plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this action research was to develop the primary care service model for eastern region community , Thailand .  The process of developing was following	Step  1	To survey health status and health care service’s needs of people from 4 diversity communities including sub-urban, fishery industrial and agricultural community.  The questionnaires were administered from 1583 people and the semi-structured interview as well as in-depth interview method were carried out to gather data from 17 health care providers and community leaders.	Step  2	To analyze the primary care service that provide at 22 health care service including district health care center , community hospital metropolitan health center provincial and regional hospital 	Step  3	To synthesize the primary care service model from view of health care providers , community leaders , clients and villagers.	Step  4	To reflect the created primary care service model by villagers , health care , experts , nurse , educators , local politician and community leaders.	Step  5	To establish the primary care service model for eastern region community.   The results concluded that the people in eastern region were found non appropriate health behavior (30-50 percent) and need to be empowered in self caring.  The characteristics of the primary care service model are.1.  To should be closed to people’s house and accessible 2.  Existing district health care center should be developed to be primary care center according to this model or set up a new one.3.  Participatory management in one of key strategies in managing primary care center.  Four parties should be considered to be the committee.  They are health care team , villagers , community organization and non government organization related to the community.4.  Financial support should come from both government and local community.5.  Primary care service should provided health care across lifespan with health promotion , prevention , cure and rehabilitation focusing on promoting health learning activities.6.  Monitoring of primary care service and quality control should be continually practice and developed.7.  Qualified alternative primary care service and health net working should be established for complementary and selected service.8.  Professional nurse should be main provider at the primary care center and play role as a family nurse.
Important Factors Influencing Readiness, Barriers and Supporting Criteria for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Among Pharmaceutical Manufacturers	The objectives of this project were to investigate the problems and barriers in performing the GMP encountered by local pharmaceutical manufacturers ; to follow up the GMP inspection process ; and to find out the readiness and supporting criteria for conforming to the new GMP regulations. The target group of this study was 176 local modern pharmaceutical manufacturers ( 129 GMP-approved and 47 non-approved). The sample was obtained by stratified sampling technique, and the data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and brain-storming processes.   	The GMP-approved manufacturers stated that budget was the most important factor for GMP approval ; this factor covered the cost of premises, personnel and documentation. Once the GMP was obtained, as pressure was put on those manufacturers to maintain their GMP performance, inevitably an increase of budget was required. The GMP non-approved manufacturers reported that lack of GMP consultant was the most important problem. They responded that the criteria of GMP inspection was unclear and inaccurate, since each inspector followed different standards, and this resulted in the repeated correcting of the same subject matter. About 58 % of the manufacturers agreed to have GMP enforcement so that the Thai manufacturers and Thai medicines could be upgraded to international level. Those who did not agree reasoned that the current problems or limitations regarding the GMP criteria should be solved as the first priority. Moreover, the declare of GMP regulation may bring unforeseen costs.  	GMP performance in the pharmaceutical manufacturers must be supported with full process i.e. problem solving and specification of development direction. The following issues should be reconsidered : reviewing of government policy relevant to international standard GMP ; import of pharmaceuticals ; promoting the pharmaceutical market nationwide and internationally ; and the roles of the Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO). The suggestion for further development were as follows : to set up a GMP guideline and consultant team, and to further support and assist the manufacturers to strengthen their potential in pharmaceutical exports.
The Survey and Baseline Data Processing about 0-6 Years Child Care Centres in Thailand		The purpose of this study was to explore Thailand’s child care centers for children aged 0-6 so as to bring the data as inputs to improve the child care centers. Secondary data were mainly used while some data were collected by interviewing responsible staff and asking a number of foundations and private organizations which had the child care centers.  The data collection process was carried out between December 1998 and February 1999. All of the data were analyzed and categorized into general information e.g. administrative, educational, nursing and information system of the child care centres. The research team also developed the computer program for database management so called Relational Database Management System composed of menu, tools for processing data, operational options, reporting and object creation in forms of table, questionnaire and texts. The team recommended Thailand’s child care centers be initially developed the less complicated system for example the children’s information system, the teachers’ information system, the inventory system and the budgeting system. Each database system should be free from each other. Tools for developing the database management system could be Microsoft ForPro, Microsoft Access, Lotus Approach. More importantly, the staff involved should be trained to be familiar with the use of various kinds of information technology.
