plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
The condition of public sphere in Bangkok is one of research in the project of “Civil society and Public Sphere in Thai Society”. Indeed, the public sphere is an artifact of modernity’s social dynamics. This is why its ‘Structural transformations’ can be studies from a variety of socio-cultural perspective. Moreover, the notion of the public sphere keeps an essential resemblance to the notion of the political pluralisation of the public sphere in spaces of particular cultural life-forms. To study the kinds of public sphere in Thai society, especially about condition of construct the public spheres in Bangkok, there are four case studies in the research. to study the contesting of mechanisms of solving of landless policy by the center of Bangkok’s community development for poor people. to study of the role of NGOs for the emancipation of women public sphere of sex worker by the center for women empowerment.to study the independence of the rise of the public sphere upon the sexual differentiation by Krungthep rainbow group. to study of the roots of democratic politics in the private and public sphere of the middle class by Mass center of direct sale.In these four cases studies, the research find that the condition of constructions of the ‘public sphere’ in Bangkok are not only compatible with, but rather require an understanding of different mode of associations of human existence. By the same token, having a sphere of public sphere in which each case both loses itself and creates itself is depending on a condition of many cultural-historical phenomena.
Macro-economic indices for measuring equity in health finance and delivery 1986-1998	Explicit policy on health equity will create demand to measure and monitor the achievements of health equity in the country.  At least three disciplines express concerns on health equity: public health, economics and social science.  This study employed the macro-economic indices to measure equity in health finance and health delivery.  The interpretation of equity in health finance was based on the principle of ability to pay.  Kakwani index of progressivity was used to reflect the ability to pay of each source of health finance.  Equity in health delivery was interpreted that health care be allocated according to health need.  Those who were sicker should seek more care than the healthier.  The concentration index was used to measure equity of health delivery.	The National Statistical Office’s socioeconomic and health and welfare surveys during 1986 to 1998 were used to demonstrate the equity trends in Thailand.  Since the health and welfare surveys contained no data on household income, the indirect method was used to map the income of the household in the socioeconomic surveys to household in the health and welfare surveys by education and occupation of household heads.	Kakwani indices proved that health finance system was regressive to income, the trend established less regressivity from 1986 to 1996.  The causes of inequity were explained by an increase trend of income disparity (by the Gini coefficient) and the regressivity of Kakwani indices for both public and private sources of finance.	Concentration indices for health problems were also regressive to income, i.e. the poor were more ill than the rich.  When compare illness with delivery (seek care from drug store, health centre, clinic, public and private hospitals), the concentration indices showed progressivity patterns, i.e. the rich were more likely to use health care, controlling for same health need.  Further standardisation removing the effects of age and sex, the inequity patterns slightly reduced.	This research suggested that the health equity policy goal in Thailand should be more explicit.  Especially, the goal of equity in health finance should be set by reducing income distribution disparity, the progressivity of the whole tax system and contribution from the social security scheme, with less emphasis on the user fee at the point of delivery.  Information system should be improved to help monitor equity in health delivery.
A study was conducted to determine the unit cost of provision of health services in all 3 levels of health care centers along the Thai-Myanmar border in Tak Province between 1 October 1996 and 30 September 1997. Health care settings included Mae Sot General Hospital (310-bed), Mae Ramat Community Hospital (30-bed), and all 29 health centers in Mae Sot District and Mae Ramat District. We used the simultaneous equation method for cost analysis in the hospital and the district distribution method for the health center. Units in the hospital were classified ad 1) non-revenue producing cost center, 2) revenue producing cost center, 3) patient service, of 4) non-patient service, Unit categories for the health center were transient cost center and Absorbing Cost Center ACC 	The ratio of labor cost: material cost for the general hospital was 59 : 41. The ration of labor cost : material cost : capital cost was 61 : 29 : 10 for the community and 43 : 42 : 15 for the health center. The unit cost for out-patient service was 122 baht for the general hospital, 96 for the community hospital, and 74 for the health center. The in-patient unit costs for the general and community hospitals were 5,734 and 1,945 baht respectively. The in-patient unit cost in the general hospital was significantly (p<0.05) lower among Thai patients (3,092 baht) than Myanmars (5,781 baht). Significant differences (p<0.05) in the unit cost by disease between Thais and Myanmars were detected for thyroid disease, malaria, ceasarean section and uncomplicated appendicitis, They were no significant differences between Thail and Myanmar patients in both out-patient (48 VS 56 baht respectively) and in-patient (1,710 vs 1,640 baht) unit costs in the community hospital. 	However, the unit cost by disease for out-patient service in the community hospital was significantly (p<0.05) different between Thais and Myanmars only in pharyngitis whereas such differences were not found for in-patient service.
