pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DITHYRAMBUS, in ancient poetry, a hymn in honour of Baechus, full of transport and poetical rage.

This poetry owes its birth to Greece, and to the transports of wine; and yet art is not quite exploded, but delicately applied to guide and restrain the dithyrambie impetuosity, which is indulged only in pleasing flights. Horace and Aristotle tell us that the ancients gave the name of dithyrambus to those verses in which none of the common rules or measures were observed. As w e have now no remains of the dithyrambus of the ancients, we cannot say exactly what this measure was.
DITONE, in Mzisic, an interval comprehending two tones. The proportion of the sounds which form the ditone is 4: 5, and that of the semitone is 5: 6.
DITRIHEDRIA, in Mineralogy, an old term expressive of crystals with twice three sides, or six planes, being formed of two trigonal pyramids joined base to base without any intermediate prism.
DITTFURT, a market-town of the Prussian province of Saxony, situated on the river Bode, with 1797 inhabitants, who cultivate much flax, and conduct some tanneries.
DITTEAH, a town and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Bundeleund. It is populous and well built, about a mile and a half long, and nearly as much in breadth. The houses are chiefly constructed of stone covered with tiles. It is surrounded by a stone wall, and furnished with gates. Without the tow n is the rajah’s palace, standing on an eminence, and commanding a very extensive prospect, including a handsome lake. It is an ancient place, having been in the rajah’s family for several centuries. The surrounding district yields a revenue of between L.12,000 and L∙15,000 sterling per annum. On the cession of Bundeleund by the peshwa to the British in 1804, the rajah of Ditteah joined the British standard, and a treaty was concluded with him, by which he was confirmed in the possession of his ancient inheritance. Long. 78. 32. E. Lat. 25. 43. N.
DITTO, in books of accounts, usually written D o , signifies the afore mentioned. The word is corrupted from the Italian detto, the said; as in our law phrase, “the said premises,” meaning the same as were afore mentioned.
DIU, a celebrated island and fortress of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat. It is six and a half miles long by one and a half broad, is nearly barren, and contains no good water, excepting what is collected in ponds during the rainy weather. It owes its fame to a noted Hindu temple, which rose to great celebrity, and was reckoned one of the richest places of the East. In the year 1025, Sultan Mahmood of Ghizni having overrun the province, entered the island, which is separated from the main land by a narrow strait only fordable at low water, and having taken the temple, broke the image in pieces, and found in it jewels to an incredible amount, and immense treasures also in the temple. In 1815 the Portuguese gained possession of Diu. They immediately commenced fortifying it, and in ten years rendered it impregnable against all the powers of India. It soon became a place of great trade and commerce, and was the harbour in which the fleets were laid up in winter. But with the decline of the Portuguese power it fell into decay, and was finally plundered by the Arabs of Muscat in 1670. It has since dwindled into insignificance, and has now little or no commerce. Long. 71. E. Lat. 20. 43. N.
DIVAL, in Heraldry, the herb nightshade, used by such as blazon by flowers and herbs, instead of colours and metals, for sable or black.
DIVALIA, in Antiquity, a feast held among the ancient Romans, on the 21st day of December, in honour of the goddess Angerona; whence it is called Angeronalia. On the day of this feast, the pontifices performed sacrifice in the temple of Voluptia, or the goddess of joy and pleasure, who, some say, was the same with Angerona, and supposed to drive away all the sorrows and chagrins of life.
DIVAN, a council chamber or court of justice amongst the eastern nations, particularly the Turks. The word is Arabic, and signifies the same with sofa in the Turkish dialect.

The word is also used for a hall in the private houses of the orientals. The custom of China does not allow the receiving of visits in the inner parts of the house, but only at the entry, in a divan contrived on purpose for ceremonies.
DIVANDUROW, the name of seven islands which lie about a league north of the Maldives, and twenty-four from the coast of Malabar, almost opposite to Cananor.
DIVERGENT, or Diverging Lines, in Geometry, are those which constantly recede from each other.