Resource allocation for improving  quality of life of the aged: a proposed guidelineThe findings from the study  showed  that  in the year 1997 all kinds of government pensions and gratuities  totalled 24.7 billion bahts  while the medical expenses for the retired government officials added up to around 1.9 billion baths. Both items amounted to 3 percent of total governmental budget  or around 3.2 percent of governmental revenue from taxation. The study also forecasts the serie of these expenditures  until  the year 2011,  which is the last year of the Working-Plan for Welfare and Public Assistance Program to the Aged (1999-2011).  It was estimated that in the year 2011,   total expenditures for the retired public servants will amount to 2.24 , 10.85  , 11.97  , and 13.59 percents of the gross domestic products,  the total governmental budget, the total governmental revenues, and the revenue from taxation respectively.As to the amount of public welfare spent for the aging-poors  on housing and the service-centres, a much larger proportion  of the budget  go to the administrative cost. For the monthly living allowances, less than 50 percent of total needy-aging persons have accessed to it. Similarly, less than 50 percent of total budget for medical aid to the poors have been allocated to the needy aging persons who hold old-aged medical cards.  The study forecasts that welfare expenses that spend through the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare and the Ministry of Public Health for the aging-poors  in the year 2011 will amount to 0.15  , 0.75 , 0.83 , and 0.94 percents of the gross domestic products, the total governmental budget, the total governmental revenues, and the revenue from taxation respectively.In addition, the study has analyzed factors determining the out-of-pocket expenses for  medical cares of the aging persons using  the 1994 national survey of the National Statistical Office.  The result was used for estimating the average medical expenditures of  the lowest income group in order to find out the public cost of medical assistance to the aging-poors.  If the government were to grant monthly living allowances of 300 bahts per person together with free medical assistance to all the needy-aged persons, it was calculated that the total cost will add up to 7.1 billion bahts in  the year 2011 which will amount to 0.1, 0.5, 0.56, and 0.63 percents of the gross domestic products,  the total governmental budget,  the total governmental revenue and the total revenue from taxation respectively.
The decentralize budgeting system of Nonthaburi Provincial Public Health Office 	The effectiveness study of Nonthaburi Provincial Public Health Office (NPPHO) budget allocation was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative ทmethod. The qualitative study was done by indepth interview and focus group discussion with 72staffs from retrospective document analysis The study consisted of two parts :  the first part was carried on during 1997 fiscal year , the second part carries on during 1998 fiscal year. 	The outcome of the first part show that the strategy of NPPHO, which allowed multi health care worker to participate in project developing process, increased both work morale and compliance. The majority of the projects were about health promotion and human resource development. The evaluation about the appropriateness of the project by the relevant between the objectives and existing health problems, the objective and strategies used, the objective strategies and the budget show that the mean was about the middle. The project development was done by whole district health alliance team or separately done by the hospital and district health office the merge the project together to make the district major plan.	The outcome of the second part reveal that appropriateness of the projects improve and there were more health team approach to solve district health problems, and the activities of the project was initiate by the DPHC personal. The study also reveal that every district followed the activities plan of each project. The indepth study of best project of each district show that each of best projects had strong points about activities initiation that correlate with potential of the personal and the health care team.
