pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
COCLES, Publius Horatius, a celebrated Roman, who alone opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the opposite shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Codes, though wounded by the darts of the enemy, leapt into the Tiber, and swam across the river with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, as a reward for his eminent services.
COCOS, the name of several islands in the Eastern Seas and in the Pacific Ocean. 1. There are two islands of this name which form part of the group of the Andamans, thirty miles south-east of the Great Andaman: 2. Two small islands near the west coast of Sumatra: 3. A cluster of small uninhabited islands in the Bay of Bengal, about the fourteenth degree of north latitude, which produce large quantities of fine cocoa-nuts: 4. An island in the South Pacific Ocean, visited by Vancouver in his return from the western shores of America, about four miles long and two broad. Long. 273. 6. E. Lat. 5. 35. N.
COCYTUS, one of the rivers of hell, according to the theology of the poets. It derives its name aπo τoυ xwxü¢/f, from groaning and lamenting. Hence Milton,

Cocytus named, of lamentation loud, Heard on the rueful stream.

Cocytus was a branch of the river Styx, and, according to Horace, flowed with a dull and languid stream.
CODAPAHAR, a town of Hindustan, in the district of Bundelcund, twenty-five miles north-north-east from Chatterpoor. Long. 80. 2. E. Lat. 25. 17. N.
CODE (codex), a collection of the laws and constitutions of the Roman emperors, made by order of Justinian. The word comes from the Latin codex, a paper book; so called a codicibus vel caudicibus arborum, the trunks of trees; the bark of which being stripped off, served the ancients as material for writing upon.

The Code is accounted the second volume of the body of civil law, and contains twelve books; the. matter of which is nearly the same with that of the Digest, especially the first eight books; but the style is neither so pure, nor the method so accurate, as that of the Digest; and it determines matters of daily use, whereas the Digest discusses the more abstruse and subtile questions of the law, at the same time giving the opinions of the ancient jurisconsults. Although Justinian’s collection is distinguished by the appellation of Code, by way of eminence, yet there were codes before his time: as, first, the Gregorian code and Hermogenian code, being a collection of the Roman laws, made by two famous lawyers, Gregorius and Hermogenes, and including the constitutions of the emperors from Hadrian to Diocletian and Maximinus; and, secondly, the Theodosian code, in sixteen books, formed out of the constitutions of the emperors from Constantine the Great to Theodosius the Younger, and observed almost all over the West, till it was abrogated by the Justinian code. There are several modern systematic collections of laws called codes, the most celebrated of which is the Code Napoleon, framed under the auspices of Bonaparte, not long after he became emperor of the French. See France and Napoleon.
CODEX, in Antiquity, denotes a book or tablet on which the ancients wrote.

Codex also denoted a kind of punishment by means of [7:7:17] a log or block of wood, which slaves who had offended were made fast to, and obliged to drag along with them; but sometimes they sat on it closely bound.
CODICIL is a writing, by way of supplement to a will, when any thing is omitted that the testator wishes to have added, or desires to be explained, altered, or recalled.
CODIFICATION. This term has in recent times been used to denote the formation of systematic codes, providing simultaneously for the whole objects of legislation. See Legislation.
CODLIN, an apple useful in the kitchen, being the most proper for baking.
CODLING, an appellation given to the young cod-fish.
CODON (Kωδωv), in Antiquity, a cymbal, or rather little brass bell, resembling the head of a poppy. Codons were fastened to the trappings and bridles of horses.
