plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
The objective of the study was to assess the mechanism of human subject protection, focusing on the
ethics committee in the central part of the Ministry of Public Health. The methodologies included a literature
review, questionaire, and in-depth interview. The study revealed that most departments in the Ministry
had established ethics committees, i.e., Ministry of Public Health, Department for the Development of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Department of Medical Services, Department of Disease
Control, Department of Medical Science, Department of Mental Health, and the Health System Research
Institute. There are institutional ethics committees in the Department of Medical Services, e.g., the National
Neurological Institute and the Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health. Most members of
the committees are acquainted with international ethical principles and guidelines for research involving
humans. The composition of the committees is in line with international guidelines. Each committee has
its own guidelines and standard operating procedures. Only one committee has been surveyed, evaluated,
and recognized by the SIDCER/FERCAP Recognition Program, i.e., the Ethics Committee for Thai
Traditional and Alternative Medicine. Since research is not the first priority of the Ministry of Public
Health, there are some shortcomings that need to be considered for correction and improvement. Most
medical and health journals have no policy requiring the ethical clearance of studies submitted for publication.
Most ethics committees focus only on a preview of the protocol, with no proactive activities on
continuous review or site visits. Most committees review both scientific and ethical aspects; meanwhile,
most members of ethics committees have limited knowledge and experience in research on advanced and
complicated sciences. The support of most committees is inadequate. Information techno-logy is not fully
used by most committees. Some committees have problems in conducting timely reviews and there may
be doubts about their independence in some cases.
Public Health Database Management System for Prik Municipality (PHDBMS_PM) was a research project supported by the Southern Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI) to study the healthy conditional prototype of a community at the level of sub-district municipality. Prik Municipality at Sadao district, Songkhla province was selected as a target area for this case study. The study composed of six stages. 1) Assessing community needs and collecting data, 2) Designing Knowledge  Base System, 3) Developing Knowledge base System, 4) Developing skills and training for Knowledge 5) Developing Public Health Database Management System, and 6) Developing skills and training for Public Health Database Management System.
In the study process, there were a number of field surveys for collection data. The study developed a tool for knowledge management in the format of web application at URL: http://www.tonprikinfo.org for staffs of Prik Municipality, educational offices, and community people. The study process also included learning exchange by classifying on community of practice, story telling, local wisdom, center of excellence, forums, and lesson learned.
	The result of assessing community needs indicated a total of indicators of five healthy conditions. 1) Physical condition with 28 indicators, 2) Emotional and spiritual condition with 9 indicators, 3) Social condition with 17 indicators, 4) Environmental condition with 11 indicators, and 5) Network condition with 2 indicators.  The data were collected from three sources that were Prik Municipality, Prik Sanitation Station, and Basic Information Needed for Families from the Community Development Department, Ministry of Interior. The study developed a database system to indicate the healthy condition of Prik Municipality community through web application at URL: http://www.tonprikinfo.otg/application. The system shows the output in the easy understandable format with convenience to improving and searching for the information. This system supports three groups of users that are administrators, municipality staffs and community people in Prik community.  The administrators can use information for decision-making such as planning the policy for the health of people in Prik community and etc.
	The PHDBMS_PM is flexible that can be adjusted to increase, reduce, of change the indicators when needed by users and can be further applied as the prototype of public health database management system in other community as well.
The Report describes and analyses the Thai alcohol policy process in the period 1997- 2006, in order to investigate the characteristics and areas for potential improvement of the Thai alcohol policy process. The analysis used several extant public policy models. The models covered three aspects of the process at the macro level: stages of development, the characteristics and behaviors of major policy players, and the policy context. At the micro level, the analysis employs concepts of agenda setting, policy formulation, policy implementation, monitoring and evaluation, stakeholder relationships and policy context. Information on Thai alcohol policy was collected from two sources: secondary data included official documents, literature, technical publications and mass media; primary data was collected through stakeholder interviews.
Thai alcohol policy, during this period became more comprehensive and more oriented to public health. Problem-reduction values gained momentum while economic values remained significant. Thai policy stakeholders focused on the formulation process, while implementation, monitoring and evaluation were neglected. Limited resources, human capacity and ineffective management exacerbated this situation. Incrementalism characterized Thai alcohol policy formulation; existing policy or the policy precursor was very important to the decisions made. Limitations in the availability, accuracy and utilization of knowledge about alcohol consumption, related problems and alcohol policy also affected the process. 
