pnugues/EB7 huggingface dataset:
KALUGA, a government or province of Russia in Europe, extending over 13,142 square miles. It contains twelve cities, twelve market-towns, and 2061 villages and hamlets, of which 351, with the people in them, belong to the crown. The whole number of inhabitants are 1,159,600. It is divided into eleven circles. It is generally a level country, the most fertile and the best cultivated of any in the Russian empire, and is the chief source of the supply of provisions to the ancient capital, Moscow. It is estimated to produce 1,600,000 quarters of corn yearly, besides other vegetables for food, and a large quantity of hemp, flax, and fat cattle. The woods are extensive, and yield more fuel than the internal consumption requires. The chief employment, besides agriculture, consists in spinning flax and hemp. It is well watered by the navigable rivers Oka and Shisdra, and by many smaller streams that empty their waters into them. The climate is deemed the most healthy in Russia, and it is certainly the mildest. The city of Kaluga is the capital of the province, as well as of a circle of the same name, which comprehends in it 795 square miles, one city, and 160 villages, with 72,198 inhabitants. It stands on the river Oka, where the Kainschka falls into it. The walls have been recently converted into promenades. It is the see of a bishop, who has a handsome palace. It contains twenty-four churches, 3827 houses mostly of wood, and 24,500 inhabitants, wdiose chief employment is making sail-cloth and other linen goods, and who, besides, carry on cotton, paper, and china manufactures, and distilleries, sugar refineries, and breweries, all of which render it a flourishing place. Long. 26. 4. E. Lat. 54. 30. N.
KALW, a city of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, in the circle of the Black Forest, and capital of a bailiwick of the same name, which extends over 168 square miles, and contains a population of 20,500 persons. The city is situated on the river Nagold, which divides it into the upper and lower town. It contains 540 houses, with 4250 inhabitants, who are employed in woollen, cotton, and leather manufactures, and carry on much trade in rafting timber by the river.
KAMAKURA, an island in the Eastern Seas, near the south coast of Niphon, in Japan, about three miles in circumference, and surrounded with very high and steep rocks. It is used as a state prison.
KAMENEZ, a city of the province of Podolia, in Russia, the capital of the circle of that name, and the see of the Greek archbishop of Podolia and Brazlow, as well as that of the Catholic bishop of Podolsk. It is, like all the Polish towns, ill built, chiefly of wood, with narrow, crooked streets. It has numerous churches, with several convents, 943 houses, and 5658 inhabitants. Long. 26. 59. 10. E. Lat. 48. 40. 50. N.
KAMINIEC, an ancient town, the capital of the province of Podolia, when it formed part of the kingdom of Poland, but occupied by Russia when that unfortunate country was dismembered the second time. It stands a little to the north of the river Dniester, and was once the strongest fortified place on that frontier. There is some trade, chiefly with Moldavia. It has a Popish and an Arminian bishop. The population is 5600 persons, many of whom are Jews. Long. 27. 1. 30. E. Lat. 48. 50. N.
KAN, or Khan, the name of an officer in the East, answering to that of governor in Europe. There are khans of provinces, countries, and cities, who have different additions to distinguish them.
KANANY, a group of small uninhabited islands in the Eastern Seas, lying off the north coast of Mysol, about the 130th degree of east longitude. Good water maybe procured at the south end of the great island. These islands produce a species of nut, full of oil, and about the size of a small almond. The north point of the principal island is fixed in long. 129. 36. E. and lat. 1. 47. S.
KAN-CHOO-FOO, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiangsi, situated at the confluence of two rivers, one of which has very high banks. A bridge of boats, fastened with iron chains, crosses these rivers at the union of their streams; and a stone quay extends for some distance, with handsome landing places. This town includes twelve others in its jurisdiction, and its neighbourhood produces abundantly the varnish trees. Long. 114. 30. E. Lat. 25. 52. N.
KANDAHAR. See Candahar.
KANDERN, a town, the capital of a bailiwick of the same name, in the circle of the Treisam, in the duchy of Baden. The bailiwick contains, besides the town, fifty-four villages and hamlets, and 12,800 inhabitants. The town is situated on the river Kandern, has some considerable iron-works, and contains 144 houses and 1527 inhabitants.
