plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: The systhesis of knowledge on informal workers 
abstract:The Synthesis of Knowledge on  Informal Workers	The purpose of this study is to synthesize the body of knowledge of informal workers, funded by the Health Systems Research Institute, Thailand.  The study aims to better understand the circumstance of informal workers and the impact on their health.  Moreover, the study will be a guideline for policy recommendations and legal suggestions that are necessary for informal workers.  Previous studies included in this review are of published and unpublished documents.  	This study concluded that  there is not clear on definition and statistics of informal workers.  Informal sector provides many benefits to country both at macro and micro levels.  However, informal workers still face with a lot of problems such as unclear status, unsecured work conditions, inappropriate work environment, lack of enhancing their skill, low income, no social and legal protection, lack of responsible organization.  In addition, important health problems are risk and dangerous work, health problems related to work conditions, rush work, and long period of work, lack of adequate health information, lack of social insurance.  In terms of law, informal workers do not include in the relationship between employer and employee system.  Therefore, they could not get any benefit of social insurance.  They are applied with commercial legal system that has a weakness point since partners of agreement can agree, by themselves.  This study proposed policy recommendations and identifies areas that require further research.  These recommendations are offered to enhance, develop and protect the quality of life for informal workers, as well as a guideline for their welfare.  They may lead to improve the health care system and enhance appropriated health insurance for informal workers and their families.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2001 source: HSRI 
title: Hospital financing : clinical budget holding to increase efficiency in provincial hospitals 
abstract:Hospital Financing: Clinical Budget Holding to Increase Efficiency in Provincial Hospitals	Inpatient care is the most expensive health expenditure in almost all countries with limited measures to improve efficiency.  This action research aimed to test the model to increase hospital efficiency.  Under the assumption that if clinical directorates were given the authority to manage clinical budget, efficiency was likely to occur.  Three provincial hospitals were recruited to this action research, a purchaser-provider model was created.  This model transferred management responsibility from the hospital director to the clinical directorates.  They played the purchaser role by holding their own clinical budgets.  Pharmacy, radiology, laboratory and operating theatre acted as providers in this model.  It was expected that clinician behaviours would change, because if they could save their budget in treating their patients, the unspent money would be retained and could be used for their development plan.  However, the quality of care should not be compromised by this quasi-experiment.	Firstly, the incentives of clinical departments to be efficient focused mainly on financial measurement; i.e. the expected budget by diagnosis related group of each department and cost accounting data versus the actual spending by billing data.  After a year of implementation, the clinicians argued that other indicators should be taken into consideration because of the weakness of financial data.  Complementary data included lengths of stay compared by DRG, physician workload by length of stay and DRG relative weight.	This action research proved that the measurements for hospital efficiency were complex.  Quality audit had to be in place but the activity was still too early to be a measurement that could link to performance of each department.  Client satisfaction had not been measured in this study since the individual clients were too far from the tested model.  Physicians accepted that DRG was a good measure of efficiency but had to be complemented with other information.  	Findings of this research should be used to develop management model in the decentralised autonomous hospital.   Clinical directorates need more training in searching for hospital efficiency and manage the changes.  Information systems must give accurate and comprehensive aspects of efficiency as well as quality.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2001 source: HSRI 
title: Current Potential of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Trend of Production Technology 
abstract:Thai Pharmaceutical Industry:Present Status and Potential-Future TrendThe purpose of this study was to find appropriate means to support and strengthen the pharmaceutical industry.  The present status and potential of the industry were analyzed and the future trend of technology was predicted.  The study comprised two parts.  The first one involved a brain storming session among 34 participants from both private and governmental sectors including one FDA personnel.  Sending a questionnaire to the pharmaceutical manufacturers asking about their activities was the second part of the study.  Twenty six factories, 2 of which did not obtain GMP certificates, responded to the questionnaire.	It could be concluded that the nature of the industry was formulation process.  The research and development dealt with formulation and process improvement.  The industry received little support in production and quality control aspects from both the government and the universities.  However, satisfactory support was received in the areas of GMP improvement and drug importation.  Approximately 90% of the raw materials was imported while only 6% of the finished products was exported.  Most formulations were generic products.  Due to a lack of technology and expensive equipment, very little products required sophisticate technique.  To develop and strengthen the industry, fair competition should be stressed.  Instead of emphasizing low pricing, the government should urge the manufacturers to concern more in the quality of the products.	The study indicated that Thai industry had a potential to develop and compete with the neighboring countries.  It was believed that both the numbers of factories and drug registration would be declined.  If the government authority supported fair and free competition and reviewed the low-priced bidding policy, in addition to the universities’ assistance, the pharmaceutical industry would be moving forward.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2005 source: HSRI 
