plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
Non-government Organizations’ Health Promotion Programs Thailand’s Case Study : Bicycle Riding Club for Heatlh	The Riding Club for Health was one of the NGOs having a number of continuous activities to encourage health promotion. This study was to review the club’s activities since its establishment to determine factors supporting its success. Large portion of information was derived through interviewing the club’s committee and members in addition to its bulletin and printed document. Additional information was collected by the use of questionnaire to ask the club participants. The analysis framework was the principles of analyzing organization, work system, organization’s strategies and human resource. The Ottawa’s Charter emphasizing partnership development to support health promotion programs was also used for analysis. 	The Bicycle Riding Club was originated from those who loved bike-riding gathering to do outdoor activities with bike-riding in addition to campaign on environment and health promotion. The club administration was in form of committee with no compensation for them. The club grew up in size of members and activities later networking with domestic and international ridging clubs. The club was a good example of encouraging tourism with bicycles prior to health promotion campaign given that health promotion was a by-product of tourism. The important strategy of the club was to seek partnerships in order to create social power for health policy development. The partnership whose interest was similar was likely to be sustainable. Nevertheless, some activities like the bike pathway and natural environment campaign did not achieve their objectives on account of lacking continuous campaign resulted from the fact that all members were volunteered. Lastly, despite the club nationally accepted as one of the health promotion organizations, the extent of the club members’ health holistic understanding which was the most important principle of promoting health, was still doubted.
Evaluation of strategy and technology for “Safer Road” projectThe study was to review knowledge and research results on various technologies used for reducing road accidents and increasing road safety to propose policy decision makers and operational offices for consideration. The 6 technologies were proposed, which were 1) red light camera for those violating traffic light and driving above speed limit, 2) motocycle lane, 3) road safety monitoring, 4) programs for relaxing bus and truck drivers, 5) annually effective vehicle check-up, 6) tax measures for promoting equipment which is used for road safety. However, the use of such technologies needs changes to existing policy and requires some preparation for example implementation of pilot projects and establishment of training programs.
This participatory action research  aimed to study and develop a primary health care  service model based on the social and cultural  context of the northern part of Thailand, roles of professional nurses and health teams as well as conditions that   reflect the health outcome of  people. This study was conducted  in the area that is the responsibility of the Khun Khong health center, Hang-dong District, Chiang Mai Province. Data were collected from health care providers and clients, who were  health personnel, community  leaders, and villagers, by observation, interview and focus group discussion. Data were  used   to  develop a primary health care service model. Data analysis was made by summarsing the developmental process and lessons learned. Results: It was found that  the primary health care unit  lacked  support in term of human resources and health personnel lacked experience in providing proactive holistic health care services and primary medical care.   Participation from villagers and the local community committee was limited.  In terms of management, financial support from the primary health care contractor was delayed. From the findings,  with cooperation from health personnel, community leaders and research team, a plan was developed  to enhance the ability of health personnel and community leaders to be more understanding and confident of providing proactive holistic health services. The developmental process was done  by reflecting on data and needs, training, learning from best practice communities and creating understanding among  villagers in the communities. As a result, health personnel had more understanding and had more ability to provide care for the villagers. However,  the guidelines and management of primary health care from the province health office was unstable therefore, the proactive health care  services at the  health center level was not well supported, which resulted  in ineffective services.Regarding  the roles of the health team in the primary health care unit, it was found that nurses had a major role  in providing care because of the number of other health professionals was still  limited even though all professions are needed  at primary health care units. Therefore, nurses are the major professionals in  providing holistic  health care services.The results from the study suggested that for enabling primary health care service to be  more effective, there was a need for  clear  policies for the development of health personnel in health promotion services by focusing on participation from the  community, planning, implemention  and continuing supervision  by the primary health care contractor. Personnel development  should have various activities such as  training, reflecting and conducting forums,  and learning from best practice communities.
