pldb/PLDB huggingface dataset:
Incipit (textMarkup, appeared 2021)
Creators: Lucas de Sena
Origin: https://github.com/phillbush/incipit/issues
Country: Brazil

The ‘Incipit Markup Language’ (or ‘Incipit’, for short) is a plain text markup language that uses Unicode characters and the structure of the text itself to format documents.


GitHub description: the incipit plain text markup language, and some troff macro packages

.Enumeration incipit.
Each enumeration item can have a incipit colon, which will be explained
on the “§ Incipit” section below.  The incipit colon is a colon
describing the topic of the item.

The following is an example of enumeration.
• (A) First item:
      This is the first item of a labeled enumeration.
      This item also contains an incipit colon.
• (B) Second item:
      This is the second item of a labeled enumeration.
      It also contains an incipit colon.
• (C) Third item.
    • First subitem of third item.
    • Second subitem of third item.
    • Third subitem of third item.
    • Fourth subitem of third item.
• (D) Fourth item.
Indental (dataNotation, appeared 2017)
Origin: https://github.com/XXIIVV
Country: Unknown
Website: https://wiki.xxiivv.com/#indental

This space-sensitive database format is designed to store a dictionary of elements, accessible by name. The parser is a mere 50 lines, and allows for human-readable data structures for static sites such as Oscean, also see Tablatal. In the Indental file, an unindented line declares the key to a new root node, children lines can associate either parameters or lists to their parent node, a line divided with a colon will associate a value to a parameter to the parent node, and a sequence of equally indented lines will append to a list.



NAME
    KEY : VALUE
    LIST
        ITEM1
        ITEM2
{NAME:{KEY:VALUE,LIST:[ITEM1,ITEM2])}
INFER (pl, appeared 1992)
Origin: Indiana University
Country: United States


Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences. Charles Sanders Peirce divided inference into three kinds: deduction, induction, and abduction.  Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true,  with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic.  Induction is inference from particular premises to a universal conclusion.  Abduction is inference to the best explanation. Human inference (i.e. how humans draw conclusions) is traditionally studied within the field of cognitive psychology; artificial intelligence researchers develop automated inference systems to emulate human inference. Statistical inference uses mathematics to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. This generalizes deterministic reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a special case. Statistical inference uses quantitative or qualitative (categorical) data which may be subject to random variations.
Inform (pl, appeared 1993)
Creators: Graham Nelson
Origin: https://inform-fiction.org/
Country: United Kingdom
Website: http://inform7.com/


Inform is a programming language and design system for interactive fiction originally created in 1993 by Graham Nelson. Inform can generate programs designed for the Z-code or Glulx virtual machines. Versions 1 through 5 were released between 1993 and 1996. Around 1996, Nelson rewrote Inform from first principles to create version 6 (or Inform 6). Over the following decade, version 6 became reasonably stable and a popular language for writing interactive fiction. In 2006, Nelson released Inform 7 (briefly known as Natural Inform), a completely new language based on principles of natural language and a new set of tools based around a book-publishing metaphor.
Information Algebra (pl, appeared 1962)
Origin: System Development Corporation
Honeywell International Inc
RAND Corporation
IBM
United States Navy
National Cash Register Corporation
General Electric Company
Country: United States


The term "information algebra" refers to mathematical techniques of information processing. Classical information theory goes back to Claude Shannon. It is a theory of information transmission, looking at communication and storage. However, it has not been considered so far that information comes from different sources and that it is therefore usually combined. It has furthermore been neglected in classical information theory that one wants to extract those parts out of a piece of information that are relevant to specific questions. A mathematical phrasing of these operations leads to an algebra of information, describing basic modes of information processing. Such an algebra involves several formalisms of computer science, which seem to be different on the surface: relational databases, multiple systems of formal logic or numerical problems of linear algebra. It allows the development of generic procedures of information processing and thus a unification of basic methods of computer science, in particular of distributed information processing. Information relates to precise questions, comes from different sources, must be aggregated, and can be focused on questions of interest. Starting from these considerations, information algebras (Kohlas 2003) are two-sorted algebras                         (         Φ         ,         D         )                          {\displaystyle (\Phi ,D)\,}   , where                         Φ                          {\displaystyle \Phi \,}    is a semigroup, representing combination or aggregation of information,                         D                          {\displaystyle D\,}    is a lattice of domains (related to questions) whose partial order reflects the granularity of the domain or the question, and a mixed operation representing focusing or extraction of information.
Information Processing Language (pl, appeared 1954)
Also known as: ipl
Stands for: Information Processing Language
Origin: RAND Corporation
Carnegie Institute of Technology
Country: United States


Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language created by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology at about 1956.  Newell had the job of language specifier-application programmer, Shaw was the system programmer, and Simon took the job of application programmer-user. The language includes features intended to help with programs that perform simple problem solving actions such as lists, dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, functions as arguments, generators, and cooperative multitasking.  IPL invented the concept of list processing, albeit in an assembly-language style.
IBM Informix-4GL (queryLanguage, appeared 1985)
Origin: IBM

It includes embedded SQL, a report writer language, a form language, and a limited set of imperative capabilities (functions, if and while statements, and supports arrays etc.). The language is particularly close to a natural language and is easy to learn and use.

