plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Alternative Health 
abstract:Alternative Health System Development in Thailand:Knowledge Synthesis on Health System Reform	Alternative health system development in Thailand were studied by reviewing international literature. The contents were synthesised to find appropriate development for alternative health system in Thailand to propose contexts which should be in National Health Bill. The study recommended development of alternative health system be integrated into mainstream of health system in order to achieve comprehensive and holistic health which correspond to Thai culture. Health alliance was considered as a major mechanism for reforming. To develop alternative health system, the Committee for Alternative Health System should be set up under the National Health Council to determine policy, direction and its system structure,the Alternative Health Institute should be an entity developing knowledge, supporting its network and being the secretary for the Committee,the Sub-committee for the Committee for Alternative Health System should be responsible for consideration based on determined principles, the Sub-committee would propose contexts for amendment to either regulations or laws to insure alternative health care,alternative health should be supported to be other professional-liked organisations and be supported for research development,representatives for consumer group should be positioned in the Committee
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2005 source: HSRI 
title: Traffic victim protection act in the contest of universal coverage : What are the reform option 
abstract:Traffic Victim Protection Act was implemented since 2535. Though it is a mandatory scheme, instead of public sector, the for profit private insurance companies are the carriers of the scheme. The Scheme compensates healthcare based on fee for services and maximum liability, a lump sum death and disability compensation are also granted. Financial report in 2545 indicated a net premium of 7,003 million Baht collected, with very high administrative cost (41%) and low loss ratio (52%), and inadequate cover all traffic victims. There is a need for a major reform in the context of achieving Universal Healthcare Coverage in Thailand in 2545. 	The objectives of this study are to estimate total resource requirement (for medical care, death and disability compensation) for all traffic accident victims, to estimate how much would the government introduce additional gasoline tax to cover all traffic victims, and provide policy choices for reform. 	Based on secondary sources of information, it was estimated that total resource requirement for all traffic accident victims would be 7,158 million Baht in 2545, of which 63% for inpatient care, 16% for pre-hospital care, 15% for death compensation, 5% for ambulatory care and 1% for disability. 	Household consumption of gasoline from the 2545 household socio-economic survey conducted by National Statistical Office was used to compute total litre of different types of gasoline consumed by household categorized by income deciles. To generate the total 7,158 million Baht to cover all traffic victims, the government has to raise 0.32 Baht to a litre of gasoline, given no price elasticity of demand by all household deciles. Several scenario of raising gasoline tax was proposed. We recommend the least regressive option, 0.26 Baht per litre for all type of gasoline except Octane 95, and collection 0.55 Baht per litre of Octane 95. 	Two goals of reform are identified: to cover all traffic victims (both caused by the insured and non-insured cars) and appropriate Scheme administrative cost. 	Three reform options were proposed based on sources of finance, option one generate revenue from premium contribution by car owners, option two from general tax and option three from dedicated gasoline tax. Analysis indicates that option two and three are neither politically feasibility nor socially acceptable. Three choices of reform under option one were identified: conservative, minor and major reforms. We recommend a major reform. This is to sub-contract the Department of Land Transport to collect premium while the mandatory annual renewal of car license. The large part of premium would be transferred to the National Health Security Office (NHSO) to cover all victims for medical care, death and invalidity compensations. The second preferred choice is minor reform, sub-contracting private insurance companies to collect premium, the large part of premium would be transferred to the NHSO.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2003 source: HSRI 
title: Survey of health status and drug utilization of people in community 
abstract:This study “ Survey of health status and drug utilization of people in Community “ is one of the studies in research series “ Role of drug store in the Universal Coverage (UC) Program” 	Since the government implemented the universal coverage policy and started the UC Program, profession is urged to improve the role of drug store. Drug store, which is a primary health care setting for community, should be able to response to people’s need under the change of national health system. University Pharmacy (UniPham) is the only drug store in Thailand that participated in the UC program as a sub-contractor of Mahasarakham Hospital.	University Pharmacy, an enterprise body of Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mahasarakham University, was established with an objective  to be a community practice setting that supports learning process in Doctor of Pharmacy program.	The complete role of health care setting needs to include both active and passive health services. It has accepted that drug stores preformed passive role in health services for a long time. Health promotion and health prevention are new challenge roles for them.	Mahasarakham Hospital assigned Nakkhawichai community to be a study area for University Pharmacy to implement its active health activities. In order to achieve this new role. Understanding of health status and drug utilization in community is a prerequisite for the University Pharmacy to plan an active public health intervention.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: The effectiveness of health education activity with support from village health volunteers to preventive on hemorrhagic fever and diarrhea among family health leaders in Trang province 