Health Policy Evaluation for the Elderly persons	Problems of health policy for elderly population in Thailand were the uncertainty of how well the policy has met the elderly’s health needs and covered such a group. Additionally, life quality resulted from the policy implementation and supportive system to the policy were less evaluated than the quantity of policy coverage. The elderly policy evaluation in this study was to review formal document relevant to the policy, to interview and observe key stakeholders including a number of policy makers, health administrators at provincial and district level and key health officials at community level. These key informants were sampled by multi-stage sampling technique. 	The current policy for the elderly aims at encouraging 70% or more elderly to have proper self-care behaviors, having 50% or more aged people receive comprehensive care from public health facilities and expanding free health care for all elderly. The policy comprised health care plan, health promotion plan, health behavior development plan and health insurance plan. The study found problems of putting the policy into practice for example lack of actual supportive system e.g. budgeting system and health official incentive system, lack of proper information based planning system. The policy evaluation was more likely to evaluate in terms of coverage than quality of policy implementation. Health promotion was much emphasized at the operational level while health services needs were largely unmet.
This study was the participatory action research intending to use the process of education and development for fostering the civil society towards drug abused protection and problem solving in the communities namely Ban Rai-Dong and Ban Daui -Naog , Tumbol Khuw Mung, Saraphi District, Chaing Mai Province. There were three objectives for this research study ; to explore the social situation of community which foster to bring about civil society concerning with drug abuse control program and problem solving , to experiment the way to foster civil society and work process between the researcher team and community for drug abuse control and problem solving program, and to examine the effect of foster civil society by observing the  changes in community development process for drug abuse control and problem solving. Researchers had worked with people in community through the process of community study,  situation analysis of drug problem, and coordination to fosters civil society by people from other government and non–government organization (NGO) in this area.	The data on social situation and the role of community to solve the variety of problems in the communities were composed with a number of study methods including living in the communities, observation, interviewing the key informants, conducting the focus group discussion, then followed with the six steps using in the participatory action research. During the intervention period, researchers had observed, recorded all activity processes and summarized. The data were analyzed and proposed the way to foster civil society for drug abuse control and problem solving in these communities .	The result of study revealed that there were a number of skill developments occurred in the communities; (1) leader have more experience in community development, (2) people have much closer relationship, (3) helping each other when facing the problems, (4) obtaining information  continuous, and (5) promoting the civil society movement of people leaded to the better experiences in solving the various problems in these communities. For drug abuse problems, community tended to improve their experience in helping drug users, families, and people who had an effect from drug abuse through the community relationship and social mechanism. 	Resulting from the promotion of civil society movement for drug abuse control and problem solving in community demonstrated that this process leaded to the great benefit for people in communities because it increased the opportunity of people to participate in the  development processes and increased their understandable of the social problem and helped each other to determine the appropriate means to solve the problems occurred in the communities.  It was also the learning process for the communities and changed their attitude to drug users and their families. Besides, foster civil society had leaded people to increase their learning abilities for solving various social problems that increased with the dynamicity of the society with a sustainable development.
Universal Coverage Scheme was nation-wide launched by the government in October 2001. The scheme was financed by general tax revenue with literally free access to contractor primary care unit (PCU) and registered hospitals. A nominal fee (co pay), 30 Baht per visit or per admission, was introduced for UC Pay member (UCP).  UC exempted (UCE) members who were the ex-members of Low Income Scheme, the elderly, children under 12 years, monks, war veterans, and village health volunteers were exempted from the co pay. Current policy debates focused on the appropriateness of co pay level to deter any unnecessary demand for care as well as capacity to generate some revenue to finance the scheme. 	This study examined and classified income quintiles of UCE and UCP members, service utilization rate of UCP, and total revenue generate from co pay.  The study also proposed several scenarios for reform in both directions (termination and increase of co pay). The 2003 Health and Welfare Survey (HWS) conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) was the dataset used for the analysis. 	There was a substantial portion of the poorest (29%) and the poor (25%) quintiles among UCP members, and a small portion of the rich (9%) and the richest (4%) quintiles among UCE members. Estimate revenue from co pay was probably negligible. This was 1,073 million Baht in FY2003 or 1.9% of total capitation budget financed by the government.  Co pay was advocated to deter unnecessary demand among users, but this study proposed that it might not be necessary for IP as admissions were clinically indicated under global budget plus DRG payment system. However, co pay might be necessary for ambulatory services as contractors were in weaker positions to contain demand. 	We would recommend that any reform of co pay should over-haul the issuance of UCE and UCP to better targeting as a pre-requisite.  Co pay was not a significant resource generation tool to finance UC scheme compared to capitation.  Co pay for IP should be terminated to abolish barrier to health services and prevent patients’ welfare loss, there was literally no moral hazard as providers have no incentive to unnecessary admit patients. Finally, co pay should be terminated at HC level in order to advocate use of primary care. In the meantime, research to provide evidence if there was a moral hazard among UC members as well as quantifying the magnitude of moral hazard is needed, prior to major revision of this policy.
