pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
JOEL, or the Prophecy of Joel, a canonical book of the Old Testament. Joel was the son of Pethuel, and the second of the twelve lesser prophets. The style of this prophet is bold, figurative, and expressive. He upbraids the Israelites for their idolatry, and foretells the calamities which they should suffer as the punishment of that sin; but he endeavours to support them with the comfort that their miseries would have an end upon their reformation and repentance. Some writers, inferring the order of time in which the minor prophets lived from the order in which they are placed in the Hebrew copies, conclude that Joel prophecied before Amos, who was contemporary with Uzziah, king of Judah. Archbishop Usher draws this inference fi∙om Joel’s foretelling the drought (chap. iv. 7, 8, 9). But if we consider the main design of Joel’s prophecy, we shall be apt to conclude that it was uttered after the captivity of the ten tribes; for he directs his discourse to Judah alone, and speaks distinctly of the sacrifices and oblations which were daily offered in the temple.
JOGHIS, a sect of religious persons in the East Indies, who never marry, nor hold any private property, but live on alms, and practise strange severities or mortifications. They are subject to a general, who sends them from one country to another to preach. They are, properly, a kind of penitent pilgrims, and supposed to be a remnant of the ancient Gymnosophists. They principally frequent such places as are consecrated by the devotion of the people, and pretend to live several days together without either eating or drinking. After having gone through a course of discipline for a certain time, they look upon themselves as impeccable, and privileged to do any thing; in consequence of which they give a loose rein to their passions, and run into all manner of debauchery.
JOHANNA, or Anjouan, more properly Hinzouan. See Hinzouan. JOHANN-Georgenstadt, a city of the mining district of the kingdom of Saxony, in the circle of Freyburg, upon the frontiers of Bohemia. It contains 396 houses, and 3000 inhabitants, who are employed in extracting silver, tin, vitriol, sulphur, iron, and manganese, from the surrounding mines.
JOHANNISBERG, a town of the duchy of Nassau, in Germany, near the Rhine, containing about 700 inhabitants. It is celebrated for its wine. The most famous of the vineyards belonged formerly to the prince-bishop of Fulda, but now to Prince Metternich, who has a castle at the town, and is said to derive from his wine an income of L.4000 per annum. There is much other wine produced from the neighbourhood, of an excellent quality; but it is estimated lower than that of the prince.
JOHN’S, St, one of the Virgin Islands in the West Indies, belonging to Denmark. It is five miles in length by one in breadth, and is situated about thirty-six miles to the east of Porto Rico and six miles south of the island of St Thomas. It is well watered, and possesses an excellent harbour; but the land in general is of little value, and the exports are trifling. It contains a population of 2430, of whom only 180 are whites. Long. 64. 32. W. Lat. 18. 7. N.
JOHNSTON’S Isle, a small island in the Eastern Seas, surrounded by a cluster of others. It is covered with verdure and cocoa-nut trees. Long. 131. 12. E. Lat. 3. 11. N.
JOHORE, a town of Malacca, and capital of an independent Malay principality, situated near the southern extremity of the peninsula of Malacca, twenty miles up a river of the same name. It was founded in 1511 by the inhabitants of Malacca, who fled thither on the capture of their city by the Portuguese. In 1603 Johore was also taken by the Portuguese, but rebuilt a little higher up the river. The surrounding country abounds in pepper, tin, gold, sago, and elephants’ teeth. The inhabitants bring these articles in their own prows to Prince of Wales’ Island, and receive in return opium and other goods. Long. 104. 5. E. Lat. 1. 40. N.
JOIGNY, an arrondissement of the department of the Yonne, in France. It extends over 774 square miles, is divided into nine cantons, and these into 110 communes, having a population of 78,687 persons. The capital, from which the circle takes its name, is a city on a hill, rising from the banks of the river Yonne. It is surrounded with walls, has a fine market-place, and 1000 houses, with 5176 inhabitants. There are some manufactures of cloth and of leather. Long. 3. 55. E. Lat. 47. 50. N.
