pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
BIGHORN River, a river of North America, which is said to rise in the Rocky Mountains, near the Yellow Stone River and the sources of the Platte, and then to find its way through the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains. Taking a northerly direction, it falls into the Yellow Stone River in about the 47th degree of north latitude. In its long course it receives two considerable rivers, one from the west and the other from the south, called Little Bighorn river; and being unobstructed by falls, it is navigable to a great distance in canoes through a fine, rich, open country, well supplied with timber. There are no permanent settlers near it; but the whole country which it waters is occasionally visited by roving bands of Indian hunters.
BIGHT, among seamen, denotes one roll or round of a cable or rope when coiled up.
BIGNON, Jerome, a French writer, was born at Paris in 1590. Under the care of his father he early acquired uncommon knowledge in philosophy, mathematics, history, civil law, and divinity; and had almost completed his studies at an age when it is usual to send children to school. At ten years of age he gave the public a specimen of his learning in a Description of the Holy Land; and two years after he published a Discourse concerning the principal antiquities and curiosities of Rome, and a summary Treatise concerning the election of popes. Henry IV. desired to see him, and appointed him page to the dauphin, who was afterwards Louis XIII. At this time he wrote a treatise on the precedency of the kings of France, which he dedicated to Henry IV., by whom he was ordered to continue his researches on the subject; but the death of that prince interrupted his design. In 1613 he published the Formuloe of Marculphus. In 1620 he was made advocate-general in the grand council, and discharged that post with such reputation, that the king nominated him some time afterwards counsellor of state, and at last advocate-general in the parliament. He resigned his offices in 1641, and the year following was appointed principal keeper of the king’s library; but he was obliged to resume his office of advocate-general, which he held till his death, which happened in 1656. He was a man of the most exemplary devotion, and had been employed in the most important affairs of state.
BIGOT, a person obstinately and perversely wedded to some opinion or practice, particularly of a religious nature. Camden has probably hit upon the true origin of the word. He relates, that when Rollo, Duke of Normandy, received Gisla, the daughter of Charles the Foolish, in marriage, together with the investiture of that dukedom, he would not submit to kiss Charles’s foot; and when his friends urged him by all means to comply with that ceremony, he made answer in the English tongue, “Ne se, by God upon which the king and his courtiers, deriding him, and corruptly repeating his answer, called him bigot; and hence the Normans were called bigods, or bigots.
BIJANAGUR, an ancient city in the south of India, in the Balaghaut ceded territories, once the capital of a great Hindoo empire, though now in ruins. It is situated on the south bank of the Toombuddra river, directly opposite to Annagoondy. The city has been inclosed with strong stone walls on the east side, and is bounded by the river on the west, the circumference of the whole appearing to be about eight miles. The streets of this city, from thirty to forty yards wide, can be traced between the immense piles of rocks crowned with pagodas; and one street yet remains perfect. The building of this metropolis was begun in a. d. 1336. Between the sovereigns of the principality of which it was the capital, and the Mahommedan sovereigns of the Deccan, constant hostility was maintained; and in 1564, Ram Rajah, the sovereign of Bijanagur, was totally overthrown, by a combination of four Mahommedan sovereigns of the Deccan, on the plains of Tellicotta, who immediately marched to the metropolis, which they abandoned to pillage; and since this period it has lain in ruins. The travelling distance from Calcutta is 1120 miles.
BILBOA, a city, the capital of the province of Biscay, in Spain. It is situated in a very contracted valley, through which the river Ibaicabal runs, from the occasional overflowing of which the city is subject to inundations. It is an old-built place, with narrow and crooked streets, and, for [7:4:639]the most part, with large but tasteless houses. The inhabitants amount to 15,000, and are generally the most industrious of the Spaniards; and as there is no other place near it so good, it enjoys the greater part of the foreign commerce of the north of Spain. The harbour, if it can be called one, is very bad, and most of the vessels load and are discharged at Portugalete. The only fresh water is brought to the town by an aqueduct, or is saved in rainy weather. Bilboa was formerly the chief place from which merino wool was exported; but that trade has of late years been much diminished by the success of the breeders of sheep in Germany, who produce fleeces of a superior quality to the Spanish. Long. 3. 47. 7. W. Lat. 43. 16. 13. N.