Alternative Health System Development in Thailand:Knowledge Synthesis on Health System Reform	Alternative health system development in Thailand were studied by reviewing international literature. The contents were synthesised to find appropriate development for alternative health system in Thailand to propose contexts which should be in National Health Bill. The study recommended development of alternative health system be integrated into mainstream of health system in order to achieve comprehensive and holistic health which correspond to Thai culture. Health alliance was considered as a major mechanism for reforming. To develop alternative health system, the Committee for Alternative Health System should be set up under the National Health Council to determine policy, direction and its system structure,the Alternative Health Institute should be an entity developing knowledge, supporting its network and being the secretary for the Committee,the Sub-committee for the Committee for Alternative Health System should be responsible for consideration based on determined principles, the Sub-committee would propose contexts for amendment to either regulations or laws to insure alternative health care,alternative health should be supported to be other professional-liked organisations and be supported for research development,representatives for consumer group should be positioned in the Committee
Traffic Victim Protection Act was implemented since 2535. Though it is a mandatory scheme, instead of public sector, the for profit private insurance companies are the carriers of the scheme. The Scheme compensates healthcare based on fee for services and maximum liability, a lump sum death and disability compensation are also granted. Financial report in 2545 indicated a net premium of 7,003 million Baht collected, with very high administrative cost (41%) and low loss ratio (52%), and inadequate cover all traffic victims. There is a need for a major reform in the context of achieving Universal Healthcare Coverage in Thailand in 2545. 	The objectives of this study are to estimate total resource requirement (for medical care, death and disability compensation) for all traffic accident victims, to estimate how much would the government introduce additional gasoline tax to cover all traffic victims, and provide policy choices for reform. 	Based on secondary sources of information, it was estimated that total resource requirement for all traffic accident victims would be 7,158 million Baht in 2545, of which 63% for inpatient care, 16% for pre-hospital care, 15% for death compensation, 5% for ambulatory care and 1% for disability. 	Household consumption of gasoline from the 2545 household socio-economic survey conducted by National Statistical Office was used to compute total litre of different types of gasoline consumed by household categorized by income deciles. To generate the total 7,158 million Baht to cover all traffic victims, the government has to raise 0.32 Baht to a litre of gasoline, given no price elasticity of demand by all household deciles. Several scenario of raising gasoline tax was proposed. We recommend the least regressive option, 0.26 Baht per litre for all type of gasoline except Octane 95, and collection 0.55 Baht per litre of Octane 95. 	Two goals of reform are identified: to cover all traffic victims (both caused by the insured and non-insured cars) and appropriate Scheme administrative cost. 	Three reform options were proposed based on sources of finance, option one generate revenue from premium contribution by car owners, option two from general tax and option three from dedicated gasoline tax. Analysis indicates that option two and three are neither politically feasibility nor socially acceptable. Three choices of reform under option one were identified: conservative, minor and major reforms. We recommend a major reform. This is to sub-contract the Department of Land Transport to collect premium while the mandatory annual renewal of car license. The large part of premium would be transferred to the National Health Security Office (NHSO) to cover all victims for medical care, death and invalidity compensations. The second preferred choice is minor reform, sub-contracting private insurance companies to collect premium, the large part of premium would be transferred to the NHSO.
This study “ Survey of health status and drug utilization of people in Community “ is one of the studies in research series “ Role of drug store in the Universal Coverage (UC) Program” 	Since the government implemented the universal coverage policy and started the UC Program, profession is urged to improve the role of drug store. Drug store, which is a primary health care setting for community, should be able to response to people’s need under the change of national health system. University Pharmacy (UniPham) is the only drug store in Thailand that participated in the UC program as a sub-contractor of Mahasarakham Hospital.	University Pharmacy, an enterprise body of Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mahasarakham University, was established with an objective  to be a community practice setting that supports learning process in Doctor of Pharmacy program.	The complete role of health care setting needs to include both active and passive health services. It has accepted that drug stores preformed passive role in health services for a long time. Health promotion and health prevention are new challenge roles for them.	Mahasarakham Hospital assigned Nakkhawichai community to be a study area for University Pharmacy to implement its active health activities. In order to achieve this new role. Understanding of health status and drug utilization in community is a prerequisite for the University Pharmacy to plan an active public health intervention.
