plueme/wizJson huggingface dataset:
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2001 source: HSRI 
title: The concept and the role of NGOs in health reform 
abstract:This research aims to study the concept and the role of NGOs in health reform. It explores NGO network which has been involved in community development, target group development or public social development. The main methodology includes focus group discussion, complied six case studies of NGOs as well as conducting in depth interview with 14 activists who have played significant roles in the health system. The research discovered that, from the NGOs’ perspective, the general health system problems arise from the national development policy that principally aim for economic growth. Health services and public health are adopted systems that are too westernized and only seek profit maximization. In the same vein, economic production and labor development are based on the principle of western education, which is rooted in self-interest attitude. Consequently, any laws related to health issues are controlled by the principle of western medicine, clinging to government administration and being influenced by private sector. Furthermore, the government is viewed as operating its public health system under centralized control, with an emphasis on curing rather than preventing. Its principle is strongly rested on non-integration and a single plan in order to solve health problem all over Thailand. NGOs have been taking part in resolving health and public health issues through various approaches. This is seen as an important role in reforming health system in particular by supporting community organization, research development and knowledge rehabilitation as well as health technology development. At the same time, herbal medicine, Thai traditional message, alternative medicine, consumer protection as well as social empowerment to answer any health-related issues. It is agreed by the NGOs that the governmental health reform only recognizes the important of institution and organizational reform. In term of health issue, a personnel development and capacity building to raise self-reliant, including the protection of consumer rights must be in the heart of government’s working operation. This is believed to be an alternative thinking against the mainstream principle. While the NGOs are viewed as one of the main stakeholders in promoting public health reform, but they do not see the importance of governmental public health reform’s approach. Suggestion emerges from the NGOs regards to the public health reform is to provide equitable access to government health service so that every group of people in the society achieve healthy livelihood and become self-reliant. Equally important, the government should support people participation, decentralization, flexible attitude, support alternative medicine, self-reliant as well as policy and legislation adjustment.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2003 source: HSRI 
title: Study of financial report for hospital efficiency 
abstract:Financial report plays an important role in organization management. Nowadays, each hospital, however,  has its own format of financial report and provides inadequate financial information. Therefore, it is difficult to compare the managing performance of each hospital. The objective of this research is to set up the standard form of financial report, which could be used for evaluation of hospital efficiency.In this study, we developed the new financial report format and the service cost data had been filled in (accrual basis), which could be categorized into 2 groups: outpatients and inpatients. Furthermore, we calculated service cost for each group based on three types of health insurance policy, i.e. 30 baht, social welfare, government officer, using data from Bhuddhachinnarat Hospital during January-May 2003. The result showed that the average outpatient’s unit cost/visit =1, 039.20 and the average inpatient’s unit cost/head = 14,967.68. Moreover, we found that outpatient’s unit cost/visit for 30 baht and social welfare is similar, whereas unit cost/visit for government officer is relatively high. In case of inpatient, the lowest unit cost/head is social welfare, 30 baht and government officers, respectively. In addition, comparison of service cost of each health insurance policy showed that only the difference in medicine cost affected the difference in outpatient’s unit cost/visit. In case of inpatient, not only the difference in medicine cost but also other service cost affected the difference in inpatient’s unit cost/visit.The result from this study is useful for the health authority and other involved users to obtain the proper financial report in the same format. Evaluation of hospital efficiency can be readily performed and comparison between each hospital can be assessed.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 1998 source: HSRI 
title: Survey on OPD Users at Kon-Kaen Hospital In 1997 
