pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
CALVADOS, a department of France, formed out of that part of Lower Normandy formerly distinguished as Bessin, Bocage, Champagne dé Caen, Auge, and Licu-rain. It has received its present name from a chain of rocks so called, at a small distance from the shore, between the mouths of the rivers Orne and Bire, about sixteen miles in extent. It is bounded on the north by the sea, on the east by the department of the Eure, on the south by that of Orne, and on the west by that of Manche. The extent is 1123 square miles, or 570,400 hectares. It is divided into six arrondissements, and subdivided into thirty-seven cantons, formed out of 896 communes, which contain 505,420 inhabitants. The face of the country is undulating, with no lofty hills or deep valleys. The streams are numerous, but of short course; and the few of them, as the Orne and the Bire, that are navigable, are only so to a short distance from their mouths. The soil in the valleys is alluvial, and forms excellent pasture. On the plains it is a mixture of clay and chalk, but in the more hilly district of the south it is sandy, resting on a subsoil partly of chalk and slate and partly of clay and granite. The climate is clear and healthy, but rather more inclined to moisture than to dryness; and in the latter and of the summer, when the wind is westerly, it is commonly cold and rainy. The winter is much prolonged. As the land is more adapted to the breeding and fattening of cattle than to arable cultivation, the department scarcely produces more corn than is equal to half the consumption of the year; but its surplus of butter, cheese, and meat, is exchanged for grain with the surrounding districts. The breed of sheep is far inferior to that of cows, and the wool is by no means of good quality. Fruit is abundant, especially apples and pears, the cider from which supplies the place of wine, which the department does not produce. Hemp and flax are raised, of good quality, and equal to the internal demand. Manufactures arc established in many of the towns, and are flourishing. They afford clothing of wool, cotton, artd linen, equal to their own demand, and supply other parts with a portion. There are some fisheries on the coast. Coal is also found, and some iron, but the mines are not extensively worked. Fuel is provided partly from the forests, but in a greater degree from the turf of the heaths.
CALTURA, a village and small port on the west coast of the island of Ceylon, twenty-cight miles to the south of Columbo, situated on the river Caltura, which is one of the largest branches of the Muliwaddy, and is there about a mile broad. Arrack and rum are manufactured here, and there is a large plantation of sugar-canes, with tracts of cinnamon, scattered in the vicinity.
CALVART, Denis, a celebrated painter, was born at Antwerp in 1552, and had for his masters Prospero Fontana and Lorenzo Sabbatini. He opened a school at Bologna, which became celebrated, and from which proceeded Guido, Albani, and other great masters. Calvart was well skilled in architecture, perspective, and anatomy, which he considered as necessary to a painter, and taught them to his pupils. His principal works are at Bologna, Rome, and Reggio. He died at Bologna in 1619.
CALVARY, a term used in Catholic countries for a kind of chapel of devotion, raised on a hillock near a city, in memory of the place where Jesus Christ was crucified near the city of Jerusalem. The word is derived from the Latin calvarium ; and that from calvus, bald, in respect the top of the hillock was bare and destitute of verdure; which is also signified by the Hebrew word golgotha. Calvary, in Heraldry, a cross so called, because it is supposed to resemble the cross on which our Saviour suffered. It is always set upon steps.
