pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
HUTCHINSON, John, a philosophical writer, whose notions have made no inconsiderable noise in the world, was born in 1674. He served the Duke of Somerset in the capacity of steward, and in the course of his travels from place to place employed himself in collecting fossils. We are even told that the large and noble collection bequeathed by Dr Woodward to the university of Cambridge was actually made by him, and even unfairly obtained from him. When he left the duke’s service to indulge his studies with more freedom, the duke, then master of the horse to George I. made him his riding surveyor, a kind of sinecure place of L.200 a year, with a good house in the Meuse. In 1724 he published the first part of Moses’s Principia, in which he ridiculed Dr Woodward’s Natural History of the Earth, and attacked the doctrine of gravitation established in Newton’s Principia. In 1727 he published a second part of Moses’s Principia, containing the principles of the Scriptural Philosophy. From this time till his death he published a volume every year or two, which, with the manuscripts he left behind him, were published in 1748, in twelve vols. 8vo. On the Monday before his death, Dr Mead urged him to be bled, saying pleasantly, “I will soon send you to Moses,” meaning to his studies; but Mr Hutchinson taking it in the literal sense, answered in a muttering tone, “I believe, doctor, you will,” and was so displeased that he dismissed him for another physician, but he died in a few days afterwards, on the 28th of August 1737. Singular as his notions appear, they are not without some defenders, who have obtained the appellation of Hutchinsonians. The reader may find a distinct and comprehensive account of the Hutchinsonian system in a book entitled Thoughts concerning Religion, printed at Edinburgh in 1743; and in a letter to a bishop, annexed to it, first printed in 1732.
HUTTANY, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, and province of Bejapoor. It is large and populous, and has an extensive commerce with Bombay, Surat, Rachore, &c. It possesses a small stone citadel, and is enclosed with a rampart and a ditch. It has also a large and excellent place of accommodation for travellers, built of free stone, which is capable of lodging 500 travellers. It formerly belonged to the Mahommedan king of Bejapoor, but was taken by the Mahrattas about the middle of the seventeenth century. It was retaken by the Mahommedans in 1679, when many of the inhabitants were carried into captivity and sold as slaves. After the death of Aurungzebe it again fell into the hands of the Mahrattas. Long. 75. 20. E. Lat. 16. 59. N.
HUY, a town of the Netherlands, in the province of Liege, the capital of a circle of the same name. It has a very strong fortress, commanding the passage over the river Meuse, to which the great road leads. It is surrounded with vineyards, and is the seat of some manufactures, and it contains 800 houses, with 5647 inhabitants. Long. 4. 12. E. Lat. 50. 31. N.
HUYSUM, the name of several Dutch painters. The most celebrated of these was John, whose subjects were flowers, fruit, and landscapes. He was born at Amsterdam in 1682, and was a disciple of Justus van Huysum, his father. He set out in his profession with a most commendable principle, not so much to paint for the acquisition of money, as of fame; and therefore he did not aim at expedition, but at delicacy, and strove, if possible, to arrive at perfection in his art. Having studied the pictures of Mignon, and all other artists of distinction who had painted in his own style, he tried which manner would soonest lead him to imitate the beauties of each flower, fruit, or plant, and then fixed upon a manner peculiar to himself, and which seems almost inimitable. His pictures are finished with inconceivable truth; for he painted every thing after nature, and was so singularly exact as to watch even the hour of the day in which his model appeared in its greatest perfection. By some persons he was thought to paint with greater freedom than Mignon or Breughel; with more tenderness and nature than Mario da Fiori, Michel Angelo di Campidoglio, or Segers; with more mellowness than De Heem; and with greater force of colouring than Baptist. At length his reputation rose so high, that he fixed immoderate prices on his works; so that none but princes, or those possessed of princely fortunes, could pretend to become purchasers. The large sums which Van Huysum received for his works caused him to redouble his endeavours to excel; no person was admitted into his room whilst he was painting, not even his brothers; and his method of mixing the tints, and preserving the lustre of his colours, he kept an mpenetrable secret. From the same principle, he would never take any disciples, excepting one lady, named Haverman; and he even grew envious of her merit. By several domestic disquiets his temper became changed, and he grew morose, fretful, and apt to withdraw himself from society. There were many who envied his fame, but he continued to work, and his reputation never diminished. It is universally agreed that he excelled all who painted fruit and flowers before him, by