pldb/PLDB huggingface dataset:
ApeScript (pl, appeared 1995)


ApeScript is an interpreted procedural dynamic-typed language. It was developed for the Noble Ape Simulation through mid-2005 by Tom Barbalet. ApeScript was designed with the following specifications;  simple language, stable memory footprint, minimal crashes, and, small code size.ApeScript is defined in the Noble Ape Simulation manual. Additional ApeScript tutorials are on the Noble Ape site.
APL (pl, appeared 1964)
Stands for: A Programming Language
Creators: Kenneth E. Iverson
Origin: Harvard University
Country: United States


APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the multidimensional array. It uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages. It is still used today for certain applications.
A+ (pl, appeared 1988)
Creators: Arthur Whitney
Origin: Morgan Stanley
Country: United States
Website: http://www.aplusdev.org/


A+ is an array programming language descendent from the programming language A, which in turn was created to replace APL in 1988. Arthur Whitney developed the A portion of A+, while other developers at Morgan Stanley extended it, adding a graphical user interface and other language features. A+ is a high-level, interactive, interpreted language, designed for numerically intensive applications, especially those found in financial applications.  A+ runs on many Unix variants, including Linux. It is free and open source software released under a GNU General Public License. A+ provides an extended set of functions and operators, a graphical user interface with automatic synchronizing of widgets and variables, asynchronous executing of functions associated with variables and events, dynamic loading of user compiled subroutines, and other features. A newer graphical user interface has not yet been ported to all supported platforms The A+ language implements the following changes to the APL language:  an A+ function may have up to nine formal parameters A+ code statements are separated by semicolons, so a single statement may be divided into two or more physical lines The explicit result of a function or operator is the result of the last statement executed A+ implements an object called a dependency, which is a global variable (the dependent variable) and an associated definition that is like a function with no arguments. Values can be explicitly set and referenced in exactly the same ways as for a global variable, but they can also be set through the associated definition.Interactive A+ development is primarily done in the Xemacs editor, through extensions to the editor. Because A+ code uses the original APL symbols, displaying A+ requires a font with those special characters; a font named kapl is provided on the web site for that purpose. Arthur Whitney went on to create a proprietary array language named K.  Like J, K omits the APL character set.  It lacks some of the perceived complexities of A+, such as the existence of statements and two different modes of syntax.
A++ (pl, appeared 1996)
Origin: Bull's Software-Haus
Country: Germany


A++ stands for abstraction plus reference plus  synthesis which is used as a name for the minimalistic  programming language that is built on ARS. ARS is an abstraction from the Lambda Calculus, taking its three basic operations, and giving them a more general meaning, thus providing a foundation for the three major programming paradigms: functional programming, object-oriented programming and imperative programming. ARS Based Programming is used as a name for programming which consists mainly of applying patterns derived from ARS to programming in any language. The  technical texts in this article are taken from the online version of the 1st edition of the A++-book.The 2nd edition of the book A++ The Smallest Programming Language in the World (292 pages) was published in 2018.
APLX (pl, appeared 1985)
Origin: MicroAPL, Ltd
Country: United Kingdom


APLX is a cross-platform dialect of the programming language APL, created by British company MicroAPL, Ltd. APLX is intended for uses such as financial planning, market research, statistics, management information, and various kinds of scientific and engineering work. APLX is based on IBM's APL2, but includes several extensions. APLX version 3 was released in April and May 2005. It is available on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. Though APLX keeps APL's extended character set, APLX is a bit more verbose, due to the prevalence of system functions with long names, and the use of structured-control keywords. The use of explicit loops is a major deviation from earlier APL versions and derivatives. Other extensions include:  Object-oriented programming Support for .NET Framework, ActiveX, operating system resources, and connectivity Extensible Markup Language (XML) array conversion primitivesEffective July 11, 2016, MicroAPL withdrew APLX from commercial sale. British firm Dyalog, authors of APL2000, began hosting the APLX Archive website including the download area and documentation.
AGC (assembly, appeared 1966)
Stands for: Apollo Guidance Computer
Origin: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory
Raytheon
Country: United States


The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was a digital computer produced for the Apollo program that was installed on board each Apollo Command Module (CM) and Lunar Module (LM). The AGC provided computation and electronic interfaces for guidance, navigation, and control of the spacecraft. The AGC has a 16-bit word length, with 15 data bits and one parity bit. Most of the software on the AGC is stored in a special read-only memory known as core rope memory, fashioned by weaving wires through magnetic cores, though a small amount of read-write core memory is available. Astronauts communicated with the AGC using a numeric display and keyboard called the DSKY (DiSplay&KeYboard, pronounced 'DISS-key'). The AGC and its DSKY user interface were developed in the early 1960s for the Apollo program by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory and first flew in 1966. The AGC was one of the first integrated circuit-based computers. The computer's performance was comparable to the first generation of home computers from the late 1970s, such as the Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET.