Divergent Rays, in Optics, are those which, going from a point of tl⅜ visible object, are dispersed, and continually depart one from another in proportion as they are removed from the object; in which sense it is opposed to convergent.
DIVERSIFYING, in Rhetoric, is of infinite service to the orator; it is an accomplishment essential to his character, and may fitly be called the subject of all his tropes and figures. Vossius lays down six ways of diversifying a subject: 1. By enlarging on what was briefly mentioned before; 2. by a concise enumeration of what had been insisted on at length; 3. by adding something new to what is repeated; 4. by repeating only the principal heads of what had been said; 5. by transposing the words and periods; 6. by imitating them.
DIVERSION, in military affairs, is when an enemy is attacked in one place where they are w cak and unprovided, in order to draw off their forces from another place where they have made, or intend to make, an irruption.
DIVESTING properly signifies undressing or stripping off one’s garment, in contradistinction to investing. In law it is used for the act of surrendering or relinquishing one’s effects. By a contract of donation or sale, the donor or seller is said to be disseised and divested of his property in such a commodity, and the donee or purchaser becomes invested therewith. A demise is a general divestiture which the fathers and mothers make of all their effects in favour of their children.
DIVINE, something relating to God. The word is also used figuratively for any thing that is excellent, extraordinary, and that seems to go beyond the power of nature and the capacity of mankind.
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DIVINITY properly signifies the nature, quality, and essence of God.

Divinity is also used in the same sense with theology.
DIVUS, Diva, in Antiquity, appellations given to men and women who had been deified, or placed in the number of the gods.

