pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
ANNALS, in matters of literature, a species of history which relates events in the chronological order wherein they happened. They differ from perfect history in this, that annals are but a bare relation of what passes every year, as a journal is of what passes every day: whereas history relates not only the transactions themselves, but also the causes, motives, and springs of actions. Annals require nothing but brevity; history demands ornament Cicero gives the following account of the origin of annals. To preserve the memory of events, the Pontifex Maximus, says he, wrote what passed each year, and exposed it on tables in his own house, where every one was at liberty to read: this they called annales maximi ; and hence the writers who imitated this simple method of narrating facts were called annalists.
ANNAND, William, dean of Edinburgh, the son of William Annand, minister of Ayr, was born at Ayr in 1633. Five years after, his father was obliged to quit Scotland with his family, on account of their loyalty to the king, and adherence to the episcopal government established by law in that country. In 1651 young Annand was admitted a scholar in University College, Oxford; and though he was put under the care of a presbyterian tutor, yet he took all occasions to be present at the sermons preached by the loyal divines in and near Oxford. In 1656, being then bachelor of arts, he received holy orders from the hands of Dr Thomas Fulwar, bishop of Ardfert or Kerry in Ireland, and was appointed preacher at Weston on the Green, near Bicester in Oxfordshire. After he had taken the degree of master of arts, he was presented to the vicarage of Leighton-Buzzard in Bedfordshire, where he distinguished himself by his edifying manner of preaching till 1662, when he went into Scotland in quality of chaplain to John earl of Middleton, the king’s high commissioner to the church of that kingdom. In the latter end of the year 1663 he was instituted to the Tolbooth Church at Edinburgh, and from thence was removed, some years after, to the Tron Church of that city. In April 1676 he was nominated by the king to the deanery of Edinburgh; and in 1685 he commenced doctor of divinity in ie university of St Andrews. He wrote, 1. Fides Catholica or the Doctrine of the Catholic Church. Lond. 1661-2, 4to. 2. Solutions of many proper and profitable questions; printed with the Fides Catholica. 3. Panem, Quotidianum, or a short Discourse tending to prove the legality, decency, and expediency of set forms of prayers in the churches of Christ; with a particular Defence of the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of bngland. Lond. 1661, 4to. 4. Pater Noster, or the Lord’s Prayer explained. Lond. 1670, 8vo. 5. Mysterium Pietatis, or the Mystery of Godliness. Lond. 1672, 8vo. 6. Doxologia, or Glory to the Father, the Church’s Hymn, reduced to glorifying the Trinity. Lond. 1672, 8vo. 7. Dualitas, or a twofold subject displayed and opened, conducible to godliness and peace in order: First, Lex Loqueris, the honour and dignity of magistracy; Secondly, Duorum Unitas, or the agreement of magistracy and ministry. Edinb. 1674, 4to. Dr Annand died on the 13th of June 1689, and was interred in the Greyfriars Church, Edinburgh.
ANNAPOLIS, the chief town in Maryland, in North America. It stands upon a sort of peninsula on the west side of the Chesapeak, and is a small town, but well built. It contained 2260 inhabitants in 1820.
ANNE, queen of Great Britain, second daughter of King James II. by his first wife, Anne Hyde, was born in 1664. In 1683 she married George prince of Denmark, by whom she had several children, but none of them arrived at the age of maturity. On the death of King William she ascended the throne, A. d. 1702, and her reign comprehends one of the most illustrious periods of English history. Possessed, however, of a very feeble character, which did not permit her to act for herself, this period is the reign of her counsellors and favourites; and she exhibited no decided inclination which could influence state affairs, except a strong passion for tory principles, both in church and state. She died in August 1714, of a dropsy, in the 50th year of her age and 13th of her reign.
ANNE Boleyn, queen of Henry VIII. king of England, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, a nobleman of a powerful family and numerous alliances. The daughter of the duke of Norfolk was her mother, and during the reign of the former king her father had been honoured with several embassies. Mary, the king’s sister, who married Louis XII. king of France, carried over this lady with her at an early age, where she imbibed the freedom, the vivacity, and the openness of manners of that nation. After the death of Louis, that queen returned to England, and Anne continued to attend her royal mistress. Having some time after left her service, she was introduced into the family of the duchess of Alençon. In addition to all her acquired accomplishments, she possessed the greatest personal elegance, and was highly famed in that age.

