pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BANJARMASSIN, a town and district of Borneo, on the south-eastern coast, situated on a river of the same name, which has a shallow bar at the entrance. Many Chinese reside in this place, and carry on a considerable trade with China, exporting pepper, camphor, gold dust, wax, rattans, edible birds’ nests, biche-de-mer, and spices, and importing opium, piece goods, coarse cutlery, gunpowder, and fire-arms. The Dutch for a long time maintained a factory here for the collection of pepper and rough diamonds. In 1700 the English also established a factory here; but the place was found to be extremely unhealthy, and the company’s servants were finally attacked by the natives, whom they repulsed with great difficulty. The settlement was afterwards abandoned.
BANK, in Political Economy, an establishment for keeping money secure, and for dealing in money by discounting bills and otherwise. The history of banks will be given under the article Money. That class of banks whose object is to encourage habits of saving among labourers, called banks for savings, will be treated under the head of Savings Banks.
BANKER, a person who traffics and negociâtes in money. The ancient bankers were called argentarii and nummularii; by the Greeks τ∙gατrεζ∕τα∕, κoλλ½‰ra∕, and ¢zp- γ∙jgομο∕βο∕. Their chief business was to put out the money of private persons to interest. They had their boards and benches for this purpose in all the markets and public places, where they took in the money from some in order to lend it to others.
BANKING, or the science of a banker or dealer in money. This important subject will be treated under Money. Banking also denotes that branch of civil engineering which relates to the formation of banks to oppose the force of rivers, the sea, &c. See Embankment.
BANKS’S ISLAND, an island of New Zealand, of a circular form, about 60 miles in circumference, and visible at the distance of twelve or fifteen leagues. It is of a broken, irregular surface, and presents a barren appearance, though it is inhabited. It is fifteen miles from Tavai-Poenammoo. The south point lies in long. 186. 30. W. lat. 43. 32. S.
BANN, or Ban (from the Brit, ban, i. e. clamour), is a proclamation or public notice, any public summons or edict, in short, whereby a thing is commanded or forbidden. The word banns is used in England and in Scotland in publishing matrimonial contracts; which is done in the church before marriage, to the end that if any persons can speak against the intention of the parties, either in respect of kindred, precontract, or other just cause, they may take their exception before the marriage be consummated. The use of matrimonial banns is said to have been first introduced into the Gallican church, though something like it obtained even in the primitive times; and it is this that Tertullian is supposed to mean by trinundina promulgatio. The council of Lateran first extended the usage and made it general.

Bann is also used to denote proscription or banishment for a crime proved, because anciently published by sound or trumpet; or, as Vossius thinks, because those who did not appear at the above-mentioned summons were punished by proscription. Hence “to put a prince under the bann of the empire,” was to declare him divested of all his dl gmties.

Bann is further used as a solemn anathema, or excommunication attended with curses. In this sense we read ox papal banη s , &c.
BANNER denotes either a square flag, or the principal standard belonging to a prince. We find a multiplicity of opinions concerning the etymology of the word banner; some deriving it from the Latin bandum, a band or flag; others from the word bann, to summon the vassals to appear in arms; others again from the German ban, a field or tenement, because landed men alone were allowed a banner; and, finally, there are persons who think it a corruption of pannière, from pannus, cloth, because banners were originally made of cloth.
BANNERETS, an ancient order of knights, or feudal lords, who led their vassals to battle under their own flag or banner, when summoned by the king. The word seems formed from banner, a square flag, or from band, which anciently denoted a flag. Bannerets are also called by ancient writers milites vexilliferi, and vexillarii banneraríi, bannarii, banderisii, &c.

Anciently there were two kinds of knights, great and little; the first, called bannerets, composed of the upper, and the second, called bachelors, of the middle nobility. The banneret was allowed to march under his own flag, whereas the bachelarius eques followed that of another.

Banneret, according to Spelman, was a middle order between a baron and a simple knight. Hence he was sometimes called vexillarius minor, to distinguish him from the greater, that is, from the baron, to whom alone properly belonged jus vexilli, or privilege of the square fiag. Hence the banneret was also called bannerettus, quasi bαrο minor; a word frequently used by English writers in the same sense as banneret was by the French, though neither of them occur before the time of Edward II.

Some are of opinion that bannerets were originally persons who had a portion of a barony assigned them, and enjoyed it under the title of baro proximus, with the same prerogatives as the baron himself. Others, again, find the origin of bannerets in France, in Brittany, or in England; attributing the institution to Conan, lieutenant of Maximus, who commanded the Roman legions in England under the sway of Gratian in a. d. 383. According to them, this general having revolted, divided England into forty cantons, and among these cantons distributed forty knights, to whom he gave power of assembling, on occasion, under their several banners, as many effective men as were to be found in their respective districts; whence they are called bannerets. But however this be, it appears from Froissart and others that, anciently, such of the military men as were rich enough to raise and subsist a company of armed men, and had a right to do so, were called bannerets: not, however, that these qualifications rendered them knights; they were only bannerets, and the appellation of knight was added thereto because they were simple knights before.

