plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
Societal organization and development on tambol civil society : case study in Tombol Muang Jung, Nan province 	This is a qualitative study intended to examine the origins, development, role and potential of various government and non-government groups in Tambon Muang Jung, Ging Amphoe Pupieng that carry out work in the manner of civil societies. In-depth interviews were carried out with leaders, core individuals and  members of 22 out of 48 groups and organizations in Tambon Muang Jung through the use of questionnaires that were later analyzed, synthesized and summarised. 	The study found that Tambon Muang Jung originated from two villages that subsequently expanded to the present number of ten. Groups and organizations arose naturally and through establishment by the government. There are now 48 groups in 14 categories, many of  which are members of the Hug Muang Nan Network. Many of the leaders, core individuals and members of the groups and organizations have been elected to the Tambol Administration Organization (TAO). 	In the past it had suffered from the effects of encroachment and destruction of the forest for subsistence farming and then through promotion of the cultivation of cash crops and the increased immigration into the tambon. This has led to degradation of the forests, the soil, the aquatic ecosystem and aquatic life. Encroachment into the forest has increased along with an opening up to the wave of development from the outside. This has changed the quality of the community in the tambon and the balance between people and tha nature until many problems have arisen. 	The aforementioned problems have given rise to a large number of smart, honest, dedicated and committed leaders, and many groups and organizations that have spread to every  village in the tambol. The groups have also networked with non-government organization outside the Tambon. They have been able to solve their problems and those of the their communities and bring about a recovery from the conditions brough about by agricultural practices and debt and to survive the crisis. There have arisen for example 6 community forests covering an area of more than 17,500 rai, 7 fish conservation zones, which have led to a dramatic increase in the numbers and species of fish in the rivers, 2 sustainable agriculture groups, 6 community savings organizations, 5 youth groups, 2 "mueang fai" community water supply management groups, 10 housewife groups, 2 cremation fund groups, 3 occupational groups, 10 public health volunteer groups and 10 elderly groups, which together have been able to solve the problems, such as those of drug abuse, effectively.
Care-taker behavior and Glycemic control of elderly Non-Insulin Dependent diabetic  patients , Amphur Khaowong , Kalasin Province	This Survey Research was a Cross-Sectional study. The purpose was to study the relationship between care-taker behavior and glycemic control of elderly non-insulin dependent diabetic patients, Amphur Khaowong, Kalasin Province. Quantitative data and Qualitative data were collected from 127 elderly diabetic patients and 127 care takers during November 1998-February 1999. Percentage, Mean, Standard deviation, Chi-square test, Odd ratio at 95% and Multiple logistre regression were used to analyse quantitative data and qualitative data were analysed by content analysis.	The results showed that the following five factors of care-taker had significantly related to glycemic control  of  elderly diabetic patients (p ( 0.05) :-Age : care-taker who 60 years old up had better glycemic control of elderly diabetic patient than care-taker who were 30-59 years old  for 18 times (95% CI = 1.4-136.3; p-value = 0.02).Marriage status : the single care-taker had better glycemic control of elderly diabetic patient than the married person for 1.9 times (95% CI = 1.2-94.9; p-value = 0.03).Family annual incomes: the incomes less than 10,000 bath had better glycemic control of elderly diabetic patient than the incomes between 10,000-90,000 bath for 7.4 times (95% CI = 1.6-36.3; p-value = 0.01).Duration of daily care : the duration more than 12 hours had better glycemic control of elderly diabetic patient than the duration less than or equal 12 hours for 9.6 times (95% CI = 1.7-55.1; p-value = 0.01).Attitude scores : the scores equal or higher than Mean had better glycemic control of elderly diabetic patient than the scores lower than Mean for 4.8 times (95% CI = 1.2-19.9; p-value = 0.02).	Deep interview showed that care-taker who take cared well and poorly controlled diabetic patients had inadequate knowledge about glycemic control in diabetic patients. Most of their knowledge were received from their diabetic patients and neighbourhoods. However, care-taker who take cared well controlled diabetic patients had  better care-giving than care-taker who take cared poorly controlled diabetic patients especially dietary control, exercise and appointment with the doctor.
