plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
This study provides preliminary estimates on effects of the 30 Baht Scheme and the universal health coverage program on households cost savings and on poverty reduction. The estimates employ data mainly from two nationwide surveys-the socioeconomic survey (SES) and the health and welfare survey (HWS).	In terms of poverty reduction the study compares over time the percentage of those who were impoverished because of health care expenses using data from SES. The figures are drawn from the households that had per-capita income more than that of the poverty line, but had after-health-care income (gross income after subtracting households health expenditure) that fell below the poverty line. We find that percentage of these impoverished group had been declining from 2.15% of total households in 1992 to 1.84% and 1.53% in 1994 and 1996, 1.1% and 1.3% in 1998 and 2000, and 0.7% in 2002. The early declines could be attributed to the expansion of Health Welfare Program for the Low Income Group to cover the elderly and children in 1994 and its subsequent financing reform toward per-capita budgeting that took place between 1998-2000. The recent decrease in 2002 is most likely results of the 30 baht scheme (plus a small effect of the coverage expansion of the Social Security in mid 2002). Based on these figures, the impoverished households that were caused by health care burden decreased by two-thirds as a result of the coverage expansion toward universal coverage. The above finding is similar in all regions but are more pronounced in the rural areas.	We also measure number of households that become impoverished because some member were hospitalized. We find, however, that number of this types of households are rather small—ranging from 1/7 to one fourths of those were impoverished because of health expense. This finding suggests that a comprehensive universal coverage scheme that also covers major outpatient expense would still be crucial if poverty reduction is considered a main objective of the universal health coverage program in Thailand.
Nowadays, The government has concerned about the health system by using the policy of universal health care coverage as “ 30 Baht health care”, which emphasize on advance-service system and management of particular area. The problem seen in Amphur Muang Buriram is there are a lot of  workload in dental clinic,  Buriram Hospital. So dental staffs have to take time and partial budget for management, and dental services in community health center, especially the dental public health in school. Thus the management of dental public health in Amphoe Muang  Buriram, has to have an effective  management in human resources, time, and budget, through the co-operation of associated organizations for the appropriate service pattern in that area  and the most benefit for people.The purpose of this study is to develop the proper pattern of dental service in Amphur Muang Buriram, according to the health policy under the condition of resources limitation in this area. The methods are 1. Collecting the historical data of dental public heath projects in Amphur Muang Buriram, 2. Reviewing project patterns of other provinces, 3. Brainstorming for determining the proper model of process in clinic and community, and 4. Evaluating the indicators (i.e., dental services in clinic, waiting time for special treatment, the coverage of dental health in school, and the satisfaction of dental patient and staff) after implement  the developed  model  for 6 months.The results from brainstorming showing that there are the development of services:1.Expand the network of dental service subcontractor for people with UC card at  Buriram Provincial Public Health Office.2. Development of dental service system in Community Public Health Centers that have  dental nurse3.Begin  the mobile car of Buriram Hospital for dental services in school.4.Initiate system and format of oral health  report  in school, which developed by staff. 5. The results from change evaluation show that quantity of overall dental services is raised in every dental clinic, increased waiting time of some special treatments  (since there are movement and/or resign of dentists), and the satisfaction of patients  and staff is increased.In conclusion, the development of dental services by participating of staff can create the pattern of process accordance with the situation area. Moreover, the evaluation should be taken and continuously modified for suitable dental service according to variations of situation.
