plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
Thailand has enacted the Excise Tax Act B.E. 2560 and relevant regulations since 2017. As a result, the structure and tax rates of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have been adjusted with an intention to reduce sugar intake from SSBs. The majority of SSBs containing sugar more than 6 grams/100 ml. have been taxed with different rates according to the sugar contents. However, dairy products have been exempted. The objective of this study was to monitor SSBs’ prices and sugar content, compared between pre and post SSBs tax adjustment. This study used a comparative analysis of prices of and sugar content in SSBs from two surveys (March 2015 and March 2018) and used Mann-Whitney U test to test differences between pre and post SSBs tax adjustment. The results indicated that overall of SSBs’ prices were increased after the tax adjustment (+11.1% by median), both domestic beverages (+12.7% by median) and imported beverages (+18.1% by median). Sugar contents in domestic SSBs were declined (-9.6%), while in imported SSBs increased. In addition, high sugar content in dairy products was not decreased. Conclusion, the study shows that the SSBs tax adjustment may provide a positive change in terms of prices and sugar content as intended, except for imported SSBs and dairy products. Therefore, the excise tax should cover all SSBs and there should be complementary measures to reduce SSBs consumption.
This study aimed to assess outcome of alcohol-free funeral policy, firstly launched in Lampang in 2008, by comparing between three areas of campaign implementation (completed, ongoing, and no campaign). Methodology: A mixed methods study was carried out in 2012. A face-to-face interview of 1,445 villagers with a structured questionnaire was conducted to evaluate perceptions, attitudes and supports of the respondents toward the policy as well as exposure to the alcohol-free funeral. Twelve funeral hosts were elicited about their funeral details and perspectives on outcomes of the policy by a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: People who lived in the completed implementation areas ever attended fewer funerals with alcohol (26.7%) when compared to people who lived in the ongoing areas (37.4%) or in the areas without campaign (40.9%). The proportion of alcohol drinking experience among who had attended the alcohol-serving funeral in the completed implementation areas was quite low as 26% (6.8/26.7) when compared to 37% and 41% of those in the ongoing areas and the areas without campaign, respectively. The funeral hosts in the completed implementation area elaborated that the areas with no alcohol offering at the funeral complied with the community agreement, and hence, helping them to save money. While some of the funeral hosts in the ongoing and without campaign areas still offered the local white spirit for the participants, and hence, had the expenses and some drunk-driven quarrel and violence in the funerals. At the funeral without offering alcohol, there were fewer attendances because people in the community believed that offering alcohol at the funeral was a tradition. This study recommends that the community agreements and social agreements are needed to support the hosts conducting the alcohol-free funeral.
Background: Health equity is systematic deprivation gaps in resource allocation, accessibility and utilization of health services. The elderly people with high prevalence of chronic, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) usually face problems with respect to high treatment cost, and if health inequity exists, they disproportionately suffer a decrease in their quality of life. Objective: The study was aimed at exploring the factors affecting health equity in Thai elderly, as well as activities that improve health equity. We focused on horizontal equity dimensions of cost, use, and accessibility to health services. Methodology: This was a systematic review, searching 5 Thai and 2 international databases. The inclusion criteria covered equity in health in elderly and related meanings (in Thai and English). Content analysis, and descriptive presentation were used in this review. Result: The affecting factors to inequity in health included external factors (e.g. socioeconomic factors) and internal factors (personal/behavioral factors on use of service). The external factors that improved equity in health in elderly included health insurance coverage and living in urban area. The external factors that decreased equity in health in elderly included education lower than high school level, low income, no occupation, no insurance and living in rural or remote area. The internal factors that decreased equity in health in elderly included 1) having disability or chronic illness, 2) stress, and 3) behavior for not using health service. All of these factors affected on 1) health status, 2) health financing, and 3) health needs (accessibility and utilization). The interventions that decreased inequity in health and improved equity in health were as follows: 1) treatment and rehabilitation activities at secondary and tertiary hospitals, 2) health promotion and disease prevention activities at the community or primary care units, and 3) public services or social welfare activities aimed at reducing inequity by decreasing health service expenditure to elderly. Recommendation: Appropriate approaches amending factors and activities affecting inequity should be implemented to achieve health equity in elderly.
