plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
This study aims at developing the standardized self-reported health state questionnaire that will serve as a tool for collecting valid, reliable and comparable population health data in Thailand. The data regarding population health which will be obtained through the use of this questionnaire will be beneficial for adjusting health policies and programs in Thailand to meet the needs and health problems of the people. In order to accomplish the task, the research team has chosen the WHO’s Health State Description developed under the WHS 2002-2003 project which is considered standardized to be translated into Thai language. After completion of the processes of translation and language adjustment, the questionnaire was tested in the samples which are representative of Thai people characterized by age, sex and socio-economic status. In addition, in order to enhance a cross population comparative quality of the questionnaire, the testing was carried out in 5 provinces where are regarded as Thailand’s cultural specific areas. They include Yala in the South, Chonburi and Bangkok in the Central, Chiang Mai in the North and Ubon Ratchathani in the Northeast. The sample size was 420 covering population in 5 age groups (age 18-29 years-old, 30-44 years-old, 45-49 years-old, 60-69 years-old and over 70 years-old). After collecting, processing and analyzing of the data, the translated questionnaire was reconsidered and adjusted in some specific questions that the given answers show low reliability and consistency. The statistical analysis of the testing indicates that a majority of the respondents gave an answer to each question in eight domains of health in a similar direction. This result shows a consistency and reliability of the translated questionnaire.  Furthermore, the correlation testing demonstrates the consistency and internal validity of questions used in the questionnaire.
The purpose of this research is to explore the people’s perception and exposure to health care regarding health news and medias in ChiangRai province. especially in the district of Muang, Mae Chan, Mae Sai, ChiangSaen, WiangChai, Thoeng, Pa-Daet, and Phan.  The target groups of study were divided into 5 groups: (1) government officers, (2) private employees and general laborers, (3) agriculturalists, (4) private-business owners, and (5) school and college students. The study found that the most popular medias can be classified by media type as follow: 	Newspaper:  National newspapers namely Thai Rath, Daily News and Kom Chad Luk are most popular. Local newspapers are Chaing Rath, Chiang Rai News, and Sue Chaing Rai. Those newspapers are the sources for people to acquire health news namely, Health education column and Medical consultative feather in the newspaper at the national ones 	Health mechanize: the most popular ones are Klai Maw, Cheewachita and Maw Chaow Bann.	Television:  the most popular TV channel is channel 7, Channel 3 and channel 9 respectively. The most popular TV programs are Phu Ying Phu Ying, from Channel 3, Ban Number 5 from channel 5, Kroob Krueng Reung Phu Ying from channel 7, Maw Surapol from channel 9, Health Window from channel 11 and Health Station from ITV.	In term of which media people can be able to obtain health information and news most, the study found that they are television, newspaper, radio, personnel, journal, village broadcasting service brochure leaflet and Poster. People agreed that most effective media has to have accurate and adequate amount of health news and information in order to maintain and health self care taking. The target group of this study has their trust on health personnel most when getting sick or having health problems.  In term of the health person people consult with; the first group are medical doctor, nurse and public - health care personnel   and the second group is comprised of friend or relative document consultation, and newspaper.		In all, despite of having an influence on the health perception of public,  medias are still having limitations. Health awareness is the most effective mean to alter public behaviors in the way that changing attitude, perception, believe, value, environmental factors, experiences, and individual readiness.
Development of Alternative Health Systems to Promote the Health of Middle-Aged Women:  A Case Study of Health Services in Isaan	This qualitative study aims to explore a situation of health promotion services for middle-aged women provide by various health institutions on the aspects of concepts, management, women’s perception and obstacles and success of the services. Key informants were 57 women, aged 40-59 years living in urban and rural areas and were customers of four health institution in Khon Kaen province. In addition, focus group discussions and interviews. Content analysis was  used to analyse the data. Major themes were covered as follows.Women did trust all health promotion services but few alternative services were available and they had to depend on health providers. The meaning of health perceived by middle-aged women included physical, mental, and social aspects but existing health services did not cover all these dimensions.Educated women living in an urban areas showed more health promotion behavior compared with low educated women living in rural areas.Middle-aged women gained a lot of health information from various sources and they got confused about the information The services should be expanded and involve community participation.	It is suggested that any alternative health practices should be available in existing services. The services should be accessible and women included in organizing the services. Keywords: alternative health, health promotion, middle-aged women, health institution, Issan
Development of Juvenile delinquents Care System in the Observation
and Protection Center of Ubonratchathani : Primary Situational Analysis.