Bannerets were second to none but knights of the garter. They were reputed the next degree below the nobility, and were allowed to bear arms with supporters, which is competent to none else under the degree of a baron. In France, it is said, the dignity was hereditary; but in England it died with the person who gained it. On the institution of baronets by King James I. the order dwindled, and at length became extinct. The last person created banneret was Sir John Smith, who received the dignity after Edgehill fight, for his gallantry in rescuing the stand ard of King Charles I.
BANNOCKBURN, a village of Scotland, in the county of Stirling, and noted for the ever memorable battle foughl near it on the 24th June 1314, between the Scottish and English armies, in which the latter was totally defeated.
BANQUETING Room or House. The ancient Romans supped in the atrium, or vestibule, of their houses but in after-times magnificent saloons or banquetingrooms were built, for the more commodious and splendid [7:4:352] entertainment of their guests. Lucullus had several of these, each distinguished by the name of some god; and there was a particular rate of expense appropriated to each. Plutarch relates with what magnificence he entertained Cicero and Pompey, who went with a design to surprise him, by only telling a slave who waited, that the cloth should be laid in the Apollo. The emperor Claudius, among others, had a splendid banqueting-room named Mercury. But every thing of this kind was outdone by the lustre of the celebrated banqueting-house of Nero, called domus aurea, which, by the circular motion of its partitions and ceilings, imitated the revolution of the heavens, representing the different seasons of the year, which changed at every service, and showered down flowers, essences, and perfumes, on the guests.
BANSKA, a city in the circle of Hither Danube, in Hungary. It is the seat of a bishop, and of the civil and military rulers of the Comitat of the Gran. There is a Catholic and a Lutheran ecclesiastical seminary established here. The inhabitants amount to 10,619, and are employed in making various metallic goods, and in the fabrication of arms. Long. 19. 3. 40. E. Lat. 48. 45. N.
BANTAM, a town of Java, capital of a district of the same name, at the north-western extremity of the island, situated on the Bay of Bantam, near the mouth of a river which falls into the bay. It was once a large, rich, and flourishing city, but now exhibits nothing except ruins, the memorials of its departed greatness. It is about 61 miles west from Batavia, and is situated on a low, swampy beach, surrounded by jungle, and intersected with stagnant streams, so that its climate is even more unhealthy than that of Batavia. The king formerly resided in a kind of palace built in the European style, within an old ruinous fort, containing 80 pieces of cannon; and contiguous to it was the Dutch fort. All these fortifications, both European and native, the Dutch fort as well as the sultan’s fort, are levelled with the ground; and the few European habitations which have not been pulled down are falling fast into decay, and totally deserted. The court of the sultan, who resided here, had dwindled into insignificance, and the high-sounding title was merely retained. After Batavia surrendered to the British arms in 1812, this kingdom was in a state of great distraction; wherefore the British government of Batavia interfered in favour of the rightful heir, and restored him to the throne. Since that period the sultan, from apathy, and labouring under disease, has wholly resigned the government of Bantam, and voluntarily retired on a pension assigned him by the British, who took into their own hands the management of the country. In former times Bantam was a free port, open to the commerce of all nations. In 1683 the trade was monopolized by the Dutch, who erected Fort Spielwyk, to shut out all other merchants. This odious policy excited great discontents among the people, who were always the bitter enemies of the Dutch; but they were unable to shake off the yoke of their oppressors, who, about the year 1742, had succeeded in completely establishing their authority. The Bay of Bantam was formerly a commodious retreat for vessels; but it is now so choked up with daily accessions of new earth washed down from the mountains, as well as by coral shoals extending a considerable way to the eastward, that it is inaccessible to vessels of any considerable burden. Prior to the Dutch conquest, Bantam was a powerful state, the sovereign of which extended his conquests in the neighbouring islands of Borneo and Sumatra. The trade in pepper is the most considerable carried on here. Long, of the town of Bantam, 106. 3. E. Lat. 6. 4. S.
BANTRY BAY, a bay on the north-west coast of Ireland, in the county of Cork, about twenty-five miles long by six or eight broad, with between ten and fourteen fathoms of water, surrounded by high mountains, and in- ' dented by creeks and inlets. It affords a very fine harbour for shipping, and contains two small islands, Bear and Whiddy. In 1796 a French fleet anchored herewith a view of invading Ireland, and landed in a boat eight men. who were immediately taken prisoners. The fleet soon after left the coast. Long. 9. 24. to 9. 45. E. Lat 51.30. to 51. 40. N.
BAPTISMAL Vow or Covenant, a profession of obedience to the laws of Christ, which persons in the ancient church made before baptism. It was an indispensable part of the obligation on catechumens before they were admitted to the ceremony of regeneration. The vow was made by turning to the east, for what mystical reason is not well agreed on.

