plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
The objective of this study was to review and analyze the problems and obstacles of health surveillance system for haze in Chiang Mai including to propose policy recommendations for the development of health surveillance system for haze. The study methods were literature reviews of health surveillance systems in overseas countries, in Ministries of Public Health and Natural Resources and Environment, and in Chiang Mai province. For domestic reviews, the related governmental officials were in-depth interviewed. In addition, the experts in the field had been convened for brainstorming.
The results showed that the surveillance system that might be suitable to Thailand is the World Health Organization’s STEPwise approach to Surveillance or STEPS, by using model so-called DPSEEA Model developed by the World Health Organization to construct the health indicators. In regard to data dissemination derived from surveillance system, the Internet-based Health & Air Pollution Surveillance System (iHAPSS) developed by the John Hopkins University is recommended. The recommendations for the policy makers are that the Ministry of Public Health should play a major role in setting the health surveillance system including database system, health indicators and steps of surveillance in full details. Furthermore, it should develop a manual of health surveillance system for haze for the health personnel to use as a guildline. There should be also training courses for the health personnel to upgrade their capacity in diagnosing haze-related health problems and in statictical analysis to link the health problems and air pollutants. For Chiang Mai province level, the role model of health surveillance system for haze should be developed by focusing on reporting system, frequency of reports, linkage analysis of air pollutants and health problems, including on the utilization of data analyses to seriously warn or manage the haze problems. Additionally, the health surveillance system for haze in general population version should be promoted.
The study looks into six cases of health and environmental damage compensation in Thailand. The study aims to provide an economic foundation for determining the economic value of health and environmental damages to be compensated to the victims. These economic values will reflect the true opportunity cost of natural resource and environmental damage forgone hence will enable the court system to arrive at a more accurate value of compensation. Accuracy in court compensation will be achieved under three conditions, they are, accuracy in terms of the economic value of the damages, a complete coverage of items to be compensated and a complete list of both the liable parties involved and the concern beneficiaries to whom compensation is to be made. From the six cases the study found that 1) health and environmental litigation frequently lacks evidence that will provide linkages between the source of pollution and the health or environmental outcome, 2) legal processes are time consuming and involve substantial legal expenses that can become a burden to the low income families, 3) legal procedures rely heavily on concrete scientific evidence that can be difficult to obtain, 4) the Thai court system does not provide compensation when lack of concrete evidence, and 5) the amount of compensation often vary depending on court judgment.
From reviewing the five cases the study makes the following recommendations that will enhance health and environmental damage compensation of the Thai court system.  First, the causes, both scientific and administrative, of environmental damages need to be carefully assessed. Second, the rights of the parties concerned have to be clearly specified. Third, court compensation should be based on sound economic valuation fundamentals. Forth, compensation scheme ought not involve double counting error. Fifth, compensation procedures ought to involve all the liable parties and all the rightful victims. Not only an increase in the accuracy of damage compensation will provide fairness to all the parties concern it will also play a role as incentives and disincentives mechanism and hence help promote sustainable development in Thailand.
The objective of this documentary research is to review knowledge related to legislative measures in connection with addicts.  Results of this research indicated that each addictive substance is harmful and has medical necessity differently.  According to the Addictive Substances Law, 2522 B.E. categorized addictive substances into 5 separate classes.  
1.	Most potent addictive substances
2.	General addictive substances
3.	Addictive substances which are derivatives of medicinal effect and has some category 2 addictive substances
4.	Addictive substances which are chemicals used in producing category 1 and 2 addictive substances
5.	Any addictive substances which are not included in the previous four categories
Basic concept and philosophy related to punishment measures for addicts is for retributive reasons, in order to control and paying for punitive damages.  At present, measures for punishment are of many varieties, to be suitable for those who committed wrongful deeds, and nature of crime.  There is less imprisonment measures and emphasize on community penalties as priority, by categorize punishment levels according to severity of the crimes committed.
The Law on Rehabilitations of Addicts, 2545 B.E., brought in the principle of drug user as patient, not criminal.  This law considers drug addicts as patients who need curative or rehabilitative care.  The law delays the use of court of justice, in order to replace criminal justice system for a better diversion.  Curative and rehabilitative processes are effective in separating addicts for a complete patient care, both by voluntarily and enforcement.  The complete patient care system provides follow-up system, support system, and encouragement for those who have gone through the curative and rehabilitative process, in order for them to be able to return to family, community and living normally.