KANGAROO Island is situated on the south coast of Holland. It was discovered by Captain Flinders, and was so called from the great number of kangaroos found on the island, which were so tame that they suffered themselves to be knocked down with spikes. The soil, as far as it was examined by Captain Flinders, appeared to be fertile, and the country was covered with a thick wood. Long, of Kangaroo Head, 137. 58. E. Lat. 35. 43. S.
KANGELANG Isle, an island of a very irregular shape, and surrounded by a cluster of smaller ones, with innumerable shoals. The principal island is twenty-five miles long by eight in average breadth. It is situated between the sixth and seventh degrees of south latitude, and the 115th and 116th of east longitude.
KANGRAH, called also Catochin, a district of Hindustan, in the province of Lahore. It is bounded on the north and north-west by Hurreepoor, on the east by Chambay, on the south by Calour, and on the west by the Punjab, being situated to the south-west of the Himalaya Mountains, between the Beyah and the Rauvy Rivers. The country is covered with wood. The fortress of Kangrah, which is situated in the northern part of the province, has long been celebrated. It was taken, a. d. 1010, by the famous Mahmoud of Ghizni, who plundered it of immense riches. It was retaken by the rajah of Delhi in 1043; and afterwards by the Emperor Akbar, after a very long siege, who conferred it on one of his officers, with the adjoining district. From him the present possessors of the lands boast their descent. It is situated on the top of a steep mountain, is well supplied with water, and contains ample space for raising supplies to feed a numerous garrison. Like all the other hill-forts in India, it is very unhealthy. Long. 75. 50. E. Lat. 32. 20. N.
KANIJEE, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Gujerat, situated a few miles north from Rahdunpoor. It contains about 250 houses, and is surrounded by a ditch eight feet deep, and a good parapet.
KANKHO, or Kankiang-ho, a large river of China, in the province of Kiangsi. Its course is from north to south, and it falls into the Poyang Lake, forming the termination of the great water communication reaching from Pekin southwards for upwards of 1000 miles. It has a rocky bed, and the navigation is sometimes dangerous.
KANOGE, a town and district of Hindustan, in the province of Agra. The district extends king the east side [7:12:675]of the Ganges, and is generally of a sandy soil, though well cultivated. The town is of great antiquity and celebrity, about two miles distant from the Ganges, with which it communicates by a canal. It was in former times of much greater extent and magnificence; and, for an extent of about six miles, the small pieces of brick which are seen on the spot, and the occasional traces of building, mark out the site of the ancient capital of Hindustan. The town at present consists of but one street; there are no buildings of any consequence; and the brick walls, which appear of no great antiquity, are going rapidly to decay. The adjacent plain is covered with ruined temples and tombs, and everywhere broken images are seen lying under the trees. The most curious remains of antiquity are often found amongst the ruins, such as ancient coins, inscribed with Sanscrit characters, and sometimes with the figure of a Hindu deity on one side. Kanoge was the capital of a powerful empire which existed at the period of the Mahommedan invasion. It was conquered, though not permanently retained, by Mahmoud of Ghizni, a. d. 1018. The travelling distance from Agra is 217 miles; from Lucknow, seventy-five miles; from Delhi, 214; and from Calcutta, 719. Long. 79. 52. E. Lat. 27. 5. N.
KANTCHEOU, a large town of China, situated near the north-western extremity of the country, where it projects into Tartary. It appears to be the place called Campion by Marco Polo and other early travellers.
KAO, one of the Friendly Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, called also Aghao, or Oghao. It is two miles northeast of Toofoa, and is a mountainous rock. In the channel which separates it from Toofoa, Captain Cook found no soundings.
KAOLIN, the name of an earth which is used as one of the two ingredients in oriental porcelain. A quantity of this earth was brought from China, and examined by Μ. Reaumur. He found that it was perfectly infusible by tire, and believed that it was a talky earth; but Μ. Macquer conceives that it is more probably of an argillaceous nature, from its forming a tenacious paste with the other ingredient, called petuntse, which has no tenacity. Μ. Bomare says, that by analyzing some Chinese kaolin, he found it to be acompound earth, consisting of clay, to which it owed its tenacity; of calcareous earth, which gave it a rneally appearance; of sparkling crystals of mica; and of small gravel, or particles of quartz crystals. He says that he has found a similar earth upon a stratum of granite, and conjectures that it may be a decomposed granite. This conjecture is the more probable, as kaolins are frequently found in the neighbourhood of granites.