abstract:The effectiveness of Health education activity with Social support from Village Health Volunteers to Preventive behaviour on hemorrhagic fever and diarrhea among Family health Leaders in Trang Province	The research aims to evaluate the effected of health education by social support of village health volunteer. The PRECEDE model to diagnose the effected of knowledge and behavior for preventing Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Diarrhea of the family health leader.  The results from this research aim to apply for planning and group processing for changing behavior of family health leader. The quasi experimental model is research design. The family health leaders were sampling from 4 villages of tambol Nakhaosia in Nayong district.  There are one village was a Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever preventing project and another one was a Diarrhea preventing project village. The other two villages are control area. The samples collected from 60 people of any village by interview form, observation form and social support asses form. The data were collected pre-intervention and after 6 month intervention. The media intervened are video, poster and documentary sheet. 	The results found that family health leaders have a significant changing behavior for preventing Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Diarrhea. They have improving in knowledge of disease, risk factors, violence of disease. The results also showed the social support are significant relation for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Diarrhea prevention behavior.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1999 source: HSRI 
title: The Price Comparison of US Drugs imported to Thailand 
abstract:The price comparison of US drugs inported to ThailandThe price differential of drugs, calculated by item, group and purchasing power parity (PPP), was conducted to compare drug price between Thailand and the U.S. The 209    samples accounted for 34.9 percent of the total import, or 12.9 percent of the total import and manufactured. The comparison by item showed that 17 drugs in Thailand were more  expensive than in the U.S. The total import of the 17 items was 17,491,517 US dollars. Of these drugs, four of them were AIDS/virus drugs and five were antibiotics. The comparison analysis by therapeutic group showed that AIDS/virus group were priced 6percent higher in Thailand than in the U.S. where ones of antihypertensive drugs, phychotropic drugs, anticancer agents, miscellaneous group, cardiac drugs, antibiotics, vasodilating agents and antiinflammatory agents were(percent) 18.7,  24.3, 28.1,  45.0,  49.2,  47.5,  73.1 and  73.6  differences respectively.   Comparison by registration type demonstrated higher price of the new drugs over the old drugs category with percentage of differences at(percent) 20.0 and 44.4 lower in Thailand than in the U.S.  Comparison by dosage for did not show significant differences among groups of injection, tablet and capsule; and other form which were 38.0,  37.4 and  34.4  lower in Thailand than in the U.S. respectively. Comparison by using the 1995 PPP (Thai PPP=28 and U.S. PPP=100) indicated that most imported drug were charged more in Thailand than in the U.S. expect antiinflammatory drugs and vasodilating agents.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1998 source: HSRI 
title: Non-government organization's health promotion programs Thailand's case study : Bicycle Riding club for health 
abstract:Non-government Organizations’ Health Promotion Programs Thailand’s Case Study : Bicycle Riding Club for Heatlh	The Riding Club for Health was one of the NGOs having a number of continuous activities to encourage health promotion. This study was to review the club’s activities since its establishment to determine factors supporting its success. Large portion of information was derived through interviewing the club’s committee and members in addition to its bulletin and printed document. Additional information was collected by the use of questionnaire to ask the club participants. The analysis framework was the principles of analyzing organization, work system, organization’s strategies and human resource. The Ottawa’s Charter emphasizing partnership development to support health promotion programs was also used for analysis. 	The Bicycle Riding Club was originated from those who loved bike-riding gathering to do outdoor activities with bike-riding in addition to campaign on environment and health promotion. The club administration was in form of committee with no compensation for them. The club grew up in size of members and activities later networking with domestic and international ridging clubs. The club was a good example of encouraging tourism with bicycles prior to health promotion campaign given that health promotion was a by-product of tourism. The important strategy of the club was to seek partnerships in order to create social power for health policy development. The partnership whose interest was similar was likely to be sustainable. Nevertheless, some activities like the bike pathway and natural environment campaign did not achieve their objectives on account of lacking continuous campaign resulted from the fact that all members were volunteered. Lastly, despite the club nationally accepted as one of the health promotion organizations, the extent of the club members’ health holistic understanding which was the most important principle of promoting health, was still doubted.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1998 source: HSRI 