The Reform in Disease Prevention and Control	The authors present examples of damages and disasters caused by a panic of Plague in India, an epidemic of mad cow disease in Europe, an embargo on imports of seafood from epidemic-stricken countries. These damages are due to mistakes in using technical knowledge in the control and prevention of diseases. This report also points out that non-communicable diseases are important and require a lot of technical knowledge to tackle.	It is proposed that reform in disease prevention and control should be divided into two parts: intelligence and operational services.	Intelligence services an intelligence organization, namely Institutes for Heath Surveillance, should be set up to be independent of the Ministry of Public Health. It should be an autonomous body governed by a board chaired by the Minister of Public Health. The duties of the Institute are: to gather technical knowledge related to disease control and prevention, both domestic and international; to continuously develop the country database systems for monitoring communicable and non-communicable diseases; to cooperate with the international community; to conduct and support research projects on disease control, and to develop human resources. The institute must have proper strategies for management  that can coordinate resources among all domestic and international technical bodies. The institute must also be very efficient in mobilizing resources from all relevant sources. It is not necessary to have epidemiologists for all diseases, or regional branches or its own comprehensive laboratory. However, it should have budgets and the ability to make use of  academics in other institutions and to work with the network of laboratories in every part of the country efficiently.	Operational Services    The operation of disease prevention and control can be divided into two parts; firstly the clinical process such as immunization, screening, treatment and prevention of disease complications and secondly measures other than public health services, e.g. social and legal measures, improvement on safety and environment, regulation of industrial and agricultural products, etc.	The Ministry of Public Health should be responsible for disease prevention and control in the following areas: regulating rules, securing central budgets to support local needs, procuring supportive materials for local communities, providing special clinics for certain diseases, monitoring disease prevention and control activities.	Clinical control will largely be under the responsibility of the health services, whose quality is assured by hospital accreditation processes.  The Institutes for Health Surveillance would have to set standards for the quality of services related to preventive care, regardless of whether the service providers is private or under central or local governments control.
Korea is one of OECD countries in Asia, which had high economic growth and could achieve universal coverage of health care shortly, only 12 years of development by setting limited benefit package in addition to low contribution rate. Rapid expansion of insurance coverage and benefit package was accordance with country’s high economic growth. In addition, political context is also crucial for the achievement, conflict between the North and South Korea and military regime tried to obtain legitimacy in the process of gaining political power, furthermore, integration of insurance schemes was succeeded during new popular political party become a government.	Legislation is the main mechanisms of reform in Korea in addition to strong political commitment.  Strategies of reform included expansion of insurance coverage and benefit package, redeployment of health resources, quality improvement, structural reform of insurance system, reform of payment mechanisms and separation of drug prescribing and dispensing role, and increase investment in health promotion.  Even Korea succeeded in achieving universal coverage some problems remained. For the recent reform, there is not enough evidence to show success and it’s still too early to evaluate. Success in reform is determined not only by appropriate designed of the reform but also political factors, especially, political factor in the health sector.