KAOMING-SZE, a city of China, in the province of Kiangnan, situated on the great canal. It is distinguished by a very ancient and splendid pagoda dedicated to the god Fo. It is sixty-five miles north-east of Nanking.
KAOTCHEOUFOU, a city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Q,uangtong, ^situated on a river, thirty-six miles from the sea. It is 200 miles east-south-east of Canton. Long. 110. 4. E. Lat. 21. 40. N.
KAPINI, a small, uninhabited island, about twenty-five miles in circumference, lying off the west coast of Sumatra, and situated almost immediately under the equator. In the charts it is usually named Batu, whilst this latter island is erroneously named Mintaon.
KAPUVAR, a town of the province of Farther Danube, in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, on an arm of the river Raab, where there is a magnificent castle belonging to Prince Esterhazy. It contains 2943 inhabitants, with one Catholic church. Much tobacco is cultivated around the town.
KARAH, a town of Hindustan, belonging to the Mahrattas, in the province of Gujerat, 17 miles south-east from Ahmedabad. Long. 72. 45. E. Lat. 22. 4G. N.
KARAK, an island in the Persian Gulf, the greater part of which is rocky; but the eastern part, being somewhat lower than the others, is capable of being cultivated. It was formerly under the Dutch, when it contained from 2000 to 3000 inhabitants. At present it does not contain above 300 or 400. It affords a safe anchorage at all seasons, but more particularly during the severe gales which blow from the north-west, and are the prevailing winds in this sea. In the year 1808, Sir John Malcolm recommended to the British government to occupy this island, as a defensive position, and a good station for trade, which might be securely carried on with the neighbouring coasts of Persia and Arabia. The Persians are in possession of this island at present. A good supply of water may be procured here, and also the best pilots for Bassorah. Lat. 29. 14. N.
KARAKALPACS, a people of Tartary, who inhabit that tract of country which lies to the east of the Aral, and to the north of the Sihon or Jaxartes. They profess the Mahommedan faith, and are chiefly employed in agriculture, the soil of the country possessing a considerable degree of fertility. The country is under the dominion of khans; but the Seits, the supposed descendants of Mahommed, receive more respect than their princes. The Russians protect them against the incursions of their neigh·· hours the Kirghises.
KARAKITA, a small island in the Eastern Seas, to the south of Sangir, about six miles in circumference. It is cultivated and inhabited. Long. 125. 25. E. Lat. 3. 7. N.
KARANG SAMBONG, a considerable inland town of the island of Java, situated upon a fine river, which is navigable for large prows, and runs through Indramayo into the sea. It is 168 miles south-east from Batavia.
KARASJEE, a small town of Hindustan, in the province of Bejapoor. It contains a number of Mahommedans, who subsist mostly on alms, in a state of filth and sloth. Long. 75. 28. E. Lat. 17. 26. N.
KARASUBASAR, a city of the province of Taurien or Taurida, in Russia, in the circle of Feodosia. It stands in a plain between two mountains, upon the banks of the river Karask. It contains 915 houses in narrow streets, and 3700 inhabitants, consisting of Tartars, Greeks, Armenians, and some Jews, with but few Russians. It has considerable trade in leather, soap, candles, and tallow. Long. 34. 30. E. Lat. 45. 4. N.
KARATSCHEW, a city of the province of Orel, in Russia, the capital of a circle of the same name. It stands on the river Sujeshat. It contains twelve churches, three of which are of stone, 1000 houses, and 6230 inhabitants, who make large quantities of twine and ropes. Long. 34. 51. E. Lat. 53. 16. N.
KARDANAH, a river of Palestine, anciently called Belus, the sand of which has long been celebrated in the manufacture of glass. It falls into the Mediterranean, eight miles south of Acre.
KARGAUW, a town of Hindustan, in the Mahratta territories, in the province of Khandesh, district of Bejapoor. Long. 75. 35. E. Lat. 21. 54. N.
KARGAPOL, a city of the Russian province Olonez, the capital of a circle of the same name, extending over fifty-four square miles, and containing 44,500 inhabitants. The city is built on the river Onega, and is one of the most respectable provincial towns of Russia. It contains seventeen stone and nine wooden churches, two convents, 520 other dwellings, and 3700 inhabitants, who are very active and enterprising. Long. 38. 45. E. Lat. 61. 29. N.
