pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
LUNDY, an island in the mouth of the Bristol Channel, aout eleven miles from the coast of Devonshire. It is août five miles in length and two in breadth, and is sur-rμnded by rocks, except at one part, which is so narrow a to admit of not more than one person at a time reaching in It has living on it but one family, who breed pigs, gats, and rabbits, and supply fowls and eggs to a part of t⅛ towns in Devonshire. Long. 4. 9. W. Lat. 51. 20. N.
LUNE, Lunula, in Geometry, a plane in the form of a csscent or half-moon, terminated by the circumference of tra circles, which intersect each other within.
LUNEBURG, one of the provinces of the present king- <⅛n of Hanover. It was formerly the duchy of that name, epeted by the emperor of Germany, in the year 1235, and “length came to the Hanoverian branch of the family of Înswick. It extends along the left bank of the river Elbe, by which it is divided from the Prussian and the ush dominions. It is 4475 square miles in extent, and onprehends twelve cities, twenty-six market-towns, 184 ≡ishes, in which are 1501 hamlets, 32,944 houses, and aībut 280,000 inhabitants. It is generally a level district, wih a sandy soil; but near the rivers there is some good å¶ble and pasture land, though the heaths form seven ta ths of the whole province. The principal river is the Ej>e, into which the Ilmenau, the Ohre, and their tributi/ streams, fall; but some of the rivers run to the Wess. The climate, though not unhealthy, is severely cold i⅛winter, and as intensely hot in summer. The chief e∣ployment, besides husbandry, is spinning flax. The caital is the city of the same name, on the Ilmenau, wjch is navigable to the Elbe. It contains four churches, ^orphan-house, two hospitals, and 1898 dwellings, most-Sι a very ancient style, and 10,039 inhabitants. The ce is now in a dilapidated state, and there are few p⅛lic buildings, though there are institutions for educati«. There is but little trade, except in salt made from a pine spring, and in brewing, distilling, and tanning, for tl¢use of the neighbourhood. Long. 10. 19. 32.∙E. Lat. 5⅛15. 7. N.
LUNEL la Bille, a city of France, in the departing of the Hérault and arrondissement of Montpellier. Its situated on a canal, connecting the river Bedairie with th lake of Magicio. It contains 650 houses, and 45,000 ⅛ιbitants, who produce Muscatel wine of a very cele-bited flavour. Long. 4. 3. E. Lat. 43. 38. N.
LUNEVILLE, an arrondissement of the department of be Meurthe, in France. It extends over 672 square m£s, is divided into seven cantons and 209 communes, arç contains 71,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of,he same name, at the influx of the Bézouse into the Mirthe. The situation is very fine, and the country amnd it fertile. It is celebrated for the peace between Aitria and France, which was concluded there in 1801. It∣ontains 1300 houses, and 11,600 inhabitants. Long. 6. 5. 1. E. Lat. 48. 35. 33. N.
LUNENSE Marmor, in the natural history of the ancients, the name of that species of white marble now known amongst us by the name of Carrara marble, and distinguished from the statuary kind by its greater hardness and inferior splendour. It has ever been greatly esteemed in building and ornamental works, and is so still. It is of a lose and fine texture, of a pure white, and much more transparent than any other of the white marbles. It has always been found in great quantities in Italy, and is so to this day.
LUNETTE, in Fortification, an enveloped counterguard, or elevation of earth, made beyond the second ditch, opposite to the places of arms, and differing from the ravelins only in situation. Lunettes are usually made in ditches full of water, and serve the same purpose as fausse-brayes, namely, to dispute the passage of the ditch. Lu-nettons are small lunettes.

Lunette, in the manege, is a half horse-shoe, or such a shoe as wants the sponge, that is, the part of the branch which runs towards the quarters of the foot.

