plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2005 source: HSRI 
title: Management of drinking water system to reduce arsenic contamination using membrane technology 
abstract:A mobile membrane filtration unit was installed for 3 months at Moo 2, in Ronpiboon
District, Amphur Ronpiboon, Na-korn-sri-tham-ma-rat Province, from January to March,
2005. It was to produce arsenic free drinking water, serving 550 families in the area. The unit
comprises of 2.2 kW pump, 1 microfiltration unit (0.5µm), and 1 nanofiltration membrane of
4x40 inch. made from polyamide thin film composite. Water supply for the unit was from
rain water reservoir at the Ron-Na Mountain nearby the district through pipeline system. It
was found that arsenic level in the pipeline water gradually increased from 0.10 to 0.16 ppm.
during the period and water pH was between 4.5-5.2, slightly lower than the accepted level
(6.5-8.5). However, no water treatment was made, except caution was taken during rainy
season, due to some fine sand being flushed into the pipeline system.
 The filtration system produced arsenic free (<0.01 ppm) drinking water at 208 L/h at
the beginning and gradually declined to 198 L/h and the end of the project. The decline of the
production rate indicated some fouling on the membrane. After 2 hour washing, the
production rate was resumed. About 10,000 L of drinking water was produced, which was
rather small compared to the number of families. Questionnaires collected by an NGO in the
area revealed that only 34.6% out of 283 families utilized the water. The major problem was
the distance and most families well prepared during the year by having sufficient water
reserves. However, under water shortage only 42% consumed commercial water. Some
families obtained reserved rain water from their neighbors and others still used water directly
from the pipelines, due to poverty. On 0.50 Baht/L bases, this community spent about 11,000
Baht/mth for house-whole use and 97.5% of the questionnaires preferred to own a filtration
system for community health reason. The estimated cost of drinking water was 0.15 Baht/L,
assuming 10 hour operationg/day at 100 Baht/day wage. This was based on 5 day work/week
in 52 weeks/year.
 This community seemed to be alert on health quality and management. There is SubDistrict Committee meeting monthly, where problems can be raised and solved. It is envisaged
that if the community reaches some support from District Committee, clean drinking water
should be available sufficiently for everyday consumption. Towards the ending of this
project, the sub-district community leader in Moo 2 has sent in a request of 200,000 Baht to
the District Committee for a community drinking water unit. This, in return, an amount of
money will circulate in the community, which should benefit finally to everyone under good
management.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: National health account in Thailand 1996, 1998 
abstract:This was an initiative by local researchers, with an emphasis on putting the NHA system in place.  Two work steps were involved; first, tracking the flow of funds from ultimate sources of finance to financing agencies and second, analyzing the use of funds by financing agencies.  Five ultimate finance sources and twelve financing agencies (7 public and 5 private) were identified.  Use of consumption expenditures was listed under four main categories and 32 sub-categories.	The results from NHA1 in 1994 estimated a total health expenditure of 128,305.11 million baht; 84.07% represented consumption and 15.93% capital formation.  Of total consumption expenditure, 36.14% represented purchasing care from public providers, 32.35% from private providers, 5.93% on administration and 9.65% on all other public health programs.  Public sources of finance were responsible for 48.79% and private sources of finance for 51.21% of the total 1994 health expenditure.  Total health expenditure accounted for 3.57% of GDP (consumption expenditure 3.00% of GDP, capital formation 0.57% of GDP).  However, NESDB estimated 1994 consumption expenditure to be 180,516 million baht or 5.01% of GDP, of which private sources were dominant (82.17%) and the public source played a minor role (17.83%).  The discrepancy of consumption expenditure figures between the two estimates is 2.01% of GDP.  In addition , there is a big gap in the public and private proportion of consumption expenses; 46:54 in NHA1 and 18:82 in NESDB.	From this NHA2 study, the researchers estimated that health care expenditure in 1996 was increasing when compared to the GDP in that year.  But in 1998, health expenditure was decreasing when compared to the GDP in that year.  This was due to the economic crisis in Thailand.  The main decline in health care expenditure was experience by the private sector with a 21% decline., but the expenditure from the government side was still increasing by 10%.  This showed that the government played a big role in protecting people’s health during the economic crisis.  Another finding indicated that individuals tended to spend less on services from both public and private health providers.  They went by themselves to pharmacies and bought medicines to treat themselves.  Although the government increased health care expenditure in general, it decreased its own spending on health prevention and promotion because, due to the economic crisis, the government needed to put more emphasis on treatment and curative services than preventive ones.	In conclusion, a sustainable NHA and utilization of NHA for planning and policy development is a major national objective.  Having a strong NHA structure will enhance the demonstration of how the country’s health resource were spent, what services were provided and who paid for them and will further facilitate international comparison, especially with members of the OECD countries.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1995 source: HSRI 