BILBOES, a punishment at sea, answering to the stocks at land. The offender is laid in irons or stocks, which are more or less ponderous according to the quality of the offence of which he is guilty.
BILEDULGERID. See Bled-el-Jereede.
BILGE of a ship, the bottom of her floor, or the breadth of the place the ship rests on when she is a-ground. Therefore bilge-water is that which lies on her floor and cannot go to the well of the pump; and bilgepumps, or burr-pumps, are those that carry off the bilge-water. They likewise say the ship is bilged when she has some of her timber struck off on a rock or anchor, and springs a leak.
BILINGUIS, in a general sense, signifies one that speaks two languages; but in law is applied to a jury that passes in any case between an Englishman and a foreigner, of which part ought to be English and part foreigners.
BILIOUS, in general, denotes something belonging to or partaking of the nature of bile. Hence bilious fevers are those occasioned by the redundancy or bad qualities of the bile.
BILLACH, a circle in the Austrian province of Laybach and Trieste. It is a woody district, extending over 2091 square miles, or 1,338,240 acres. It is rich in mines, producing some gold, much lead, quicksilver, alum, antimony, iron, and copper. The inhabitants in 1817 were 111,850, of whom 17,000 were Lutherans, and the remainder Catholics. The capital of the circle is a city of the same name on the river Drave. It contains about 5000 inhabitants, is a manufacturing town, and enjoys much trade from being on the high road to Italy. It is in long. 13. 47. E. lat. 46. 35. N.
BILLERECAY, a market-town within the parish of Bursted, in the hundred of Barnstaple and the county of Essex, twenty-four miles from London. It is situated on an elevated plain, and commands a fine view of the rich vale through which the Thames flows. There is a good corn market on the Thursdays. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1472, in 1811 to 1599, and in 1821 to 1861, including the whole parish of Bursted.
BILLET, in Heraldry, a bearing in the form of a long square. Billeté signifies that the escutcheon is strewed all over.
BILLETING, in military affairs, is the quartering of soldiers in the houses of a town or village.
BILLETON, an island in the Eastern Seas, of a circular form, about fifty miles in length by forty-five in breadth, situated between Sumatra and Borneo. Long. 108. E. Lat. 2. S.
BILLINGEN, a city, the chief of a bailiwick, in the circle of the Lake of Constance and duchy of Baden. It stands on the Brigach, is fortified, and contains 3500 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in manufacturing iron goods and other hardware. The bailiwick contains 12,300 inhabitants.
BILLON, in the history of coins, a composition of precious and base metals, where the latter predominates.
BILMA, a town situated in the heart of the African desert, being the capital of the wandering tribe called the Tibboos. The place is mean and poor, surrounded with a mud wall. In its vicinity are a number of lakes, the waters of which, on evaporation by the heat of the sun, yield a quantity of very pure and fine salt.' The largest of these lakes is at Agram, situated aboutfour miles to the westward. This salt is the object of a very extensive and important trade, which consists in conveying the commodity to the countries in Central Africa. The Tibboos, however, an unwarlike race, are unable to secure to themselves the enjoyment of these natural treasures, but have the chagrin of seeing the Tuaricks, their neighbours, come and load their camels with this valuable article, which they then convey to the countries in the south. Near Bilma is a small circular spot, in which several springs bubble up, and maintain a brilliant verdure; but immediately to the south begins the most dreary part of the African desert, over which the caravans travel for fifteen days without discovering the slightest trace of vegetable life. *
BILSAH, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Malwah, situated on the Betwah river. It is inclosed with a stone wall, defended by square towers and a ditch. The suburbs without the walls are not very extensive; but the streets are spacious, and contain some good houses. The town and the surrounding country are celebrated all over India for the excellent quality of the tobacco, which is bought up with great eagerness and exported. The travelling distance from Calcutta is 867 miles. Long. 77. 50. E. Lat. 23. 33. N.
BILSHOFEN, a magistracy in the circle of the Lower

Danube, in the kingdom of Bavaria, comprehending 258 square miles, and containing 22,200 inhabitants. The capital of the district is a small city of the same name at the entrance of the river Bils into the Danube, and contains 270 houses, with about 2000 inhabitants. Long. 13. 6. 40. E. Lat. 48. 28. 30. N.