The Thai alcohol policy process became a more open public policy sphere for stakeholders. Many new players made major contributions to the process. The mechanisms stakeholders use to influence policy have become more complex and included:  technical knowledge, the use of mass media and civil movements, and coordination among stakeholders. A centralized bureaucratic administration and personal and institutional interests are critical features for official stakeholders, while connection to high-ranking officials and representation in the process are significant for interest groups. The Thai cultural context had a crucial impact on the alcohol policy process; cultural features that are not explicitly covered in the Western policy models utilized include cronyism, relationships, representation, commitment, negligence, and compromise. These characteristics make the Thai alcohol policy process difficult to fully explain in terms of the available public policy theories.
Background: Series of violence have ruined lives and properties of residents in Pattani, Yala, Narathiwas and some districts of Songkhla provinces since January, 2004. From the beginning, the violence inevitably has affected health care services, particularly primary health care in rural area. Outpatient in primary care units were decreasing while those in hospitals were increasing. Health personnel had been under enormous fear and stress of insecure living and working environment. Shortage of health personnel due to moving out of the crisis area was observed.
Objectives: To identify strategy and develop model for immediate intervention and long term health care system that appropriate to the southern violence crisis context.
Results:
•	Security of health care facility and personnel:
Health practitioner and academia had developed security management package using the concept of neutrality and strengthening protection to harden soft target and immunizing with good and impartial health services which increase community acceptance to soften threat.
•	Emergency medical care and referral system:
Regional and provincial referral center and expert consultation network were set up. However quality improvements in some area e.g. transfer from place of occurrence to health care facility are still needed.  In addition to health personnel were worry about security during refer.
•	Financing management:
Budget was increasing, mainly in operation, incentive and investment while expense was also increasing. Overall balance is slightly increasing. 
•	Human resource management:
Although number of overall health personnel is above the country’s average, shortage of some particular fields e.g. surgery is still a big problem due to increased workload from crisis.
This study is aimed at reviewing people’s accessibility to dental health care service. Primary data was derived from two major household surveys conducted by National Statistic Bureau; health and welfare survey, and economic and social status survey both in 2003 (N = 26,520 households and 68,433 individuals) and 2006 (N = 25,98 5 households and 74,057 individuals). Extrapolation to total population by weigh was then calculated.
	Marginal increase in overall health insurance coverage in general population was found from 95% in  2003 to 93 % in 2006, of which national health insurance scheme contributed 68-88%. Considered by age groups, 81-83% in school age and 87-88% in school age get highest coverage of the national scheme. Focusing to dental health care service, the overall utilization has declined from 10.19% to 7.44%, compared to those covered by the national scheme from 9% to 6%. The highest utilization was among school age children (17% to 10%) compared to the lowest, pre-school age (3% to 2%). The result revealed that despite of high coverage of national health insurance scheme, the low accessibility to dental health care is still unsatisfied. Among them, preschool age children to whom dental health promotion should be concentrated getting worse.
The goal of the Thai health system development is to achieve a balanced and sustainable society in which all Thai citizens have security to live a happy life in a healthy and better condition. The objective of this research were literature review formed a foundation and knowledge of Thai good governance in health system, analyze and plan for research mapping.        
In this study, the good governance in health system was divided into 10 sectors; rule of laws, ethics, transparency, participation, accountability, value for money, human resources development, knowledge organization, and information technology. These were simultaneously analyzed in macro and micro analysis system that influenced by the economic, social, political conditions as well as agency’s role.  
The literature review found that there were problems in every components of health governance, if these problems were solved more effectively, it would generate a better and improved service in health care system. Consequently, it would create a sustainable society in which all Thai citizens would live a happy life in a healthy condition.
	The study found that  governance is a function of the health system, each governance principle should be developed and adapted, and governance issues should identified at all levels. The problems of study in  health governance were that it need more research,especially in qualitative approach and comparison of the  international governance function
The rising health care cost has reached the point where cost sharing from patients might be essential to sustain the health system. This report is aimed to synthesize lessons on cost sharing policies in 10 countries; namely, Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Japan, Singapore, south Korea, Taiwan, R.O.C. United Kingdom, and United States of America.
