pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
DARAPORAM, or Dharma-puram, a town of Hindustan, situated on the river Amarawati, in the province of South Coimbetoor. It was formerly a larger place, but declined greatly during the internal wars of the country in the latter part of the last century. It was visited by Dr Buchanan in 1800, when the plan of a new town had been laid out, and the buildings were already advancing. There is a large mud fort at this place, and in the vicinity are two fine canals, which irrigate much rice land in a good state of cultivation. The principal article cultivated is tobacco, and a crop of grain is also procured afterwards from the same ground. This place was taken from Tippoo by the southern army in June 1783, but restored at the peace of 1784.
DARAPTI, among logicians, one of the modes of syllogisms of the third figure, the premises of which are universal affirmatives, whilst the conclusion is a particular affirmative: thus,

Every body is divisible; Every body is a substance; Therefore some substance is divisible.
DARDA, a fortified town of Hungary, in the circle of the Farther Danube, on the banks of the river Moravitza, and the capital of the district Baranya.
DARDANELLES, two old and strong castles on the straits of Gallipoli, or the Hellespont, sometimes called from them the Strait of the Dardanelles, between the Sea of Marmora and the Grecian Archipelago. The one is situated in Europe, and is called Sestos, or the Castle of Romania; the other stands on the Asiatic side of the strait, and is called Abydos, or the Castle of Natolia. There are on each side fourteen great guns, adapted to discharge balls of granite; they are made of brass, and have chambers like mortars, and their bore is from twenty-five to twenty-eight inches in diameter. These castles are called the Old Dardanelles, to distinguish them from two others built at the entrance of the strait, about ten miles to the [7:7:624]south-west, one of which stands also in Europe and another in Asia. These are called the New Dardanelles. Long, of the old castlcs 26. 19. 30. E. Lat. 40. 9. 8. N.
DARDANUS, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who, after the death of his brother Jasion, left Samothrace, his native country, and passed into Asia Minor, where he married Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of Teucria. After the death of his father-in-law he ascended the throne, and reigned sixty-two years. He built the city of Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded by Erichthonius. According to some, Corybas, his nephew, accompanied him to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his subjects to worship Minerva, and he gave them two statues of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium. According to Virgil, Dardanus was by origin an Italian.
DARES, a Phrygian, who lived during the Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This history was extant in the age of Aelian; but the Latin translation, which is all that is known of it, is generally allowed to be spurious, though it is attributed by some to Cornelius Nepos. This translation first made its appearance in the year 1477, at Milan. Homer mentions him in the Iliad.
DARIC, in Antiquity, a piece of gold, first coined by Darius the Mede about 538 years before Christ, probably during his stay at Babylon, out of the vast quantity of gold which had been accumulated in the treasury of that capital. The daric was thence dispersed over the East, and also in Greece; so that the Persian daric, which was also called stater, was the gold coin best known in Athens in ancient times. According to Dr Bernard, it weighed two grains more than one of our guineas; but as it was very fine, and contained little alloy, it may be reckoned as worth about twenty-five shillings of cur money. Plutarch informs us that the darics were stamped on one side with an archer clothed in a long robe, and crowned with a spiked crown, holding a bow in his left hand and an arrow in his right; and that on the other side they bore the effigies of Darius. All the other pieces of gold of the same weight and value which were coined by the succeeding kings, both of the Persian and Macedonian race, were also called darics. Of these there were whole darics and half darics; and in those parts of Scripture written after the Babylonish captivity they are called adarhonim, and by the Talmudists dαrhonoth. Greaves says that the daric is still found in Persia, but it is certainly very scarce, and perhaps of doubtful antiquity.
DARH, in Logic, one of the modes of syllogism of the first figure, in which the major proposition is an universal affirmative, and the minor and conclusion particular affirmatives: thus,

Every thing that is moved, is moved by another;

Some body is moved;

