pldb/PLDB huggingface dataset:
PRQL (queryLanguage, appeared 2022)
Stands for: Pipelined Relational Query Language
Creators: Maximilian Roos
Origin: https://github.com/PRQL
Country: South Africa and United States
Website: https://prql-lang.org/

PRQL is a modern language for transforming data — a simple, powerful, pipelined SQL replacement


GitHub description: PRQL is a modern language for transforming data — a simple, powerful, pipelined SQL replacement

from employees
filter country == "USA"                       # Each line transforms the previous result.
aggregate [                                   # `aggregate` reduces column to a value.
  max salary,
  min salary,
  count,                                      # Closing commas are allowed :)
]
from employees
filter start_date > @2021-01-01               # Clear date syntax.
derive [                                      # `derive` adds columns / variables.
  gross_salary = salary + (tax ?? 0),         # Terse coalesce
  gross_cost = gross_salary + benefits_cost,  # Variables can use other variables.
]
filter gross_cost > 0
group [title, country] (                      # `group` runs a pipeline over each group.
  aggregate [                                 # `aggregate` reduces each group to a row.
    average gross_salary,
    sum_gross_cost = sum gross_cost,          # `=` sets a column name.
  ]
)
filter sum_gross_cost > 100000                # Identical syntax for SQL's `WHERE` & `HAVING`.
derive id = f"{title}_{country}"              # F-strings like python.
sort [sum_gross_cost, -country]               # `-country` means descending order.
take 1..20                                    # Range expressions (also valid here as `take 20`).
PS-algol (pl, appeared 1981)
Origin: University of St Andrews
University of Edinburgh
Country: United Kingdom


PS-algol is an orthogonally persistent programming language. PS-algol was an extension of the language S-algol implemented by the University of St Andrews and the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. S-algol was designed by Ron Morrison, and extended and by Pete Bailey, Fred Brown, Paul Cockshott, Ken Chisholm and Al Dearle. PS-algol was the world's first fully implemented persistent programming language, and had a significant quantity of users both in academia and, notably, in ICL research labs.
psyche-c (compiler, appeared 2016)
Creators: Leandro T. C. Melo
Origin: https://github.com/ltcmelo/psychec/issues
Country: Brazil

<a href='https://github.com/ltcmelo/psychec'>Psyche-c</a> is a compiler for incomplete C code. It features a Hindley/Milner-inspired type inference engine for C.


GitHub description: A compiler frontend for the C programming language
PTX (assembly, appeared 2009)
Also known as: nvptx
Origin: Nvidia
Website: https://llvm.org/docs/NVPTXUsage.html

PTX, a low-level parallel thread execution virtual machine and instruction set architecture (ISA). PTX exposes the GPU as a data-parallel computing device.

Parallel Thread Execution (PTX, or NVPTX) is a pseudo-assembly language used in Nvidia's CUDA programming environment.  The nvcc compiler translates code written in CUDA, a C++-like language, into PTX, and the graphics driver contains a compiler which translates the PTX into a binary code which can be run on the processing cores.
Public Key File (application, appeared 1995)
Origin: Internet Engineering Task Force
Country: United States




ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAAAgQCw3QQtYgRViVH8ZpkQ2A7BuCeyPYC4hB9kKNhxwUfJ2hFgW8soGMBhsLN+vOeAJ2IXDMsezJO2/qhoZFQMvHoWpWTRTLPeNtBsKD+nhOZX28A4D+QRzVZ6hdWoh9W+mIP69MIT3aX35oLb86IycbNdRJlEK4FAUt7tjezNkU7boQ== root@use1-2.nitrousbox.com
Pug (template, appeared 2010)
Creators: Tj Holowaychuk
Origin: https://github.com/pugjs
Country: Various
Website: https://pugjs.org
Keywords: append
block
case
default
doctype
each
else
extends
for
if
in
include
mixin
typeof
unless
var
when



GitHub description: Pug – robust, elegant, feature rich template engine for Node.js
Punched tape (notation, appeared 1943)
Origin: silk center
Country: France