title: Epidemiology of traffic accident Nongkhai Province 1994-1995 
abstract:Epidemiology of traffic accident in Nongkhai province 1994-1995All of accident cases attended in the provincial hospital and all community hospitals had been interviewed and recorded in a nearly formalized form since June 1994 until May 1995. The one year records of 22,918 accident were classified into 12  categories. There were 25,863 injured cases and 269 fatal cases. 36.6 percent of total accident of 8,388 incidents were traffic accidents, those included 11,236 injured cases and 193 fatal cases. They were calculated as 43.3 percent of total injured cases (1,597.8 per 100,000 of total provincial population) and 71.7 percent of total dead cases. (24.4 per 100,000 of total population) respectively. Number of injures in male was more than in female 27.2 time, most of the cases were in the group of 10-49 years old similarly the number of dead in male was more than in female 4.6 times. The statistic of 61.6 percent of dead cases among the male were commonly in the group aged 10-49 years. Females died in a high percentage of 79.4  were the group aged below 49 years. Farmers, laborers and students (in school and collages) were the groups of high risk.  Most of traffic accidents occurred in the central district (Maung      District) and the second high were located in Phonpisai  District. The number of injured cases increased with in the duration of December to April and abruptly decreased in the duration of May to September and then gradually increased. The dead incidents were less during June to September, 16.00-19.00 hours of Saturday was the hazardous period while the accidents usually  accrued. Slippery road, sliding and fall doing of the motorcycles caused the number of accidents, 87.4 percent of the vehicles involving in the accident had no insurance and 90.3 percent of the drivers had no driving license. Among injured persons and fatal persons (include motorcycle and other automobile) there are 4.2 ,  1.7 percent of driver and 1.7 , 1.8  percent of passenger respectively were antiknock helmet or safety belt (upon kind of vehicle). But smell of consumer alcohol were datable from 28.8 percent of injured person' s breathing. The lesion of injury were commonly found in the extremities, head and face of the injured cases. The first aids before transferring to the hospital seemed to be very scarce.  This study leads to the development of data collecting system and would be useful for accident prevention planning.  Moreover, further study should be done to find out for factors affecting the accidents.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1998 source: HSRI 
title: Social problems of Thai construction workers : a qualitative study 
abstract:Social and Health Problems of Thai Construction Workers: a Qualitative StudyThe qualitative study of the Social and Health Problems of Thai Construction Workers aims to describe the construction  workers life and analize their social and health problems based  on the finding. Phenomenological study was used in both big and small construction sites of 6 provinces, including Cheing Mai,  Khon Kaen, Bangkok, Chonburi, Songkla and Phuket. Observation,  interviews, and focus group discussion that were conducted  during July 1994 - February 1995 and October - November 1997,  were used for data collection. Key informants were construction  workers, foremen, company manager, and government officers. 	The  major findings are as follows: 1.Construction workers were in  a vicious circle situation. 2.Context of construction workers  were lack of skills, uncontinuity, uncertainty, and lack of  supporting organization. 3.Working safety was the most outstanding health problem that caused construction workers  sickness, injury, disability and death. 4.Social and health  problems of the construction workers are caused by the lack of  social awareness, lack of worker power, the weakness of law utilization and the problems of labor relations. 	Recommendation emphasizes on the social management, and competition in global society.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2004 source: HSRI 
title: Community concepts and practices in Thailand's HIV/AIDS responses : a case of the home and community-based care policy 
abstract:This paper concerns the conceptualization, the ideology and the practice regarding the community in the HIV/AIDS responses in Thailand. It reviews the community-related HIV/AIDS research, articles, seminar proceedings as well as documents regarding national plans and policies that have been made available since in the early 1990s. Its main aim is to see how the community was conceptualized, understood and utilized by the Thai government, medical community, academic, NGOs, social activists and people living with HIV and AIDS to fight against the impacts of AIDS both at the national and community levels. In particular, it also investigates the community concepts in discourses regarding the home and community-based care’s policy and practice which were recommended for Thailand in the early 1990s in response to the changing AIDS situation.The paper primarily argues that the sets of concept and discourse concerning the community in the HIV/AIDS responses are problematic and are made and remade over times. It reveals that in the course of AIDS responses, Thailand had utilized several approaches ranging from epidemiological-behavioral approach to good governance and civil society approaches in order to alleviate the negative