plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Why don’t Chiangmai people in need call emergency medical service? 
abstract:Background: Acute illness and accidents are the leading cause of death in Thailand. Developing a
good systematic pre-hospital care can help reducing morbidity and mortality. To achieve this goal, the
Ministry of Public health has issued a policy for all hospitals in Thailand to set up an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system. Nevertheless, this service system is not widely acknowledged in Chiang Mai. Most
of the patients did not use the service and go to the hospital by themselves Objective: To determine reasons
of underuse of Emergency Medical Service in patients visiting the Emergency room, Maharaj Nakorn
Chiang Mai hospital. Methods: This was a prospective observational study by means of questionnaires
filled by the patients or anyone accompanied them to the emergency room, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai
hospital. Only 3 level of triage was used; level 1-Resuscitation, level 2-Emergency, and level 3-Urgency.
This study was conducted during the period from March to October 2011. Analysis was made by dividing
participants into 2 groups; patients coming to the emergency room by themselves, and the ones coming
by using EMS system. Results: There were 102 participants; 64 coming by themselves and 38 using EMS.
There were 44 traumatic patients, and 58 non traumatic patients. 4 participants were of triage level 1
Resuscitation, 42 of triage level 2 Emergency and 56 of triage level 3 Urgency. Sex, degree of education and
occupation were not related to EMS activation. Many reasons accounted for this problem; 64.1% of the
patients had their own vehicles, 50% did not know of the service, and 25% thought that their symptoms
were insufficient to activate EMS system. People in Chiang Mai learned of the EMS system through many
advertising media, in sequentially billboards, television, and radio programs. Conclusion: The reasons of
underuse of EMS system in Chiang Mai were: unknown of existence, failure to recognize the importance,
and doubt in the Emergency Medical Service systems.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Scoping Review and Research Synthesis on the Financial Management of Oral Health Promotion System for the Disabled in Thailand 
abstract:Empirical evidence of oral health care and dental service delivery systems for people with disabilities
in Thailand is needed. An important question for the national health policy-makers is how to improve
oral health promotion for disabled patients in healthcare priority-setting. The objective of this paper was
synthesis of common wisdom regarding financial management of the oral health promotion system for
the disabled people in Thailand. This study systematically reviewed the literature in PubMed and MEDLINE
databases and the unpublished-literature that reported data in Thailand, Japan, the United States of America,
Canada, and the Commonwealth of Australia. The relevance of 82 retrieved articles was reviewed for each
country based on its current oral-health insurance systems, cost-benefits, and healthcare financial management.
Thirty-seven stakeholders commented on these findings and made suggestions by group panel.
This evidence supports the need to develop oral-healthcare policies to support dental care service, especially
oral health promotion and prevention, and improvement of equity and quality of the disabled access
to dental primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare delivery systems in Thailand.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Development of Diabetic Care System in Pua Contracting Unit for Primary Care, Nan Province 
abstract:Since the number of diabetic patients has been dramatic increasing in Thailand year by year, so the
good medical care is needed for serving all patients’ requirement. In the present, the medical care for
diabetic patients in Pua district still has many problems.Most patients could not meet the standard outcomes
on controlling the plasma glucose. This problem has been found to relate on the obstacle of transportation
to DM clinic in hospital and the confidence in the service of intermediate facilities. The aim of
this research was to develop primary care for diabetic patient by Nurse Practitioner. The period of quasiexperimental
research was started from 1st October 2010 to 30th September 2011. The study was focused
on the 418 patients that had well control of plasma glucose from 70 - 130 mg/dl and had level of HbA1C<
7%. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group was the 98 patients that received service at
the Subdistrict health promoting hospital. The second was the 320 patients that received service at Pua
Crown Prince Hospital. The result showed that the DM patients from Subdistrict health promoting hospital
could control the level of plasma glucose better than those from Pua Crown Prince Hospital. The level
of HbA1c< 7% of the DM patients from primary medical care and Pua Crown Prince Hospital were 72.55%
and 54.37% respectively. In conclusion, the developing primary care for diabetic patient by Nurse Practitioner
had found to be suitable for applying in Pua Contracting Unit Care. This concept is better to put
more effort and need simultaneous development for keeping fast track on the observation.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: การศึกษาสถานการณ์สุขภาพและสิ่งแวดล้อมในภาคเหนือ : การกระจายตัวของปัญหาสุขภาพในเชิงพื้นที่ 
abstract:This study aims to analyse the situation of Cancer disease and demographic
characteristics of Cancer patients in 8 Upper Northern provinces which are Chiang Mai,
Chiang Rai, Phayao, Lamphun, Lampang, Phrae, Nan and Mae Hong Son. It also analyses
the distribution of environmental-related health problem in the area, and suggest for further
research questions in health and environment problem-solving and policy for the Upper
North. This study analyses the overview of regional and provincial levels by using secondary
data from related organization, in particular, the provincial public health offices and Cancer
Units in both Chiang Mai and Lampang.