Self-medication with modern pharmaceuticals in rural Thailand: Theoretical concepts and empirical findingsThe study aims to:1) make a critical review of theoretical concepts and studies concerning self-medication practices; 2) investigate self-medication behaviors of the rural Thais and’ 3) discuss research and policy implications regarding the promotion of rational drug use by consumers. The study uses two main methods: documentary review and the analysis of empirical materials. The existing data sets collected during a research project conducted by the author- The Implications of Community Health Workers Distributing Drugs- A Case Study of Thailand-.were relied upon in the second method. The study comprises six chapters. Chapter One and Chapter Two provide backgrounds of the study and the accounts of the methodology and data used respectively. Theoretical concepts and studies concerning drug use behaviors are reviewed and discussed in Chapter Three. Highlighted are the theoretical perspectives such as modern pharmaceuticals as cultural artifacts, health commodification, cultural reinterpretation, and role of the informal commercial drug sector on self-treatment. Empirical data are presented in Chapter Four and Chapter Five. Chapter Four describes the quantitative figures and general patterns of how and what drugs are used by the rural villagers to solve their ill-health problems. Beliefs and perception associated with drug choosing and evaluating (i.e., brand, provenance, form, physical attributes etc) are also described. Chapter five moves on to the qualitative accounts of how people’s self-medication practices are shaped. Case studies are presented to demonstrate how the community’s socio-cultural and economic contexts (i.e., the availability of drugs and drug sources, the marketing practice of local drug firms, life-hardships of the rural dwellers that underlie work-related ill-health and, subsequently, determine demand for drugs) condition people’s self-treatment. In Chapter Six, the author concludes and argues that self-medication is, in fact, a cultural phenomenon. Its pattern is shaped by a complex web of causes embedding in both local and structural levels. Any attempt to elevate people’s drug use problems will hardly achieve unless such a complexity is realized and brought into consideration.
Development process of pesticides-free vegetable production systemsin Chiang Mai Province	The research has the objectives to provide better understanding on pesticide-free vegetable production systems, on process of group formation, organization and management of farmer groups and their sustainability, and to determine the roles of external institutions on the development of farmer groups.  The sites selected for case studies were the pesticide-free vegetable production in Saraphi, Mae Rim and Phrao districts of Chiang Mai province.  The research methods included semi-structured interview, where the target interviewees were farmer members, and key informants such as chairperson and committee members, farmer leaders, kaset Tambons (Subdistrict extension agents), NGOs, and retail markets of pesticide-free vegetables in Chiang Mai.	The results showed that the farmer groups in Saraphi, Ban Muang Khum of Pong Yang subdistrict were organized and assisted by the District Agriculture office.  The Doi Khum group of Pong Yang subdistrict were organized by the Doi Khum Royal Project, and the NGO was helping the farmer group at Phrao district to produce organic vegetables.	The Saraphi group intercropped vegetables in young longan orchard.  There was a tendency to cease growing pesticide-free vegetables when the fruit tree matured.  The Mung Khum and Doi Khum groups grew their vegetables in rotation with flower production.  Both open-field and closed net production practices were found.  The Saraphi group grew more vegetables.  Which the Pong Yang area (Mung Khum and Doi Khum) mainly produced vegetables on open field, consisting of both common type and sub-temperate vegetables.  All three groups practised safe-use of pesticides.  The Phrao group produce organic vegetables without using any chemicals or pesticides.  The vegetables which were mainly local, were planted on open-fields around or not too distant from the house.  The common vegetables were also grown during cool season.	The groups marketed their produce differently.  The Saraphi group, depending on one member as local trader, delivered their produce daily to various markets.  The Doi Khum was contracted to the Royal Project, but was allowed to sell their discarded products to other markets.  The Mung Khum group was further divided into six sub-groups, each handling its own marketing outlets independently.  The Phrao group sold their surplus in the Saturday market organized by NGO in Chiang Mai at Im-Boon place.	It is anticipated that the Saraphi group was not sustained due to less motivation to grow vegetables among most farmer members.  The Doi Khum group depended solely on the Royal Project for marketing arrangement and production plan without the Royal Project, the group would disintegrated.  The Mung Khum group, consisting of six subgroups working independently, could become strong if those sub groups could form alliance or network for production and marketing.  The Phrao group, developed slowly but steady, would become self-reliance when the production is more stable.