History does not explicitly mention whether or not it was on her account, but upon her return to England the king expressed his scruples concerning his union with Catharine of Arragon. Enamoured, however, of Anne, he expressed his attachment to her; but she was possessed of too much virtue and policy to confer any improper favours. This prudent and virtuous restraint only increased the passion of Henry; and placing her at court, he distinguished her by many marks of royal favour. The impetuous king at length came to the resolution to divorce his queen, to make way for his favourite Anne. In this instance the injury done to that queen proved the cause of the final separation of England from the dominion of the pope. Various delays and difficulties occurring to the divorce, Henry privately married Anne during the month of November 1532; and in April following he publicly declared her queen of England. The famous Queen Elizabeth was the first-fruits of this marriage, who was born in September following. For some time Anne enjoyed a considerable share of the royal favour, and she made use of that influence in subduing the haughty prelate Wolsey, and widening the breach between the king and the pope. But this favour was not of long continuance; for the king, ever varying in his temper, allowed jealousy to enter his bosom, which her thoughtless demeanour tended in some measure to excuse. She was accused of adultery with several of the household’officers, and even with her own brother Lord Rochford; and having been tried on a charge of high treason, was condemned on very scanty proof to be beheaded; which sentence was executed in May 1536. She to the last resolutely denied any serious guilt.

St Annes Day, a festival of the Christian church, celebrated by the Latins on the 26th of July, but by the Greeks on the 9th of December. It is kept in honour of Anne or Anna, mother of the Virgin Mary.
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ANNECY, a city in the kingdom of Sardinia, the capital of the province of Genevois, in the duchy of Savoy. It is at the foot of the mountain Semina, on the banks of the lake of that name. It is the most industrious place in Savoy, having manufactures of cotton goods, of hats, glass, and earthenware, and several distilleries and tanneries, and near it some iron-works. It contains a cathedral, a church, five monasteries, and the same number of nunneries. The relics of St Francis de Sales, preserved in St Mary’s Church, draw a vast number of pilgrims annually to the city. The population in 1816 amounted to 5467 persons. It is in long. 5. 9. E. and lat. 45. 53. N.
ANNESLEY, Arthur, earl of Anglesea, and lord privy seal in the reign of King Charles II., was the son of Sir Francis Annesley, baronet, Lord Mount-Norris, and Viscount Valentia, in Ireland, and was born at Dublin on the 10th of July 1614. He was for some time at the university of Oxford, and afterwards studied the law at Lincoln’s Inn. He had a considerable share in public transactions, for in the beginning of the civil war he sat in the parliament held at Oxford; but afterwards became reconciled to the opposite party, and was sent commissioner to Ulster, to oppose the designs of the rebel Owen Roe O’Neal. He engaged in several other affairs with great success. He was president of the council of state after the death of Oliver, and was principally concerned in bringing about the Restoration, soon after which King Charles II. raised him to the dignity of a baron, by the title of Lord Annesley of Newport-Pagnel, Bucks; and a short time after he was made earl of Anglesea. During that reign he was employed in some very important affairs, was made treasurer of the navy, and for some time held the office of lord privy seal. He was a person of great abilities, of very extensive learning, and was well acquainted with the constitution and laws of England. He died in April 1686, in the 73d year of his age. In his lifetime he published the following pieces :—1. Truth unveiled, in behalf of the Church of England; being a Vindication of Mr John Standish’s Sermon, preached before the king, and published by his Majesty’s command. 1676, 4to. To which is added, A short Treatise on the subject of Transubstantiation. 2. A Letter from a Person of Honour in the Country, written to the Earl of Castlehaven; being observations and reflections on his Lordship’s Memoirs concerning the Wars of Ireland. 1681, 8vo, 3. A true Account of the whole Proceedings between James Duke of Ormond and Arthur Earl of Anglesea, before the king and his council, &c. 1682, folio. 4. A Letter of Remarks upon Jovian. 1683, 4to. Besides these, he wrote several other works, some of which were published after his decease; as, 5. The Privileges of the House of Lords and Commons, argued and stated in two conferences be? tween both Houses, April 19 and 22, 1671: To which is added, A Discourse, wherein the Rights of the House of Lords are truly asserted; with remarks on the seeming arguments and pretended precedents offered at that time against their lordships. 6. The King’s Right of Indulgence in Spiritual Matters, with the Equity thereof, asserted. 1688, 4to. 7. Memoirs, intermixt with moral, political, and historical observations, by way of discourse, in a letter to Sir Peter Pett. 1693, 8vo.