I Therefore some body is moved by another.
DARIUS, the name of several kings of Persia. See Persia.
DARKEHMEN, a circle in the province of East Prussia, extending over 136 square miles, or 87,040 acres, and containing 20,530 inhabitants. The chief place, a city of the same name, is situated on the river Angerap, sixty-three miles south-east of Konigsberg, and contains 164 houses and 1901 inhabitants.
DARKNESS, the absence or privation of natural light. One of the most terrible sorts of darkness was that which Moses brought upon Egypt as a plague on the inhabitants of that country. The Septuagint, our translation of the Bible, and indeed most others, in explaining Moses’s account of this darkness, render it “a darkness which may be felt whilst the Vulgate has it “palpable darkness,” that is, a darkness consisting of black vapours and exhalations, so condensed that they might be perceived by the organs of feeling. But some commentators think that this is carrying the sense too far, since in such a medium mankind could not live an hour, much less for the space of three days, as the Egyptians are said to have done, during the time the darkness lasted; and therefore they imagine, that instead of a darkness which might be felt, the He* brew phrase may signify a darkness in which men went groping and feeling about for every thing they wanted. Le Clerc is of this opinion, and thinks that Philo, in his life of Moses, understood the passage in its right sense. “For in this darkness,” says he, “whoever were in bed durst not get up; and such as their natural occasions compelled to get up, went feeling about by the walls, or any thing they could lay hold of, as if they had been blind.”

During the last three hours that our Saviour remained upon the cross, a darkness covered the face of the earth, to the great terror and amazement of the people present at the execution. This extraordinary alteration in the face of nature was, according to Dr Macknight, peculiarly proper, whilst the Sun of righteousness was withdrawing his beams from the land of Israel and from the world; not only because it was a miraculous testimony borne by God himself to his innocence, but also because it was a fit emblem of his departure and its effects, at least till his light shone out anew with additional splendour in the ministry of his apostles. The darkness which now covered Judaea and the neighbouring countries, beginning about noon, and continuing till Jesus expired, was not the effect of an ordinary eclipse of the sun, which can never happen except at the new moon, whereas now it was full moon; not to mention, that the total darkness occasioned by eclipses of the sun never continues above twelve or fifteen minutes. It must therefore have been produced by the divine power, in a manner we are not able to explain.
DARLINGTON, a town in the ward of the same name, in the county of Durham, 243 miles from London. It is situated on the river Skern, which runs into the Tees. There are some large establishments for making linen in the town. There is a collegiate church, and the remains of an episcopal palace, with a spacious market-place, well attended on Saturday. The inhabitants amounted in 1811 to 5059, in 1821 to 5750, and in 1831 to 8574. .
DARMAPOORAM, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Barramahal, 103 miles east by south from Seringapatam. Long. 78. 21. E. Lat. 12. 11. N.
DARMSTADT, a city, the capital of the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, in Germany. It is situated on a small river of the same name, and is divided into the old and the new town. The former is surrounded with thick walls, and is gloomy and unsightly; the latter has good broad streets, well built, paved, and lighted, and has a cleanly appearance. In the palace is the ducal library, containing 90,000 volumes, a cabinet of natural history, and a small but select gallery of pictures. There is a gymnasium and other institutions for education; and the buildings for recreation and for charitable purposes are respectable and appropriate. The inhabitants, including the students and the military, are 14,500. It is merely the capital, and has no other commerce or manufactures than what arises from its relation to the rest of the dominions of which it is the centre. The environs of the city are well cultivated, and towards the neighbouring mountains are romantic. It is in long. 8. 28. 25. E. and lat. 49. 56. 24. N.
DARNETAL, a town of the department of the Lower Seine, in France, about two miles from Rouen, containing 600 houses and 5230 inhabitants, who make many of the finer kinds of woollen goods, as well as flannel and blankets. There are also tanneries, paper-mills, and cottonspinning machines.
DARNLEY’S Island, an island in the Eastern Seas, lying in Torres Strait, between New Holland and New Guinea. It is about fifteen miles in circumference, and covered with rich vegetation. It is inhabited by a treacherous race. Long. 142. 59. E. Lat. 9. 39. S.
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DAROCA, a city of Spain, in the province of Aragon. It is situated in a most prolific valley, through which the river Xiloca runs, and by the waters of which it is liberally irrigated. The hemp and flax produced here arc highly esteemed throughout the whole of Spain. The place contains seven churches and 2683 inhabitants.
DARRA, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Bahar, district of Monghir, eighty-four miles north-west from Moorshedabad. Long. 87. 4. E. Lat. 24. 43. N.
DARTFORD, a town of the hundred of Axton, in the county of Kent, fifteen miles from London. Near to it are several mills for making gunpowder. It is a great thoroughfare for travellers to the Continent. There is a good market, which is held on Saturdays. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2406, in 1811 to 3177, in 1821 to 3593, and in 1831 to 4715.
DARTMOUTH, a borough and sea-port of the hundred of Coleridge, in the county of Devon, thirty miles from Exeter, and 203 from London. It is a long town, facing the quay. It has three churches, and several good charity schools. The harbour is one of the finest on the southern coast of this island, but difficult to sail from with an easterly wind. There are many ships equipped here for the Newfoundland fishery. Two members were formerly returned to parliament, but there is now only one. The fish-market is held daily, and is most abundantly supplied. The general market is held on Friday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3211, in 1811 to 3412, in 1821 to 3876, and in 1831 to 4597.
DARUVAR, a town in the Austrian Sclavonish province of Siebenbergen, the capital of the district Janko-vice. It contains a Catholic, a Greek, and a Protestant church, and about 3000 inhabitants, who cultivate silk and wine, and manufacture woollen cloths. There is a salt spring near it, and some marble quarries.
DARWAR, a district of Hindustan, in the nizam’s dominions, in the province of Aurungabad, situated between the eighteenth and nineteenth degrees of north latitude. The chief towns are Darwar and Renapoor, the former situated in long. 76. 35. E. and lat. 18. 40. N.

