plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
Objectives: This research was carried out to illustrate the most likely and most desirable scenarios of drug system in Thailand in the next decade. This included identification and analysis of the prominent agents of change and the suggestion of strategic plans to facilitate desirable events and the elimination of  undesirable events.  	Methodology: It took the form of a qualitative research. Focus Group meetings, Ethnographic Delphi, and Interview In-depth techniques gathered the appropriate information. Nearly one hundred experts from the pharmaceutical sphere, including manufacturers, importers, drug stores, government regulators, non-government organization workers, drug users (professional and layman) and other related fields participated in eight Focus Group meetings in which guided imaginary and cross impact analysis techniques were used to compose the most desirable scenario.  Three key resource persons with high social recognition were interviewed in order to envisage the most desirable scenario.	Results:  Competition, systems of control, drug-use behaviors, knowledge and the mass media were identified as the main structure of drug-use system. The pricing system has a high impact on pharmaceutical manufacturing and marketing systems.  The most desirable scenario was divided into two parts as: change of environment (political system, national policy, knowledge-based society, and trend of healthcare behavior) and change of the existing drug system (perspective I: production, distribution, utilization, controlling; perspective II: product, price, place, promotion, and personnel).  The manufacturing and government controlling systems would be in a stage of decline in the future, while distribution and utilization systems would be transformed in order to create a more effective situation. A group discussion was initiated to reveal the picture of the Thai drug system of the future.	The most desirable scenario was illustrated in the perspectives of drug use behavior and competition of pharmaceutical market.  Equity in drug accessibility, preventative drug use and integrated medicine would offer the most benefit to the entire population.  Evolution of healthcare and the drug system at three levels (system, structure, and process) should be performed at the same time.  Thai demand of drugs should indicate the appropriate level of drug supply in order to effectively balance demand and supply in the Thai pharmaceutical market.
Search for Methods to Develop the Health Service Model at Sirinthorn Hospital : A Case Study of the Community by the Dam.	This study is a qualitative study and uses the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) technique to study a community. The purpose is to find a model for the public health service for the promotion of health in the hospital for the community around the dam, so that is consistent with the operating principles and accepted by the community. Semi-structured interview was used to collect information by interviewing informants in the community and informants at the family level. The data obtained was analyzed collectively for content, and then taken to the community for approval.	The results of the study were that the community around the dam was in a drought area, without rice fields and without their own land for farming for their living. The main occupation of the inhabitants of the area was general labourer. It is a community which is strongly dependent on outside, both for occupation and food which must be found outside the community.	People in the community have 3 forms of treatment seeking behaviour when sick, which can be separated depending on type of illness: emergency illness, chronic illness and general illness. Each type of illness has its own pattern of acceptance and treatment. Villagers still having wrong understanding and acceptance with regard to health promotion behaviour in some aspects, especially some old beliefs such as using anti-biotics for the treatment of all diseases,using condensed milk for rearing babies etc.	When studying ways in which the community and the hospital can collaborate in implementation of health promotion work, it was found that people with an important role were villagers, village leaders, village health volunteers and hospital personnel or public health officers. Villagers realize and see the importance of health promotion and see that they should be educated to create correct behaviour and stress the development of village health volunteers so that they have greater credibility. The setting up of a health network should be stressed in the community, as well as giving information about using medicine, and stressing health education which is consistent with the needs of the community. Also, the hospital should stress the development of an aggressive service system, with an active team working with the community.
Pursuit of rights and equity in health: social and cultural perspectives for health care reform in ThailandThis research is aimed to understand people conceptualization of rights and equity in health from Thai socio-cultural perspective.The research is exploring how people construct meaning of rights and equity in general and how they applied it in issues of health and health care. Numbers of civil organizations are selected based on their local establishment and their concern for local social, health, economics and environmental problems. Members of these organization are selected interview to represent diverse social and economic background of people in the local areas. Focus group interview is applied to bring people opinion,   conceptualization of the terms rights and equity as well as how they see right and equity in health fit their frame of thought.This research try to understand people perception of their current equity in health and their actual needs as well as expectation for better health care. The result of this research is expected to be use in finding direction, patterns or model for health care reform that in concert with human right and equity. Information provided here could be useful for policy implementation and health care reform. This research reveals that civil society/people organization in Thailand has not yet active in raising issues of health as right. When question of right asked people interpret it differently. One set of perspective stress rights of individual. Some groups discussed right of individual provided by law and considered it as to have individual choice. Some groups emphasize the interrelation between individual and community right that "one should have, should be and should receive." Another perspective focuses on rights as social, public, and cultural affairs. However, most people reflex that in the current situation of Thailand, people have not have any right to determined what should be their rights. They have no participation in formulating the right and  do not know what rights they have or granted by the government. They conceived that rights that are provided by the government today are not what common people want. People criticized that government set out rules and regulations without considering social circumstances and cultural tradion of the people. Therefore, many of those rules are not used and sometimes inapplicable. The term equity is too abstract for every groups interviewed in this research. Most people think of it in the same was as equity, particulary when they assess the inequity to health care service.
