plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1999 source: HSRI 
title: Health systems reform in Malaysia 
abstract:Health Systems Reform in MalaysiaMalaysia had been recognised as one with the best economy and healthcare system in the region.  The health services were subsidised by the governmental budget as social welfare.  The poor or needy received the services free-of-charge.  Without a national health insurance scheme, the consequence is economic burden of the country.  This forced the government to set up a healthcare reform policy during the 4th Malaysian Plan (1981-1985).  It started from non-medical services, such as laundry, catering, and hospital maintenance at selected hospitals were contracted out.  A hospital was leased to a private company.  A following policy was that the government support the setting up of private medical facilities, such as hospitals and clinics, to cater for those who can afford such services.  As the private sector expanded, it has drawn upon the staff resources of the public sector where wages were less attractive.  In 1992, the National Health Institute was established as a corporatised organisation.  The aim was to create a good working environment with attractive payment when comparing to those of private sector.  Two year after this corporatisation, the goverment medical store was privatised.  In 1997, non-medical services at 71 hospitals were privatised.  The rest was the target of the year 2000 (the end of the 7th Malaysian Plan).  In spite, a national health insurance scheme is a part of the national plans but it is not placed yet.  To gather with no clear evaluation and control programs of those organisations reformed,  the consequent negative effect is higher medical fee.  Some of patients are enable to pay.  People and relating organisations have complained via mass media.  Ad hoc advocated body was formed up against the government  reform plan and request people participation.  Finally, in the end of 1999, the health minister declared to stop the planned privatisation and to revise the reform particularly the national health insurance scheme.	Experiences of Malaysia could be raised as a concern of the healthcare reform in Thailand.  Participation of both providers and consumers, and evaluation of the program have to be priorities  These would be guaranteed that the proposed healthcare reforms would adhere to the fundamental principles of equitable, accessible, effective, and sustainable healthcare.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1999 source: HSRI 
title: Asessing and improving the quality of care of hypertensive patients 
abstract:Assessing and Improving the Quality of Care of Hypertensive Patients	Action research methodology was applied in this project which was carried out at Khoaksamroanng District (Lopburi Province) and Uthai District (Ayutthaya Province). At first, community survey was carried out at the two districts (2 subdistricts for each). It was found that the prevalence of hypertension among population aged 40 and above were 14.1%-24.6% (averagely 19.7%), and 59.8-78.5 (averagely 64.1%) of them had the history of hypertension before the survey. Among those knownn cases, 37.3%-48.5% (averagely 41.4%) had regular visits to health services during the last 3 months; and among those who had regular visits, 29.2%-46.0% (averagely 39.9%) had blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg. 	Among those knownn cases, 78.8% got the information about hypertension from physicians, 16.7% from health center personnels, and 8.8% from nurses. 51.8% of them got the information related to selfcare behaviors, 27.3% related to etiology and symptoms, and 24.1% related to complications. However, most of them actually have not much knownledge of the disease.  48.4% of those knownn cases had  > 25 Kg/M2 . 23.3% of them smoked and 30.4% of them drank alcohol. And 54.7-61.7% of them would do nothing when they had stress. 