plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
Ronpiboon subdistrict, Ronpiboon district, Nakorn Srithammara Province, Southern Thailand consists of 16 villages. These villages are well known as high prevalence of well water contaminated with arsenic.  The piped water supplied among this area were from 5 lines: Provincial Waterworks Authority, village artesian, Wangsilaruk, Khlong Khunpung and Ronna-mountain piped line, respectively. The aim of this research is to analyze the rainwater and piped water quality in high-risk area of arsenic poisoning in the Ronpiboon district.  Arsenic levels in every piped water system in village 1,2,7,12, 13 and 15 were examined.   In villages 2, 12 and 13, 50% of households were sampled, while in villages 1, 7 and 15, 25% of household were sampled.  The samples were collected 3 times a year and examined for arsenic level by using AAS at Ronpiboon hospital.  Quality control and assurance was performed by the Medical Science Department, Ministry of Public Health .  Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 6. The contamination of arsenic levels in drinking water were followed the standard criteria according to WHO definition (< 10 ppb).	There were 904 samples collected, the majority was from rainwater (97.8%). In this study we found that arsenic levels in all samples of rainwater, from Provincial Waterworks Authority, Khlong Khunpung and artesian piped water was not higher than the standard level while all samples from Wangsilaruk and Ronna-mountain piped water were found to have arsenic levels higher than the standard. 	In conclusion, rainwater, Provincial Waterworks Authority, village artesian and Khlong Khunpung piped water was safe for drinking.  Mountain and Wangsilaruk piped water were found to be not safe for consumption.	The implementation from this study is that the government and local administrative organization should cooperate to set up a plan for water use of the villagers. These including having piped water areas and plateau areas which hold containers for collecting rainwater that are big enough to last for a whole year.  Villagers should be informed of water testing laboratories in their area which can examine arsenic levels especially when changing to other sources of water
Scoping for assessment of health impact among farmers from using  agrochemicals in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces aim to 	1. To identify scopes for assessment of health impact among farmers from using agrochemicals in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces.	2. To establish participatory process among stakeholders in agricultural policy of using agrochemicals to increase productionsMethods : Study methods included (1) gathering preliminary data on agrochemicals used and health problems from farmers and stakeholders from 2 seminars, (2) collecting quantitative data using interviewed questionnaires, (3) collecting some additional information from focus group discussion, (4) presenting the research summary to farmers and stakeholders for validation in the seminar.  In the preliminary data collection, 2 seminars were held.  First seminar was held in Chiang Mai City to gather data from cabbage and kale growing farmers and stakeholders including academia, consumers, government officers in public health and agriculture, traders in agricultural produces, 108 participants in total. The second seminar was held in Lamphun City to gather data from longan orchard farmers and stakeholders, 61 participants in total. Quantitative data were then collected by interviewing farmers using present study constructed- questionnaires.  There were 33 kale and cabbage cultivation farmers from 5 districts of Chiang Mai Province including Saraphi, Mae Rim, Mae Cham, Doi Law, Chom Thong, and Mae Wang districts, and 26 farmers from 2 districts of Lamphun Province including Muang Lamphun and Ban Hong Districts.  Furthermore, there were 28 longan orchard farmers from 3 districts of Chiang Mai Province including Saraphi, San Patong, and Hang Dong Districts, and 29 farmers from 4 districts of Lamphun province including Muang Lamphun, Pa Sang, Wiang Nonglong, and Ban Hong districts. There were 116 farmers in total including 59 farmers from kale and cabbage cultivation and 57 farmers from longan orchard.  Some additional information was collected from 4 focus group discussions conducted in farmers growing cabbage (one group), kale (one group) and longan orchard (2 groups). The final seminar was held in Chiang Mai City in order to present the scope of health impact assessment among farmers using agrochemicals to farmers and stakeholders for validation.  Of 121 participants, there were 70 farmers and 51 stakeholders attended the seminar.Results: Most farmers used mixed agrochemicals or cocktails in order to reduce time and labor cost. Both vegetable and longan farmers confirmed that they could not decreased using all kind of synthetic agrochemicals because they were not sure to obtain produces as targeted. The most use of agrochemicals in vegetable cultivation was chemical fertilizers and animal manure. Chemical fertilizers were reportedly used in longan orchard as much as in vegetable cultivation
