pldb/PLDB huggingface dataset:
Nios II (isa, appeared 2000)
Origin: Altera


Nios II is a 32-bit embedded-processor architecture designed specifically for the Altera family of FPGAs. Nios II incorporates many enhancements over the original Nios architecture, making it more suitable for a wider range of embedded computing applications, from DSP to system-control. Nios II is comparable to MicroBlaze, a competing softcore CPU for the Xilinx family of FPGA. Unlike Microblaze, Nios II is licensable for standard-cell ASICs through a third-party IP provider, Synopsys Designware. Through the Designware license, designers can port Nios-based designs from an FPGA-platform to a mass production ASIC-device. Nios II is a successor to Altera's first configurable 16-bit embedded processor Nios.
NixOS (os, appeared 2003)
Origin: NixOS Foundation
Country: The Netherlands


NixOS is a Linux distribution built on top of the Nix package manager. It uses declarative configuration and allows reliable system upgrades. Two main branches are offered: current Stable release and Unstable following latest development. Although NixOS started as a research project, it is a fully functional and usable operating system.NixOS has tools dedicated to DevOps and deployment tasks.
NL (application, appeared 1993)
Origin: Sandia National Laboratories
Country: United States


nl is a file format for presenting and archiving mathematical programming problems. Initially this format has been invented for connecting solvers to AMPL. It has also been adopted by other systems such as COIN-OR (as one of the input formats), FortSP (for interacting with external solvers), and Coopr (as one of its output formats). The nl format supports a wide range of problem types, among them:  Linear programming Quadratic programming Nonlinear programming Mixed-integer programming Mixed-integer quadratic programming with or without convex quadratic constraints Mixed-integer nonlinear programming Second-order cone programming Global optimization Semidefinite programming problems with bilinear matrix inequalities Complementarity problems (MPECs) in discrete or continuous variables Constraint programmingThe nl format is low-level and is designed for compactness, not for readability. It has both binary and textual representation. Most commercial and academic solvers accept this format either directly or through special driver programs. The open-source AMPL Solver Library (ASL) distributed via Netlib  and AMPL/MP library  provide nl parsers that are used in many solvers.


g3 0 1 0	# problem assign0
 9 6 1 0 6	# vars, constraints, objectives, ranges, eqns
 0 0	# nonlinear constraints, objectives
 0 0	# network constraints: nonlinear, linear
 0 0 0	# nonlinear vars in constraints, objectives, both
 0 0 0 1	# linear network variables; functions; arith, flags
 9 0 0 0 0	# discrete variables: binary, integer, nonlinear (b,c,o)
 18 9	# nonzeros in Jacobian, gradients
 0 0	# max name lengths: constraints, variables
 0 0 0 0 0	# common exprs: b,c,o,c1,o1
C0
n0
C1
n0
C2
n0
C3
n0
C4
n0
C5
n0
O0 0
n0
r
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
b
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
k8
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
J0 3
0 1
1 1
2 1
J1 3
3 1
4 1
5 1
J2 3
6 1
7 1
8 1
J3 3
0 1
3 1
6 1
J4 3
1 1
4 1
7 1
J5 3
2 1
5 1
8 1
G0 9
0 1
1 3
2 3
3 2
4 3
5 3
6 3
7 3
8 2
Natural Language Toolkit (library, appeared 2001)
Origin: https://www.nltk.org/team.html
Country: Various
Website: http://www.nltk.org/


The Natural Language Toolkit, or more commonly NLTK, is a suite of libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing (NLP) for English written in the Python programming language. It was developed by Steven Bird and Edward Loper in the Department of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania. NLTK includes graphical demonstrations and sample data. It is accompanied by a book that explains the underlying concepts behind the language processing tasks supported by the toolkit, plus a cookbook. NLTK is intended to support research and teaching in NLP or closely related areas, including empirical linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, information retrieval, and machine learning. NLTK has been used successfully as a teaching tool, as an individual study tool, and as a platform for prototyping and building research systems. There are 32 universities in the US and 25 countries using NLTK in their courses. NLTK supports classification, tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and semantic reasoning functionalities..

GitHub description: NLTK Source
Node.js (pl, appeared 2009)
Creators: Ryan Dahl
Origin: OpenJS Foundation
Country: United States
Website: https://nodejs.org


Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript run-time environment that executes JavaScript code outside of a browser. Typically, JavaScript is used primarily for client-side scripting, in which scripts written in JavaScript are embedded in a webpage's HTML and run client-side by a JavaScript engine in the user's web browser. Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write Command Line tools and for server-side scripting—running scripts server-side to produce dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm, unifying web application development around a single programming language, rather than different languages for server side and client side scripts. Though .js is the conventional filename extension for JavaScript code, the name "Node.js" does not refer to a particular file in this context and is merely the name of the product. Node.js has an event-driven architecture capable of asynchronous I/O. These design choices aim to optimize throughput and scalability in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for real-time Web applications (e.g., real-time communication programs and browser games).The Node.js distributed development project, governed by the Node.js Foundation, is facilitated by the Linux Foundation's Collaborative Projects program.Corporate users of Node.js software include GoDaddy, Groupon, IBM, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Netflix, PayPal, Rakuten, SAP, Voxer, Walmart, and Yahoo!.

GitHub description: Node.js JavaScript runtime :sparkles::turtle::rocket::sparkles:
Nomad software (pl, appeared 1976)
Origin: National CSS, Inc
Country: United States


Nomad Software is a relational database and fourth-generation language (4GL), originally developed in the 1970s by time-sharing vendor National CSS. While it is still in use today, its widest use was in the 1970s and 1980s. Nomad provides both interactive and batch environments for data management and application development, including commands for database definition, data manipulation, and reporting. All components are accessible by and integrated through a database-oriented programming language. Unlike many tools for managing mainframe data, which are geared to the needs of professional programmers in MIS departments, Nomad is particularly designed for (and sold to) application end-users in large corporations. End-users employ Nomad in batch production cycles and in Web-enabled applications, as well as for reporting and distribution via the Web or PC desktop.
none (pl, appeared 2015)
Creators: Leonard Ritter
Origin: Duangle GbR
Country: Germany
Website: https://bitbucket.org/duangle/nonelang

None (a backronym for None's Only Nested Expressions), also called Nonelang for clarity, is a young, powerful, convenient, extensible and performant programming language and infrastructure. It is developed alongside our game in production, NOWHERE (we have a Patreon going if you would like to support us).
Nord Programming Language (pl, appeared 1974)
Origin: Norsk Data
Country: Norway


Nord Programming Language, commonly abbreviated NPL, was a programming language by the Norwegian minicomputer manufacturer Norsk Data. It shipped as a standard component of the operating system SINTRAN III. The language was also used to implement SINTRAN III. I.e. the core and file system of SINTRAN III was written in NPL. The NPL compiler was also written in NPL and some core applications was early on written in NPL until PLANC came and linker and other software was rewritten in PLANC. The NPL compiler was also special in that it did not produce object code as most compilers do. Instead it produced assembler code which then had to be assembled using the Norsk Data Assembler. The registers of the CPU were available in NPL as predefined variables. Thus you could write:  X + T =: A  and the compiler would generate:  COPY SX DA RADD ST DA  Functions could be declared with multiple entry points:  FUNC FUN1, FUN2  FUN1: T := 1 FUN2:  code here  END  FUN1 could be called to set T to 1 before falling into FUN2 or T could be set to something else and call FUN2. If T register specified which file handle to write to then either FUN1 could be called to always output to terminal or T could be specified to handle a file itself in T and call FUN2 to output to that file.
NorthStar BASIC (pl, appeared 1977)
Creators: Charles A. Grant
Mark Greenberg
Origin: North Star Computers Inc
Country: United States