53.4%-70.0% (averagely 62.6%) of them were first diagnosed the disease at the governmental health services, and 22.4%-37.3% (averagely 30.0%) were diagnosed at private clinics. For the first diagnosis, 49.5%-65.9% (averagely 58.4%) of them had the presenting symptom of headache; 14.0%-28.4% (averagely 23.5%) were diagnosed when they went to see doctors with other diseases; and only 1.6%-6.0% (averagely 3.9%) were detected during health checkup. 27.1%-48.0% of the patients had modification in their dietary and 10.8%-24.0% (averagely 15.3%) in physical exercise.	The qualitative study found that most of the patients adjusted the dosage of antihypertensive drugs by themselves, according to their own perception. And those who could control the blood pressure were always due to the capability in weight control, salt restriction and stress management. 	After the situation analysis, the health services at both districts had been improved by developing standard practice guideline, information system, health education system, appointment and follow-up system, and referral system. The evaluation, after 6 month of implementation, found that 70.4%, 45.0% and 56.3% of the hypertensive patients who attended the service at Khoaksamroang Hospital, Uthai Hospital and Pho-sao-harn Health Center (Uthai District) respectively had the regular visits during these 6 months. And among those who had regular visits, 12.3%, 16.7% and 0.0 respectively had blood pressure <140/90 mmHg at every visit; and 43.9%, 44.4% and 44.4% respectively had BMI <25 Kg/M2 at every visit.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1999 source: HSRI 
title: Infection control development in Sappasitthiprasong hospital 
abstract:Infection control development in Sappasitthiprasong HospitalObjective : 1) To develop an appropiate surveillance and infection control  system for Sappasitthiprasong Hospital 2) To implement the developed surveillance and infection control  system in every inpatient ward 3) To determine the problems and constrained in running the developed system and the method used for solving the problems 4) To determine the sustainability of the system and associated factors.Design : Research and development.Setting : Sappasitthiprasong Hospital, UbonratchathaniMethadology : The activities performed in order to improve the developed surveillance and infection control  system are as follow : 1) The situation analysis of infection control 2) The re-structure the organization and the  line of command of infection control unit. 3) To educate the hospital personnel. 4) Training courses for ICN and ICWN 5) To develop new surveillance data record forms, to establish criteria for diagnosis of hospital acquired infection, guideline for hospital infection control and outbreak investigation. 6) The guidelines for hospital acquired infection surveillance, were created and implemented, in 33 inpatient wards. Periodic monitoring was done. 7) To evaluatie of  surveillance system, effectiveness of infection control and the sustainability  of the whole system.Result : The surveillance system and present report of infection rate in every inpatient ward were set up. The surveillance data were analyzed and audited by the infection control division. During the implementation period the infection problems ,such as the personnels’ confidence, the doctors’ cooperation and duration of culture and sensitivity report, were found. These problems were solved by conference and seminars.  The topic  established criteria  for diagnosis of hospital acquired infection, among infection  control working groups.  All quantitative data such as completeness, accuracy and timeliness, were 99, 98 and 53 % respectively.  The effectiveness of surveillance system was improved. The administrator team’s committee was interested and used surveillance data  for solving the infection control problems.Conclusion To develop an appropriate surveillance and control system , that  will predict trends of hospital acquired infection. Hospital personnel piad attention and used the data to solve the infection problems. Finally, the factors that affected the sustainability of the system were characteristics of the hospital personnels’ : concern , stimulation and participation in surveillance and control systems.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2007 source: HSRI 