Health system reform process in Thailand is a continual process which one goal is to achieve National Health Act which has been drafted through participatory process since 2001 and submitted to the parliament sine the end of 2002. The reform is also aimed at create public awareness of health through shifting the paradigm on health to encompassed all four dimensions of health, such as physical, mental, social, and spiritual wellbeing. Thus popular process and mechanism to create such awareness need a mass movement of change. Social exchange and learning process are key component to reform health concepts and practices by expecting togetherness and collaboration from people in different sectors. Health assembly is one of a mechanism to create such participation from all sectors. As a result, people would be able to build their network and expand what they learn from assembly to their neighbor and friend. Finally they would be able to create their own civic organization or gathering to generate health practice for healthy society.	From this study it is found that the health assembly at area based level achieved limited result in bringing people together based on their local concerns/issues. Numbers of network that join in the process are the existing network prior to the reform process. Health reform process could do limited to link their existing problem to the health issues, thus awareness of health reform and shifting of health paradigm are also limited. There are numbers of issues that need to further improve the process to really create popular mechanism for people to begin to understand the reform, particularly toward more preventive health behavior and preventive social environment.	People in the urban areas like Bangkok metropolitan are the least aware of the health reform and movement for national health assembly. They are only aware of government projects  such as universal health coverage, bureaucracy reform, exercise campaign and food safety campaign. People do not have strong mechanism to change their thinking of health toward more multi-dimension concept. Health remains a matter of physical well being only. Thus there is real need to continue the movement to generate the idealistic reformation as planted in the draft of  National Health Act.
The Study of the health risk assessment management system in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate	The objective of the study of health and environment management situation is to review the role and function of the health and environment management from relevant organizations in Thailand as well as in other countries. This study is sub – project of the study of the health risk assessment management system in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate project.Result :The relevant organizations;The relevant organizations in Thailand  are Ministry of Public Health , Ministry  of Interior , Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Science Technology and Environment. Those ministries have the infrastructure at provincial or regional level to carry out the activities.The relevant organizations in other countries which involve to manage health and environment are World Health Organization, United State Environment Protection Agency, Occupational Safety Health Authority, other organizations in United Kingdom, Germany, Kazakhsatan and Japan.The health management in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate;Increasing potential of Rayong hospital to be the center of occupational medicine and environmental medicine diagnosis.Develop and improve the nearby hospital or the clinics to be the networking  such as Ban Chang hospital, Map Ta Phut hospital , Pluak Daeng hospital and Klaeng hospital.Service the health promotion , family planning , disease control and nursing care  in the programme of public health service as well as in the active mobile service unit. For worker health examination and treatment , there are 2 services available ; on site service and at the hospital service . The result of the above management are reported routinely and accessible for the public.The environment management in Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate;There is the central wastewater treatment plant. The influent and effluent of  wastewater are monitored before released from the plant. The environment which  are canal , sea, groundwater and ambient air are monitored routinely.In the workplace , environmental parameters must be monitored according to  what have been defined in the environment impact assessment study.In the communities , the environment quality are monitored as well. The result  of the above activities are reported routinely. The frequency of reporting is based on the EIA and regulation which is different in  each type of factory.
The Synthesis of Knowledge on  Informal Workers	The purpose of this study is to synthesize the body of knowledge of informal workers, funded by the Health Systems Research Institute, Thailand.  The study aims to better understand the circumstance of informal workers and the impact on their health.  Moreover, the study will be a guideline for policy recommendations and legal suggestions that are necessary for informal workers.  Previous studies included in this review are of published and unpublished documents.  	This study concluded that  there is not clear on definition and statistics of informal workers.  Informal sector provides many benefits to country both at macro and micro levels.  However, informal workers still face with a lot of problems such as unclear status, unsecured work conditions, inappropriate work environment, lack of enhancing their skill, low income, no social and legal protection, lack of responsible organization.  In addition, important health problems are risk and dangerous work, health problems related to work conditions, rush work, and long period of work, lack of adequate health information, lack of social insurance.  In terms of law, informal workers do not include in the relationship between employer and employee system.  Therefore, they could not get any benefit of social insurance.  They are applied with commercial legal system that has a weakness point since partners of agreement can agree, by themselves.  This study proposed policy recommendations and identifies areas that require further research.  These recommendations are offered to enhance, develop and protect the quality of life for informal workers, as well as a guideline for their welfare.  They may lead to improve the health care system and enhance appropriated health insurance for informal workers and their families.
