pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
KIAKHTA, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Irkoutsk, and district of Verschnei-Oudinsk. It is situated in a uniform and rather elevated plain, traversed by a river of the same name, and is surrounded by a lofty range of granitic and wooded mountains of a bleak aspect. It was visited in 1822 by Captain Cochrane, the celebrated pedestrian traveller, who mentions that it is a neat and regularly-built town, containing 450 houses, with 4000 inhabitants. Owing to the narrow and jealous policy of the Chinese, no stone buildings are by the treaty allowed to be erected, excepting only a church for public worship. Beyond the fortress, and immediately opposite Maimatchin, is the Chinese town Old Kiakhta, the residence only of the merchants; no officer or stranger being permitted to sleep in it, according to an article in the treaty. The old town contains, according to Cochrane, forty-five dwellings, many of which are very superior edifices, and have within them very rich stores. Though situated in a dreary and sterile oasis, Kiakhta, by means of its commerce, possesses many comforts. It is 330 miles south of Irkoutsk. On one of the mountains by which the place is surrounded are seen the boundaries of the Russian and Chinese empires, placed opposite each other; the Russian boundary being marked by a hillock of stones, with a cross at the top; whilst that of the Chinese is marked by a kind of pyramid. This place is remarkable as the centre of all the trade which is carried on between the Russian and Chinese empires; the Chinese, by the jealous policy of their rulers, being prohibited from trading with Russia through any other place. It was fixed upon by the treaty concluded between these powers in 1728, as the only medium of their mutual intercourse; and a great fair is accordingly held in December, when merchants flock thither from the most distant parts of the Russian empire. At this great commercial rendezvous are exchanged cloths; furs, namely, those of foxes, sables, river and sea otters, wild cats, beavers, and millions of squirrels, this latter fur, from its lightness, warmth, and durability, being a favourite with the Chinese; Russia and Morocco leather; for nankeens, silk stuffs, tea, rhubarb, &c. Woollen cloths and copper money are also exported to China, as well as many articles of curiosity and ingenuity, and some trinkets. The Russian and Chinese towns are quite separate from each other.
KIAMA, or Khiama, the capital of one of the four petty states or sultanries of Borgoo, a kingdom in the interior of Africa. It consists of a vast collection of thatched huts, built, as well as the town wall, of clay, and irregularly scattered over a considerable surface of ground. It is one of the towns through which the Houssa and Bornou caravan passes in its way to Gouja, upon the borders of Ashantee. It has also a direct trade with Dahomey, Youri, Nyfei, and Youriba. The inhabitants, for the most part Pagans, may amount to 30,000 in number. They are governed by a king or sultan, whose domination is despostic. Kiama is situated in long. 5. 22. 56. E. and lat. 9. 37. 33. N.
KIANGNAN, a province of China, which may be considered as the centre of the navigation, wealth, and commerce of this great empire. It is bounded on the east by the sea, on the north by Shantung, on the west by Honan, and on the south by Tchekiang and Quangseö. This extensive province is well watered, being traversed by the great rivers Hoangho and Yang-tse-kiang, previous to their junction with the sea, and by their numerous tributaries, which give it an easy communication with all the provinces and districts of the interior. It is also crossed by the great canal which leads to Pekin; and its waters are accordingly covered with a continuous line of barks, carrying to their various markets the different productions of the country. Nankeen is the capital, which surpasses Pekin in extent, and even in population. It contains many other cities, which, in point of size and wealth, might have been the capitals of empires. Industry and manufactures flourish to a great extent in this province; and the silks, japanned goods, ink, paper, and other articles, bear a higher price. There are manufactories of salt on the sea coast; and it contains also quarries of marble. The official estimate of the population given to Sir George Staunton was twenty-two millions, which is probably one of the boastful exaggerations of the Chinese.
KIANGSEE, a fine province of China, consisting chiefly of lofty and precipitous mountains, with fertile valleys interposed. It extends southwards from Kiangnan to Quangtong, and yields in abundance both rice and silk. Its mountains also contain various metals and minerals, and it has an uninterrupted navigation from north to south, forming part of the great line of water communication which reaches across the empire. A very extensive manufacture of porcelain is carried on in this province.