The study result shows that the Northern region had the highest rate of Cancer
patients, and Cancer deaths have continuously be the first rank in cause of death in every
province in the Upper North. Lamphun province had the highest increase rate of Cancer
deaths, for 8.5 times between 1999-2009. Lampang had the highest prevalence rate during
the same period, with the rate of 23 per thousand. Cancer type or position mostly found in
Northern provinces is Lung Cancer which are found mostly in Male patients. Other
environmental-related health problem is Respiratory Disease which has been the major
disease found in the Upper North, and Mae Hong Son province had the highest rate of
Respiratory Disease patients (61 per cent).
Results found from this research indicate that the population of the Upper North has
been threatened by polluted environment, especially from air pollution. Not only being
enhance by its topography, climate, and settlement locations, but also by human activities s
including urban growth, economic development, lifestyle, beliefs, and culture of its population
which have accelerated and worsened the air polluted situation. Therefore, there is an urgent
needed to solve and prevent this threatened situation.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: การพัฒนาระบบการกำกับดูแลยาชีววัตถุในประเทศไทย กรณีศึกษา epoetin 
abstract:Biological products are very complex molecules, therefore the same regulatory
approach of assessing chemical drugs cannot be used. Although a variety of assays are
available, they may not be adequate to reliably predict the safety and efficacy of
biological products. Several studies indicated that the treatment responses of biological
products are not the same especially the immune responses. This study was a
descriptive study conducted by intensive literature reviews and group discussions. The
result showed that the dossiers of registered biological products were partially
incomplete comparing with international guidelines, which may cause the risk over
benefit. Thus, researchers have proposed a future system to regulate biological products
by shifting the registration and re-evaluation paradigms of biological products to be in
compliance with current international guidelines on biological products and biosimilars.
The implementation of this new proposed system requires the development of
administrative and technical aspects.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Health and Economic Impacts of Antimicrobial Resistant Infections in Thailand : A Preliminary Study 
abstract:This study assessed health and economic impacts of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Thailand
under societal perspective by using the secondary data on hospitalizations and nosocomial infections
from 1,023 hospitals. A total of 87,751 hospitalizations developed nosocomial infections due to 5 major
bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobactor baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus) that are resistant to antibiotics in Thailand in 2010. These AMR infections
resulted in additional of at least 3.24 million days of hospitalization and 38,481 deaths. Regarding an
economic loss, the cost of antibiotics to be used for therapy of AMR infections were accounted for 2,539 to
6,084 million Baht. The indirect costs of morbidity and mortality due to premature deaths related to AMR
were at least 40,000 million Baht (in 2010 values). The aforementioned health and economic impacts of
AMR are much higher than the burden of many priority health problems in Thailand. Therefore, AMR is
a major and urgent health problem in Thailand that needs comprehensive and systematic approaches at
national and local levels to resolve the problem.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: A survey of the antibiotic control and surveillance system and measures in promoting rational use of antibiotics: Preliminary results 
abstract:The study explored the patterns of antibiotic utilization, the antibiotic control and surveillance systems,
and measures in promoting rational use of antibiotics among public and private hospitals, health
promoting hospitals, clinics, and drug stores. A cross-sectional survey using self-administered questionnaires
was conducted in 9 purposive sampling provinces in Thailand during April-May 2012. The preliminary
results were analyzed from 484 returned questionnaires (30% response rate) from 10 large public
hospitals, 11 private hospitals, 53 district hospitals, 184 sub-district health promoting hospitals, 69 private
clinics and 157 drug stores. The findings revealed that all of 47 items of antibiotics listed in the questionnaire
were available in large public hospitals whereas private clinics and drug stores had 35 and 36 items
of antibiotics, respectively. Ceftriaxone, a third generation cephalosporin, and fluoroquinolones were available
in all levels of healthcare facilities as well as drug stores. A measure regulating prescription only sales
of all antibiotics created a wide range of disagreements among respondents from different health facilities
i.e. a vast majority of private hospitals (82%) but only 8% of drug stores agreed with such a measure.