BILSON, Thomas, bishop of Winchester, in which city he was born and educated. In 1565 he was admitted perpetual fellow of New College, and in 1570 completed his degrees in arts. He was made bachelor of divinity in 1579, and doctor the year following. His first preferment was that of master of Winchester school; he was next made prebendary, and afterwards warden, of Winchester College. In 1596 he was consecrated bishop of Worcester, and about a year afterwards translated to the see of Winchester, and sworn of Queen Elizabeth’s privy council. He was one of the principal managers of the Hampton Court conference in 1604; and the English translation of the Bible in the reign of King James I. was finally corrected by this prelate, and Dr Miles Smith, bishop of Gloucester. He died in the year 1616, and was buried in Westminster abbey, near the entrance of St Edmund’s chapel, on the south side of the monument of Richard II. The several authors who have mentioned Bishop Bilson agree in giving him the character of a learned divine, an able civilian, and an upright man. His style is in general much more easy and harmonious than that of contemporary ecclesiastics. His works arc, 1. Several Latin poems and orations, in manuscript; 2. The true difference between Christian Subjection and Unchristian Rebellion, Oxf. 1585, 4to, Lond. 1586, 8vo; 3. The Perpetual Government of Christ’s Church, Lond. 1593, 4to, black letter; 4. The effect of certain sermons touching the full redemption of mankind by the death and blood of Christ, &c. Lond. 1599, 4to; 5. The survey of Christ’s suffering for man’s redemption, and of his descent to Hades or Hell, Lond. 1604, fol.; 6. A sermon preached before King James I. and his queen at their coronation, Lond. 1603, 8vo.
BILSTON, a town in the parish of Wolverhampton and hundred of Seisdon, in the county of Stafford, 128 miles from London. It is celebrated for its mines of coal, the operations of which are fostered by the canals which convey them in all directions at a cheap rate. It is also a great manufacturing place for all kinds of heavy iron articles. There arc many forges, flatting and slitting mills, and blast furnaces. The sand found here is highly esteemed for framing moulds for casting iron; and the mines of iron arc very productive. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 6914, in 1811 to 9646, and in 1821 to 12,003.
BIMLIPATAM, a town of Hindostan, in the Northern Circars, situated on the bay of Bengal. The Dutch had formerly a fort here; and in the adjacent country piece goods of various sorts are manufactured. It is twelve miles north from Vizagapatam. Long. 83. 35. E. Lat. 17. 50. N.
BINACLE, a wooden case or box, which contains the compasses, log-glasses, watch-glasses, and lights to show the compass at night. As this is called bittacle in all the sea-books, even by mariners, it appears evidently to be derived from the French term habitacle, a small habitation, which is now used for the same purpose by the seamen of that nation.
BINARY Arithmetic, that kind of notation in which unity or 1 and 0 are only used. This was the invention of Μ. Leibnitz, who showsit to be very expeditious in discovering the properties of numbers, and in constructing tables; and Μ. Dangecourt, in the history of the Royal Academy of Sciences, gives a specimen of it concerning arithmetical progressionals, where he shows, that because in binary [7:4:644]arithmetic only two characters are used, therefore the laws of progression may be more easily discovered by it than by common arithmetic. All the characters used in binary arithmetic are 0 and 1; and the cipher multiplies every thing by two, as in the common arithmetic by 10. Thus 1 is one; 10, two; 11, three; 100, four; 101, five; 110, six; 111, seven; 1000, eight; 1001, nine; 1010, ten; which is founded on the same principles with common arithmetic. Hence appears the reason of the celebrated property of the duplicate geometrical proportion in whole numbers, namely, that one number of each degree being taken, we may thence compose all the other whole numbers above the double of the highest degree. For example, 111 being the sum of 4, 2, and 1, or, analytically, of 100 = 4, 10 = 2, and 1 = 1, or 7 in all, this property may serve assayers to weigh all kinds of masses with a little weight; and may be used in coins, to give several values with small pieces. The binary method of expressing numbers once established, all the operations will be easy; in multiplication, particularly, there will be no need for a table, or getting any thing by heart. But the inventor does not recommend it for common use, because of the great number of figures required to express a number; adding, that if the common progression were from 12 to 12, or from 16 to 16, it would be still more expeditious; and that its use consists chiefly in discovering the properties of numbers, in constructing tables, and the like. What makes the binary arithmetic the more remarkable is, that it appears to have been the same with that used four thousand years ago among the Chinese, and left as an enigma by Fohi, the founder of their empire as well as of their scienccs.

