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ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

A: Philip Pines.

Q: And what ---- is that the name you were born with?

A: No. My name was Pinkofsky.

Q: And where were you born and when were you born?

A: I was born in Brooklyn, New York, 1920.

Q: What date?

A: February 22nd.

Q: Okay. And just talk a little bit about your childhood, your family, your family background. Can you say anything about your parents? Your parents ----

A: My ---- both my parents came from Russia.

Q: Um--hum.

A: In 1905. My father came by himself. And he had some older sisters here already.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And my mother came with her family, except for one brother. I think there were 11 children in the family. Where the parents got enough money to bring all of them at one time, I don't know.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: They came together, except for one brother who left Russia at the age of 12 by himself to go to America.

Q: Do you know what part of Russia your family ----

A: Yes, they came from ?Astedril? ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- by the name of Puchowitz, P--u--c--h--o--w--i--t--~z.

On the map, it might be Puchowitzi or something like that.

Q: Was it near, where was it?

A: It was in the White Russia.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: The southeast of Minsk. And my grandfather on my father's side ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- I think had been a butcher in Russia.

ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

Q: Um--hum.

A: And he came to ---- my ---- my father and a number ---- two of his brothers came to America, and all his sisters except one had come to America. My grandmother died at the age ---- after World War I, near the end of World War I. And I was named after her.

Q: Um--hum. Her name was?

A: The name was I think Channa Faigel (ph). You know Yiddish?

Q: A little bit, yeah

A: Channa Faigel (ph). And I'm named Feivel (ph).

Q: Oh, okay.

A: Jewish name.

Q: Right. Right. And your parents" names?

A: My father's name in English was called Max.

Q: Um--hum.

A: But in Hebrew it was Chrona Motel (ph).

Q: Okay.

A: My mother's name in English was Ida.

Q: Okay.

A: Do you know ---- you don't know how immigration people changed these things.

Q: Right.

A: And ---- and in Hebrew it was Hasha Leah (ph).

Q: Um--hum.

A: Have you heard those names?

Q: Yeah. Yeah.

A: Hasha Leah. So, I don't see where they got Ida from, but, at immigration, you never knew what was happening.

Q: Right. Right. Let's talk a little bit about your childhood. How would you describe your family? Middle class?

A: I don't know. Possibly. My father always worked for himself as far as I remember.

Q: What kind of work did he do?

A: My father was a painting contractor.

Q: And did you ---- or do you have any siblings?

A: Yes. I had ---- I had a sister, an older sister, who was, I think, five years older than I, and a bother who was four years younger than I.

Q: So, you were in the middle. And how would you describe yourself as a child? Were you very independent?

A: I think I was independent.

Q: Um--hum. Was your family very religious?

A: Not very religious. My father would go to services on a holiday, but we were not very religious.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Though my grandparents were very religious on both sides.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And they were scholarly.

Q: Okay. Um--hum.

A: In the old country and in America.

Q: Wonderful. Yeah. So, you grew up in what neighborhood in ----

A: I lived in east New York, Brooklyn.

Q: Brooklyn.

A: Are you ac

Q:uainted with that area?

Q: Not really, not really.

A: It was a ---- area was mainly Jewish.

Q: Um--hum.

A: With some Italians. And about a block from it was the Hebrew orphan asylum.

Q: Oh, okay.

A: So, you could see it was

Q:uite Jewish.

Q: Yes. Yeah. What kind of school did you go to, elementary school?

A: I went to an elementary school in Brooklyn, very old one.

Q: Um--hum. This was just a public elementary?

A: Public.

ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

Q: Yeah. Okay.

A: And then, when I was ten, because we moved to East Flatbush.

Q: That's 1932, then.

A: That was in 1930, I think.

Q: Oh, 1930. Okay.

A: 1930.

Q: All right.

A: We moved to East Flatbush. And my family remained there all the time.

Q: Okay. And then you continued on into what school?

A: I went to an elementary school nearby, a block from where I lived. And then I went to junior high.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I then went to boys" high, which was distant from where I lived. There was another high school right near, not far from me, maybe 15--minute walk, but this was a very well--known, scholarly school.

Q: Um--hum. Were you interested in athletics?

A: Not particularly.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum. Okay. And now, what ---- when did you first hear of a man named Hitler? He came into power in "33, and you ----

A: [heard about him.

Q: How did you hear about him?

A: Well, I read the papers.

Q: Yeah. Okay.

A: At that time, I don't think we had a ---- we already had a radio.

Q: A radio. Yeah. What languages were spoken at home?

A: Well, the languages spoken, English and Yiddish. In fact, they spoke enough Yiddish that we ---- the children understood Yiddish. So, we could speak it, too.

Q: You could speak it. Okay.

A: And if anything untoward happened and they didn't want us to hear, like a cousin of mine died, my father came home, and they talked in Russian.

Q: Oh, that's interesting.

ontactrefiranneGaushariarg a hither atrmedortabeattfiexaliaton

A: They didn't want us to understand when they spoken Russian.

Q: Right. Okay. Okay. So, then you continue on to high school?

A: Right.