CODRINGTON, Christopher, abrave English officer, and not less distinguished for learning than benevolence, was born at Barbadoes in the year 1668, and educated at Oxford; after which he betook himself to the army, and by his merit and courage soon recommended himself to the favour of King W illiam, who made him a captain in the first regiment of foot-guards. He was at the siege of Namur in 1695; and, upon the conclusion of the peace of Ryswick, was made captain-general and governor-in-chief of the Leeward and Caribbee Islands. He died at Barbadoes on the 7th April 1710, and was buried there the day after; but his body was subsequently brought over to England, and interred, on the 19th of June 1716, in the chapel of All-Souls College, Oxford. By his last will, he bequeathed his plantations in Barbadoes, and part of the island of Barbuda, to the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts; and left a noble legacy to All-Souls College, of which he had been a fellow. This legacy consisted of his library, which was valued at L∙6000; and of L.10,000 in funds, which was to be laid out, L.6000 in building a library, and L∙4000 in furnishing it with books. He wrote some of the poems in the Musae Anglicanae, printed at London in 1741.
CODRUS, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidae made war against Athens, the oracle said that the victory would be granted to the nation whose king was killed in battle. Upon this the Heraclidae gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians then obtained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country. He reigned twenty-one years; but the era of this traditional monarch is uncertain. In order to honour his memory the more, the Athenians passed a resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the title of king.
CO-EFFICIENTS, in Algebra, are the numbers or known quantities which are put before letters or quantities, whether known or unknown, and into which they are supposed to be multiplied. Thus, in 3x, ax, or bx, 3, a, and b are the co-efficients of x ; and in 6a, §b, 6 and 9 are the co-efficients of a and b. See Algebra.
COELOSYRIA, in the larger sense of the word, was the name of the whole country to the southward of Seleucia, and extending as far as Egypt and Arabia; but this word is principally applied to the valley situated between Libanus and Anti-Libanus. This word occurs only in the apocryphal writings of the Old Testament.
COELUS (Heaven), in Pagan Mythology, the son of Aether and Dies, or Air and Day. According to Hesiod, he married Terra or the Earth, on whom he begat Aurea or the Mountains, the Ocean, &c. But having at length imprisoned the Cyclops, who were also his children, his wife, offended at this proceeding, incited her son Saturn to revenge the injury done to his brothers; and by her assistance the latter bound and castrated Coelus, when the blood which flowed from the wound produced the three furies, the giants, and the wood-nymphs; while the genital parts being thrown into the sea, impregnated the waters, and formed the goddess Venus. This deity was called by the Greeks Uranus.
COEMETERY. See Cemetery.
COEMPTIONALES, among the Romans, an appellation given to old slaves, who were sold in a lot with others, because they could not be sold alone.
COENOBITE, a religious person who lives in a convent, or in community, under a certain rule; in opposition to anchoret or hermit, who lives in solitude. The word comes from the Greek %o∕voς, communis, and βιos, vita, life. Cassian makes this difference between a convent and a monastery, that the latter may be applied to the residence of a single religious person or recluse, whereas the convent implies coenobites, or numbers of religious living in common. Fleury speaks of three kinds of monks in Egypt; anchorets, who lived in solitude; coenobites, who continued to live in community; and sarrabaites, who were a kind of monks-errant, strolling from place to place. He refers the institution of coenobites to the times of the apostles, and makes it a kind of imitation of the ordinary lives of the faithful at Jerusalem. But St Pachomius is ordinarily owned the institutor of the coenobite life, as being the first who gave a rule to any community.
COENOBIUM (%o∕voβ∕ov), the state of living in a society or community where all things are common. Pythagoras is believed to be the author or institutor of this kind of life; his disciples, though some hundreds in number, being obliged to give up all their private estates, to be added to the common stock. The Essenians among the Jews, and the Platonists among the Greeks, are said to have lived in the same manner. Many of the Christians also have thought this the most perfect kind of society, as being that in which Christ and his apostles chose to live.
COFFER, in Architecture, a square depressure or sinking in each interval between the modifiions of the Corinthian cornice, and ordinarily filled up with a rose, sometimes with a pomegranate or other enrichment.