title: Expectation, Health Seeking Behavior, and Impacts of Universal Health Coverage : People's Views 
abstract:Title	Expectation, health seeking behavior, and impacts of universal health coverage : people’s viewsAuthor	Onchana Na RanongFund source	Health Systems Research InstituteYear Print	2005	This paper examines the impact of the 30 Baht Health Care Scheme – a part of the Universal Health Coverage Program – on Thai people. The study is mainly qualitative, employing both focus group and in –depth interviews in order to obtain views from people in the ten provinces throughout all regions of Thailand (including the Bangkok Metropolitan Area). The study sites include both urban and rural communities. 	The study finds that health seeking behaviors are determined, often concurrently, by one or more of the following factors : income, health care coverage, transportation costs, health status/ sysmptoms, age group, and the information patients have. Although the 30 Baht Scheme reduces some people’s health care expenditure, other opt out of the service because of the lengthy queues and non-confidence in the quality of care, especially high or medium income families. Moreover, unequal treatment on patients with different schemes, especially moral hazards on the provider side, are also often mentioned in the focus groups.	While the highest priority of the poor is to acquire low-cost or free health care services, respondents from other income groups place more emphasis on the adequacy of hospitals and personnel-especially doctors, or good treatment from health care personnel. However, most subject would like to have the scheme in place in order to help the poor, and to guard against their own catastrophic illnesses. In general, the 30 Baht Scheme-like other preceding schemes in the past three decades, has enhanced health security for many Thai people. Respondents from various regions noticed improvement in the services, especially that of the front ends of the hospitals. However, the quality of health care still remains an issue that clouds the scheme.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1995 source: HSRI 
title: The Social and Health Problems of Construction Workers in Bangkok 
abstract:The social and health problems of construction workers in BangkokThe objective of the study was to acquire social and health-related information of workers in Bangkok construction areas.  The cross-sectional descriptive research was carried out, and the construction areas used in the study were divided into internal and external areas of Bangkok.  A simple random sampling was used to identify the sampling frame, the representative of the internal and external areas, which Klongtoey and Ladkrabang districts were chosen respectively.  The same technique was then used to randomize 10 each of large and small construction sites.  A systematic random sampling was used for the selection of the workers of each site.The study showed that 67% of workers in Bangkok were in working age.  The ratio of male to female workers was 1.4:1.  The study also found that 88% of them were from the northeastern and northern region, that 84% were married, and that 87% completed primary level of education.  Additionally, 64% were daily employee with no definite contract.  On average the workers had 2 children.  Of which, 4% aged under one year, 27% aged between 1 to 5 years, 16% aged between 6 to 8 years, and 33% aged between 9 to 15 years.  Only 13% of the children aged 6 – 15 years lived with their parents.  There were no differences on basic information of the population between those working in Klongtoey District and Ladkrabang District.  Nor were those working in a large construction area and a small construction area.  However, for other aspects, such as environment, safety, wages, and other benefits, those working in a large construction area tended to be in better condition than those in a small area.  So did the Klongtoey workers as compared to Ladkrabang workers.  Serious morbidity rate due to accident while working was 58.7/1,000 workers.  For the past 12 months, injury while working was 208/1,000 workers in Klongtoey and 180/1,000 workers in Ladkrabang.  This was probably due to the fact that the employer did not adequately provide equipment for personal protection, and the workers themselves did not pay attention to the use of such equipment as their own protection either.Working environment and residential area, including sanitation, were not in a good condition.  Most of the workers (53%), especially male, had personal risk behavior, such as drinking, smoking, using drugs and narcotics, and having stress problem.  Periodontal disease and dental caries were major problem in dental public health.  Moreover, the study showed that most of the workers lack knowledge of labor law, workers’ right and benefits.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2005 source: HSRI 
title: The feasibility of an outpatient casemix classification system based on the health insurance database in Thailand 