Monitoring and Evaluation System for Organization Administration and for Development of Public Hospital Management Policy	In this study, the monitoring and evaluation system on public hospital management in order to improve its policy was developed through the process of reviewing the administrative system of the sampled organizations, reviewing the monitoring system of the central agency, analyzing all the data and establishing recommendations for developing monitoring and evaluation tools. Qualitative technique was used in this study. The sampled organizations were the Banpaew Hospital, Samutsakorn Province, the Prince of Songkhla University Hospital, the special clinic of the Ramathibadee Hospital, the Rajyindee Hospital (private hospital in Haadyai, Songkhla Province), the Suranaree Technology University and the Central Organizations involved in monitoring and evaluation system. Key informants were high ranked people in the organizations, those who were responsible for auditing and evaluation, the operation staff and community representatives who were purposively selected. 	The sampled organizations possessed 2 main administrative structures, one largely directed by the higher level organizations and the other setting up the committee to determine their own policy and to control all important administrative work. One of the highlights of these organizations was their development of services quality on the basis of either hospital accreditation or ISO 9002 to quickly respond to various factors e.g. community demand and increasing competitive markets. The auditing and evaluation systems were grouped into part of administration, quality and operation, finance and assets, nursing and other functioning sections. The auditing could be done through the obvious and formal system, or informally internal auditing system or quality and financing control system without internal auditing system. The central organizations in this study were the Budget Bureau mainly responsible for auditing financial and accounting system, the Social Security Office having the Medical Committee and the Medical and Rehabilitation Coordinating Committee both of which monitor the health facilities providing care for the insured and the Hospital Accreditation Units responsible for developing care standards and encouraging the accreditation system in nationwide.	The committee which determine organization policy, monitor, evaluate and audit the organization, was recommended to set up. Such a committee should have representatives from communities, public organizations, networking organizations, the hospital, and well-experienced people in public health. The hospital administration committee should also be formed, composed of 2 groups: administrative and operational representatives. While internal auditing unit should be independent and should directly report to the policy committee. The auditing system should comprise service quality auditing and professional or special service auditing. The auditing and the reporting should be systematized whereas the auditing team and the auditing tools should be continuously developed.
This research project comprises two parts.  The first part is the review of experiences in researches in quality of health care and setting a preliminary proposal for research question frameworks.   The second part is a survey of situations and questions among stakeholders, namely providers and clients, regarding quality of the health services system and quality improvement and a summary of strategies to approach quality of health care research.  The project report presents the findings of the Phase 2 study, which aims to a survey of situations and questions among stakeholders, namely providers and clients, regarding quality of the health services system and quality improvement and a summary of strategies to approach quality of health care research.  The focus areas, which are drawn from the findings in the Phase 1 study, include problems and obstacles in quality improvement, patient safety, and expectation and perceived services from patient perspective.   Descriptive studies by questionnaires were conducted health care providers and patients in 39 public and private hospitals and 39 primary care units in 12 areas nationwide and Bangkok.  In addition, hospital accreditation surveyors were surveyed.  There were also in-depth interviews among primary-care-unit patients and a telephone survey of people in Bangkok and its vicinity area.  The studies were conducted during January 2004 to December 2004.	Major findings include 33 interesting research topics on quality improvement issues and 40 topics on patient safety issues from the studies on health care providers.  There are four topics on primary care units.   There are 12 topics identified by the surveyor group; some of which are similar to those of the provider group.  In addition, there are another 22 research topics set apart from the patient and consumer studies.   In sum, these findings are details consistent with what have been found in the Phase 1 of this research project.
The idea of setting up practical Primary Care System, under changes of health care policies and concepts in structure, methods, tools and operating systems, involved developing health care providers and related field staffs.  This was accomplished through learning and sharing experiences among academics, health care administrators and staffs, local government office administrators and the public.  Based on socio-cultural context of each area, and health care policy changes and reforms, the transformation itself has shown progress in human resource development, tool development, operating method development, and effects of the development management. Roles and responsibilities of nurses for providing primary care services are proposed including 1) overall health care managers, 2) health service providers, 3) supervision and monitoring nurses, and 4) community nurses, to pursue all care activities including providing care for every dimension of the population, creating a health care network, providing continuous care, providing family care, preventing illness and promoting sanitary awareness.
Diagnosis related groups for the low income, development and applicationInpatient services are complex and costly. The US Medicare, the elderly health benefit scheme, had faced uncontrollable expenses in the 1970s because the scheme reimbursed hospitals retrospectively. Diagnosis related group (DRG) was invented in  the early 1980s to be used in a prospective payment system to control the rising cost. After it has been proved successful, DRG has migrated and been adopted into health care systems in  many countries. Some use DRG on a case by case payment basis, some use DRG in a resource allocation formula and some use it to compare the hospitals' activities. DRG is considered  non-foreign to the Thai health care context. Classifying cases into DRGs requires information that is readily available  (diagnoses, operating room procedures, age, type of discharge). DRG can be used to predict the lengths of stay and resources  used to treat patients in the hospitals, so we are able to use DRG for resource allocation, for case-based payment and for comparison between hospitals. Assigning patients into DRGs  requires data on ICD-10 and ICD-9-CM (for diagnosis and  procedure respectively)of individual patient. So far, research activities on DRG in Thailand based on the 10th revision of Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA-DRG). Relative weight for each DRG is estimated by using patient-based costing methodology and cost to charge conversion ratio, then compare the cost mean of each DRG to the average cost of all patients. After reviewing the weights from many piec of research results and with inpatient data from Ramathibodi hospitals, the final version of relative weights to be used in the Thai context is endorsed by the Health Insurance Office. The uses of DRGs are many folds. In 1997, allication of non-salary recurrent budget to 92 general and regional hospitals used the average relative weights to better reflect their case complexity and cost. The second example, relative weights for different schemes of the low income were used to estimate budget requirements if the Thai government were to propose a universal converage scheme to the majority of Thais.  The third example, relative weights were used to evaluate hospital achievements. The future use of DRG within the global budget ceiling in the reform of civil servant medical benefit scheme should be cautiously laid out. Finally, if DRG is to be used in the Thai health care context, it needs to set the system that recalibration of DRG weight can be done systematically. The dataset for hospitals to report for each patient to be examined is the important strategy for continuity of the system. Finally, cost accounting studies in a few efficient hospitals need to be done to tell the true cost of providing care to each DRG.