CALVERT, George, afterwards Lord Baltimore, was born at Kipling in Yorkshire about the year 1582, and educated at Oxford, where he took the degree of bachelor of arts. He afterwards travelled. At his return he was made secretary to Sir Robert Cecil: he was afterwards knighted, and in 1618 appointed one of the principal secretaries of state. But after he had enjoyed that post about five years, he willingly resigned it; frankly owning to his majesty that he had become a Roman Catholic, so that he must either be wanting to his trust, or violate his conscience in discharging his office. This ingenuous confession so affected King James, that he continued him privy counsellor all his reign, and the same year created him baron of Baltimore in the kingdom of Ireland. He had before obtained a patent for himself and his heirs, of the province of Avelon in Newfoundland; but that being exposed to the insults of the French, he abandoned it, and afterwards obtained the grant of a country in the northern part of Virginia from Charles I. who called it Maryland, in honour of his queen. He died, however, in April 1632, aged fifty, before the patent was made out. But it was filled up to his son Cecil Calvert Lord Baltimore, and bears date the 20th of June 1632. It is held from the crown [7:6:28]as part of the manor of Windsor, on one very singular condition, namely, to present two Indian arrows yearly, on Easter Tuesday, at the castle, where they are kept and shown to visitors. His lordship wrote, 1. A Latin poem on the Death of Sir Henry Upton; 2. Speeches in Parliament; 3. Various Letters of State; 4. The Answer of Tom Tell-truth; 5. The Practice of Princes; and, 6. The Lamentation of the Kirk.
CALVI, an arrondissement of the island of Corsica, 550 square miles in extent, divided into six cantons, and these into thirty-one communes, containing 18,603 inhabitants. The capital is a fortified city of the same name, on the western side of the island, with a good haven. It contains 400 houses and 2164 inhabitants. Long. 8. 50. E. Lat. 42. 30. N.
CALVINISM, the doctrine and sentiments of Calvin and his followers. See Theology. Crypto- Calvinists, a name given to the favourers of Calvinism in Saxony, on account of their secret attachment to the Genevan doctrine and discipline. Many of them suffered by the decrees of the convocation of Torgau, held in 1576. The Calvinists in their progress have divided into various branches or lesser sects.
CALVISIUS, Seth, a celebrated German chronologer in the beginning of the seventeenth century. He wrote Elenchus Calendarii Gregoriani, et duplex Calendarii melioris forma, and other learned works, together with some excellent treatises on music. He died in 1617, aged sixty-one.
CALUMET, a symbolical instrument of great importance among the American Indians. It is nothing more than a pipe, whose bowl is generally made of a soft red marble, and the tube of a very long reed, ornamented with the wings and feathers of birds. No affair of consequence is transacted without the calumet. It ever appears in meetings of commerce or exchanges; in congresses for determining of peace or war; and even in the very fury of a battle. The acceptance of the calumet is a mark of concurrence with the terms proposed, as the refusal is a certain mark of rejection. Even in the rage of a conflict this pipe is sometimes offered; and if accepted, the weapons of destruction instantly drop from their hands, and a truce ensues. It seems the sacrament of the savages; for no compact is ever violated which is confirmed by a whiff' from this holy reed. When they treat of war, the pipe and all its ornaments are usually red, or sometimes red only on one side. The size and decorations of the calumet are for the most part proportioned to the quality of the persons to whom they are presented, and to the importance of the occasion. The calumet of peace is different from that of war. They make use of the former to seal their alliances and treaties, to travel with safety, and to receive strangers; but the latter is employed to proclaim war. It consists of a red stone, like marble, formed into a cavity resembling the head of a tobacco pipe, and fixed to a hollow reed. They adorn it with feathers of various colours, and name it the calumet of the sun, to which luminary they present it, in expectation of thereby obtaining a change of weather as often as they desire. From the winged ornaments of the calumet, and its conciliating uses, writers compare it to the caduceus of Mercury, which was carried by the caduceatores, or messengers of peace, with terms to the hostile states. It is singular, that the most remote nations, and the most opposite in their other customs and manners, should in some things have, as it were, a certain consent of thought. The Greeks and the Americans had the same idea, in the invention of the caduceus of the one, and the calumet of the other.
CALUMNY, the crime of accusing another falsely, and knowingly so, of some heinous offence.

