, or eight bushels.
ACHERUSIA PALUS, a lake between Cumae and the promontory Misenum, now II Lago della Colluxia. (Clu-verius.) Some confound it with the Lacus Lucrinus, and others with the Lacus Averni ; but Strabo and Pliny distinguish them.—Also a lake of Epirus, through which the Acheron runs.—There is also a cave of the same name, through which Hercules is fabled to have descended to hell to drag forth Cerberus.
ACHIAR is a Malayan word, which signifies all sorts of fruits and roots pickled with vinegar and spice. The Dutch import from Batavia all sorts of achiar, but particularly that of Bamboo, a kind of cane, extremely thick, which grows in the East Indies. It is preserved there, whilst it is still green, with very strong vinegar and spice; and is called bamboo achiar. The name changes according to the fruit with which the achiar is made. *
ACHICOLUM is used to express the fornix, tholus, or sudatorium of the ancient baths; which was a hot room where they used to sweat. It is also called architholus.
ACHILLAEA, Yarrow, Milfoil, Nosebleed, or Sneezewort.