Epidemiology and Health Behavior on Malaria of  Foreign Labour in High risk Area,  Ranong Province	At the borderland ,a  lot of   foreigner  migrated   to work in illegal in  frontier country.    and they have a poor health.. The most common  of the endemic problem in the boarder of Thailand is Malaria and  it make a problem to Thais people who live  at the boarder of Thailand. 	This study  aimed to  compare  1)  malaria sick  rate  2) rate of malaria carrier 3) health behavior in prevention and curative . The  multiple stage  stratified method was used to select a  representative sample and divided in 3  groups and 200 subjects in each group.: Thais , Thais who habit closed to the foreign  labor and   pure foreign labor in Kra buri and la-oon district , Ranong Province . Data was collected by interview and focus group discussion.  	The results were:  60.3 % were male ,  40 %  worked in  a  rubber farm, 36.2  %  in  coffee  farm and also 13.7 % in the fruit farm and average age was 3730 years (sd.12.84), 15% of  subject got Malaria ,who 2 of 15 were Thais and 5 from 15 were Thais who habit closed to the foreign  labor and also 8 of 15 were foreign labor. Comparison of sick rate in  3 groups is not significantly different . Rate of carrier in the  foreign  labor  was 3.5 .Health behavior in  prevention and curative  were  significant different. In addition  ,the person who were not good in preventive behavior  more risky ( OR = 3.97 C.I. 0.12 – 12540) .the foreign labor  were more risky than Thais ( OR = 4.18 , C.I. 0.08-197.43) , age group upper than 45 were more risky than the lower ( OR 2.24 ,C.I. 0.08 –197.43) and  area of worked in  fruit farm was more risky (OR 2.04 C.I. 0.11 – 39.44)
Perception and behaviors Thai people toward smoking in public place	This study researched the perceptions that Thai people have of smoking in public places and their behavior in relation to it, including smokers willingness to abide by laws      restricting smoking and non-smokers in voicing their objections to smokers breaching these laws. The results were analyzed using SPSS to find percentages, means, the standard deviation, and Pearson's product moment correlation co-efficient was significant at 0.01. A sample group of 600 adults, 300 of which were smokers and 300 of which were non-smokers, were used in this study. Both smokers and non-smokers had a high level of  knowledge about the dangers of smoking to one's health. The study found a high level of compliance to the ban on smoking in public places, noting that smokers look for non-smoking signs prior to smoking to ensure that they do not annoy people. Non-smokers displayed a low level of action in advocating their frustrations with smokers. The study found that the level of knowledge of both smokers and non-smokers directly correlated smokers: compliance with smoking bans and non-smokers avoidance of smoking or smokey areas.
The purpose of this research was to compare the effects of medication related problems by community hospital pharmacists in hypertensive patients before and after the patients attending physicians by control-group time series design. The patients who attended pharmacist before physicians will be call "group 1" and the patients who attended physician before pharmacists will be call "group 2". The study was carried out at 7 community hospital in Songkla Province; Satingpra Hospital, Krasasin Hospital, Rattapoom Hospital, Jana Hospital, Tepa Hospital, Kuanniang Hospital and Padangbesar Hospital. The number of patients who could be followed-up for 3 visits were 123 in control group, 108 in group 1 and 113 in group 2. The results showed that medication related problems be found in 74.8, 63.9 and 69.0 in control group, group 1 and group 2 respectively. The medication related problems were found as 1 – 7 problems per patient and the number of medication related problems in experimental groups were less than in control group significantly (p = 0.004) but there was no different between the both experimental groups. Additionally, number of medication related problems and diastolic blood pressure were reduced in both experimental groups (p <0.05) when the patients attended pharmacist at 2nd and 3rd visits but it was not different between group 1 and group 2. Patients satisfied to pharmacy practice at high level (median = 4 points from 5 point full scale) but no difference was found between group 1 and group 2. Physicians and nurses also satisfied to pharmacy practice at high level and no difference was found between the pattern which patients attend pharmacists before and after physicians. However, pharmacists spend more time in group 2 patients (median = 10 minutes) than group 1 patients (median = 10 minutes), especially in the patient’s first visit but it was not different in the later visits (median = 5 minutes in both groups) We can concluded that medication related problem resolving by pharmacists could reduce medication related problems in hypertensive patients but it was not different between the two experiment groups. Patients, physicians and nurses satisfied to pharmacist practice but there was no different between the two experimental groups. The community hospital pharmacists can choose the suitable patterns of medication related problem resolving as this study for doing the pharmaceutical care in their hospital.
