plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
The 30 baht universal health scheme established by Thai Government in 2001 proposed to provide welfare on health to Thai people. There are controversies whether this policy promotes equity in health.Objective: To study the ideologies of Thai people towards the universal health coverage policy.Method: Qualitative research complemented with quantitative method. Citizen dialogue technique (or weekend meeting) was applied to 100 people randomly selected in each province for the meeting. Participants gave their views in the questionnaires before and after the meeting. The meeting started with small group discussion in the morning and whole group meeting in order to reach consensus wherever possible. The study was conducted in 4 provinces: Sukhothai, Ubonratchathani, Phuket and Samut Sakhon.Results: The turn up rates of participant ranged from 22-80% of the invited guests. They supported the idea of increasing copayment of 30 baht to finance the universal health coverage because they believed that fee increased would provide coverage for more people. They were willing to pay income tax for universal health coverage because they wanted better services. They said the government should not pool in money from the social security scheme to finance universal health coverage. However, some supported that the government should pool in only particular percentage of money from social security scheme to manage the universal coverage policy. Most of participants agreed that the government universal health coverage should not focus on only the low  income people because all people should have equal right to universal health coverage. Furthermore, the government should not increase user fee for those who cross the boundary for services (or against the universal health coverage guidelines), and people whohad an accident or were ill outside their contracted hospitals should not be punished by payinghigh fee. Finally, the universal coverage policy should not limit access to high cost care, they preferred to see the policy as advertised “30 baht for all diseases”. 	Conclusions: These Thais’ Ideologies were mixed between egalitarianism, communitarianism and  utilitarianism. These ideologies represented that Thai people believed in the collective roles of the government to provide health services to all Thai people. Key words: universal health coverage, weekend meeting, egalitarianism, libertarianism, communitarianism and utilitarianism
An Evaluation on Social Services for Aging People in Communities: A Case Study of Services of  Welfare Centers in Communities	This study aims to study social services in communities; especially, which aging people reached; quality of life of aging people; and their troubles and life satisfaction.  This study also aims to study the welfare centers in communities’ operations and the relationship of communities’ strength and the welfare centers’ effectiveness. 	There were 2 types of data, primary and secondary.  Primary data were both in qualitative and quantitative forms, collected by interviewing 380 aging people, 101 heads of welfare centers, other people such as, teachers, health officers, monks, imams, merchants and other peasants including juveniles from 19 amphurs, 9 provinces of every part of Thailand.  Secondary data were documentary data; such as, handbooks, reports, official memorandum and national policies.	The results of the study are as follow:	1. Social services in communities: privilege cards service, institutional service, social group service, and service or assistance from community leaders.	- Social services which aging people could reach and were satisfied most were all kinds of health services; such as, hospitals, health centers, including the convenience in using health cards.	- Services or assistance from community leaders were fair, mostly moderately good in quantity; such as, giving foods, cloths, money or things.  Other services which could help people – in - troubles to have better life quality were low.  	- Service from social groups in communities which most aging people preferred was ‘cremation service’, a community fund which people in community raises every time one member in the village dies, both in the form of legal and illegal ones.  However, aging people preferred illegal cremation fund services to legal ones.	2. An evaluation on welfare centers in communities.	Welfare centers in communities, which their objectives were to help people from troubles, were moderately successful in doing their careers because of the insufficiency of knowledge in welfare services.	3. The study on community strength related to aging people’s life quality and life satisfaction.	Aging people in highly strengthened communities have been supported in money, foods and things, messages and visits from family members, friends, neighbors and other people more than those lived in less strengthened ones.		From the findings shown above, it leads to the following suggestions:	1. In the policy level.	- It is not necessary to implement one national policy in every part of the country.	- The national policies should be really suitable to the situation and needs of people.	2. In the operational level.	- The concepts and trends of forming welfare centers in communities should be readjusted.  Members of the centers must have, at least, basic knowledge on social welfare and social work in order to be able to help people – in  - troubles as much as possible.	- Local government officers in charge of welfare services, if they really know what and how to do welfare careers, they could be the greatest assistants in communities.