Diabetes is a common chronic disease world wide. Its long term complications both microvascular and macrovascular lead to increased medical expenses, hospitalization and death in diabetic patients. It is proven that intensive control of diabetes and its comorbidities prevent or delay its complications, and the standard of care for diabetes has been established and widely accepted. Therefore, it is important to document the current status of diabetic care and complications in Thailand. We conducted a multicenter registry in diabetic clinics of 11 tertiary centers in Bangkok and major provinces. The registry collected data from April-December 2003. There were total of 9419 diabetic patients. The majority of patients were older than 40 year-old (91.7 %) and 65.9% were female. With respect to socioeconomic status, more than half of the patients had only preliminary education or less and not currently working, nevertheless more than 70% had health care coverage. The registry comprised of type1, 4.5%, type2, 94.6% and others 0.9%. The data also showed that 38.9% of the patients had diabetes more than 10 years, and almost 80% were non-smoker. For glycemic control, more than half had inadequate control: 61.8% had fasting plasma glucose > 130 mg/dl and 69.34% had HbA1C > 7%. The analysis of lipids profile revealed that 63.3% had LDL > 100 mg/dl, interestingly only approximately 32.2% had levels of HDL and triglycerides out of the recommended ranges. With regard to complications, the data showed prevalence of retinopathy of various degrees in 23.3%, but 24.4% of the registry did not received evaluation. Almost half of the patients also had not been adequately assessed for nephropathy, for those who had evaluation, 34.9% had some degree of nephropathy. 5.9% of the patients reported a history of foot ulcers, and 1.6% had had amputation. The prevalence of coronary disease, stroke, hypertension and dyslipidemia were 8.2%, 4.4%, 63.6% and 73.3% respectively. Medication usage data showed that 29% of the patients use insulin. The most commonly prescribed regimen was a combination of sufonylurea and metformin (37%) for hypoglycemic agents, and ACE-I and diuretic (6.5%) for antihypertensive. Lipid lowering drugs were prescribed in 54% of the registry which would reflected that 74.5% of dyslipidemia patients received treatment. Non-prescribed herbal preparation was used at one time in at least 33% of the registered patients.Conclusion: The majority of the patients in this registry had unsatisfactory control ofdiabetes and other risk factors for development of long term complications. Screening for early retinopathy and nephropathy also was insufficient. There should be additional process or system to improve care for diabetes.
A mobile membrane filtration unit was installed for 3 months at Moo 2, in Ronpiboon
District, Amphur Ronpiboon, Na-korn-sri-tham-ma-rat Province, from January to March,
2005. It was to produce arsenic free drinking water, serving 550 families in the area. The unit
comprises of 2.2 kW pump, 1 microfiltration unit (0.5µm), and 1 nanofiltration membrane of
4x40 inch. made from polyamide thin film composite. Water supply for the unit was from
rain water reservoir at the Ron-Na Mountain nearby the district through pipeline system. It
was found that arsenic level in the pipeline water gradually increased from 0.10 to 0.16 ppm.
during the period and water pH was between 4.5-5.2, slightly lower than the accepted level
(6.5-8.5). However, no water treatment was made, except caution was taken during rainy
season, due to some fine sand being flushed into the pipeline system.
 The filtration system produced arsenic free (<0.01 ppm) drinking water at 208 L/h at
the beginning and gradually declined to 198 L/h and the end of the project. The decline of the
production rate indicated some fouling on the membrane. After 2 hour washing, the
production rate was resumed. About 10,000 L of drinking water was produced, which was
rather small compared to the number of families. Questionnaires collected by an NGO in the
area revealed that only 34.6% out of 283 families utilized the water. The major problem was
the distance and most families well prepared during the year by having sufficient water
reserves. However, under water shortage only 42% consumed commercial water. Some
families obtained reserved rain water from their neighbors and others still used water directly
from the pipelines, due to poverty. On 0.50 Baht/L bases, this community spent about 11,000
Baht/mth for house-whole use and 97.5% of the questionnaires preferred to own a filtration
system for community health reason. The estimated cost of drinking water was 0.15 Baht/L,
assuming 10 hour operationg/day at 100 Baht/day wage. This was based on 5 day work/week
in 52 weeks/year.
 This community seemed to be alert on health quality and management. There is SubDistrict Committee meeting monthly, where problems can be raised and solved. It is envisaged
that if the community reaches some support from District Committee, clean drinking water
should be available sufficiently for everyday consumption. Towards the ending of this
project, the sub-district community leader in Moo 2 has sent in a request of 200,000 Baht to
the District Committee for a community drinking water unit. This, in return, an amount of
money will circulate in the community, which should benefit finally to everyone under good
management.