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JOINT, in general, denotes the juncture of two or more things. The joints of the human body are called by anatomists articulations. See Anatomy.
JOINTURE, in Scotch Law, signifies generally a settlement of lands and tenements, made on a woman in consideration of marriage.
JOINVILLE, a city of the department of the Upper Marne, in France, in the arrondissement of Vassy. It stands on the left bank of the Marne, at the foot of a lofty hill, on which there remains an ancient castle, where the association of the League was formed in 1584. It contains 845 houses, and 3100 inhabitants. There are manufactures of woollen cloths and stockings. Long. 5. 1. E. Lat. 48. 26. N.
JOISTS, or Joysts, in Architecture, those pieces of timber framed into the girders and summers, upon which the boards of the floor are laid.
JOKAGUR, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Khandesh, seventy-four miles south-east from Oojain. Long. 76. 46. E. Lat. 22. 31. N.
JOKES. See Jesting.
JOLLOXOCHITL, an Indian word, signifying “flower of the heart,” is the name of a plant, bearing a large, beautiful flower, which grows in Mexico where it is much esteemed for its beauty and odour; the latter being so powerful, that a single flower is sufficient to fill a house with the most pleasing fragrance.
JONAH, or the Prophecy of Jonah, a canonical book of the Old Testament, in which it is related, that Jonah, about 771 before Christ, was ordered to go and prophecy the destruction of Nineveh, on account of the wickedness of its inhabitants. But the prophet, instead of obeying the divine command, embarked for Tarshish, when, a tempest arising, the mariners threw him into the sea. He was swallowed by a great fish, and after being three days and nights in its belly, was cast upon the land. The prophet, sensible of his past danger and surprising deliverance, now betook himself to the journey and embassy to which he was appointed; and arriving at Nineveh, the metropolis of Assyria, he, according to his commission, boldly laid open the sins of the Ninevites, and proclaimed their sudden overthrow; upon which the whole city, by prayer, fasting, and speedy repentance, happily averted the divine vengeance, and escaped the threatened ruin. Upon this, Jonah, fearing that he would pass for a false prophet, retired to a hill at some distance from the city, where God, by a miracle, condescended to show him the unreasonableness of his discontent.
JONATHAN, the son of Saul, celebrated in sacred history for his valour, and his friendship for David against [7:12:619]the interest of his own house. He was slain in battle in the year 1055 before Christ.

Jonathan, or Jonas, Maccabaeus, brother of Judas, a renowned general of the Jews. He forced Bacchides, the Syrian general, who made war with the Jews, to accept a peace, conquered Demetrius Soter, and afterwards defeated Apollonius, general of that prince; but, being ensnared by Tryphon, he was put to death, 144 before Christ.
JONK, Jonque, or Junk, in naval affairs, is a kind of small ship, very common in the East Indies. These vessels are of various dimensions; and differ in the form of their building, according to the different methods of naval architecture used by the nations to which they belong. Their sails are frequently made of mats, and their anchors of wood.
JONKOPING, a province in the south of Sweden, extending over 4804square miles, and situated between 56. 56. and 58. 9. of north latitude, and 13. 9. and 15. 36. of east longitude. It is a mountainous and rocky district; but in the cultivated parts produces corn sufficient for food, and tolerable crops of potatoes, hemp, flax, and buck-wheat. The mines produce a little gold and silver, and considerable portions of iron and copper. The woods are extensive, and furnish deals, pitch, tar, and potash for exportation. It is divided into six bailiwicks or circles, comprehending three towns or cities, 4029 farming or mining establishments, and 121,250 inhabitants, who are remarkable for their sprightly cheerfulness, and especially for their activity. Jonkoping, the capital of the province, is a city on the Lake of Wetter, and close to two smaller lakes. It is well and regularly built, the court of justice and guildhall being of stone. It contains three churches, 608 houses, and 3145 inhabitants. A detachment of artillery is fixed here, with its laboratory and stores.