the superiority of his touch, the delicacy of his pencil, and an amazing skill in finishing; nor does it appear probable that any future artist will ever become his competitor. Besides his merit as a painter of flowers, he also painted landscapes with great applause. They are well composed; and althougn he had never seen Rome, he adorned his scenes with the noble remains of ancient magnificence preserved in that city. His pictures in this style are well coloured, and every tree is distinguished by a touch that is proper for the leafing. The grounds are well broken, and disposed with taste and judgment; the figures are designed in the manner of Lairesse, highly finished, and touched with a great deal of spirit; and through the whole composition the scene represents Italy, in the trees, the clouds, and the skies. He died in 1749, at the age of sixty-seven.
HYACINTHUS, a son of Amyclas and of Diomede (Apollodor. iii. 10, 3), or of Pierus and of Clio (i. 3, 3), beloved by Apollo and. Zephyrus. He gave the preference to the former, and whilst they were amusing themselves at quoit, Zephyrus in revenge blew the quoit which Apollo had thrown, on the forehead of Hyacinthus, and he was killed by the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the loss of Hyacinthus that he changed his blood into a flower of the same name, and on the petals engraved the exclamation A∕, alas. (Paus. iii. 19, 1.)
HYADES, nymphs, daughters of Atlas and Aethra (Ovid), of Erechtheus, king of Athens (Eurip.), of Hyas and Bacotia (Hygin.) Their number and names are uncertain, but generally they are either seven or six, and they are called, Cisseis, Nysa, Erato, Eriphia, Bromie, Poly-hymno; or, if they are seven, Ambrosia, Eudora, Phaesole, Coronis, Polyxo, Phaeo, Thyone. At their death they were changed into stars, and placed on the head of Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. They were supposed to preside over rain (hence the name, from ιω, to rain), because the rising and setting of the Hyades was always attended with much rain. (Ovid. Fast. 5, S J.65; Cic. de Nat. Deor. 43.) The Latins called them suculoe, swine, because they were so ignorant of the Greek language that they imagined the Greek word to be derived from υς, a sow. (Gell, xiii. 9. Plin. ii. 39.; xviii. 26.)
HYBLA, in Ancient Geography, called also Megara, which last name it took from the Megareans, who led thither a colony. In Strabo’s time Megara was extinct; but the name Hybla remained on account of the excellent honey which takes its name from this place. It was situated upon the east coast of Sicily, between Syracuse and the Leontines. The Hyblaei colies, small eminences at the springs of the Alabus, near this place, were famous for their variety of flowers, and especially thyme; the honey gathered from which was by the ancients reckoned the best in the world, excepting that of Hymettus in Attica.
HYBRIDA Planta, a monstrous production of two different species of plants, analogous to a mule amongst animals. The seeds of hybrid plants will not propagate.
HYBRISTIUA (of vβξtς, injuria), in Antiquity, a solemn feast held amongst the Greeks, with sacrifices and other ceremonies, at which the men attended in the apparel of women, and the women in that of men, to do honour to Venus in quality either of a god or a goddess, or both. But, according to the account given by others, the hybris-tica was a feast celebrated at Argos, in which the women, being dressed like men, insulted their husbands, and treated them with all marks of superiority, in memory of the Argive dames having anciently defended their country with singular courage against Cleomenes and Demaratus. Plutarch speaks of this feast in his treatise of the great actions of women. The name, he observes, signifies infamy, and is well accommodated to the occasion, in which the women strutted about in men’s clothes, whilst the men were obliged to dangle in petticots.
HYDERBUNGE, a populous village of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore, dependent on Attack, and situated at a short distance from the Indus. Long. 71. 25. E. Lat. 33. 20. N.
HYDERGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the nabob of Oude’s territories, thirty-two miles south-east from Lucknow. Long. 81. 23. E. Lat. 26. 37. N.
HYDERSHY, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the nizam, in the province of Hyderabad, sixty miles east from the city of Hyderabad. Long. 79. 35. E. Lat. 17. 24. N.
HYDRA, in fabulous history, a serpent in the marsh of Lerna, in Peloponnesus, represented by the poets with many heads, one of which being cut off, another immediately succeeded in its place, unless the wound was instantly cauterized. Hercules attacked this monster; and having caused Iolaus to hew down wood for flaming brands, as he cut off the heads he applied the brands to the wounds, by which means he destroyed the hydra. This hydra with many heads is said to have been only a multitude of serpents, which infested the marshes of Lerna near Mycene, and which seemed to multiply as fast as they were destroyed. Hercules, with the assistance of his companions, cleared the country of these reptiles, by burning the reeds in which they lodged.