There are preventive measures for drug traders, who pretend to be addicts, before or after being arrested, to use this law in order to avoid criminal justice system.  These drug traders do not have the rights for rehabilitative process according to this law.  The sub-committee on rehabilitative process for addicts should inform authority or prosecutor, to pursue criminal justice process.
By reviewing literature during 2547-2548 B.E., researches which study legal measures related to drug addicts, indicated that the Law on Rehabilitations of Addicts, 2545 B.E., emphasizes forced rehabilitative process for addicts.  Therefore, having institutions for rehabilitative process for addicts is of vital importance, but some areas do not have such institutions, or limited space for addicts in such institutions.  Moreover, there are some limitations for keeping up-to-date statistics of those who have gone through the process of proven for curative and rehabilitative process.
Mae Moh Power Plant is the biggest coal-fired power plant in Thailand. Each year the power plant utilizes over 17 million tons of lignite coal from Mae Moh mine, an open-case mining located in the same area. Both the power plant and coal mine produce pollutants that can affect the environment and human health. However, at present, there is no surveillance system to monitor health effects, especially long-term effects, of people living nearby the power plant. This study aimed to review health impacts among people living nearby Mae Moh power plant, current surveillance system, and to suggest an appropriated health surveillance system. Information was gathered from a literature review, interviewing, and meeting with experts, related persons, and representatives from people living nearby Mae Moh power plant. Data were analyzed by content analysis.
From literature review, it was found that health impacts of  coal mining and  power plant were  1) increase prevalence of respiratory system diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma 2) reduce pulmonary function 3) hearing loss 4) dermatitis, urticaria, and itchy rash  5) increase risk to get an accident 6) effect to child development 7) annoy due to odor and vibration. The result also found that there was no surveillance system for monitoring  health effects  of people living nearby Mae-Mao power plant.  The current surveillance system  was Ministry of Public Health’ surveillance system which showed size of problem and distribution of diseases. It could not provide details on risk exposure and cause of diseases.
It was found that the health indicators that should be monitored were: 1) emergency room visits, 2) hospital visit and service requested, 3) mortality monitoring, 4) pulmonary function of school children,   5) lung function of adults with respiratory problems, 6) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cases, 7) pneumoconiosis among coal worker, and  8) stress and annoy due to environmental problems. 
To implement this program, environmental law should be revised and the requirements for conducting health risk assessment added, in addition a health monitoring system should be set up. The regulatory system should also include grant and operation team  to support the surveillance system. The system should be operated by a committee consisted of all involved stakeholders, including Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)(Mae Moh), representatives from people living nearby Mae Moh power plant, staff from the government office and non-governmental organization, and specialists from an education institutions.
An inappropriate use of antimicrobial is not only a major cause of antimicrobial resistance but also a huge wasted expenditure in many countries including Thailand especially in teaching hospital. Many appropriate antimicrobial prescribing interventions can improve rational antimicrobial use. Therefore, the objective of this study was to select the most appropriate rational antimicrobial prescribing interventions for Thai health care system. The focus group technique was used to select the rational antimicrobial prescribing interventions. The members of focus group included the experts who have had experienced in rational antimicrobial prescribing interventions and stakeholders who would have an impact if the selected interventions were implemented. 
Based on all international and national literatures related to interventions, many rational antimicrobial prescribing interventions were available. Due to a diversity of setting and methodology used in each study, the efficacy of interventions was not concluded in a harmonious direction and a comparison between interventions were needed to compare by indirect method. Multifaceted interventions were more effective than single intervention. Moreover, the effective interventions such as education, antimicrobial order form, infectious disease specialist approval and clinical pharmacist acting as a reviewer and decision supporter were proposed to a focus group as a preliminary data. Then discussion and judgment of the intervention selection was made among members. 
The consensus of focus group suggested that the above interventions were not appropriate for Thai health care system because there were many limitations.  For example, there were not enough infectious disease specialists and clinical pharmacists, the role of clinical pharmacists were not so accepted as compared to developed countries and physicians still had the highest power in prescribing. However, the intervention called drug use evaluation (DUE), a process to monitor and promote the rational use of drugs might be used as a tool for solving this problem. In addition, pharmacists who have had experienced with antimicrobial DUE in hospitals suggested that the explicit policy related to DUE from the central was very necessary and should be restricted. It may be a feasible measure to promote rational antimicrobial use in Thai healthcare system in the future.