JONSAC, an arrondissement of the department of the Vendee, in France, extending over 622 square miles. It is divided into seven cantons, and these into 120 communes, and contains 78,528 inhabitants. The capital, a city of the same name, stands on the river Sengne, and has 610 houses, with 2590 inhabitants, whose chief trade is in wine and brandy.
JOORIA, a populous and thriving sea-port of Hindustan, in the Gujerat peninsula, belonging to the rajah of Amram. It is situated on the Gulf of Cutch, twenty miles below Wowamia, and carries on a considerable traffic with Mandavee and other places in the Gulf of Cutch, and on the western coasts of India, Persia, and Arabia, and occasionally with Bombay. Its exports consist chiefly of cotton, ghee, oil, and hides, to the southward, and coarse cloth for Persia and Arabia. In return it receives spices of all sorts, powder, lead, and cocoa-nuts. In 1808, the rajah and principal inhabitants agreed with the Bombay government not to permit or connive at piracy; and also to abstain from plundering persons in distress. Long. 70. 40. E. Lat. 22. 40. N.
JOR, the Hebrew for a river, which, joined with Dan, concurs to form the term Jordan.
JORDAN, a celebrated river of Palestine, which has its rise in a mountain called Jebel Sheik, and passing by Caesarea Philippi, now called Panias, is increased by other tributary streams from the adjacent mountains, when it becomes a considerable river. It rolls on for ten miles through rocky and wooded banks, when it enters the great Lake of Tiberias on the north side, and again issues from its southern extremity. It then meanders in a southern direction through an extensive plain, and passing to the east of Jericho, falls into the Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltites. The lower part of its course is through the middle of a barren valley, with hills of white clayey soil on each side, about 200 feet in height. Its banks, when it was crossed by Mr Buckingham, and when it was at its lowest ebb, were fourteen or fifteen feet high. On each side the stream is lined by close thickets, which would afford ample shelter to wild beasts; and which, being driven away by the swelling of the river, has given rise to the Scripture expression, like “a lion from the swelling of Jordan.” Near Jericho the Jordan is deep and very rapid, nearly equal in breadth to the Thames at Windsor. It overflows its banks both in the spring and during the time of harvest, from the early and the later rains.
JORDANO, Lucca, an eminent Italian painter, was born at Naples in the year 1632. He became early a disciple of Ribera; but going afterwards to Rome, he attached himself to the manner of Pietro da Cortona, whom he assisted in his great works. Some of his pictures being seen by Charles II. king of Spain, he engaged him to paint the Escurial, in which task he acquitted himself as a great painter. The king having shown him a picture of Bassani, expressing his concern that he had not a companion, Lucca painted one so exactly in Bassani’s manner, that it was considered as a performance of that master; and for this service he was knighted, and gratified with several honourable and valuable employments. The works he had executed in [7:12:622]Spain raised his reputation so high when he returned to Naples, that, though he was a very quick workman, he could not supply the eager demands of the citizens. No one, not even Tintoret, ever painted so much as Jordano; and bis generosity carried him so far as to present altarpieces to churches that were not able to purchase them. His labours were rewarded with great riches, which he left to his family at his death, which took place in 1705.
JORJAN, a town of Persia, in the province of Astrabad, situated to the east of the Caspian. It is considered as one of the strongest fortresses in the kingdom, and is frequently mentioned in Persian history. It is 100 miles west of Meshid, and 300 north-north-east of Ispahan.
JOSEPH, the son of Jacob, memorable for his chastity, and the honours conferred on him at the court of Egypt. He died in the year 1635 before Christ, aged a hundred and ten.