Lunette is also the name of two small pieces of felt, made round and hollow, to clap upon the eyes of a vicious horse, that is apt to bite, and strike with his fore feet, or that will not suffer his rider to mount.
LUNGS. See Anatomy.
LUNISOLAR Year, in Chronology, the space of 532 common years; found by multiplying the cycle of the sun by that of the moon.
LUPERCALIA, feasts instituted in ancient Rome, in honour of the god Pan. The word comes from Lupercal, the name of a place under the Palatine Mount, where the sacrifices were performed. The Lupercalia were celebrated on the 15th of the kalends of March, that is, on the 15th of February, or, as Ovid observes, on the 3d day after the ides. They are supposed to have been established by Evander. On the morning of this feast, the Luperci, or priests of Pan, ran naked through the streets of Rome, striking the married women they met on the hands and belly with a thong or strap of goats’ leather, which was held an omen promising them fecundity and happy deliveries. This feast was abolished in the time of Augustus; but afterwards restored, and continued to the time of the Emperor Anastasius. Baronius says it was abolished by the pope in 496.
LUPERCI, a name given to the priests of the god Pan. The luperci were the most ancient order of priests in Rome; they were divided into two colleges or companies, the one called Fabii and the other Quintilii. To these Caesar added a third, which he called Julii.
LURCHER, a kind of hunting-dog, much like a mongrel greyhound, with pricked ears, a shagged coat, and generally of a yellowish-white colour.
LURE, in falconry, a device of leather, in the shape of two wings, stuck with feathers, and baited with a piece of flesh, to call back a hawk when at a considerable distance Lure, an arrondissement of the department of the Up per Saone, in France, extending over 881 square miles. It is divided into ten cantons, and these again into 211 communes, containing 118,500 inhabitants. The capital is the city of the same name, situated on the river Oignon, in a district woody and mountainous, in which are numerous mines of coal. It contains 430 houses, and 2420 inhabitants.
LURGAN, a town in the county of Armagh and province of Ulster, in Ireland, sixty-six miles from Dublin. It is a flourishing town, agreeably situated in the midst of a much improved country; and the inhabitants are extensively engaged in the linen manufacture. It stands on a gentle eminence, about two miles from Lough Neagh, of which it commands a most beautiful and extensive prospect. Long. 6. 31. W. Lat. 54. 35. N.

Lurgan Green, a town of Ireland, in the county of Louth and province of Leinster, thirty-seven miles from Dublin; a little beyond which is a handsome seat of the Earl of Charlemont.
LUS, a city of France, the capital of a canton in the department of the Upper Pyrenees. It stands in a romantic situation in the pleasing valley of Bastan, at the foot of the Pic de Leyrey, and on the Gave de Barrĕges, and contains about 2200 inhabitants. Near to it is the mineral spring of St Sauveur, which is frequented by invalids, [7:13:596]both for drinking and bathing, the water being of the temperature 98° of Fahrenheit.

. Lus, a district in the eastern part of the Persian province of Mekran, the country of the ancient Oritae. It is of a circular form, and bounded on three sides by an immense range of mountains, separating it from the western part of Mekran, Beloochistan, and Scind. The face of the country is flat and sandy, producing abundant crops of every species of grain. There are four passes through the mountains which encompass Lus; two into Scind, one into western Mekran, and one into Beloochistan. The country is under the jurisdiction of a petty chief, who can bring about 4000 irregular troops into the field, and enjoys a revenue of 50,000 rupees per annum. The capital is Bayla; but the chief maritime port is Sommeany, which is a small and mean place.
LUSATIA. See Lausatia.
LUSITANIA, in Ancient Geography, one of the divisions of Spain, extending to the north of the Tagus, quite to the sea of Cantabria, at least to the Promontorium Celticum. But Augustus, by a new regulation, made the Anas its boundary to the south, and the Durius to the north; thus constituting only a part of the modern Portugal.
LUSTRAL, an epithet given by the ancients to the water used in their ceremonies for sprinkling and purifying the people. From them the Catholics have borrowed the holy water used in their churches.