An attempt to include “spiritual health” into WHO definition of health has been made since 1980. It was proposed by member states of WHO in Eastern Mediterranean Region. There were both proponents and opponents of the proposal. Finally the Executive Board of WHO has concluded to propose amendment of the definition of health from that “the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of the disease or infirmity” to “the dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” However, the proposal did not become the resolution at the World Health Assembly. Thus the definition of health remains the same as stated in the preamble of the Constitution of WHO. In Thailand there was a movement to include the “spiritual health” into the definition of health during the campaign on health system reform in the last decade. Such movement brought about strong controversy rooted from some leading Buddhist organizations which rejected the “spiritual dimension” as a concept influenced by theist paradigm which is opposite to Buddhism. Finally, the consensus has been reached to accept the term “intellectual well-being” as the fourth dimension of health. The Health Act B.E. 2007 has then defined health as “the state of human being which is perfect in physical, mental, spiritual and social aspects all of which are holistic in balance.” There are still some problems in the new definition of health concerning the exact meaning of mental and spiritual well-being especially when translates into English. This paper proposed not to try to reach consensus in this issue which is very complicate, since the four dimensions have covered all aspects of health. It also proposed Buddhist way of development of the four dimensions of health as an example. The people in different faith can freely develop or extend their means on the basis of their own faith
Globalization and climate change are important phenomena in a changing world. Among them global
warming has been marked by a series of events that affect natural resources and the health of human
beings. The magnitude of global warming will depend on future emissions of greenhouse gases and climate
sensitivity. To date, global warming and globalization have the potential to influence the emergence
and re-emergence of infectious diseases. The effect of globalization on infectious diseases from vectorborne
to respiratory infection has been well established. The influence of global warming has also been
scientifically recognized; however, there is still no conclusive evidence of the effect of global warming on
the pattern of infectious disease distribution.
This mixed methodology research study was conducted to assess health equity within a human
rights framework, comparing situations among three groups in Thailand in order to close the gap between
these groups. The sample included 789 subjects (ethnic Thais, and hill tribe and stateless hill tribe
people) from 10 provinces in northern Thailand; they were studied from December 2006 to August 2007.
The tool for comparison was the benchmark of fairness for assessing health care reform. Data analysis was by ANOVA, Z-score and fulfilled qualitative data. Based on the research results 17 experts suggested
policy options.
The results revealed significant differences among the three population groups on seven out of the
nine benchmarks (all at p < 0.001). The non-significantly different benchmarks were efficiency and quality
of care (p = 0.170) and administrative efficiency (p = 0.227). With regard to to Z-score analysis, Thai
nationals (group 1) had the highest score (Z = 0.3293), the hill tribes with Thai citizenship (group 2) had a
mid-level score (Z = 0.1275) and the stateless hill tribes (group 3) had the lowest score (Z = –0.3885).
Recommendations from experts to bridge the gap included the need for budget allocations to fit with
population, health care standards, legal reforms and the decentralization of health services to the local
governments.
In conclusion, this research suggested that the Thai government should close the inequity gap by
adopting a policy mix that would affect every population group in Thailand. The establishment of equity
with regard to basic health care will promote human rights concerns within Thailand and will serve as an
example for the promotion of humanitarian efforts elsewhere.
This health status and quality of life study was a cross-sectional descriptive one. It was aimed at
exploring the health status and quality of life and their related factors in the study population: 943 people
living near one of the petrochemical plants in Rayong Province. Data were collected during July and
October 2008, using an interview questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF-THAI. Data were analyzed by
descriptive statistics (frequency, percent, mean) and inferential statistics (chi-square).
Results revealed that the majority of the study population were females (76.8%) with a mean age of
46 years, and having had a primary school education (57.8%). Of the total, 27.9 percent were traders, 16.5
percent consumed alcohol, 8.7 percent smoked, and 48.9 percent did exercise. The distance between their
house and the petrochemical plant was less than 5 kilometers (59.4%). In the past three months, 6.8
percent of them got ill and sought care at hospitals. In the past month, 61.8 percent of them had respiratory
symptoms, 57.2 percent had neurological symptoms, and 53.7 percent had dermatological symptoms.
Regarding their family members, 26.9 percent were allergic to dust or had hay fever. In the past
month, 59.8 percent of them experienced chemical odors: 52.3 percent a gas-like odor, 21.5 percent a
pungent odor, and 15.6 percent an odor similar to a ripe guava. A third of them experienced these odors
in the evening (33.3%); 23.2 percent smelled the odor during the day and 17.2 percent did so at dawn.