title: Current situation of the antimicrobial resistance in Thailand : a review 
abstract:อัตราการดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพที่เพิ่มขึ้นอย่างต่อเนื่อง เป็นปัจจัยคุกคามการควบคุมโรคติดเชื้อ เมื่อเชื้อเกิดการดื้อยาขึ้นในกลุ่มประชากรหนึ่ง มันสามารถแพร่ระบาดไปทั่วภูมิภาคได้ ปัญหาเชื้อดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพมีความรุนแรงโดยเฉพาะในประเทศที่กำลังพัฒนา ซึ่งประชาชนไม่สามารถเข้าถึง หรือไม่สามารถรับภาระราคายาที่เพิ่มสูงขึ้นกว่าการรักษาขั้นพื้นฐานเดิม เพราะการเปลี่ยนยาตามความไวของเชื้อมักต้องใช้ยาที่มีราคาสูงขึ้น ดังนั้นจึงส่งผลกระทบอย่างมากต่อภาวะเศรษฐกิจโดยรวม ภาวะเชื้อดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพเป็นความท้าทายระดับโลก ทั้งไม่ใช่เป็นปัญหาที่เกิดขึ้นใหม่ เป็นปัญหาสำคัญสำหรับรัฐบาลที่จะต้องดำเนินการ เพื่อให้มั่นใจว่ายาต้านจุลชีพที่มีใช้อยู่ในปัจจุบันไม่สูญเสียความไวในการต้านเชื้อรวดเร็วเกินไป ในประเทศไทยมีการนำโครงการและกิจกรรมมากมายมาใช้เพื่อควบคุมสถานการณ์เชื้อดื้อยา แต่มีหลักฐานของความสำเร็จที่เกิดขึ้นเพียงเล็กน้อย การศึกษานี้เพื่อบอกขนาด และแนวโน้มของปัญหาสถานการณ์เชื้อดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพในประเทศไทย ความพยายามในอดีตและปัจจุบันเพื่อแก้ปัญหา รวมทั้งพยายามสรุปองค์ความรู้ที่ยังไม่มีคำตอบ และแนวนโยบายที่พอจะเป็นไปได้ท้ายที่สุด รายงานฉบับนี้พยายามนำเสนอตัวอย่างของแรงจูงใจอันจะนำไปสู่การเปลี่ยนแปลงเพื่อให้ผู้ป่วย แพทย์ โรงพยาบาล บริษัทยาได้ตระหนักถึงปัญหา และใช้ยาอย่างเหมาะสม มีความเป็นไปได้ของการใช้นโยบายจำกัดการเบิกค่ารักษาพยาบาล เพื่อลดการใช้ยาต้านจุลชีพเกินความจำเป็น ในองค์กรที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการประกันสุขภาพ แพทย์และสมาคมวิชาชีพแพทย์ต่างๆควรยอมรับแนวทางการรักษา ที่ไม่เอื้อต่อการใช้ยาต้านจุลชีพที่ไม่เหมาะสมให้เป็นมาตรฐานเดียวกัน รัฐบาลควรส่งเสริมโครงการต่างๆอย่างชัดเจน เพื่อเพิ่มแรงจูงใจ หรือผลักดันโรงพยาบาลต่างๆให้มีการควบคุมการติดเชื้อดีขึ้น และส่งเสริมผู้ผลิตยาให้มีการวิจัยค้นคว้ายาใหม่ๆ การรณรงค์ในภาคประชาชนให้มีส่วนร่วม รับรู้ปัญหาการติดเชื้อดื้อยาต้านจุลชีพ มีส่วนสำคัญที่จะผลักดันให้เกิดการแก้ปัญหานี้
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2004 source: HSRI 
title: Manual on qualitative research for health professionals 
abstract:The report is a result of an ongoing process of developing manual on qualitative
research for health professionals. The process of drafting the manual was a participatory
developmental process involving researchers as well as health professionals which are
targeted as the end users of the manual. Beginning with a manuscript developed by a group
of researchers at the Society and Health Institute, the draft manuscript was used as a manual
for an experimental training workshop for a group of health professionals. Participants of the
workshop were asked to reflect and suggest ways to improve the manual. Suggestions were
used to rewrite the manual and it will be tested by further trainings before final version could
be made available. The current report is therefore in its initial stage and needs further
refinement.
The purpose of this manuscript is to serve as an introductory manual for qualitative
research. It aims at providing health personnel with basic understanding of research work
and exercise for increasing necessary research skill. The manuscript is divided into four
chapters. The first chapter provides philosophical foundation for understanding how
knowledge is created in different modes of research work. It also explains the fundamental
principles and the differences between qualitative and quantitative research. The second
chapter discusses how to relate problems in everyday working situation of health workers to
research work. The third chapter discusses the methodological aspects of qualitative
research, starting with how research questions are formulated. Methods for data collection
are extensively elaborated with examples. Research tools and exercises are also included.
