plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
Social organization and the development of tambol civil society:a case study on Ubonrat district , Khon kean provinceThis study is a comparative study of the development of civil society in two sub-districts, Tung Pong and Kong Sung in Ubonrat District Khon kane Thailand. Using an analytic research approach, data were gathered by key informant interviews, community leaders' group discussion and compact questionnaires.     It was found that civil society have been existed at village level and closely related to cultural and mythical belief. Civil action and linkge at the sub-district or "Tambon" level  were also existed through kinship and cultural beliefs. External factors which facilitate civil society at tambon level are the country's administrative reform of decentralization and the new constitution which recognize the community rights in resource management. Internal factors are undamentally endowed and related to matri-archal kinship system, indigenous knowledge, sufficient economy, people organization, good leader and interactive learning.  In both tambons, there were similar formal groups supported by the government. Tambon organization and a group of village health volunteers were foremost accepted by the people. The two groups appeared to have good communication network above village level. Both organizations were dependent on external funding and bureaucratically supervised. The change from agricultural to industrial based community as found in Tambon Kok Sung became an importance condition the weaken traditional civil society in the area.There are exists conflicts of land and water uses. This conflict has not been concertedly solved by existing people organizations including Tambon Administrative Organization. In contrary, Tambon Tung Pong has remained agricultural based without serious resource management problem  and socially knitted by kinship. Tambon civil society in this  case was strengthened by interactive learning process, people   participation and progressive leaders. Experiences learned from  working with the NGO in the community enable Tambon leaders to modify their way of communication through series of meeting planning and evaluation. Water management system which has been totlally run by villagers was a unique example of people civil society of this Tambon. As a result it was found that Tambon Tung Pong were more serene and self sufficient as compared to Tambon Kok Sung. Example drawn from this study suggested that existing culture and mythical belief as well as kinship were supporting civil society in the rural community under normal and agricultural condition but it was not enough to tackle emerging conflicts along the path of development. Existing people organization and interest groups need to develop interactive communication systems, good management and transparency and democratic decising making. All these can only come about when people realized that public issues are, in deed, individual concerns
Training workplace health promotion	Training workplace health promotion (WHP) was a part of the national "Workplace Health Promotion" project implemented in 2001-2002 by various partners .The aimed of this study was to evaluate the input, process, output, and outcome of the training project. Progressive and summative evaluation was used as a design of this project evaluation. The sample was recruited from four provinces with major industrial parks by the Social Security Office. Subjects were composed of 60 WHP facilitators from 20 hospitals, 44 managers and worker's representatives, as well as, 4,400 employees form 44 workplaces. Quantitative data was collected by using questionnaire, interview and reviewing record. Qualitative data was gathered by using focus group, In-depth interviewed, and observation  	The results indicated that, for input evaluation, a comprehensive and integrative five day-long training contents was relevant to the project objectives, but it lacked the content of building attitudes toward working with workplace. Process evaluation showed that the participants satisfied all of learning contents, instructors, activities, and duration of training. However, the group process was viewed as time-consuming activities and could not sufficiently link to learning outcome concepts. For output evaluation, the knowledge and perceived WHP skill of the participants were significantly improved (p<0.05); but the activities according to WHP facilitator’s roles were not clearly performed. Most of them had more routinely workload and reported shortage of implementation time. For outcome evaluation at 6 months follow up, workplace policy, environment, and health promotion activities were not significantly improved. Changes in health behaviors as well as health status of employee were not significantly observed. However, increases in understanding and awareness in workplace health promotion were found.Findings suggest that the training project was useful for workplace health promotion and should be implemented further with cooperation between workplace and hospital's facilitators. The Social Security Office at provincial level should also act as coordinator and motivator to assure sustainability of the project. Meeting for sharing the learning experience should also be set up. Financial support and regulation for workplace health promotion should also be provided.