consequences of the epidemic. Throughout this course, two major community concepts were conceptualized and imposed. The first concept necessarily sees community as the social unit encompassing geographical, administrative and social structures such as formal community leaders, informal leaders, temples, schools and other interest groups at a local level. The latter concept understands the community as the process in which individuals voluntarily come together, and through collective actions they resist the oppressions of others and the external forces that affect their lives negatively. Finally, the paper points out that the application of the community concepts at any stage of the HIV/AIDS responses necessarily contributed to the constraints and effectiveness of the home and community-based care approach which has been robustly encouraged by the Thai government since in 1997.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Health expenditure model 
abstract:Health expenditure model	This report presents the findings of the research "Health Expenditure Model" which consists of a review of related literature and the health expenditure model. 	The review of related research work identifies 3 groups of study on health care expenditures: group A measures and estimates health care expenditures of countries by developing national health accounts (NHA) showing sources of financing for health care. Group B analyzes the difference in health care expenditures among countries at a macro level, utilizing regression analysis of cross section data. The findings from such studies using data of developed countries indicate that national income is the most important factor determining aggregate health care expenditures. Group C studies health expenditures at a micro level, using cross section data from surveys of household income and expenditures in a regression analysis to find the relationship between household health care expenditures and household income and other socio-economic variables. It is found that income is not a very important determinant of household health care expenditures as in the macro study.When comparing the 3 groups of studies, it can be concluded that group A or NHA studies can identify the size of the society's resources used in health activities either in the public or the private sector, in consumption or investment, but it provides a picture at a certain point in time. It does not serve as a tool for forecasting future health expenditures, nor for explaining the changes in health expenditures resulting from external factors and government interventions.	Studies in Group B which construct a model and use a regression analysis can provide an explanation of factors determining health expenditures and of differences in health expenditures among countries, but they cannot say much about health policy directions and health budget determination.	Group C studies on household health care expenditures are studies at a micro level which derive different findings and conclusions from those derived from a micro study.When comparing the 3 groups of studies, it can be concluded that group A or NHA studies can identify the size of the society's resources used in health activities either in the public or the private sector, in consumption or investment, but it provides a picture at a certain point in time. It does not serve as a tool for forecasting future health expenditures, nor for explaining the changes in health expenditures resulting from external factors and government interventions.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Futures research on Thai drug system 
abstract:Objectives: This research was carried out to illustrate the most likely and most desirable scenarios of drug system in Thailand in the next decade. This included identification and analysis of the prominent agents of change and the suggestion of strategic plans to facilitate desirable events and the elimination of  undesirable events.  	Methodology: It took the form of a qualitative research. Focus Group meetings, Ethnographic Delphi, and Interview In-depth techniques gathered the appropriate information. Nearly one hundred experts from the pharmaceutical sphere, including manufacturers, importers, drug stores, government regulators, non-government organization workers, drug users (professional and layman) and other related fields participated in eight Focus Group meetings in which guided imaginary and cross impact analysis techniques were used to compose the most desirable scenario.  Three key resource persons with high social recognition were interviewed in order to envisage the most desirable scenario.	Results:  Competition, systems of control, drug-use behaviors, knowledge and the mass media were identified as the main structure of drug-use system. The pricing system has a high impact on pharmaceutical manufacturing and marketing systems.  The most desirable scenario was divided into two parts as: change of environment (political system, national policy, knowledge-based society, and trend of healthcare behavior) and change of the existing drug system (perspective I: production, distribution, utilization, controlling; perspective II: product, price, place, promotion, and personnel).  The manufacturing and government controlling systems would be in a stage of decline in the future, while distribution and utilization systems would be transformed in order to create a more effective situation. A group discussion was initiated to reveal the picture of the Thai drug system of the future.	The most desirable scenario was illustrated in the perspectives of drug use behavior and competition of pharmaceutical market.  Equity in drug accessibility, preventative drug use and integrated medicine would offer the most benefit to the entire population.  Evolution of healthcare and the drug system at three levels (system, structure, and process) should be performed at the same time.  Thai demand of drugs should indicate the appropriate level of drug supply in order to effectively balance demand and supply in the Thai pharmaceutical market.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2001 source: HSRI 