ANNIVERSARY, the annual return of any remarkable day. Anniversary days, in old times, more particularly denoted those days in which an office was yearly performed for the souls of the deceased, or the martyrdom of the saints was yearly celebrated in the church.
ANNOBON, a small island in Africa, on the east coast of Loango, belonging to the Portuguese. It lies in long. 5. 30. E. lat. 1. 32. S., and receives its name from being discovered on the new year’s day. According to Pyrard, it is about five or six French leagues in circuit; Braud-raud makes it ten leagues. It contains two high mountains, having their tops continually enveloped in clouds, and thus occasioning frequent rains. Off the south-east of the island are two rocks, one of which is low, and upon a level with the surface of the sea; the other higher and larger, but both dangerous to shipping in the night: between them the channel is deep and clear. On the same side of the island is a convenient watering place; but the road [7:3:198]to the north-west side is difficult and dangerous, though the one most frequented by ships that have no intention of touching upon the continent. In either place it is difficult to take in a sufficient quantity of water, on account of the violent surf. The best road for ships lies on the north-east side, where they may anchor in 7, 10, 13, or 16 fathoms, on a fine sand, opposite to the Negro village. The climate is wholesome, and the air clear and serene for the greater part of the year. The island contains a number of fertile valleys, which produce Turkey corn, rice, millets, yams, potatoes, and afford pasture for abundance of cattle and sheep. Poultry and fish also abound; but the only mercantile production is cotton, in small quantity, but esteemed equal in quality to any produced in India.

In the year 1605 the Dutch admiral Matelief found 200 negroes and two Portuguese on Annobon, most of them able to bear arms. The inhabitants are subject to the Portuguese governor, who is the chief person in the island; at the same time the negroes have their own chief, subordinate to him. They are all rigid catholics, having been either compelled or persuaded by the Portuguese to embrace that religion; and, like all other converts, they are bigoted in proportion to their ignorance.
ANNONA, in Roman Antiquity, denotes provision for a year of all sorts, as of flesh, wine, &c. but especially of corn. Annona is likewise the allowance of oil, salt, bread, flesh, corn, wine, hay, and straw, which was annually provided by the contractors for the maintenance of an army,
ANNONAE Praefectus, in Antiquity, an extraordinary magistrate, whose business it was to prevent a scarcity of provisions, and to regulate the weight and fineness of bread.
ANNONAY, a small town of France, in the department of Ardeche, formerly Upper Vivarais, seated on the river Deume. Long. 4. 52. E. Lat. 45. 15. N.
ANNOT, a small city on the mountains of Provence in France. Long. 7. 0. E. Lat. 44. 4. N.
ANNOVEŔ, a Spanish town not far from the Tagus, in the province of Toledo, containing 400 houses, 2000 inhabitants, and a saltpetre manufactory.
ANNUALRENT, in Scotish Law, denotes the yearly interest or profit due by a debtor in a sum of money to a creditor for the use of it.—A Right of Annualrent was the original method in Scotland of burdening lands with a yearly payment for the loan of money, before the taking of interest was allowed.
ANNULAR, in a general sense, something in the form of or resembling a ring. It is also a peculiar denomination of the fourth finger, commonly called the ring finger.
ANNULET, a little circle, borne as a charge in coats of arms, as also added to them as a difference. Among the Romans it represented liberty and nobility. It also denotes strength and eternity, by reason of its circular form.
ANNULOSA (from annulus, a ring or segment), a term in zoology applied by naturalists to a great division of the animal kingdom. It contains five classes, viz. Crustacea, Myriopoda, Arachnides, Insecta, and Vermes. These classes will be treated of separately in this work, as explained under the words Animal Kingdom. See the concluding part of that article.