Q: Allright. And then when did ---- okay. Then you finished high school?

A: At the age of sixteen.

Q: Okay.

A: And I went to CCNY.

Q: Okay. City College of New York. Right. And then?

A: I went to Columbia.

Q: Well, how long were you at City College?

A: Four years.

Q: Four years. And you finished there when?

A: 1941.

Q: Okay. That was before Pearl Harbor or after?

A: It was before Pearl Harbor.

Q: Okay. Okay. Did you know, at that time ------ again, you were young, of course -- -- what was happening to the Jews, tightening of restrictions?

A: Oh, yes. I was aware of that.

Q: And is this something that you talked over with your parents?

A: We talked about with friends and in school and parents, too.

Q: Okay. Um--hum.

A: They were always knowledgeable.

Q: Were you ---- did you experience any anti--semitism in elementary school or high school or college?

A: I didn't experience in elementary school, but I did experience some anti-- semitism. We had a bungalow at Orchard Beach in the Bronx, and some fellows were anti--semitic there. I experienced ----

Q: What happened? What kind of ----

A: Nothing particular.

Q: Was it verbal or physical?

ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

A: Verbal.

Q: Oh, okay. And how did you handle it?

A: [handled it.

Q: You mean you just walked away or you ----

A: Right. I didn't have much to do with it.

Q: Yeah. Okay. And were you in high school at that time?

A: I was in ---- at that time, I was still in ---- that would be about 1931, "32.

Q: Oh. You were young.

A: I was young.

Q: You were very young. And what about when you were in high school? Was there any anti--semitism?

A: No, never experienced.

Q: Okay. And then at City College?

A: I didn't experience it. At City College, it was mainly Jews.

Q: Right. Right. Okay. So, then you finish at City College in "41, by June of "41, maybe?

A: Right.

Q: And ----

A: And, in fact, I was active in the movements against Hitler.

Q: What was that?

A: And I remember once going down to the German Consulate.

Q: Oh.

A: Near the Battery. Do you know where the Battery is in New York?

Q: Down the lower part of Manhattan.

A: Right. It's right near the water.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And we picketed the German consulate.

Q: Okay.

A: And I remember one woman passing, and she looked at us, and she said, I can see by their heads that they are foreigners.

ontactrefiranneGaushariarg a hither atrmedortabeattfiexaliaton

Q: Oh, my. Oh, my. Oh, my.

A: That kind of thing.

Q: Yeah.

A: So, you could tell what a Jew was.

Q: Yes. Yeah. So, you just picketed. Did anybody of the staff come out or anything?

A: No.

Q: Yeah.

A: It was a large building, so ---- it was one of the tall office buildings.

Q: And do you remember what the sign said? Any of the signs?

A: I don't remember what ---- whether there were signs or we were talking, you know.

Q: Yeah.

A: Protesting.

Q: Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Then comes ---- s0, then you finish, and you went to Columbia, you said?

A: Right. I went to Columbia for graduate work.

Q: Okay. To study what?

A: I majored in history.

Q: Okay. And now, Pearl Harbor comes in December.

A: Pearl Harbor came while I was a student at Columbia.

Q: Right.

A: December 7, 1941.

Q: Right.

A: And I remember that distinctly.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum. So, you stayed in school?

A: Well, I was called up by the draft before the war began.

Q: Um--hum.

A: But I got time off to finish a semester of work.

Q: At Columbia?

A: Yes.

ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

Q: Okay.

A: In fact, I finished a year of work at Columbia. And I did research on my master's. I did all the work for my master's except I didn't have time to write it.

Q: Okay.

A: And then I was called up to service.

Q: Allright. Now, let's talk about that. So, when did you ---- was it the summer of "42?

A: No. February ---- in fact, Iremember. It was Friday the 13th.

Q: Oh, my.

A: 1942.

Q: So, it ----

A: Supposed to be unlucky.

Q: Right. Right.

A: So, because I was called on that day, when I went into service, I took 13 dollars and 13 cents with me.

Q: I love it. Wonderful.

A: I may as well be all 13.

Q: So, this is really right after Pearl Harbor.

A: Yeah.

Q: Two months.

A: I went to the Army on February 13th, 1942, about a month and a half after Pearl Harbor.

Q: And where were you stationed?

A: Well, I was sent to Camp Croft, South Carolina, which was the infantry training center. And maybe I didn't speak up enough about what ---- my background, because besides having a history background, I took one public administration course.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And took the junior professional assistance, that is a U.S. exam, in public administration and got a very high grade.

Q: Um--hum.

A: I think I got a grade of 87. I hadn't been a member. I hadn't majored in that, just one course. And I had also applied for the ?7R--tech? exam, which I never took because I was in service.

Q: Right. Um--hum. So, you're stationed in your first ----

A: At Camp Croft, South Carolina. I was trained in the infantry.

Q: Okay. Allright. And then you stayed there ----

A: And from there, at the end of training ---- I think it was in June, it was a three-- month training period.

Q: Um--hum.

A: February, March, April, May ---- I think the beginning of June, a group of us, a train load of us, was sent to Camp Pendleton, Virginia.