Hydra, in Astronomy, a southern constellation, consisting of a number of stars, imagined to represent a water serpent.
HYDRAGOGUES, amongst physicians, remedies which evacuate a large quantity of water in dropsies. The word is formed from uδωg, water, and aγuv, to draw or lead ; but the application of the term proceeds upon a mistaken supposition that every purgative had some particular humour which it would evacuate, and which could not be evacuated by any other. It is now, however, discovered that all strong purgatives will themselves prove hydragogues, if administered in large quantity, or to persons of weak constitutions. The principal medicines recommended as hydragogues are, the juice of elder, the root of the iris, soldanella, mecħoacan, jalap, &c.
HYDRARGYRUM, a name given to mercury or quicksilver. The word is formed from uδωg, aqua, water, and agyugsj, argentum, silver, water of silver, on account of its resembling liquid or melted silver.
HYDRAULICS, the science of the motion of fluids, and the construction of all kinds of machines relating thereto. See Hydrodynamics.
HYDRENTEROCELE, in Surgery, a species of hernia, in which the intestines descend into the scrotum, together with a quantity of water.
HYDROCEPHALUS, a preternatural distension of the head by a stagnation and extravasation of the lymph, which, when collected in the inside of the cranium, is termed internal, as that collected on the outside is termed external. See Medicine, Index.
HYDROGRAPHICAL Charts or Maps, usually called sea-charts, are projections of some part of the sea or coast, for the use of navigation. In these are laid down all the rhumbs or points of the compass, the meridians, parallels, &c. with the coasts, capes, islands, rocks, shoals, shallows, &c. in their proper places and proportions.
HYDROGRAPHY, the art of measuring and describing the sea, rivers, canals, lakes, and the like. With regard to the sea, it gives an account of its tides, countertides, soundings, bays, gulfs, creeks, as also of the rocks, shelves, sands, shallows, promontories, and harbours; the distance and bearing of one port from another; with every thing that is remarkable, whether out at sea or on the coast.
HYDROMEL, honey diluted in nearly an equal weight of water. When this liquor has not fermented, it is called simple hydromel; and when it has undergone the spirituous fermentation, it is called the vinous hydromel or mead.
HYDROMETER, an instrument for measuring the gravity, density, &c. of water and other fluids. For an account of different hydrometers, see the article Hydrodynamics.
HYDROPHANES, or Oculus Mundi, a kind of precious stone, which becomes transparent in water. It was much esteemed by the ancients.
HYDROPHOBIA, literally an aversion to or dread of water, a terrible symptom of the rabies canina, and which has likewise been found to take place in violent inflammations of the stomach, as well as in hysterical fits.
HYDROPHYLACIA, a word used by Kircher and some others to express those great reservoirs of water which, as he supposed, were placed in the Alps and other mountains for the supply of the rivers which run through the lower countries. The formation of these reservoirs he considers as one of the great uses of mountains in the economy of the universe.
HYDROSCOPE, an instrument ancientlyused for measuring time. The hydroscope was a kind of water-clock, consisting of a cylindrical tube, conical at the bottom. The cylinder was graduated, or marked with divisions, to which the top of the water becoming successively continuous, as it trickled out at the vertex of the cone, indicated the hour.
HYDROSTATICS is that branch of physics which treats of the weight, pressure, and equilibrium of fluids. See Hydrodynamics.
HYDROTHORAX, a collection of water in the chest.
HYDRUNTUM, in Ancient Geography, a noble and commodious port of Calabria, from which there was a shorter passage to Apollonia. It was famous for its antiquity, and for the fidelity and bravery of its inhabitants. It is now Otranto, a city of Naples, situated at the entrance of the Gulf of Venice. Long. 19. 15. E. Lat. 40. 12. N.
HYEMANTES, in the primitive church, were offenders who had been guilty of so great enormities, that they were not allowed to enter the porch of the churches with the other penitents, but were obliged to stand without, exposed to all the inclemency of the weather.
HYGEIA, in Mythology. See Health.
HYGIEINE, 'Ty∕s∕vjj, formed from bγιτ i ς, sound or healthy, that branch of medicine which relates to health, and discovers proper means for the preservation of that state.