KARICAL, a town of Hindustan, on the sea-coast of the province of Tanjore, fifty miles east by north from the province of Tanjore. The surrounding territory produces rice and salt. Karical was granted to the French by the rajah of Travancore in 1739. The fort is built upon one of [7:12:680]the branches of the Cavery, the mouth of which is so choked by a bank of sand, that it is only navigable for boats. In 1760, Karical was taken from the French by Colonel Monson. It has been frequently taken and retaken since that period by the contending parties, and was ceded to the French at the conclusion of the last war. Long. 79. 54. E. Lat. 10. 55. N.
KARLE, a Saxon term, used in our law, sometimes to signify simply a man; and sometimes, with an addition, a servant or clown. Thus the Saxons call a seaman buscarli, and a domestic servant huscarle. Hence comes the modern word churl.
KARLSBAD. This is one of the most celebrated bathing places in Europe. It is situated in Bohemia, on the northern boundary towards Saxony. It is in a narrow and deep valley in a mountainous district, abounding with many most romantic prospects, and stands on both sides of the river Tepel. The springs are said to have been discovered in the year 1358, by the emperor of Germany, Charles IV., whilst hunting; and, the virtues of the water having been ascertained, he built a castle on the spot, around which other edifices were subsequently erected, and thus formed a city. It now contains about 500 housps, with 3000 resident inhabitants; but, in the summer, the number of occasional visitors far exceeds this. It has a neat and well-built church, an elegant theatre, and several spacious halls for assemblies collected for music, dancing, or promenading. The company to be found at this place is of the most promiscuous kind; and monarchs, nobles, and the most distinguished persons on the continent, mix here with the other guests with no observable parade or ceremony. The walks that have been laid out display much taste, and, from several points in them, the prospects are very striking; whilst the number of retreats, where refreshments are furnished, are appropriate, and at very moderate rates. The warm springs are of various names, viz. the Old and New Sprudel, the New Well, the Mill Well, the Bernharts Well, and the Theresa Well. All of these nearly resemble each other in taste, and the patients take very large doses of them. The cures in dyspepsia are much celebrated; and gouty, rheumatic, and scrofulous diseases are frequently cured by the use of the water. The resident inhabitants make many curious articles in iron, steel, tin, and wood, of which most of the visitors become the purchasers.
KARLSTADT, a city of Bavaria, the capital of the bailiwick of the same name, in the circle of the Upper Maine. It is built on the Maine, is surrounded with walls, and contains 460 houses, and 2280 inhabitants.

Karlstadt, a circle of the Austrian Illyrian province of Trieste, extending over 1326 square miles, containing one city, two market-towns, and 514 villages and hamlets, with 22,400 houses, and 108,250 inhabitants. The whole circle is very mountainous, the southern part being a prolongation of the Alps, and the rest a series of woody mountains. Between the ranges are some extensive and fertile valleys, producing wine, olives, fruit, tobacco, corn, and good pasture. The chief city, which gives its name to the circle, stands on the river Kulp, is fortified, and contains one Greek and two Catholic churches, a Franciscan convent, 524 houses, and 3224 inhabitants, who are employed chiefly in building ships and boats. It is in long. 17. 32. 52. E. and lat. 45. 29. 33. N.
KARNAC, or Karnak, the name of a village near Thebes, in Upper Egypt, and built on a small part of the site of a temple, which must have been one of the most magnificent in the world. The ruins of this edifice seem to indicate, according to Denon, that it was the largest ever raised by human hands; and he thinks it probable that this temple, as well as the palace of Luxor, was built in the time of Sesostris, called by the Egyptians the Great Rhamses, when Egypt was in the highest degree of prosperity. The plan of this temple is noble and grand; but Denon supposes that the embellishments were added long after the building of the temple, as they exhibit a more correct and chaste style. See article Egypt.
KARNATA, an ancient Hindu geographical division, which comprehended all the high table-land in the south of India, situated above the Ghauts. The name has been transferred to the adjacent provinces on the sea-coasts of India, Carnatic, and Canara. In the remote periods of Hindu history, Karnata existed as a powerful empire, which comprehended great part of the south of India.