SWCHSET     STORE   NOMTPI
INTLOOP     DLOAD   DAD
            TTPI
            NOMTPI
        STCALL  TDEC1
            PRECSET
        CALL
            S33/34.1
        BZE EXIT
            SWCHCLR
        TC  ALARM
        OCT 611
        CAF V05N09
        TC  BANKCALL
        CADR    GOFLASH
        TC  GOTOPOOH
        TC  P34/P74A    # PROCEED
        TC  -7      # V32
Apple BASIC (pl, appeared 1978)
Origin: Apple
Country: United States


Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, is the BASIC interpreter of the Apple I and original Apple II computers. Originally available on cassette, then included in ROM on the original Apple II computer at release in 1977, it was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners.Integer BASIC was phased out in favor of Applesoft BASIC starting with the Apple II Plus in 1979. This was a licensed but modified version of Microsoft BASIC, which included the floating point support missing in Integer BASIC.
Apple ProDOS (os, appeared 1983)
Origin: Apple Computer
Country: United States


ProDOS is the name of two similar operating systems for the Apple II series of personal computers.  The original ProDOS, renamed ProDOS 8 in version 1.2, is the last official operating system usable by all 8-bit Apple II series computers, and was distributed from 1983 to 1993.  The other, ProDOS 16, was a stop-gap solution for the 16-bit Apple IIGS that was replaced by GS/OS within two years.ProDOS was marketed by Apple as meaning Professional Disk Operating System, and became the most popular operating system for the Apple II series of computers 10 months after its release in January 1983.
Applescript (pl, appeared 1993)
Origin: Apple
Country: United States
Website: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptX/AppleScriptX.html
File extensions: scpt
scptd
AppleScript


AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. and built into the Classic Mac OS since System 7 and into all versions of macOS. The term "AppleScript" may refer to the scripting system itself, to an individual script written in the AppleScript language, or to the language itself.
Applesoft BASIC (pl, appeared 1979)
Origin: Microsoft
Country: United States


Applesoft BASIC is a dialect of Microsoft BASIC, developed by Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland,  supplied with the Apple II series of computers. It supersedes Integer BASIC and is the BASIC in ROM in all Apple II series computers after the original Apple II model. It is also referred to as FP BASIC (from "floating point") because of the Apple DOS command used to invoke it, instead of INT for Integer BASIC. Applesoft BASIC was supplied by Microsoft and its name is derived from the names of both Apple and Microsoft. Apple employees, including Randy Wigginton, adapted Microsoft's interpreter for the Apple II and added several features. The first version of Applesoft was released in 1977 on cassette tape and lacked proper support for high-resolution graphics. Applesoft II, which was made available on cassette and disk and in the ROM of the Apple II Plus and subsequent models, was released in 1978. It is this latter version, which has some syntax differences and support for the Apple II high-resolution graphics modes, that is usually synonymous with the term "Applesoft."
APSE (pl, appeared 1980)
Origin: U.S. military Ada project
Country: United States


APSE standing for Ada Programming Support Environment was a specification for a programming environment to support software development in the Ada programming language. This represented the second stage of the U.S. military Ada project; once the language was implemented, it was felt necessary to specify and implement a standard set of tools, hence the APSE. CAIS-A, Common APSE Interface Set A, was defined in MIL STD-1838A. CAIS defines a set of Ada APIs to enable portability of development tools across operating systems. As of 1988, CAIS implementations were under development for Unix, VMS and IBM MVS.
APT Debian (packageManager, appeared 1998)
Origin: The Debian Project
Country: United State


Advanced Package Tool, or APT, is a free-software user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on Debian, Ubuntu, and related Linux distributions. APT simplifies the process of managing software on Unix-like computer systems by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages, either from precompiled files or by compiling source code.
Automatically Programmed Tool (pl, appeared 1956)
Stands for: Automatically Programmed Tool
Origin: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Country: United States


APT or Automatically Programmed Tool is a high-level computer programming language most commonly used to generate instructions for numerically controlled machine tools. Douglas T. Ross is considered by many to be the father of APT: as head of the newly created Computer Applications Group of the Servomechanisms Laboratory at MIT in 1956, he led its technical effort. APT is a language and system that makes numerically controlled manufacturing possible. This early language was used widely through the 1970s and is still a standard internationally. Derivatives of APT were later developed.
Hindu-Arabic numeral system (numeralSystem, appeared 825)