The study of impact of the autonomization of a public hospital on health services (The third section) Year 2 – 3 is a section of the study series of the Health Systems Research Institute to evaluate the impact of the autonomization of Banpaew Hospital (Public organization).  The first-part objective is to assess the impact of the autonomization of Banpaew Hospital on quality of health services by medical record review, comparing processes and outcomes of care during the one-year period before the autonomization—the “before” period—and the year after the autonomization—the “after” period—in five disease groups.  The outpatient setting includes diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT) and tuberculosis (TB).  The inpatient setting includes appendicitis (AP) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).  The second-part objective is to develop a set of system performance indicators of an autonomous hospital, and to try to evaluate the performance of Banpaew Hospital using the indicator set, by studying in Banpaew and two other community hospitals.	The findings in the first part of the study are mixed.  There are certain differences in processes and outcomes of care in the five diseases between the before and the after period in both directions—better and worse results.   In the DM group, there is a tendency for better process of care, whereas patients during the after period show a slight increase in short-term complication.  However, the changes are not statistically significant (p’s >0.05).   In the HT group, there is significant reduction in completeness of physical examination records while there are more information on recommended laboratory investigations (p’s <0.01).  In the TB group, there are evidences of deterioration in recording processes of care and outcome of treatment (p’s <0.05).   In the appendicitis group, there is a slight reduction in completeness of progress notes, but there is no change in outcomes. In the AMI group, there is no overall difference in processes and outcome of care.	In the second part of the study, we identify the indicator set for monitoring the autonomous hospital with respect to the conceptual framework of health care reform to have two levels—the organizational and the district levels—and consists of 67 indicators in seven dimensions
Ecotourism : The study area, the Khiri Wong community, Tambon Kamlon, Amphoe Lan Saka, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province	The objectives of  this research were to study the new aspect of loval tourism management i.e. ecotourism, which refers to tourism in natural areas with local identity and culture that has been related to the ecological system. In ecotourism, all related parties share a common learning process under the enviromental and tourism management , which focuses on local participation. It is intended to encourage awareness towards sustainable preservation of the eco-system. The study area, the Khiri Wong Community, Tambon Kamlon, Amphoe Lan Saka, Changwat Nakhon Si Thammarat, was selected as a site for a case study on ecotourism potential, the needs as well as attitudes of the community, various possible impacts, and guidelines for the development and conservation ot the  communtiy to be further refered to as a model for other communities with similar potential.	The data were collected from the study area through questionnaires, which were distributed to local people totaling 346 samples. More information was gained from  observation and specific interviews of local leaders and natural interpreters as well as other related agencies in the public and private sectors totaling 50 samples. All data were then processed and analyzed by statistical methods.	The result of this research indicates that Khiri Wong is of high potential for ecotourism development and promotion both at present and in the future. The people, the community, as well as the visitors had a certain level of satisfaction for ecotourism at Khiri Wong. The impacts to the community  were caused mostly by physical factor  rather than economic, social, cultural, as well as health and life quality factors. The community's guidelines for development and conservation were based on  systematic ecotourism management which had been well participated and cooperated by the local community, both at the community level and the bi-lateral level with other bodies outside the community. The guidelines con be exchanged with other communities with similar concept for ecotourism management.
This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The aim of this study is to find the cost-effectiveness of giving AZT to prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child and to compare the result of this study to previous studies in the aspect of provider and consumer perspective. The information summarized from this study would be a policy implication for Bangkok Metropolitan Office for properly administration of AZT to HIV-infected pregnant women to prevent the transmission of HIV.	Overall, 80 percent of mother received AZT before delivery. Normal delivery was accounted for 63.5% and 130 mothers (24.6%) were appointed for cesarean section and/or having cesarean section. In mother with normal delivery, average cost on procedures, medicines and medical consumables was 2,900 TBH, average cost on labor cost and all cost was 3,250 and 6,150 TBH respectively. In mother with cesarean section, average cost on procedures, medicines and medical consumables was 6,000-11,050 TBH, average cost on labor and all cost was 3,550-4,500 and 9,550-14,400 TBH respectively.	Overall, 7 of 103 (6.8%) children were HIV positive. The administration of AZT in overall was not related to cost on procedures, medicines and medical consumables but was accounted for the increasing of labor and all cost by 420 TBH. The difference of having AZT once and twice before delivery was accounted for the increasing of all cost by 1,900 TBH, whilst there was no difference of all cost between giving AZT for one time and no AZT. So, it is suggested that the budget of giving AZT is not only for the cost of drug but also for the administration of drug such as PCR testing.
Benchmarks of Fairness for Evaluating the Thai Health Care ReformsThis study aims to test the adapted benchmarks as a tool to assess the ADB' s proposal on health system development published in 1999 and to evaluate the achievement of health care reform activities in two provinces supported by EU, Payoa and Yasothon. 0The adaped benchmarks compose of 9 benmarks. The first benchmark concerns with intersectional public health or intersectional efforts to improve social determinants. Benchmarks 2-5 relate to equity issues and benchmarks 6-7 intend to evaluate efficiency of the system, Benchmarks 8 concerns with democracy, accountability, and empowerment, provider and consumer autonomy are the final benchmarks.  The tool is aimed to use as a framework for policy analysis, indentifying strengths and weaknesses of the reform proposal, ensuring that appropriate inputs, mechanisms, and strategies are existed to achieve equity. To use the benchmarks, a scoring system is applied as a ranking on complex dimensions, not cardinal measures of some quantity, in addition to an explanation for it's rationale of score provided. In testing  the adaped benchmarks, it shows that the benchmarks could be used as a tool to assess both achievement of reform and assess reform proposal. However, assessment of reform proposal may be more appropriate in use since there were large variations of score in assessing achievement in both proviness.In testing the adapted benchmarks, it shows that the benchmarks could be used as a tool to assess both achievement of reform and assess reform proposal. However, assessment of reform proposal may be more appropriate in use since there were large variations of score in assessing achievement in both provinces. Background and perception of evaluators determine the different of score provided, therefore, interpretation of the result should be made with caution especially, when it has been used to assess achievement of the reform. Providing information before scoring process would reduce deviation and improving reliable of the score. The details of each benchmark should be adopted to fit with the contexts of particular country or province.