Lustral Day {Dies Lustricus), that on which the lustrations were performed for a child, and its name given, which was usually the ninth day after the birth of a boy, and the eighth after that of a girl; though some performed the ceremony on the last day of the week in which the child was born, and others on the fifth day after its birth.

Over this feast-day the goddess Nundina was supposed to preside. The midwives, nurses, and domestics handed the child backwards and forwards, around a fire burning on the altars of the gods, after which they sprinkled it with water; and hence this feast received the name of amphi-dromia. The old women mixed saliva and dust with the water; and the whole ended with a sumptuous entertainment. The parents received gifts from their friends on this occasion. If the child was a male, their door was decked with an olive garland; if a female, with wool, denoting the work about which women were employed.
LUSTRATION, in Antiquity, sacrifices or ceremonies by which the ancients purified their cities, fields, armies, or people, defiled by any crime or impurity. Some of these lustrations were public and others private. There were several ways of performing lustration, viz. by fire, by sulphur, by water, and by air, the last being done by fanning and agitating the air round the thing to be purified. Some of these lustrations were necessary, and could not be dispensed with, as lustrations of houses in time of a plague, or upon the death of any person; others, again, were performed from choice, and at pleasure. The public lustrations at Rome were celebrated every fifth year, in which they led a victim thrice round the place to be purified, and in the mean time burned a great quantity of perfumes. The country lustrations, called ambarvalia, were celebrated before the peasants began to reap the corn; in those of the armies, called armilustria, some chosen soldiers, crowned with laurel, led the victims, a cow, a sheep, and a bull, thrice round the army ranged in battle-array in the field of Mars, to which deity the victims were subsequently sacrificed, after pouring out many imprecations upon the enemies of the Romans. The lustrations of the flocks were performed in this manner. The shepherd sprinkled them with pure water, thrice surrounded his sheepfold with a composition of savin, laurel, and brimstone set on fire, and afterwards sacrificed to the goddess Pales an offering of milk boiled, wine, a cake, and millet. As for private houses, they were lustrated with water, a fumigation of laurel, juniper, olive-tree, savin, and the like; and the victim was commonly a pig. Lustrations made for particular persons were commonly called expiations, and the victims ρiacula, There was also for infants a kind of lustration, by which they were purified, girls on the third, and boys on the ninth day after their birth; a ceremony which was performed with pure water and spittle. In lustratory sacrifices, the Athenians sacrificed two men, one for the men of their city, and the other for the women. Several of these expiations were austere; some fasted, others abstained from all sensual pleasures; and a few, as the priests of Cybele, castrated themselves. The postures of the penitents were different according to the different sacrifices. The priests changed their habits according to the ceremony to be performed; but white, purple, and black, were the most usual colours. They cast into the river, or at least out of the city, the animals or other things which had served for a lustration or sacrifice of atonement; and thought themselves threatened with some great misfortune when by chance they trod upon them. Part of these ceremonies were abolished by the Emperor Constantine and his successors; the rest subsisted till the Gothic kings became masters of Rome, when they expired.
LUSTRUM, in Roman antiquity, a general muster and review of all the citizens and their goods, which was performed every fifth year by the censors, who afterwards made a solemn lustration. This custom was first instituted by Servius Tullius, about 180 years after the foundation of Rome. In the "course of time the lustra were not celebrated so often; for we find the fifth lustrum celebrated at Rome only in the 574th year of that city.
LUTE, or Loting, amongst chemists, a mixed, tenacious, ductile substance, which grows solid by drying, and, being applied to the juncture of vessels, stops them up so as to prevent the air from getting in or out.