ANNUNCIADA, Annuntiada, or Annunciata, an order of knighthood in Savoy, first instituted by Amadeus I. in the year 1409. Their collar was of 15 links, interwoven one with another, in form of a true lover’s knot; and the motto F. E. R. T., signifying Fortitudo ejus Rho-dum tenuit. Amadeus VIII. gave the name Annunciada to this order·, which was formerly known by that of the knot of love; changing at the same time the image of St Maurice, patron of Savoy, which hung at the collar, for that of the Virgin Mary; and, instead of the motto· above mentioned, substituting the words of the angel’s salutation.
ANNUNCIATION, the tidings brought by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, of the incarnation of Christ. —Annunciation is also a festival kept by the church on the 25th of March, in commemoration of these tidings. This festival appears to be of very great antiquity. There is mention made of it in a sermon which goes under the name of Athanasius. Others carry it up to the time of Gregory Thaumaturgus, because there is a sermon likewise attributed to him upon the same subject. But the best critics reject both these writings as spurious. However, it is certain that this festival was observed before the time of the council of Trullo, in which there is a canon forbidding the celebration of all festivals in Lent, excepting the Lord’s day and the feast of the annunciation; so that we may date its original from the 7th century. In the Romish church, on this feast, the pope performs the ceremony of marrying or cloistering a certain number of maidens, who are presented to him in the church, clothed in white serge, and muffled up from head to foot: an officer stands by, with purses containing notes of 50 crowns for those who make choice of marriage, and notes of 100 for those who choose to veil.

Annunciation is likewise a title given by the Jews to a part of the ceremony of the passover.
ANODYNE (from α privative, and ooavaω, doleo ; or α negative, and οSυνη, pain), a term applied to medicines which ease pain and procure sleep.
ANOINTERS, a religious sect in some parts of England, so called from the ceremony they used of anointing all persons before they admitted them into their church. 1his ceremony they founded upon James v. 14, 15.
ANOLYMPIADES, in Antiquity, a name given by the Elians to those Olympic games which had been celebrated under the direction of the Pisaeans and Arcadians. The Elians claimed the sole right of managing the Olympic games, in which they sometimes met with competitors. The hundred and fourth Olympiad was celebrated by order of the Arcadians, by whom the Elians were at that time reduced very low. This, as well as those managed by the inhabitants of Pisa, they called avoau∕z- <παδας, that is, unlawful Olympiads; and left them out of their annals, wherein the names of their victors and remarkable occurrences were registered.
ANOMALISTICAL Year, in Astronomy, the time that the earth takes to pass through her orbit: it is also called the Periodical Year. Thefespace of time belonging to this year is greater than the tropical year, on account of the precession of the equinoxes.
ANOMALOUS, a term applied to whatever is irregular, or deviates from the rule observed by other things of the like nature.

ANOMALOUS Verbs, in Grammar, such as are not conjugated conformably to the paradigm of their conjugation. They are found in all languages. In Latin, the verb lego is the paradigm of the third conjugation, and runs thus, lego, legis, legit: by the same rule it should be fero, feris, ferit ; but we say, fero, fers, fert .∙ ferο, then, is an anomalous verb. In English the irregularity relates often to the prêter tense and passive participle; for example, give, were it formed according to rule, would make gwed in the prêter tense and passive participle; whereas, in the former, it makes gave, and in the latter given.
ANOMALY, in Astronomy, an irregularity in the motions of the planets, whereby they deviate from the aphelion or apogee.
ANOMOEANS, in Ecclesiastical History, the name by which the pure Arians were called in the 4th century, in contradistinction to the Semi-Arians. The word is derived from the Greek ανόμοιος, different, dissimilar : for the pure Arians asserted that the Son was of a nature different from, and in nothing like, that of the Father; whereas the Semi-Arians acknowledged a likeness of nature in the Son, at the same time that they denied, with the pure Arians, the consubstantiality of the Word. The Semi-Arians condemned the Anomoeans in the council of Seleucia; and the Anomoeans in their turn condemned the Semi-Arians in the councils of Constantinople and Antioch, erasing the word ομοιος, like, out of the formula of Rimini and that of Constantinople.