abstract:OPD Case Survey at Kon-Kaen Hospital in 1997	The survey objectives were to study information of OPD care given. The studied information was general information, information of OPD care provision, views of physicians and views of users. The data were collected through interviewing users and providers from March 17 to March 21, 1997.. Systematic random sampling was used for sampling 1228 cases. The response rate was 82.65%. 	The results showed that the majority of users lived in Muang District spending their visit time approximately 1-2 hours. 48.5% of well baby clinic users lived in metropolitan area while 60% of the pregnant visiting the hospital lived outside the metropolitan. Most receiving general practice were new patients with non-serious conditions. 40% of the users were uninsured. Most general medicine users were from Muang district. 59% of this group could be taken by general physicians whereas 31.4% needed special care. 22.3% were aged people. Only 21.1% had insurance.	Common illness presenting for pediatric care was respiratory problem. Most examiners viewed that most presenting problems could be handled by health personnel and nurses. 63.3% of users were 1-4 year-old. 21.7 % were uninsured. For general surgery, tumor, respiratory problems and accidents were most common. 63.9% could be given care by general doctors. 32.7% gave the reason of specialist availability for visiting the hospital.	33.3% seeking orthopedic care lived outside Muang district and 93.1% living outside the metropolitan. Convenient transportation were most reasoned for coming the hospital. 15.3% were uninsured. Most seeking eye care were middle aged and could be given care by general doctors. Special care was most given to those living outside the Muang district. Most users were previous patients and made appointment. Such a group spent relatively longest time at the hospital.	On average, each patient spent his or her time at the hospital about 3 hours and 25 minutes (almost half a day). 26% paid on their own pocket (14% were later remunerated). 65% agreed with exising prices while 16.7% considered expensive. Nevertheless, most said expensive if paying more than 500 Baht. 72% said they well understood their illness told by providers. The lowest rate of understanding their illness told by providers was found at general medicine and general surgery clinic. Expenditures for medicine and special examination were averaged at 215 Baht. General medicine and cardiac clinic were found larger expenditures respectively. 1/3 of payment was subsidised by the government. Average transportation cost was 85 Baht.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2003 source: HSRI 
title: รูปแบบและการบริหารจัดการสถาบันวิจัยสุขภาพในมหาวิทยาลัยและข้อเสนอแนวทางในการพัฒนาเพื่อส่งเสริมงานวิจัยสุขภาพของคนไทย 
abstract:present, research to improve and promote health as well as well being of the populations, to reduce unnecessary health expenses, and to increase national economic opportunities in health related markets, has become a notable national health policy of the Royal Thai Government (RTG).  Discussions and debates are thus going on about an appropriate structure of the future National Health System Research. Within this structure, health research institutes in universities are hypothesized to be an important foundation of the system. The purpose of this study is to identify ways and means to support and strengthen health research institutes in Thai universities.  Document research, group discussions, a reflection technique and case studies (six health research institutes in Mahidol University and Chulalongkorn University) were adopted.Results indicate that it is necessary for the RTG to urgently draw up a road map to systematically strengthen health research institutes in universities. Action is needed in terms of significant investments in economic means, organization and human resources. An ability to adjust to changes, change management skills and leadership in health research institutes in universities, are identified as essential elements in this development process.Key development strategy is a proposal to the RTG to set up a National Network of Health Research Institutes (NNHRI), which consists of health research institutes at many levels, including those in universities, as well as families, the smallest units in society. Proposed objectives for NNHRI are: to systematically support and strengthen health research institutes in the country, to promote diversity in organizational structures and management styles leading to effective performances and good governance in health research institutes, to support proactive human resource development in both technical and management skills at all levels, to create a culture -- “Knowledge is important for health development in Thai society”-- by giving priority to effective and sustained stakeholder communication to empower health research institutes and to elevate efficiency and sustainability of health research development in Thailand.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2000 source: HSRI 
title: Public participation in community garbage management 
abstract:People’s Participation in the Management of Community Garbage	Garbage problems, resulting from consumption, directly affect the people’s health, their well being, their good quality of life and the environment. Garbage volume increase is too high for local administration to handle and the problems thus aggravated.  One of several ways to tackle these problems is the reduction of garbage volume by garbage separation.  One portion of the garbage could be reused or recycled while the other portion could produce organic fertilizer thus reducing the volume of garbage to be disposed of.	It is necessary that garbage separation method be acceptable to the people and that they comply by separating garbage before disposing of it.  This research has found two approaches for this.Education Mechanism	Teachers and students participate in garbage separation activities under garbage management program.  Students bring from their homes reusable item such as paper, glass bottles to school to pool them and sell them to scavengers at their shops.  Teachers may teach students how to convert some reusable items into other useful items such as paper lampshade from discarded paper or plastic flowers from discarded plastic items.  Students who brought garbage that would later be sold would earn merit points accumulated in account in merit bank which could be exchanged for consumable items later.	  Another feature of this education mechanism is the 3 United Recycle Powers Program which requires students to separate required garbage from home and school and give it to the school for sale, the proceeds from which shall be used for school’s activities.  Garbage separation shall later be introduced to the community in which the school is situated by the students, the teachers, and community members.2. Community Mechanism	Garbage separation campaign to educate the community shall be launched continually, it is supported by local administration by the provision of separated garbage collection equipment to collect garbage that is already separated.	It is concluded by the research that garbage separation prior to disposal reduces garbage volume which helps solve garbage problems.  Participation from the people, community, students and teachers is mainly an effective element.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2003 source: HSRI 