Health Security Survey 2000The objectives of the surveyTo survey the type of universal coverage of the sample group of Thai populationTo survey an opinion, understanding and expectation of the sample population to the Universal Coverage PolicyTo survey the recommendation of the sample population for the Universal Coverage PolicyThe survey mainly included the experiences of the sample population with and without health security; the opinion, understanding, and expectation of the sample population to the universal coverage policy; as well as the recommendation for the universal coverage policy.  The survey was carried out using an explorative research to determine sample size, collect data, synthesize and analyze the results in order to achieve the objectives.The survey results were divided into 3 parts as follows.General description of the sample groupPattern of illness/behavior and problems associated with health care.The survey showed that 29.3% and 44.8% of the sample group had family members who sought health care services in 1999 and 2000 respectively while 22.0% had no family member who sought health care services.  The ratio of the family members of the sample group to the right for healthcare cover indicated that 31.2% had no right, 30.6% had the right for for only some family members, and 38.2% had the right for for all family members.Opinion to the universal coverage policy.  The survey indicated that the majority or 93.7% agreed that the government should provide universal coverage of healthcare and services to the public, while 4.3% disagreed and 2.0% had no comment.
Cooperation between public organisations and local administrative organisations in Haadyai and Banpru metropolitan before decentralisation	Health care administration by local administrative oragnisations or cooperation with public health organisations were feasible particularly large areas like Muang district. The local administrative organisations received health budgets not correspondent with local health problems while the public facilities under the Ministry of Public Health did. Therefore, the local organisations could then be networked with the hospitals. 	It is recommended that:Initially, public health budget be administered by the Provincial Committee for Health which should have representatives from local administrative organisations, Health budget be given to local administrative body for developing health funds providing opportunity for community involvement,Local administrative organisations be able to provide health care which is not complicated and easily monitored but effective for building health for example vaccination, school health program, condom use promotion, exercise and nutritional campaign.
The research project on status and role of non-governmental organizations on health promotion in Thailand conducted by professor Yupa Wongchai and Associates, aims to explore the current finction of NGOs in thailand, and submit recommendation from research finding which analyzed from 513 questionnaires responded by organization authorities, 5 expert-interviews and 15 case studies of selective organization.	It is found that most of NGOs in this study have set up their own agencies for delivering services to their members amd target groups which mainly are the aging. The main activities are giving technical and managerial support and charity work. It is very clear that most of those activities mainly focuses on individual basis not community work. Most of agencies do not obtain support from the outside. Most Of those which gain outside support mainly get from the government side. If considering the amount of budget, the international agencies gave bigger amount the public agencies. It also fond that most of NGO's authorities have sufficent knowledge and clear-cut understanding principle of Ottawa Charter's Health Promotion. They understand that makingbetter environment will make target group's better health. The agencies should advise the target group in order to taking care the target groups health, Health promotion will support self health care, health promotion should be cooperation between government al and non-governmental parts but theyneed more knowledge of commonity resource mobilization. Most of agencies have potentail to involve in health promotion. Most of them have objectice to strengthening community, they can conduct actives following the agencies objectives and rhen follow up their work. They have qualify personnel's which understand their function and roles. However, their weaker points are they still facing uncontrollable health factors. Also, they need more management and administative skills, especially building and working through network. Most of thier activities mainly focus on getting to gather to do community, encouraging people to take good care of their own health. The rare activities are natural and environmental presservation, work plan design, campaigning for changing for target group's health behavioral change.	The NGOs programs in this study focus on individual basis more than community focus. In individual basis, the Y focus on enable people to taking caer their own health., offer health education program. They also conduct activities such as community leaning procees, The weakest point are they do not concentrate on environmemt al reservetion and technical part such as evaluative research, planing and data collecting etc. For their future trend, they aim to give health education health caer, health counseling service, community visit which still focus only on individual basis. The also need to be strainghten their organizational potentiality though resources and technical support. They need to cooperate with health promotion partnership through network and need to gian public recognition.