Coffer, in Fortification, denotes a hollow lodgement athwart a dry moat, from six to seven feet deep and from sixteen to eighteen broad; the upper part made of pieces of timber raised two feet above the level of the moat, which little elevation has hurdles laden with earth for its cover-
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ing, and serves as a parapet with embrasures. The coffer is nearly the same with the caponiĕre; excepting that the last is sometimes made beyond the counterscarp on the glacis, and the coffer always in the moat, taking up its whole breadth, which the caponière does not. It differs from the traverse and gallery in this, that the latter are made by the besiegers, and the coffer by the besieged. The besieged generally make use of coffers to repulse the besiegers when they endeavour to pass the ditch. To save themselves from the fire of these coffers, the besiegers throw up earth on the side towards the coffer.
COGGESHALL, a market-town of the hundred of Lcxden, in the county of Essex, forty-five miles from London, on the river Blackwater. It was a few years ago a manufacturing town for baize and other woollen goods, now chiefly made in Yorkshire. It has a good market on Saturdays. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2469, in 1811 to 2471, in 1821 to 2896, and in 1831 to 3227.
COGILPATTY, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Tinnevelly, ninety-three miles north by east from Cape Comorin.
COGNAC, an arrondissement in the department of the Charente, in France, 363 square miles in extent. It contains six cantons, divided into eighty-eight communes, and has a population of 44,967 persons. The chief place, of the same name, is situated in a rich district on the left bank of the Charente, celebrated for its excellent brandy. It contains 503 houses and 2827 inhabitants. It is in long. 0. 25. 11. W. Lat. 45. 4L 49. N.
COGNATE, in Scotch law, any male relation by the mother.
COGNATION, in the civil law, a term signifying that line of consanguinity which exists between males and females, both descended from the same father, as agnation is for the line of parentage between males only descended from the same stock.
COHABITATION denotes the state of a man and a woman who live together without being legally married.
COHAHUILA, a province of Mexico in the intendancy of San Luis Potosi. Its greatest length is 500 miles, and its greatest breadth 200 miles. The climate is described as pure and healthy, exςept about the middle of May, when the heat is intense; and sometimes a scorching wind is felt, which blisters the face. This province receives all its merchandise from Mexicoby land, and in return furnishes horses, mules, wines, and the precious metals. The vine is the chief article of cultivation, together with grain and corn sufficient for home consumption, and for the supply of the greater part of the neighbouring province of Texas. It possesses several towns, but none of any great magnitude. The population amounts to about 70,000. This province lies between long. 101. and 105. W. and lat. 23. 31. 30. N.
CO-HEIR, one who succeeds to a share of an inheritance divided among several persons.
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COHORT, in Roman Antiquity, the name of a part, division, or regiment, of the Roman legion, comprehending about 600 men. There were ten cohorts in a legion, the first of which exceeded the others both in dignity and in number of men. When the army was ranged in order of battle, the first cohort occupied the right of the first line, and the rest followed in their natural order; so that the third stood in the centre of the first line of the legion, and the fifth on the left, the second between the first and third, and the fourth between the third and fifth; while the five remaining cohorts formed a second line in their natural order.
COIF, the badge of a sergeant of law, who is called sergeant of the coif, from the lawn coif worn under the cap when the grade of sergeant is conferred.
COILERE PETTAH, a town of Hindustan in the province of Tinnevelly, thirty-three miles south by west from Madura. Long. 78. 3. E. Lat. 9. 25. N.
COILLE, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar and district of Tyrhoot, sixty-seven miles north by east from Patna. Long. 85. 4L E. Lat 26. 27. N.
COIMBRA, a city of Portugal, in the province of Beyra, containing 1500 inhabitants. The river Mondego passes through it, and has a well-built bridge across it. After traversing the province, it enters the sea at the port of Buarcos. Coimbra is the see of a bishop, but is principally celebrated for the university which is established there. This institution, the only one of the kind in the kingdom, is richly endowed, having an annual rental of two millions of reals. Besides professors of divinity and other studies connected with theology, it has teachers of law, mathematics, and the classics. It has a botanic garden, a chemical laboratory, cabinets of physics and natural history, an astronomical observatory, a printing office, and a copious library, open for the improvement of the students. Whatever may be the mode of communicating knowledge, few institutions in Europe excel this in the liberal application of wealth to that purpose. It is the capital of the province in which it stands, and is in longitude 7. 53. 37. W. and latitude 40. 12. 30. N.