KIBBAN, a considerable town of Koordistan, situated at the foot of a high mountain, and surrounded by narrow passes and defiles. It is about one and a half mile from the Euphrates, and eighty miles west of Diarbekir.
KIDDER, Richard, an English bishop, was born, according to Wood, at Brighton, but according to others, in Sussex. In 1649, he was admitted sizar in Emmanuel College, Cambridge; in 1652, he took his bachelor’s degree; in 1655, he was elected a fellow; and in 1656, he took [7:12:710]his degree of master of arts. Having been presented by his college to the vicarage of Stanground, Huntingdonshire, he was ejected for non-conformity in 1662; but conforming soon afterwards, he was, in 1664, presented to the rectory of Raine, in Essex, where he continued untd 1674, when he was made rector of St Martin’s Outwith, London. In 1681, he was installed into a prebend of Norwich; in 1689, he was made Dean of Peterborough, on which occasion he took the degree of doctor in divinity; and, upon the deprivation of Ken, bishop of Bath and Wells, he was promoted to the vacant see. In 1693, he delivered the Boyle Lecture, and afterwards inserted in his Demonstration of the Messias, the discourses preached by him upon that occasion. He also wrote a Commentary on the Five Books of Moses, with a dissertation concerning the author or writer of the said books, and’a general argument to each of them, which was published in 1694, in two vols. 8vo. To the first volume is prefixed a dissertation, in which he states and answers all the objections made against Moses being the author of the Pentateuch, and, in particular, replies to one drawn by Leclerc from Genesis (xxxvi. 31), which he treats with some severity. This led to a correspondence between him and Leclerc, which the latter printed in his Bibliothèque Choisie. Dr Kidder likewise took part in the Popish controversy, in the course of which he published, 1. A Second Dialogue between a Catholic Convert and a Protestant, showing why he cannot believe the doctrine of Transubstantiation, though he do firmly believe the doctrine of the Trinity; 2. An Examination of Bellarmine’s thirtieth note of the Church on the Confession of Adversaries: 3. The Texts which Papists cite out of the Bible for their Doctrine of the Sacrifice of the Mass examined; 4. Reflections on a French Testament, printed at Bordeaux in 1686, pretended to be translated out of the Latin by the divines of Louvain. The death of this prelate was sudden and lamentable. In the night between the 26th and 27th of November 1703, he was killed in bed, with his lady, in his palace at Wells, by the fall of a stack of chimneys, occasioned by a violent storm which raged without. Dr Kidder was a clear and learned writer, and accounted one of the best divines of his time, v (a.)
KIDDERMINSTER, a town of the hundred of Halfshire, in the county of Worcester, with a market, which is held on Thursday. It is 126 miles from London, on the river Stour. It has long been a place of great manufacturing industry. Formerly the chief goods made were of worsted, or of silk and worsted; then bombazeens, plushes, and poplins were introduced; but of late years the chief fabrics have been those of carpets, in which the Kidderminster manufactures have excelled all others. The streets are clean, well paved, and well built. There is a fine old Gothic church, a town-hall, many charitable institutions, and an endowed grammar-school. By the late law this town has acquired the right of electing one member to the House of Commons. The Staffordshire Canal joins the town, and affords assistance to its trade. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 6110, in 1811 to 8039, in 1821 to 10,709, and in 1831 to 14,981.
KIDDLE, or Kidel (Kidellus'),' a dam or weir in a river, with a narrow cut in it, for the laying of pots or other engines to catch fish. The word is ancient, for in Magna Charta (cap. 24) we read Omnes kidelli deponantur per Thamesiam et Medweyam, et per totam Angliam, nisi per costeram maris; and, by King John’s charter, power was granted to the city of London de kidellis amovendis per Thamesiam et Medweyam. A survey was ordered to be made of the weirs, mills, stanks, and kiddles, in the great rivers of England, by 1 Hen, IV. Fishermen corruptly call these dams kettles; and they are much used in Wales and on the sea-coasts of Kent.