title: Health impact assessment from organic and iorganic farming in the Northeast Thailand  : Scoping and methodology 
abstract:This is a literature review of chemical and organic agriculture form secondary data: academic materials, articles and reports.  These consisted of government policies related to the agricultural sector; ecological and environmental situation, pesticide and chemical usage in agriculture and agriculturists’ health.  The study refers back to before the year 1960, From the above literature review, it revealed that incidents occurred from government policies which were tremendously related to environmental changes and life-style of the N.E. people.  The death rate of infants and pregnant women decreased to a satisfactory level.  Almost all diseases that occurred from improving immunity were eliminated after public health had been in service, but these diseases were replaced with accidents, cancer, gastroenteritis diseases, skin diseases, muscle system, stress, allergies, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, AIDS, and lack of some nutritious substance.  These diseases are conducting one’s life which was “earn a living’ became ‘make money’.  Money was of main importance, forests were destroyed to make a living and to do the farm to increase income to meet the end needs.  From a report, production increased by expanding land was don more than increasing production effectiveness.  Lack of agricultural labour caused high wages; also not that much technology was used.  So Small Scale agriculture was not worth it.  Contracted farming was augmented gradually; and in this production system the usage of chemicals was rather high.  Chemicals and non-organic fertilizer is one of the factors that the government must give directions and see the importance of production increase and prevent damages from pests.  This is because agriculturists do not have far vision, lack potentiality assessment, do not realize the effect toward food sources, habitations environment, and health in the long term.  However, this study is a literature review.  All data were from each period but there was no concrete evidence that affected health.  There were likely to be reports about diseases symptoms such as poison, loss of life from poisons or toxins, etc. in various places, times and conditions.	Suggestions were as follows:	Data should be analysed before determining national policy including effects that might happen in the future by focussing on the public health both mentally and physically as a main issue, and collective happiness in the society.  And effects toward health, which may be created as examples of effecting health so they, can be solved promptly.
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2002 source: HSRI 
title: Surveillance of arsenic contamination in drinking water in Ronpiboon district 
abstract:Ronpiboon subdistrict, Ronpiboon district, Nakorn Srithammara Province, Southern Thailand consists of 16 villages. These villages are well known as high prevalence of well water contaminated with arsenic.  The piped water supplied among this area were from 5 lines: Provincial Waterworks Authority, village artesian, Wangsilaruk, Khlong Khunpung and Ronna-mountain piped line, respectively. The aim of this research is to analyze the rainwater and piped water quality in high-risk area of arsenic poisoning in the Ronpiboon district.  Arsenic levels in every piped water system in village 1,2,7,12, 13 and 15 were examined.   In villages 2, 12 and 13, 50% of households were sampled, while in villages 1, 7 and 15, 25% of household were sampled.  The samples were collected 3 times a year and examined for arsenic level by using AAS at Ronpiboon hospital.  Quality control and assurance was performed by the Medical Science Department, Ministry of Public Health .  Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 6. The contamination of arsenic levels in drinking water were followed the standard criteria according to WHO definition (< 10 ppb).	There were 904 samples collected, the majority was from rainwater (97.8%). In this study we found that arsenic levels in all samples of rainwater, from Provincial Waterworks Authority, Khlong Khunpung and artesian piped water was not higher than the standard level while all samples from Wangsilaruk and Ronna-mountain piped water were found to have arsenic levels higher than the standard. 	In conclusion, rainwater, Provincial Waterworks Authority, village artesian and Khlong Khunpung piped water was safe for drinking.  Mountain and Wangsilaruk piped water were found to be not safe for consumption.	The implementation from this study is that the government and local administrative organization should cooperate to set up a plan for water use of the villagers. These including having piped water areas and plateau areas which hold containers for collecting rainwater that are big enough to last for a whole year.  Villagers should be informed of water testing laboratories in their area which can examine arsenic levels especially when changing to other sources of water
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2004 source: HSRI 