Darwar, called also Naperabad, a town and fortress of Hindustan, province of Bejapoor. The town is situated to the south of the fort, and is protected by a weak wall and ditch against any sudden incursions. The fort is strong, though not a regular fortification; and the ditches are particularly good. This place has often changed masters. In the year 1685 it was taken from the king of Be-japore by the armies of Aurungzebe, and soon after the decease of that monarch fell into the hands of the Mahrattas, from whom it was taken by Tippoo Sultan in 1784. It was retaken by the Mahrattas, aided by the British, after a siege of twenty-nine weeks, in the course of which it was almost totally destroyed, along with the surrounding country, which was previously rich and highly cultivated.
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DASAN, a small island in the Eastern Seas, near the south-west coast of the island of Mindanao. Long. 121. 30. E. Lat. 6. 46. N.
DATA, among mathematicians, a term for such things or quantities as are given or known, in order thereby to find other things that are unknown. The data of Euclid is the first in order of the books which have been written by the ancient geometricians, to facilitate and promote the method of resolution or analysis. In general, a thing is said to be given which is either actually exhibited, or can be found out, that is, which is either known by hypothesis, or that can be demonstrated to be known; and the propositions in the book of Euclid’s data show what things can be found out or known, from those that by hypothesis are already known; so that in the analysis or investigation of a problem, from the things that are laid down as given or known, it is demonstrated, by the help of these propositions, that other things are given, and from these last that others again are given, and so on, till it is demonstrated that that which was proposed to be found out in the problem is given; and when this is done, the problem is solved, and its composition is made and derived from the compositions of the data which were employed in the analysis. And thus the data of Euclid are of the most general and necessary use in the solution of problems of every kind.

Marinus, at the end of his preface to the data, is mistaken in asserting that Euclid has not used the synthetical, but the analytical method in delivering them; for though in the analysis of a theorem, the thing to be demonstrated is assumed in the analysis, yet in the demonstrations of the data, the thing to be demonstrated, which is, that something is given, is never once assumed in the demonstration; from which it is manifest that every one of them is demonstrated synthetically; though indeed if a proposition of the data be turned into a problem, the demonstration of the proposition becomes the analysis of the problem.