Lute is also a stringed musical instrument. The lute consists of four parts; the table; the body or belly, which has nine or ten sides; the neck, which has nine or ten stops or divisions, marked with strings; and the head or cross, where the screws for raising and lowering the strings to a proper pitch of tone are fixed. In the middle of the table there is a rose or passage for the sound; there is also a bridge to which the strings are fastened, and a piece of ivory between the head and the neck to which the other extremities of the strings are fitted. In playing, the strings are struck with the right hand, and with the left the stops are pressed. The lutes of Bologna are esteemed the best, on account of the wood, which is said to be peculiarly fitted for producing a sweet sound.
LUTETIA Parisiorum, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Parisii, in Gallia Celtica, situated on an island in the Sequana or Seine. It received its name, as some suppose, from the quantity of clay, lutum, which is found in its neighbourhood. Julius Caesar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some authors call it Julii Civitas. Julian the Apostate resided there for some time. It is now Paris, the capital of France, being so called from its name Paryis in the lower age.
LUTHERANISM, the opinions and doctrines of Martin Luther in regard to religion.

Lutheranism has undergone some alterations since the time of its founder. Luther rejected the epistle of St James, as inconsistent with the doctrine of St Paul relating to justification; and he also set aside the Apocalypse, both of which are now received as canonical in the Lutheran church. He reduced the number of sacraments to two, viz. Baptism and the Eucharist; but he believed in impanation, or the consubstantiation of the matter of the bread and wine with the body and blood of Christ; and it is in this article that the main difference consists between the Lutherans and English church.

Luther maintained that the mass was no sacrifice, and exploded the adoration of the host, auricular confession, meritorious works, indulgences, purgatory, the worship of images, and other observances which he considered as the growth of corrupt times. He also opposed the doctrine of free-will, maintained predestination, and asserted our justification to be solely by the imputation of the merits and satisfaction of Christ. He likewise opposed the fastings in the Roman Catholic church, monastical vows, the celibacy of the clergy, and many things besides.
LUTHERANS, the Christians who follow the opinions of Martin Luther, one of the principal reformers of the church in the sixteenth century.

The Lutherans, of all Protestants, are those who differ the least from the Catholic church; as £they iaffirm that the body and blood of Christ are materially present in the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, though in an incomprehensible manner; and likewise represent some religious rites and institutions, such as the use of images in churches, the distinguishing vestments of the clergy, the private confession of sins, the use of wafers in the administration of the Lord’s Supper, the form of exorcism in the celebration of baptism, and other ceremonies of a similar kind, as tolerable, and some of them as useful. With regard to the divine decrees, the Lutherans maintain that they respect the salvation or misery of men, in consequence of a previous knowledge of their sentiments and characters, and not as free and unconditional, and as founded on the mere will of God. Towards the close of the last century, the Lutherans began to entertain a greater liberality of sentiment than they had before adopted; although in many places they persevered longer in severe and despotic principles than other Protestant churches. Their public teachers now enjoy an unbounded liberty of dissenting from the decisions of those symbols or creeds which were once deemed almost infallible rules of faith and practice, and of declaring their dissent in the manner which they judge the most expedient. Mosheim attributes this change in their sentiments to the maxim which they generally adopted, that Christians were accountable to God alone for their religious opinions; and that no individual could be justly punished by the magistrate for his erroneous opinions, whilst he conducted himself as a virtuous and obedient subject, and made no attempts to disturb the peace and order of civil society.
LUTHERN, in Architecture, a kind of window over the cornice, in the roof of a building, standing perpendicularly over the naked of a wall, and serving to illuminate the upper story. Lutherns are of various forms; as square, semicircular, round, and so forth.
LUTON, a town of Bedfordshire, in the hundred of Flitt, thirty-one miles from London, and situated on the river Lea. There is a good market-house and a church, with a singular steeple formed of flints and freestone. Near it is the fine seat of the Marquis of Bute. It has some trade in thread-lace and straw-plait. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 3095, in 1811 to 3716, in 1821 to 4529, and in 1831 to 5693.
LUTTERWORTH, a market-town of the county of Leicester, in the hundred of Guthlaxton, eighty-nine miles from London, and near the ancient Roman Watling Street Road. It is not a place of much trade, but is distinguished as the residence of Wickliffe, the father of English Protestantism, who was priest of this place, and died here in 1387; and his doctrines were condemned by the council of Constance in 1418, in consequence of which his bones were taken from the grave, burned, and thrown into the river, in 1428. The pulpit from which he preached^ is still preserved as a valuable relic. There is [7:13:602]a market which is held on Thursday. The population amounted in 1801 to 1652, in 1811 to 1845, in 1821 to 2102, and in 1831 to 2262.
LUXATION, is when any bone is moved out of its place of articulation, so as to impede or destroy its proper office or motion. See Surgery.
LUXEUIL, a city in the department of the Upper Saone, and arrondissement, of Lure, in France. It is situated in a woody valley on the banks of the Breuchin, and is celebrated for its warm baths, as well as for a spring strongly impregnated with iron, all of which are much visited by invalids. About a quarter of a mile from the town are the remains of some magnificent baths constructed by the Romans. It contains 310 houses and 3200 inhabitants. Long. 6. 19. E. Lat. 47. 50. N.
LUXURIANS Flos, a luxuriant or double flower, some of the parts of which are increased in number, to the diminution or entire exclusion of others.