Hence it is that upon medals struck on the consecration of an emperor or empress, they have the title of divus or dirai thus, DIVUS JULIUS, DIVO ANTONINO PIO, DI VO PIO, DIVO CLAUDIO, DIVA FAUSTINA AUG. and so on.
DIXMUYDEN, a city, having been formerly fortified, in the province of West Flanders, and circle of Fumes. It is situated on a rich soil on the river Yser, and the butter is considered the best in Flanders. It has 2563 inhabitants.
DIZIER, St, a city of the department of the Upper Marne, in France, on the river Marne. It is a fortified place, well built, situated in a pleasing district, and contains 816 houses, and 5640 inhabitants, some of whom find employment in building vessels from wood, which is abundant near to the city.
DJEBAIL, a town of Syria, situated on an eminence near the sea, two miles north of the river Ibrahim, which is crossed by a bridge of a single arch, fifty paces wide, and of light architecture. The Arabs established themselves here under the caliphate of Omar, and it is conjectured that the bridge was built by them. The crusaders in 1100 took possession of the town, which, after some vicissitudes, remained subject to them during their sway in the East. There was formerly a harbour, now almost obliterated. This town occupies the site of the ancient Biblos. The population is 6000.
DJEZIZA OMELMELECK, a sandy islet of the Red Sea, two miles from the Arabian shore. Here a singular bank is seen, in which all stages of petrifaction are observed in the course of a few feet from the sand. It is calcareous, and exceedingly white. The island is covered with plants. Lat. 25. 15. N.
DJIDEIDA, a town of Arabia, in the province of Heds-jaz, situated in a valley. The houses are very low, and constructed of stone without cement. It is twenty-eight leagues east-south-east from Yeuboa.
DMITRIEW, a circle in the Russian government of Kursk, bounded on the north and west by Orel, on the east by Fatesch, and on the south by Lgow. It is watered by the rivers Swapa, Usoscha, and numerous small streamlets, and is very productive of corn, potatoes, and hops. The inhabitants are about 96,000, in two cities and 138 villages, with sixty-five churches. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the Swapa, but does not contain more than 1000 souls. Long. 35. 44. E. Lat. 52. 7. N.
DMITROW, a circle in the Russian government of Moscow, bounded on the north by Twer, on the east by Wladimir, on the south-east by Bogorodsk, on the southwest by Swenigorod, and on the west by Klin. It extends over 980 square miles, or 619,520 English acres, of which nearly one half is covered with wood. It contains 58,240 inhabitants, living in one city and in 463 villages, distributed in seventy-five parishes. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Jachroma, at its junction with the Neteka. It contains 594 houses, and 2950 inhabitants, who carry on some trade by the rivers that pass near it. Long. 37. 30. E. Lat. 56. 18. N.
DMITROWSK, a circle in the Russian government of Orel, south-east from that city. It is watered by the river Narusa, and consists chiefly of good arable land, which is celebrated for its production of hemp. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the Osche-riza, which contains 600 houses and 3400 inhabitants. It was originally a colony of Greeks, Moldavians, and Wallachians, induced to settle here by Prince Kantern, to whom the land belonged, and it was first incorporated as a city in 1778. Long. 37. 12. E. Lat. 52. 25. N.
DO, in Music, a note of the Italian scale, corresponding to ut of the common gamut. See Music.
DOAB. This term in Hindustan means any tract of country included between two rivers. It should properly include all the territory between the Jumna and the Ganges; but it is usually restricted to the southern portion of it, for the most part comprehended in the province of Agra. This country is of a fertile soil, and yields a large return to the cultivator. It produces mullet, sugar cane, and barley, and is peculiarly adapted for indigo, which grows here in a wild state. Tobacco has also been introduced by the Europeans, and thrives well. The climate during the rainy season is exceedingly hot, and during the winter is only cool in the morning. The country was once in a high state of cultivation; and the remains of former prosperity arc everywhere seen amidst the extensive wastes and jungles which now occupy a large portion of the surface. The tranquillity which it has enjoyed under the dominion of the British is highly favourable toits improvement. By a treaty concluded with Scindia in 1803, the forts and territories of the Doab between the Jumna and the Ganges were ceded to the British ∙, and the southern part of the Doab was ceded in 1801 by the reigning nabob.
DOABEH Barry is a district of Hindustan, in the [7:8:74]province of Lahore, situated between the Beyah and Ravey rivers, and between the thirtieth and thirty-first degrees of north latitude. Doabeh Jallinder is a large district in the Darne province, between the Sutlege and Beyah rivers, and for the most part between the thirtieth and thirty-first degrees of north latitude.
DOBBERAN, a town in the duehy of Mecklenburg Sehwerin, the capital of a district of the same name, which comprises two towns, three parishes, and several hamlets, with 8800 inhabitants. The town is a mile from the Baltic, and is much frequented by visitors, on account of its sulphureous natural baths, and for the advantage of seabathing. The reigning duke makes it his residence in the bathing season, and has constructed appropriate buildings for the accommodation of the company that resort to it. It is about six miles from Rostock. The regular residents are between 1400 and 1500, but the summer visitors more numerous.
DOBRUSHKA, or Dobruska, a town in the Austrian kingdom of Bohemia, in the circle of Kò’nigingratz, the residence of the princes Colloredo. It has much trade in corn, flax, and yarn, which are largely sold at its weekly market. It contained, in 1819, about 400 houses and 1893 inhabitants.