The effectiveness of Health education activity with Social support from Village Health Volunteers to Preventive behaviour on hemorrhagic fever and diarrhea among Family health Leaders in Trang Province	The research aims to evaluate the effected of health education by social support of village health volunteer. The PRECEDE model to diagnose the effected of knowledge and behavior for preventing Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Diarrhea of the family health leader.  The results from this research aim to apply for planning and group processing for changing behavior of family health leader. The quasi experimental model is research design. The family health leaders were sampling from 4 villages of tambol Nakhaosia in Nayong district.  There are one village was a Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever preventing project and another one was a Diarrhea preventing project village. The other two villages are control area. The samples collected from 60 people of any village by interview form, observation form and social support asses form. The data were collected pre-intervention and after 6 month intervention. The media intervened are video, poster and documentary sheet. 	The results found that family health leaders have a significant changing behavior for preventing Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Diarrhea. They have improving in knowledge of disease, risk factors, violence of disease. The results also showed the social support are significant relation for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Diarrhea prevention behavior.
The evaluation on development of a care system for children and juveniles in a child and juvenile observation and protection center was the final stage of this action research.  It aimed to evaluate the development of child and juvenile care system and to assess the changes of the children and juveniles’ behaviors, families, and personnel being in charge of the care, including, learning about development and working process.  It was a long-term study cooperated with cross-sectional study of both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.	The project evaluation was carried out by Auto-Evaluation technique.  And the holistic assessment on development of child and juvenile care system was accomplished by qualitative and quantitative analysis.  In the assessment, the system theory had been followed as a concept paradigm.  The inputs were organization structure, policy and budget, care personnel, children and juveniles, and environment conditions.  All of these had been being processed participatorily in the development of the child and juvenile care system.  It was fruitedly on effectiveness of the child and juvenile care process.  They were appropriately well cared.  Also, there were some changes of children and juveniles’ behaviors.  They had self-reliance, pride, and self-worthiness.  As a result, they were well accepted by their families and communities.	A conclusion of the research was as follow:	1.  There were a lot of better changes in the organization structure.  For instances, there were: well-defined policy for jobs, better motivation on running work to meet the objectives, good interrelationships, better attitudes towards children and juveniles, clean, well-ordered and good scenery of environments.	2.  The participation in thinking and operation geared to successful development.  By the way this resulted from the realization and confronting bravado of the executives, cooperation between the executives and personnel of the organization, tightly relationships of the organizational personnel, and steadily hold to the ultimate goal and the objectives of the development.	3.  The development from “grass roots” to “policy” was resulted from government official reform.  It made the organization having more clear administration system.  There was a cooperative network for development between the Mental Health Department and the Department of Child and Juvenile Observation and Protection.	The outstanding aspects of this research were presented in the department and ministry level.  As a result, it fostered an opportunity for better development.  It could be also motivated the ones who had steadily willingness and active inspiration for development.	Important factors helping development of children and juveniles in the Observation and protection Center were:Cooperative participation between the researchers and Organizational stakeholders.To achieve problem solving, operation must follow the plan.Operation evaluation and improvement of the plan.Operation conclusion.Interchanging of learning.
The price comparison of US drugs inported to ThailandThe price differential of drugs, calculated by item, group and purchasing power parity (PPP), was conducted to compare drug price between Thailand and the U.S. The 209    samples accounted for 34.9 percent of the total import, or 12.9 percent of the total import and manufactured. The comparison by item showed that 17 drugs in Thailand were more  expensive than in the U.S. The total import of the 17 items was 17,491,517 US dollars. Of these drugs, four of them were AIDS/virus drugs and five were antibiotics. The comparison analysis by therapeutic group showed that AIDS/virus group were priced 6percent higher in Thailand than in the U.S. where ones of antihypertensive drugs, phychotropic drugs, anticancer agents, miscellaneous group, cardiac drugs, antibiotics, vasodilating agents and antiinflammatory agents were(percent) 18.7,  24.3, 28.1,  45.0,  49.2,  47.5,  73.1 and  73.6  differences respectively.   Comparison by registration type demonstrated higher price of the new drugs over the old drugs category with percentage of differences at(percent) 20.0 and 44.4 lower in Thailand than in the U.S.  Comparison by dosage for did not show significant differences among groups of injection, tablet and capsule; and other form which were 38.0,  37.4 and  34.4  lower in Thailand than in the U.S. respectively. Comparison by using the 1995 PPP (Thai PPP=28 and U.S. PPP=100) indicated that most imported drug were charged more in Thailand than in the U.S. expect antiinflammatory drugs and vasodilating agents.