The final chapter discusses how qualitative data is analyzed and interpreted. Techniques on
report writing, presentation and how to make use of qualitative research results are also
incorporated in this chapter. Useful bibliographies on research design and methodology are
provided for further study. Techniques on proposal development and how to write a good
research proposal are also provided in the annex.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2001 source: HSRI 
title: Primary care service model for eastern region community 
abstract:The purpose of this action research was to develop the primary care service model for eastern region community , Thailand .  The process of developing was following	Step  1	To survey health status and health care service’s needs of people from 4 diversity communities including sub-urban, fishery industrial and agricultural community.  The questionnaires were administered from 1583 people and the semi-structured interview as well as in-depth interview method were carried out to gather data from 17 health care providers and community leaders.	Step  2	To analyze the primary care service that provide at 22 health care service including district health care center , community hospital metropolitan health center provincial and regional hospital 	Step  3	To synthesize the primary care service model from view of health care providers , community leaders , clients and villagers.	Step  4	To reflect the created primary care service model by villagers , health care , experts , nurse , educators , local politician and community leaders.	Step  5	To establish the primary care service model for eastern region community.   The results concluded that the people in eastern region were found non appropriate health behavior (30-50 percent) and need to be empowered in self caring.  The characteristics of the primary care service model are.1.  To should be closed to people’s house and accessible 2.  Existing district health care center should be developed to be primary care center according to this model or set up a new one.3.  Participatory management in one of key strategies in managing primary care center.  Four parties should be considered to be the committee.  They are health care team , villagers , community organization and non government organization related to the community.4.  Financial support should come from both government and local community.5.  Primary care service should provided health care across lifespan with health promotion , prevention , cure and rehabilitation focusing on promoting health learning activities.6.  Monitoring of primary care service and quality control should be continually practice and developed.7.  Qualified alternative primary care service and health net working should be established for complementary and selected service.8.  Professional nurse should be main provider at the primary care center and play role as a family nurse.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Important factors influencing readiness, barriers and supporting crateria for Good Manufacturing Practice(GMP) among pharmaceutical manufacturers 
abstract:Important Factors Influencing Readiness, Barriers and Supporting Criteria for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Among Pharmaceutical Manufacturers	The objectives of this project were to investigate the problems and barriers in performing the GMP encountered by local pharmaceutical manufacturers ; to follow up the GMP inspection process ; and to find out the readiness and supporting criteria for conforming to the new GMP regulations. The target group of this study was 176 local modern pharmaceutical manufacturers ( 129 GMP-approved and 47 non-approved). The sample was obtained by stratified sampling technique, and the data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and brain-storming processes.   	The GMP-approved manufacturers stated that budget was the most important factor for GMP approval ; this factor covered the cost of premises, personnel and documentation. Once the GMP was obtained, as pressure was put on those manufacturers to maintain their GMP performance, inevitably an increase of budget was required. The GMP non-approved manufacturers reported that lack of GMP consultant was the most important problem. They responded that the criteria of GMP inspection was unclear and inaccurate, since each inspector followed different standards, and this resulted in the repeated correcting of the same subject matter. About 58 % of the manufacturers agreed to have GMP enforcement so that the Thai manufacturers and Thai medicines could be upgraded to international level. Those who did not agree reasoned that the current problems or limitations regarding the GMP criteria should be solved as the first priority. Moreover, the declare of GMP regulation may bring unforeseen costs.  	GMP performance in the pharmaceutical manufacturers must be supported with full process i.e. problem solving and specification of development direction. The following issues should be reconsidered : reviewing of government policy relevant to international standard GMP ; import of pharmaceuticals ; promoting the pharmaceutical market nationwide and internationally ; and the roles of the Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO). The suggestion for further development were as follows : to set up a GMP guideline and consultant team, and to further support and assist the manufacturers to strengthen their potential in pharmaceutical exports.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1999 source: HSRI 
title: The survey and baseline data processing about 0-6 years child care centres in Thailand 