DOBSCHAU, a town of Hungary, in the province of Hither Theis. It is situated on the banks of the Dobsina. It is the chief place of the mining district Rosneau, in which are extracted iron, copper, cobalt, and mereury. In the neighbourhood asbestos and granite are found. It contains one Catholic and one Lutheran church, with about 500 houses and 4000 inhabitants, mostly Germans, who find employment in manufacturing the metals.
DOBSON, William, an English portrait and historical painter, born at London in 1610. He served an apprenticeship to one Peck, a stationer and picture dealer; and owed his improvement to the copying of some pictures of Titian and Vandyek, whose manner he always retained. He had further obligations to the latter of these artists; for it is said that a picture of his painting being exposed at a shop on Snow-hill, Vandyek, happening to pass by, was struek with it exceedingly, and having inquired after the author, found him at work in a poor garret. Vandyek had the generosity to equip him in a manner suitable to his merit. He presented him to King Charles I. who took him under his protection, kept him at Oxford all the time his majesty continued in thateity, and not only sat to him several times for his own picture, but caused the Prince of Wales, Prince Rupert, and indeed most of the lords of his court, to do so likewise. Mr Dobson, however, being somewhat loose and irregular in his way of life, was far from improving the many opportunities he had of making his fortune, and died very poor, in 1647, at his house in St Martin’s Lane.
DOBUNI, or Boduni, an ancient people of Britain, who possessed the territory which now forms the counties of Oxford and Gloucester. Both the names of this British nation seem to have been derived from the low situation of a great part of the country which they inhabited; for both Duvn and Ι3odun signify deep or low in the ancient language of Gaul and Britain. The Dobuni are not mentioned among the British nations who resisted the Romans under Julius Caesar, which was probably owing to the distance of their country from the scene of action; and before the next invasion under Claudius, they had been so much oppressed by their ambitious neighbours the Cattivellaunĩ, that they submitted with pleasure to the Romans, in order to be delivered from that oppression. Cogidunus, who was at that time prince of the Dobuni, recommended himself so effectually to the favour of the Emperor Claudius, by his ready submission, and other means, that he was not only continued in the government of his own territories, but had some other states put under his authority. This prince lived so long, and remained so steady a friend and ally to the Romans, that his subjects, being habituated to obedience in his time, never revolted, nor stood in need of many forts or forces to keep them in subjection. This is certainly the reason why we meet with so few Roman towns and stations in the country anciently inhabited by the Dobuni. The Durocorno-vium of Antoninus, and the Corinium of Ptolemy, are believed by antiquaries to have been the same place, namely, the capital of the Dobuni, and situated at Cireneester, in Gloucestershire, where there are still many marks of a Roman station. Clevum or Glevum, in the thirteenth iter of Antoninus, stood where the city of Gloucester now stands; and Abone, in the fourteenth iter, was probably situated at Avinton on the Severn. The country of the Dobuni was comprehended in the Roman province Britannia Prima.
DOCETAE (from tiω%t∕v, to appear), in Ecclesiastical History, the followers of Julius Cassianus, one of the Valentinian sect, towards the close of the second century, who revived a notion which had been adopted by a branch of the Gnostics, against whom St John, Ignatius, and Polycarp, had asserted the truth of the inearnation. They, as their name imports, believed and taught that the actions and sufferings of Jesus Christ were not real, but only apparent.
DOCIMASIA, or Dokimasia, in Greek antiquity, a probation of the magistrates and persons employed in public business at Athens. It was performed pubicll in the forum, where they were obliged to give an account of themselves and of their past lives before certain judges. Amongst the questions proposed to them was, whether they had been dutiful to their parents, had served in the wars, and had a competent estate.
DOCIMASTIC, or Dokimastic, Art, a name given to the art of trying, by operations in small, the nature and quantity of metallic or other matters which may be obtained from mineral or other compound bodies.
DOCIMENUM Marmor, a name given by the ancients to a species of marble, of a bright and clear white, which was much used in large and sumptuous buildings, such as temples and the like. It derived its name from Do-cimenos, a city of Phrygia, afterwards called Synaia, near which it was quarried, and whence it was conveyed to Rome. It was accounted little inferior to the Parian in colour, but not capable of so elegant a polish; and hence it was less used by the statuaries, or in other smaller works. The Emperor Hadrian is said to have used this marble in building the temple of Jupiter; and many of the great works of the Romans are constructed of the same materials.
DOCK, in the manège, is used for a large case of leather, as long as the dock of a horse’s tail, which serves it for a cover. The French call the dock trousse-queue. It is made fast by straps to the crupper, and has leathern thongs which pass between the thighs, and along the flanks of the animal, to the saddle straps, in order to keep the tail tight, and to prevent it from whisking about.
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DOCTOR, a person who has passed all the degrees of a faculty, and is empowered to teach or practise the same. Thus we say, doctor in divinity, doctor in physic, doctor of laws.

