plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
Social innovation: definition and key features in Thailand	This paper is based on the information obtained from related Thai documents, interviews and study visit.  Social innovation is defined as “Anything new whether in the form of ideas, imaginations, opportunities, or actions to solve problems or to make a better society. These new things include the improvement of or those based on existing things.”	Key features of social innovation include:Opening and enhancing space for wisdom and societyInitiated by individuals, organizations or communities to solve their own problems, not because of the external controlRaising public conscience for the benefit of the society as a whole preceding individual’s or group’s benefitHas dynamic development with prolong existence in which the form or pattern may change as a result of creativity, commitment and action	A review of five organizations supported social innovation in Thailand suggested that social innovators could be individuals, organizations or communities.  The supports obtained include project funding, personal allowance, academic assistance, forum or network building, and awards given.  The supports could be given at any stage of the innovation development i.e idea development, testing, implementation, expansion to a broader society.	Suggestions for the operation of the Social Innovation OfficeThe Social Innovation Office should emphasize support given to any new ideas, new methods, new strategies/models, and new opportunities including new existence or developed on what existed.Facilitate network building among related organizations to avoid duplication and to support each other.Fill in the gap of existing operation, built on current existence and integrate old and new operations including coordination with related agencies.Supports can be provided to individuals, organizations and communities focuses on those with the following five features: do not give up easily, have imagination and recreation, has public conscience, readiness to take action, ability to communicate with others.Potential activities for the office to provide the support include searching for social innovators (SIs), support SIs to develop new ideas, support SIs to implement or test the new ideas, and support expansion of the innovation to a wider society.  Support can be given in forms of financial support, technical support and network building.Three guiding principles of the office to consider when providing support are: (1) creating horizontal relationship between the office and SIs (2) working in a more proactive direction and (3) promoting enabling environment for innovative culture society.Exclude support of activities that are not social innovation including: already well-known ideas, activities or models, activities that are beneficial to individuals/groups, activities implemented on an ad hoc basis, top-down originated activities.
This research is aimed at synthesizing the knowledge to create the process of combined city plan and public participation in stage. Bangkok combined city plan is chosen as a case study because of its location at center of the country administration and the only local administrative unit in Thailand. It is to be highlighted of the stages of people’s participation in making the combined city plan. It will lead to the problem analysis and the limitations of policy process in making the city plan .The people’s participation in making the city plan is reflected in the Thai constitution law also so this an excellent opportunities and ways to allow people to join in the process of city planning in every stage. The people opinions and suggestions in making the city plan can be value addition and can enhance the ultimate outcome. The research result indicates that the process of creating the city plan in Thailand allowed people to participate in many stages. This whole process will depend on Thai city planners whether they can let people successfully participate in the process. As per the available data, reflect that people were allowed to participate in making the city plan .The stages of Bangkok City Plan (2nd edition) in the City Plan Act (1975 ) justify the above given statement. The whole process been divided in 3 main stages. The 1st stage of survey in order to plan and design the combined city plan, The 2nd stage of creating the combined city plan; And the last stage deals with enforcement and implementation of the combined city plan. The sample plan to develop specific community, which was quoted in the study, was a good example of the process to create the city plan for community development. The city planning which truly allow people to play a key role at every stage can enhance the ultimate result. Actually the city is going to plan for people, so they should be the architects for their city. In the conclusion the main challenge and limitations of process and stages in creating the combined Bangkok city is people’s knowledge and understanding for it. The lack of true and healthy corporation of government officials is also a big obstacle to achieve a healthy city plan. The limitation of rights to participate under the constitution law is not a constrained in city planning. The officials do not promote enough to people’s participation in the government activities. Regarding the failure of the combined city plan, it was caused by other factors in the stage of implementing the plan. However, the factor was beyond the process of people’s participation.
The  Musculoskeletal  Pain  Behaviours  and a Model for Solving the Problem  in  the  Community: Study  in  2  Villages,  Northeast  ThailandThe study aimed to investigate the behavior of the people who got experienced from musculoskeletal pain (puad - muay) in 2 villages (Ta Poo and Ta Ma-daur), NE Thailand.  The study group was 15 years and over and voluntarily interviewed by structured questionnaires to compare between 2 villages (N=101 and N=100). The study found that most of the respondents perceived musculoskeletal pain as recurrent, work ralated and work problems (71.2 and 78.0 percent). Waist was the highest percentage in both area. Occasionally treatment and no treatment in Ta Poo 57.0 and 27.0) was higher than Ta Ma-daur (37.0 and 20.8) which were significant differences (p <0.05). The locus of control of general health and musculoskeletal pain was assessed using a forced 6 point scale with a conbach' s alpha coefficient 0.5426 in the pilot study. The samples were selected by systemetic sampling (N=175 in Ta Poo and N=165 in Ta Ma-duar). The result showed that in both villages the respondents was internal control for health prevention but external control if they were already sicked. The external control referred to others (doctors). The control of the beliefs for musculoskeletal pain was internal in both villages. The motivational orientations by health team were designed through educational programme for the health officers and the people. Thai massage practicing and exercising was includes in this programme. 6 months after training programmes, the massage and self-help groups were collaborated in one village. The other village was developing in the preparatory step. The were regular meetings between the health officers and the health volunteer to communicate about musculoskeletal pain issues. 	The conclusion was that the people in both villages had the capability to solve musculoskeletal pain by themselves if they got the reliable information and was motivated by the knowledge health officers.