Informix-4GL is a 4GL programming language developed by Informix during the mid-1980s.


SELECT UNIQUE city, state, zipcode, sname
FROM customer, state
WHERE customer.state = state.code
Ini (dataNotation, appeared 1987)
Origin: Microsoft
Country: United States


The INI file format is an informal standard for configuration files for some platforms or software. INI files are simple text files with a basic structure composed of sections, properties, and values. In MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows platforms up through Windows ME, the INI file served as the primary mechanism to configure operating system and installed applications features, such as device drivers, fonts, startup launchers, and things that needed to be initialized in booting Windows. INI files were also generally used by applications to store their individual settings. Starting with Windows NT, Microsoft favored the use of the registry, and began to steer developers away from using INI files for configuration. All subsequent versions of Windows have used the Windows Registry for system configuration, and applications built on the .NET Framework use special XML .config files. The APIs still exist in Windows, however, and developers may still use them. The name "INI file" comes from the commonly used filename extension .INI, which stands for "initialization". Other common initialization file extensions are .CFG, .conf, and .TXT, especially CONFIG.SYS and 'config.txt' occurrences. Linux and Unix systems also use a similar file format for system configuration. In addition, platform-agnostic software may use this file format for configuration. It is human-readable and simple to parse, so it is a usable format for configuration files that do not require much greater complexity. For example, the platform-agnostic PHP uses the INI format for its "php.ini" configuration file in both Windows and Linux systems. Desktop.ini files determine how a folder is displayed by Windows, such as the icon used by that folder.


; last modified 1 April 2001 by John Doe
[owner]
name = John Doe
organization = Acme Widgets Inc.

[database]
; use IP address in case network name resolution is not working
server = 192.0.2.62     
port = 143
file = "payroll.dat"
ink-lang (pl, appeared 2019)
Creators: Linus Lee
Origin: https://github.com/thesephist/ink/issues
Country: United States
Website: https://dotink.co



GitHub description: Ink is a minimal programming language inspired by modern JavaScript and Go, with functional style.

std := load('std')

log := std.log

listen('0.0.0.0:8080', evt => (
  evt.type :: {
    'error' -> log('Error: ' + evt.message)
    'req' -> (evt.end)({
      status: 200
      headers: {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}
      body: 'Hello, World!'
    })
  }
))
ink (esolang, appeared 2015)
Creators: Joseph Humfrey
Origin: https://github.com/inkle
Country: United Kingdom
Website: http://www.inklestudios.com/ink

Ink is inkle's scripting language for writing interactive narrative, both for text-centric games as well as more graphical games that contain highly branching stories.


GitHub description: inkle's open source scripting language for writing interactive narrative.

- I looked at Monsieur Fogg 
*   ... and I could contain myself no longer.
    'What is the purpose of our journey, Monsieur?'
    'A wager,' he replied.
    * *     'A wager!'[] I returned.
            He nodded. 
            * * *   'But surely that is foolishness!'
            * * *  'A most serious matter then!'
            - - -   He nodded again.
            * * *   'But can we win?'
                    'That is what we will endeavour to find out,' he answered.
            * * *   'A modest wager, I trust?'
                    'Twenty thousand pounds,' he replied, quite flatly.
            * * *   I asked nothing further of him then[.], and after a final, polite cough, he  offered nothing more to me. <>
    * *     'Ah[.'],' I replied, uncertain what I thought.
    - -     After that, <>
*   ... but I said nothing[] and <> 
- we passed the day in silence.
- -> END
inko (pl, appeared 2015)
Creators: Yorick Peterse
Origin: https://gitlab.com/inko-lang/
Country: The Netherlands
Website: http://inko-lang.org/

<a href='https://github.com/YorickPeterse/inko'>Inko</a> is a gradually typed, interpreted, object-oriented programming language drawing inspiration from languages such as Smalltalk, Self, Ruby, Erlang and Rust.


