SQL (queryLanguage, appeared 1974)
Stands for: Structured Query Language
Creators: Donald D. Chamberlin
Raymond F. Boyce
Origin: IBM
Country: United States
Keywords: ADD
ALL
ALLOCATE
ALTER
AND
ANY
ARE
AS
ASC
ASSERTION
AT
AUTHORIZATION
AVG
BEGIN
BETWEEN
BIT
BOOLEAN
BOTH
BY
CALL
CASCADE
CASCADED
CASE
CAST
CHAR
CHARACTER
CHECK
CLOSE
COLLATE
COLLATION
COLUMN
COMMIT
CONNECT
CONNECTION
CONSTRAINT
CONSTRAINTS
CONTINUE
CONVERT
CORRESPONDING
COUNT
CREATE
CURRENT
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURRENT_USER
CURSOR
DEALLOCATE
DEC
DECIMAL
DECLARE
DEFERRABLE
DEFERRED
DELETE
DESC
DESCRIBE
DIAGNOSTICS
DISCONNECT
DISTINCT
DOUBLE
DROP
ELSE
END
ENDEXEC
ESCAPE
EXCEPT
EXCEPTION
EXEC
EXECUTE
EXISTS
EXPLAIN
EXTERNAL
FALSE
FETCH
FIRST
FLOAT
FOR
FOREIGN
FOUND
FROM
FULL
FUNCTION
GET
GET_CURRENT_CONNECTION
GLOBAL
GO
GOTO
GRANT
GROUP
HAVING
HOUR
IDENTITY
IMMEDIATE
IN
INDICATOR
INITIALLY
INNER
INOUT
INPUT
INSENSITIVE
INSERT
INT
INTEGER
INTERSECT
INTO
IS
ISOLATION
JOIN
KEY
LAST
LEFT
LIKE
LONGINT
LOWER
LTRIM
MATCH
MAX
MIN
MINUTE
NATIONAL
NATURAL
NCHAR
NVARCHAR
NEXT
NO
NOT
NULL
NULLIF
NUMERIC
OF
ON
ONLY
OPEN
OPTION
OR
ORDER
OUT
OUTER
OUTPUT
OVERLAPS
PAD
PARTIAL
PREPARE
PRESERVE
PRIMARY
PRIOR
PRIVILEGES
PROCEDURE
PUBLIC
READ
REAL
REFERENCES
RELATIVE
RESTRICT
REVOKE
RIGHT
ROLLBACK
ROWS
RTRIM
SCHEMA
SCROLL
SECOND
SELECT
SESSION_USER
SET
SMALLINT
SOME
SPACE
SQL
SQLCODE
SQLERROR
SQLSTATE
SUBSTR
SUBSTRING
SUM
SYSTEM_USER
TABLE
TEMPORARY
TIMEZONE_HOUR
TIMEZONE_MINUTE
TO
TRAILING
TRANSACTION
TRANSLATE
TRANSLATION
TRUE
UNION
UNIQUE
UNKNOWN
UPDATE
UPPER
USER
USING
VALUES
VARCHAR
VARYING
VIEW
WHENEVER
WHERE
WITH
WORK
WRITE
XML
XMLEXISTS
XMLPARSE
XMLSERIALIZE
YEAR


SQL ( ( listen) ESS-kew-EL or  ( listen) SEE-kwəl or  SKWEEL, Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS). In comparison to older read/write APIs like ISAM or VSAM, SQL offers two main advantages: first, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command; and second, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, e.g. with or without an index. Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language, and data control language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements. SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became the most widely used database language. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has been revised to include a larger set of features. Despite the existence of such standards, most SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments.