plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
Confrontation of two concepts on human civilization has been more imminent in this era. While the west represents linear evolution, the east represents circular development of human history	But in the world with material development, the way of life of the people is not as happy as they deemed to be. The rigidity of knowledge that used for human development has become cage to imagination. Thus freezing the thought so that it is not corresponding to reality of nature. This brought about suffering on the lives of individuals and societies and also the deeper unbalance in ecology causing the problem culture that lead to the problem of health.	In this wider crisis, there struggles to find solution. This happened in various fields of knowledge and activities as in science, religion, culture, art and social movements. Whether physicists or artists both have realized the necessity to find new perspectives. They realized the necessity to find a new manner toward the world. They need new ideas and new language and new practice to suit the new reality	Surely, there will be resistance from the people and the systems of the old paradigm. But this paradigm change is not the replacement of new idea for the old one. For it will include and transcend the old  world  and integrate it to the new one. It will find new way of management and politics combining truth with beauty transcending any violence causing by the limits of the old paradigm. Combining the east and west concept of human development in the most creative way imaginable. Instead of circle or linear we will come up with spiral dynamics with corresponding to the form of life force.
This research seeks to fill the gap in knowledge on pharmaceutical registration policy in Thailand, by
using a mixture of public and health policy analysis and technical aspects, and focuses on content,
context, actor and process. The two specific questions are; (a) what is pharmaceutical registration
policy in Thailand? (b) What are the factors influencing the pharmaceutical registration policy process?
The thesis focuses on both policy development and the implementation process.
The objectives of pharmaceutical registration policy in Thailand had been found to be unbalanced;
focusing more on access and obscuring the general goal of quality, safety and efficacy. A survey of
tracer drug registration (1983-1997) found that the registration system in Thailand has double
standards between new and non-new drugs, with little success in re-evaluation of previous registered
drugs. The research showed a large variation in registration time (1-2147 days), a high number of
approved drugs, contrasted with few rejected or withdrawn. Hence the Thai registration system may
be described as ‘entrepreneurial and permissive’ or as taking a ‘laissez-faire’ approach.
This research has identified four main groups of factors that led to the failure of implementation. First,
policy on registration was not well developed because of the unbalanced influences of different actors
with varying powers; this was reflected too in the implementation process, which was also influenced
by a variety of actors. Second, there are continuing technical weaknesses in the drug regulatory
structure and process. Third, the advisory consultative process in the registration system was not well
managed. Fourth, key actors’ attitudes and perceptions, and organisational hierarchy had an important
influence on decision-making. On the basis of the understanding of these weaknesses, it may be
possible to introduce new potential measures in the future.
This research aims to study the concept and the role of NGOs in health reform. It explores NGO network which has been involved in community development, target group development or public social development. The main methodology includes focus group discussion, complied six case studies of NGOs as well as conducting in depth interview with 14 activists who have played significant roles in the health system. The research discovered that, from the NGOs’ perspective, the general health system problems arise from the national development policy that principally aim for economic growth. Health services and public health are adopted systems that are too westernized and only seek profit maximization. In the same vein, economic production and labor development are based on the principle of western education, which is rooted in self-interest attitude. Consequently, any laws related to health issues are controlled by the principle of western medicine, clinging to government administration and being influenced by private sector. Furthermore, the government is viewed as operating its public health system under centralized control, with an emphasis on curing rather than preventing. Its principle is strongly rested on non-integration and a single plan in order to solve health problem all over Thailand. NGOs have been taking part in resolving health and public health issues through various approaches. This is seen as an important role in reforming health system in particular by supporting community organization, research development and knowledge rehabilitation as well as health technology development. At the same time, herbal medicine, Thai traditional message, alternative medicine, consumer protection as well as social empowerment to answer any health-related issues. It is agreed by the NGOs that the governmental health reform only recognizes the important of institution and organizational reform. In term of health issue, a personnel development and capacity building to raise self-reliant, including the protection of consumer rights must be in the heart of government’s working operation. This is believed to be an alternative thinking against the mainstream principle. While the NGOs are viewed as one of the main stakeholders in promoting public health reform, but they do not see the importance of governmental public health reform’s approach. Suggestion emerges from the NGOs regards to the public health reform is to provide equitable access to government health service so that every group of people in the society achieve healthy livelihood and become self-reliant. Equally important, the government should support people participation, decentralization, flexible attitude, support alternative medicine, self-reliant as well as policy and legislation adjustment.