Baptismal Presents, in use in Germany, were made by the sponsors to the infant, and consisted of money, plate, or even sometimes fiefs of lands, which by the laws of the country were to be kept for the child until he became of age; the parents having only the trust, not the right of disposing of them.
BAPTIST, John Monnoyer, a painter of flowers and fruit, was born at Lisle in 1635, and educated at Antwerp, where he perfected himself in the knowledge of his art, and in his first years was intended for a painter of history; but having soon found that his genius more strongly inclined him to the painting of flowers, he applied his talents to those subjects, and in that style became one of the greatest masters. His pictures are not so exquisitely finished as those of Van Huysum, but his composition and colouring are in a bolder style. He died in 1699, leaving a son, Anthony, who followed his father’s profession, and had great merit.
BAPTISTERY, in ecclesiastical language, the name of a place in which the ceremony of baptism is performed.

In the ancient church it was one of the exhedrae or buildings distinct from the church itself, and consisted of a porch or anti-room where the persons to be baptized made their confession of faith, and an inner apartment where the ceremony of baptism was performed. Thus it continued till the sixth century, when the baptisteries began to be taken into the church-porch, and afterwards into the church itself. The ancient baptisteries were commonly called <pωπ<f~ηξia, photisteria, or places of illumination, because they were the places of instruction preceding baptism; and in these the catechumens seem to have been trained up, and instructed in the first rudiments of the Christian faith.

Those baptisteries were anciently very capacious, because the stated times of baptism returning but seldom, there were usually great multitudes to be baptized at the same time; and also because the manner of baptizing by immersion or dipping under water made it necessary to have a large font. In Venantius Fortunatus it is called aula baptismatis, the large hall of baptism; which was indeed so large, that we sometimes read of councils meeting and sitting therein. This hall, or chapel, was always kept shut during Lent, and the door scaled up with the bishop’s seal, not to be opened till Maunday-Thursday. The baptistery was always reputed a sacred place. In the Roman order baptisteries were built of a round figure, and distinguished with the image of St John the Baptist, while over the basin or font was a figure of a dove in gold or silver, to represent the Holy Ghost.

The name baptistery is sometimes also given to a kind of chapel in a large church, which served for the same office. It is an observation of some learned men, that anciently there was but one baptistery in a city, namely, at the bishop’s church; and that afterwards they were set up in parish churches, with the special allowance, however, of the bishop.
BAR, in courts of justice, denotes an inclosure made with a partition of timber, where the counsel are placed to plead causes, and where prisoners are brought to answer to indictments, &c. It corresponds to what among the Romans was denominated tribunal. The French call it barre d’audience. In England, lawyers who are called to the bar, or licensed to plead, are termed barristers, an appellation equivalent to licentiate in other countries.

Bar, in Heraldry, an ordinary in form of the fess, but much less. See Heraldry. Bar, in Music, a stroke drawn perpendicularly across the lines of a piece of music, including between each two a certain quantity or measure of time, which is various as the time of the music is either triple or common. In common time, between each two bars is included the measure of four crotchets; in triple, three. The principal use of bars is to regulate the beating of time in a concert. The use of bars is not to be traced higher than the time when the English translation of Adrian le Roy’s book on the Tablature was published, namely, the year 1574; and it was not until some time after that the use of bars became general. Barnard’s cathedral music, printed in 1641, is without bars; but bars are to be found throughout in the Ayres and Dialogues of Henry Lawes, published in 1653; from which it may be conjectured that we owe this improvement to Lawes.

Bar, in Hydrography, denotes a bank of sand or other matter, whereby the mouth of a river is in a manner choked up. The term is also used for a strong beam wherewith the entrance of a harbour is secured; but this is more commonly called boom. BAR-le-Duc, an arrondissement of the department of [7:4:358] the Meuse, in France, extending over 560 square miles, comprehending eight cantons and 128 communes, and containing 75,580 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, stands on the river Ormain, in a rich and beautiful district. It contains 1100 houses, with 9970 inhabitants. Long. 5. 50. E. Lat. 48. 46. N.

BAR-sur-Aube, an arrondissement of the department of the Aube, in France, extending over 461 square miles, and comprehending four cantons and ninety-two communes, with 37,500 inhabitants. The chief place is the city of the same name, in a district the wine of which is highly valued. It contains 4100 inhabitants. Long. 4.44. E. Lat. 48. 13. N.

