plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
The reporting system of adverse drug reaction in medicine unit of Sappasittiprasong hospital by multidisplinary approach	The study intended to increase the efficiency of in-patient ADR reporting, that emphasized on moderate and severe cases. Multidisciplinary medical team had been established and run the quasi-experiment in 8 medicine wards. The variables were numbers of ADR case report compared with numbers of ADR case between before and after the experiment. ADR cases were assessed the causality by Naranjo’s Algorithm. The efficiency of ADR reporting was evaluated in 3 period time, followed at before study, 3 months and 8 months after implementation. The results were analyzed in descriptive statistics.Results:  Moderate ADR reports increase in term of efficiency, 0 % (0/12) before study to 75 % (6/8) after 3 month and 100 % (6/6) after 8 month. Severe ADR reports increase from 0 % (0/0) before study to 100 % (1/1) after 3 month but not found any case after 8 month. The number of moderate ADR reports increased 74 reports and severe ADR reports increased 16 reports after implementation of multidisciplinary team. Rare ADR and ADR occurred from new drugs were reported too.  79 patients were notified ADR history in those patient drug profile and advised them  to aware by themselves. In 2000, 149 ADR case reports have been reported compare with only 7 case reports in 1999.Conclusions:   Multidisciplinary team could improve an efficiency of moderate and severe ADR case reports and showed that this developed system trend to run continuously. So multidisciplinary team should be used in full system of Sappasittiprasong Hospital and should be studied in another hospitals in the next time. ADR reporting in the hospital should be run in more proactive manner.
Potential of Women Society for Aids Management	AIDS patients tended to be stigmatised by society resulting their broken families. AIDS crisis reflected inability of public organisations and people’s understanding to cope with AIDS. Social movement for AIDS was an interesting activity to handle such a crisis. A number of AIDS / HIV female patients associated together with objectives to manage AIDS problems for AIDS women in northern region. This study was to explore women ability of doing social movement in two issues. The first issue was grouping and developing its task groups for managing AIDS problems for northern AIDS women. The second issue was developing its potential and ability for AIDS management. 	Qualitative technique was used in this study. 3 studied groups were AIDS / HIV female patients, women society for community development and female members of local administrative organisations. The study found that awareness of problems and their impact was a driving force for women to gather into society and possess civic consciousness. Management potential and ability were largely developed and promoted by NGOS instead of public organisations. However, the infected group’s flexibility to manage their own issues was limited due to little confidence received for their management ability which were perceived by the NGOS while the second group, the community development society was given more flexibility for AIDS management. The second group then became the consultant for the first group. 	A lack of civic consciousness in members of local administrative organisations was a significant inhibitor for AIDS management in local areas. Their concern was more on development of community infrastructure which led to less budget for AIDS management. It is recommended that developing more concrete working partnership in these three groups should be put into practice.
The Cost per Unit of Health Services in Health for All:  a Case Study of Health Service Center (No. 16)To illustrate the cost of services in health promotion and prevention , out patient (OPD) and dental care through a Health Service Center (No.16) Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The analysis of the cost components could be used as key data for future planning, budgeting and resources preparing for the short and long terms.The cost centers were categorized to be executive, services and supporting unit. The simultaneous  equation  method was employed to allocate all costs from other associated cost centers to the service unit.The unit cost per visit was  372.76  baht, while the unit cost per capitation was  532.83  baht . The unit cost of health promotion and prevention per capitation  was  288.95  baht, whereas the unit cost of OPD per capitation   183.47  baht and the unit cost of dental care per capitation  55.37  baht. The labor cost accounted for 83.67  per cent, capital cost  6.09  per cent and material cost  10.24  per cent of the total cost.  Unit cost of OPD and dental care was lower than the proposed budget while the unit cost  of health promotion and prevention was higher. That could because of some patients seeking the OPD care from the King Chulalongkorn Hospital, while the health promotion and prevention offered was more than other Health Service Centers provided. The labor cost was the main factor to be improved for more efficient and the decrease  of labor cost would be in the short and long term strategies respectively.