title: Evaluation of strategy and technology for safer road project 
abstract:Evaluation of strategy and technology for “Safer Road” projectThe study was to review knowledge and research results on various technologies used for reducing road accidents and increasing road safety to propose policy decision makers and operational offices for consideration. The 6 technologies were proposed, which were 1) red light camera for those violating traffic light and driving above speed limit, 2) motocycle lane, 3) road safety monitoring, 4) programs for relaxing bus and truck drivers, 5) annually effective vehicle check-up, 6) tax measures for promoting equipment which is used for road safety. However, the use of such technologies needs changes to existing policy and requires some preparation for example implementation of pilot projects and establishment of training programs.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2003 source: HSRI 
title: Development of a Primary Care Model: A Case Study of Khun Khong Health Center, Hang-Dong District, Chiang Mai Province 
abstract:This participatory action research  aimed to study and develop a primary health care  service model based on the social and cultural  context of the northern part of Thailand, roles of professional nurses and health teams as well as conditions that   reflect the health outcome of  people. This study was conducted  in the area that is the responsibility of the Khun Khong health center, Hang-dong District, Chiang Mai Province. Data were collected from health care providers and clients, who were  health personnel, community  leaders, and villagers, by observation, interview and focus group discussion. Data were  used   to  develop a primary health care service model. Data analysis was made by summarsing the developmental process and lessons learned. Results: It was found that  the primary health care unit  lacked  support in term of human resources and health personnel lacked experience in providing proactive holistic health care services and primary medical care.   Participation from villagers and the local community committee was limited.  In terms of management, financial support from the primary health care contractor was delayed. From the findings,  with cooperation from health personnel, community leaders and research team, a plan was developed  to enhance the ability of health personnel and community leaders to be more understanding and confident of providing proactive holistic health services. The developmental process was done  by reflecting on data and needs, training, learning from best practice communities and creating understanding among  villagers in the communities. As a result, health personnel had more understanding and had more ability to provide care for the villagers. However,  the guidelines and management of primary health care from the province health office was unstable therefore, the proactive health care  services at the  health center level was not well supported, which resulted  in ineffective services.Regarding  the roles of the health team in the primary health care unit, it was found that nurses had a major role  in providing care because of the number of other health professionals was still  limited even though all professions are needed  at primary health care units. Therefore, nurses are the major professionals in  providing holistic  health care services.The results from the study suggested that for enabling primary health care service to be  more effective, there was a need for  clear  policies for the development of health personnel in health promotion services by focusing on participation from the  community, planning, implemention  and continuing supervision  by the primary health care contractor. Personnel development  should have various activities such as  training, reflecting and conducting forums,  and learning from best practice communities.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1999 source: HSRI 
title: Health policy evaluation for the elderly persons 
abstract:Health Policy Evaluation for the Elderly persons	Problems of health policy for elderly population in Thailand were the uncertainty of how well the policy has met the elderly’s health needs and covered such a group. Additionally, life quality resulted from the policy implementation and supportive system to the policy were less evaluated than the quantity of policy coverage. The elderly policy evaluation in this study was to review formal document relevant to the policy, to interview and observe key stakeholders including a number of policy makers, health administrators at provincial and district level and key health officials at community level. These key informants were sampled by multi-stage sampling technique. 	The current policy for the elderly aims at encouraging 70% or more elderly to have proper self-care behaviors, having 50% or more aged people receive comprehensive care from public health facilities and expanding free health care for all elderly. The policy comprised health care plan, health promotion plan, health behavior development plan and health insurance plan. The study found problems of putting the policy into practice for example lack of actual supportive system e.g. budgeting system and health official incentive system, lack of proper information based planning system. The policy evaluation was more likely to evaluate in terms of coverage than quality of policy implementation. Health promotion was much emphasized at the operational level while health services needs were largely unmet.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2005 source: HSRI 