KIDNAPPING, the forcible abduction or stealing away of man, woman, or child, from their own country, and sending them into another. This crime was capital by the Jewish law. “He that stealeth a man and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, shall surely be put to death.” (Exod. xxi. 16.) So likewise, in the civil law, the offence of spiriting away and stealing men and children, which was called plagium, and the offenders plagiarii, was punished with death.
KIDWELLEY, a market-town of South Wales, in the county of Carmarthen, 226 miles from London. It is built on both sides the river Gwendraeth, which is navigable from Carmarthen Bay. It was formerly surrounded with walls, and there are still the ruins of an ancient castle. The neighbourhood abounds with coals, the export of which forms the principal trade; and for promoting which, excellent mechanical contrivances have been adopted for the most economical mode of trans-shipping them from the barges to the sea-bound vessels. Near the town is an iron foundery, and also a manufactory of tin plates. The town forms part of the duchy of Lancaster, but is governed by its own mayor and aidermen. There is a tolerable market on Friday, and three annual fairs. The population amounted in 1801 to 1488, in 1811 to 1441, in 1821 to 1733, and in 1831 to 1631.
KIEL, a city of Denmark, in the province of Holstein, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name. It stands on a beautiful bay, resembling a lake, on the Baltic, and has an excellent harbour. It contains near 800 houses, with 8000 inhabitants. It is a well-built city, containing a university of high character, with about 250 students, an observatory, a museum of natural history, and a library of 60,000 volumes. It is a place of considerable trade, both in the productions of the vicinity and in foreign commodities, and in ship-building and the fisheries. Long. 10. 4. E. Lat. 54. 16. N.
KIELCE, a city of Poland, in the province of Cracow, the capital of a circle of the same name, and the seat of a bishop. It is, for a country like Poland, a well-built town, with the bishop’s palace, four churches, a nunnery, 800 liouses, and 5100 inhabitants. Long. 19. 55. E. Lat. 50. 52. N.
KIEW, a province or government of European Russia, in the division formerly called Little Russia. It is situated between 28. 30. and 32. 20. east longitude, and 48. 26. and 51. 34. north latitude. It extends over 15,466 square miles, comprehending sixty-eight cities and towns, and 1304 parishes, with several villages and hamlets in each. The inhabitants are 994,830. It is divided into twelve circles, receiving the name of the chief towns in it. It is generally a level district, with undulations of hills proceeding from the Carpathian Mountains, whose elevations in this province are inconsiderable. There are many pleasant spots, though none very striking; but the whole face of the country has a monotonous appearance. The soil is generally favourable to cultivation, and yields corn more than sufficient for consumption, so as to have 1,000,000 quarters annually for the supply of less productive districts. It yields abundant crops of hemp, flax, and tobacco. The cattle are numerous, and many are sold to Germany, Austria, and the internal provinces, to improve the breed. There are no mines. Much spirit is distilled from grain, which, with coarse cloth, soap, and leather, forms the chief branch of trade. The principal river, the Dnieper, receives the waters of the smaller rivers, and conveys them to the Black Sea. The capital, Kiew, is on the Dnieper, is the seat of an archbishop, and has a cathedral, twenty-five other churches, an ecclesiastical seminary or college, and other public institutions. It contains 3728 houses, in narrow and winding streets, and about 40,000 inhabitants. Long. 30. 22. 25. E. Lat. 50. 26. 19. N.
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KILDERKIN, a liquid measure, containing two firkins.
KILGERRAN, a town of Pembrokeshire, in South Wales, 231 miles from London, on the river Tivi. It is a corporate town, and had once a market, which has been discontinued. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 854, in 1811 to 769, in 1821 to 862, and in 1831 to 879.
KILKARY, a town of Hindustan, on the sea-coast of the Carnatic, and district of Mina was, 127 miles north-east from Cape Comorin. Long. 78. 53. E. Lat. 9. 15. N.
KILLALA, a town of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, situated on a fine bay of the Atlantic, to which it gives name. There are here some small manufactures, but it is chiefly noted as being the place where the French landed in 1798, and of which they kept possession for about a month. It is 192 miles north-west from Dublin. Long. 9. 8. W. Lat. 54. 13. N.
