plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: A situation on environment and health in Thailand 
abstract:A Situation on Environement and Health  in Thailand	The population of Thailand has increased from 26 million to 62 million in the past 40 years. The increase had led to tremendous activities in economic and social development such as the development of land, agriculture and farming, fishery, energy, industries, transportation and tourism. These developments resulted in climatic change and environmental problems including physical chemical biological and social environment. Unplanned industrialization and urbanization, and the influx of rural population into cities had created environmental pollution and social stress in those area. Bangkok, the capital city with an estimated population of 10 million, and provinces in vicinity are facing problems of air, water, land, and noise pollution, hazardous substances and waste, food hygiene, unsafe housing and workplace. These environmental pollutants may enter human body either by eating, breathing, or skin contact. Health impact may vary from annoyance to discomfort, mild symptoms, severe illnesses, injury, disability, or death, depending on several factors such as type and amount of pollutants, exposure time and route of entry. 	Mortality statistics of Thai population during B.E. 2534 – 2541 indicated that hearth disease was the highest cause of death throughout the period, followed by cancers, accidents, poisoning-intoxication, blood hypertension and stroke, injury/suicide/murdered, pneumoconiosis and other lung diseases, liver and pancreas diseases, and kidney disease.	For infectious diseases, the highest illness was diarrhea, followed by pneumonia, hemorrhagic fever, food poisoning, malaria, salmonellosis-shigellosis, influenza, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and measles.	Among these leading deaths and illnesses, there are several diseases that could be caused by exposure to either individual or multiple pollutants of physical, chemical, biological form and social factors. However, it is always difficult to pin point the exact causative environmental or social factors. This is due to the incomplete or unknown exposure history and the complexity of dose-response mechanisms of those factors on physiological change and etiologies of diseases, cancer, for example. Nevertheless, the results from animal studies could be cautiously extrapolated to human for the sake of prevention and control of adverse health effects and sustainable socio-economic development.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2001 source: HSRI 
title: Process and outcomes study on rehabilitation service for hemiplegic patient causing by stroke at the Sirindhon National Medical Rehabitation Center 
abstract:Process and Outcome Study on Rehabilitation Service for Hemiplegic Patient Causing by Stroke at the Sirindhorn National Medical Rehabilitation Center Stroke or Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is the main leading cause of health problem among Thai population.  The advance medical technology help the stroke victims to survive longer with another kind of problem, physical impairment and disability.  Rehabilitation is another health care intervention which play a major role in restoring physical function and supporting them to return to their own home.	The study objective is to analyse the process and outcomes of the in-patient stroke rehabilitation of the Sirindhorn national Medical Rehabilitation center.  It was found that stroke with hemiplegia took about 25 percent of the total nuber of admission.  One hundred and thirty-seven stroke victims were admitted 166 times within five years (fiscal year 1995-1999) while 111 admissions (cases) was recruited.	Among 111 cases, the ratio of male:female was 3:2 whereas the mean age was 60.67+11.96 years (95%CI.= 58.42-62.92 yrs.).  Those were left hemiplegia 2-3 times more than right hemiplegia.  Seventy-five percent of those could be determined the type of CVD which showed that infarction is 2 times over than haemorrhage.	The average length of stay (LOS) was 44.22+28.36 days (95%CI. = 38.88-49.55 days) while 7 and 150 days were used as the trimming points.  When the trimming points were substituted with 13 and 84 days, the average LOS became 42.31+19.11 days (95%CI. = 38.18-46.43 days)	According to the outcomes study, 13/48 cases of the year 1999 were recruited.  It was shown that 10/13 cases were partial independent in performing the activities of daily living while 7/13 cases could walk independently.  Moreover, the qualitative data of 4 selected cases pointed that they are still seeking for the treatment and rehabilitation which might cure the disability.  Most of the costs for such a health care process were the family's out of pocket money.	The results of the study revealed the deficiency of the health care system such as; lacking of the standard of stroke rehabilitation service, non-systematic and unreliable medical record, lacking of the outcome measures for monitoring and evaluation etc..  It was suggested that the quality improving process should be implemented especially at the Sirindhorn National Medical Rehabilitation center, the only national medical rehabilitation institute in Thailand.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2002 source: HSRI 
title: Quality assurance of health promotion services in provincial health system 