Punched tape or perforated paper tape is a form of data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data. Now effectively obsolete, it was widely used during much of the twentieth century for teleprinter communication, for input to computers of the 1950s and 1960s, and later as a storage medium for minicomputers and CNC machine tools.
Punycode (characterEncoding, appeared 2003)
Origin: University of California, Berkeley
Country: United States


Punycode is a representation of Unicode with the limited ASCII character subset used for Internet hostnames. Using Punycode, host names containing Unicode characters are transcoded to a subset of ASCII consisting of letters, digits, and hyphens, which is called the Letter-Digit-Hyphen (LDH) subset.  For example, München (German name for Munich) is encoded as Mnchen-3ya. While the Domain Name System (DNS) technically supports arbitrary sequences of octets in domain name labels, the DNS standards recommend the use of the LDH subset of ASCII conventionally used for host names, and require that string comparisons between DNS domain names should be case-insensitive. The Punycode syntax is a method of encoding strings containing Unicode characters, such as  internationalized domain names (IDNA), into the LDH subset of ASCII favored by DNS. It is specified in IETF Request for Comments 3492.
Puppet (pl, appeared 2005)
Origin: Puppet, Inc
Country: United States


In computing, Puppet is an open-source software configuration management tool. It runs on many Unix-like systems as well as on Microsoft Windows, and includes its own declarative language to describe system configuration. Puppet is produced by Puppet, founded by Luke Kanies in 2005. It is written in Ruby and released as free software under the GNU General Public License (GPL) until version 2.7.0 and the Apache License 2.0 after that.
Pure (pl, appeared 2008)
Creators: Albert Gräf
Origin: https://bitbucket.org/purelang/pure-lang/issues
Country: Germany
Website: https://agraef.github.io/pure-lang/


Pure, successor to the equational language Q, is a dynamically typed, functional programming language based on term rewriting. It has facilities for user-defined operator syntax, macros, arbitrary-precision arithmetic (multiple-precision numbers), and compiling to native code through the LLVM. Pure is free and open-source software distributed (mostly) under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 or later. Pure comes with an interpreter and debugger, provides automatic memory management, has powerful functional and symbolic programming abilities, and interfaces to libraries in C (e.g., for numerics, low-level protocols, and other such tasks). At the same time, Pure is a small language designed from scratch; its interpreter is not large, and the library modules are written in Pure. The syntax of Pure resembles that of Miranda and Haskell, but it is a free-format language and thus uses explicit delimiters (rather than off-side rule indents) to denote program structure. The Pure language is a successor of the equational programming language Q created formerly by the same author, Albert Gräf at the University of Mainz, Germany. Relative to Q, it offers some important new features (such as local functions with lexical scoping, efficient vector and matrix support, and the built-in C interface) and programs run much faster as they are compiled just-in-time to native code on the fly. Pure is mostly aimed at mathematical applications and scientific computing currently, but its interactive interpreter environment, the C interface and the growing set of addon modules make it suitable for a variety of other applications, such as artificial intelligence, symbolic computation, and real-time multimedia processing. Pure plug-ins are available for the Gnumeric spreadsheet and Miller Puckette's Pure Data graphical multimedia software, which make it possible to extend these programs with functions written in the Pure language. Interfaces are also provided as library modules to GNU Octave, OpenCV, OpenGL, the GNU Scientific Library, FAUST, SuperCollider, and liblo (for Open Sound Control (OSC)).
PureBasic (pl, appeared 1998)
Origin: Fantaisie Software
Website: http://www.purebasic.com