Influence of business on child care center and parents: Potential impact on early child healthThe objective of this study is to investigate the potential impact of the relationships among business-child care center-parents on health of young children. Parents of the under 5y-old children and directors of child care centers were interviewed. Data collection was conducted in the Muang district and the vicinity of Khon Kaen, Chiang Mai, Songkhla and Bangkok during November-December 1999. The studied variables included: general information on children, parents, director and child care centers; marketing activities, product brand name and type of activities; opinions on relationship between business and child care centers; and impact of these activities on parents' choices. The designed questionaires were reviewed by the experts and pre-tested. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Possible impacts on child health of the product named by the interviewee were derived from the experts' opinions. Four hundred and thirteen parents, 90 nursery directors and 145 kindergarten directors were studies. Most of the interviewee were mothers. Twenty-two percent of the studied parents had a university degree, more than half had a monthly income over 10,000 baht. Most of the child care center's directors were also female, got a aniversity degree and have worked more than 10 years. Nine percent of the studies parents sent their children to the family day care.Over the past year, the child product business has organized various marketing activities at the king dergarten 2-3 times more frequently that at the nursery. At the nursery, the businesses which most frequently used direct sale promotion with children and parents were those selling dairy products(23 times), supplement food/breakfast(16 times), and vaccines (12 times). For direct sale promotion to children and parents at the kindergarten, the businesses frequently and this chammels  were supplement food/breakfast (94 times), dairy product(48 times) and soap (41 times). Child care centers had a great influence on parental choice of child products. Sixty nine percent of parents have ever been adviced. For the top ten products recommended by the child care centers, 46.2-88.9% of the advicee consequenthy used them.  They were baby powder, tooth paste and soap, respectively.  Most of these products are appropriate for child use and not harmful to health.  Two items narmely chicken pox vaccine and chicken essence soup, are not necessary for young children, and the other two items including crispy snacks and anti-bacterial soap are not appropriate for long-term useResults of this study demonstrated the high influence of child care centers on parental decision of child product choice, the influence of giving free samples in change of parental consumption behavior and the acceptance of business marketing activities of child care centers. Measures and regulations should be set up to control business activities in child care centers for the benefits of young children.
This study was aimed to study the health promotion and disease prevention (HP-DP) service for children from birth to five years old, and the health service behavior of children under universal health coverage policy.  Descriptive design with indepth interviewing was used for data collection.  Subjects were documents, 1000 parents who brought the children to receive HP-DP service,  12 health care providers, and experts.  Data were obtained by using questionnaires and interview guidelines.  Findings were as follow:	1.	All levels of health care service, university, regional and community hospitals and primary care units, have provided HP-DP service in the settings both before and after the institution of the universal health coverage policy.  New institutional policies, guidelines, manpower allocation, staff development or resource allocation were not implemented to support the national policy.  Service was extended to the community as well.  However there was limitation of personnel and time.  Many health care providers did not know about the new benefit package for children from birth to 5 years old.  In addition they had limitations in developmental assessment, developmental stimulation or promotion, developmental promotion corner arrangement and providing recommendations on child rearing.  Thalassemia screening for children whose parents showed traits or had the  disease, and hypothyroid hormone testing for children with indicators,  were rarely done.	2.	The old and new benefit packages for health promotion and disease prevention in children from birth to five years were not much different.  However the services recommended in the United Kingdom and the United States included family history; genetic history; vision and heaving testing; mother-child interaction; details for parental advice for child in each age group concerning food, oral care, accident prevention and developmental promotion; and empowering parents in child care.  The recommended activities were consistent with the recommendations by the Royal College for Pediatricians and experts.	3.	Children’s health service behavior or parents’ behavior in coming for HP-DP service.  Mothers were found to be the ones who brought the child to the well baby clinic more than other persons.  Most mothers were workers, housewives and public servants.  They selected to receive the HP-DP service at the hospitals because their children were born there and they were rear home or office.  Most received services were weight and height measurement, and vaccination.  Developmental assessment and advice on child rearing and developmental promotion were limited.  The health service behavior of children both before and after the universal health coverage policy was not different.  About 53.3 percent of parents felt the same level of satisfaction with the service provided.  The services on height  measurement, vaccination, developmental promotion, health assessment and advice treatment when the child was ill were found to differ statistically significantly  at p <.001