pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ACUTE, an epithet applied to such things as terminate in a sharp point or edge; and in this sense it stands opposed to obtuse.

AcuτE-angled, in Geometry, is that which is less than a right angle, or which does not subtend 90 degrees.

ACUTE-angled Cone is, according to the ancients, a right cone, whose axis makes an acute angle with its side.

ACUTE-angled Triangle is a triangle whose three angles are all acute.

ACUTE Diseases, such as come suddenly to a crisis. This term is used for all diseases which do not fall under the head of chronic diseases.

Acute, in Music, is applied to a sound or tone that is sharp or high in comparison of some other tone. In this sense, acute stands opposed to grave.
ACUTIATOR, in writers of the barbarous ages, denotes a person that whets or grinds cutting instruments; called also in ancient glossaries acutor, ακονητης, samiarius, cotiarius, &c. In the ancient armies there were acutiatores, a kind of smiths, retained for whetting or keeping the arms sharp.
AD, a Latin preposition, originally signifying to, and frequently used in composition both with and without the d, to express the relation of one thing to another.

AD Bestias, in antiquity, is the punishment of criminals condemned to be thrown to wild beasts.

• AD Hominem, in Logic, a kind of argument drawn from the principles or prejudices of those with whom we argue. . AD Ludos, in antiquity, a sentence upon criminals among the Romans, whereby they were condemned to entertain the people by fighting either with wild beasts or with one another, and thus executing justice upon themselves.

AD Metalla, in antiquity, the punishment of such criminals as were condemned to the mines, among the Romans; and therefore called Metallici. AD Valorem, a term chiefly used in speaking of the duties or customs paid for certain goods. The duties on some articles are paid by the number, weight, measure, tale, &c.; and others are paid ad valorem, that is, according to their value.
ADAGE, a proverb, or short sentence, containing some wise observation or popular saying. Erasmus has made a very large and valuable collection of the Greek and Roman adages; and Mr Ray has done the same with regard to the English. We have also Kelly’s Collection of Scots Proverbs.
ADAGIO, in Music. Adverbially, it signifies softly, leisurely ; and is used to denote the slowest of all times. Used substantively, it signifies a slow movement. Sometimes this word is repeated, as adagio, adagio, to denote a still greater retardation in time of the music.
ADALIDES, in the Spanish policy, are officers of justice, for matters touching the military forces. In the laws of King A1phonsus, the adalides are spoken of as officers appointed to guide and direct the' marching of the forces in time of war.
ADAMANT, a name sometimes given to the diamond. (See Diamond.) It is likewise applied to the scoriae of gold, the magnet, &c.
ADAMIC Earth, a name given to common red clay, alluding to that species of earth of which the first man is supposed to have been made.
ADAMI Pomum, in Anatomy, a protuberance in the fore part of the throat, formed by the os hyoides. It is thought to be so called from a strange conceit, that a piece of the forbidden apple which Adam ate stuck by the way and occasioned it.
ADAMITES, or Adamians, in Ecclesiastical History, the name of a sect of ancient hereties, supposed to have been a branch of the Basilidians and Carpocratians.

Epiphanius tells us that they were called Adamites from their pretending to be re-established in the state of innocence, and to be such as Adam was at the moment of his creation, whence they ought to imitate him in his nakedness.
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They rejected marriage, maintaining that the conjugal union would never have taken place upon earth had sin been unknown.

This obscure and ridiculous sect did not at first last long; but it was revived, with additional absurdities, in the twelfth century, by one Tandamus, since known by the name of Tanchelin, who propagated his errors at Antwerp in the reign of the emperor Henry V. He maintained that there ought to be no distinction between priests and laymen, and that fornication and adultery were meritorious actions. Tanchelin had a great number of followers, and was constantly attended by 3000 of these profligates in arms. His sect did not, however, continue long after his death; but another appeared under the name of Turlupins, in Savoy and Dauphiny, where they committed the most brutal actions in open day.