The research for development of Juvenile delinquents System in the
Observation, Center of Ubontatchathani (OPCU) was carried out by PAR technique
(Participatory Action Research). The purposes were : to study on the problem
conditions, the development of Juvenile delinquents care system, and to improve
mental health task by integrating it into the system of child care in the OPCU.
The research samples were carried out by the purposive selection
technique. There administrators and sixty-five personnel were selected. Ninety
Juvenile delinquents in the OPCU were selected by the simple random technique.
The instruments consisted of : a quideline for interview, a quideline for group
conversation, questions in the workshop conference of which being used for
researcher training and tried out in order to have the same clear concepts before
implementation. Then the content analysis was used for the data analysis.
The problem conditions analysis in the target area, it was found that
the problem of Juvenile delinquents care system of the OPCU could be divided
into five categories. Those were : organization structure, policy and implementation,
personnel, Juvenile delinquents , and environment.
From the problems, it induced to planning for problem solving. The
researchers did present the findings to the Ministry of Justice. And a seminar
was fostered to hold for administrators in order to emphasize the operative policy
direction of the OPCU synchronizingly, an operation plan with responsible
personnel was established. There was also a plan presentation in cooperation with
other organizations participating in the development of Juvenile delinquents care
system. The principal research team was a cooperation and supports of
Prasrimahabhodi Hospital. This project was carried in cooperation with both
governmental and private sectors during 2001. There various activities and subprojects inducing to the development of Juvenile delinquents care system which
covered thoroughly physical, mental, and social conditions. It could be also a
good opportunity to develop the mental health task by integrating it into the
system of Juvenile delinquents care of the OPCU and extend the project to related
organizations for various target areas in every corner of Thailand.
This study was aimed at firstly analysing and reviewing domestic and international issues of self-care for individuals and communities, secondly synthesising recommendation for developing self-care behaviour at various levels and thirdly synthesising statements which should be put in the National Health Act and National Educational Act. The study was carried out by reviewing written document and gathering views of many experienced people. All inputs were analysed, interpreted and synthesised recommendation. The results were as following:to understand the development of self-care behaviour, we must understand interrelationship of three parties which were governments, professionals and people,self-care behaviour could be classified into 5 levels, individual self-care, individual self-medication, individual self-care for chronic diseases, group self-care and health promotion, and individual self-care in form of social movement,self-care is regarded as a dimension of life,proposed statement should include the government support and promotion for proper self-care,self-medication is more likely to damage health than create health,proposed statement should include the government support for right self-medication and for consumer protection at all levels,support / self-help group is considered useful for stigmatised health problems,proposed statement should include emphasis on strengthening family institution and community,building groups for self-care is important and appropriate for current Thai society.
The research and development of hypertensive patient service system at health centers in Phon district, Khon Kean province  	This research is a participation action research. The objects of the this study were establish an appropriate service system with effectiveness, efficiency and responsiveness to the needs of the patients and their families.	The research was conducted under the action research principle, and divided into 3 phases: preoperational, operational and final analysis phase. Participants were 46 mild to moderate degree of Hypertensive  patients (treated by Hydrochlorothiazide or Methyldopa) of the Phone Hospital HT clinic. Implementation and data collection were conducted at the health centers during April-September 1999 by using focus group discussion, in-depth interviews, observation and operational card. Control of blood pressure level, compliance, expenses and satisfaction were used as indicators to compare the service quality between health center and hospital. Chi-square and T-test was used to analyze the quantitative data, and content analysis for the qualitative data.