COIN, a piece of metal converted into money by the ι 'mpression thereon of certain marks or figures. Coin differs from Money as the species from the genus.

Ancient Coins are those chiefly which were current among the Jews, Greeks, and Romans. Their values and proportions are as follow:
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Of these, the drachma, didrachma, <fcc.were of silver; the rest for the most part of brass. The other parts, as tridrachm, tribolus, &c. were sometimes coined. The drachma is here, according to the generality of authors, supposed to be equal to the denarius, though there is reason to believe that the drachma was somewhat heavier. See Drachma and Dfnarius.
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Of these, the denarius, victoriatus, sestertius, and sometimes the as, were of silver, and the rest of brass. See As, &c. There were sometimes also coined of brass the triens, sextans, uncia, sextula, and dupondius.
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Modern Coins will be treated of under the article Money.
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COL, one of the Western Islands of Scotland, is annexed to the county of Argyle. It is thirteen miles long and nine broad. Long. 7. 15. W. Lat. 57. N.
COLABBA, a small island and fortress belonging to Austria, on the coast of Concan, twenty miles south from Bombay. Long. 72. 53. E. Lat. 18. 39. N.
COLAIR Lake, a lake of Hindustan, to the south of Ellore, in the Northern Circars, which is formed by the overflowings of the Krishna and Godavery, and extends forty-seven miles in length from west to east, and fourteen in breadth from north to south. During the rainy season the whole of this space is overspread with water, excepting sixty or seventy islets, in which the inhabitants remain; but during the remainder of the year the whole is dry, and in many places well cultivated. The waters of this lake are distributed in many channels over the adjacent country.
COLAIRCOTTA, a town of Hindustan, in the Northern Circars, and district of Ellore, situated on the borders of the Colair Lake, thirty-five miles from Masulipatam. Long. 81. 20. E. Lat. 16. 38. N.
COLANGODU, a town of Hindustan, in the southeastern division of the Malabar province. This town has a resemblance to many of the villages in Bengal, though the houses are in their structure quite different, each being surrounded with a small garden, while at a little distance nothing is to be seen except a large grove of trees. The town contains about a thousand houses, many of which are inhabited by Tamul weavers, who import all their cotton from Coimbetoor. Colangodu is surrounded by a beautiful country. The high mountains on the south pour down cascades of prodigious height; and the corn fields are intermixed with lofty forests and plantations of fruit trees. The cultivation is, however, but poor. Most of the dry field is neglected, and the quantity of rice land is not great. One crop of rice is brought to maturity by the rains, and in some places the natives have constructed reservoirs, which enable them to have a second crop. Long. 76. 49. E. Lat. 10. 42. N.
COLAPOOR, a small independent Mahratta state, on the western coast of India, between the 15th and 17th degrees of north latitude. It is bounded on the south by the Portuguese territory of Goa, on the east and north by the dominions of the Pcshwa, and on the w est by the sea. The country is well watered by many rivers, and is favourable to the production of rice, of which great quantities are cultivated. Its principal towns are Vingorla and Rarec, both sea-ports. About the year 1670 this country was overrun by the celebrated Sevajee, and in 1684 by the armies of Aurungzebe, who ravaged the country, and burned the town of Víngorla. In 1804 the maritime trade of India was greatly annoyed by pirates, who issued from the ports of the rajah: they were in consequence blockaded by the Company’s cruizers, and payment was demanded for all the damage which had been occasioned by these piracies. At the same time two of the most daring depredators took refuge with the rajah, after their predatory bands had been dispersed by General Wellesley. It was in consequence intimated to him that he would be held responsible for the good behaviour of those persons to whom he had granted an asylum, and that unless he restrained their depredations his own territory would be invaded. This intimation had the desired effect, and the adjacent territories have in consequence enjoyed a degree of tranquillity to which they had long been unaccustomed.