The majority of them (68.6%) had a moderate level of quality of life, 31.3 percent had a good level of
quality of life, and 0.1 percent had a poor level of quality of life. Factors related to quality of life were
personal factors (gender, education, job, exercise), health status (getting ill and family illness), and distance
from the petrochemical plant. In addition, respiratory, neurological, and dermatological symptoms
in the previous year and the previous month were significantly related to experiencing the chemical
odors.
This study emphasizes the concern that experiencing chemical odors in ambient air relates to health
and may affect people’s quality of life. Health authorities should develop and enhance measures, especially
short-term and long-term surveillance, and monitor the health status and quality of life of the
people living around industrial zones.
The purpose of this action research study was to solve clinical risks in patient care by professional
health care teams. Researchers and participants were heath personnel in Sung Noen Community Hospi-tal, including the hospital director, physicians, pharmacists, registered nurses, laboratory technicians, radio-
logy technicians, physical therapists, psychologists and ayurvedic doctors. The study was divided
into three steps: (1) situation analysis: by analyzing clinical risk incident reports and former preventive
measures, (2) implementation: by setting up integrated case conferences, i.e. integrated patient care by
professional health care teams, with physicians serving as leaders (the physicians set up case conferences
once a month), (3) monitoring and evaluation: by participating in conference meetings, using questionnaires
created by a quality development center, evaluating new preventive measures and clinical practice
guidelines (CPG) released and enabled to practice. The study was conducted from October 2007 to December
2008, a total of 18 months. It was found that the clinical risk incident report in 2007 was higher in
coverage, especially patient care topics, but repeated incidents were still periodically reported; also there
was a lack of root cause analysis (RCA) of clinical risk in time and discontinuity of preventive measure
practices. An integrated case conference on high-level clinical risk topics, with physicians as leaders, was
set up to analyze the root cause analysis (RCA) of the patient care process. The results were new preventive
measures and new clinical practice guidelines that were more practical for promoting quality in patient
care teams. This study showed that integrated case conferences could be effectively conducted in
community hospitals
This descriptive study was aimed at comparing the cost of herbal medicine to replace conventional
medicine for the treatment of five health conditions in a five-year period (2002 - 2006). The study was
performed between May 2007 and August 2008. The study samples comprised 65 health care workers
and 260 clients in regional hospitals and 12 community hospitals in Lampang Province. The research
instruments used consisted of (1) a record of the cost of herbal medicine and conventional medicine treatment
of five health conditions: irritable bowel syndrome, sore throat (non-infectious) constipation,
herpes, and musculoskeletal/joint diseases, (2) a questionaire for herbal medical orders, and (3) a satisfaction
form to record the use of herbal medicine. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics; the cost of
herbal medicine replacing conventional medicine was compared by t-test and clients satisfaction analyzed
by chi-square.
The results indicated that the cost of most herbal medicine compared with conventional medicine
for five health-condition treatments in Lampang Province increased during the period studied. The cost
of Turmeric increased from 85,717 baht in 2002 to 551,272 baht in 2006; Andrographis increased from 28,152
baht to 138,681 baht, Senna alata leaves increased from 2,797 baht to 27,104 baht, and Clinacantus nutans
leaves increased from 3,490 baht to 18,101 baht and Zingiber montanum increased from 14,243 baht to
298,446 baht. The comparative cost of herbal medicine during the period 2002-2006 significantly increased
(p < 0.05), except for Zingiber montanum (p = 0.074).
Concerning the health care workers’ perceptions about herbal medicine, we found that the sample
population experienced increases of 75.4 percent in ordering Turmeric, 63.1 percent for Andrographis, 40
percent for Senna alata leaves, 41.5 percent for Clinacantus nutans leaves and 58.5 percent for zingiber
montanum. The main reasons for the decision to order was a perceived drug indication. For the clients’
satisfaction in using herbal medicine as a replacement for conventional medicine, we found that the
clients had experience in using Turmeric (68.5 percent), Andrographis paniculata (70 percent), Candelabra
bush (15.4 percent), Clinacantus nutans (29.6 percent) and Zingiber montanum (69.2 percent). Satisfaction
was highly significant (p < 0.001); the reasons for satisfaction were knowing the indications and having
experience in using the herbals.
Based on our study results, the herbal medicines used were Turmeric, Andrographis, Senna alata
leaves, Clinacantus nutans leaves and Zingiber montanum for increasingly replacing conventional medicine
in the regional hospital and 12 community hospitals in Lampang Province from 2002 to 2006. The
increasing rate resulted from the supportive policy of promoting herbal medicines in the health delivery
system, organizing herbal medicine symposiums, and reminding healthcare workers by displaying
posters on how to use herbal medicines at dispensing units.