title: Co-payment in universal coverage scheme : A policy analysis 
abstract:Universal Coverage Scheme was nation-wide launched by the government in October 2001. The scheme was financed by general tax revenue with literally free access to contractor primary care unit (PCU) and registered hospitals. A nominal fee (co pay), 30 Baht per visit or per admission, was introduced for UC Pay member (UCP).  UC exempted (UCE) members who were the ex-members of Low Income Scheme, the elderly, children under 12 years, monks, war veterans, and village health volunteers were exempted from the co pay. Current policy debates focused on the appropriateness of co pay level to deter any unnecessary demand for care as well as capacity to generate some revenue to finance the scheme. 	This study examined and classified income quintiles of UCE and UCP members, service utilization rate of UCP, and total revenue generate from co pay.  The study also proposed several scenarios for reform in both directions (termination and increase of co pay). The 2003 Health and Welfare Survey (HWS) conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) was the dataset used for the analysis. 	There was a substantial portion of the poorest (29%) and the poor (25%) quintiles among UCP members, and a small portion of the rich (9%) and the richest (4%) quintiles among UCE members. Estimate revenue from co pay was probably negligible. This was 1,073 million Baht in FY2003 or 1.9% of total capitation budget financed by the government.  Co pay was advocated to deter unnecessary demand among users, but this study proposed that it might not be necessary for IP as admissions were clinically indicated under global budget plus DRG payment system. However, co pay might be necessary for ambulatory services as contractors were in weaker positions to contain demand. 	We would recommend that any reform of co pay should over-haul the issuance of UCE and UCP to better targeting as a pre-requisite.  Co pay was not a significant resource generation tool to finance UC scheme compared to capitation.  Co pay for IP should be terminated to abolish barrier to health services and prevent patients’ welfare loss, there was literally no moral hazard as providers have no incentive to unnecessary admit patients. Finally, co pay should be terminated at HC level in order to advocate use of primary care. In the meantime, research to provide evidence if there was a moral hazard among UC members as well as quantifying the magnitude of moral hazard is needed, prior to major revision of this policy.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2001 source: HSRI 
title: The reform in disease prevention and control 
abstract:The Reform in Disease Prevention and Control	The authors present examples of damages and disasters caused by a panic of Plague in India, an epidemic of mad cow disease in Europe, an embargo on imports of seafood from epidemic-stricken countries. These damages are due to mistakes in using technical knowledge in the control and prevention of diseases. This report also points out that non-communicable diseases are important and require a lot of technical knowledge to tackle.	It is proposed that reform in disease prevention and control should be divided into two parts: intelligence and operational services.	Intelligence services an intelligence organization, namely Institutes for Heath Surveillance, should be set up to be independent of the Ministry of Public Health. It should be an autonomous body governed by a board chaired by the Minister of Public Health. The duties of the Institute are: to gather technical knowledge related to disease control and prevention, both domestic and international; to continuously develop the country database systems for monitoring communicable and non-communicable diseases; to cooperate with the international community; to conduct and support research projects on disease control, and to develop human resources. The institute must have proper strategies for management  that can coordinate resources among all domestic and international technical bodies. The institute must also be very efficient in mobilizing resources from all relevant sources. It is not necessary to have epidemiologists for all diseases, or regional branches or its own comprehensive laboratory. However, it should have budgets and the ability to make use of  academics in other institutions and to work with the network of laboratories in every part of the country efficiently.	Operational Services    The operation of disease prevention and control can be divided into two parts; firstly the clinical process such as immunization, screening, treatment and prevention of disease complications and secondly measures other than public health services, e.g. social and legal measures, improvement on safety and environment, regulation of industrial and agricultural products, etc.	The Ministry of Public Health should be responsible for disease prevention and control in the following areas: regulating rules, securing central budgets to support local needs, procuring supportive materials for local communities, providing special clinics for certain diseases, monitoring disease prevention and control activities.	Clinical control will largely be under the responsibility of the health services, whose quality is assured by hospital accreditation processes.  The Institutes for Health Surveillance would have to set standards for the quality of services related to preventive care, regardless of whether the service providers is private or under central or local governments control.