Oath of Calumny, Juramentum, or rather Jusjurandum, Calumniae, or de Calumnia, among civilians and canonists, was an oath which both parties in a cause were obliged to take; the plaintiff that he did not bring his charge, and the defendant that he did not deny it, with a design to abuse each other, but because they believed their cause was just and good; that they would not deny the truth, nor create unnecessary delays, nor offer the judge or evidence any gifts or bribes. If the plaintiff refused this oath, the complaint or libel was dismissed; if the defendant, he was held pro confesso. This custom was taken from the ancient athletae, who, before they engaged, were bound to swear that they had no malice, nor would use any unfair means for overcoming each other. The juramentum calumniae is much disused, as a great occasion of perjury.
CALVISSON, a city of the department of Gard, in France, on the river Escates, with 500 houses and 2790 inhabitants.
CALVUS, Cornelius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator, was the friend of Catullus, and flourished sixty-four years b. c. Catullus, Ovid, and Horace, spea⅛of him.
CALX properly signifies lime, but has been used by chemists and physicians for a fine powder remaining after the calcination of metals.
CALYBITES, the inhabitants of a cottage; an appellation given to divers saints on account of their long residence in some hut, by way of mortification. The word is formed from καλυστω, tego, I cover ; whence καλu⅛ a little cot. The Romish church commemorates St John the Caly-bite on the 15th of December.
CALYCISTAE, systematic botanists, so named by Linnaeus, who have arranged all vegetables from the different species, structure, and other circumstances, of the calyx or flower-cup. The only systems of this kind are the Character Plantarum ĴVovus, a posthumous work of Mag-nolius, professor of botany at Montpelier, published in 1720; and Linnaeus’s Methodus Calycina, published in his Classes Plantarum, at Leyden, in 1738.
CALYDON, in Ancient Geography, a town of Aetolia, situated seven miles and a half from the sea, and divided by the river Evenus. The country was anciently called Aeolis, from the Aeolians, its inhabitants. This country was famous for the story of Meleager and the Calydonian boar.
CALYPSO, in fabulous history, a goddess who was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, or, as others say, of [7:6:30]Atlas. She was queen of the island of Ogygia, which from her was called the island of Calypso. According to Homer, Ulysses suffered shipwreck on her coast, and staid with her several years.
CALYX, among botanists, a general term, expressing the cup of a flower, or that part of a plant which surrounds and supports the other parts of the flower. See Botany.
CAMAIEU, or Camåyeu, a word used to express a peculiar sort of onyx; also a stone, on which are found various figures, and representations of landscapes, or the like, formed by a kind of lusus naturoe, so as to exhibit pictures without painting. It is of these camaieux Pliny is to be understood as speaking when he says of the manifold pictures of gems, and the particooured spots of precious stones: Gemmarum pictura tarn multiplex lapidumque tarn discolores maxulce. Camaïeu is also frequently applied to any kind of gem on which figures are engraved either indentedly or in relievo. In this sense the lapidaries of Paris are called, in their statutes, cutters of camaieux.