The objective of this study was to estimate unit cost of services providing at the primary care cluster (PCC). Four PCCs including two urban and two rural were selected. This study was retrospective study using data from fiscal year 2017 and some data from 2018. Data on financial, services and staff workloads were gathered. Then, unit cost per activity and the unit cost per capita were calculated based on activity-based costing. The result showed that labour cost was the highest cost component in the PCC followed by material cost, whereas, capital cost was the lowest. Material cost in urban PCC was higher than in rural PCC. In addition, average unit cost per capita was 1,025.21 baht. It should be noted that all PCCs in the present study were in the stage of implementing and improving services in order to benefit their people. Therefore, the results described unit cost of initial stage of operation in the PCC.
Monitoring and surveillance system of unhealthy products marketing is a part of the study on the situation of unhealthy products marketing control. Unhealthy products of this study included food, breast milk substitutes, tobacco and alcoholic beverage. The objective of this study was to analyze the gaps of and opportunities for monitoring and surveillance system of unhealthy products marketing. Literature review and interview with the stakeholders were undertaken. Searches were conducted through government, academia, and civil society database from 2012 to 2017 via Google search engine. Purposive sampling was used to select the key informants from government agencies, academia, and civil society for interview. Framework of analysis was the guideline of surveillance system of the Center for Policy Development, and Non-Communicable Disease Control Strategy Program, Department of Disease Control. The study found similar monitoring and surveillance systems including active and passive monitoring systems for all 3 types of products (except breast milk substitutes), but had different participations from other sectors. The control of food marketing lacked participation from academia, and civil society. Monitoring and surveillance system of alcohol marketing did not collaborate with other ministries such as the National Broadcasting and Telecommunication Commission, Ministry of Digital Economy and Society. Monitoring and surveillance system of tobacco marketing had many actors but with no coordinating agency. Monitoring and surveillance system of unhealthy products marketing including marketing of infant and baby food was recently set up. Therefore, there should be further evaluation on efficiency of these monitoring and surveillance systems.
Exclusive breastfeeding is the most appropriate food for under-6-months old infants. However, some of them received infant formula during this first period of life. While previous studies focused on barriers to exclusive breastfeeding, this study examined when, why and what factors of initiation of breast milk substitutes (BMS) in the first 6 months. This study was quantitative research. Data were collected through a questionnaire from 1,147 mothers and caregivers of children under 3 years old at well-baby clinics in public and private hospitals. Characteristics of the sample, first exposure and reasons were presented using descriptive analysis. Factors of breast milk substitute initiation were analyzed by using binary logistic regression. The analysis used SPSS version 18. The study presented that most infants started breast milk substitutes in the first day after birth (24.1 percent), and in the first month, there was 44.5 percent of infants fed formula because mothers believed that “mothers’ breast milk was insufficient” and “mothers had to return to work or study”. The results of binary logistic regression illustrated that “education level of mothers” and “family-economic status” as well as “changing main caregivers” and “the negative attitude on breastfeeding” were associated with formula feeding before reaching 6 months.
Thailand has high burdens of tuberculosis, tuberculosis with AIDS and multiple drug resistance tuberculosis. This may be due to the lack of efficient and effective tuberculosis prevention and control at all levels. Vaccination against tuberculosis is a primary prevention measure. In Thailand, the Ministry of Public Health has designated BCG as a basic vaccine against tuberculosis that all newborns should receive. But BCG has numerous limitations, it can only prevent against severe tuberculosis in children, but not in others. Nowadays, researchers worldwide are trying to accelerate the development of effective vaccines against tuberculosis for all populations and all age groups for using in parallel with health promotion and disease control measures appropriate to each societal context. This should be an effective and important way to control, prevent and reduce transmission of tuberculosis. The objective of this article aimed to present importance of tuberculosis vaccines and guidelines for studying the vaccines in Thailand. It is expected that this article would benefit interested readers, especially researchers and relevant persons to apply this knowledge along with prevention programs for controlling tuberculosis in the future.