abstract:The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of an outpatient casemix classification system based on the health insurance database in Thailand. The Ambulatory Patient Groups (APG) developed by 3M and Adjusted Clinical Group (ACG) by John Hopkins University were used as the reference model. Model for predicting outpatient expenditure in selected chronic disease groups i.e. diabetes mellitus, hypertension and high cost of care i.e. renal failure and thallasaemia. From 39.1 outpatient visits was grouped into 82 medical APGs which is 21.2 million visits. Most common medical APG groups were 3.3 million visits in influenza, upper respiratory infection and ear, nose throat infections (APG 542), 1.5 million visits in dental diseases (APG 541) and 1.4 million visits in hypertension (APG 572). While can be grouped into 80 groups in ACG which is 7.7 million persons. Most common ACG groups were 1.9 million persons in acute minor, age > 5 (ACG 300), 8.7 million persons in chronic medical: stable (ACG 900) and 0.7 million persons in likely to recur without allergy (ACG 500). From APG concept, significant variable (p-value < 0.05) which increasing medical charges per visit in diabetes model were age, male, provincial and general hospital, refer-out, complication and comorbidities as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cerebrovascular diseases and renal diseases. Significant variable which increasing medical charges in hypertension model were age, male, provincial and general hospital and co-morbidities as diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, cerebrovascular diseases, ischaemic heart disease and renal diseases. Significant variable which increasing medical charges renal failure model were provincial and general hospital, APG and cardiovascular diseases as comorbidity. Age was significant variable which increasing medical charges in thallasaemia model. From ACG concept, significant variable (p-value < 0.05) which increasing medical charges in chronic diseases with hypertension were age, male, provincial and general hospital, number of visits, length of duration between visit and MAC 5 AND 15. Significant variable which increasing medical charges in diabetes model were age, provincial and general hospital, number of visits, length of duration between visit. The results indicated that outpatient classification system requiring more information such as significant procedure and ancillary service for the other two main APG groups. These will be further developed for outpatient classification system in Thailand.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1998 source: HSRI 
title: Networking and processes for road accident policy 
abstract:Networking and Processes for Road Accident Policy	Road accident cases in Thailand were on the rise since 1983 to 1991. Road users were increasingly injured by 60% and 38% more death rates found during this period. Despite the availability of road accident prevention policy e.g. compulsory use of motorcycle helmet and safety belt, injured cases were not reduced to satisfactory level. This study was to analyze Thailand’s road accident policy by using secondary data and interviewing those who were involved in the policy-making process. Limitations of policy-making process were explored and recommendations were synthesized to improving the process of policy-making. 	Lack of networking various agencies and stakeholders to processing the policy was the prime disadvantage while resources were also restricted to effectively facilitate the networking establishment.   The road accident problems should be made realized into wider groups of people including all road users, policy makers and politicians. The most active role player should be the government to set up the institution responsible for networking a number of agencies and people to get involved in the policy-making process and for evaluating policy implementation.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1997 source: HSRI 
title: Results and guideliness of how to build up a desired family 
abstract:Results and guidelines of how to build up a desired family 	The objectives of this study from many research results and guidelines of how to build up a desired family are as follows: to have an analytical study in order to obtain some indicators in search of Thailand’s desired family structure and to inquire methods of how to strengthen a desired family particularly from the previous studies. All of these results would be useful for the research study programme will be conducted by Bureau of Health Promotion, concerning the conditions of the desired Thai family in 1998 and by the end of The Eighth National Economic and Social Development Plan in 2001.	From the study result, it was found that the government’s policies and plans  to develop the family institution had started since The Seventh National Economic and Social Development Plan. The plan elaborates roles and developmental directions on how to strengthen the stability of family institution, how to cultivate good morals and cultural values for thai people. Moreover, the government had edicted a policy and a long-term plan (1995-2005), Other than the above mentioned, it was also found in the study results that there were varieties of the meanings, duties, significance and family qualities, family structure. The analysed studies was categorized structurally by the Bureau of Health Promotion are: mother and child, schooling children and adolescence, working age group and the elderly, all of which are involved economically and socially with health factors regarding family relationship, education, earning, accommodation and surroundings.	With regard to studies on qualities of the desired family made by many governmental units responsible for developmental task concerning family institution and quality of life such as the Prime Minister’s Office, Department of Public Welfare, Community Development Department and Office of Primary Care, the emphasis was put on the strength of the each family unit: each family should have love and fonding care for each other, the family member should know one’s duties and responsibilities, A family should be self-reliant and be of help to others. One should be healthy physically and mentally. One should have conscience and useful behavior for his own community etc.	This study rendered many various indicators which are very useful, but in need of obtain in appropriate and coherent indicators, those varieties of indicators had to be examined in cooperation with the experts from many governmental units and they were digested into 5 characteristics as follows: health family, good family relationship, family economics status, social conscience and public spirited behavior.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2003 source: HSRI 