This was an initiative by local researchers, with an emphasis on putting the NHA system in place.  Two work steps were involved; first, tracking the flow of funds from ultimate sources of finance to financing agencies and second, analyzing the use of funds by financing agencies.  Five ultimate finance sources and twelve financing agencies (7 public and 5 private) were identified.  Use of consumption expenditures was listed under four main categories and 32 sub-categories.	The results from NHA1 in 1994 estimated a total health expenditure of 128,305.11 million baht; 84.07% represented consumption and 15.93% capital formation.  Of total consumption expenditure, 36.14% represented purchasing care from public providers, 32.35% from private providers, 5.93% on administration and 9.65% on all other public health programs.  Public sources of finance were responsible for 48.79% and private sources of finance for 51.21% of the total 1994 health expenditure.  Total health expenditure accounted for 3.57% of GDP (consumption expenditure 3.00% of GDP, capital formation 0.57% of GDP).  However, NESDB estimated 1994 consumption expenditure to be 180,516 million baht or 5.01% of GDP, of which private sources were dominant (82.17%) and the public source played a minor role (17.83%).  The discrepancy of consumption expenditure figures between the two estimates is 2.01% of GDP.  In addition , there is a big gap in the public and private proportion of consumption expenses; 46:54 in NHA1 and 18:82 in NESDB.	From this NHA2 study, the researchers estimated that health care expenditure in 1996 was increasing when compared to the GDP in that year.  But in 1998, health expenditure was decreasing when compared to the GDP in that year.  This was due to the economic crisis in Thailand.  The main decline in health care expenditure was experience by the private sector with a 21% decline., but the expenditure from the government side was still increasing by 10%.  This showed that the government played a big role in protecting people’s health during the economic crisis.  Another finding indicated that individuals tended to spend less on services from both public and private health providers.  They went by themselves to pharmacies and bought medicines to treat themselves.  Although the government increased health care expenditure in general, it decreased its own spending on health prevention and promotion because, due to the economic crisis, the government needed to put more emphasis on treatment and curative services than preventive ones.	In conclusion, a sustainable NHA and utilization of NHA for planning and policy development is a major national objective.  Having a strong NHA structure will enhance the demonstration of how the country’s health resource were spent, what services were provided and who paid for them and will further facilitate international comparison, especially with members of the OECD countries.
Epidemiology of traffic accident in Nongkhai province 1994-1995All of accident cases attended in the provincial hospital and all community hospitals had been interviewed and recorded in a nearly formalized form since June 1994 until May 1995. The one year records of 22,918 accident were classified into 12  categories. There were 25,863 injured cases and 269 fatal cases. 36.6 percent of total accident of 8,388 incidents were traffic accidents, those included 11,236 injured cases and 193 fatal cases. They were calculated as 43.3 percent of total injured cases (1,597.8 per 100,000 of total provincial population) and 71.7 percent of total dead cases. (24.4 per 100,000 of total population) respectively. Number of injures in male was more than in female 27.2 time, most of the cases were in the group of 10-49 years old similarly the number of dead in male was more than in female 4.6 times. The statistic of 61.6 percent of dead cases among the male were commonly in the group aged 10-49 years. Females died in a high percentage of 79.4  were the group aged below 49 years. Farmers, laborers and students (in school and collages) were the groups of high risk.  Most of traffic accidents occurred in the central district (Maung      District) and the second high were located in Phonpisai  District. The number of injured cases increased with in the duration of December to April and abruptly decreased in the duration of May to September and then gradually increased. The dead incidents were less during June to September, 16.00-19.00 hours of Saturday was the hazardous period while the accidents usually  accrued. Slippery road, sliding and fall doing of the motorcycles caused the number of accidents, 87.4 percent of the vehicles involving in the accident had no insurance and 90.3 percent of the drivers had no driving license. Among injured persons and fatal persons (include motorcycle and other automobile) there are 4.2 ,  1.7 percent of driver and 1.7 , 1.8  percent of passenger respectively were antiknock helmet or safety belt (upon kind of vehicle). But smell of consumer alcohol were datable from 28.8 percent of injured person' s breathing. The lesion of injury were commonly found in the extremities, head and face of the injured cases. The first aids before transferring to the hospital seemed to be very scarce.  This study leads to the development of data collecting system and would be useful for accident prevention planning.  Moreover, further study should be done to find out for factors affecting the accidents.