NorthStar BASIC was a dialect of the programming language BASIC originally provided for use on the NorthStar Horizon and NorthStar Advantage. The interpreter was written using only Intel 8080 instructions so that it could run also on custom systems.  One notable difference with other dialects of BASIC of the time was the array-like way in which strings were addressed. For example, A$(13,17) in NorthStar BASIC corresponded to MID$(A$,13,5) in other dialects. This string addressing technique is analogous to the one used in Fortran, and was also used in HP-3000 Basic and Atari BASIC.  Strings were allocated 10 bytes maximum length unless DIMensioned otherwise. It was still possible to use arrays of strings, but these were declared in two or more dimensions, for example DIM B$(10,50) created 11 strings (0-10) of maximum length 50 bytes. Input from the keyboard and output to the console and printers were treated in the same way as reading and writing to data files. Some other differences were that POKE became FILL, PEEK became EXAM, and INSTR became MATCH.Some other dialects of BASIC were created which were based on and inspired by NorthStar BASIC, such as Bazic (a rewrite of North Star BASIC taking advantage of the faster Zilog Z80 instructions), Megabasic and S.A.I.L.B.O.A.T. (a basic optimized for Z80 and X86 MS-DOS). Some of these were available for other hardware and operating systems, including Unix, CP/M and DOS.
Notation3 (dataNotation, appeared 1998)
Also known as: n3
Creators: Tim Berners-Lee
Origin: World Wide Web Consortium
Country: United States


Notation3, or N3 as it is more commonly known, is a shorthand non-XML serialization of Resource Description Framework models, designed with human-readability in mind: N3 is much more compact and readable than XML RDF notation. The format is being developed by Tim Berners-Lee and others from the Semantic Web community. A formalization of the logic underlying N3 was published by Berners-Lee and others in 2008.N3 has several features that go beyond a serialization for RDF models, such as support for RDF-based rules. Turtle is a simplified, RDF-only subset of N3.


@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn>
  dc:title "Tony Benn";
  dc:publisher "Wikipedia".
Notepad++ (editor, appeared 2003)
Origin: https://web.archive.org/web/20110407233803/http://sourceforge.net/projects/notepad-plus/develop/
Country: United States


Notepad++ is a text editor and source code editor for use with Microsoft Windows. It supports tabbed editing, which allows working with multiple open files in a single window. The project's name comes from the C increment operator. Notepad++ is distributed as free software. At first the project was hosted on SourceForge.net, from where it has been downloaded over 28 million times, and twice won the SourceForge Community Choice Award for Best Developer Tool. The project was hosted on TuxFamily from 2010 to 2015; since 2015 Notepad++ has been hosted on GitHub. Notepad++ uses the Scintilla editor component.
noulith (pl, appeared 2022)
Creators: Brian Chen
Origin: https://github.com/betaveros/noulith/issues
Country: United States
Website: https://betaveros.github.io

*slaps roof of [programming language]* this bad boy can fit so much [syntax sugar] into it


GitHub description: *slaps roof of [programming language]* this bad boy can fit so much [syntax sugar] into it
Noweb (textMarkup, appeared 1989)
Creators: Norman Ramsey
Origin: Tufts University
Country: United States
Website: https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/



GitHub description: The noweb tool for literate programming

\section{Hello world}

Today I awoke and decided to write
some code, so I started to write Hello World in \textsf C.

<<hello.c>>=
/*
  <<license>>
*/
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  printf("Hello World!\n");
  return 0;
}
@
\noindent \ldots then I did the same in PHP.

<<hello.php>>=
<?php
  /*
  <<license>>
  */
  echo "Hello world!\n";
?>
@
\section{License}
Later the same day some lawyer reminded me about licenses.
So, here it is:

<<license>>=
This work is placed in the public domain.
NPL (pl, appeared 1977)
Origin: University of Edinburgh
Imperial College London
Country: United Kingdom


NPL is a functional programming language with pattern matching designed by Rod Burstall and John Darlington in 1977. The language allows certain sets and logic constructs to appear on the right hand side of definitions, e.g.  setofeven(X) <= <:x: x in X & even(x) :>The NPL interpreter evaluates the list of generators from left to right so conditions can mention any bound variables that occur to their left. These were known as set comprehensions. NPL eventually evolved into Hope but lost set comprehensions, which made a reappearance in the form of list comprehensions in later functional languages.
npm (packageManager, appeared 2010)
Creators: Isaac Z. Schlueter
Origin: npm, Inc
Country: United States
Website: http://npmjs.org


npm is a package manager for the JavaScript programming language. It is the default package manager for the JavaScript runtime environment Node.js. It consists of a command line client, also called npm, and an online database of public and paid-for private packages, called the npm registry. The registry is accessed via the client, and the available packages can be browsed and searched via the npm website. The package manager and the registry are managed by npm, Inc.