This research has been conducted in 4 dimensions of health namely, physical, mental, social and spiritual health in both positive and negative impacts.  The research design was a participatory action research with rapid appraisal and survey. Activities included two workshops one for academics and the other one for stakeholders to discuss and advise indicators to be used in the assessment. After the questionnaire was constructed, a survey was conducted in 2,744 samples comprising in-building, around-building, and general residents.The literature reviews showed that building constructions in the past in Muang Chiang Mai were not well planned and managed, specifically lack of city vision to guide the direction of development. Most of the times, they depended on the administrators’ policies without people participation resulting in Muang Chiang Mai’s vague direction of development. The results show that the around-building and general residents had more physical health impacts than the in-building. This might be the indirect effects of highrises. i.e., the urban heat island phenomenon that causes more air pollutants deteriorating the respiratory system. The hypertension and cardiovascular diseases might be the results of anxiety due to mental and social health problems. The assessment of other dimensions of health also showed that the around-building and general residents had more health impacts than the in-building. The older and longer-living tended to have more health effects than the others.It is suggestive that:The highrise construction permissions for those non-constructed should be cancelled.The height of highrises should be revised in accordance with the context of Chiang Mai not that of the Act, which enforces nationwide.The highrise constructions should be controlled more stringent, and buffer zone should be re-considered.The areas that are allowed for highrise constructions should not those that can potentially be threatened to ecology, urban heat island and historic conservation.The Ministerial Laws enforcing the town planning should be amended that land uses in each zone should take the vertical dimension into account and the percentage scheme of land use should be cancelled.
This study reviews a  variety of documents and lessons on home/community care (HCC) for AIDS in the central region of Thailand, including research , thesis , NGO’s annual reports, discussions with NGOs delegates, and case studies from fieldwork observation as well as home visits. Compared to the northern region of the country, studies on HCC for AIDS in the central region are rather few. Despite of this limitation, a number of studies figures out the same problem that many HIV/AIDS patients are confronting with : community’s rejection and negative attitude towards people living with AIDS (PWA) . Besides, many patients and family care-providers still do not have adequate  knowledge and skills in self care or caring the patients at home. However, rarely few studies have deeply gone into details about the needs of these PWA, such as up-date health information about treatments and practical caring techniques for daily fife in the household setting.	The present study concludes that in the central region, most HIV/AIDS patients are normally cared for at home by their family numbers. Hospitalization is only for those in critical or terminal stage. Buddhist temples, Christian’s charity  homes and NGO’s emergency or temporary shelters are alternatives for most poor or abandoned ones. For PWA, self-help groups organized by public hospitals’ or  NGOs’ staff are crucially needed and helpful. Home visits performed by these staff  are also appreciated. These are the only two successful models of community care in the socio – cultural context of the central region. Some regional strategies are suggested for HHC development: 1). The restoration of the humane traditional Thai cultural-traits together with the acculturation of caring culture and practice in the family and community in order to promote and support HCC by “to stop AIDS by caring people with AIDS”.  2).  The empowerment of community organizations, self-help groups, voluntary groups to support PWA to get access to better health care services as will as social welfare from both public  and private sectors  3). Reformation and development of AIDS counselling service, inter-personal health education and public health education through the mass media, both in the content and technical aspects in order to transfer modest health information on AIDS and to bridge up good relations between PWA and their families/ communities.  4). The prejudice wall against PWA should be dissolved through the new nation-wide campaign, ”Living with AIDS is the way to save our families/communities and society” in order to support PWA to live with dignity as human-beings. And 5). The strengthening of collaboration among all HCC stakeholders (PWA, family ,community, NGOs and Gos) in order to improve the efficiency of the whole health care system.