About the beginning of the fifteenth century, one Picard, a native of Flanders, spread these errors in Germany and Bohemia, particularly in the army of the famous Zisea, notwithstanding the severe discipline he maintained. Picard pretended that he was sent into the world as a new Adam, to re-establish the law of nature; and which, according to him, consisted in exposing every part of the body, and having all the women in common. This sect found also some partisans in Poland, Holland, and England: they assembled in the night; and it is asserted, that one of the fundamental maxims of their society was contained in the following verse:
Jura, perjura, secretum prodere noli.
ADAMSHIDE, a district of the circle of Rastenburg, belonging to the king of Prussia, which, with Dombrosken, was bought, in 1737, for 42,000 dollars.
ADAMUS. The philosopher’s stone is so called by alchemists: they say it is an animal, and that it has carried its invisible Eve in its body since the moment they were united by the Creator.
ADANA, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, and in the province of Carainania. It is situated on the river Choquen, on the banks of which stands a small but strong castle, built on a rock. It has a great number of beautiful fountains brought from the river by means of water-works. Over the river there is a stately bridge of fifteen arches, which leads to the water-works. The climate is pleasant and healthy, and the winter mild and serene; but the summer is so hot as to oblige the principal inhabitants to retire to the neighbouring mountains, where they spend six months among shady trees and grottos, in a most delicious manner. The adjacent country is rich and fertile, and produces melons, cucumbers, pomegranates, pulse, and herbs of all sorts, all the year round; besides corn, wine, and fruits in their proper season. It is 30 miles north-east of Tarsus, on the road to Aleppo. Long. 36. 12. E. Lat. 38. 10. N.
ADANSONIA, Ethiopian Sour-gourd, Monkeys-bread, or African Calabash-tree.
ADAR, the name of a Hebrew month, answering to the end of February and beginning of March, the 12th of their sacred and 6th of their civil year. On the 7th day of it the Jews keep a fast for the death of Moses; on the 13th they have the feast of Esther; and on the 14th they celebrate the feast of Purim, for their deliverance from Haman’s conspiracy. As the lunar year, which the Jews followed in their calculations, is shorter than the solar by about eleven days, which at the end of three years make a month, they then intercalate a thirteenth month, which they call Veadar, or the second Adar.
ADARCE, a kind of concreted salts found on reeds and other vegetables, and applied by the ancients as a remedy in several cutaneous diseases.
ADARCON, in Jewish antiquity, a gold coin mentioned in Scripture, worth about 15s. sterling.
ADARME, in Commerce, a small weight in Spain, which is also used at Buenos Ayres, and in all Spanish America. It is the 16th part of an ounce, which at Paris is called the demi-gros. But the Spanish ounce is seven per cent, lighter than that of Paris. Stephens renders it in English by a drachm.
ADATAIS, Adatis, or Adatys, in Commerce, a mus∙
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lin or cotton cloth, very fine and clear, of which the piece is ten French ells long, and three quarters broad. It comes from the East Indies, and the finest is made in Bengal.
ADCORDABILES Denarii, in old law-books, signify money paid by the vassal to his lord, upon the selling or exchanging of a feud.
ADCRESCENTES, among the Romans, denoted a kind of soldiery, entered in the army, but not yet put on duty: from these the standing forces were recruited.
ADDA, a river of Switzerland and Italy, which rises in Mount Branlio, in the country of the Grisons, and, passing through the Valteline, traverses the lake Como and the Milanese, and falls into the Po near Cremona.
ADDEPHAGIA, in Medicine, a term used by some physicians for gluttony, or a voracious appetite.
ADDER, in Zoology, a name for the Viper. Sea ADDER, the English name for a species of Syn- GNAT11US.

Water ADDER, a name given to the Coluber Natrix.
ADDEXTRATORES, in the court of Rome, the pope’s mitre-bearers; so called, according to Ducange, because they walk at the pope’s right hand when he rides to visit the churches.
ADDICE, or Adze, a kind of crooked axe used by shipwrights, carpenters, coopers, &c.
ADDICTI, in antiquity, a kind of slaves, among the Romans, adjudged to serve some creditor whom they could not otherwise satisfy, and whose slaves they became till they could pay or work out the debt.
ADDICTION, among the Romans, was the making over goods to another, either by sale or by legal sentence: the goods so delivered were called bona addicta. Debtors were sometimes delivered over in the same manner, and thence called servi addicti.
ADDICTIO in Diem, among the Romans, the adjudging a thing to a person for a certain price, unless by such a day the owner, or some other, give more for it.
ADDITAMENT, something added to another. Thus physicians call the ingredients added to a medicine already compounded, additaments.
ADDITION, in Music, a dot marked on the right side of a note, signifying that it is to be sounded or lengthened half as much more as it would have been without such mark.