Financial report plays an important role in organization management. Nowadays, each hospital, however,  has its own format of financial report and provides inadequate financial information. Therefore, it is difficult to compare the managing performance of each hospital. The objective of this research is to set up the standard form of financial report, which could be used for evaluation of hospital efficiency.In this study, we developed the new financial report format and the service cost data had been filled in (accrual basis), which could be categorized into 2 groups: outpatients and inpatients. Furthermore, we calculated service cost for each group based on three types of health insurance policy, i.e. 30 baht, social welfare, government officer, using data from Bhuddhachinnarat Hospital during January-May 2003. The result showed that the average outpatient’s unit cost/visit =1, 039.20 and the average inpatient’s unit cost/head = 14,967.68. Moreover, we found that outpatient’s unit cost/visit for 30 baht and social welfare is similar, whereas unit cost/visit for government officer is relatively high. In case of inpatient, the lowest unit cost/head is social welfare, 30 baht and government officers, respectively. In addition, comparison of service cost of each health insurance policy showed that only the difference in medicine cost affected the difference in outpatient’s unit cost/visit. In case of inpatient, not only the difference in medicine cost but also other service cost affected the difference in inpatient’s unit cost/visit.The result from this study is useful for the health authority and other involved users to obtain the proper financial report in the same format. Evaluation of hospital efficiency can be readily performed and comparison between each hospital can be assessed.
This research project has aimed at collecting, screening and translation of Lanna medical
text books and the development of a program for the data base of Thai Lanna medicinal plant recipes
and the selection of the recipes for the application in health system for the development of modern
medicinal plant products and modern phamaceuticals and for conservation. The total of 225 recipes
from Lanna medical text books and medicinal plant recipes written in Lanna religious alphabet and
recorded in palm leaves or mulberry pulp paper in seven provinces (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai,
Pra-Yao, Lumphun, Lumpang, Phrae and Nan) in northern part of Thailand were collected from the
Institute of Social Research, Lanna Art and Culture Promotion Center, and Pharmaceutical – Cosmetic
Raw Materials and Natural Products Research and Development, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
Only 21 copies were selected base on the completeness of the contents and the reliability of the
documents. The documents were translated into 3 steps which were step 0 : the record of the recipes
as Lanna alphabet in the computer, step 1 : the translation of Lanna language to common Thai and
step 2 : the translation of common Thai to the understandable Thai. The total recorded recipes was
7,265 formulae. A program for the data base of Thai Lanna medicinal plant recipes was developed.
This program can be used to search and print the reports by the key words : province, document
code, microfilm code, disease /symptom (Thai, Lanna, English), medicinal plant (Thai, Lanna, English,
local name and scientific name) and the active compounds in the medicinal plants. The list of 3,965
names of the medicinal plants was obtained.
The examples of the monograph of the thirty Thai Lanna medicinal plants were presented. For
the 1,781 diseases which have been found in these recipes, there are classified according to
alphabetical order, anatomical system and disease code. For the selection of recipes, the program
was used to search the highest frequency of the disease/symptoms found in the recipes. Fever gave
the highest frequency followed by “San-ni-bat”, “Khang”, “Lom“, “Mareng-kud”, head-ache, “Mahoke”, ill during pregnancy, abscess and ill after baby delivery. The total of 619 medicinal plants were
used to treat fever. The 10 medicinal plants which were used in the highest frequency were, Oi-dang,
Choom-hed-tes, Ya-kha, Ya-teen-ka, Kluay-teep, Ya-khad, Ma-kog, Ma-dua-u-thoom-porn, Krua-khaoyen and Phai-bong. These plants may contain active compounds for antipyretic. Choom-hed-tes was
found in all recipes whereas other plants were in less frequency.
We have proposed 10 steps for the research and development of the selected 10 recipes for
health system application, by further study on confirming the effectiveness and safety and the
development of the proper formulations of these recipes. The five steps of the process to perform on
Thai medicinal recipes in other parts of Thailand following the criteria of this research project, have
also been proposed.