COLAR, a small district in the eastern extremity of the Mysore rajah’s territories, situated between the 13th and 14th degrees of north latitude, and intersected by the 78th degree of east longitude. This country is bounded on the cast by the British district of Chittor. It is in general level, but it contains many bare rocky hills at considerable distances, with level ground between them. The hills occupy three fourths of the land, and towards Colar are very extensive. The road approaching to this place from the east is between two immense piles of bare granite, crumbling into fragments that roll down into the plain. The country is poorly watered, and suffers from the want of rain. Rice forms a large proportion of its produce. It produces also various other grains, which are cultivated on the dry field, besides sugar, cotton, tobacco, and betel leaf. The tamarind, pipal, mango, &c. thrive well. In the country round the town of Colar the land is irrigated entirely by means of reservoirs. There is a good deal of garden cultivation; at Colar the gardens are in bad order, but at some other places they are very neat. The soil is a black rich mould, and it is watered by machines. Nine miles east of Boodicota, gold dust is found, and also in some other parts. Salt is also made by scraping off the surface of the earth during the dry season, and afterwards boiling and filtering it. The inhabitants are poor, and their houses have a miserable appearance, being hidden entirely by the surrounding walls, which present nothing to the view but a brown dusky mud. The trade and manufactures were entirely ruined by Tippoo, who prohibited all intercourse with his enemies’ dominions; but they are now on the increase, and are in a much better state than they were in the reign of Hyder.
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Colar, a town and fortress, the capital of the above district. The town is defended by a strong mud fort, which was repairing when it was visited by Dr Buchanan; it has two very lofty walls, and in the town a cavalier of stone, which commands all the works. It is also defended by a deep ditch. The town contains 7Ö0 houses, many of which are inhabited by weavers. It was the birth-place of Hyder Ali, whose father lived and died in it. A handsome mausoleum was erected to his memory by his son; and near it a mosque, and a college of Mussulman priests, with a proper establishment of musicians, were endowed to pray for the repose of his soul, and are still supported by the British government. On the hill north from the town was formerly a hill fort, in which resided for some time Cossim Khan, the general of Aurungzebe, who first carried the Mussulman authority to the south of the river Krishna. Colar was the capital of one of the seven districts into which that general divided his conquests. It is forty miles east-north-east from Bangalore. Long. 78. 19. E. Lat. 13. 8. N.
COLARBASIANS, or Colorbasians, a sect of Christians in the second century, so called from their leader Colarbasus, a disciple of Valentinus, who, with Marcus, another disciple of the same master, maintained that the plenitude and perfection of truth and religion were contained in the Greek alphabet, and that it was upon this account that Jesus Christ was called the α⅞>Aaand omega. This sect was a branch of the Valentinians.
COLARPOOR, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Berar, and belonging to the Nizam, thirty miles south from Ellichpoor. Long. 78. 10. E. Lat. 20. 56. N.
COLCHESTER, a borough-town in the hundred of Lexden, of the county of Essex, fifty-one miles from London, and situated on the banks of the navigable river Colne. It was formerly a larger place than at present, containing sixteen parishes. It had an extensive trade in baizes, which is now removed to the northern counties. It is remarkable for its excellent oysters. It is a well-built town, on the declivity of a hill. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve aldermen, and thirty-six common-councilmen. Markets are held on Wednesday and Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 12,544, in 1821 to 14,106, and in 1831 to 16,167.
COLCHIS, a country of Asia, east of the Euxine Sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia. It is famous as the destination of the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris, king of Egypt, returned from his Indian expedition.
COLCOTHAR, the brownish-red oxide of iron which remains after the distillation of the acid from the sulphate of iron. It is used for polishing glass and other substances, and is known by artists under the denomination of crocus, or crocus martis.