The Hindu–Arabic numeral system or Indo-Arabic numeral system  (also called the Arabic numeral system or Hindu numeral system) is a positional decimal numeral system, and is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world.  It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians. The system was adopted in Arabic mathematics by the 9th century. Influential were the books of Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, c. 825) and Al-Kindi (On the Use of the Hindu Numerals, c. 830).  The system later spread to medieval Europe by the High Middle Ages. The system is based upon ten (originally nine) glyphs. The symbols (glyphs) used to represent the system are in principle independent of the system itself. The glyphs in actual use are descended from Brahmi numerals and have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages. These symbol sets can be divided into three main families: Western Arabic numerals used in the Greater Maghreb and in Europe, Eastern Arabic numerals (also called "Indic numerals") used in the Middle East, and the Indian numerals used in the Indian subcontinent.
ARC processor (isa, appeared 1995)
Origin: ARC International PLC


ARC (Argonaut RISC Core) embedded processors are a family of 32-bit CPUs originally designed by ARC International. They are widely used in SoC devices for storage, home, mobile, automotive, and Internet of Things applications. ARC processors have been licensed by more than 200 organizations and are shipped in more than 1.5 billion products per year. ARC processors are now part of the Synopsys DesignWare series, and can be optimized for a wide range of uses. Designers can differentiate their products by using patented configuration technology to tailor each ARC processor instance to meet specific performance, power and area requirements. The ARC processors are also extendable, allowing designers to add their own custom instructions that can significantly increase performance or reduce power consumption. ARC processors are RISC processors, and employ the 16-/32-bit ARCompact instruction set architecture that provides good performance and code density for embedded and host SoC applications. The processors are synthesizable and can be implemented in any foundry or process, and are supported by a complete suite of development tools. Configuration of the ARC processors occurs at design time, using the ARChitect processor configurator. The core was designed to be extensible. Unlike most embedded microprocessors, extra instructions, registers and functionality can be added, in a modular fashion. Customers analyse the task, break down the operations, and then choose the appropriate extensions, or develop their own, to create their own custom microprocessor. They might optimise for speed, energy efficiency or code density. Extensions can include, for example, an MMU, a fast multiplier–accumulator, a USB Host, a Viterbi path decoder, or a user's proprietary RTL functions. The ARC concept was developed initially within Argonaut Games through a series of 3D pipeline development projects starting with the Super FX chip for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. In 1995, Argonaut was split into Argonaut Technologies Limited (ATL), which had a variety of technology projects, and Argonaut Software Limited (ASL). At the start of 1996, the General Manager of Argonaut, John Edelson, started reducing ATL projects such as BRender and motion capture and investing in the development of the ARC concept. In 1997, following investment by Apax Partners, ATL became ARC International and totally independent from Argonaut Games. Prior to their initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange, underwritten by Goldman Sachs and five other investment banks, three related technology companies were acquired: Metaware in Santa Cruz, California (development and modeling software), VAutomation in Nashua, New Hampshire (peripheral semiconductor IP), and Precise Software in Nepean, Ontario (RTOS).
ArchieML (dataNotation, appeared 2015)
Also known as: aml
Origin: The New York Times
Country: United States
Website: http://archieml.org/

ArchieML (or "AML") was created at The New York Times to make it easier to write and edit structured text on deadline that could be rendered in web pages, or more specifically, rendered in interactive graphics.



[days]
* Sunday
note: holiday!
* Monday
* Tuesday

Whitespace is still fine around the '*'
  *   Wednesday

* Thursday

Friday!
* Friday
* Saturday
[]
[+books]
kicker: Books you should read

score: ★★★★★!!!
title: Wuthering Heights
author: Emily Brontë

title: Middlemarch
author: George Eliot
score: ★★★★☆
[]
Arden syntax (dataNotation, appeared 1992)
Origin: Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center
IBM
Country: United States