OPD Case Survey at Kon-Kaen Hospital in 1997	The survey objectives were to study information of OPD care given. The studied information was general information, information of OPD care provision, views of physicians and views of users. The data were collected through interviewing users and providers from March 17 to March 21, 1997.. Systematic random sampling was used for sampling 1228 cases. The response rate was 82.65%. 	The results showed that the majority of users lived in Muang District spending their visit time approximately 1-2 hours. 48.5% of well baby clinic users lived in metropolitan area while 60% of the pregnant visiting the hospital lived outside the metropolitan. Most receiving general practice were new patients with non-serious conditions. 40% of the users were uninsured. Most general medicine users were from Muang district. 59% of this group could be taken by general physicians whereas 31.4% needed special care. 22.3% were aged people. Only 21.1% had insurance.	Common illness presenting for pediatric care was respiratory problem. Most examiners viewed that most presenting problems could be handled by health personnel and nurses. 63.3% of users were 1-4 year-old. 21.7 % were uninsured. For general surgery, tumor, respiratory problems and accidents were most common. 63.9% could be given care by general doctors. 32.7% gave the reason of specialist availability for visiting the hospital.	33.3% seeking orthopedic care lived outside Muang district and 93.1% living outside the metropolitan. Convenient transportation were most reasoned for coming the hospital. 15.3% were uninsured. Most seeking eye care were middle aged and could be given care by general doctors. Special care was most given to those living outside the Muang district. Most users were previous patients and made appointment. Such a group spent relatively longest time at the hospital.	On average, each patient spent his or her time at the hospital about 3 hours and 25 minutes (almost half a day). 26% paid on their own pocket (14% were later remunerated). 65% agreed with exising prices while 16.7% considered expensive. Nevertheless, most said expensive if paying more than 500 Baht. 72% said they well understood their illness told by providers. The lowest rate of understanding their illness told by providers was found at general medicine and general surgery clinic. Expenditures for medicine and special examination were averaged at 215 Baht. General medicine and cardiac clinic were found larger expenditures respectively. 1/3 of payment was subsidised by the government. Average transportation cost was 85 Baht.
present, research to improve and promote health as well as well being of the populations, to reduce unnecessary health expenses, and to increase national economic opportunities in health related markets, has become a notable national health policy of the Royal Thai Government (RTG).  Discussions and debates are thus going on about an appropriate structure of the future National Health System Research. Within this structure, health research institutes in universities are hypothesized to be an important foundation of the system. The purpose of this study is to identify ways and means to support and strengthen health research institutes in Thai universities.  Document research, group discussions, a reflection technique and case studies (six health research institutes in Mahidol University and Chulalongkorn University) were adopted.Results indicate that it is necessary for the RTG to urgently draw up a road map to systematically strengthen health research institutes in universities. Action is needed in terms of significant investments in economic means, organization and human resources. An ability to adjust to changes, change management skills and leadership in health research institutes in universities, are identified as essential elements in this development process.Key development strategy is a proposal to the RTG to set up a National Network of Health Research Institutes (NNHRI), which consists of health research institutes at many levels, including those in universities, as well as families, the smallest units in society. Proposed objectives for NNHRI are: to systematically support and strengthen health research institutes in the country, to promote diversity in organizational structures and management styles leading to effective performances and good governance in health research institutes, to support proactive human resource development in both technical and management skills at all levels, to create a culture -- “Knowledge is important for health development in Thai society”-- by giving priority to effective and sustained stakeholder communication to empower health research institutes and to elevate efficiency and sustainability of health research development in Thailand.
People’s Participation in the Management of Community Garbage	Garbage problems, resulting from consumption, directly affect the people’s health, their well being, their good quality of life and the environment. Garbage volume increase is too high for local administration to handle and the problems thus aggravated.  One of several ways to tackle these problems is the reduction of garbage volume by garbage separation.  One portion of the garbage could be reused or recycled while the other portion could produce organic fertilizer thus reducing the volume of garbage to be disposed of.	It is necessary that garbage separation method be acceptable to the people and that they comply by separating garbage before disposing of it.  This research has found two approaches for this.Education Mechanism	Teachers and students participate in garbage separation activities under garbage management program.  Students bring from their homes reusable item such as paper, glass bottles to school to pool them and sell them to scavengers at their shops.  Teachers may teach students how to convert some reusable items into other useful items such as paper lampshade from discarded paper or plastic flowers from discarded plastic items.  Students who brought garbage that would later be sold would earn merit points accumulated in account in merit bank which could be exchanged for consumable items later.	  Another feature of this education mechanism is the 3 United Recycle Powers Program which requires students to separate required garbage from home and school and give it to the school for sale, the proceeds from which shall be used for school’s activities.  Garbage separation shall later be introduced to the community in which the school is situated by the students, the teachers, and community members.2. Community Mechanism	Garbage separation campaign to educate the community shall be launched continually, it is supported by local administration by the provision of separated garbage collection equipment to collect garbage that is already separated.	It is concluded by the research that garbage separation prior to disposal reduces garbage volume which helps solve garbage problems.  Participation from the people, community, students and teachers is mainly an effective element.