Hospital Financing: Clinical Budget Holding to Increase Efficiency in Provincial Hospitals	Inpatient care is the most expensive health expenditure in almost all countries with limited measures to improve efficiency.  This action research aimed to test the model to increase hospital efficiency.  Under the assumption that if clinical directorates were given the authority to manage clinical budget, efficiency was likely to occur.  Three provincial hospitals were recruited to this action research, a purchaser-provider model was created.  This model transferred management responsibility from the hospital director to the clinical directorates.  They played the purchaser role by holding their own clinical budgets.  Pharmacy, radiology, laboratory and operating theatre acted as providers in this model.  It was expected that clinician behaviours would change, because if they could save their budget in treating their patients, the unspent money would be retained and could be used for their development plan.  However, the quality of care should not be compromised by this quasi-experiment.	Firstly, the incentives of clinical departments to be efficient focused mainly on financial measurement; i.e. the expected budget by diagnosis related group of each department and cost accounting data versus the actual spending by billing data.  After a year of implementation, the clinicians argued that other indicators should be taken into consideration because of the weakness of financial data.  Complementary data included lengths of stay compared by DRG, physician workload by length of stay and DRG relative weight.	This action research proved that the measurements for hospital efficiency were complex.  Quality audit had to be in place but the activity was still too early to be a measurement that could link to performance of each department.  Client satisfaction had not been measured in this study since the individual clients were too far from the tested model.  Physicians accepted that DRG was a good measure of efficiency but had to be complemented with other information.  	Findings of this research should be used to develop management model in the decentralised autonomous hospital.   Clinical directorates need more training in searching for hospital efficiency and manage the changes.  Information systems must give accurate and comprehensive aspects of efficiency as well as quality.
Thai Pharmaceutical Industry:Present Status and Potential-Future TrendThe purpose of this study was to find appropriate means to support and strengthen the pharmaceutical industry.  The present status and potential of the industry were analyzed and the future trend of technology was predicted.  The study comprised two parts.  The first one involved a brain storming session among 34 participants from both private and governmental sectors including one FDA personnel.  Sending a questionnaire to the pharmaceutical manufacturers asking about their activities was the second part of the study.  Twenty six factories, 2 of which did not obtain GMP certificates, responded to the questionnaire.	It could be concluded that the nature of the industry was formulation process.  The research and development dealt with formulation and process improvement.  The industry received little support in production and quality control aspects from both the government and the universities.  However, satisfactory support was received in the areas of GMP improvement and drug importation.  Approximately 90% of the raw materials was imported while only 6% of the finished products was exported.  Most formulations were generic products.  Due to a lack of technology and expensive equipment, very little products required sophisticate technique.  To develop and strengthen the industry, fair competition should be stressed.  Instead of emphasizing low pricing, the government should urge the manufacturers to concern more in the quality of the products.	The study indicated that Thai industry had a potential to develop and compete with the neighboring countries.  It was believed that both the numbers of factories and drug registration would be declined.  If the government authority supported fair and free competition and reviewed the low-priced bidding policy, in addition to the universities’ assistance, the pharmaceutical industry would be moving forward.
Title	Expectation, health seeking behavior, and impacts of universal health coverage : people’s viewsAuthor	Onchana Na RanongFund source	Health Systems Research InstituteYear Print	2005	This paper examines the impact of the 30 Baht Health Care Scheme – a part of the Universal Health Coverage Program – on Thai people. The study is mainly qualitative, employing both focus group and in –depth interviews in order to obtain views from people in the ten provinces throughout all regions of Thailand (including the Bangkok Metropolitan Area). The study sites include both urban and rural communities. 	The study finds that health seeking behaviors are determined, often concurrently, by one or more of the following factors : income, health care coverage, transportation costs, health status/ sysmptoms, age group, and the information patients have. Although the 30 Baht Scheme reduces some people’s health care expenditure, other opt out of the service because of the lengthy queues and non-confidence in the quality of care, especially high or medium income families. Moreover, unequal treatment on patients with different schemes, especially moral hazards on the provider side, are also often mentioned in the focus groups.	While the highest priority of the poor is to acquire low-cost or free health care services, respondents from other income groups place more emphasis on the adequacy of hospitals and personnel-especially doctors, or good treatment from health care personnel. However, most subject would like to have the scheme in place in order to help the poor, and to guard against their own catastrophic illnesses. In general, the 30 Baht Scheme-like other preceding schemes in the past three decades, has enhanced health security for many Thai people. Respondents from various regions noticed improvement in the services, especially that of the front ends of the hospitals. However, the quality of health care still remains an issue that clouds the scheme.