Guideline for the pharmacotheraphy of treatment-resistant schizophreniaObjectives: Treatment-resistant schizophrenia is a common problem in patients with schizophrenia that creates a huge economic burden for society. Since there has not been a guideline for the treatment of TRS, the PTRS Guideline Working Group, therefore, proposed to develop an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the drug treatment of TRS. Method: The PTRS Guideline Working Group comprised eleven psychiatrists, a psychologist, and a pharmacologist. A MEDLINE search was performed to identify the relevant articles published between 1966-1998. The evidence presented in 163 articles was extracted and graded by the use of a system modified from that of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). The strength of recommendations was categorized into A, B, and C. Results: For a schizophrenic patient who does not respond to a classical antipsychotic, physicians should switch from the first classical antipsychotic to the second one, which belongs to a different class (A). A schizophrenic patient who does not respond to at least two adequate trials of classical antipsychotics should be classified as a TRS patient. For a TRS patient who is taking classical antipsychotic in high doses (at least 50 mg/day of haloperidol or its equivalence), a dose reduction strategy may be applied at this stage (B). In a TRS patient who is taking a usual dose of classical antipsychotic, clozapine should be considered as a first-line treatment (A). If a TRS patient does not respond to clozapine, physicians should add a classical antipsychotic to the ongoing clozapine, especially sulpiride (A) and loxapine (B). Risperidone should be considered in a TRS patient who refuses to have regular blood monitoring or have a contraindication for clozapine (A). Although there is no evidence supporting the use of olanzapine (or other atypical antipsychotics that will be available in the future) in a schizophrenic patient who resists both classical antipsychotics and risperidone, giving olanzapine (or other atypical antipsychotics that will be available in the future) may be worth a trial if the TRS patient refuses to take clozapine (C). Discussion: Physicians should regard the PTRS Guideline as a tool for assisting their practice but not for replacing their clinical judgments. Optimal management for a TRS patient requires the integration of medical treatment with psychosocial interventions. Electroconvulsive therapy may be a treatment option for schizophrenic patients who fail to show adequate improvement with classical antipsychotics. The definition of or the set of criteria for TRS still cannot reach a conclusion. In using this guideline, physicians should be aware of its limitations, e.g., the search, the patients' ethnicity, the study cites. Whether this guideline will affect treatment practice remains to be seen.
Forms and Systems of Quality Child Care Services in Thailand:An Indepth Case Study	Today most Thai families rely on child-care providers to help raise their children, often beginning at a critical stage of their brain development, particularly children under 6 year of age. But most of the settings where Thai children receive care fall short of the quality standards. The primary focus of this qualitative study is to investigate child care forms, systems and factors related to  quality child care services in Thailand. The second objective is to analyses the criteria and standards of quality child-care in both private and government setting, and compare with foreign standards in order to set (minimum) standards of care under Thai context.	Data was collected from administrators/owners and childcare providers/caregivers of the childcare settings, including children aged 0-6 years and their parents of 20 selected sample child-care centers/schools operated by government and private own in Bangkok and other provinces throughout Thailand. Both Structured and unstructured questionnaires for interviews, including observation and videotaping techniques were used to collect data.	The results showed that the forms of child-care services in Thailand were varied depending on the purpose of services (affiliated with school or not) the age group of children to be care (infants, toddlers or preschools) and t the need of children (normal or special disadvantaged children). About the system of good quality child care services, it was found that mostly composed of a better and more efficient managements in terms of accountability of financial system, low staff turnover and higher job responsibility and satisfaction; staff(s) with more formal education and specialized early childhood training in addition, a more developmentally appropriate environment with age-appropriate and child-centered activities to promote learning and foster all aspects of their development; higher standard of health, nutrition and safety provisions; including better relations with parents/and communities were evident.	For the quality improvement of all government units in Thailand, the focus was actually on standards and indicators of inputs and process of child-care services/centers more than outcome on child development. A good quality child-care center in Thai context should include some standards from foreign countries such as a clear philosophy and goals between child care staffs and parents to promote their complementary roles and to parents participation; the interactions between children and staff, the interactions between staff themselves; and also the respect of protecting child abuse. Therefore it will be worthwhile to specify that minimum acceptable standards regarding such factors in order to guarantee good quality child-care services for young children.