ANOMORHOMBOIDIA, in Natural History, the name of a genus of spars. The word is derived from the Greek ανωμα^Kτ ∖ ς, irregular, and gομζMibnς, a rhomboidal figure. The bodies of this genus are pellucid, crystalline spars, of no determinate or regular external form, but always breaking into regularly rhomboidal masses; easily fissile, and composed of plates running both horizontally and perpendicularly through the masses, but cleaving more readily and evenly in a horizontal than in a perpendicular direction, the plates being ever composed of irregular arrangements of rhomboidal concretions.
ANONYMOUS, something that is nameless, or of which the name is concealed. It is a term equally applied to books which do not express the author’s name, or to authors whose names are unknown. See Bibliography.
ANOREXIA, Anorexy (from α negative, and ogεξ∕ς, appetite), a want of appetite, or a loathing of food.
ANOSSI, a province of the island of Madagascar, lying between lat. 23. 18. and 26. 0. S. See Madagascar.
ANOTTA, or Arnotta, in dyeing, an elegant red colour, formed from the pellicles or pulp of the seeds of the bixa, a tree common in South America. It is also called Terra Orleana, and Roucou.

The manner of ∏raking anotta is as follows: The red seeds, cleared from the pods, are steeped in water for seven or eight days, or longer, till the liquor begins to ferment; then strongly stirred, stamped with wooden paddles and beaters, to promote the separation of the red skins: this process is repeated several times, till the seeds are left white. The liquor, passed through close cane sieves, is pretty thick, of a deep red colour, and an offensive smell; in boiling, it throws up its colouring matter to the surface in form of scum, which is afterwards boiled down by itself [7:3:236]to a duĉ consistence, and made up while soft into balls. The anotta commonly met with among us is moderately hard and dry, of a brown colour on the outside, and a dull ' red within. It is difficultly acted upon by water, and tinges the liquor only of a pale brownish yellow colour. It very readily dissolves in rectified spirit of wine, and communicates a high orange or yellowish red. Hence it is used as an ingredient in varnishes, for giving more or less of an orange cast to the simple yellows. Alkaline salts render it perfectly soluble in boiling water, without altering its colour. Wool or silk boiled in the solution acquires a deep, but not a very durable, orange dye. Its colour is not changed by alum or by acids, any more than by alkalies; but when imbibed in cloth, it is discharged by soap, and destroyed by exposure to the air. It is said to be an antidote to the poisonous juice of manioc or cassava.
ANOUT, a small island in the Sehagerraek, or that part of the sea of Denmark which has Norway on the north, Jutland on the west, and the isle of Zealand on the south. It lies in long. 13. 0. E. and lat. 56. 36. N. .
ANSAE, in Astronomy, implies the parts of Saturn’s ring projecting beyond the disk of the planet. The word is Latin, and properly signifies handles·, these parts of the ring appearing like handles to the body of the planet.
ANSARIANS, a people of Syria, so called in the country, but styled in Delisle’s maps Ensarians, and in those of D’Anville Nassaris. The territory occupied by the Ansarians is that chain of mountains which extends from Antakia to the rivulet called Nahr-el-Kabir, or the Great River. They are divided into several tribes or sects, among which are distinguished the Shamsia, or adorers of the sun; the Kelbia, or worshippers of the, dog; and the Kadmousia, who are said to pay a particular homage to that part in women which corresponds to the priapus.
ANSBACH, a bailiwick in the circle of Rezat, in the kingdom of Bavaria, extending over 124 square miles, or 79,360 acres, with 2 market-towns and 79 villages.' It is an undulating plain, watered by the rivers Rezat, Zenn, and Bidert. It contains 11,800 inhabitants, who draw from its fruitful soil excellent corn and tobacco, and keep many horses and cattle. There is an alabaster and a gypsum quarry worked in the bailiwick. The capital, of the same name, is about 30 miles south-west of Nuremberg, and contains 950 inhabitants.
ANSE, an ancient town of France, in the Lyonnois, on the river Saone. It is the head of a canton in the department of the Rhone, and formerly bore the title of barony. Population 1640. 131 miles north of Lyons. Long. 6. 55. W. Lat. 45. 55. N.