maintenance:
 title: To check the diastolic blood pressure of the patient;;
 mlmname: Hypotension;;
 arden: version 2.7;;
 version: 1.00;;
 institution: Latrobe University Bundoora;;
 author: Lakshmi Devineni;;
 specialist: ;;
 date: 2013-06-02;;
 validation: testing;;
library:
 purpose: check if the diastolic blood pressure of the patient is within limits;;
 explanation: This MLM is an example for reading data and writing a message;;
 keywords: hypotension; categorization;;
 citations: ;;
 links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension;;
knowledge:
 type: data_driven;;
 data:
 /* read the diastolic blood pressure */
 diastolic_blood_pressure := read last
 {diastolic blood pressure}; /* the value in braces is specific to your 
 runtime environment */
 /* If the height is lower than height_threshold, output a message */
 diastolic_pressure_threshold := 60;
 stdout_dest := destination
 {stdout};
 ;;
 evoke: null_event;;
 logic:
 if (diastolic_blood_pressure is not number) then
 conclude false;
 endif;
 if (diastolic_blood_pressure >= diastolic_pressure_threshold) then
 conclude true;
 else
 conclude false;
 endif;
 ;;
 action:
 write "Your Diastolic Blood Pressure is too low (hypotension)"
 at stdout_dest;
 ;;
resources:
 default: de
 ;;
 language: en
 'msg' : "The normal range from 60 to 90";
 ;;
 language: de
 'msg' : "Der Normalbereich von 60 bis 90";
 ;;
end:
Arduino Programming Language (pl, appeared 2005)
Origin: Arduino
Country: Italy
Website: https://www.arduino.cc

The Arduino Programming Language is mostly C++ with

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital world. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project. The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors. The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.
ARexx (pl, appeared 1987)
Country: United States


ARexx is an implementation of the Rexx language for the Amiga, written in 1987 by William S. Hawes, with a number of Amiga-specific features beyond standard REXX facilities.  Like most REXX implementations, ARexx is an interpreted language. Programs written for ARexx are called "scripts", or "macros"; several programs offer the ability to run ARexx scripts in their main interface as macros. ARexx can easily communicate with third-party software that implements an "ARexx port". Any Amiga application or script can define a set of commands and functions for ARexx to address, thus making the capabilities of the software available to the scripts written in ARexx. ARexx can direct commands and functions to several applications from the same script, thus offering the opportunity to mix and match functions from the different programs. For example, an ARexx script could extract data from a database, insert the data into a spreadsheet to perform calculations on it, then insert tables and charts based on the results into a word processor document.
arezzo-notation (musicalNotation, appeared 1033)
Origin: Italian Benedictine Monastery
Country: Spain and Italy

The stave of 4 lines is usually attributed to an Italian Benedictine Monk called Guido of Arezzo (approx. 991-1033). In "Micrologus" a treatise on music notation, he also used the initial letters of a hymn to define musical pitches. These letters were ut, re mi, fa, sol, la. In most countries "Ut" became "Do" and centuries later with the addition of "ti" the system came to be called the sol-fa notation which was taught in many schools.
Argus (pl, appeared 1982)
Origin: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Country: United States


Argus is a programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov between 1982 and 1988, in collaboration with Maurice Herlihy, Paul Johnson, Robert Scheifler, and William Weihl.  It is an extension of the CLU language, and utilizes most of the same syntax and semantics.  Argus was designed to support the creation of distributed programs, by encapsulating related procedures within objects called guardians, and by supporting atomic operations called actions.
ARITH-MATIC (pl, appeared 1954)
Origin: Remington Rand
Country: United States


You may have been looking for arithmetic, a branch of mathematics.ARITH-MATIC is an extension of Grace Hopper's  A-2 programming language, developed around 1955. ARITH-MATIC was originally known as A-3, but was renamed by the marketing department of Remington Rand UNIVAC.
Ark (pl, appeared 2014)
Website: https://ark-lang.github.io/



GitHub description: A compiled systems programming language written in Go using the LLVM framework

// binding to printf
[c] func printf(fmt: ^u8, ...);

pub func main(argc: int, argv: ^^u8) -> int {
    // accessed via the C module
    C::printf(c"Running %s\n", ^argv);

    // mutable i, type inferred
    mut i := 0;

    for i < 5 {
        C::printf(c"%d\n", i);

        i += 1;
    }
    return 0;
}
ArkScript (pl, appeared 2019)
Creators: Alexandre Plateau
Pierre Pharel
Natendrtfm
Origin: Alexandre Plateau
Country: France
Website: https://arkscript-lang.github.io

ArkScript is a small, fast, functional and scripting language for video games.


GitHub description: ArkScript is a small, fast, functional and scripting language for C++ projects

{
    # more or less game
    (print "More or less game!")
    (import "random.bin")
    (import "Math/Arithmetic.ark")
    
    (let number (mod (abs (random)) 10000))
    (mut value 0)
    (mut essais 0)
    (mut continue true)
    
    (while continue {
        (set value (toNumber (input "Input a numeric value: ")))
        (if (< value number)
            # then
            (print "More!")
            # else
            (if (= value number)
                # then
                { (print "Bingo!") (set continue false) }
                # else
                (print "Less!")))
        (set essais (+ 1 essais))})
    (print "You won in " essais " tries")
}