GitHub description: This repository is moving to: https://github.com/npm/cli
Not Quite C (pl, appeared 2017)
Stands for: Not Quite C
Creators: Nora Sandler
Origin: https://github.com/nlsandler/nqcc/issues
Country: United States


Not Quite C (NQC) is a programming language, application programming interface (API), and native bytecode compiler toolkit for the Lego Mindstorms, Cybermaster and LEGO Spybotics systems. It is based primarily on the C language but has specific limitations, such as the maximum number of subroutines and variables allowed, which differ depending on the version of firmware the RCX has. The language was invented by David Baum. He has released two books on the subject.

GitHub description: A compiler for a tiny (but growing!) subset of C, written in OCaml.
Namespace Routing Language (xmlFormat, appeared 2003)
Also known as: nrl
Origin: Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd
Country: Thailand




<rules xmlns="http://www.thaiopensource.com/validate/nrl">
 <namespace ns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
   <validate schema="soap-envelope.xsd"/>
 </namespace>
 <namespace ns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
   <validate schema="xhtml.rng"/>
   <validate schema="xhtml.sch"/>
 </namespace>
</rules>
NSIS (pl, appeared 2001)
Stands for: Nullsoft Software Install Script
Origin: Nullsoft, Inc
Country: United States
Website: http://nsis.sourceforge.net


Nullsoft Scriptable Install System (NSIS) is a script-driven installer authoring tool for Microsoft Windows with minimal overhead backed by Nullsoft, the creators of Winamp. NSIS is released under a combination of free software licenses, primarily the zlib license. It has become a widely used alternative to commercial proprietary products like InstallShield, with users including Amazon.com, Dropbox, Ubisoft, FL Studio, BitTorrent, and McAfee.
New Technology File System (filesystem, appeared 1993)
Stands for: New Technology File System
Origin: Microsoft
Country: United States


NTFS (New Technology File System) is a proprietary file system developed by Microsoft. Starting with Windows NT 3.1, it is the default file system of the Windows NT family.NTFS has several technical improvements over the file systems that it superseded – File Allocation Table (FAT) and High Performance File System (HPFS) – such as improved support for metadata and advanced data structures to improve performance, reliability, and disk space use. Additional extensions are a more elaborate security system based on access control lists (ACLs) and file system journaling. NTFS is supported in other desktop and server operating systems as well. Linux and BSD have a free and open-source NTFS driver, called NTFS-3G, with both read and write functionality. macOS comes with read-only support for NTFS; its disabled-by-default write support for NTFS is unstable.
Network Time Protocol (protocol, appeared 1981)
Stands for: Network Time Protocol
Origin: University of Delaware
Country: United States


The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. In operation since before 1985, NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use. NTP was designed by David L. Mills of the University of Delaware. NTP is intended to synchronize all participating computers to within a few milliseconds of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). It uses the intersection algorithm, a modified version of Marzullo's algorithm, to select accurate time servers and is designed to mitigate the effects of variable network latency. NTP can usually maintain time to within tens of milliseconds over the public Internet, and can achieve better than one millisecond accuracy in local area networks under ideal conditions. Asymmetric routes and network congestion can cause errors of 100 ms or more.The protocol is usually described in terms of a client-server model, but can as easily be used in peer-to-peer relationships where both peers consider the other to be a potential time source. Implementations send and receive timestamps using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port number 123. They can also use broadcasting or multicasting, where clients passively listen to time updates after an initial round-trip calibrating exchange. NTP supplies a warning of any impending leap second adjustment, but no information about local time zones or daylight saving time is transmitted.The current protocol is version 4 (NTPv4), which is a proposed standard as documented in RFC 5905. It is backward compatible with version 3, specified in RFC 1305.
Nu (pl, appeared 2007)
Creators: Tim Burks
Origin: https://github.com/programming-nu
Country: United States and Germany


Nu is an interpreted object-oriented programming language, with a Lisp-like syntax, created by Tim Burks as an alternative scripting language to program OS X through its Cocoa application programming interface (API). Implementations also exist for iPhone and Linux. The language was first announced at C4, a conference for indie Mac developers held in August 2007.
Numba (compiler, appeared 2012)
Creators: Travis E. Oliphant
Origin: https://github.com/numba
Country: United States and United Kingdom and Germany
Website: http://numba.pydata.org/

Numba is an open source JIT compiler that translates a subset of Python and NumPy code into fast machine code.