title: Scoping for assessment of health impact among farmers from using agrochemicals in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces 
abstract:Scoping for assessment of health impact among farmers from using  agrochemicals in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces aim to 	1. To identify scopes for assessment of health impact among farmers from using agrochemicals in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces.	2. To establish participatory process among stakeholders in agricultural policy of using agrochemicals to increase productionsMethods : Study methods included (1) gathering preliminary data on agrochemicals used and health problems from farmers and stakeholders from 2 seminars, (2) collecting quantitative data using interviewed questionnaires, (3) collecting some additional information from focus group discussion, (4) presenting the research summary to farmers and stakeholders for validation in the seminar.  In the preliminary data collection, 2 seminars were held.  First seminar was held in Chiang Mai City to gather data from cabbage and kale growing farmers and stakeholders including academia, consumers, government officers in public health and agriculture, traders in agricultural produces, 108 participants in total. The second seminar was held in Lamphun City to gather data from longan orchard farmers and stakeholders, 61 participants in total. Quantitative data were then collected by interviewing farmers using present study constructed- questionnaires.  There were 33 kale and cabbage cultivation farmers from 5 districts of Chiang Mai Province including Saraphi, Mae Rim, Mae Cham, Doi Law, Chom Thong, and Mae Wang districts, and 26 farmers from 2 districts of Lamphun Province including Muang Lamphun and Ban Hong Districts.  Furthermore, there were 28 longan orchard farmers from 3 districts of Chiang Mai Province including Saraphi, San Patong, and Hang Dong Districts, and 29 farmers from 4 districts of Lamphun province including Muang Lamphun, Pa Sang, Wiang Nonglong, and Ban Hong districts. There were 116 farmers in total including 59 farmers from kale and cabbage cultivation and 57 farmers from longan orchard.  Some additional information was collected from 4 focus group discussions conducted in farmers growing cabbage (one group), kale (one group) and longan orchard (2 groups). The final seminar was held in Chiang Mai City in order to present the scope of health impact assessment among farmers using agrochemicals to farmers and stakeholders for validation.  Of 121 participants, there were 70 farmers and 51 stakeholders attended the seminar.Results: Most farmers used mixed agrochemicals or cocktails in order to reduce time and labor cost. Both vegetable and longan farmers confirmed that they could not decreased using all kind of synthetic agrochemicals because they were not sure to obtain produces as targeted. The most use of agrochemicals in vegetable cultivation was chemical fertilizers and animal manure. Chemical fertilizers were reportedly used in longan orchard as much as in vegetable cultivation
location: nan, 'Thailand 
year: 2004 source: HSRI 
title: Diabetes Registry Project 2003 
abstract:Diabetes is a common chronic disease world wide. Its long term complications both microvascular and macrovascular lead to increased medical expenses, hospitalization and death in diabetic patients. It is proven that intensive control of diabetes and its comorbidities prevent or delay its complications, and the standard of care for diabetes has been established and widely accepted. Therefore, it is important to document the current status of diabetic care and complications in Thailand. We conducted a multicenter registry in diabetic clinics of 11 tertiary centers in Bangkok and major provinces. The registry collected data from April-December 2003. There were total of 9419 diabetic patients. The majority of patients were older than 40 year-old (91.7 %) and 65.9% were female. With respect to socioeconomic status, more than half of the patients had only preliminary education or less and not currently working, nevertheless more than 70% had health care coverage. The registry comprised of type1, 4.5%, type2, 94.6% and others 0.9%. The data also showed that 38.9% of the patients had diabetes more than 10 years, and almost 80% were non-smoker. For glycemic control, more than half had inadequate control: 61.8% had fasting plasma glucose > 130 mg/dl and 69.34% had HbA1C > 7%. The analysis of lipids profile revealed that 63.3% had LDL > 100 mg/dl, interestingly only approximately 32.2% had levels of HDL and triglycerides out of the recommended ranges. With regard to complications, the data showed prevalence of retinopathy of various degrees in 23.3%, but 24.4% of the registry did not received evaluation. Almost half of the patients also had not been adequately assessed for nephropathy, for those who had evaluation, 34.9% had some degree of nephropathy. 5.9% of the patients reported a history of foot ulcers, and 1.6% had had amputation. The prevalence of coronary disease, stroke, hypertension and dyslipidemia were 8.2%, 4.4%, 63.6% and 73.3% respectively. Medication usage data showed that 29% of the patients use insulin. The most commonly prescribed regimen was a combination of sufonylurea and metformin (37%) for hypoglycemic agents, and ACE-I and diuretic (6.5%) for antihypertensive. Lipid lowering drugs were prescribed in 54% of the registry which would reflected that 74.5% of dyslipidemia patients received treatment. Non-prescribed herbal preparation was used at one time in at least 33% of the registered patients.Conclusion: The majority of the patients in this registry had unsatisfactory control ofdiabetes and other risk factors for development of long term complications. Screening for early retinopathy and nephropathy also was insufficient. There should be additional process or system to improve care for diabetes.