JOSEPHUS, the celebrated historian of the Jews, was of noble birth, being by his father Mattathias descended from the high priests, and by his mother of the blood-royal of the Maccabees. He was born a. d. 37, under Caligula, and lived under Domitian. At sixteen years of age he betook himself to the sect of the Essenes, and then to the Pharisees; and having been successful in a journey to Rome, upon his return to Judaea he was made captain-general of the Galileans. Being taken prisoner by Vespasian, he foretold his coming to the empire, and his own deliverance by his means. He accompanied Titus to the siege of Jerusalem, and wrote his Wars of the Jews, which Titus ordered to be put in the public library. He afterwards lived at Rome, where he enjoyed the privileges of a Roman citizen, and where the emperors loaded him with favours, and granted him large pensions. Besides the above work, he wrote, 1. Twenty books of Jewish Antiquities, which he finished under Domitian; 2. Two books against Apion; 3. A Discourse on the Martyrdom of the Maccabees; and, 4. His own Life. These works are all written in Greek.
JOSHUA, the renowned general of the Jews, who conducted them through the wilderness, and died in 1424 before Christ, aged a hundred and ten years.

Joshua, a canonical book of the Old Testament, containing a history of the wars and transactions of the person whose name it bears. This book may be divided into three parts; the first of which is a history of the conquest of the land of Canaan; the second, which begins at the twelfth chapter, is a description of that country, and the division of it amongst the tribes; and the third, comprised in the two last chapters, contains the renewal of the covenant which he caused to be made by the Israelites, together with the death of their victorious leader and governor. The whole comprehends a term of seventeen, or, according to others, of twenty-seven years.
JOSIAH, king of Judah, the destroyer of idolatry, and the restorer of the true worship, an excellent magistrate and a valiant general, was slain in battle, 609 before Christ.
JOSSELIN, a town of the arrondissement of Ploermel, in the department of Finisterre, in France. It· stands on the river Oust, contains 2692 inhabitants, and has some manufactures of coarse woollen cloths. It is visited in summer on account of celebrated mineral springs. Near to it is a curious cavern called the Pertuis des Fées, or Fairy’s Cave, with an arch twenty-five feet in height. .
JOTAPATA, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Lower Galilee, distant forty stadia from Gabara; a strong place, situated on a rock, walled round, and encompassed on all hands with mountains, so as not to be seen except by those who approach very near. It was taken with difficulty by Vespasian. When it surrendered, it was ordered to be razed.
JOUDPOOR, an extensive rajpoot principality of Hindustan, in the province of Ajracer, of which the proper and ancient name was Marwar, and its sovereign was called the Rhatore rajah. The boundaries of this territory are not very exactly defined, being intermixed with that of Odeypoor and Jyepoor. They are said, however, to reach nearly to the Indus on the west, the town of Amer-kote in Sinde, within thirty miles of that river, being in possession of the rajah; on the east his territories comprehend the city of Meerta or Mcerat; on the north they are bounded by Bicanere and Jesselmere; on the south by the province of Gujerat and Odeypoor; and on the east by the dominions of Jyenagur. The southern and eastern parts of Joudpoor are fertile, being watered by streams that flow from the mountains. They are chiefly cultivated by Jauts, and they produce wheat, barley, and other kinds of grain common in India; also cotton, sugar, &c. The western portion of the country consists principally of desert or pasture lands, on which is bred a hardy race of horses, camels, and cattle. There are also lead mines in the country. The imports consist of cloth, shawls, spices, opium, rice, sugar, steel, and iron. The exports are salt, camels, bullocks, and horses. The principal inhabitants of Joudpoor are Rhatore rajpoots, who are a brave, handsome race of men, of the purest castes. The rajahs of Odeypoor, Jyepoor, and Joudpoor formerly enjoyed considerable power and consequence, and their alliance was much sought after by the Mogul emperors of Hindustan. The country is described as having been much more populous in ancient times.