Subdistrict administrative organization's role toward publichealth and environmental development in Nongkhai provinceThis study aimed to study the situation of Subdistrict Adminisrative Organization (S.A.O.) in Nongkhai Province about  Public Health and Environmental Development. 6 S.A.O. established in 1995 and 1996 were selected for this study. Data  were collected by interviewing every member of S.A.O., every local health Staff, and systematic-sampling villagers. There  were 179 member of S.A.O.,21 local health staffs and 1,065 villagers were Interviewed. The study found that all of 6 S.A.O. has no staff whom directly responsed to public Health and Environmental Development. There was no budget spent on  public health during fiscal year 1996-1997. Among 179 member of S.A.O., 11.8 percent of them were working as village health volunteer as well. 70.4 percent of them participated in health  and environment activities, especially in health information communication. More than half of them (53.1 percent) suggested that Health Centers should under supervision of S.A.O. with the  major reason of for case and convenience in co-ordination. However, 27.9 percent has controversy idea giving the readon  that S.A.O. is not well prepare in budgeting. Most of them (57.5 percent) think that health and environmental development should be share-responsibility between Health Centers and S.A.O.. 45.0 percent of them suggested that S.A.O. should  provide budget to Health Centers in Health and Environmental Development. About half of them suggested that S.A.O. should have staff directly response to health and environmental, and 31.1      percent suggested that it should have health section in S.A.O.. Among 21 local health staffs, 76.2 percent of them know about  the role and functions of S.A.O.. However, only 4.8 percent can  mention all legally role and functions of S.A.O., but only 42.7 percent know that S.A.O. has play role in Health, especially in environmental management and disease prevention. Most of  villagers (66.6 percent)  suggested that S.A.O.should play role in health, especially in environment and disease prevention. About one-third (33.5 percent) think that Health Centers should still under supervision of Ministry of Public Health, giving the reason of satisfied performance. The study revealed that S.A.O. was not ready in health and environment management. It  should still be responsibility of Health Centers, and S.A.O. provide budget support according to plan. S.A.O. might pay role in health and environmental inplementation if they are more  prepared.
Background Since cost of providing care at each level greatly differs, the implementation of universal coverage for all Thais by new allocation method is a key to smoothing the transition.  This research aimed to find better way of monitoring cost, to identify providers facing financial hardship during the pilot phase in order to suggest appropriate policy of subsidizing providers.Methods 1. Study cost by questionnaire survey to all providers in 21 provinces Fiscal years 1999-2001 by quick method, 2. Study costs of service and education of teaching hospital by reviewing budget documents from 1992-2001, 3. Fit a formula for subsidizing inpatient services by data from individual inpatient data and yearly report of community, general and regional hospitals in 21 provinces, 4. Action research changing the accounting report from cash to accrual basis in 2 hospitals.Results Response rate was low from 3-60% by type of hospital.  Cost per outpatient visit at community hospital was 100-200 baht, and cost per inpatient admission was 2,000-6,000 baht.  Cost per outpatient visit for general hospital was 200-400 baht and for inpatient was 3,000-7,000 baht.  Cost per outpatient at regional hospital was 300-500 baht and for inpatient was 5,000-8,000 baht.  Cost per outpatient for teaching hospital was 800-900 baht and for inpatient was 17,000-18,000 baht.  Huge difference in cost was a major financial risk for providers.  When fitting the model for subsidizing hospital according to efficiency, quality and equity factors, it revealed that using ranking approach could contribute only 2-4% of the total subsidy while using the real value of each factor could contribute much higher to 51-75% of the total subsidy.  Action research of accrual accounting system found that there was a lack of adequate number of personnel in finance department as well as a lack of capacity in carrying out this new task.  A good system to validate the data for both account receivable and account payable was urgently needed.Conclusions This study confirmed wide differences of costs between each level of health services, however reliability of data was a problem.  The subsidization formula to reduce financial risk was tested to include factors on efficiency, quality and equity of each level of health service.  The accrual accounting system required an urgent capacity building and adequate number of competent personnel.  The system to validate revenue and spending data was used needed urgently.
Lack of data showing the present arsenic contamination in Ronphibun has been a matter of public
health concern. Since arsenic contamination of shallow-well water in Amphur Ronphibun, Nakorn si thamarat
Province, had been found in 1985, interventions to reduce the use of the shallow-well water especially for
drinking and cooking have been implemented. However, a large number of shallow wells still exist and the
residents continue to use this water for domestic purposes. The residents are anxious about possible health
problems and the safety of using the water contaminated with arsenic.
Although an AAS is available in Ronphibun Hospital, fast analysis and accurate results of arsenic
analysis cannot be obtained because of problems with the instrument and not enough experience of the
analytical staff. We selected a test kit suitable for use in the field in Ronphibun, tested its accuracy and
investigated the feasibility of further arsenic measurement by Ronphibun people.
The test kit developed by Mahidol University met the criteria concerning cost, availability, ease of
use and interpretation and safety. Accuracy was evaluated using standard arsenic solutions in the laboratory in
Ronphibun Hospital, but the standard color chart of the AAN kit was found to give more accurate values.
A suitable range of measurement was between 100 and 200 ppb arsenic level and optimal reaction time was
20 minutes. Comparing the test kit readings with the AAS values of well water samples, 95 % of test kit
readings were within the range of -61 and +53 ppb around the AAS value. After training, groups of public
health staffs, health volunteers in villages and science teachers of junior high school in Tambon Ronphibun
measured arsenic levels in standard solution of 200 ppb using the kit with acceptable results, with 98 % of the
determinants falling in the range 150 to 250 ppb.