Addition, in Law, is that name or title which is given to a man over and above his proper name and surname, to show of what estate, degree, or mystery he is; and of what town, village, or country.

Additions of Estate or Quality are, Yeoman, Gentleman, Esquire, and such like.

ADDITIONS of Degree are those we call names of dignity; as Knight, Lord, Earl, Marquis, and Duke.

Additions of Mystery are such as Scrivener, Painter, Mason, and the like.

Additions of Place are, of Thorpe, of Dale, of Wood-stock. Where a man hath household in two places, he shall be said to dwell in both, so that his addition in either may suffice. By stat. 1 Hen. V. cap. 5. it was ordained, that in such suits or actions where process of outlawry lies, such addition should be made to the name of the defendant, to show his estate, mystery, and place where he dwells; and that the writs not having such additions should abate if the defendant take exception thereto, but not by the office of the court. The reason of this ordinance was, that one man might not be troubled by the outlawry of another; but by reason of the certain addition, every person might bear his own burden.

Additions, in Distilling, a name given to such things as are added to the wash or liquor while in a state of fermentation, in order to improve the vinosity of the spirit, procure a larger quantity of it, or give it a particular flavour. All things, of whatever kind, thus added in the time of fermentation, are called by those of the business who speak most intelligently, additions; but many confound them with things of a very different nature, under the name of ferments. Additions, in Heraldry, some things added to a coat-of-arms, as marks of honour; and therefore directly opposite to abatements. Among additions we reckon Bordure, Quarter, Canton, Gyron, Pile, &c.
ADDRESS, in a general sense, is used for skill and good management, and of late has been adopted from the French. It is used also in commerce, as synonymous with direction to a person cκ place. The word is formed of the French verb adresser, to direct any thing to a person.
ADDUCENT Muscles, or Adductors, in Anatomy, are those muscles which pull one part of the body towards another.
ADEB, in Commerce, the name of a large Egyptian weight, used principally for rice, and consisting of 210 okes, each of three rotolos, a weight of about two drams less than an English pound. But this is no certain weight, for at Rosetto the adeb is only 150 okes.
ADEL, a kingdom on the eastern coast of Africa, which reaches as far as the Straits of Babelmandel, which unite the Red Sea to the sea of Arabia. This country produces corn, and feeds a great number of cattle. The [7:2:148] inhabitants carry on a trade in gold, silver, ivory, oil, frankincense, a sort of pepper, and other merchandises of Arabia and the Indies. The king was formerly a vassal to the grand ncgus of Abyssinia; but being Mahometans, and the Abyssinians a sort of Christians, they could not agree, and in 1535 came to an open rupture, when the Adelians threw off the yoke, seeking protection from the grand signior. The principal places are Adela, seated in the centre of the country, and the town where the king resides.
ADELFORS, a town in Sweden, in the province of Jönköping and district of Oestra, wherein are two gold mines worked but very sluggishly; whilst the iron mines found there are very productive, and give employment both to the forges in making bar-iron, and to individuals as nail-makers.
ADELME, or Aldhelm, son to Kenred, nephew to Ina, king of the West Saxons, was bishop of Sherburn in the time of the Heptarchy. He was the first Englishman who wrote in Latin, and the first who made any considerable attempts in versification. He lived in great esteem till his death, which happened in 709. He was canonized, and many miraeles were ascribed to him. He is mentioned with great honour by Camden and Bale; and his life was written by William of Malmesbury.
ADELNAÜ, a circle in the province of Posen, in Prussia. It extends over 346 square miles, or 324,440 acres, and contains, in four cities and 111 villages, 31,718 inhabitants. The river Proszna waters the east side, and the Ollabok the centre of the circle. There are several smaller rivers, and some lakes, the most considerable of which bears the name of the chief place near to which it is found. It is a poor district, abounding with woods and game, and yielding fresh-water fish in plenty. It is very deficient in corn and cattle. The capital, of the same name, contains two Catholic and one Lutheran church, with 147 houses, and 1112 inhabitants.
ADELPHIANI, in Church History, a sect of ancient heretics, who fasted always on Sundays.
ADELSCALC, in ancient customs, denotes a servant of the king. The word is also written adclscalche, and adelscalus. It is compounded of the German adel, or edel, noble, and scale, servant. Among the Bavarians, adel-scalcs appear to have been the same with royal thanes among the Saxons, and those called ministri regis in ancient charters.
ADELSHEIM, a city in the bailiwick of Osterburken, and circle of the Maine and Tauber, in the grand duchy of Baden. It belongs to a mediatised family of the same name, is walled, has two churches, 200 houses, and 1264 inhabitants.
ADELSO, an island in Sweden, in the same lake in which the city of Stockholm is built, a little to the west of Munso, containing a parish of the same name.
ADEMPTION, in the Civil Law, implies the revocation of a grant, donation, or the like.
ADEN, a city on the Arabian coast, to the east of the Straits of Babelmandel. It is situated in Lat. 12. 50. N. Long. 45. 10. E. According to the Arabians, it derives its name from Aden, the son of Saba, and grandson of Abraham. Be this as it may, it was once the most flourishing city of Arabia, though it now presents little more than a heap of ruins surrounded with miserable huts. But it is nevertheless a place of considerable consequence on that coast, from the superiority of its harbour, .and its other advantages for trade. It is accessible at all times of the year; and from it a constant intercourse may be maintained with the coast of Africa. Coffee of the best quality, and all the other articles which enter into the commerce of the Red Sea, may be procured at this port. In particular, it is the chief mart for the gums brought over from the north-eastern districts of Africa; on which account this drug may be procured here at a cheaper rate than at Mocha. The English traders are much in favour at Aden. —See Salt’s Voyage to Abyssinia, and Milburn’s Oriental Commerce.