PureBasic is a commercially distributed procedural computer programming language and integrated development environment based on BASIC and developed by Fantaisie Software for Windows 32/64-bit, Linux 32/64-bit, and macOS. An Amiga version is available, although it has been discontinued and some parts of it are released as open source. The first public release of PureBasic for Windows was on December 17, 2000. It has been continually updated since. PureBasic has a "lifetime license model". As cited on the website, the very first PureBasic user (who registered in 1998) still has free access to new updates and this is not going to change.PureBasic compiles directly to x86, x86-64, PowerPC or 680x0  instruction sets, generating small standalone executables and DLLs which need no runtime libraries beyond the standard system libraries. Programs developed without using the platform-specific application programming interfaces (APIs) can be built easily from the same source file with little or no modification. PureBasic supports inline assembly, allowing the developer to include FASM assembler commands within PureBasic source code, while using the variables declared in PureBasic source code, enabling experienced programmers to improve the speed of speed-critical sections of code. PureBasic supports and has integrated the OGRE 3D Environment. Other 3D environments such as the Irrlicht Engine are unofficially supported.
Pure Data (pl, appeared 1996)
Origin: University of California, San Diego
Country: United States
Website: http://puredata.info/


Pure Data (Pd) is a visual programming language developed by Miller Puckette in the 1990s for creating interactive computer music and multimedia works. While Puckette is the main author of the program, Pd is an open source project with a large developer base working on new extensions. It is released under a license similar to the BSD license. It runs on GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, iOS, Android and Windows. Ports exist for FreeBSD and IRIX. Pd is very similar in scope and design to Puckette's original Max program, developed while he was at IRCAM, and is to some degree interoperable with Max/MSP, the commercial successor to the Max language. They may be collectively discussed as members of the Patcher family of languages. With the addition of the Graphics Environment for Multimedia (GEM) external, and externals designed to work with it (like Pure Data Packet / PiDiP for Linux, Mac OS X), framestein for Windows, GridFlow (as n-dimensional matrix processing, for Linux, Mac OS X, Windows), it is possible to create and manipulate video, OpenGL graphics, images, etc., in realtime with extensive possibilities for interactivity with audio, external sensors, etc. Pd is natively designed to enable live collaboration across networks or the Internet, allowing musicians connected via LAN or even in disparate parts of the globe to create music together in real time. Pd uses FUDI as a networking protocol.
PV-Wave (pl, appeared 1988)
Origin: Precision Visuals


PV-WAVE (Precision Visuals - Workstation Analysis and Visualization Environment) is an array oriented fourth-generation programming language used by engineers, scientists, researchers, business analysts and software developers to build and deploy visual data analysis applications.. PV-WAVE was originally developed by a company called Precision Visuals, based in Boulder, CO. In 1992, the IMSL Numerical Libraries and Precision Visuals merged and the new company was renamed Visual Numerics. In 2009, Visual Numerics was acquired by Rogue Wave Software.  PV-WAVE is closely related to the IDL (programming language), from whose code-base PV-WAVE originated. The shared history of PV-WAVE and IDL began in 1988, when Precision Visuals entered into an agreement with Research Systems, Incorporated (RSI, the original developer of IDL) under which Precision Visuals resold IDL under the name PV-WAVE. In September 1990, Precision Visuals exercised an option in its agreement with RSI to purchase a copy of the IDL source code. Since that time, IDL and PV-WAVE have been on separate development tracks: each product has been enhanced, supported, and maintained separately by its respective company.. Due to their common history, PV-WAVE and IDL share a similar FORTRAN-like syntax, as well as many common commands, functions, and subroutines.
PVS (pl, appeared 1992)
Stands for: Prototype Verification System
Origin: SRI International
Country: United States


The Prototype Verification System (PVS) is a specification language integrated with support tools and an automated theorem prover, developed at the Computer Science Laboratory of SRI International in Menlo Park, California.  PVS is based on a kernel consisting of an extension of Church's theory of types with dependent types, and is fundamentally a classical typed higher-order logic. The base types include uninterpreted types that may be introduced by the user, and built-in types such as the booleans, integers, reals, and the ordinals.  Type-constructors include functions, sets, tuples, records, enumerations, and abstract data types. Predicate subtypes and dependent types can be used to introduce constraints; these constrained types may incur proof obligations (called type-correctness conditions or TCCs) during typechecking.  PVS specifications are organized into parameterized theories. The system is implemented in Common Lisp, and is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
pyret (pl, appeared 2011)
Creators: Joe Gibbs Politz
Origin: Brown University
Country: United States
Website: https://www.pyret.org/

Pyret is a programming language designed to serve as an outstanding choice for programming education while exploring the confluence of scripting and functional programming. It's under active design and development, and free to use or modify.