The impact of paying health pesonnel by fee-for-serviceand non-private-practice allowanceThis research is to evaluate the impact of these  implementations among regional/general/community hospitals. Four research methods were applied to answer different research objectives. Analysis of reported data to the Provincial  Hospital and the Rural Health Divisions was to see the impact on hospital financial liquidity. Postal, self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out in 17 provinces to study  attitude towards non-private-practice allowance including fee-for-service pay. Qualitative research techniques, ie focus group discussions and indepth interviews were carried out in 4 provinces to focus mainly on fee-for-service pay but also included other payment schemes. A before and after case-review was carried out to compare quality of care provided to 3 tracer conditions in 5 hospitals. The overall result suggest that financial liquidity of the hospitals was not affected by the implementation of the payment schemes, although the hospitals had to pay a higher percentage of their revenue for their personnel. In 1991, they paid 7-11 percent of the hospital revenue for their personnel and in 1995, up to 20-30 percent of the revenue. Fee-for-service pay got the highest share (more than 60 percent) of the total payment categories and increased productivity especially the number of extra-office-hour surgcical operations. Non-private-practice allowance increased job satisfaction amongst those who did not work in private sector but caused the feelings of unfair treatment among those who were ineligible. Moral hazard of providers occurred in both schemes but was more frequently observed in the fee-for-service scheme. Management system played a minimal role in safeguarding medical ethics.
This study was aimed to set up public scoping for investigation of possible health impacts from the Wieng Haeng mining project, using the participatory approach from public and other stakeholders. Results from literature review on possible health impacts, and data on the living styles of the affected community were used to identify the possible health impacts. Public and other stakeholders were allowed to join the study and provide suggestions for public scoping. It was found that there were four aspects of possible health impacts: physical, mental, social, and spiritual health. Physical health impacts were: 1) Accidents and injuries from mining and transportation 2) Effects from noise 3) Diseases and effects from air pollution 4) Diseases and effects from water pollution  5) Effects from explosion 6) Labor migration and communicable diseases. Mental health impacts were expected from 7) Stress and anxiety. Social health impacts were likely from: 8) Effects to community life style 9) Effects from community migration and resettlement 10) Effects from depletion of forest and agriculture land. Spiritual health impacts were likely from  11) Effects from aesthetic changes and loss of loyalty to and connection with the locality  and 12) Effects from losing their spiritual haven.
Universal health coverage is one important policy recommendation by the World Health Organisation to governments in both developed and developing countries.  Thailand was ambitious in setting the target to achieve this policy nationwide only a year after the majority vote victory in 2001 by putting up the 30 baht medical care policy.  This research was to document the policy processes at the central and provincial levels during the first year of implementation, and to measure the impact of the policy at household level.  The ultimate aim was to recommend on how to make the policy sustainable.This study employed three research methods in order to complement each other.  The documentary reviews and qualitative methods were used to describe policy processes at the national and provincial levels, and outlined impacts of such implementations on health delivery systems.  The third method employed a full-scale household health interview survey to measure policy impacts at household level.  Four provinces were purposively selected from 21 piloted provinces since April 2001 and June 2001.  In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were the main qualitative methods used with top executives, policy makers, and providers.  Household surveys consisted of about 1,000 households in each province.  It was revealed that the designs of the systems for pilot provinces in April and June 2001 were the day-to-day management style, whereas the decisions for full implementation since October 2001 have been a monthly management.  Unstable policy decisions created turbulence till the end of 2001.  The implementation of the policy at the ministry level faced with the discontinuity of capable responsible officers.  Policy implementations at provincial level were critically at risk under the leaderships of provincial chief medical officers and provincial hospital directors.  It seemed that provinces applying an inclusive outpatient-inpatient capitation budget faced additional risks on substandard quality of care by under referrals with the coincidence of weak leaderships.  Household surveys revealed that the policy was highly supported by both the rich and the poor.  Thai citizens have shifted from their libertarian views to slightly egalitarian views in reducing social policies, that discriminate the rich and the poor.  When compared among three main health benefit schemes (civil servant medical benefit, social security and the 30 baht scheme), the 30 baht still faced with low compliance rates (use of their health benefits when they seek medical care) for both outpatient and inpatient services.  However, the poor families complied at a higher rate than the rich, which means that the policy has at least achieved its main objective.  Comparing equity of financing by out-of-pocket expenditure, the 30 baht scheme was inferior to the social security scheme in protecting the lower income families from financial burden of seeking health care.  To attain sustainable coverage, recommendations on managing supply side are crucial.