KAROON, a river of Persia, which has its rise about thirty-five miles south-west of Ispahan, at a place called Correng, at the foot of the same hill where the Zeindrood or Ispahan river has its source. After receiving a number of tributary streams in the mountains of Lauristan, it flows through the city of Shuster, to a small village twelve miles to the south of that city, where it meets the Abzal. It then flows with a southerly course as far as lat. 30. 32. N., and thirty miles east of Bassorah. Here it divides itself into two branches, one of which disembogues itself into the s?a at Goban; and the other, taking the name of Hafur, after a course of about fourteen miles, again separates, one division passing through an artificial canal three miles in length, into the Shat-ul-Arab, and the other entering the sea by the name of Bamishire. “The Karoon,” says Mr Kinneir, “is a noble river, being in many parts upwards of 300 yards in breadth, and navigable for boats of twenty-five tons burden as far as Kish-tibund, four miles from Shuster.
KAROULY, a town and district of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, situated on the Putchpuree River, which, ducing the rainy season, swells to a torrent; and on the other side is surrounded by deep and extensive ravines. The town is surrounded by a good stone wall with bastions, and the fort is in the centre. The rajah is of the military tribe of the Rajpoots, who have been gradually stript of their best possessions by the Afghans, Moguls, and Mahrattas. It is seventy miles south-west from the city of Agra.' Long. 77. E. Lat. 26. 35. N.
KARPOOT, a large and ancient town of Koordistan, built on the summit of a hill, at the eastern extremity of a fertile valley about three or four miles in breadth and about twenty-five in length. It belongs to the pasha of Maden, or inspector of the mines, who resides at Gebbin Maden, the silver mines on the Euphrates.
KARS, a city of Turkish Armenia, situated at the extremity of a fine valley. It is built on the side of an uneven rocky height, on the summit of which, to the eastward, rises its citadel, of great antiquity. The walls of the town extend in a straight line east and west along the plain; then run up the acclivity of the rock on each side till they reach its top, where, strongly protected with round and square bastions, they meet at the great towers of the fortress. It is a perfect and interesting specimen of an Asiatic fortified city. Beyond the walls, a considerable suburb stretches out eastward; but three or four pentagon batteries, each mounted with five pieces of cannon, appeared to Sir R. K. Porter, who visited this place in 1818, to be the sole defences of the outer town. Seen from a distance, the town has a majestic appearance, from the imposing aspect of its citadel, the extent of its walls, and the height of its towers, which, being mostly of stone, give it an air of peculiar magnificence. But the illusion vanishes the moment the traveller enters the town, which presents an appearance of ruin, dirtiness, and neglect, in all its long and narrow valleys. According to Sir R. K. Porter, Kars is the Charsa of Ptolemy; and being considered as one of the strongest places in this part of the Turkish dominions, is the selected residence of the pa [7:12:681]sha of the northern frontier. In consequence of its situation as the very key of Armenia towards the north, it has stood a variety of sieges, and endured every change from the varied events of war. The population amounts to about 10,000 families, consisting of Turks, Koords, Armenians, Georgians, Jews, and a few Persian merchants. The place has no great appearance of prosperity. It is thirty miles from Erivan.
KARTAN, or Martan, four small islands in the Indian Ocean, near the southern coast of Arabia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Curia Muria. Long. 54. 50. E. Lat. 17. 30. N.
KARTUEL, or Kartalinia, one of the four provinces which constitute the state of Georgia, and the most western of the whole, bordering on Immeritia. It occupies both banks of the Kur, and comprehends the greater part of the ancient Iberia; but it no longer boasts of the fine cities and handsome public buildings which it contained in the time of Strabo. The repeated revolutions which it has experienced since that period, and, in particular, the destructive inroads of the Lesghaes, have completely changed the face of the country, and almost exterminated its population. The few inhabitants who remain are to be found, as in ancient times, in the southern and middle mountains of Eastern Caucasus. They live chiefly by agriculture, and have their houses almost on the very tops of the hills.
KARUKU, a small island in the Eastern Seas, about three miles to the eastward of Amboyna. This island contains hot springs that will boil an egg. It is principally allotted to the culture of the clove tree.
KASCHIN, a city of the province of Twer, in Russia, the capital of a circle of the same name, extending over eighty-seven square miles, containing one city and 486 villages, with 75,896 inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Kaschinta, and contains twenty-five churches, 705 houses, and 3813 inhabitants. Long. 37. 35. E. Lat. 57. 20. N.