However, the regulatory measure emphasizing prescription only sales of some antibiotics appeared to be
acceptable for all levels of health facilities and drug stores. The rate of antibiotic prescription for upper
respiratory infection and acute diarrhea in district health promoting hospitals (35% - 40%) was lower than
those in the private clinics and drug stores (43% - 56%). Most large public hospitals (90%) applied drug
utilization evaluation whereas almost all district hospitals (98%) implemented the antibiotics smart use
concept in promoting rational use of antibiotics. The study results demonstrated that operating systems to
strengthen antibiotic regulation and to promote rational use of antibiotics are strongly needed in all levels
of health facilities and drug stores.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Knowledge and Awareness on Rational Use of Antibiotics among First Year Students of Mahidol University in the Academic Year 2011 
abstract:Background: One of the important factors associated with overuse of antibiotics is a lack of knowledge
and awareness on rational use of antibiotics. The objectives of the study were to determine knowledge
and awareness of rational use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections, acute diarrhea, and
simple fresh wounds among first year students of Mahidol University in the academic year 2011 at Salaya
Campus, Mahidol University. Methods: 2,700 first year students were given the questionnaire set I to
determine knowledge and awareness of rational use of antibiotics before the campaigns. The campaigns
were executed by distributing the media of the Antibiotics Smart Use program. The students were given
the questionnaire set II after one week of campaigning to determine knowledge and awareness of rational
use of antibiotics after the campaigns. Results: Sixty six percent and 74% of the students responded to the
questionnaire set I and II, respectively. The range of the correct responses of the questionnaire set I was
18.7% to 75.9% and that of the questionnaire set II was 51.7% to 82.2%. The average correct response of the
questionnaire set II was significantly higher than that of the questionnaire set II. The number of the
students who intended to use antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections, acute diarrhea, and simple
fresh wounds for the next episode of such ailments was significantly less than the rate of antibiotic use for
such ailments experienced by the students. Conclusion: Knowledge and awareness of rational use of
antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections, acute diarrhea, and simple fresh wounds among first
year students of Mahidol University in the academic year 2011 at Salaya Campus, Mahidol University
were insufficient. The knowledge, awareness and attitude towards rational use of antibiotics of the students
after the campaigns were much improved.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Increasing access to high-cost medicine under the 2008 National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM): from policy to practice 
abstract:Objectives: to study the process of implementation of the increasing access to high-cost medicine
listed in the Category E2 of the 2008 NLEM policy to practice under public health insurance systems: the
Universal Health Coverage scheme (UC), Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS), and Social Security
Scheme (SSS) and in hospitals as well as to explore factors that promote policy achievement and
problems occurred during policy implementation. Methods: A qualitative approach was employed including
review and analysis of relevant documents. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions
with stakeholders, who involved in the Category E2, were conducted. Results: 1) The policy implementation
under public health insurance schemes: The NLEM subcommittee created the Category E2 guidelines
including other rules and regulations for the three public health insurance schemes to follow. However,
the UC was the only scheme which developed its internal regulations related to the Category E2.
Moreover, it was also found that the three public health insurance schemes had implemented some projects
to increase access to some medicine listed in the Category E2 before the policy initiation. Also, these
projects were, in some respects, managed differently from the rules and regulations of the Category E2
policy. 2) The implementation of the Category E2 policy in hospitals: Most administrators, clinicians and
pharmacists who involved in this study agreed with the policy of increasing access to expensive medicines.