ADENANTFIERA, in Botany, Bastard Flowerfence.
ADENAU, a circle in the department Rhine Moselle, in the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine. It extends over 172 square miles, or 110,080 acres, and contains 19,210 inhabitants, all Catholics, except 16 Jews and eight Protestants, in one city, three market towns, and 267 villages. It is watered by the river Ahr. It is generally a hilly and woody country, where little corn except oats grows, and where the chief subsistence is potatoes. Cattle and sheep are bred with tolerable success; and potashes and charcoal are made from the forests. There is some little employment furnished by spinning and weaving both linens and woollens on a small scale. The chief place of the same name contains 1250 inhabitants.
ADENBURG, or Aldenburg, a town of Westphalia, and in the duchy of Berg, subject to the elector palatine. It is 12 miles north-east of Cologne, and 17 west of Bonn. Long. 7. 25. E. Lat. 51. 2. N.
ADENOGRAPHY, that part of anatomy which treats of the glandular parts.
ADENOIDES, glandulous, or of a glandular form; an epithet applied to the Prostatae.
ADENOLOGY, the same with Adenography.
ADENOS, a kind of cotton; otherwise called marine cotton. It comes from Aleppo by the way of Marseilles.
ADEONA, in Mythology, the name of a goddess invoked by the Romans when they set out upon a journey.
ADEPHAGIA, in Mythology, the goddess of gluttony, to whom the Sicilians paid religious worship.
ADEPS, in Anatomy, the fat found in the abdomen. It also signifies animal fat of any kind.
ADEPTS, a term among alchemists for those who pretended to have found the panacea and philosopher’s stone.
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Such is the nature,” says Paracelsus, “of this higher philosophy, that one mortal can no more communicate it to another, than the paper on which letters are traced can of itself declare their meaning. It originates not from man, but from heaven.”
ADERBIJAN. See Adirbeitsan.
ADERNO, a city at the foot of Mount Etna in Sicily, in the intendancy of Catania. It is built in an unhealthy situation, but contains 6600 inhabitants. It has several churches, the chief of which is supported by beautiful pillars of polished lava. It is the site of the ancient city Hadranum, whose ruins are still visible. In the river Giarretta, which passes the city, is a remarkable water-
ADES, or Hades, denotes the invisible state. In the heathen mythology, it comprehends all those regions that he beyond the river Styx, viz. Erebus, Tartarus, and Elysium. See Hell.
ADESSENARIANS, Adessenarii, in Church History, a sect of Christians who hold the real presence of Christ’s body in the eucharist, though not by way of transubstantiation. They differ considerably as to this presence; some holding that the body of Christ is in the bread, others that it is about the bread, and others that it is under the bread.
ADFILIATION, a Gothic custom, whereby the children of a former marriage are put upon the same footing with those of the second. This is also called unio prolium, and still retained in some parts of Germany; though Hei-neceius observes that this is not adoption.
ADHA, a festival which the Mahometans celebrate on the 10th day of the month Dhoulhegiat, which is the 12th and last of their year. This month being particularly destined for the ceremonies which the pilgrims observe at Mecca, it takes its name from thence; for the word signifies the month of Pilgrimage. On that day they sacrifice with great solemnity, at Mecca, and nowhere else, a sheep, which is called by the same name as the festival itself. The Turks commonly call the festival the Great Bairam, to distinguish it from the lesser, which ends their fast, and which the Christians of the Levant call the Easter of the Turks. The Mahometans celebrate this festival, out of the city of Mecca, in a neighbouring valley; and sometimes they sacrifice there a camel.
ADHIL, m Astronomy, a star of the sixth magnitude,upon the garment of Andromeda, under the last star in her foot.
ADIANTUM, in Eotany, Maiden-Hair.
ADIAPHORISTS, in Church History, a name importing lukewarmness, given in the 16th century to the moderate Lutherans, who embraced the opinion of Mclanch-thon, whose disposition was much more pacific than that of Luther.
ADJAZZO, Adrazzo, or Ajaccio, a handsome town and castle of Corsica, in the Mediterranean, with a bishop’s see and a good harbour. It is populous, and fertile in wine. It is 27 miles south-west of Corte. Long. 4L 54. E. Lat. 38. 5. N.
ADJECTIVE, in Grammar, a kind of noun joined with a substantive, either expressed or implied, to denote its qualities or incidents.
ADIGE, a river in Italy, which, taking its rise south of the lake Glace, among the Alps, runs south by Trent, then east by Verona, in the territory of Venice, and falls into the Gulf of Venice north of the mouth of the Po.
ADJOURNMENT, the putting off a court or other meeting till another day. There is a difference between the adjournment and the prorogation of the parliament; the former not only being for a shorter time, but also done by the house itself; whereas the latter is an act of royal authority.
ADIPOCIRE, derived from adeps, fat, and cera, wax, denotes a substance which has been lately examined by chemists. It is formed by a certain change which the soft parts of animal bodies undergo when kept for some time in running water, or when a great number of dead bodies are heaped together in the same place. Great quantities of this substance were found on removing the animal matters from a burial-ground at Paris in the year 1787. In this burial-ground 1200 or 1500 bodies were thrown together into the same pit, and being decomposed, were converted into this substance. It has some of the properties of wax or spermaceti.
ADIPOSE, a term used by anatomists for any cell, membrane, &c. that is remarkable for its fatness.
ADIRBEITSAN, in Geography, a province of Persia, in Asia, and part of the ancient Media. It is bounded on the north by the province of Schirvan, on the south by Irac-Agemi and Kurdistan, on the east by Ghilan and the Caspian Sea, and on the west by Turcomania. Long. 42. to 48. E. Lat. 36. to 39. N.
ADIT, in a general sense, the passage to, or entrance of, any thing.