Social and Health Problems of Thai Construction Workers: a Qualitative StudyThe qualitative study of the Social and Health Problems of Thai Construction Workers aims to describe the construction  workers life and analize their social and health problems based  on the finding. Phenomenological study was used in both big and small construction sites of 6 provinces, including Cheing Mai,  Khon Kaen, Bangkok, Chonburi, Songkla and Phuket. Observation,  interviews, and focus group discussion that were conducted  during July 1994 - February 1995 and October - November 1997,  were used for data collection. Key informants were construction  workers, foremen, company manager, and government officers. 	The  major findings are as follows: 1.Construction workers were in  a vicious circle situation. 2.Context of construction workers  were lack of skills, uncontinuity, uncertainty, and lack of  supporting organization. 3.Working safety was the most outstanding health problem that caused construction workers  sickness, injury, disability and death. 4.Social and health  problems of the construction workers are caused by the lack of  social awareness, lack of worker power, the weakness of law utilization and the problems of labor relations. 	Recommendation emphasizes on the social management, and competition in global society.
This paper concerns the conceptualization, the ideology and the practice regarding the community in the HIV/AIDS responses in Thailand. It reviews the community-related HIV/AIDS research, articles, seminar proceedings as well as documents regarding national plans and policies that have been made available since in the early 1990s. Its main aim is to see how the community was conceptualized, understood and utilized by the Thai government, medical community, academic, NGOs, social activists and people living with HIV and AIDS to fight against the impacts of AIDS both at the national and community levels. In particular, it also investigates the community concepts in discourses regarding the home and community-based care’s policy and practice which were recommended for Thailand in the early 1990s in response to the changing AIDS situation.The paper primarily argues that the sets of concept and discourse concerning the community in the HIV/AIDS responses are problematic and are made and remade over times. It reveals that in the course of AIDS responses, Thailand had utilized several approaches ranging from epidemiological-behavioral approach to good governance and civil society approaches in order to alleviate the negative consequences of the epidemic. Throughout this course, two major community concepts were conceptualized and imposed. The first concept necessarily sees community as the social unit encompassing geographical, administrative and social structures such as formal community leaders, informal leaders, temples, schools and other interest groups at a local level. The latter concept understands the community as the process in which individuals voluntarily come together, and through collective actions they resist the oppressions of others and the external forces that affect their lives negatively. Finally, the paper points out that the application of the community concepts at any stage of the HIV/AIDS responses necessarily contributed to the constraints and effectiveness of the home and community-based care approach which has been robustly encouraged by the Thai government since in 1997.
Health expenditure model	This report presents the findings of the research "Health Expenditure Model" which consists of a review of related literature and the health expenditure model. 	The review of related research work identifies 3 groups of study on health care expenditures: group A measures and estimates health care expenditures of countries by developing national health accounts (NHA) showing sources of financing for health care. Group B analyzes the difference in health care expenditures among countries at a macro level, utilizing regression analysis of cross section data. The findings from such studies using data of developed countries indicate that national income is the most important factor determining aggregate health care expenditures. Group C studies health expenditures at a micro level, using cross section data from surveys of household income and expenditures in a regression analysis to find the relationship between household health care expenditures and household income and other socio-economic variables. It is found that income is not a very important determinant of household health care expenditures as in the macro study.When comparing the 3 groups of studies, it can be concluded that group A or NHA studies can identify the size of the society's resources used in health activities either in the public or the private sector, in consumption or investment, but it provides a picture at a certain point in time. It does not serve as a tool for forecasting future health expenditures, nor for explaining the changes in health expenditures resulting from external factors and government interventions.	Studies in Group B which construct a model and use a regression analysis can provide an explanation of factors determining health expenditures and of differences in health expenditures among countries, but they cannot say much about health policy directions and health budget determination.	Group C studies on household health care expenditures are studies at a micro level which derive different findings and conclusions from those derived from a micro study.When comparing the 3 groups of studies, it can be concluded that group A or NHA studies can identify the size of the society's resources used in health activities either in the public or the private sector, in consumption or investment, but it provides a picture at a certain point in time. It does not serve as a tool for forecasting future health expenditures, nor for explaining the changes in health expenditures resulting from external factors and government interventions.