Binary Measure, in Music, is a measure which is beaten equally, or where the time of rising is equal to that of falling. This is usually called common time. Binary Number, that composed of two units.
BING, in the alum-works, denotes a heap of alum thrown together in order to drain.
BINGAZI. See Cyrenaica.
BINGEN, a city, the chief of a canton of the same name, of 8496 inhabitants, on the Rhine, where the Nahe falls into that stream, in the duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. It is situated in a most magnificent valley, with picturesque scenery around it. It contains 491 houses, and 3246 inhabitants, mostly occupied in the trade in wine. Long. 7. 44. E. Lat. 49. 55. N.
BINGHAM, Joseph, a learned divine, born at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in September 1668; educated at University College, Oxford; and afterwards presented by John Radcliffe, Μ. D. to the rectory of Headbournworthy, near Winchester. In this country retirement he began his laborious work entitled Origines Ecclesiastica!, or The Antiquities of the Christian Church, the first volume of which was published in 1708; and it was afterwards completed in nine volumes more. But notwithstanding his learning and merit, he had no other preferment than that of Headbournworthy till the year 1712, when he was collated to the rectory of Havant, near Portsmouth, by Sir Jonathan Trelawney, bishop of Winchester, to whom he dedicated several of his books. He died on the 17th August 1723, in the fifty-fifth year of his age.

Bingham, a market-town in the hundred of that name, of the county of Nottingham, 123 miles from London, and eight and a half from Nottingham. It is situated in the fertile valè of Belvoir, with a fine Gothic church, and a good market-place, in which a market is held on Thursday. The inhabitants amounted in 1801 to 1082, in 1811 to 1326, and in 1821 to 1574.
BINGLEY, a town and parish in the west riding of Yorkshire, situated on the river Aire. The population is 6176, including Micklethwaite; and it is distant thirty-eight miles south-west of York, and 202 north-west of London.
BINN, binna, a sort of chest or cupboard, wherein to lock up bread, meat, or other provisions. The word is also used for a place boarded up to put corn in.
BINOMIAL, in Algebra, a root consisting of two factors connected by the sign plus or minus. Thus a + b and 8 — 3 are binomials, consisting of the sums and differences of these quantities. See Algebra.
BINTANG, an island lying off the south-eastern extremity of the Malay peninsula, about the first degree of N. latitude, and near thirty-five miles in length by eighteen in average breadth. It is surrounded by numerous small rocky isles and islets, which render the navigation dangerous.
BIOGRAPHY, that branch of history which treats of the lives, actions, and works of eminent or remarkable persons. See History.
BION, a bucolic poet and native of Smyrna, who lived at the same time with Ptolemy Philadelphus, whose reign reached from the fourth year of the 123d Olympiad to the second year of the 133d. He was an incomparable poet, if we may believe the lamentations of his disciple Moschus; and the few pieces of his which have descended to us are indeed creditable to his muse.

Bion, surnamed βorysthenites, because he was of Borysthenes, was a philosopher possessed of much wit, but of little religion. He flourished about the 120th Olympiad. Like other profane persons, he became superstitious as often as he felt sick, and thus verified the maxim which ascribes a similar tendency to a much greater personage.
BIOTHANATI, from 'β∣α, violence, and Qαjατος, death, in some medical writers, denotes those who die a violent death. The word is also written, and with more propriety, biathanati. In a more particular sense, it denotes those who kill themselves, and are properly called autotha-nati. In this sense it is that the word is used both by Greek and Latin writers.

Biothanati, supposed by some to be derived from βιος, life, and 0aΛ∕aτοζ, death, was also a name of reproach given by the Heathens to the primitive Christians, on account of their constancy and forwardness to lay down their lives in martyrdom.