For some time, quality of health care and services has been the topic of major interests of policy makers, health care administrators, health care providers, and consumers and medias in Thailand, as well as abroad.   Quality assurance and improvement has gained importance as one of major mechanisms to ensure health security for the population.   Nevertheless, to improve quality of the health services system effectively and efficiently at any of the national, provincial, community or organizational levels, we need information and knowledge to guide improvement directions, as well as to determine improvement processes and techniques.   Some may be acquired from others, but the others require research, studying and searching for knowledge within our own country.   To date, there is no extensive survey on issues in quality of health care and quality improvement that are worth being set as strategies for research in order to bring about knowledge for sustainable quality improvement of our health care system in the future. 	This research project comprises two parts.  The first part is the review of experiences in researches in quality of health care and setting a preliminary proposal for research question frameworks.   The second part is a survey of situations and questions among stakeholders, namely providers and clients, regarding quality of the health services system and quality improvement and a summary of strategies to approach quality of health care research.  	This report is the presentation of the findings from the first part of the project.  The objectives were to review published research articles on quality of health care, study research experience on quality of health care in Thailand, as well as case studies in other countries.   In addition, it aimed to explore problems and doubts concerning quality of health services from the perspectives of policy makers, system administrators, academicians, hospital quality consultants, hospital accreditation (HA) surveyors as well as health care providers and clients.   A number of research techniques were applied, including literature review, in-depth interviews, focus groups, brainstorm sessions, and study visits at organizations in the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK) during February to December 2003. 	The literature review found that research on quality and quality improvement varied a lot in topics, understanding, principles, rationale, utilization and research designs, depending upon contexts and perspectives.  There were many definitions of quality.  It could only be defined broadly.  The scope of research was wide.  Only a general framework could be defined for the benefit of review and reference in the following areas: health care provided by health professionals, service delivery, service organization and health services systems, including linkages to health insurance mechanisms and development of aspects related to consumers and service purchasers.
Modern biotechnology has developed to a very high extent, nowadays.  It was widely used in many fields of practices, such as medicine, agriculture, or environment.  This technology has assisted in creating many innovative creations, e.g., various kinds of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), especially GM plants, for example, herbicide-resistant and pest-resistant plants.  The advancement of biotechnology in terms of producing genetically modified organisms has been a subject of concern of the Convention on Biological Diversity, which Thailand is one of its members.  Article 8 (g) of the Convention stipulates that there shall be a means to regulate, manage or control the risks associated with the use and release of living modified organisms resulting from biotechnology which are likely to have adverse environmental impacts that could affect the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account the risks to human health.  In this respect, Thailand has not yet had a particular legal instrument to regulate living modified or genetically modified organisms, whereas on the international level there has been an establishment of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to oversee aspects under Article 8(g) of the CBD, and many countries, such as the USA, European Union, and Australia have already enacted laws that govern biosafety issues.  Thailand, therefore, is on the way of utilizing those existing laws as models or patterns to establish the law on biosafety of the country.
The Evaluation Report of Phu Luang Rural Revitalization and Conservation Project is the record of the effort to bring the integration of conservation and development concept into practice. The objective of the project is to reduce and slow down the loss of biodiversity in Phu Luang complex, which is one of the most important ecosystem areas in the country with unique wildlife species and spectacular sceneries for tourism. The integration of conservation and development is the concept accepted and widely spread around the world with objective to reduce the degradation of natural resources by offering the chance to improve the socio-economic situation of the people living around the protected area. This is implemented with the belief that if living situation of people around the protected area is improved, with so many alternatives in their development, people will recognize the importance of natural resources and the need for resource management. This practice will hopefully enable local people to participate in a more community based natural resources management and exploitation of the resources in a more sustainable approaches.Lessons learned from four protected areas applied the ICDP during 1993-94, found out that the concept was implemented with both success and failure. There were two considerable success factors. The first one is ‘trust and ownership’ among people using and managing the resources. This factor is crucial to build the sense of conservation concept to these direct stakeholders. The second factor is the administration and management of the project, whether it is effective in term of its flexibility to facilitate the diverse development activities which give appropriate responses to the need of the local communities. At the same time, the project should be able to coordinate and liaise with local organizations, both governmental and non-governmental, and people organizations to work together to support conservation initiatives in order to extend its impact to the positive change of natural resources.The evaluation of the development work under the ICDP concept of Phu Luang Rural Revitalization and Conservation Project, after more than two year-operation, came out with positive potentials, but still not comprehensive enough to cover various issues and stakeholders. However, the project has brought the new perspective of local initiations into recognition. Thus in the remaining time of the project, it is imperative to encourage local’s effort and broaden its impact by transferring the mandate to do development work to Local People Organizations and their networks. The staff of the project has to adjust their roles from implementers of the project’s activities to the supporters or facilitators and network with local organizations to work together for sustainable conservation and development in a more sustainable way.