The purpose of this study are to study prevalence of vitamin B1 deficiency and vitamin B1 intake from diets.  Samples were between 15-50 year’s old, 157 persons from Ban Choochat, Tambon Lue, Prathumratchawongsa District, Amnatcharoen Province.  The samples were selected from the population in Ban Choochat 274 persons by list from the person between 15-50 years old, the sample increased 4 persons so the total samples were 157 persons.  The researcher collected data using questionnaires.  Questionnaires was interview which developed from interview format of the person who had vitamin B1, deficiency by The Nutrition Division, The Ministry of Public Health.  It was divided into 6 parts:- personal data interview; body checklist record; laboratory’s examine record; food eating interview in 24 hour’s interview; and cooking food’s situation interview.  The data were analyzed and interpreted statistical by frequency, percentage, means(x) and standard deviation(S.D.).	The results of the study, it was found that, Ban Choochat, Tambon Lue, Pratoonrachawondgsa district, Amnatcharoen province had vitamin B1 deficiency 73.90%, divided by ETKA found Low risk level 34.40 and deficiency level 3.20, divided by TPPE found Low risk level 21.00%, and deficiency level 52.90%.  From physical examination found that the sample of vitamin B1 deficiency were not show all clinical symptoms in every person.  The amount of vitamin B1 from diets each day, that was under normal requirement (1.2 mg/day), was found in 93.34% of the samples and the nutritional status was found that obesity samples could deficient in vitamin B1 also.  The samples which vitamin B1 deficiency had the risk to be obesity and obesity level 1 about 19.83% and 18.10% and proportion in dietary:- protein : fat : carbohydrate each day=12.03 : 8.02 : 81.10% and proportion in dietary:- protein : fat : carbohydrate each day = 12.03 : 8.02 : 81.00. It was indicated that the habit in eating food is not balance, especially in Carbohydrate which the kind of whiten rice, took in water a night (63.70%) or cooked by water’s change(15.30%), eat raw preserved fish every day (63.70%), eat vegetable which spoiled vitamin B1 and worked hard (agriculture 95.50%).  It should increase using Thiamine to be coenzyme to metabolize carbohydrate for energy and lead to risk from vitamin B1 deficiency.Keywords :  Vitamin B1 Deficiency         Vitamin B1  Volume intake
The Satisfaction Evaluation  on the Re-structured System of the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)	In order to effectively guarantee consumers and clients of FDA the utmost satisfaction, the evaluation on the newly-designed operational system has been initiated and applied to officials in charge and clients involved with the service delivery of  FDA. During October to December 1998, a questionnaire and an interviewing on a level of officials and clients’ satisfaction had been distributed to those targeted groups, evaluated and compared with the former operational system in each individual division,  ranging from Drug Control Division, Food Control Division, Cosmetics Control Division, Medical Device Control Division, Toxic Substances Control Division to Narcotics Control Division.	In general, clients of FDA using the new system of service delivery do content with the re-structuring, especially in Cosmetics Control Division and Toxic Substances Control Division ( the range is between 3.50-4.49). More specifically, when compared with the former system, the results are as follows:The re-structuring is better off by far when applied to the Cosmetics Control Division.The re-structuring is somewhat better than the previous system when applied to Drug Control Division, Food Control Division and Toxic Substances Control Division. However, some possible adjustments would increase more efficiency and satisfaction .The re-structuring is acceptable but less satisfied clients than the previous system was when applied to the Medical Device Control Division.	In sum, the evaluation reflected overall satisfaction on the re-structured system when compared to the former one (the range is above 3.0) but was not as outstanding as it has been expected.  With regard to the level of satisfaction among officials involved in the FDA, a production division and a support division are contented with the re-structuring (the range is between 2.5-3.49). When compared with the previous system, the production division is convinced that the new one is less satisfied and is expected to be developed both in terms of the promptness of coordination and cooperation. With respect to the supporting division, the evaluation also turned out to be negative in which it implies that the new one does need a strong determination from FDA to develop in almost every sense, from coordination, efficiency, responsibility to overall effectiveness and quality of service delivery.