A society of learned men at Florence undertook to procure all the cameos or camaieux and intaglios in the great duke’s gallery to be engraven; and began to draw the heads of different emperors in cameos. Camaïeu is also used for a painting, where there is only one colour, and where the lights and shadows are of gold, wrought on a golden or azure ground. When the ground is yellow, the French call it cirage·, when gray, grissaile. This kind of work is chiefly used to represent basso relievos. The Greeks call pieces of such sort μwο- ^ωματα.
CAMALDULIANS, Camaldunians, or Camalbolites, an order of religious persons, founded by Romuald, an Italian fanatic, in 1023, in the horrible desert of Camaldoli, otherwise called Campo Malduli, situated in the state of Florence, on the Apennines. Their rule is that of St Benedict; and their houses, by the statutes, can never be less than five leagues from cities. The Camaldulians have not borne that title from the beginning of their order; till the close of the eleventh century they were called liornualdins, from the name of their founder. Previously, Camaldulian was a particular name for those of the desert Camaldoli, and, Grandi observes, was not given to the whole order in respect it was in this monastery that the order commenced, but because the regulation was best maintained here.

Guido Grandi, mathematician of the grand duke of Tuscany, and a monk of this order, has published Camaldulian Dissertations on the origin and establishment of the order.

The Camaldulites were distinguished into two classes, of which the one were Coenobites, and the other Eremites.
CAMALODUNUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Trinobantes, the first Roman colony in Britain. From the Itineraries it appears to have stood where Malden now stands. It continued to be an open town under the Romans, a place of pleasure rather than strength, yet not unadorned with splendid works, as a theatre and a temple of Claudius; which the Britons had considered as badges of slavery, and which gave rise to several seditions and commotions.
CAMANA, a province of Peru, bounded on the northwest and north by the province of Ica, on the north-east by that of Lucanas, on the east by those of Parinacochas and Condesuios, on the south-east by that of Collahuas, and on the west by the South Sea. It is about twenty-five leagues in length, by about fourteen in breadth at the widest part. It consists of a series of valleys, which for the most part terminate in the coast. These abound in vines, of which brandy is made; but they arc liable to suffer from drought, there being little rain except during the months of January, February, and March. Towards the mountainous ridges of the Andes it is, however, more frequent. Gold mines are situated in this neighbourhood; but, from the difficulty of working them, they yield but little profit. Camana, the capital of the province, stands upon the river Mages, about two leagues from the sea. The inhabitants are about 1500 in number; but they were formerly more considerable. It is 70 miles west of Arequipa. Lat. 16. 17. S.
CAMANDOO, a town of Hindustan, in the territory of the Seiks, in the province of Lahore, situated on the east side of the Beyah river, 124 miles north-east from the city of Lahore. Long. 75. 50. E. Lat. 32. 26. N.
CAMARANA, an island of Arabia, in the Red Sea, where the natives fish for coral and pearls. Lat. 15. 0. N.
CAMASSEI, or Camace, Andrea, painter of history and landscape, was born at Bevagna, and at first learned the principles of design and colouring from Domenichino; but afterwards he studied in the school of Andrea Sacchi, and proved a very great painter. He was employed in St Peter’s at Rome, as also at St John Lateran; and his works are extremely admired for the sweetness of his colouring,the elegance of his thoughts and design, and likewise for the delicacy of his pencil. Sandrart laments that the world was deprived of so promising a genius in the very bloom of life, when his reputation was daily advancing. He died in 1657.
CAMBAYES, in commerce, cotton cloths made at Bengal, Madras, and some other places on the coast of Coromandel.
CAMBER, according to our monkish historians, one of the three sons of Brute, who, upon his father’s death, had that part of Britain assigned him for his share called from him Cambria, now Wales.
CAMBERED Decks, among ship-builders. The deck or flooring of a ship is said to be cambered, or to lie cambering, when it is higher in the middle of the ship’s length, and droops towards the stem and stern, or the two ends; also when it lies irregular, a circumstance which renders the ship very unfit for war.
CAMBERT, a French musician in the seventeenth century, was at first admired for the manner in which he touched the organ, and became superintendent of music to Anne of Austria, the queen-mother. The Abbé Perin associated him in the privilege he obtained from his majesty, of setting up an opera in 1669. Cambert set to music two pastorals, one entitled Pomona, the other Ariadne, which were the first operas given in France. He also wrote a piece entitled The Pains and Pleasures of Love. These pieces pleased the public; yet, in 1672, Lully obtaining the privilege of the opera, Cambert was obliged to come to England, where he became superintendent of music to king Charles II.; and died there in 1677.
CAMBERWELL, a large village in the hundred of Brenton, in Surrey, adjoining to London, whose population amounted in 1811 to 11,309, in 1821 to 17,876, and in 1831 to 28,231.
CAMBIO, an Italian word which signifies exchange, commonly used in Provence, and in some other countries, particularly Holland.
CAMBIST, a name given in France to those who trade in notes and bills of exchange. The word cambist, though a term of antiquity, is even now a technical word of some use among merchants, traders, and bankers. Some derive it from the Latin cambium, or rather cambio.
CAMBLET, or Chamblet, a stuff composed sometimes of wool, sometimes of silk, and sometimes of hair, especially that of goats, with wool or silk: in some, the warp is silk and wool twisted together, and the woof hair.

The true or oriental camblet is made of the pure hair of a sort of goat, frequent about Angora, and which constitutes the riches of that city, all the inhabitants of which are employed in the manufacture and commerce of camblets. In writers of the middle age we find mention made of stuffs composed of camels’ hair, under the denominations of cameleturn and camelinum, whence probably the origin of the term; but these are represented as strangely coarse, rough, and prickly, and seem to have been chiefly used among the monks by way of mortification, as the hair shirt of later times.

Figured Camblers are those of one colour, on which 1 arc stamped various figures, flowers, foliage, &c. by means of hot irons, which are a kind of moulds, passed, together with the stuff, under a press.

Watered Camblets are those which, after weaving, receive a certain preparation with water, and are afterwards passed under a hot press, which gives them a smoothness and lustre.