GitHub description: The Pyret language.

data BinTree:
 | leaf
 | node(value, left, right)
end
fun tree-sum(t):
  doc: "Calculate the sum of node values"
  cases (BinTree) t:
    | leaf => 0
    | node(v, l, r) =>
      v + tree-sum(l) + tree-sum(r)
  end
where:
  tree-sum(leaf) is 0
  node4 = node(4, leaf, leaf)
  tree-sum(node(5, node4, leaf)) is 9
end
Pyrex (pl, appeared 2002)
Origin: University of Canterbury
Country: New Zealand
Website: http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/


Pyrex is a programming language developed to aid in creating Python modules. Its syntax is very close to Python. The goal is to make it easy for Python programmers to write the non-Python supporting code usually required for interfacing modules in a language which is as close to Python as possible.
python-cl-compiler (compiler, appeared 1991)
Origin: Carnegie Mellon University
Country: United States

The Python compiler for CMU Common Lisp has been under development for over five years, and now forms the core of a production quality public domain Lisp implementation. Python synthesizes the good ideas from Lisp compilers and source transformation systems with mainstream optimization and retargetability techniques. Novel features include strict type checking and source-level debugging of compiled code. Unusual attention has been paid to the compiler's user interface.
Python for S60 (pl, appeared 2006)
Creators: Guido van Rossum
Origin: Python Software Foundation
Country: United States


The Python for S60 also called PyS60 (Unix name), was Nokia’s port of the general Python programming language to its S60 software platform, originally based on Python 2.2.2 from 2002. The latest final version, PyS60-2.0.0, released on 11 February 2010 updated the python core to version 2.5.4.
Python (pl, appeared 1991)
Creators: Guido van Rossum
Origin: Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
Country: Netherlands
Website: https://www.python.org/
File extensions: py
pyc
pyd
pyo
Keywords: and
as
assert
break
class
continue
def
del
elif
else
except
False
finally
for
from
global
if
import
in
is
lambda
None
nonlocal
not
or
pass
raise
return
True
try
while
with
yield


Python is a widely used high-level programming language for general-purpose programming, created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. An interpreted language, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability (notably using whitespace indentation to delimit code blocks rather than curly brackets or keywords), and a syntax that allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than might be used in languages such as C++ or Java. It provides constructs that enable clear programming on both small and large scales. Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for many operating systems. CPython, the reference implementation of Python, is open source software and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of its variant implementations. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation.

GitHub description: The Python programming language
PyTorch (library, appeared 2016)
Creators: Ronan Collobert
Origin: https://github.com/pytorch
Country: Various
Website: http://pytorch.org/


PyTorch is an open-source machine learning library for Python, based on Torch, used for applications such as natural language processing. It is primarily developed by Facebook's artificial-intelligence research group, and Uber's "Pyro" software for probabilistic programming is built on it.PyTorch provides two high-level features: Tensor computation (like NumPy) with strong GPU acceleration Deep Neural Networks built on a tape-based autodiff system

GitHub description: Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with strong GPU acceleration
Q (pl, appeared 1991)
Creators: Albert Gräf
Origin: https://sourceforge.net/p/q-lang/_list/tickets
Country: Germany
Website: https://q-lang.sourceforge.net