The parts which are augmented or multiplied in luxuriant flowers, are the flower-cup and petals, which Linnaeus considers as the teguments or covers of the flower; the parts which are diminished or entirely excluded are the stamina or chives, which the same author denominates the male organs of generation.

Luxuriance in flowers is capable of the three following varieties. 1. A flower is said to be multiplied (flos multiplicatus) when the increase of the petals is not such as to exclude all the stamina. In this sense, flowers are properly said to be double, triple, or quadruple, according to the number of multiplications of the petals. 2. A flower is said to be full (flos plenus) when, by the multiplication of the petals, all the stamina are excluded. Such are most of the double flowers which engage the attention of florists. 3. A flower is said to be prolific (fios prolifer) which produces flowers, and sometimes leaves, from its centre.

Many natural orders of plants do not in any circumstances produce luxuriant flowers. Of this kind are the masked flowers of Tournefort, excepting calf’s-snout; and the rough-leaved, umbelliferous, starry plants, and such as flower at the joints, of Ray. Some umbelliferous flowers, however, are prolific. The pea-bloom or butterfly-shaped flowers are rarely rendered double; some instances, however, of luxuriance are observed in a species of lady’s finger, coronilla, and broom.

All luxuriant flowers are vegetable monsters. Such as are perfectly full, by which we mean the greatest degree of luxuriance, cannot be propagated by seeds, because these, for want of impregnation, can never ripen. Full flowers therefore are very properly denominated by Linnaeus eunuchs. This highest degree of luxuriance is very common in carnation, lychnis, anemone, stock, Indian cress, rose, marsh marigold, ranunculus, violet, peony, and narcissus.

Flowers which do not exclude all the stamina perfect their seeds. Of this kind are poppy, fennel-flower, campanula, and some others. Some flowers, *as those of the waterlily, fig-marigold, and cactus, have many rows or series of petals, without the number of stamina being in the least diminished. Such flowers are not to be reckoned luxuriant in the slightest degree. Luxuriance in flowers is generally owing to excess of nourishment.
LUZIN, a circle of the Russian province Witebsk, extending in north latitude from 55. 55. to 57. 15. and in east longitude from 27. 1. to 27. 29. It contains one city and 1227 villages, with 32,300 inhabitants. The capital is a small town of the same name, situated on the river Welika, 390 miles from St Petersburg. Long. 38.35. E. Lat. 56. 35. N.
LUZK, a circle of the province of Volhynia, in Russia, extending in north latitude from 50. 33. to 51. 34. and in east longitude from 25. 4. to 25. 37. The northern part is marshy, the southern very fertile. The capital is a city of the same name, situated on the river Styr, 1126 miles from St Petersburg. It contains one Catholic and several Greek churches, 600 houses, and 3150 inhabitants. Long. 25. 5. E. Lat. 50. 44. N.