Thailand’s Aged Care in Private Sector	Thailand’s increasing number of elderly population and their longer lives are causing higher needs of aged care. While public facilities to support such needs are minimal, both business-liked facilities and non-profit organizations are increasing in number to meet unmet needs / demand.	The private aged care in Thailand was studied two major aspects which were types of care given and their service management. Types of private facilities were categorized into 6 groups and sampled for data collection. Interviewing personnel involved in aged care such as administrators, physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, other health personnel and officials in addition to their customers (patients) were made. The 6 groups were profit-liked hospitals, non-profit hospitals, well fare organizations (partly charging fees or no fees), accommodations for the aged, nursing homes and aged care teaching schools	The study found 95% of those paying fees for aged care were satisfied with the care provision whereas those being given free care commented that if only food and health care were sufficient their satisfaction would be achieved. The elderly who lived with their families and needed aged care tended to hire the certified care givers who had attended short course training from registered schools. A number of schools wishing to provide training programs were increasing based on evidence of growing number of schools or facilities being in the process of registration.	The study recommended:public clear policy guideline for aged care provision in terms of care and its provision system be developed and carried out by the government, more elderly be insured for aged care,health personnel be administrators for care provision,gerontology be supported to boost people’s interest for being care givers in order to meet rirsing demand,public health personnel be sent to help non-profit facilities to do medical checking and provide medical care for the aged patients,information on aged care be widely distributed to help out the needed for seeking care quality and just fees.
Public Health Management ReformThis policy research is an action and goal oriented study. Its main objective is to outline a new framework for public health management reform. In the study, concepts on public sector management were reviewed and public health reforms in selected developed countries, namely, Canada, Austria and Singapore, as well as health reform movements in Thailand were discussed. Within an advocacy approach and a macro perspective, public health management system was treated as a unit of analysis. Under such perspective, its ultimate goal is placed on the human well-being while new roles and direction towards public health management reforms were analyzed through various qualitative techniques, including SWOT Analysis with SWOT Matrix.Based on the available sources of data relevant to the space, timeframe and actors, its findings are presented covering two main themes. Firstly, policy and structural constraints have let to the inefficient management – as witnessed from the centralized management approach and the lack of policy integration and coordination at macro level. Secondly, based on the environmental scanning, strategic issues are determined in shaping public sector roles include, among others, enhancing civil society organizations and health networks, strengthening self-reliant and healthy communities, upholding local wisdom and indigenous knowledge base for health promotion.
Presently Universal Health Care Coverage in Thailand is nearly fully financed by government general budget. UC has adopted close ended budget which come from capitation rate multiply with number of registered members. Refer to past experience, budgeting process for UC faces with annual administrative hurdle without any guarantee on adequate budget according to capitation rate calculated by cost of service and use rate. National Health Security Fund should be established by National Health Security Office and Thai citizen according to National Health Security Act B.E.2545. Major source of finance for NHSF should not be solely relied on government general budget as existing situation.Objectives of this study are to provide advantage and limitation of eight sources of finance for UC according to Article 39 in National Health Security Act B.E.2545. This study applies two methods which are brain storming of researcher team and self answering questionnaire by 20 key informants in one day workshop. The result from brainstorming of researchers indicates that contributions by local government, co-payment by patients and contributions by beneficiaries have potential to be financial sources for UC with some limitation of each source. The result from the workshop of 20 key informants reveals that political feasibility is the most important domain to decide the source of finance for UC. Other less important domains are sustainability, equity, programmatic feasibility and social acceptance the least important. The key informant workgroup have preference on Additional Taxes from Tobacco, Alcohol and Beer and clearly earmark to the fund as long as it get high score on political feasibility, social acceptance, sustainability and programmatic feasibility. On the other hand, contributions by beneficiaries are the least feasible source and it appears to be judged as social unacceptable and administrative infeasible. Increases in the VAT are deemed politically infeasible and the worst for equity reason. Questionnaires used in the workshop were originally created by researchers with foundation of knowledge and thoroughly understanding in financing of Thai health system. All key informants were fully informed in the workshop in order to have the same understanding which leads to limitation in number of valid questionnaires. However, these key informants are heath experts in Thailand from several institutions both of academic and practical organization. This study contributes new knowledge of health care financing in Thailand. Moreover, it provides fundamental information for financing the UC scheme in long run.