Thailand’s Historical Development of TBs Control by DOTs(Directly Observed Therapy, Short-course)The DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course is one of the alternatives considered most efficient and supported by most international health organisations including WHO. The DOTs are composed of processes of patient identification, diagnosis, short-course medication, directly observed treatment, management for drug sufficiency, quality control in lab, training and supervision, situation adjustment and public commitment for TB control. DOT is one of these potentially performed by health officials, health volunteers, community leaders and family members. Training for the DOT was started since 1996 in Thailand. In the end of 1998, 299 districts (34.1%) had the DOT program which was problematic in quality due to a number of people performing the program without being trained. The most observers were family members (47.6% - 100%). The supervision by provincial and district tuberculosis coordinators was irregular resulting in poor evaluation which was likely to assess quantity preferable to quality of the program. The patients who were registered between October 1995 and January 1998 were randomly sampled for sputum testing in every 4 months showing negative result in percentage of 79.65, 80.1%, 80.0%, 73.4% and 77.6% respectively. 	Problems of running the DOTs program in Thailand were lack of concern in people at policy administrative level, lack of interests in people who were potential to be effective observers leading to low number of people attending training course, shortage of coordination and supervision at all levels to support the DOTs, and lack of effective information system. This paper recommends establishment of research network to increase positive impact on policy direction and to develop models suitable for particular areas.
Problems Rhinosinusitis (RS) is a common disease in Thailand and still has problems in the diagnosis and treatment. It is one of the most expensive diseases since a lot of investigations and antibiotics have been prescribed to treat this disease. It has also been shown to impair patients’ quality of life and, if not treated properly, may lead to orbital and/ or intracranial complication or development of chronic sinusitis. The data of this disease is quite limited in Thailand since it has not been studied systematically before. Objectives To investigate the natural history, clinical manifestations, practice variation of use of various instrument in the diagnosis, precipitating factors, the expense of investigation and treatment especially antibiotic, and complication of RS in Thailand. Methodology During April 2003 to May 2004, we performed a prospective study on 735 patients with acute (n=569) and subacute RS (n=43), recurrent acute RS (n=73), and acute exacerbation of chronic RS (n=47) recruited from Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department of 7 medical schools in Thailand. Results Seven hundred and thirty-five patients with RS were recruited in this study with the mean age of 34.1 years. The majority of patients’ age ranged from 20 to 50 years. There were 275 male (37.4%) and 460 female (62.6%). The average follow-up visits were 3 times. The most common clinical manifestations of RS are rhinorrhea (42.1%), followed by nasal congestion (38.6%), postnasal drip (32.3%), and facial pain (32.2%). ENT physicians used nasal speculum (91%), nasopharyngeal mirror (88%), otoscope (25%), and nasal endoscopy (11%) in the diagnosis of RS. Plain film paranasal sinus (PNS) and CT PNS were ordered in 17% and 1.6% of cases, respectively. Pus and/ or sinus tissues were sent for microbiological culture and sensitivity test in 30% of cases. The most common precipitating factors of RS is acute viral upper respiratory tract infection (62%). The majority of patients (98.6%) received medical treatment. Four percents of cases required surgical intervention. Complication was found in 11% of cases. Amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid is the most common antibiotic prescribed (31.5%), followed by amoxicillin (21.6%). Ninety-five percent of patients had favorable outcomes. Antibiotics account for the majority of the expense (74%) in the treatment of RS. Conclusion and recommendation Sinusitis is a costly disease, which needs more attention to reduce the cost of diagnosis and treatment. The Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) of diagnosis and treatment of RS have been developed recently. This CPG aimed to optimize the use of expensive and unnecessary investigation and to help physician in prescribing the proper treatment, either medical or surgical. The cost effectiveness of the practice according to these guidelines should be thoroughly studied before being implemented for nationwide use.