title: Search for methods to develop the health service model at  Sirinthorn hospitals : a case study of the community by the dam 
abstract:Search for Methods to Develop the Health Service Model at Sirinthorn Hospital : A Case Study of the Community by the Dam.	This study is a qualitative study and uses the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) technique to study a community. The purpose is to find a model for the public health service for the promotion of health in the hospital for the community around the dam, so that is consistent with the operating principles and accepted by the community. Semi-structured interview was used to collect information by interviewing informants in the community and informants at the family level. The data obtained was analyzed collectively for content, and then taken to the community for approval.	The results of the study were that the community around the dam was in a drought area, without rice fields and without their own land for farming for their living. The main occupation of the inhabitants of the area was general labourer. It is a community which is strongly dependent on outside, both for occupation and food which must be found outside the community.	People in the community have 3 forms of treatment seeking behaviour when sick, which can be separated depending on type of illness: emergency illness, chronic illness and general illness. Each type of illness has its own pattern of acceptance and treatment. Villagers still having wrong understanding and acceptance with regard to health promotion behaviour in some aspects, especially some old beliefs such as using anti-biotics for the treatment of all diseases,using condensed milk for rearing babies etc.	When studying ways in which the community and the hospital can collaborate in implementation of health promotion work, it was found that people with an important role were villagers, village leaders, village health volunteers and hospital personnel or public health officers. Villagers realize and see the importance of health promotion and see that they should be educated to create correct behaviour and stress the development of village health volunteers so that they have greater credibility. The setting up of a health network should be stressed in the community, as well as giving information about using medicine, and stressing health education which is consistent with the needs of the community. Also, the hospital should stress the development of an aggressive service system, with an active team working with the community.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Persuit of rights and equity in health : social and cultural perspectives for health care reform in Thailand 
abstract:Pursuit of rights and equity in health: social and cultural perspectives for health care reform in ThailandThis research is aimed to understand people conceptualization of rights and equity in health from Thai socio-cultural perspective.The research is exploring how people construct meaning of rights and equity in general and how they applied it in issues of health and health care. Numbers of civil organizations are selected based on their local establishment and their concern for local social, health, economics and environmental problems. Members of these organization are selected interview to represent diverse social and economic background of people in the local areas. Focus group interview is applied to bring people opinion,   conceptualization of the terms rights and equity as well as how they see right and equity in health fit their frame of thought.This research try to understand people perception of their current equity in health and their actual needs as well as expectation for better health care. The result of this research is expected to be use in finding direction, patterns or model for health care reform that in concert with human right and equity. Information provided here could be useful for policy implementation and health care reform. This research reveals that civil society/people organization in Thailand has not yet active in raising issues of health as right. When question of right asked people interpret it differently. One set of perspective stress rights of individual. Some groups discussed right of individual provided by law and considered it as to have individual choice. Some groups emphasize the interrelation between individual and community right that "one should have, should be and should receive." Another perspective focuses on rights as social, public, and cultural affairs. However, most people reflex that in the current situation of Thailand, people have not have any right to determined what should be their rights. They have no participation in formulating the right and  do not know what rights they have or granted by the government. They conceived that rights that are provided by the government today are not what common people want. People criticized that government set out rules and regulations without considering social circumstances and cultural tradion of the people. Therefore, many of those rules are not used and sometimes inapplicable. The term equity is too abstract for every groups interviewed in this research. Most people think of it in the same was as equity, particulary when they assess the inequity to health care service.