A Situation on Environement and Health  in Thailand	The population of Thailand has increased from 26 million to 62 million in the past 40 years. The increase had led to tremendous activities in economic and social development such as the development of land, agriculture and farming, fishery, energy, industries, transportation and tourism. These developments resulted in climatic change and environmental problems including physical chemical biological and social environment. Unplanned industrialization and urbanization, and the influx of rural population into cities had created environmental pollution and social stress in those area. Bangkok, the capital city with an estimated population of 10 million, and provinces in vicinity are facing problems of air, water, land, and noise pollution, hazardous substances and waste, food hygiene, unsafe housing and workplace. These environmental pollutants may enter human body either by eating, breathing, or skin contact. Health impact may vary from annoyance to discomfort, mild symptoms, severe illnesses, injury, disability, or death, depending on several factors such as type and amount of pollutants, exposure time and route of entry. 	Mortality statistics of Thai population during B.E. 2534 – 2541 indicated that hearth disease was the highest cause of death throughout the period, followed by cancers, accidents, poisoning-intoxication, blood hypertension and stroke, injury/suicide/murdered, pneumoconiosis and other lung diseases, liver and pancreas diseases, and kidney disease.	For infectious diseases, the highest illness was diarrhea, followed by pneumonia, hemorrhagic fever, food poisoning, malaria, salmonellosis-shigellosis, influenza, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and measles.	Among these leading deaths and illnesses, there are several diseases that could be caused by exposure to either individual or multiple pollutants of physical, chemical, biological form and social factors. However, it is always difficult to pin point the exact causative environmental or social factors. This is due to the incomplete or unknown exposure history and the complexity of dose-response mechanisms of those factors on physiological change and etiologies of diseases, cancer, for example. Nevertheless, the results from animal studies could be cautiously extrapolated to human for the sake of prevention and control of adverse health effects and sustainable socio-economic development.
Process and Outcome Study on Rehabilitation Service for Hemiplegic Patient Causing by Stroke at the Sirindhorn National Medical Rehabilitation Center Stroke or Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is the main leading cause of health problem among Thai population.  The advance medical technology help the stroke victims to survive longer with another kind of problem, physical impairment and disability.  Rehabilitation is another health care intervention which play a major role in restoring physical function and supporting them to return to their own home.	The study objective is to analyse the process and outcomes of the in-patient stroke rehabilitation of the Sirindhorn national Medical Rehabilitation center.  It was found that stroke with hemiplegia took about 25 percent of the total nuber of admission.  One hundred and thirty-seven stroke victims were admitted 166 times within five years (fiscal year 1995-1999) while 111 admissions (cases) was recruited.	Among 111 cases, the ratio of male:female was 3:2 whereas the mean age was 60.67+11.96 years (95%CI.= 58.42-62.92 yrs.).  Those were left hemiplegia 2-3 times more than right hemiplegia.  Seventy-five percent of those could be determined the type of CVD which showed that infarction is 2 times over than haemorrhage.	The average length of stay (LOS) was 44.22+28.36 days (95%CI. = 38.88-49.55 days) while 7 and 150 days were used as the trimming points.  When the trimming points were substituted with 13 and 84 days, the average LOS became 42.31+19.11 days (95%CI. = 38.18-46.43 days)	According to the outcomes study, 13/48 cases of the year 1999 were recruited.  It was shown that 10/13 cases were partial independent in performing the activities of daily living while 7/13 cases could walk independently.  Moreover, the qualitative data of 4 selected cases pointed that they are still seeking for the treatment and rehabilitation which might cure the disability.  Most of the costs for such a health care process were the family's out of pocket money.	The results of the study revealed the deficiency of the health care system such as; lacking of the standard of stroke rehabilitation service, non-systematic and unreliable medical record, lacking of the outcome measures for monitoring and evaluation etc..  It was suggested that the quality improving process should be implemented especially at the Sirindhorn National Medical Rehabilitation center, the only national medical rehabilitation institute in Thailand.