abstract:Health promotion service is the most important component of the Universal Health Care Coverage Scheme. However, many evidences suggest that its quality could be directly and indirectly impaired, mainly because of capitation payment mechanism. Consequently, quality assurance system is necessary. Most of the national quality assurance systems in Thailand concentrate on curative care instead of health promotion. However, there are a number of quality assurance initiatives in many provinces. In order to set up the efficient system, extensive review of the current situation and ideal solution should be conducted. In this study, literatures regarding quality assurance of health promotion services will be analyzed. Information on existing and expected quality assurance system and factors affecting the quality of health promotion services will be gathered by in-depth and focus-group interview of system experts and medical personnel at the operational level in five provinces—Bangkok, Ayuthaya, Chiang Mai, Nakornratchasima, and Pattani. It can be concluded that quality assurance system of health promotion services is essential. The system should help improve the services by using positive approaches and can merge with some existing quality assurance system. However, there is diverse comprehension among system experts and health care providers regarding the principles and responsibilities of health promotion services. This results in varieties of provincial quality assurance system. Factors that can impact the quality assurance system of health promotion can be categorize into four major aspects—principles and policy, budget, providers, and target population.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2003 source: HSRI 
title: Project for potential development of high risk students for drug addiction in a large secondary school of elementary education department 
abstract:Project for potential development of high risk students for drug addiction in a large secondary school of elementary education department	The aim of this project is to develop student potential for avoiding drugs taking  by involving various groups of people in and outside school.  This project is just only first step of all the process.  It is just to get present situation and means to solve the problem from the various groups of people.	The project started with development of researchers of the two institutes;  Khamkaen Nakorn  secondary school  and  DRC in Khon Kaen province.  They were learned and practiced how to use PAR for data collection from the PAR experts in Khon Kaen university.  From this process,  the researchers were changed their  idea and concept for solving the problem.  They are more positive and more understanding the students’ problem and trying to help them.	Data were also collected from parents and community where students live.  This process make teachers and community  cooperate and coordinate in solving the problem.  Previously parents thought that it is not their role and it is  teacher’s duty only.  After focus group discussion, parents and community understand that they have to work with teachers.  They suggested that all should have common activities.	From this study it is found that PAR is very important tool in changing the ways of thinking in all groups but it takes time and money.  However, the process is still needed to get a suitable development.  So the second phase of the project should be developed and launched soon.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Health care reform in Germany 
abstract:Germany was the first country to institute nationwide insurance-based social and health programs. Three powerful ideas or principles underlie the development of German health insurance and medical care policy, Solidarity, Subsidiarity, and Corporatist organization.   The main roles of government (State and Federal governments) are providing legal framework and regulation while providing of services and insurance are delegated to self-governance agencies, sickness funds, various associations (Association of Sickness Funds, Association of Panel doctor, etc), and health care carriers.The German reform aimed to achieve overall social benefits. Enactment of laws achieved universal access to health care and delegation of public roles to various self-governance bodies enable accountability and transparency of the system. The later reforms intended to control increase of medical care cost to be not exceeding level of income growth and more emphasized on controlling provider and hospital behavior. By conclusion, success of the German health system reform is according to values and principles of the society while economic, political context and increase of health care expenditure determine the need for reform.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2004 source: HSRI 
title: Oral health promotion and prevention process in the contracting unit of primary care under the under the universal health coverage policy : Situation analysis 