Hygicine, more largely taken, is divided into three parts: prophyladice, which foresees and prevents diseases; synteritice, which is employed in preserving health; and analeptice, which relates to the cure of diseases, and the restoration of health.
HYGROSCOPE. The same with Hygrometer.
HYLOZOISTS, formed from υλjj, matter, and ξ<*uj, life, the name of a sect of atheists amongst the ancient Greek philosophers, who maintained that matter had some natural perception, strictly so called, without animal sensation or reflection; but that this imperfect life occasioned that organization whence sensation and reflection afterwards arose. Of these, some held that there was only one life, which they called a plastic nature, presiding regularly and invariably over the whole corporeal universe, represented by them as a kind of large plant or vegetable. These were called the cosmoplastic and stoical atheists, because the Stoics believed such a nature, though many of them supposed it to be the instrument of the Deity. But others thought that every particle of matter was endowed with life, and represented the mundane system as depending upon a certain mixture of chance and plastic or orderly nature united together. These were called the Strato-ηιci, from Strato Lampsacenus, a disciple of Theophrastus, called also Physicus (Cicero Be Nat. Dear. lib. i. cap. 1 3), who was first a celebrated Peripatetic, and afterwards formed this new system of atheism for himself. Besides these two forms of atheism, some of the ancient philosophers were Hylopathians, or Anaximandrians, deriving all things from dead and stupid matter, in the way of qualities and forms, generative and corruptible; and others again adopted the atomical or Democritical system, by which the production of the universe is ascribed to atoms and figures.
HYMENAEAL, something belonging to marriage, and so called from Hymen.
HYMENAEUS, or Hymen, the god of marriage amongst the Greeks, the son of Apollo and Calliope, or of Bacchus and Venus. Others have thought that he was an Athenian youth, who disguised himself in female attire, that he might accompany his mistress to Eleusis, when she went with others to offer up sacrifice. They were seized by pirates and carried to sea; but Hymenaeus encouraged his female companions, and with their assistance put the pirates to death. The Athenians were so pleased at the rescue of their friends, that they allowed him to marry the lady of his affection, who had been refused to him [7:12:136]till that time. Hymenaeus enjoyed so much happiness from his marriage, that the Athenians invoked him solemnly at their nuptials, as the Romans did Thalassius.