Scedosporiosis in Thailand is mostly caused by Scedosporium boydii, which is known to be resisted to anti-fungal drugs resulting in death from infection. Most of the organs that shown disease pathology are cerebral edema and pulmonary disorders. Currently, there are many substances that can enhance the performance of antifungal drugs. It was found that substances that have been studied and developed for use in the treatment of many types of fungal infections are substances in the group of fungal Quorum sensing molecules. In laboratory studies, the Farnesol group at 100 µM can inhibit Scedosporium boydii infection without any toxicity effect to target cells. When confirmed the results of experiments in neutropenia-induced mice with Cyclophosphamide, it was found that the pathogenesis of the brain can be reduced clearly. The results of studies in mice that were inserted in the Catheter coated with Farnesol (F +) compared with those that were not coated with Farnesol (F-) shown that the amount of Scedosporium boydii at the hollow tube of the Catheter was lesser in F + group than F- group by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Moreover, the treated catheter was further cultured, which shown the lesser amount of infection or the formation of colony in F+ group than F- group (p <0.05). When comparing pathological examination between groups that were inserted Catheter, it was found that the F-group had symptoms of disseminated Scedosporiosis clearer than the F + group. It was found that the rats from F- group exhibited brain edema with severe damaged of alveolar septum and pulmonary edema. Based on the above study, both laboratory studies and animal studies as well as the underlying medical prototype product, the Catheter revealed that quorum sensing molecules, Farnesol, played an important role in inhibiting the growth of Scedosporium boydii. This preliminary study will help to develop a research in depth into the development of effective medical product. Moreover, study of other types of Scedosporium spp. should be further extended as well as the larger sample size of animal experiments. The interaction between Farnesol and the existing antifungal drugs including the study of pharmacokinetics in both in vitro and in vivo models need to be further elucidated.
The objective of this study was to assess health literacy and case studies of organic producers to evaluated changes in a chemical behavior risk of chemical exposure, and responsibility to consumers in the production and consumption of food from people's organic produce, and develop guidelines for educating changing behavior in order to develop health literacy for organic farmers. The study is an action research and reporting the results in phase 1 of the process and determining guidelines for the development of health intelligence for farmers The study was found that : The average score of health literacy of farmers in the production of agro-based production in basic and interactions at a moderate level, while the level of health literacy was at a low level The relationship of educational level and knowledge of self-protection of farmers is related in the same way both in self-protection. Disagree with the use of pesticide chemicals at statistical significance of 0.00 with better self-protection behaviors with statistically significant at 0.05. The study was related to the health literacy of the farmers producing the form Organic agriculture, which found that farmers with higher education levels had higher health intelligence than statistically significant at 0.00 Chemical use training has a relationship with the knowledge of self-protection of farmers. The group that used to train will have better knowledge with statistically significant significance at 0.00. Training on chemical use has a relationship with the attitude of farmers towards the use of pesticides. With statistical significance at 0.005. The study was related to the self-protection behavior of the farmers on the use of pesticides with statistically significance at 0.001. Training on chemical use had no relationship with literacy Farmers' health in the production of organic agriculture has a negative relationship with Knowledge of self-protection of farmers. The attitude of farmers towards the use of pesticides and chemicals. Health literacy of farmers in organic production with the value of the coefficient p <.01. The revenue is not related to knowledge of self-protection of farmers and health literacy of farmers in organic production and has a very low relationship with farmers' attitudes towards the use of pesticides and self-protection behaviors of farmers where the coefficient p <.01. The factors and the development of literacy building of organic farmers, consisting of social context, beliefs, attitudes, age, knowledge seeking, media training / books, awareness of family benefits and health, learning network Support from government agencies by proposing guidelines for educating and changing behavior to develop health literacy of organic producers. There should be support for knowledge sets and potential development of farmers. According to the type of production Support knowledge and management skills Build quality certification system Government support Establishment of an organic agricultural network at the sub-district level.