	The study comprises two components. The first is literature review general information of each country on its current health insurance systems, basic principles for cost sharing, approaches and rates used for cost sharing, mechanisms to protect the disadvantaged population, as well key concerns about implementing cost sharing policy.
The study aims at analyzing Buddhist teachings, way of thinking and attitudes to supporting human dignity and self development in the disabled. The research also focuses on the disabled’s attitudes and expectations towards religious communities.
	The study methodology included documentary research and field work by participating, non participating observations and in depth interviews of 20 disabled persons and others living in Bangkok and suburbs. The results of this study are as follows. The “Etemal Principle” of Buddhist teaching never considers disability as a limitation for spiritual development in order to attain the highest goal, nirvana. However, some teaching and some monastic rules exclude religious participation, space and rights to the disabled e.g. ordination may be related to social and culture context. These problematic context may be the teachings in the level of cultural expression’. The disabled and society should be aware of there two levels of teachings. The disabled and society should also understand Buddhist teachings, such as the law of Kamma and Paticcisamuppade, holistically in order that a may empower human dignity and security of the disable and may support the both disable and society. It may also be good to reconsider the issues of ordinary in order to find a solution without offering monastic rules. Furthermore, dialogue between the disabled society and network should be held with the cooperation of the religious community. New technology for learning Buddhist teaching should also be produced it order to empower disabled to lead a perfect, happy and fruitful life. These factors may lead to higher level of self development.
	The result of the in-dept interviews indicated that the disabled negative perspectives towards themselves. Society does not offer good opportunity for them. The religious community (Sangha) is not yet able respond to the disabled as the source of Dhamman therapy, natural therapy and community therapy.
	The suggestions are: religious personnel and human resources in the religious community should change and develop positive attitudes, ways of thinking and the proper ability to empower.
Violence is a widespread phenomenon, occurring among different genders, ages and social groups. However, some people, particularly disable people, are more likely to be victimized than able people due to social and cultural circumstances. This paper examines key issues related to violence against disabled people. It begins with an examination of how the medical model explain and gives meaning to disability by portraying disable people as abnormal, child-like, ‘damaged goods’, ‘freaks of  nature’, unattractive, dependent, in need of protection, and object of pity, unproductive, and tainted by disease/ill-health. These social representations have been fed in the ideas of deviancy from the norm and supposed inferiority. Such labels imply both a functional loss and a lack of worth, they perpetuate and legitimate offensive responses by non-disabled people including over-protection, discrimination and abuse.
	In addition, the literature review indicates that women with disabilities are at a much higher risk of being sexually abused, compared to other women. As women, 
They are oppressed in a society of male domination. As disabled, they are dependent, isolated and unable to seek help. Research in Thailand concerning violence against disabled people is scarce. Thus, systematic research and interventions are needed to reduce violence against disabled people.
Title: Management of health technology assessment in foreign countries
Objective: The study aims to explore how the processes to assess the appropriateness of health technologies are managed and carried out in responsible organizations in other countries.
Methods: Literature search on MedLine, Google Scholar as well as institutes websites were employed in order to gather relevant information. The selection criteria were; (1) the institute must be the national representative and noncommercial institute (2) data must be able to retrieve via electronic database and (3) relevant information must be in English. Certain institutes with rich and
useful information were selected purposively. Content analysis of the documents was the major approach of this review.