abstract:The Survey and Baseline Data Processing about 0-6 Years Child Care Centres in Thailand		The purpose of this study was to explore Thailand’s child care centers for children aged 0-6 so as to bring the data as inputs to improve the child care centers. Secondary data were mainly used while some data were collected by interviewing responsible staff and asking a number of foundations and private organizations which had the child care centers.  The data collection process was carried out between December 1998 and February 1999. All of the data were analyzed and categorized into general information e.g. administrative, educational, nursing and information system of the child care centres. The research team also developed the computer program for database management so called Relational Database Management System composed of menu, tools for processing data, operational options, reporting and object creation in forms of table, questionnaire and texts. The team recommended Thailand’s child care centers be initially developed the less complicated system for example the children’s information system, the teachers’ information system, the inventory system and the budgeting system. Each database system should be free from each other. Tools for developing the database management system could be Microsoft ForPro, Microsoft Access, Lotus Approach. More importantly, the staff involved should be trained to be familiar with the use of various kinds of information technology.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1999 source: HSRI 
title: Resource allocation for improving quality of life of the aged: a proposed guideline 
abstract:Resource allocation for improving  quality of life of the aged: a proposed guidelineThe findings from the study  showed  that  in the year 1997 all kinds of government pensions and gratuities  totalled 24.7 billion bahts  while the medical expenses for the retired government officials added up to around 1.9 billion baths. Both items amounted to 3 percent of total governmental budget  or around 3.2 percent of governmental revenue from taxation. The study also forecasts the serie of these expenditures  until  the year 2011,  which is the last year of the Working-Plan for Welfare and Public Assistance Program to the Aged (1999-2011).  It was estimated that in the year 2011,   total expenditures for the retired public servants will amount to 2.24 , 10.85  , 11.97  , and 13.59 percents of the gross domestic products,  the total governmental budget, the total governmental revenues, and the revenue from taxation respectively.As to the amount of public welfare spent for the aging-poors  on housing and the service-centres, a much larger proportion  of the budget  go to the administrative cost. For the monthly living allowances, less than 50 percent of total needy-aging persons have accessed to it. Similarly, less than 50 percent of total budget for medical aid to the poors have been allocated to the needy aging persons who hold old-aged medical cards.  The study forecasts that welfare expenses that spend through the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare and the Ministry of Public Health for the aging-poors  in the year 2011 will amount to 0.15  , 0.75 , 0.83 , and 0.94 percents of the gross domestic products, the total governmental budget, the total governmental revenues, and the revenue from taxation respectively.In addition, the study has analyzed factors determining the out-of-pocket expenses for  medical cares of the aging persons using  the 1994 national survey of the National Statistical Office.  The result was used for estimating the average medical expenditures of  the lowest income group in order to find out the public cost of medical assistance to the aging-poors.  If the government were to grant monthly living allowances of 300 bahts per person together with free medical assistance to all the needy-aged persons, it was calculated that the total cost will add up to 7.1 billion bahts in  the year 2011 which will amount to 0.1, 0.5, 0.56, and 0.63 percents of the gross domestic products,  the total governmental budget,  the total governmental revenue and the total revenue from taxation respectively.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1998 source: HSRI 
title: The outcome study of the decentralize budgeting system of Nonthaburi provincial public health office 
abstract:The decentralize budgeting system of Nonthaburi Provincial Public Health Office 	The effectiveness study of Nonthaburi Provincial Public Health Office (NPPHO) budget allocation was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative ทmethod. The qualitative study was done by indepth interview and focus group discussion with 72staffs from retrospective document analysis The study consisted of two parts :  the first part was carried on during 1997 fiscal year , the second part carries on during 1998 fiscal year. 	The outcome of the first part show that the strategy of NPPHO, which allowed multi health care worker to participate in project developing process, increased both work morale and compliance. The majority of the projects were about health promotion and human resource development. The evaluation about the appropriateness of the project by the relevant between the objectives and existing health problems, the objective and strategies used, the objective strategies and the budget show that the mean was about the middle. The project development was done by whole district health alliance team or separately done by the hospital and district health office the merge the project together to make the district major plan.	The outcome of the second part reveal that appropriateness of the projects improve and there were more health team approach to solve district health problems, and the activities of the project was initiate by the DPHC personal. The study also reveal that every district followed the activities plan of each project. The indepth study of best project of each district show that each of best projects had strong points about activities initiation that correlate with potential of the personal and the health care team.