Wared Camblets are those on which waves are impressed, as on tabbies, by means of a calender, under which they are passed and repassed several times.
CAMBO, a town of the department of the Lower Pyrenees, in France, on the river Nive, which is thus far navigable. It is celebrated for its mineral springs, one cold, containing iron, and two warm and sulphureous, which are much frequented. The stationary inhabitants amount to 1150.
CAMBONG, or Cambing, an island in the Eastern Seas, about thirty miles in circumference. It lies off the north coast of Trinon. Lat. 8. to 9. N.
CAMBRAY, an arrondissement of the department of the North, in France, extending over 355 square miles, divided into seven cantons, and containing 117 communes, with 112,994 inhabitants. The chief place, of the same name, is a fortified city on the river Scheldt, which divides it into two parts. It is well but irregularly built, is the seat of a bishop, and contains eleven churches, 2990 houses, and 15,608 inhabitants. It has long been celebrated for those linens of delicate texture which have obtained in England the name of the city. Fine lawns and thread gauzes are manufactured in Cambray; besides which there are produced fine threads, inferior linen, carpets, soap, snuff, and copper utensils; and there are several large bleaching establishments. From 1815 to 1818 it was the head quarters of the army of occupation under the command of the Duke of Wellington. It is in longitude 3. 8. 27. E. and latitude 50. 10. 37. N.
CAMBREMER, a town in the department of Calvados, in France, with 165 houses and 1056 inhabitants.
CAMBRIA, a name for the principality of Wales.
CAMBRIC, in commerce, a species of linen made of flax, very fine and white; the name of which was originally derived from the city of Cambray, where they were first manufactured.
CAMBYSES. See Persia.
CAMEL, in Zoology. See Mammalia.
CAMELODUNUM. See Camalodunum.
CAMELOPARDALIS, in Zoology. See Mammalia.
CAMEO. See Camaieu.
CAMERARIUS, Joachim, one of the most learned writers of his time, was born in 1500, at Bamberg, a city of Franconia, and obtained great reputation by his writings. He translated into Latin Herodotus, Demosthenes, Xenophon, Euclid, Homer, Theocritus, Sophocles, Lucian, Theodoret, Nicephorus, and other Greek writers. He published a Catalogue of the Bishops of the principal Sees; Greek Epistles; Accounts of his Journeys, in Latin verse; a Commentary on Plautus; the Lives of Helius Eobanus Hessus, and Philip Melancthon, &c. He died in 1574.

Camerarius, Joachim, son of the former, and a learned physician, was born at Nuremberg in 1534. -After having finished his studies in Germany, he repaired to Italy, where he obtained the esteem of the learned. At his return he was courted by several princes, who invited him to live with them; but he was too much devoted to books, and the study of chemistry and botany, to accept their offers. He wrote a Hortus Medicus, and several other works; and he died in 1598.
CAMERI, a town of Italy, in the province of Novara, in the kingdom of Sardinia. It is situated between the Ticiuio and Terdoppio, and grows much flax, which affords employment to a population of 4500 persons.
CAMERINO, one of the delegations into which the papal dominions in Italy are divided. It is situated between the delegations of Macerata, Fermo, Perugia, and Spoletto, and includes part of the Apennines. It extends over 407 square miles, or 260,400 English acres, and comprehends one city, one market-town, and twenty-four villages, with 31,150 inhabitants, who procure by their industry the best products of the papal states.

Camerino, a city, the capital of the delegation of the ' same name, in Italy. It stands in a healthy situation, and contains a university, a cathedral, twelve monasteries, and seven nunneries, with 7045 inhabitants, who are employed chiefly in spinning silk. Long. 13. 19. E. Lat. 43. 6. N.
CAMERLINGO, according to Du Cange, signified formerly the pope’s or emperor’s treasurer. At present camerlingo is nowhere used but at Rome, where it denotes the cardinal who governs the ecclesiastical state, and administers justice. It is the most eminent office at the court of Rome, because he who holds it is at the head of the treasury. During a vacation of the papal chair, the cardinal camcrlingo publishes edicts, coins money, and exercises every other prerogative of a sovereign prince. He has under him a treasurer-general, auditor-general, and twelve prelates called clerks of the chamber.