This   participatory   action   research  aimed  to study model for the   to development of a primary health care service system at NhongTong Primary Care Unit, Hangdong  District, Chiang  Mai  Province.  Data  were  collected from health  personnel  and clients (community leaders  and  people), by  focus  group  discussion,  in-depth interview, and  observation.The participatory approach was focused by brain-stroming, reflecting on problems and needs, capacity building of health personnel, and development of the health care service system. Content analysis was used for data analysis.  Results:  It  was  found  that the  health  care service system did not reach the standard for a primary care service system. For example, the management system did not function well, equipment was inadequate, and office space was not well organized, health personnels lacked of confidence in providing proactive services and primary medical care and participation from local authorities and village health volunteers was limited. As the result of the findings, health personnel were trained, health service management was conducted and office space was organized and equipment provided. Furthermore, understanding was created and empowered  the community,  attitudes were changed  towards the health service among people in the communities, learning from best practice communities, the village health volunteers were encouraged  to be more confident, and was provided  support for  health promoting activities of the people. As a result, health personnel have developed their potential as follows: office space was better organized, cooperation from local  authorities,  village health volunteers, and community leaders has been increased in terms of budgeting and participating in community activities such as elderly clubs,  health promoting clubs, Thai massage clubs, mobile clinics, training of drug-users, and the prevention of hemorrhagic fever. Suggestion: The results of the study suggested that the development of a health care service system will be successful  by using a participatory approach and integrated methods such as  training, supervision, conducting forums, suggestions and learning from best practice communities.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and risk factors: present status and future trendsThis report to review cases of COPD and risk factors has been sucessfully obtained by gathering data from hospitals in various part of Thailand, data of smoking behaviors and populations in each province. From these, we can estimate the incidence and prevalence rate. Eighty-five percents were male and fifteen percents were female. Most of the patients' ages were between 60-80 years old. Severity of the diseases progressed according to their increasing ages. So did the mortality rate. The mortality rate was 1 percent at age 40-50 and become 4 percent at age 70. The expense escalated when one got older due to the progression of the disease. We recommend preventive measures, antismoking, quit smoking activities and      control of air pollution to be planned and implemented in the 9th Natinal Health evelopment plan to cintrol COPD cases and lower economics loss. The future prevalence rate is predicted      to increase due toi the smoking rate, air pollution and increasing population number.
Health Systems Reform in MalaysiaMalaysia had been recognised as one with the best economy and healthcare system in the region.  The health services were subsidised by the governmental budget as social welfare.  The poor or needy received the services free-of-charge.  Without a national health insurance scheme, the consequence is economic burden of the country.  This forced the government to set up a healthcare reform policy during the 4th Malaysian Plan (1981-1985).  It started from non-medical services, such as laundry, catering, and hospital maintenance at selected hospitals were contracted out.  A hospital was leased to a private company.  A following policy was that the government support the setting up of private medical facilities, such as hospitals and clinics, to cater for those who can afford such services.  As the private sector expanded, it has drawn upon the staff resources of the public sector where wages were less attractive.  In 1992, the National Health Institute was established as a corporatised organisation.  The aim was to create a good working environment with attractive payment when comparing to those of private sector.  Two year after this corporatisation, the goverment medical store was privatised.  In 1997, non-medical services at 71 hospitals were privatised.  The rest was the target of the year 2000 (the end of the 7th Malaysian Plan).  In spite, a national health insurance scheme is a part of the national plans but it is not placed yet.  To gather with no clear evaluation and control programs of those organisations reformed,  the consequent negative effect is higher medical fee.  Some of patients are enable to pay.  People and relating organisations have complained via mass media.  Ad hoc advocated body was formed up against the government  reform plan and request people participation.  Finally, in the end of 1999, the health minister declared to stop the planned privatisation and to revise the reform particularly the national health insurance scheme.	Experiences of Malaysia could be raised as a concern of the healthcare reform in Thailand.  Participation of both providers and consumers, and evaluation of the program have to be priorities  These would be guaranteed that the proposed healthcare reforms would adhere to the fundamental principles of equitable, accessible, effective, and sustainable healthcare.