This research is primarily a literature review, aiming for reviewing information and academic literature related to health economics and management of medical technology in Thailand, gathering recommendations from health economic studies and policy research on expensive medical-technology equipment, statistics, opinions, as well as policy options published as academic articles.   In addition, the review includes related body of knowledge on management of the technology at the public policy level and at the system policy level that has been studied and published in international academic journals, including technology assessment, acquisition, purchasing, diffusion, costs and utilization of the medical technology.	The finding indicates that Thailand has a limited number of researches on management of expensive medical-technology equipment.   Most of the studies are specific to certain technologies.   There are some technology assessment works but they are not common.    The investment of the public and private sectors on medical equipment before the country economic crisis tended to go up all the time.   Despite imperfect data on the technology diffusion, there are evidence that access to technology is not equitable.   There is no organization or mechanism to manage comprehensively and effectively.   Responsibility on monitoring distribution is scattered among several governmental units.	The international literature provides information on technology-assessment guidelines and measures, acquisition and import of technology, management of technology diffusion and use of expensive medical-technology equipment differently.   Nevertheless, some conclusions can be drawn that management measures for management of medical technology can be classified into three phases.  First, the pre-market phase comprises steps to be taken before import and diffuse the technology for use in the country, need assessment, assessment of infrastructures to support the technology and technology assessment.  Second, the purchasing and diffusion phase includes measures after medical technology is proved to be safe and appropriate for use in the country.  This is to ensure the proper diffusion of medical technology to maximize efficiency, effectiveness and equity in the system.   Third, the use phase consists of measures affecting provider decision to utilize the technology in diagnosing or treating patients in order to warrant appropriate use.
The 1992 private hospital census in ThailandApart from MOPH Medical License Division (MLD) data on  number of hospitals and beds by province, there is a severe  lack of information on types of beds, manpower mix  (both part  time and full time), throughput (curative and preventive services), rates of room and board, exemption policy and volume of exemption by private hospitals. Moreover, pattern and  behaviour of private hospitals under various types of ownership (for profit companies, individual owned, for profit companies  registered in stock exchange merket, not for profit foundation  run hospital) has not yet been explored. The 1992 private  hospital census aims to assess number and type of beds and  trends during 1990-92; category of medical staff both part time  and full time and trends during 1990-92; throughput and trends  during 1990-92; hospital exemption policy and volum of  exemption; ownership of certain major equipments. We use the  census frame of the total 320 hospitals registered with the MLD  in 1992. Mail questionnaires were distributed to hospitals in Bangkok through MLD, hospitals outside Bangkok were distributed  through Provincial Health Offices. Hospitals were required on a voluntary basis to response the questionnaire. Follow up work consumed 12 months during October 1993-94. There were 222  hospitals responded, 69 percent response rate. Interactive validation and assessment of data quality by researchers and  the hospitals was made to  improve reliability of data. Results are presented in six sectionsa)Beds, typed of bed, geographical distribution and  three yaer trend b)Manpower by categories and three year trend. [Note : full time staff works more than 40 hours per week, and  part time staff works less than 40 hours] c)Throughput  (curative and preventive services) and three year trens d)Ratio analysis e)Room rate f)Exemption policy and volume of exemption. Hospitals are classified by researchers into four categories ; Type I : corporate, company limited of owned and  run by an individual. Type II : owned and run by not-for-profit  Foundation. Type III : public company registered in the Thai  Stock Exchange Market. Type IV : small hospitals called oneself  as clinic, polyclinic. The overall response rate in 69 percent  (Type II 85 percent, Type III 75 percent, Type I 72 percent and Type IV 58 percent respectively)
This research sets specifications of 223 active pharmaceutical chemicals for quality control. The specification of each pharmaceutical chemical is divided  into  3 parts. Part I sets characteristic of raw materials in accordance to USP24, BP1998, and/or Certificate of Analysis (COA) of the manufacturer. Part I requires  analysis of Physical Appearance, Identification, Solubility, Heavy Metal, Loss on Drying, Related Substances, Impurities and Assay etc. Part  II includes the In – House Specifications  which  are  recommended additional requirement  for  production of dosage forms. Conforming to Part II will increase the quality assurance of the raw materials.		The specifications in Part II, generally not found in the pharmacopia, include analysis such as : Residual Solvent, Impurity Profile, Particle Size, Bulk Density, Tapped Density, and Shelf Life, etc. Part III is the remark which summarized  from the comments (interviews and questionair) from pharmacists working in pharmaceutical plants. The remarks include recommendation for additional analysis such as : color, odor, Impurities, Polymorphism and Dissolution Test, etc.			These specifications if required in  registration of raw materials will result  in higher degree of quality assurance of the finished  products in both public and private sector.