KILLALOE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, situated on the western bank of the Shannon, over which there is a bridge of nineteen arches. It is an old town, and possesses little or no trade; but there is a water communication with Dublin by means of a canal. Killaloe lies eleven miles north-north-east of Limerick.
KILLARNEY, a small town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry. It is a neat, thriving, and well-built place, much frequented on account of the lakes in its vicinity, for a description of which see the article Kerry.
KILLOUGH, a considerable village of Ireland, in the county of Down, pleasantly situated on the sea-shore,, with a good quay, and a fine, safe harbour. Long. 5. 38. W. Lat. 54. 15. N.
KILMALLUCK, a town of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, which some centuries ago was one of the best-built inland towns of Ireland, and made a conspicuous figure in the annals of Irish warfare. Its former splendour is indicated by ruins on a pretty large scale; but, of the monasteries, churches, and other buildings, only one street entire remains, inhabited by very poor people. It is situated twenty miles south from Limerick.
KILN, a stove used in the manufacture of various articles; or a fabric formed for admitting heat, in order to dry or burn materials placed in it to undergo such operations.
KILSYTH, a village in the southern part of Scotland. It is situated on the public road, twelve and a half miles from Glasgow, eleven and a half from Falkirk, [7:12:720]and sixteen from Stirling. It is a straggling, irregularly built, but populous place, containing upwards of 2000 inhabitants, who are chiefly engaged in weaving for the Glasgow manufacturers. Kilsyth is a burgh of barony, with the privilege of holding five annual fairs. Besides the parish church, there is a relief meeting-house. Kilsyth is commemorated in Scottish history by having given its name to the victory which the Marquis of Montrose gained over General Baillie in the year 1645.
KILWINNING, an ancient, and now a considerable and thriving town of Scotland, in the county of Ayr. It is situated on a rising ground about two miles from the sea, three miles north-north-west of Irvine, and three north-east of Saltcoats. Kilwinning consists chiefly of one main street, with several small lanes or alleys, together with a few rows of modern bouses. It depends principally on the weaving and manufacture of gauzes, muslins, and the like, for the Glasgow and Paisley markets. The parish church stands amongst the few remaining fragments of the once splendid abbey from which the town is supposed to have taken its origin. There are, besides, two dissenting meeting-houses. The population may amount to about 1500.
KIMBOLTON, a market-town of the county ofHunting-don, in the hundred of Leightonstone, 65 miles from London. It stands on a rich and fertile plain, is tolerably well built, and has a small market on Friday. It belongs chiefly to the Duke of Manchester, whose magnificent seat near it has long been celebrated, and, by its architecture, its decorations, and its paintings, is an object of great attention. It was the residence of Catherine of Aragon, after her divorce from FIenry VIII. The population amounted in 1801 to 1226, in 1811 to 1400, in 1821 to 1562, and in 1831 to 1584.
KIMCHI, David, a Jewish rabbi, famous as a commentator on the Old Testament, who lived at the close of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century. He was a Spaniard by birth, son of Rabbi Joseph Kimchi, and brother of Rabbi Moses Kimchi, both men of eminent learning amongst the Jews; but he excelled them both, being the best Hebrew grammarian the Jews ever could boast of. He wrote a Grammar and Dictionary of the Hebrew language, from the former of which Buxtorf compiled his Thesaurus Linguae ĩlebreae, and from the latter his Lexico Linguae Hebreoe. His writings have been held in such estimation amongst the Jew's, that no one can arrive at any reputation in letters and theology without studying them.
KIMEDY, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, 83 miles south-west from Ganjam. Long. 84. 11. E. Lat. 18. 48. N.
KINATOOR, a small town of Hindustan, in the Carnatic, in which is a Hindu temple, 222 feet in height. Long. 79. 19. E. Lat. 18. 48. N.