Core Package for Oral Health Care on Universal Coverage Policy, Thailand The purposes of this study were to review knowledge, concepts and experiences of the core package for oral health care, and to recommend the proper core package for oral health care in Thai context which was applicable and fit with needs of the oral health care. The study was conducted by reviewing literature, evaluating sample province and stakeholders’ opinion discussing.Results of the study, Pathumthani, sample province, had more dental patients since the Universal Coverage policy had started. For example, tooth filling, scaling, and extraction had increased 25.3%, 25.1%, and 16.2% respectively. However, waiting list or queue was also increased for instant, there were 164 dental substitution cases and 136 root canal treatment cases in February 2002. The focus group discussion of providers found that there were some problems of policy implementation such as unclear definition of package, increase in the number of patients, and management. The focus group discussion of consumers, another side, demanded for kinds of services which could alleviate pains and restore ability of chewing. Delphi stakeholders meeting prioritized all of services into three groups: 1) The first priority (4.8-5.0 score): Topical Fluoride, Systemic Fluoride, Periodontitis treatment, Celt lip & palate, Oral cancer, Oral infection, and Amalgam filling.2) The second priority (4.0-4.7 score): Scaling, Sealant, Oral patho, Full denture, Root canal treatment, Impacted tooth, Oral health examination, Consulting, Extraction, Pulp treatment in primary teeth, and Tooth-colored filling. 3) The third priority (less than score 4.0): Partial denture, Crowding teeth, and Fixed denture.There were three alternative concepts of the package establishment: 1) Full Treatment Need, 2) Treatment Need with some conditions, 3) Treatment Need by age groups (for example 0-13 age group: Fluoride, Sealant, Oral Exam, Amalgam filling, Root canal treatment, Extraction, Pulp treatment, Oral patho, etc / 14-59 age group: Fluoride, Oral exam, Scaling, Periodontitis, Amalgam filling, Root canal treatment, Impacted tooth, Extraction, Oral patho, Tooth-colored filling, Acrylic partial denture / 60+ age group: Fluoride, Oral exam, Scaling, Periodontitis, Amalgam filling, Extraction, Oral patho, Tooth-colored filling, Full denture, Acrylic partial denture). These options were subject to budget, manpower and capacity of services.  For policy establishment, there were some suggestions from the research: 1) the third concept was suitable for resource scarcity, 2) co-payment mechanism was a method to control over demand side, 3) condition of treatment care could increase awareness of self care, 4) some treatments with high cost and chair time might not suitable to be in package such as fixed and metal denture, 5) well-organized system of queue, referral system and finance were required. This research may contribute to improve oral health care service. However, it’s needed to have further studies such as, cost of services, public-private mixed service, consumers’ behavior, etc.
Health promotion service is the most important component of the Universal Health Care Coverage Scheme. However, many evidences suggest that its quality could be directly and indirectly impaired, mainly because of capitation payment mechanism. Consequently, quality assurance system is necessary. Most of the national quality assurance systems in Thailand concentrate on curative care instead of health promotion. However, there are a number of quality assurance initiatives in many provinces. In order to set up the efficient system, extensive review of the current situation and ideal solution should be conducted. In this study, literatures regarding quality assurance of health promotion services will be analyzed. Information on existing and expected quality assurance system and factors affecting the quality of health promotion services will be gathered by in-depth and focus-group interview of system experts and medical personnel at the operational level in five provinces—Bangkok, Ayuthaya, Chiang Mai, Nakornratchasima, and Pattani. It can be concluded that quality assurance system of health promotion services is essential. The system should help improve the services by using positive approaches and can merge with some existing quality assurance system. However, there is diverse comprehension among system experts and health care providers regarding the principles and responsibilities of health promotion services. This results in varieties of provincial quality assurance system. Factors that can impact the quality assurance system of health promotion can be categorize into four major aspects—principles and policy, budget, providers, and target population.
Project for potential development of high risk students for drug addiction in a large secondary school of elementary education department	The aim of this project is to develop student potential for avoiding drugs taking  by involving various groups of people in and outside school.  This project is just only first step of all the process.  It is just to get present situation and means to solve the problem from the various groups of people.	The project started with development of researchers of the two institutes;  Khamkaen Nakorn  secondary school  and  DRC in Khon Kaen province.  They were learned and practiced how to use PAR for data collection from the PAR experts in Khon Kaen university.  From this process,  the researchers were changed their  idea and concept for solving the problem.  They are more positive and more understanding the students’ problem and trying to help them.	Data were also collected from parents and community where students live.  This process make teachers and community  cooperate and coordinate in solving the problem.  Previously parents thought that it is not their role and it is  teacher’s duty only.  After focus group discussion, parents and community understand that they have to work with teachers.  They suggested that all should have common activities.	From this study it is found that PAR is very important tool in changing the ways of thinking in all groups but it takes time and money.  However, the process is still needed to get a suitable development.  So the second phase of the project should be developed and launched soon.
Germany was the first country to institute nationwide insurance-based social and health programs. Three powerful ideas or principles underlie the development of German health insurance and medical care policy, Solidarity, Subsidiarity, and Corporatist organization.   The main roles of government (State and Federal governments) are providing legal framework and regulation while providing of services and insurance are delegated to self-governance agencies, sickness funds, various associations (Association of Sickness Funds, Association of Panel doctor, etc), and health care carriers.The German reform aimed to achieve overall social benefits. Enactment of laws achieved universal access to health care and delegation of public roles to various self-governance bodies enable accountability and transparency of the system. The later reforms intended to control increase of medical care cost to be not exceeding level of income growth and more emphasized on controlling provider and hospital behavior. By conclusion, success of the German health system reform is according to values and principles of the society while economic, political context and increase of health care expenditure determine the need for reform.