He is represented by the poets as crowned with flowers, particularly with marjoram, having a flammeum (veil of a flame colour) on his head, and a torch in his hand. (Serv. Ecl. viii. 30; Aen. iv. 99, 127; Donat. Ter. Add. v. 7, 6; Lactan. Stat. Theb. iii. 283.)
HYMENOPTERA, derived from vμτg, membrane, and ffrefoy, wing, in the Linnaean system of natural history, is an order of insects having four membranaceous wings, whilst the tails of the females are furnished with stings, which in some are used for instilling poison, and in others for merely piercing the bark and leaves of trees, and the bodies of other animals, in which they deposit their eggs.
HYMETTUS, in Ancient Geography, a mountain of Attica, near Athens, celebrated for its marble quarries, and for its excellent honey. Pliny says that the orator Crassus was the first who had columns executed from the marble of Hymettus.
HYMN, a song or ode in honour of God, or a poem, proper to be sung, composed in honour of some deity. The word is Greek, ú/xvo¢, hymn, formed from the verb io«, celebro, I celebrate. Isidore remarks on this word, that hymn is properly a song of joy, full of the praises of God, by which, according to him, it is distinguished from threna, which is a mourning song, full of lamentation.

St Hilary, bishop of Poictiers, is said to have been the first who composed hymns to be sung in churches; and he was followed by St Ambrose. Most of those contained in the Roman breviary were composed by Prudentius. They have been translated into French verse by Messieurs de Port-Royal. In the Greek liturgy there are four kinds of hymns; but the word is not employed in the sense of a praise offered in verse, but simply of a laud or praise. The angelic hymn, or Gloria in excelsis, is of the first kind; the trisagion is of the second; the Cherubic hymn is of the third; and the hymn of victory and triumph, called ⅛∕wx∕oς, the last.

The hymns or odes of the ancients generally consisted of three sorts of stanzas; one of which, called strophe, was sung by the band as they walked from east to west; another, called antistrophe, was performed as they returned from west to east; and the third part, or epode, was sung before the altar. The Jewish hymns were accompanied with trumpets, drums, and cymbals, to assist the voices of the Levites and the people.
HYPALLAGE, amongst grammarians, a species of hyperbaton, consisting in a mutual permutation of one case for another. Thus Virgil says, Dare classibus austros, for dare classes austris ; and again, Nec dum illis labra admovi, for nec dum illa labris admovi.
HYPANTE, or Hyperpante, a name given by the Greeks to the feast of the presentation of Jesus in the temple. This word, which signifies lowly or humble meeting, was given to this feast from the meeting of old Simeon and Anna the prophetess in the temple, when Jesus was brought thither.
HYPER, a Greek preposition frequently used in composition, where it denotes excess; its literal signification being above or beyond.
HYPERBATON, in Grammar, a figurative construction, inverting the natural and proper order of words and sentences. The several species of the hyperbaton are, the anastrophe, the hysteron-proteron, the hypallage, syn-chysis, tmesis, parenthesis, and the hyperbaton strictly so called.

Hyperbaton, strictly so called, is a long retention of [7:12:137]the verb which completes the sentence, as in the following example from Virgil:

Interea Reges: ingenti mole Latinus Quadrijugo vehitur curru, cui tempora circum Aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt, Solis avi specimen: bigis it Turnus in albis, Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro: Hinc Pater Aeneas, Romanae stirpis origo, Sidereo flagrans clypeo et coelestibus armis; Et juxta Ascanius, magnae spes altera Romae: Procedunt castris.
HYPERBOLA, a curve formed by cutting a cone in a direction parallel to its axis. See Conic Sections. Hyperbola Dejicient is a curve having only one asymptote, though two hyperbolic legs running out infinitely by the side of the asymptote, but contrariwise.
HYPERBOLE, in Hhetoric, a figure by which the truth and reality of things are either enlarged or diminished, exaggerated or depreciated.

An object uncommon in respect of size, that is either very great of its kind or very little, strikes us with surprise; and this emotion forces upon the mind a momentary conviction that the object is greater or less than it is in reality. The same effect precisely attends figurative grandeur or littleness; and hence arises the hyperbole, which expresses this momentary conviction. A writer, taking advantage of this natural delusion, enriches his description greatly by the hyperbole; and the reader, even in his coolest moments, relishes this figure, being sensible that it is the operation of nature upon a warm fancy.

It cannot have escaped observation, that a writer is generally more successful in magnifying by a hyperbole than in diminishing. The reason is, that a minute object contracts the mind, and fetters its powers of imagination; but the mind, dilated and inflamed with a grand object, moulds with great facility objects for its gratification. Longinus, treating a diminishing hyperbole, cites the following ludicrous thought from a comic poet: “He was owner of a bit of ground not larger than a Lacedaemonian letter.” But, for the reason now given, the hyperbole has far the greater force in magnifying objects.

Quintilian holds the hyperbole to be a natural figure: “For,” says he, “not contented with truth, we naturally incline to augment or diminish beyond it; and for this reason the hyperbole is familiar even amongst the vulgar and illiterate ;” and he adds, very justly, “that the hyperbole is then proper, when the object of itself exceeds the common measure.”