The implementation of this policy would reduce hospital expenditure on medicines particularly
medicines for patients who were covered under the UC and promote a rational use of the medicine under
the clear guidelines. However, the rules and regulations regarding the Category E2 that developed by the
NLEM subcommittee and the three public health insurance schemes could cause problems in practice
because it may introduce confusion and various management systems in hospitals. There were also some
problems of compliance with the rules and regulations of the UC and prescription for people under the
CSMBS coverage. These problems were obstacles for patients’access to medicines listed in the Category
E2. Conclusions and suggestions: Policy implementation of increasing access to the Category E2 to practice
faced many barriers. Coordination among the NLEM subcommittee, public health insurance schemes,
and hospitals as well as policy monitoring and evaluation were necessary and facilitated the success of
policy implementation.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Development of Capacity Building Model for Organizations Working on Monitoring and Evaluation 
abstract:Background: Capability building is a process of increasing knowledge and capacity of personnel to
accomplish their works in the organization and be able to evaluate the acceptance of their organization on
change for capacity building. The objectives of this study were 1) Create network among academic institutions
in Central and Regional area and local organizations and 2) Develop capacity building model for
organizations working on monitoring and evaluation. Research Methodology: Process of capacity building
started with creation of collaborative network among academic institutions in Central and Regional
area and local organizations that were working on monitoring and evaluation. The selection of network
members followed the study inclusion criteria. The development of capacity building model included
1) Identification of general and specific capacity, finding the gap (by comparing the existing situation
with the expected goal) and find solution for the gap, 2) Knowledge transfer and 3) Coaching and mentoring.
Results: Collaborative networks had been established among 1) Central academic institutions that wer
supporting institution on capacity building, 2) Regional academic institutions and 3) Network of GO,
NGO and leader of the volunteers in local area. The development of capacity building model was established
among the collaborative institutions working on monitoring and evaluation using 1) Identification
of general and specific capacity, 2) Knowledge transfer and 3) Coaching and Mentoring. Conclusions and
Recommendations: From the creation of collaborative and development of capacity building model among
academic institutions in all levels, the network on works and academics had been built under this model
for increasing capacity and sustainability. For the sustainability, the regional academic institution would
be the active institution for applying knowledge and experience on the capacity building model in the
future
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Universal Health Coverage for marginalized non-Thai people in Thailand 
abstract:The marginalized people who are non-Thai nationals consisted of stateless people, undocumented
migrant workers and refugees. These 500,000 people were still excluded from universal health coverage.
Poor health outcomes, 6 times less access to care, outbreak of infectious diseases especially malaria and
burden of hospitals’ budget were its consequences. By the literature review and analysis, the policy issues
to include all non-Thai nationals people in Thailand in universal health coverage were formulated as
follow; 1) the expansion of people with citizenship problems scheme to include the stateless people who
were in the registration system but still had no legal status, 2) the extension of undocumented migrant
workers scheme to accept the enrollment of stateless migrant workers and 3) the establishment of the new
reimbursement health insurance scheme for humanitarian purposes for the rest of non-Thai people who
could not join the two former schemes. The additional budget was 716.8 million Bath /year or 0.66% of
Universal Coverage Fund budget. However, the people with citizenship problems scheme should permit
its members to change their registration to their real living or working place for the real access to care.
Universal health coverage should be the right of everybody.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2012 source: HSRI 
title: Dietary exposure assessment of benzoic acid in Thai people estimated from the Codex General Standard for Food Additives 
abstract:The use of benzoic acid and benzoates, food additives, are endorsed by the Notification of the
Ministry of Public Health No. 281. The permitted levels of benzoic acid and benzoates established in the
Notification should conform to international standards and protect consumer health. It needed to revise
the regulation according to the Codex General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA). Risk assessment tools
was employed for establishment of the maximum permitted use levels (MLs) to ensure consumers will
obtain appropriate level of health protection from over-consumption of benzoic acid. This study aimed to
assess the risk of dietary benzoic acid exposure in Thai population based on the MLs proposed in the
Codex food standard. The exposure was estimated by combining the MLs of benzoic acid in foods with
individual food consumption data received from the national food consumption surveys in 2004.
Probabilistic estimation was used to assess the exposure to benzoic acid at average and high consumption
levels. Risk was characterized by comparing the exposure with the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of benzoic
acid. ADI is a safe level for human exposure to the chemical over a lifetime. The study found that the
average benzoic acid exposure in Thai population exceeded the ADI (126% of ADI). The population aged
3-5.9 years and 6-18.9 years had average exposures at 226 and 153% of ADI, respectively. This indicated
that there was an appreciable health risk for children and adolescences at long term exposure when using
benzoic acid in all food groups according to the GSFA. Long term exposure to high level of benzoic acid
can effect on liver and kidney functions. High consumption of carbonated water-based flavored drinks at
97.5th percentile in population aged 3-5.9 years and 6-18.9 years provided high exposure at 144 and 96 %
of ADI, respectively. Thus, the MLs of benzoic acid proposed in this standard should be reduced in food
categories contributed high benzoic acid exposure in children and adolescences especially carbonated
water-based flavored drinks, bakery wares, processed fruits and vegetables.