abstract:This situation analysis of health promotion and oral disease prevention in the contracting unit of primary health care under the health care coveraage insurance  policy is a qualitative study. The sample consisted of 48 contracting unit of primary health care located in 8 purposively selected studied areas which are Chiangmai, Nhan, Khonkhane, Bureerum, Songkla, Phattalung, Prathumthanee, and Bangkok. The depth interview using semi-structured questionnaire and the observation techniques were used in the stage of data collection. The respondents were the executive officers, those who involved in the health care service under the health insurance for all policy at the province level, dentists, dental hygienists, and resident population. The study period is between July, 2002- March 2003. The summary is reported as followed. The result of this study was the dental benefits specified in the insurance are conformed with the existing dental service provided prior to the insurance program. These include the general dental treatment such as filling, extraction, scaling, root canal treatment, and prosthodontic treatment, and also the heath promotion and prevention activities such as screening for the high risk group, oral health education, dental sealant and fluoride therapy. The main target groups for health promotion and prevention program are the pregnant women attending ANC, preschool children in WBC and child care centers, primary school children and the elderly. But the activities were decreased  because of the increasing of the treatment for dental care in the CUP, approximately 15-20%.  Most dentists were lack of understanding in the concept of health promotion and skill in empowerment for the people to take care themselves. The other workload in the hospital, such as , hospital accreditation activities, were the condition for dentists to step down their oral health care promotion and prevention activities.  However, most of them still had a good attitude for the principle of the health care insurance project, but they were not agree with the propaganda on the “ 30 bath for all treatment “.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2003 source: HSRI 
title: Management factors change towards implementation of health promotion and disease prevention in the universal converage health insurance program : case study provices inPublic Heatlh Region 6 
abstract:This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the effect of management factors the implementation of health promotion and disease prevention in the Universal Coverage Health Insurance Program. The study was conducted in 61 Contracting unit for Primary care (CUP) among 118 CUP of all 7 provinces  of  Regional 6. These provinces are Khon Kaen, Undornthani, Nongkai, Skolnakorn, Loei, Kalasin and Nongbualampoo.  The qualitative methods were applied for data collection.	The results revealed that in The 2002 Fiscal Year, all 7 provinces of regional 6 followed the health for all policy of the Ministry of Public Health closely.  Some  provinces modified organization structure of the division responsible for this task, some province added more unit or additional committee. Each province set up PCU to provide curative, health promotion, disease prevention, rehabilitation and dental public health with proactive work based on family medicine principle. However, there are slightly difference in focus point of this policy which came from different basic thinking of administrator and previous health promotion work. There was adaptation of concept to be based mainly on benefit package. Additional works which clearly showed were family file, house call, and exercise. There was personnel distribution form provincial level to CUP including sending new nursing graduates to work at PCU in some provinces, There were personnel development, budget allocation for health promotion and disease prevention based  on individual card or proportional budget resulting in more budgets for both CUP and PCU and additional supplies for PCU and health center if compared with before project implementation. However, there were still some problems with finance regulation, not much public participation, communication of officers about health promotion. The outcome depended on concepts and supports of chairman of primary health care network which majority of them are still focused on curative rather than health promotion and discase prevention. Budget allocation to PCU had important problem from conflicts between hospital directors and public health district chief. However, there was overall increase in health promotion and disease prevention. Some CUP had project to analyze try to help solving community problems. 	In 2003 budget year, fix cost distribution of budget helped reduce the conflicts between PCU and hospital director and easier implementation, but it reduced incentive to write project to do the work that suit the area. The policy of the Ministry of Public Health to carry out health promotion and disease prevention by separating activities and duration may not suit every area. The reduction of budget allocation to the provinces in the Northeast effected health promotion work especially exercise.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2002 source: HSRI 
title: Roles of subdistrict administration organization (SAO) in environmental health management 2001 
abstract:The objectives of this research were to evaluate the roles and problems of Subdistrict Administration Organization (SAO) in environmental health management. Study issues included the roles, capabilities and obstacles in solid waste management, village water supply management and DHF control. Data collection was done using a questionnaire self-completed by the secretary of SAOs of each of the 514 SAOs. 498 responded (96.9%). Site visitation and in-depth interview of executive board members and the secretaries of SAOs were carried out in 20 subdistricts. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean and standard deviation and content analysis. The results from the questionnaire showed a high level of complaints about solid waste (78.1%) than the problems of clean water and DHF control. (63.3% and 34.5%) The site visitations revealed that solid waste was often dumped on the side of the road. Slow elimination and lack of land for treatment were important problems. Some sites were near water sources. Water supply was often insufficient and there was poor public participation and DHF control. Generally SAOs did not have enough manpower, budget and technology for environmental health management. 73.3% did not have an environmental health committee. The actual income of most SAOs was below the criteria set by law. Although there were many problems as those mentioned above, some SAOs were quite successful in reducing the disposal load, promoting the recycling process and producing bio-fertilizer from garbage. It is recommended that personnel competent in environmental health management are needed for most SAOs. The government should produce a manual for these works and train the personnel properly.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Health secter reform: experiences in ten countries 
abstract:Health sector reform: experiences in ten countries	This report aims to synthesize lessons derived from health sector reform experiences in ten countries, namely, Germany, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Republic of Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan), Singapore, Malaysia, and the United States. The main source of data for the synthesis comes from reports on health sector reform of these ten countries commissioned by the Health Systems Research Institute. Other sources include journal articles and discussion with academicians from some countries. 	Analysis of the structural aspect of reform addresses 1) overall structure of the health system, 2) benefits and choices available to, and burden borne by the consumers/ patients, 3) provider characteristics and payment mechanisms, 4) insurer/ fund characteristics, sources of fund, number and roles of insurer, and 5) intermediate system outcomes. Policy process model is used as the framework for comparative analysis of reform process. Lessons on the policy processes in each of the following policy stages are compared and contrasted: 1) agenda building, 2) policy formulation, 3) policy adoption, and 4) policy implementation. 	Experiences from these ten countries indicate that countries succeeded in instituting universal coverage of health care all employ compulsory insurance. While systems managed by a single insurer or insurance fund are often found to be less responsive to client needs, those managed by multiple insurers suffer from problems such as cream skimming, distribution of risk among insurers, and system inefficiency. Appropriate rules are needed to ensure overall equity, quality, and efficiency of insurance system(s) in a country. Insurer should be a prudent purchaser, playing active roles in selecting, negotiating with providers, and monitoring quality of care. Payment mechanisms can be designed in such a way that overall costs are controlled, while health promotion and preventive services are promoted. 	Health sector reforms taken place in these countries in the past century had two main objectives: expansion of insurance coverage and cost containment. Reform processes in most countries culminated in the enactment of laws. Experiences in some countries show that simply passing insurance laws does not always lead to the desired outcome. Implementation of policy is no less important than policy formulation and adoption for the accomplishment of reform objectives. Factors affecting the success of reform process include the degree the reform initiatives are in accordant with societal values, whether a comprehensive or a piecemeal approach to reform is employed, economic condition at the time reform movement took place, relative political power among the various stakeholders, political mobilization of the movement, development of technical capability for implementing reform, and the effectiveness of policy communication.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Development of alternative health systems to promote the health of middle-aged women : a situational analysis in the North, Northeast, and South 
abstract:The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the situation of alternative health systems for promoting the health of middle-aged women in 3 regions of Thailand. The study was undertaken at health services institutions and public places both in urban and rural areas of Chiang Mai (North), Khon Kaen (Northeast), and Songkhla (South), Three hundred and fifty seven women age 40-59 and eighty-two health discussions were used for data collection during March 1999-Februry 2000. Triangulation and content analysis were used for validation and analysis. Seven main themes emerged in describing an existing situation of alternative health promotion in the way of living and holism 2) Factors and conditions within women’s life and social context that lead to health promotion practice 3) Abundant and confusing information on the health promotion for middle-aged women 4) A modern health system which is based on health profession 5) An alternative health system which is independent and community based 6) Alternative health practices which emphasize mostly on nutrition, mind control, exercise, and using chemical agent and 7) Middle-aged women used alternative health systems more than modern medicine but health insurance undermined the health promotion activities. It is suggested that empowering women group in using alternative health systems and expanding their social arena are ways of developing alternative health systems to promote the health of middle-aged women.