GitHub description: Inko is a statically-typed, safe, object-oriented programming language for writing concurrent programs. This is a read-only mirror of https://gitlab.com/inko-lang/inko
Instruction list (pl, appeared 2000)
Origin: International Electrotechnical Commission
Country: Switzerland


Instruction List (IL) is one of the 5 languages supported by the IEC 61131-3 standard. It is designed for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is a low level language and resembles assembly. All of the languages share IEC61131 Common Elements. The variables and function call are defined by the common elements so different languages can be used in the same program. Program control (control flow) is achieved by jump instructions and function calls (subroutines with optional parameters). The file format has now been standardized to XML by PLCopen.
Integer BASIC (pl, appeared 1977)
Origin: Apple
Country: United States


Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, is the BASIC interpreter of the Apple I and original Apple II computers. Originally available on cassette, then included in ROM on the original Apple II computer at release in 1977, it was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners.Integer BASIC was phased out in favor of Applesoft BASIC starting with the Apple II Plus in 1979. This was a licensed but modified version of Microsoft BASIC, which included the floating point support missing in Integer BASIC.
INTERCAL (esolang, appeared 1972)
Origin: Princeton University
Country: United States


The Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym, abbreviated INTERCAL, is an esoteric programming language that was created as a parody by Don Woods and James M. Lyon, two Princeton University students, in 1972. It satirizes aspects of the various programming languages at the time, as well as the proliferation of proposed language constructs and notations in the 1960s. There are two currently maintained versions of INTERCAL: C-INTERCAL, maintained by Eric S. Raymond, and CLC-INTERCAL, maintained by Claudio Calvelli.
Interchange File Format (binaryDataFormat, appeared 1985)
Origin: Electronic Arts Inc
Commodore International
Country: United States


Interchange File Format (IFF), is a generic container file format originally introduced by the Electronic Arts company in 1985 (in cooperation with Commodore) in order to facilitate transfer of data between software produced by different companies. IFF files do not have any standard extension.  On many systems that generate IFF files, file extensions are not important (the OS stores file format metadata separately from the file name).  An .iff extension is commonly used for ILBM format files, which use the IFF container format. Resource Interchange File Format is a format developed by Microsoft and IBM in 1991 that is based on IFF, except the byte order has been changed to little-endian to match the x86 processor architecture. Apple's AIFF is a big-endian audio file format developed from IFF. The TIFF image file format is unrelated.
Interlisp (pl, appeared 1966)
Creators: Daniel G. Bobrow
Warren Teitelman
Ronald Kaplan
Origin: Bolt, Beranek and Newman
Country: United States


Interlisp (also seen with a variety of capitalizations) is a programming environment built around a version of the Lisp programming language. Interlisp development began in 1966 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts with Lisp implemented for the DEC PDP-1 by Danny Bobrow and D. L. Murphy. In 1970 BBN LISP was designed, which ran on PDP-10 machines running the TENEX operating system. In 1973, when Danny Bobrow, Warren Teitelman and Ronald Kaplan moved from BBN to Xerox PARC, it was renamed Interlisp. Interlisp became a popular Lisp development tool for AI researchers at Stanford University and elsewhere in the DARPA community. Interlisp was notable for the integration of interactive development tools into the environment, such as a debugger, an automatic correction tool for simple errors (DWIM – "do what I mean"), and analysis tools.
Io (pl, appeared 2002)
Creators: Steve Dekorte
Origin: https://github.com/IoLanguage
Country: United States and United Kingdom and Belarus
Website: https://iolanguage.org/


Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and it uses dynamic typing. Like Lisp, programs are just data trees. Io uses actors for concurrency. Remarkable features of Io are its minimal size and openness to using external code resources. Io is executed by a small, portable virtual machine.
Ioke (pl, appeared 2008)
Creators: Ola Bini
Origin: https://github.com/olabini/ioke/issues/
Country: Ecuador
Website: http://ioke.org
File extensions: ik


Ioke is a dynamic, strongly typed, prototype-based programming language targeting the Java Virtual Machine and the Common Language Runtime. It was designed by Ola Bini, a developer of JRuby. It has a very simple homoiconic syntax, somewhat similar to Io.

GitHub description: ioke is a new language for the JVM, based on Io and other languages.
Ion Schema Language (grammarLanguage, appeared 2018)
Origin: Amazon.com, Inc
Country: United States




type::{
  name: Person,
  type: struct,
  fields: {
    title: {
      type: symbol,
      valid_values: [Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Mx, Dr],
    },
    firstName: { type: string, occurs: required },
    middleName: string,
    lastName: { type: string, occurs: required },
    age: { type: int, valid_values: range::[0, 130] },
  },
}
Ion (idl, appeared 2016)
Also known as: Amazon Ion
Origin: Amazon.com, Inc
Country: United States

Amazon Ion is a richly-typed, self-describing, hierarchical data serialization format offering interchangeable binary and text representations. The text format (a superset of JSON) is easy to read and author, supporting rapid prototyping. The binary representation is efficient to store, transmit, and skip-scan parse.