The procedure and results of arsenic analysis using the test kit in the field at Amphur Ronphibun were
shown to the group of the peoples, who well accepted the demonstration of arsenic as a colored result.
Measurement of arsenic levels by the people in Ronphibun using the test kit and with higher precision might
be possible after additional training and sufficient practice, in order to screen for elevated arsenic levels.
Legislation for Road Safety	Law is a tool for road accident prevention by controlling social behaviors and resources allocation. It is simply said that law shapes road users’ behaviors into more safety conscious behaviors and forces car producers to develop their products more regarding safety use. Despite having 3 Acts relating to road safety, Thailand has never reduced numbers of road accidents for the past three decades. This review was aimed at answering such problems and led to recommendations for improvement. According to the review, the three Thai Acts were similar to many developed countries’ in many ways; however, their limitations found in the review were: 	1. the Acts partly needed amendment in line with dynamic changes of road communications,	2.  lack of continuity of law enforcement and the bias of enforcement partly due to shortage of community preparation and of knowledge integration in terms of automobile engineering and financing knowledge, 	3.   lack of knowledge-based policy and law development,	4.  Thailand’s governance of strong centralization inhibitive to law enforcement,	The review recommended that contexts of the Acts be amended and related policy and law development be more accountable to social equity and efficiency.
There is growing evidence that present pattern city and transport development, in which private motorized vehicles plays a dominant role, have important health effects through, for example, accidents, emissions of air pollutants and noise and reduced opportunities for physical exercise. However, a methodology for Health Impact Assessment is presently in a beginning stage. The objective of this study is  (I) to review situations of Chiangmai City and its transport development, development policies, citizen expectations, current efforts, environments, social and health situations, and (2) to determine scope and guidelines for the evaluation of health issues or impacts  identified.	The Chiangmai’s policy “ Public Transport is not considered as a public service. PT is provided by individual operator under market mechanism “ is chosen for the study. In addition there are two relating practices involved in the area --- no restriction on private vehicle use and road construction – based policy. Through public participation during the scoping process Chiangmai civic society identifies issues or factors to be considered covering all four dimensions of health. Impact evaluation should include accessibility to activities, accidents, air quality and noise disturbance, supporting health transport modes, feeling unsafe, traffic related diseases, social network and social interactions, social severance, and  people behaviors in traffic. Tools and indicators for the impact assessment  varies, depending on the impact considered, including scientific measurements, group discussion, questionnaires,     in-depth interview, case studies, and their combinations.
Computed Tomography (CT scan) the Value and Impact on the Patient's Management & Health Care Providers in the MoPH Hospitals	Cost-effectiveness of conventional CT compared to spiral CT scanning was study in three MOPH hospitals, one in Bangkok (spiral CT), the other two in the central   (conventional  CT)  and  southern  (spiral  CT)  parts  of  Thailand   during 6-month period in 1995 - 1996.Objective:  Primary	: To study cost per CT examination and cost per accurate diagnosis comparing between conventional and spiral CT scanners and also to study indication appropriateness for CT request among three hospitals.		Secondary	: To study the rate of using spiral mode and options which are specifications of spiral CT scanner differred from the conventional CT scanner. 		To study impact of CT request on the different fringe benefit groups of patients.  Design :	Prospective cross-sectional study.Participants:  All CT requested patients during 6 months, 726 cases in the hospital with conventional CT, 436 and 432 cases in the other two hospitals with spiral CT.Main Outcome Measures:  Cost per CT examination, cost per accurate diagnosis and percentage of appropriateness for CT request.Results:  Cost per conventional CT examination is 2,928 Bht. while cost per accurate diagnosis is 3,068 Bht.  Cost per spiral CT examination in BKK. = 6,344 Bht. and in the hospital outside BKK. = 3,738 Bht.  while the cost per accurate diagnosis = 6,554 Bht. and 4,027 Bht. respectively.  The accuracies in diagnosis are almost the same, i.e., 95% for conventional CT 97%, and 93% for spiral CT with almost perfect inter-observer reliability (K = 0. 8 - 1) and 92 - 95% agreement of the abnormal findings.  The study shows tendency of some influence on decision of CT request for government officials whom full reimbursement is applicable.  The appropriateness of CT request is 92% in the conventional CT; 70%, and 75% in the other two hospitals of spiral CT.  Conclusion:  Conventional CT is more cost-effective than spiral CT in the MOPH hospitals.  The accuracies in diagnosis are not different.