Background: End stage renal disease (ESRD) affects the quality of life and causes the high cost in health care system. The prevention of ESRD is the early recognition and appropriate treatment. Glomerulonephritis is the third most common cause of ESRD in Thailand. Thai Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network (TGCN) was established to evaluate the epidemiology and clinical outcomes in the glomerular diseases and helped to promote the good system to taking care of these patients. Methods: TGCN originally consists of 9 tertiary care centers and expands to 37 hospitals. We conducted a prospective cohort study in the adults’ native kidney biopsy proven glomerular diseases between July 2014 and Mar 2019. The clinical and laboratory parameters at the time of biopsy, pathologic findings, treatment regimens and clinical outcomes were recorded via on-line registry. This year, we interested in the secondary glomerular disease causing by hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV including the rare and poor prognosis disease such as deposit disease. Results: We recruited 2,755 patients performed native kidney biopsy during Jul 1, 2014 to Mar, 2019. The adequate data for analysis were 2,132 cases. The average age, creatinine, albumin, and cholesterol were 44+16 years, 2.15+19 mg/dL, 2.9+1.2 g/dL, and 290+138 mg/dL in respectively. The median proteinuria was 3.68 (0.02-42.03) g/day. The renal pathological findings showed 34.5% of LN, 13% of IgAN, 11.4% of FSGS, 7.9% of membranous nephropathy (MN), and 7.4% of minimal change disease (MCD). In our data, we found HCV-ATN 2 cases and HCV-associated GN 37 from 1,871 cases performed HCV testing including diabetic nephropathy 9 (24.3%), MPGN 5 (13.5%), FSGS 5 (13.5%), MCD 3 (8.1%), IgA 3 (8.1%), ANCA 2 (5.4%), and MN 2 (5.4%). Regarding the rare Paraprotein-related kidney diseases, we found only 22 cases mostly with 18 amyloidosis, 3 light chain deposit disease, and 1 heavy chain deposit disease. Conclusion: Our study described the common renal pathological findings including LN, IgAN, FSGS, MCD, and MN. we have performed the recommendation for management in glomerular disease, FSGS and MCD in adult Thai patients 2018 and IgA, MN 2019 in this report.
Background: Integration of care among parents, teachers, and healthcare providers is crucial
for successful treatment of children with ADHD. However, parents, teachers, and healthcare
providers share limited data on caring ADHD children and lack of innovative tools to support
the integration of care among. A mobile health (mHealth) approach may bridge the gap
among parents, teachers, and healthcare providers, allowing communications with necessary
information as well as ADHD source of reliable informationto improve ADHD symptoms and
reduce stress of parents and teachers.
Method: The study sample included 41 children with ADHD and 41 parents from a tertiary
care child development hospital, 41 teachers, and 5 healthcare providers of the children.
Participants were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: (1) a study group
in which the parents, teachers were trained to use the Integrated ADHD Care Model (IACM)
with the Application ADHD on mobile (AA); (2) a control group in which the parents and
teachers were trained to use IACM; or to (3) a control group in which participants were
treated with usual care (UC). ADHD symptoms assessed by parents and teachers using the
SNAP-IV rating scale and stress of parents and teachers were rated usingthe SPST-20 were
recorded at baseline, month 1, 2, and 3.
Results: Participants who used IACM+AA demonstrated lower ADHD symptom score over 3-
month period compared with usual care (p<.05). In addition, a significant improvement in
stress scores in parents and teachers were found among the IACM+AA group and IACM group
compared to UC group in 3 months (p<.05). No significant difference of stress scores was
found between IACM+AA and IACM groups.
Conclusions: The current study provides support for the feasibility of a new mobile app in
supporting care for children with ADHDto improve ADHD symptoms and reduce stress of
parents and teachers.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is one of the preventive measures for HIV infection in population with substantial risk such as Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), transgender women, people who inject drugs (PWID) and heterosexual HIV-1 sero-discordant couples. In Thailand, PrEP service has been supported by governmental bodies and private sectors, from both national and international levels. This service is run as a pilot programme and is available only in certain areas. It is also not included in any health coverage schemes. For more effective prevention against HIV as well as for keeping AIDs problems under control by 2030, the Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, had proposed an inclusion of such service into the Universal Health Coverage Benefit Package (UCBP). The service was selected for evaluation with health technology assessment, in which economic evaluation and budget impact analysis were conducted. Health Intervention Technology Assessment Programme (HITAP) was assigned from the subcommittee of Health Benefit Package, National Health Security Office, to conduct an economic evaluation of the PrEP service, which covers both Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) and Emtricitabine (FTC), as well as related laboratory tests. The evaluation was performed in order to aid the decision making process of whether to include the aforementioned service into the UCBP.