From the primary use of the word data in mathematics, it has been transplanted into other branches, as philosophy, medicine, and the like, where it expresses any quantity which, for the sake of a present calculation, is taken for granted to be such, without requiring an immediate proof of its certainty, and is also called the given quantity, number, or power. And hence also such things as are known, and from which, either in natural philosophy, the animal mechanism, or the operation of medicine, we come to the knowledge of others unknown, are now frequently in physical writers called data.
DATE, an addition or appendage in writings, acts, instruments, letters, and the like, expressing the day and month of the year when the act or letter was passed or signed, together with the place where the same was done. The word is formed from the Latin datum, given, the participle of do, I give.
DATISI, in Logic, a mode of syllogisms in the third figure, in which the major is an universal affirmative, and the minor and conclusion particular affirmative propositions. For example,
All who serve God are kings;
Some who serve God are poor;
Therefore some who are poor are kings.
DATIVE, in Grammar, the third case in the declension , of nouns, expressing the state or relation of a thing to [7:7:633]which some other thing is referred. It is called dative, because usually governed by a verb, implying something to be given to some person. As commodare Socrati, to lend to Socrates; utilis reipuhlicae, useful to the commonwealth; perniciosus ecclesiae, injurious to the church. In English, where we have properly no cases, this relation is expressed by the sign to or for.
DAUGHTER, a female child. Daughters, among the ancients, were more frequently exposed than sons, as they required greater charge to educate and settle them in the world. Those who had no legitimate sons were obliged by the Athenian laws to leave their estates to their daughters, who were confined to marry their nearest relations, or otherwise to forfeit their inheritance; as we find to have been practised likewise among the Jews, many of whose laws seem to have been transcribed by Solon.
DAULAKEE, a village of Persia, situated on a small rivulet. The peasantry collect naphtha from two wells in the vicinity.
DAULI, a river of Northern Hindustan, in the province of Serinagur, which, after a short course, joins the Alcananda at Vishnuprayaga, a holy resort of the Hindus.
DAURAT, or Dorat, in Latin Auratus, John, a French poet, born in the Limousin in 1507. In the reign of Henry II. he was preceptor to the king’s pages; and Charles IX. who took great delight in his conversation, honoured him with the title of his poet; but his generosity and want of management placed him among that class of learned men whose familiarity with poverty has long been proverbial. Conformably to the taste of the age, he had so much skill in making anagrams, that several illustrious persons gave him their names to be anagrammatized. He also undertook to explain the predictions of Nostradamus, whom he regarded as a man inspired by heaven; and he wrote a commentary in Latin and French on the Centuries of that pretended prophet. Making verses was a disease with him; for no book was printed, nor did any person of consequence die, but Daurat made some verses on the occasion, as if he had been poet ordinary, or his muse had been a hired mourner to the whole kingdom. Scaliger tells us that he spent the latter part of his life in endeavouring to find all the Bible in Homer. He died at Paris in 1588.
DAVANAGIRI, a town in the south of India, province of Mysore, and district of Chitteldroog. It consists of 500 houses, with a small fort in the centre. It carries on a considerable trade, and has an extensive manufacture of blankets, called cumbies, which in their fabric greatly resemble English camblets. They form a piece of dress which the natives of Karnata almost universally wear, and which is admirably adapted for turning off rain. The goods exported are betel-nut and pepper; and the returns are articles from Madras, imported from Europe, China, Bengal, and the eastern islands; together with salt and a few manufactures from the Coromandel coast.
DAVENANT, Sir William, a poet and dramatic writer of the seventeenth century, was born at Oxford in 1605. After some stay at the university, he entered into the service of Frances, first duchess of Richmond, and afterwards of Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, who having an excellent taste for poetry, was much charmed with him. He obtained great reputation by writing poems and plays; and upon the death of Ben Jonson he was created poet-laureat. He wrote the greater part of his poem Gondibert at Paris, but published it in England, where, however, it excited but little interest. He formed a design for carrying out a considerable number of artificers, especially weavers, to Virginia, having been encouraged thereto by Henrietta Maria, the queen-mother of England, who obtained leave for him of the king of France. But he and his company were seized by some parliament ships, and he carried prisoner, first to the Isle of Wight, and then to the Tower of London. By the mediation of Milton and others, however, he was allowed to go about as a prisoner at large, and by [7:7:635]degrees obtained complete liberation. As at this time tragedies and comedies were prohibited, he contrived to set up an opera, which was to consist of declamation and music. This opera commenced in Rutland-house, Charter-house-yard, in 1656; but it was afterwards removed to the Cockpit in Drury Lane, and was much frequented for many years. In 1648, his Madagascar, and other poems, were printed. He died in 1668. On his gravestone is inscribed, in imitation of Ben Jonson’s short epitaph, “0 rare Sir William Davenant.”