The social and health problems of construction workers in BangkokThe objective of the study was to acquire social and health-related information of workers in Bangkok construction areas.  The cross-sectional descriptive research was carried out, and the construction areas used in the study were divided into internal and external areas of Bangkok.  A simple random sampling was used to identify the sampling frame, the representative of the internal and external areas, which Klongtoey and Ladkrabang districts were chosen respectively.  The same technique was then used to randomize 10 each of large and small construction sites.  A systematic random sampling was used for the selection of the workers of each site.The study showed that 67% of workers in Bangkok were in working age.  The ratio of male to female workers was 1.4:1.  The study also found that 88% of them were from the northeastern and northern region, that 84% were married, and that 87% completed primary level of education.  Additionally, 64% were daily employee with no definite contract.  On average the workers had 2 children.  Of which, 4% aged under one year, 27% aged between 1 to 5 years, 16% aged between 6 to 8 years, and 33% aged between 9 to 15 years.  Only 13% of the children aged 6 – 15 years lived with their parents.  There were no differences on basic information of the population between those working in Klongtoey District and Ladkrabang District.  Nor were those working in a large construction area and a small construction area.  However, for other aspects, such as environment, safety, wages, and other benefits, those working in a large construction area tended to be in better condition than those in a small area.  So did the Klongtoey workers as compared to Ladkrabang workers.  Serious morbidity rate due to accident while working was 58.7/1,000 workers.  For the past 12 months, injury while working was 208/1,000 workers in Klongtoey and 180/1,000 workers in Ladkrabang.  This was probably due to the fact that the employer did not adequately provide equipment for personal protection, and the workers themselves did not pay attention to the use of such equipment as their own protection either.Working environment and residential area, including sanitation, were not in a good condition.  Most of the workers (53%), especially male, had personal risk behavior, such as drinking, smoking, using drugs and narcotics, and having stress problem.  Periodontal disease and dental caries were major problem in dental public health.  Moreover, the study showed that most of the workers lack knowledge of labor law, workers’ right and benefits.
The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of an outpatient casemix classification system based on the health insurance database in Thailand. The Ambulatory Patient Groups (APG) developed by 3M and Adjusted Clinical Group (ACG) by John Hopkins University were used as the reference model. Model for predicting outpatient expenditure in selected chronic disease groups i.e. diabetes mellitus, hypertension and high cost of care i.e. renal failure and thallasaemia. From 39.1 outpatient visits was grouped into 82 medical APGs which is 21.2 million visits. Most common medical APG groups were 3.3 million visits in influenza, upper respiratory infection and ear, nose throat infections (APG 542), 1.5 million visits in dental diseases (APG 541) and 1.4 million visits in hypertension (APG 572). While can be grouped into 80 groups in ACG which is 7.7 million persons. Most common ACG groups were 1.9 million persons in acute minor, age > 5 (ACG 300), 8.7 million persons in chronic medical: stable (ACG 900) and 0.7 million persons in likely to recur without allergy (ACG 500). From APG concept, significant variable (p-value < 0.05) which increasing medical charges per visit in diabetes model were age, male, provincial and general hospital, refer-out, complication and comorbidities as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cerebrovascular diseases and renal diseases. Significant variable which increasing medical charges in hypertension model were age, male, provincial and general hospital and co-morbidities as diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, cerebrovascular diseases, ischaemic heart disease and renal diseases. Significant variable which increasing medical charges renal failure model were provincial and general hospital, APG and cardiovascular diseases as comorbidity. Age was significant variable which increasing medical charges in thallasaemia model. From ACG concept, significant variable (p-value < 0.05) which increasing medical charges in chronic diseases with hypertension were age, male, provincial and general hospital, number of visits, length of duration between visit and MAC 5 AND 15. Significant variable which increasing medical charges in diabetes model were age, provincial and general hospital, number of visits, length of duration between visit. The results indicated that outpatient classification system requiring more information such as significant procedure and ancillary service for the other two main APG groups. These will be further developed for outpatient classification system in Thailand.