The establishment of the doctorate, as now in use amongst us, is ordinarily attributed to Irnerius, who himself drew up the formulary. The first ceremony of this kind was performed at Bologna, in the person of Bulgarus, who began to profess the Roman law, and on that occasion was solemnly promoted to the doctorate, that is, installed juris utriusque doctor. But the custom was soon transferred from the faculty of law to that of theology; the first instance of which was given in the university of Paris, where Peter Lombard and Gilbert de la Portree, the two leading divines of those days, were created doctors in theology, sacree theologiae doctores.

Spelman conceives the title of doctor not to have commenced till after the publication of Lombard’s sentences, about the year 1140. Others, however, go much higher, holding Bede to have been the first doctor at Cambridge, and John de Beverley at Oxford, where the latter died in the year 721. But Spelman contends that doctor was not the name of any title or degree in England till the reign of King John, that is, about the year 1207. As to the qualifications or course of study necessary to obtain the degree of doctor in the different faculties of theology, law, and medicine, see the article Universities. Doctor of the Law, a title of honour among the Jews. The investiture, if we may so speak, of this order, was performed by putting a key and a table book in their hands; and this is what some authors imagine our Saviour had in view (Luke, xi. 52) when, speaking of the doctors of the law, he says, “Wo unto you, lawyers! for ye have taken away the key of knowledge; ye enter not in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered.”

Doctor of the Church, a title given to certain of the fathers whose doctrines and opinions have been the most generally followed and authorized. We usually reckon four doctors of the Greek church and three of the Latin. The former are, St Athanasius, St Basil, St Gregory Nazianzen, and St Chrysostom; the latter are St Jerome, St Augustin, and Gregory the Great. In the Roman breviary there is a particular office for the doctors, which only differs from that of the confessors by the anthem of the Magnificat and the lessons.

Doctor is also an appellation adjoined to a specific epithet, expressing the merit of some eminent schoolman. Thus, Alexander Hales is called the irrefragable doctor; Thomas Aquinas, the angelic doctor; St Bonaventure, the seraphic doctor; John Duns Scotus, the subtile doctor[7:8:89]; Raimond Lully, the illuminated doctor; Roger Bacon, the admirable doctor; and so of the rest.

Doctor (∆∕δαtfκαλoς), in the Greek church, is a particular officer, appointed to interpret portions of the Scriptures. He who interprets the gospels is called doctor of the Gospel ; he who interprets St Paul’s Epistles, doctor of the Apostles ; he who interprets the Psalms, doctor of the Psalter.
DOCUMENT, in Law·, some written monument produced in proof or support of any thing asserted.
DODD, Dr William, an unfortunate English divine, eldest son of the Rev. William Dodd, many years vicar of Bourne, in Lincolnshire, was born in May 1729. He was sent, at the age of sixteen, to the university of Cambridge, where he was admitted a sizar of Clare-Hall in the year 1745. In 1750 he took the degree of B. A. with credit, being upon that occasion in the list of wranglers. On leaving the university, he imprudently married a Miss Mary Perkins in 1751, was ordained a deacon the same year, and priest in 1753, and soon became a popular and celebrated preacher. His first preferment was the lectureship of West-Ham and Bow. In 1754 he was also chosen lecturer of St Olave’s, Hart Street; and in 1757 he took the degree of A. Μ. at Cambridge. He was a strenuous supporter of the Magdalen Hospital, which was founded in 1758, and soon-afterwards became preacher at the chapel of that charity. By the patronage of Bishop Squire, he in 1763 obtained a prebend at Brecon; and by the interest of some city friends got himself appointed one of the king’s chaplains; soon after which the education of the Earl of Chesterfield was committed to his care. In 1766 he went to Cambridge and took the degree of LL.D. At this period, the estimation in which he was held by the world was sufficient to give him the expectation of preferment, and hopes of riches and honour; and these lie might probably have realised had he possessed a portion of common prudence and discretion. But, impatient of his situation, and eager for advancement, he unhappily fell upon means which in the end proved the occasion of his ruin. On the living of St George, Hanover Square, becoming vacant, he wrote an anonymous letter to the chancellor’s lady, offering three thousand guineas if, by her assistance, he was promoted to the benefice. This letter having been traced to him, a complaint was immediately made to the king, and Dr Dodd was dismissed with disgrace from his office of chaplain. From this period he lived neglected, if not despised; and as his extravagance still continued, he soon became involved in difficulties, which tempted him to forge a bond on his late pupil Lord Chesterfield, for L.4200, which he actually received. But he was detected, committed to prison, tried at the Old Bailey, found guilty, received sentence of death, and, in spite of numerous applications for mercy, executed at Tyburn on the 27th of June 1777. Dr Dodd was a voluminous writer, and possessed considerable abilities, with but little judgment and much vanity. An accurate list of his various writings is prefixed to his Thoughts in Prison, 1781.