BIOTHANATOS is also used, in some writers of the barbarous age, for wicked, damnable, or accursed.
BIOUAC, Bmouac, Biouvac, or Bivouac, from the German weywacht, a double watch or guard, originally meant a night guard or a detachment of the whole army, which, during a siege, or in the presence of an enemy, marched out every night in squadrons or battalions to line the circumvallations, or to take post in thefrontof the camp, for the purpose of securing their quarters, preventing surprises, and obstructing supplies. When an army does not encamp, but lies under arms all night, or when, from being unprovided with tents, the soldiers either pass the night around the watch-fires in the open air, or seek such shelter as they can find or construct upon the spot, it is ≡ alc * to bivouac; and this is now the only sense in which the term is employed.
BIQUADRATE, or Biquadratic, is the next power above the cube, or the square multiplied by itself.
BIQUADRATIC Equation, in Algebra, an equation raised to the fourth power, or where the unknown quantity of one of the terms has four dimensions. Thus a? 4 + <zar 5 + Zw 2 + cτ + if=0 is a biquadratic equation. See Algebra. . f Biquadratic Parabola, in Geometry, a curve line o the third order, having two infinite legs tending the same way.

Biquadratic Power of any number, is the fourth power [7:4:645]or squared square of that number. Thus 16 is the biquadratic power of 2; for 2 × 2=4, and 4 × 4 = 16.

Biquadratic Root of any number is the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the biquadratic root of 81 is 3; for the square root of 81 is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3.
BIRBHOOM, a district of Hindostan, in the province of Bengal, situated about the 24th degree of north latitude, being eighty-five miles in length by thirty in breadth. It is the largest Mahommedan zemindary in Bengal, and is held by a Mahommedan family of the Afghan nation, said to have been fixed there by Shere Shah about the year 1541, for the purpose of defending the frontiers against the barbarous tribes of the mountains. The present inhabitants are chiefly Hindoos. The chief towns are Su-rool, Sooro, and Nagore. In 1801 the population of this district was returned, to the queries of Marquis Wellesley, at 700,000, in the proportion of one Mahommedan to thirty Hindoos.
BIRD, William, an eminent musician and composer, was one of the children of the chapel in the reign of Edward VI., and, as is asserted by Wood in the Ashmolean MS., was bred up under Tallis. It appears that in 1575 Tallis and Bird were both gentlemen and also organists of the royal chapel; but the time of their appointment to this latter office cannot now be ascertained. The compositions of Bird are many and various: those of his younger years were mostly for the service of the church. He composed a work entitled Sacrae Cantiones, quinque vocum, printed in 1589; among which is that noble composition, Civitas sancti tui, which is occasionally sung as an anthem, to the words “Bow thine ear, 0 Lord.” He was also the author of a work entitled Gradτιalia, ac Cantiones sacrae, quinis, quaternis, trinisque vocibus con-cinnatae, lib. primus. Of this there are two editions, the latter published in 1610. Although it appears by these works that Bird was in the strictest sense a church musician, he occasionally gave to the world compositions of a secular kind; and he seems to have been the first among English musicians who made an essay in the composition of that elegant species of vocal harmony, the madrigal. The Verginella of Ariosto, which he set in that form for five voices, is the most ancient musical composition of the kind to be met with in the works of English authors. Of his compositions for private entertainment, there are extant, Songs of sundry natures, some of Gravitie, and others of Myrth, fit for all companies and voyces, printed in 1589; and two other collections of the same kind, the last of them printed in 1611. But the most permanent memorials of Bird’s excellencies are his motetts and anthems: to which may be added, a fine service in the key of D with the minor third, the first composition in Dr Boyce’s Cathedral Music, vol. iii.; and that well-known canon of his, Non nobis Domine.
BIRE, an arrondissement of the department of Calvados, in France, near 364 square miles in extent, and comprehending six cantons, 97 communes, and 86,745 inhabitants. The chief city, of the same name, on the river Bire, contains 8131 inhabitants, employed chiefly in the manufacture of woollen goods. Long. 1. 1. W. Lat. 48. 50. N.
BIREMIS, in Roman Antiquity, a vessel with two rows or banks of oars.