Assessing and Improving the Quality of Care of Hypertensive Patients	Action research methodology was applied in this project which was carried out at Khoaksamroanng District (Lopburi Province) and Uthai District (Ayutthaya Province). At first, community survey was carried out at the two districts (2 subdistricts for each). It was found that the prevalence of hypertension among population aged 40 and above were 14.1%-24.6% (averagely 19.7%), and 59.8-78.5 (averagely 64.1%) of them had the history of hypertension before the survey. Among those knownn cases, 37.3%-48.5% (averagely 41.4%) had regular visits to health services during the last 3 months; and among those who had regular visits, 29.2%-46.0% (averagely 39.9%) had blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg. 	Among those knownn cases, 78.8% got the information about hypertension from physicians, 16.7% from health center personnels, and 8.8% from nurses. 51.8% of them got the information related to selfcare behaviors, 27.3% related to etiology and symptoms, and 24.1% related to complications. However, most of them actually have not much knownledge of the disease.  48.4% of those knownn cases had  > 25 Kg/M2 . 23.3% of them smoked and 30.4% of them drank alcohol. And 54.7-61.7% of them would do nothing when they had stress. 53.4%-70.0% (averagely 62.6%) of them were first diagnosed the disease at the governmental health services, and 22.4%-37.3% (averagely 30.0%) were diagnosed at private clinics. For the first diagnosis, 49.5%-65.9% (averagely 58.4%) of them had the presenting symptom of headache; 14.0%-28.4% (averagely 23.5%) were diagnosed when they went to see doctors with other diseases; and only 1.6%-6.0% (averagely 3.9%) were detected during health checkup. 27.1%-48.0% of the patients had modification in their dietary and 10.8%-24.0% (averagely 15.3%) in physical exercise.	The qualitative study found that most of the patients adjusted the dosage of antihypertensive drugs by themselves, according to their own perception. And those who could control the blood pressure were always due to the capability in weight control, salt restriction and stress management. 	After the situation analysis, the health services at both districts had been improved by developing standard practice guideline, information system, health education system, appointment and follow-up system, and referral system. The evaluation, after 6 month of implementation, found that 70.4%, 45.0% and 56.3% of the hypertensive patients who attended the service at Khoaksamroang Hospital, Uthai Hospital and Pho-sao-harn Health Center (Uthai District) respectively had the regular visits during these 6 months. And among those who had regular visits, 12.3%, 16.7% and 0.0 respectively had blood pressure <140/90 mmHg at every visit; and 43.9%, 44.4% and 44.4% respectively had BMI <25 Kg/M2 at every visit.
Infection control development in Sappasitthiprasong HospitalObjective : 1) To develop an appropiate surveillance and infection control  system for Sappasitthiprasong Hospital 2) To implement the developed surveillance and infection control  system in every inpatient ward 3) To determine the problems and constrained in running the developed system and the method used for solving the problems 4) To determine the sustainability of the system and associated factors.Design : Research and development.Setting : Sappasitthiprasong Hospital, UbonratchathaniMethadology : The activities performed in order to improve the developed surveillance and infection control  system are as follow : 1) The situation analysis of infection control 2) The re-structure the organization and the  line of command of infection control unit. 3) To educate the hospital personnel. 4) Training courses for ICN and ICWN 5) To develop new surveillance data record forms, to establish criteria for diagnosis of hospital acquired infection, guideline for hospital infection control and outbreak investigation. 6) The guidelines for hospital acquired infection surveillance, were created and implemented, in 33 inpatient wards. Periodic monitoring was done. 7) To evaluatie of  surveillance system, effectiveness of infection control and the sustainability  of the whole system.Result : The surveillance system and present report of infection rate in every inpatient ward were set up. The surveillance data were analyzed and audited by the infection control division. During the implementation period the infection problems ,such as the personnels’ confidence, the doctors’ cooperation and duration of culture and sensitivity report, were found. These problems were solved by conference and seminars.  The topic  established criteria  for diagnosis of hospital acquired infection, among infection  control working groups.  All quantitative data such as completeness, accuracy and timeliness, were 99, 98 and 53 % respectively.  The effectiveness of surveillance system was improved. The administrator team’s committee was interested and used surveillance data  for solving the infection control problems.Conclusion To develop an appropriate surveillance and control system , that  will predict trends of hospital acquired infection. Hospital personnel piad attention and used the data to solve the infection problems. Finally, the factors that affected the sustainability of the system were characteristics of the hospital personnels’ : concern , stimulation and participation in surveillance and control systems.
อัตราการดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพที่เพิ่มขึ้นอย่างต่อเนื่อง เป็นปัจจัยคุกคามการควบคุมโรคติดเชื้อ เมื่อเชื้อเกิดการดื้อยาขึ้นในกลุ่มประชากรหนึ่ง มันสามารถแพร่ระบาดไปทั่วภูมิภาคได้ ปัญหาเชื้อดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพมีความรุนแรงโดยเฉพาะในประเทศที่กำลังพัฒนา ซึ่งประชาชนไม่สามารถเข้าถึง หรือไม่สามารถรับภาระราคายาที่เพิ่มสูงขึ้นกว่าการรักษาขั้นพื้นฐานเดิม เพราะการเปลี่ยนยาตามความไวของเชื้อมักต้องใช้ยาที่มีราคาสูงขึ้น ดังนั้นจึงส่งผลกระทบอย่างมากต่อภาวะเศรษฐกิจโดยรวม ภาวะเชื้อดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพเป็นความท้าทายระดับโลก ทั้งไม่ใช่เป็นปัญหาที่เกิดขึ้นใหม่ เป็นปัญหาสำคัญสำหรับรัฐบาลที่จะต้องดำเนินการ เพื่อให้มั่นใจว่ายาต้านจุลชีพที่มีใช้อยู่ในปัจจุบันไม่สูญเสียความไวในการต้านเชื้อรวดเร็วเกินไป ในประเทศไทยมีการนำโครงการและกิจกรรมมากมายมาใช้เพื่อควบคุมสถานการณ์เชื้อดื้อยา แต่มีหลักฐานของความสำเร็จที่เกิดขึ้นเพียงเล็กน้อย การศึกษานี้เพื่อบอกขนาด และแนวโน้มของปัญหาสถานการณ์เชื้อดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพในประเทศไทย ความพยายามในอดีตและปัจจุบันเพื่อแก้ปัญหา รวมทั้งพยายามสรุปองค์ความรู้ที่ยังไม่มีคำตอบ และแนวนโยบายที่พอจะเป็นไปได้ท้ายที่สุด รายงานฉบับนี้พยายามนำเสนอตัวอย่างของแรงจูงใจอันจะนำไปสู่การเปลี่ยนแปลงเพื่อให้ผู้ป่วย แพทย์ โรงพยาบาล บริษัทยาได้ตระหนักถึงปัญหา และใช้ยาอย่างเหมาะสม มีความเป็นไปได้ของการใช้นโยบายจำกัดการเบิกค่ารักษาพยาบาล เพื่อลดการใช้ยาต้านจุลชีพเกินความจำเป็น ในองค์กรที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการประกันสุขภาพ แพทย์และสมาคมวิชาชีพแพทย์ต่างๆควรยอมรับแนวทางการรักษา ที่ไม่เอื้อต่อการใช้ยาต้านจุลชีพที่ไม่เหมาะสมให้เป็นมาตรฐานเดียวกัน รัฐบาลควรส่งเสริมโครงการต่างๆอย่างชัดเจน เพื่อเพิ่มแรงจูงใจ หรือผลักดันโรงพยาบาลต่างๆให้มีการควบคุมการติดเชื้อดีขึ้น และส่งเสริมผู้ผลิตยาให้มีการวิจัยค้นคว้ายาใหม่ๆ การรณรงค์ในภาคประชาชนให้มีส่วนร่วม รับรู้ปัญหาการติดเชื้อดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพ มีส่วนสำคัญที่จะผลักดันให้เกิดการแก้ปัญหานี้
The report is a result of an ongoing process of developing manual on qualitative
research for health professionals. The process of drafting the manual was a participatory
developmental process involving researchers as well as health professionals which are
targeted as the end users of the manual. Beginning with a manuscript developed by a group
of researchers at the Society and Health Institute, the draft manuscript was used as a manual
for an experimental training workshop for a group of health professionals. Participants of the
workshop were asked to reflect and suggest ways to improve the manual. Suggestions were
used to rewrite the manual and it will be tested by further trainings before final version could
be made available. The current report is therefore in its initial stage and needs further
refinement.
The purpose of this manuscript is to serve as an introductory manual for qualitative
research. It aims at providing health personnel with basic understanding of research work
and exercise for increasing necessary research skill. The manuscript is divided into four
chapters. The first chapter provides philosophical foundation for understanding how
knowledge is created in different modes of research work. It also explains the fundamental
principles and the differences between qualitative and quantitative research. The second
chapter discusses how to relate problems in everyday working situation of health workers to
research work. The third chapter discusses the methodological aspects of qualitative
research, starting with how research questions are formulated. Methods for data collection
are extensively elaborated with examples. Research tools and exercises are also included.
The final chapter discusses how qualitative data is analyzed and interpreted. Techniques on
report writing, presentation and how to make use of qualitative research results are also
incorporated in this chapter. Useful bibliographies on research design and methodology are
provided for further study. Techniques on proposal development and how to write a good
research proposal are also provided in the annex.