Coverage and acceptance  in  spray and impregnated  mosquito   nets for  malaria  control,  Krabi 1999	The objectives of this study were to measure the coverage and the acceptance of Krabi people in spray and using impregnated mosquito  nets for malaria control, 1999. This study design were cross-sectional survey to collect quantitative data and focus group discussion  for qualitative data. The result showed that the coverage of spraying was 92.8% of target household ,however the quality of total spraying covering the household area was 58.6%. Bed room and interior were not accepted to be sprayed ,since the owner could not gather things in time and were afraid of being dangerous for human being , animals and things. People accepted the spraying for they knew more about malaria and feared to be sick. As the result they would like their houses to sprayed every 6 months. Because of the polite and reliant manner of the spray workers, people were not afraid of loosing things during their working. However, only 68.3% of reporting and marker were correct. Additionally, the spray workers did not introduce themselves ,make an appointment, and tell about usefulness to the householder before spraying. Further, the people accepted that chemical used for spraying smelled bad but not being dangerous and dirty. To spray was better than bed  nets as perceived by children and older since it could protect them from  mosquitos in the wider area and while staying out side the bed nets. Also spraying chemical decreased the number of mosquitos and other insects. Generally, 85.9% of household was given one impregnated nets and  90.8 % of them used the impregnated nets. At the same time the bed nets were usually utilized every night for 89.3 %.The acceptance was found that they were pleased to receive impregnated mosquito nets and needed it more. However, health workers did not suggest them  how to wash nets and  impregnated  nets again. They had good perception for malaria and felt fear this disease also. They thought that impregnated mosquito nets were better than normal bed nets as 78.1 % Chemical for impregnated nets had odor after it was  not dried and it was not dangerous. In addition , some people liked impregnated mosquito nets more than spray  because it could protect mosquito bite every night, tough spray could protect it in a short time.
The research “Health Information Radio and Television Media for the Public” is conducted to monitor and analyse radio and television programmes that have health elements for Thais in them. The emphasis is on the Heath programme. The study was started by a survey of the whole layout of the station to analyse proportion of its content. After that sample programmes are picked up to be studied in details about the process of producing a health programme for radio/television. The study focuses on asking producers, in this research we would like to call “Health Communicator”, about their challenges and recommendations.	To make the analysis more comprehensive, the team refers to base line data about the structure of radio and television media in Thailand and followed by interviewing managers who direct and manage the stations which are both owned by government and private, in order to illustrate the policy towards producing a health programme.   	In summary, the research will study the lay-out; study the structure of the media and health programmes and interview health communicators. The outcome will be a linked analysis that shows the whole picture of the broadcasting of health programmes through radio and televisions, particularly about challenges and recommendations that will lead to more studies or policy proposals to the state and the public such as the facilitation of health database and information for health communicators whose majority come from journalism not health background. The open channel that health communicators can access and exchange information with health agencies in both state and private sectors will give a great benefit to producers of these health programmes. Other important recommendations are Change of the government policy on mass communication of health information that will lead to full dissemination of health information to the public. The state should set a policy of supporting producers of health policy and establishing public service media or community media that focus on free service to the public so producers can have freedom in creating programmes while the public gain benefit. In the current situation, media producers face a problem of depending on income from sponsors that lead to hidden promotion of goods and service which control contents of the programme.By giving priority to non-profit programmes made for public service and supporting medium and small producers in gaining an easier access and sponsor will create better and more “health communicators” who will communicate information, knowledge, fact in lively format to the public than the present environment.