Community-Based Monitoring System on Environmental Quality and Health in the Pong RiverThis operational research was aimed to investigate socioeconomic, environment and health problems of the Pong   communities affected by water pollution, and abstract community practices on environmental surveillance systems between local communities, andadopt community-based systems on environmental quality surveillance. The investigation focussed on nine communities locating adjacent to industrial site, along the Pong River in Nampong, Khon Kaen Province Thailand. All these villages have often complained about water pollution. The study results showed local communities have been impacted by water pollution with different degrees of the magnitude. The communities located adjacent to the industry were much effected by pollution than the further upstream and downstream villages. Obvious impacts were their water supply for household uses and drinking waters. They have to buy waters instead of drinking rainwater as usual. The polluted waters from bored-well are restricted for any household uses. The irrigation waters were also polluted, which were therefore much poor and exceeding agriculture standards for rice forming. The rice paddocks were party impacted due to wastewater leaching from the industry. Major health impact due to water pollution found was skin rash when the locals contacted contaminated waters. Overall assessment initially revealed that the locals wished to use their information, and wanted to participate in watershed development decision-making process.  Two out of the three local governments could financially support the communities.  However, all three local governments still need supports technically, particularly, with practical issues of community participation on watershed management, techniques and materials on pollution assessment and community health impacts, and environmental information management system.  The locals have difficulty of using water-testing materials, in which glassware was easily broken and inappropriate.  Some spare parts were hardly found in the rural.
This Research paper presents the findings of a study on strategies for the enactment of the National Health draft Bill by applying the concept of strategic management and TOWS Matrix technique. It suggests four strategic options to enact the National Health draft Bill: 1) pushing the National Health draft Bill  through the parliament by collecting the signature of 50,000 people to support the Bill 2) modifying the draft of the Bill before pushing it through the parliament 3) change the Bill to be a policy or master plan and 4) social movement. The last option can be implemented along with other strategies. Lastly, the strengths and limitations of each strategy for implementation are discussed as well.
People participation concerning health issue in constitution writing:A case study in Khon Kean Province	Common people in Thailand in the past had never been involved in writing the Constitution.In 1997,it was the first time in the Thai history that people werw encouraged to participate the process of writing the latest constitution. The study of people participation in constitutional writing was therefore implemented using action researth approach. The study aimed at documanting the process of people involvement in expressing their opinion in the process of drafting the constitution as well as the public hearing of the constitution. In addition the project also conducted number of group discussion in order to stimulate public interest and collect people’s option and needs in various aspects including the health and medical care. The project started the implementation by organizing a working committee who became educated about the constitutional writing process. The committee menber helped organize 13 discussion group, which involved 146 people from various occuppation including disable people. Opinion from group discussion were collected, synthesized and extended to the constitutional group which involed 232 people, some were in the same discussion group before. To gater wider rang of public opintion project thin launched 7,000 concise questionnaires to people  Of 18 year or more throughtout province and got more than 70 percent reponses.	The research results indicated that people in Khon Kaen province had show their interest and were willing to share their opinion on the constitutional writing. However, threr were no existing socail mechanism to facilitate people involvement in public event within such a short time span since the public hearing hed to be done within two months. Under time constraint, most core groups in the province therefore organized one day seminar in order to get more number of participants but this method could not facilitate people interaction and indepth information gathering. On the other hand, group discuss could fill the gap of big seminar menthod, it was time consuming and required number of volunteers to facilitate the group discussion and budget management. The use of concise questionnaires was found to be effective method to gather public consensus.