/* Ion supports comments. */
// Here is a struct, which is similar to a JSON object
{
  // Field names don't always have to be quoted
  name: "Fido",

  // This is an integer with a 'years' annotation
  age: years::4,

  // This is a timestamp with day precision
  birthday: 2012-03-01T,

  // Here is a list, which is like a JSON array
  toys: [
    // These are symbol values, which are like strings,
    // but get encoded as integers in binary
    ball,
    rope,
  ],

  // This is a decimal -- a base-10 floating point value
  weight: pounds::41.2,

  // Here is a blob -- binary data, which is
  // base64-encoded in Ion text encoding
  buzz: {{VG8gaW5maW5pdHkuLi4gYW5kIGJleW9uZCE=}},
}
iOS (os, appeared 2007)
Stands for: iOS operating system
Origin: Apple
Country: United States
Website: https://www.apple.com/ios/


iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android. Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007) and the iPad (January 2010). As of  March 2018, Apple's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications, 1 million of which are native for iPads. These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times. The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products. Major versions of iOS are released annually. The current version, iOS 12, was released on September 17, 2018. It is available for all iOS devices with 64-bit processors; the iPhone 5S and later iPhone models, the iPad (2017), the iPad Air and later iPad Air models, all iPad Pro models, the iPad Mini 2 and later iPad Mini models, and the sixth-generation iPod Touch. On all recent iOS devices, the iOS regularly checks on the availability of an update, and if one is available, will prompt the user to permit its automatic installation.
Iota-and-jot (esolang, appeared 2001)
Also known as: jot
Origin: New York University
Country: United States


In formal language theory and computer science, Iota and Jot (from Greek iota ι, Hebrew yodh י, the smallest letters in those two alphabets) are languages, extremely minimalist formal systems, designed to be even simpler than other more popular alternatives, such as the lambda calculus and SKI combinator calculus.
iota (pl, appeared 1985)
Origin: Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences
Country: Japan

A highly interactive programming system is presented which supports hierarchical and modular program development with abstraction mechanisms. By taking advantage of abstraction mechanisms, the system provides a "truly modular" environment, in which modules are constructed, debugged, verified, and compiled in a module-by-module fashion. Such an environment naturally requires system management of the information concerning ongoing program development, in the form of module databases. As a result, further problems arise as to how to modify the information in efficient and consistent ways. This paper discusses design objectives for modular programming systems by focusing on such issues as information management, interactive construction and modification of modules, separate processing, specification and verification, and supports for cooperative program development.
Information Presentation Facility (pl, appeared 1997)
Stands for: Information Presentation Facility
Origin: IBM
Country: United States


Information Presentation Facility (IPF) is a system for presenting online help and hypertext on IBM OS/2 systems. IPF also refers to the markup language that is used to create IPF content. The IPF language has its origins in BookMaster and Generalized Markup Language developed by IBM. The IPF language is very similar to the well-known HTML language, version 3.0, with a range of additional possibilities. Therefore, a trained user may use virtually any word processor when creating IPF documents. The IPF language consists of 45 basic commands. IPF files are compiled using the IPF Compiler (IPFC) into viewable INF or HLP files. IPF HLP files are distinct from the WinHelp HLP files that are prevalent in Windows. OS/2 contains a built in viewer, and there are other viewers available for other platforms.


.* This is a comment line
:userdoc.
:title.Endangered Mammals
:h1 res=001.The Manatee

:p.
The manatee has a broad flat tail and two flipper
like forelegs.  There are no back legs.
The manatee's large upper lip is split in two and
can be used like fingers to place food into the
mouth.  Bristly hair protrudes from its lips,
and almost buried in its hide are small eyes, with
which it can barely see.

:euserdoc.
IpTables Rope (pl, appeared 2005)
Origin: Digitage Ltd
Country: United Kingdom
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20190802032651/http://www.digitage.co.uk/rope


Rope is a programming language that allows developers to write extensions to the Iptables/Netfilter components of Linux using a simple scripting language based on Reverse Polish notation. It is a scriptable Iptables match module, used to identify whether IP packets passed to it match a particular set of criteria or not. Rope started life as a project to make the "string" match module of Iptables stronger and evolved fairly quickly into an open-ended scriptable packet matching mechanism.