Results: Health technology assessment institutes in 10 countries, namely England, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, the USA, Canada,Australia, Republic of Korea, and South Africa are included in this study. The review suggests that the processes undertaken in these organizations can be divided into 4 main steps: (1) The selection of health interventions to the assessment: Website is a common channel for topic submission. Eligible stakeholders to propose particular technologies comprise different parties namely including healthcare professionals, government bodies, health technology users and the public. The magnitude of health problems expressed in term of ็burden
of disease้ is the most widely-employed criteria. (2) Assessment and consultation: Once the topics are selected, groups of researchers will be assigned to conduct the assessment according to their expertise. The research team generally consists of members of the institute,s advisory committee and scientists from universities, research institutes and representatives of government agencies. (3) Approval of the evaluation results: consultations are convened to obtain comments and suggestions concerning the assessment results. This stage involves experts in relevant fields, health minister, and other key stakeholders in order to ensure the reliability and acceptability of the findings and policy recommendations. (4) The appeal procedure: Concerned parties are allowed to make appeal over the disagreeable assessment results. This procedure is available in some institutes with appraisal or policy decision authority. With regard to the good governance, it is argued that such an idea should be
incorporate in the management of health technology assessment, since the results of the assessments and relating policy recommendations are undeniably affect a wide range of actors in the health sector. Concerning issues include the potential implications for the access to healthcare, government’s budget as well as business’s profits.
The objective of the study was to review ethical considerations for research in routine practices. The
main question was whether such research should undergo an ethical review. The study concluded that,
first, there is a need to distinguish among practice, experiment and research. Any work that contains a
research element in part or whole should be submitted for review by an ethics research committee, if the
research involves human subjects, and concerns biomedical, behavioral and social sciences matters. The
rationale is to ensure that human subjects or research participants are appropriately protected with regard
to their dignity, rights, safety and well-being according to internationally accepted ethical principles concerning
human research. However, the burden of ethical review should be appropriately managed. The
research should be categorized by risks. Research that involves minimal risks should be considered for
expedited review.
In mobilizing the strategy on Thai traditional knowledge protection (local medical and Thai traditional medical) under the national strategy plan, the establishment of Bio-piracy network and traditional knowledge database should be high priority targets because these will be important tools to protect and resolve the existing problem and will benefit for other targets. 
The Bio-piracy network should operate in 2 levels, local area network and national network, which coordinate each other. In order to achieve the priority targets, many activities should be implemented including a pilot bio-piracy learning model in cooperation with folk medical network and local educational institutions, biodiversity laws training and bio-piracy surveillance establishment. The national bio-piracy network should operate closely with educational institutions which have thai traditional medicine curriculum in order to strengthen the existing surveillance mechanism implemented by Department for Development of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine.
The main activities for Thai traditional medicine database development are as following ; community traditional knowledge map survey and extension, database design and development in connection with bio-piracy network at local level and experience exchange with relevant agencies of India emphasizing on Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL.)
The objectives of this project were to empower “Health Communicators” (NorSorSor) who communicate information on health in Phrae and Kanchanaburi Provinces as well as to enable NSS groups to operate independently. Additional objectives were to train some NSS members as “facilitators” in order to establish a new generation of NSS, to extend the principles of local health communication to people in nearby provinces, and to analyze results in preparation for policy recommendations. This research was conducted under the principle of Participatory Action Research.
	As part of a one-year operation establishing the NorSorSor Clubs, both in Phrae and Kanchanaburi provinces, the selected committees managed the groups by focusing on understanding the objectives of the work, providing communication channels, holding meetings, conducting regular unofficial meetings, and providing the lists of NSS members. From these initiatives, the NSS members were able to work together. In addition, an opening ceremony was held to introduce the NSS group and to extend the communicator networks in the area. Some potential health communicators were additionally trained to become facilitators which will enable this group to successfully establish a new generation of NorSorSor. In addition, they disseminated their ideas and local work experiences through various media such as an advertising spot, a brochure, a video and a special meeting with relevant persons from 8 nearby provinces; Nan, Lamphun, Lampang, Uttaradit, Phayao, Nakhon Pathom, Rachaburi, and Phetchaburi. This meeting attracted much interest and encouraged coordinated expansion into other areas.  
	The result from the operation shows that the features of local health communication work consist of 1) Health Communicators (NorSorSor) who pay attention and possess a sense of public spirit, including abilities to support and co-operate together and link this work with their everyday responsibilities; 2) integration of NorSorSor as a significant working force in the community; 3) information and knowledge about health; 4) communication channels through personal and local media; and 5) the support of society at large, especially at a provincial level.
	In order to communicate local health communication in Thai society, the need for local health communicators and local health communication must be recognized and established as a part of health management system. In addition, mechanism should be created to enhance the pride of health communicators by offering a chance to show their results, to provide sustainable networks which are supported by society of both local and national levels.