Davenant, Or Charles, an eminent civilian and writer, eldest son of the preceding, and educated at Cambridge. He wrote several political tracts, and likewise plays. In 1685 he was, along with the master of the revels, empowered to inspect the plays designed for the stage, in order that no immoralities might be presented. His Essays on Trade are in high esteem, and were reprinted, in 5 vols. 8vo, in 1771. Dr Davenant was inspector-general of exports and imports. He died in 1714.
DAVENTRY, a market-town in the hundred of Faws-ley, in Northamptonshire. It is an ancient place, situated near the two rivers Nen and Avon. The only manufacture is that of horse-whips. There is a good market on Wednesday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 2583, in 1811 to 2758, in 1821 to 3326, and in 1831 to 3646.
DAVID’S, St, a city in the county of Pembroke, in South Wales, 267 miles from London. As the see of a bishop, it has a cathedral, four archdeacons, and nineteen prebendaries, besides eight vicars choral. It is situated on the sea coast, on the promontory called St David’s Head. Opposite to it arc five or six rocks, distinguished by the name of the Bishop and his Clerks, which are highly dangerous to seamen. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1803, in 1811 to 1816, in 1821 to 2240, and in 1831 to 2388.
DAVIDISTS, Davidici, or David-Georgians, a sect of heretics, the adherents of David George, a native of Delft, who in 1525 began to preach a new doctrine, publishing himself as the true Messiah, and declaring that he was sent thither to fill heaven, which was quite empty for want of people to deserve it. He is likewise said to have denied the existence of angels, good or evil, and of heaven and hell, and to have rejected the doctrine of a future judgment. He rejected marriage, with the Adamites; held, with Manes, that the soul was not defiled by sin; and laughed at the self-denial so much recommended by Jesus Christ. Such were his principal heresies. He made his escape from Delft, and retired first to Friesland, and then to Basil, where he changed his name, assuming that of John Bruck, and died in 1556.
DAVIG, a town of Norway, in the bailiwick of Sondi-fiord, and province of Bergen, with 1985 inhabitants.
DAVIS, Sir John, an eminent lawyer and poet, was born about the year 1570. He first distinguished himself by his poem on the Immortality of the Soul. He became attorney-general and speaker of the House of Commons in Ireland; and afterwards he was appointed lord-chief-justice of the court of King’s Bench in England, but died before his installation, in 1626. He published many law tracts; but he was more esteemed as a scholar and a wit than as a lawyer.

Davis, John, a famous navigator in the sixteenth century, was born at Sandridge, near Dartmouth, in Devonshire, and distinguished himself by making three voyages to the northern parts of America, in order to discover a north-west passage to the East Indies, in which he discovered the straits which still bear his name. He afterwards performed five voyages to the East Indies, in the last of which he was slain in a desperate encounter with some Japanese, near the coast of Malacca, on the 27th of December 1605. He wrote an account of his second voyage for the discovery of the north-west passage, a voyage to the East Indies, and several other tracts.
DAVIS’S Island, one of the Philippines, about forty miles in circumference, and situated about the 124th degree of east longitude, close to the island of Bool. It is also the name of one of those numerous islands which form the Mergui Archipelago at the southern extremity of the Bay of Bengal. It is about ten miles in circumference, and belongs to the Burmans, though it is not inhabited.
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