GitHub description: NumPy aware dynamic Python compiler using LLVM

from numba import njit
import random

@njit
def monte_carlo_pi(nsamples):
    acc = 0
    for i in range(nsamples):
        x = random.random()
        y = random.random()
        if (x ** 2 + y ** 2) < 1.0:
            acc += 1
    return 4.0 * acc / nsamples
Numbers (application, appeared 2007)
Origin: Apple
Country: United States


Numbers is a spreadsheet application developed by Apple Inc. as part of the iWork productivity suite alongside Keynote and Pages. Numbers is available for iOS, and macOS High Sierra or newer. Numbers 1.0 on OS X was announced on 7 August 2007, making it the newest application in the iWork suite. The iPad version was released on 27 January 2010. The app was later updated to support iPhone and iPod Touch. Numbers uses a free-form "canvas" approach that demotes tables to one of many different media types placed on a page. Other media, like charts, graphics and text, are treated as peers. In comparison, traditional spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel use the table as the primary container, with other media placed within the table. Numbers also includes features from the seminal Lotus Improv, notably the use of formulas based on ranges rather than cells. However, it implements these using traditional spreadsheet concepts, as opposed to Improv's use of multidimensional databases. Numbers also includes numerous stylistic improvements in an effort to improve the visual appearance of spreadsheets. At its introductory demonstration, Steve Jobs pitched a more usable interface and better control over the appearance and presentation of tables of data.
NumPy (library, appeared 1995)
Also known as: Numeric
Creators: Travis Oliphant
Origin: https://github.com/numpy
Country: Various
Website: http://www.numpy.org/


NumPy (pronounced  (NUM-py) or sometimes  (NUM-pee)) is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. The ancestor of NumPy, Numeric, was originally created by Jim Hugunin with contributions from several other developers. In 2005, Travis Oliphant created NumPy by incorporating features of the competing Numarray into Numeric, with extensive modifications. NumPy is open-source software and has many contributors.
Nuprl (pl, appeared 1984)
Also known as: FDL
Creators: Robert Lee
Origin: Cornell University
Country: United States


Nuprl is a proof development system, providing computer-mediated analysis and proofs of formal mathematical statements, and tools for software verification and optimization.  Originally developed in the 1980s by Robert Lee Constable and others, the system is now maintained by the PRL Project at Cornell University.  The currently supported version, Nuprl 5, is also known as FDL (Formal Digital Library).  Nuprl functions as an automated theorem proving system and can also be used to provide proof assistance.
Nuua (pl, appeared 2018)
Origin: https://github.com/nuua-io
Country: Spain
Website: https://nuua.io



GitHub description: The Nuua Programming Language - A zero dependencies, high level strong typed, interpreted language built on the top of modern C++17.

class Triangle {
    b: float
    h: float
    fun area(): float -> (self.b * self.h) / 2.0
}

fun main(argv: [string]) {
    t := Triangle!{b: 10.0, h: 5.0}
    print "The area is: " + t.area() as string
}
Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language (xmlFormat, appeared 2006)
Stands for: Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language
Origin: National Security Complex
Crane Softwrights Ltd
Country: United States and Canada


Namespace-based Validation Dispatching Language (NVDL) is an XML schema language for validating XML documents that integrate with multiple namespaces. It is an ISO/IEC standard, and it is Part 4 of the DSDL schema specification. Much of the work on NVDL is based on the older Namespace Routing Language.


<rules xmlns="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/nvdl/ns/structure/1.0">
 <namespace ns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
   <validate schema="xhtml.rng"/>
 </namespace>
 <namespace ns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg/">
   <validate schema="svg.sch"/>
 </namespace>
 <anyNamespace>
   <reject/>
 </anyNamespace>
</rules>