The rajahs of Jyepoor and Joudpoor were employed with their followers in the imperial armies, and attained the highest military rank till the time of Aurungzebe, who attempted to enforce the capitation tax on his Hindu subjects, and sought to obtain possession of the children of the rajah Jerwont Sing, who died in the year 1678; a circumstance that gave rise to a war, in which the rajpoots were ultimately victorious, and, after the death of Aurungzebe, they only paid a nominal allegiance. Being afterwards weakened by dissensions amongst themselves, they became tributary to the Mahrattas, and were only delivered from their yoke by the British in their successful war against the Pindaries.

Joudpoor, a fortified city, and capital of the above principality, is well built, mostly of stone. It is situated on a hill; and carries on a considerable traffic, by means of caravans, with Gujerat and the Deccan. The rajah is now one of the British allies. Long. 73. 18. E. Lat. 26. 27. N.
JOURNAL, a day-book, register, or account of what passes daily. See Diary. Journal, in merchants’ accounts, is a book in which every particular article is posted out of the waste-book, and made debtor. This is to be very clearly worded, and fairly engrossed. See Book-Keeping. Journal, in Navigation, a sort of diary or daily register of the ship’s course, winds, and weather, together with a general account of whatever is material to be remarked in the period of a sea-voyage. In all such journals, the day, or what is called the twenty-four hours, terminate at noon, because the errors of the dead reckoning are at that period generally corrected by a solar observation. The daily compact usually contains the state of the weather; the variation, increase, or diminution of the wind; and the suitable shifting, reducing, or enlarging the quantity of sail extended; as also the most material incidents of the voyage, and the condition of the ship and her crew; together with the discovery of other ships or fleets, land, shoals, breakers, soundings, and the like.

Journal is also a common name of weekly essays, newspapers, and also of several books which come out at stated times, and give abstracts, accounts, or criticisms of the new books that are published, and the improvements daily made in arts and sciences.
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JOURNEY, a tract of ground passed over in travelling by land, properly as much as may be passed in one day.
JOURNEYMAN, properly one who works by the day only; but the word is now used for any one who works under a master, either by the day, the year, or the piece.
JOVIAN, the Roman emperor, elected by the army after the death of Julian the Apostate, in 363. He at first refused to assume the purple, saying he would not command idolatrous soldiers; but, upon an assurance that they would embrace Christianity, he accepted the throne, and immediately shut all the pagan temples. But he did not long enjoy the dignity to which his merit had raised him, having been suffocated in his bed by the fumes of a fire which had been made to dry the chamber. This happened a. D. 364, in the thirty-third year of his age, and the eighth month of his reign. See Constantinople.
JOVIUS, Paul, in Italian Giovio, a celebrated historian, was born at Como, in Italy, in the year 1483. As his father died in his infancy, he was educated by his eldest brother Benedict Jovius, under whom he became well skilled in classical learning; and then went to Rome for the sake of enjoying the benefit of the Vatican library. He there wrote his first work, De Piscibus Romanis, which he dedicated to Cardinal Louis of Bourbon. For many years he received a pension of five hundred crowns from Francis I. king of France, whose favour he secured by his flatteries. But, in the following reign, having disgusted the Constable Montmorency, his name was struck out of the list of pensioners. Jovius, however, did not suffer his spirits to sink under his misfortune. He had obtained a high reputation in the learned world by his writings; and having always showed great respect to the house of Medicis, on whose praises he had expatiated in his works, he applied to Clement VII. and obtained the bishoprick of Nocera. His principal production is his History, which is that of his own time, beginning with 1494, and extending to the year 1544. The composition of this work constituted the chief business of his life. For he formed the plan of it in the year 1515, and continued to labour upon it till his death, which happened at Florence in 1552. It is printed in three volumes folio. Jovius is allowed to have been a man of wit as well as learning; he was master of a polished style, and has made many curious observations; but being a venal writer, his statements are not much credited.
JOY, in Ethics, is that passion which is produced by love, regarding its object as present, either immediately or in prospect, in reality or imagination. The operation of joy sometimes affects the functions of the body, by increasing the secretion of perspiration, and otherwise.