Adit of a Mine, the hole or aperture whereby it is entered and dug, and by which the water and ores are carried away. The term is sometimes used for the airshaft, which is a hole driven perpendicularly from the surface of the earth into some part of the mine, to give entrance to the air.
ADJUDICATION, in Scotish Law, the name of that action by which a creditor attaches the heritable estate of his debtor, or his debtor’s heir, in order to appropriate it to himself either in payment or security of his debt; or that action by which the holder of an heritable right, labouring under any defect in point of form, may supply that defect.
ADJUNCT, among philosophers, signifies something added to another, without being any necessary part of it. Thus, water absorbed by cloth or a sponge is an adjunct, but no necessary part of either of these substances.

Adjunct, in Metaphysics, some quality belonging to either the body or mind, whether natural or acquired. Thus, thinking is an adjunct of the mind, and growth an adjunct of the body.

Adjunct, in Music, a word which is employed to denominate the connection or relation between the principal [7:2:153] mode and the modes of its two-fifths, which, from the intervals that constitute the relation between them and it, are called its adjuncts. , Adjuncts, in Rhetoric and Grammar, signify certain words or things added to others, to amplify or augment the force of the discourse.

ADJUNCT Gods, or ADJUNCTS of the Gods, among the Romans, were a kind of inferior deities, added as assistants to the principal ones, to ease them in their functions. Thus, to Mars was adjoined Bellona and Nemesis; to Neptune, Salacia; to Vulcan, the Cabiri; to the Good Genius, the Lares; to the Evil, the Lemures, &c.