title: Cost and efficiency of public and private hemodialysis centers in 2001 
abstract:This study was aimed to estimate cost profile, unit cost and performance of public and private hemodialysis (HD) centers throughout the country for the year 2001(2544BE). A self administered questionnaire survey was distributed to the whole 170 HD centers. This is to solicit information on labor cost (including salary, wages, fringe benefit and overtime payment) and time allocation for HD center only, direct material cost for providing HD services (excluding public utilities and related drugs for the treatment of complications). We use straight line depreciation cost for capital investment in HD machines (5 years useful life) and buildings (20 years useful life).A multiple regression was used to estimate cost function of HD centersWe got 117 questionnaire returned, 69% response rate, with 108 complete forms for analysis (64%). By 2001, there were 730 machines operating, 56% owned by publicand 44% by private. Private HD centers had higher productivity (number of sessionper HD per day) than public. On cost profile, the ratio of labor cost to material cost to capital cost was 40:43:17. Total costs of public and private HD center were 273.9 and 259.7 million Baht respectively. Capital cost of public HD center was 10% higher than the private HD centers. Unit cost per HD session was 1,927 Baht in public and 1,525 Baht in private HD centers. Multiple regression demonstrated that total sessions and session per HD per day determined total cost of public and private HD centers, with R2 of 0.865.We performed breakeven analysis, the current charge per session was high enough in both public and private to perform their productivity higher than the breakeven point.Reimbursement of 1,500 Baht for social security workers was too low and that hospital set charge higher than 1,500 Baht for them. Scatter-gram where X axis represented session per HD per day and Y axis represented unit cost, demonstrated that private HD centers were more efficient than public centers.This study should provide a strong ground for further policy analysis on expansion of renal replacement therapy for the Universal Coverage scheme. In the meantime, HD centers could improve its performance through reduction of unit cost and increase productivity. To improve the performance, there was a need to solve administrative problems at micro-level, such as staff incentives.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1998 source: HSRI 
title: [Reviewing and Brainstorming for Research Topics on Health Insurance Scheme for the Poor] 
abstract:Review and Brainstorming for Establishing Research Questions on the Public Health Assistance SchemeThe purpose of this study was to set the priority of research questions for improving the Public Health Assistance Scheme. Literature review and brainstorming from key informants e.g. experienced people, academics and those either directly or indirectly involved in the scheme, were performed. The study found that the urgent research questions were : To what extent the scheme reached the poor and to what extent the registration compulsory for all members benefited the targeting mechanism, What was the main objective of the scheme (creating equity of care access or safety nets) which would be advantageous for developing targeting criteria and basic package, How to edit the laws relevant to the scheme in order to improve the scheme comprehensively, How to set the new poverty line and other suitable criteria to improve the targeting mechanism.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2004 source: HSRI 
title: Enlargement of safety promotion system development in the school buses at rural areas of Chiang Rai province 
abstract:This study aims to enlargement of safety promotion system development in the school buses at rural areas of Chiang Rai province in the 4 districts. Study population are 408 school bus drivers. Implemented activities and data collection was concurrently done in two periods of time. Questionnaires, focus group discussion and behavioral surveillance are used at the first period. Activities including physical check-up, meeting, school bus check-up for developing the school bus safety system were conducted at the second period. Results Most of school bus drivers were male (86.4%). Mean age was 41.6 years.59.8% of them were primary school education level background and 27.9% were juniors high school. 9.9% of them were smokers, 1.6% were drinkers About half of them (56.8%) had annually physical check-up and 12.4% had health problem. Fifty-five percents of school buses were pickup truck and 34.8% were van. Most of drivers have their own school buses and had 4.9 years (median) driving experience. Thirty percents of school bus (roof, seats) were modified and each school bus was used for transferred students in one school. Most of passengers were junior high school students (85.75%). The capacity building that related to traffic law, ethical and primary health care was developed and found that the school bus accidents were decreased when compared to the previous period. Conclusion The promotion of school bus safety and the collaboration of governments organization, school bus driver association and school bus network led to declination of traffic accidents.