This situation analysis of health promotion and oral disease prevention in the contracting unit of primary health care under the health care coveraage insurance  policy is a qualitative study. The sample consisted of 48 contracting unit of primary health care located in 8 purposively selected studied areas which are Chiangmai, Nhan, Khonkhane, Bureerum, Songkla, Phattalung, Prathumthanee, and Bangkok. The depth interview using semi-structured questionnaire and the observation techniques were used in the stage of data collection. The respondents were the executive officers, those who involved in the health care service under the health insurance for all policy at the province level, dentists, dental hygienists, and resident population. The study period is between July, 2002- March 2003. The summary is reported as followed. The result of this study was the dental benefits specified in the insurance are conformed with the existing dental service provided prior to the insurance program. These include the general dental treatment such as filling, extraction, scaling, root canal treatment, and prosthodontic treatment, and also the heath promotion and prevention activities such as screening for the high risk group, oral health education, dental sealant and fluoride therapy. The main target groups for health promotion and prevention program are the pregnant women attending ANC, preschool children in WBC and child care centers, primary school children and the elderly. But the activities were decreased  because of the increasing of the treatment for dental care in the CUP, approximately 15-20%.  Most dentists were lack of understanding in the concept of health promotion and skill in empowerment for the people to take care themselves. The other workload in the hospital, such as , hospital accreditation activities, were the condition for dentists to step down their oral health care promotion and prevention activities.  However, most of them still had a good attitude for the principle of the health care insurance project, but they were not agree with the propaganda on the “ 30 bath for all treatment “.
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the effect of management factors the implementation of health promotion and disease prevention in the Universal Coverage Health Insurance Program. The study was conducted in 61 Contracting unit for Primary care (CUP) among 118 CUP of all 7 provinces  of  Regional 6. These provinces are Khon Kaen, Undornthani, Nongkai, Skolnakorn, Loei, Kalasin and Nongbualampoo.  The qualitative methods were applied for data collection.	The results revealed that in The 2002 Fiscal Year, all 7 provinces of regional 6 followed the health for all policy of the Ministry of Public Health closely.  Some  provinces modified organization structure of the division responsible for this task, some province added more unit or additional committee. Each province set up PCU to provide curative, health promotion, disease prevention, rehabilitation and dental public health with proactive work based on family medicine principle. However, there are slightly difference in focus point of this policy which came from different basic thinking of administrator and previous health promotion work. There was adaptation of concept to be based mainly on benefit package. Additional works which clearly showed were family file, house call, and exercise. There was personnel distribution form provincial level to CUP including sending new nursing graduates to work at PCU in some provinces, There were personnel development, budget allocation for health promotion and disease prevention based  on individual card or proportional budget resulting in more budgets for both CUP and PCU and additional supplies for PCU and health center if compared with before project implementation. However, there were still some problems with finance regulation, not much public participation, communication of officers about health promotion. The outcome depended on concepts and supports of chairman of primary health care network which majority of them are still focused on curative rather than health promotion and discase prevention. Budget allocation to PCU had important problem from conflicts between hospital directors and public health district chief. However, there was overall increase in health promotion and disease prevention. Some CUP had project to analyze try to help solving community problems. 	In 2003 budget year, fix cost distribution of budget helped reduce the conflicts between PCU and hospital director and easier implementation, but it reduced incentive to write project to do the work that suit the area. The policy of the Ministry of Public Health to carry out health promotion and disease prevention by separating activities and duration may not suit every area. The reduction of budget allocation to the provinces in the Northeast effected health promotion work especially exercise.
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the roles and problems of Subdistrict Administration Organization (SAO) in environmental health management. Study issues included the roles, capabilities and obstacles in solid waste management, village water supply management and DHF control. Data collection was done using a questionnaire self-completed by the secretary of SAOs of each of the 514 SAOs. 498 responded (96.9%). Site visitation and in-depth interview of executive board members and the secretaries of SAOs were carried out in 20 subdistricts. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean and standard deviation and content analysis. The results from the questionnaire showed a high level of complaints about solid waste (78.1%) than the problems of clean water and DHF control. (63.3% and 34.5%) The site visitations revealed that solid waste was often dumped on the side of the road. Slow elimination and lack of land for treatment were important problems. Some sites were near water sources. Water supply was often insufficient and there was poor public participation and DHF control. Generally SAOs did not have enough manpower, budget and technology for environmental health management. 73.3% did not have an environmental health committee. The actual income of most SAOs was below the criteria set by law. Although there were many problems as those mentioned above, some SAOs were quite successful in reducing the disposal load, promoting the recycling process and producing bio-fertilizer from garbage. It is recommended that personnel competent in environmental health management are needed for most SAOs. The government should produce a manual for these works and train the personnel properly.