BAR-sur-Seine, an arrondissement of the department of the Aube, in France, extending over 648 square miles, comprehending five cantons and eighty-six communes, and containing 50,449 inhabitants. The chief place of the same name has a population of 2600 persons, employed in manufactures, and trading in the wine grown in its neighbourhood. Long. 2.15. E. Lat. 48. 5. N.
BARA, the name of a festival formerly celebrated with much magnificence at Messina, and representing the assumption of the Virgin. Though used as the general denomination of this festival, bara signifies more particularly a vast machine fifty feet high, at the top of which a young girl of fourteen, representing the Virgin, stood upon the hand of an image of Jesus Christ.
BARABINZIANS, a tribe of Tartars, living on both sides of the river Irtisch. They seem to derive their name from the Barabaian desert, the lakes of which supply them abundantly with fish, on which and the products of their herds they chiefly subsist.
BARACOA, a town in the north-eastern part of the island of Cuba. Long. 74. 50. W. Lat. 20. 25. N.
BARA-FRANCA, a city in the intendancy of Calatanisetta, in the island of Sicily, with the largest convent of barefooted friars in the kingdom. It is on a gentle hill, in a healthy situation, and contains about 6000 inhabitants.
BARAHAT, a town of northern Hindostan, situated among the mountains of Serinagur. This town was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1803; and from the houses having been built of large stones with slated roofs, the calamity was greatly aggravated. From its central position it maintains a free communication with all parts of the hills, and those who make the pilgrimage to Gangautri generally halt here, and lay in a stock of provisions for their journey. There is near this village a curious trident, the pedestal of copper, the shaft of brass about twelve feet, and the forks about six feet, in length. There is no tradition to show the origin of this curious relic of antiquity. Long. 78. 22. E. Lat. 30. 48. N.
BARAICHE, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Oude, and chief town of the district of Baraiche. It is finely situated on the river Sy, in long. 81. 36. E. lat. 27. 31. N. The district of Baraiche extends along the north side of the river Goggia, and is separated from the territories of Nepaul by a lofty range of mountains. A portion of this district was ceded to the English in 1800, but the greater part belongs to the nabob of Oude.
BARALIPTON, among logicians, a term denoting a syllogism of the first indirect mode of the first figure. Hence a syllogism in baralipton is when the first two propositions are universal affirmatives, the third a particular affirmative, and the middle term the subject in the first proposition, and the predicate in the second. For example, Ba. Every evil ought to be feared;

RA. Every violent passion is an evil; lip. Therefore something that ought to be feared is a violent passion.
BARALLOTS, in Ecclesiastical History, a sect of heretics at Bologna in Italy, who are said to have had all things in common, even their wives and children.
BARAN, a circle in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, extending over 1681 square miles, or 1,075,840 acres. It lies at the south-east angle formed by the Danube and the Drave, and comprehends one city, seven towns, and 328 villages, with 223,400 inhabitants. The greater part of the land is fertile, but a portion of it is marshy and unhealthy. The chief products are corn, wine, flax, tobacco, and potash. There are some valuable quarries of marble and millstones, and many mines of fossil coal. It is subdivided into four smaller circles. The capital is Funf-kirchen.
BARANGI, officers among the Greeks of the lower empire. Cujacius calls them in Latin protectores, while others give them the name of securigeri. It was their business to keep the keys of the city gates where the emperor resided.
BARANWAHR, a town of Lower Hungary, in a county of the same name, taken by the emperor of Germany from the Turks in 1684. It is situated between Buda and Belgrade, in long. 18. 5. E. lat. 46. 0. N.
BARATHRUM, in Antiquity, a deep dark pit at Athens, into which condemned persons were thrown headlong. It had sharp spikes at the top, that no man might escape out; and others at the bottom, to pierce and torment such as were cast in.
BARBACAN, or Barbican, an outer defence or fortification of a city or castle, used especially as a fence to thecity or walls; also an aperture made in the wall of a fortress, to fire through upon the enemy.

Barbacan is also used to denote a fort at the entrance of a bridge or the outlet of a city, having a double wall with towers.
BARBARA, among logicians, the first mode of the first figure of syllogisms. A syllogism in barbara is one of which all the propositions are universal affirmatives, the middle term being the subject of the first proposition, and the attribute in the second.

Bar. Every wicked man is miserable; ba. All tyrants are wicked men;

RA. Therefore all tyrants are miserable.
BARBARANO, a town in the Austrian kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, in the delegation of Vicenza. Also the chief place of a district of the same name, at the foot of the Bernis Mountains.
BARBARIAN, a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to all who were not of their own country, or were not initiated in their language, manners, and customs. In this sense the word signified with them no more than foreigner; not, as among us, a rude or uncivilized person.
BARBARISM, in a general sense, a rudeness of language or behaviour.

Barbarism, in Grammar, an offence against the purity of style or language, or a form of speaking or writing contrary to the true idiom of any particular language.