This is a literature review of chemical and organic agriculture form secondary data: academic materials, articles and reports.  These consisted of government policies related to the agricultural sector; ecological and environmental situation, pesticide and chemical usage in agriculture and agriculturists’ health.  The study refers back to before the year 1960, From the above literature review, it revealed that incidents occurred from government policies which were tremendously related to environmental changes and life-style of the N.E. people.  The death rate of infants and pregnant women decreased to a satisfactory level.  Almost all diseases that occurred from improving immunity were eliminated after public health had been in service, but these diseases were replaced with accidents, cancer, gastroenteritis diseases, skin diseases, muscle system, stress, allergies, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, AIDS, and lack of some nutritious substance.  These diseases are conducting one’s life which was “earn a living’ became ‘make money’.  Money was of main importance, forests were destroyed to make a living and to do the farm to increase income to meet the end needs.  From a report, production increased by expanding land was don more than increasing production effectiveness.  Lack of agricultural labour caused high wages; also not that much technology was used.  So Small Scale agriculture was not worth it.  Contracted farming was augmented gradually; and in this production system the usage of chemicals was rather high.  Chemicals and non-organic fertilizer is one of the factors that the government must give directions and see the importance of production increase and prevent damages from pests.  This is because agriculturists do not have far vision, lack potentiality assessment, do not realize the effect toward food sources, habitations environment, and health in the long term.  However, this study is a literature review.  All data were from each period but there was no concrete evidence that affected health.  There were likely to be reports about diseases symptoms such as poison, loss of life from poisons or toxins, etc. in various places, times and conditions.	Suggestions were as follows:	Data should be analysed before determining national policy including effects that might happen in the future by focussing on the public health both mentally and physically as a main issue, and collective happiness in the society.  And effects toward health, which may be created as examples of effecting health so they, can be solved promptly.
Analysis of Health Impact Assessment System from Large Investment Projects and Public PolicyDecharut SukkumnoedSince, health is redefined in Thailand as a complete state of well – being, which is well balanced of a body of intertwined elements of the physical, mental, social and spiritual dimension. Therefore, health is dynamically linked to all factors related to the way of living. Any environmental changes in terms of physical, economic and social conditions occurred in form of development process have a potential impact on the people’s health. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is the combination of procedures, methods, and tools, which enable a judgement to be made on the positive and negative effects of policies, programs, projects, or other development actions. The overall objective of HIA is to maintain and improve the health of entire community/population by reducing health hazards as well as providing determinants for better health.  HIA has been promoted by WHO since the 1980s, before developed and implemented in many developed countries during the 1990s. In general, HIA systems apply the common concept and steps of impact assessment, with the specific focus on human health, which are not adequately covered by existing EIA and SIA systems. Like other impact assessment process, the main steps of HIA process include screening, scoping, analyzing, review, mitigation, decision-making, and monitoring and evaluation.Since, according to Thailand’s experience, the people’s health has been seriously threatened by a series of developmental policy and projects themselves. The study found that HIA should become an essential mechanism to prevent and recover negative health impacts as well as to promote positive health impacts derived from development policies and activities in this country.HIA process and system, which will be developed in Thailand, should be (a) effective enough in health protection and promotion, (b) equally participated by all stakeholders, (c) relevant to contexts and conditions within the operational organizations and Thai society, and (d) emphasizing on participatory learning process and capacity strengthening within Thai society.During an initial stage, HIA system in Thailand should based their ground on being participatory learning process, aiming to provide better information and influence for better decision-making according to health aspects, rather than being approval mechanism. This positioning will provide more times and opportunities to build up information, knowledge, understanding, and recognition within society, which is very important for trust building within HIA system.  Therefore, in drafting National Health Act, it should be mentioned clearly that the government should support the development of HIA system by establishing an independent organization under the supervision of the supreme organization of Thailand’s health system. It is also very important to search for more details on appropriated HIA models, especially in analytical and institutional frameworks, as well as, to look for strategic partners in order to develop HIA system in Thailand.