Pure, successor to the equational language Q, is a dynamically typed, functional programming language based on term rewriting. It has facilities for user-defined operator syntax, macros, arbitrary-precision arithmetic (multiple-precision numbers), and compiling to native code through the LLVM. Pure is free and open-source software distributed (mostly) under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 or later. Pure comes with an interpreter and debugger, provides automatic memory management, has powerful functional and symbolic programming abilities, and interfaces to libraries in C (e.g., for numerics, low-level protocols, and other such tasks). At the same time, Pure is a small language designed from scratch; its interpreter is not large, and the library modules are written in Pure. The syntax of Pure resembles that of Miranda and Haskell, but it is a free-format language and thus uses explicit delimiters (rather than off-side rule indents) to denote program structure. The Pure language is a successor of the equational programming language Q, previously created by the same author, Albert Gräf at the University of Mainz, Germany. Relative to Q, it offers some important new features (such as local functions with lexical scoping, efficient vector and matrix support, and the built-in C interface) and programs run much faster as they are compiled just-in-time to native code on the fly. Pure is mostly aimed at mathematical applications and scientific computing currently, but its interactive interpreter environment, the C interface and the growing set of addon modules make it suitable for a variety of other applications, such as artificial intelligence, symbolic computation, and real-time multimedia processing. Pure plug-ins are available for the Gnumeric spreadsheet and Miller Puckette's Pure Data graphical multimedia software, which make it possible to extend these programs with functions written in the Pure language. Interfaces are also provided as library modules to GNU Octave, OpenCV, OpenGL, the GNU Scientific Library, FAUST, SuperCollider, and liblo (for Open Sound Control (OSC)).
Q# (pl, appeared 2017)
Also known as: qsharp
Origin: Microsoft
Country: United States
Website: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/quantum-qr-intro?view=qsharp-preview
Keywords: namespace
open
as
operation
function
body
adjoint
newtype
controlled
if
elif
else
repeat
until
fixup
for
in
while
return
fail
within
apply
Adjoint
Controlled
Adj
Ctl
is
self
auto
distribute
invert
intrinsic
let
set
w/
new
not
and
or
use
borrow
using
borrowing
mutable
Q (pl, appeared 2003)
Creators: Arthur Whitney
Origin: Kx Systems


Q is a proprietary array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the query language for kdb+, a disk based and in-memory, column-based database. kdb+ is based upon K, a terse variant of APL. Q is a thin wrapper around K, providing a more readable, English-like interface.
Qalb (pl, appeared 2012)
Creators: Ramsey Nasser
Origin: https://github.com/nasser/---/issues
Country: United States
Website: http://qlb-repl.herokuapp.com/


قلب (Levantine Arabic: [ʔalb]), transliterated Qalb, Qlb and Alb, is a functional programming language allowing a programmer to write programs completely in Arabic. Its name means heart and is a recursive acronym in Arabic meaning Qlb: a programming language (قلب: لغة برمجة, Qlb: Lughat Barmajah). It was developed in 2012 by Ramsey Nasser, a computer scientist at the Eyebeam Art + Technology Center in New York City, as both an artistic endeavor and as a response to the Anglophone bias in the vast majority of programming languages, which express their fundamental concepts using English words. The syntax is like that of Lisp or Scheme, consisting of parenthesized lists. All keywords are appropriate Arabic terms, and program text is laid out right-to-left, like all Arabic text. The language provides a minimal set of primitives for defining functions, conditionals, looping, list manipulation, and basic arithmetic expressions. It is Turing-complete, and the Fibonacci sequence and Conway's Game of Life have been implemented. Because all program text is written in Arabic, and the connecting strokes between characters in the Arabic script can be extended to any length, it is possible to align the source code in artistic patterns, in the tradition of Arabic calligraphy. A JavaScript-based interpreter is currently hosted on herokuapp and the project can be forked on GitHub.

GitHub description: قلب: لغة برمجة
QB64 (pl, appeared 2007)
Origin: https://qb64.boards.net
Country: United States


QB64 (originally QB32) is a self-hosting BASIC compiler for Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X, designed to be compatible with Microsoft QBasic and QuickBASIC. QB64 is a C++ emitter, which is integrated with a C++ compiler to provide compilation via C++ code and GCC optimization.QB64 implements most QBasic statements, and can run many QBasic programs, including Microsoft's QBasic Gorillas and Nibbles games. Furthermore, QB64 has been designed to contain an IDE resembling the QBASIC IDE. QB64 also extends the QBASIC programming language to include 64-bit data types, as well as better sound and graphics support. It can also emulate some DOS/x86 specific features such as INT 33h mouse access, and multiple timers.