KINCARDINE, a considerable and thriving town in the southern part of Perthshire, situated on the shore of the Frith of Forth, at the distance of five miles east from Alloa, four west from Culross, ten from Dunfermline, and twenty-two from Perth. Formerly there were a number of salt-works here, and at one time this place was called West Pans; but the manufactories are now gone, and the name is out of use. The bouses of Kincardine are well built, but the streets are narrow and irregular. The seaport is one of the most thriving on the Forth, having now a good quay and harbour, and there being a considerable trade in the building of vessels, chiefly for coasting. There are upwards of fifty ship-owners, amongst whom a company has been formed for mutual insurance of their vessels, thus affording protection against individual loss at sea. In the town there are works for making sails and ropes, and a brewery. Distillation is carried on at Tulliallan, in the neighbourhood. Kincardine is a burgh of barony, under the government of several bailies. A fair is held here on the last Friday of July. The established church is at Tulliallan, but there is a dissenting meeting-house in the town. The population in 1821 amounted to 2500, and in 1831 to 1887.
KINDRED, in Law, persons related to one another, of whom the law reckons three degrees or lines, viz. the descending, ascending, and collateral line.
KINETON, a market-town of the county of Warwick, in the hundred of Kington, eighty-four miles from London, situated at the foot of Edgehill, where a battle was fought between Charles the First and the parliament army. The market is held on Tuesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 779, in 1811 to 800, in 1821 to 782, and in 1831 to 820, making, with the annexed chapelry of Combrook, 1102.
KINGSBRIDGE, a town of the county of Devon, in the hundred of Stanborough, 207 miles from London. It stands at the mouth of Salcomb River, over which is a bridge. It has a good market, which is held on Saturday, is neat and well built, and has a grammar-school endowed. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1117, in 1811 to 1253, in 1821 to 1430, and in 1831 to 1586.
KINGSBURY, a large parish of the county of Somerset, in the hundred of East Kingsbury, 128 miles from London. It is chiefly agricultural, with some few linen manufactures. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1134, in 1811 to 1181, in 1821 to 1470, and in 1831 to İ695.
KINGSCLERE, a town of the county of Hants, in the hundred of the same name, fifty-four miles from London. There is a good market, which is held on Tuesday. The chief trade is in malting for the London brewers. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1939, in 1811 to 1863, in 1821 to 2296, and in 1831 to 2532, and with the chapelries of Ecchinswβll and Sidmonton, 3151.
KING’S-LANGLEY, a town of the hundred of Dacorum, in the county of Hertford, twenty miles from London. It stands near the river Colne, and was formerly the residence of Henry III. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 970, in 1811 to 1108, in 1821 to 1242, and in 1831 to 1423.
KING’S-NORTON, a parish of the county of Worcester, in the hundred of Halfshire, 116 miles from London. It is on the Stratford-on-Avon Canal, four miles from Birmingham, and participates in some branches of the trade of that town. It has now no market, though one was formerly held. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2807, in 1811 to 3068, in 1821 to 3651, and in 1831 to 3977.
KINGSTANLEY, a town in the county of Gloucester, in the hundred of Whitestone, 105 miles from London. It was formerly a borough, and anciently the residence of the Saxon king of Mercia. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1434, in 1811 to 1722, in 1821 to 2269, and in 1831 to 2438.
KING’S-TEIGNTON, a town of the hundred of Teignbridge, in the county of Devon, 185 miles from London. It is chiefly agricultural. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 856, in 1811 to 1001, in 1821 to 1131, and in 1831 to 1288.
KINGSTON, a town of the hundred of the same name, in the county of Surrey, ten miles from London. It is sometimes called, to distinguish it, Kingston-on-Thames, as it is situated on the right bank of that river, over which there is a handsome bridge, lately erected. It is one of the three county towns of Surrey. The spring assizes are held at it, as well as the sessions; and there is a large county jail. It is a corporate town, governed by bailiffs, a recorder, and justices. Formerly two members were returned to parliament. This place is supposed to have been the residence of one of the Saxon kings, and to have derived its name from that circumstance. There is but little trade except that of making malt, but there is a good market on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3793, in 1811 to 4144, in 1821 to 4908, and in 1831 to 5989.