Q: Okay.

A: Which is just south of Virginia Beach.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And were assigned to the 111th Infantry.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Which had been a Pennsylvania National Guard regiment.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And it was a combat team, stretched out along the coast.

Q: Um--hum.

A: It's head

Q:uarters were Fort Monroe. One battalion was at ---- near Fort Story ---- no. One battalion was at a camp called Camp Thalia, and later Camp Ashby, between Virginia and ---- Virginia Beach and Norfolk.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And this battalion was stretched out over the coast of Virginia. Another battalion was along the coast of North Carolina. And I was lucky, some of us were lucky who were from New York, and we were assigned to a battalion at a place called Westover, Maryland. That's ---- you know, are you ac

Q:uainted with the with area Salisbury, Maryland?

Q: A little bit, a little bit.

A: Well, it's twenty miles below Salisbury, Maryland.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And it was stretched ---- there were three regiments, three infantry companies. One company stayed at head

Q:uarters at Westover. One was at Berlin, Maryland.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And they protected the area around Ocean City and Chincoteague.

Q: They were concerned about the coast is what you're saying.

A: Yeah. It was the Coast Defense Team on combat duty.

Q: Oh, okay.

A: We didn't combat, but we were armed to the tee, in case something happened along the coast.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And another company was at ---- company was kept at ----at a place six miles above Cape Charles.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Place called Oyster, Virginia.

Q: So you ---- but you stayed in your place for how long?

A: I was at ---- first, I was in the heavy weapons company. I was in the machine gun platoon, heavy machine gun platoon.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I was in it for about three or four months.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I asked the company commander, I said ---- I said I'd like to go to head

Q:uarters company, become a radioman. The reason I wanted to be a radioman, I figured it would give me more time to be free.

Q: Um--hum.

A: To do reading.

Q: Um--hum. Okay.

A: And he liked me very much, and he gave it to me. and then he was assigned to form a cannon company, and he wanted me to be his company clerk.

Q: Um--hum.

A: In fact, while I was in the company, he looked at my record, and he had me give his orientation lectures that were historical, usually.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: But I went to head

Q:uarters company, and I was there for ---- when I got there, they wanted me to be a scout. I said, "Look, I came here to be a radioman." So, I went to radio school.

Q: Okay.

A: At the first radio school I went to was mechanics radio school in Washington D.C.

Q: Oh, okay.

A: And that was three months. And it was really a good deal.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Because some of the fellows went out to Kansas and some went to Altoona, Pennsylvania. And Washington D.C. was easy to get to New York on the railroad.

Q: Right. Right.

A: So, I was lucky there.

Q: Then after that, what did you do?

A: I came back to the company, and I was a radioman.

Q: Um--hum.

A: | operated at head

Q:uarters for a while, and then they sent me out to Oyster, Virginia, with two other fellows.

Q: Um--hum.

A: To operate the radio in a command car.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And that was a good deal because we were our own bosses.

Q: Right.

A: And we had a command car, and we drove around many times. We had free time. We had to charge the battery. And it was free ---- we were our own bosses.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And then my regiment was alerted. And they took some of us ---- we had no choice in it ---- sending ---- some of us were taken and sent to Fort Monroe, to the Chesapeake Bay sector signal operations ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- unit.

ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

Q: Um--hum.

A: And from there, three of us went to the outfit that replaced the 111th Infantry, 101st Cavalry of New York. And it was at Camp Ashby, or Thalia, it's original name.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I did radio operating there ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- for a number of months, I think.

Q: Um--hum.

A: From ---- trying to think, I think for about three or four months.

Q: Okay.

A: And then, this group, three fellows ---- another radioman and I and one wireman --

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- suddenly got orders to report to Camp Ritchie, Maryland.

Q: Okay. That's what I'd like to talk about now.

A: We didn't know anything about Camp Ritchie. We didn't know what it was.

Q: Um--hum.

A: We were put on the night boat from ------ from ---- from Little Creek ---- or rather, the night boat used to stop right near ---- right at Fort Monroe, actually.

Q: Um--hum.

A: The night boat from Norfolk to Baltimore. And we went ---- took us a couple of days to get to Camp Ritchie.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And there, I was assigned to the radio platoon or ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- technical platoon of the 2nd Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company.

Q: Okay. Had you heard of Camp Ritchie before?

A: Never heard of Camp Ritchie before.

Q: Okay. And who were the other soldiers you were with?

A: In fact, one of the fellows was a fellow by the name of Rudy Brooks.

Q: Um--hum.

A: He was a radioman. And another ---- the other fellow, I think his name was Griffin.

Q: So, some were Jewish and some were not?

A: Those two weren't.

Q: Were not. Okay.

A: But there were

Q:uite a few Jewish fellows in the company.

Q: Were there any immigrants, any refugees from Germany?

A: Oh, yeah. It was mainly made up of refugees from Germany.

Q: Okay. And did you get ----

A: We had the propaganda platoon, and that was made up of the people mainly from Germany.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Language people.

Q: Yeah. Where German was their native language, you mean?

A: Well, originally.

Q: Yeah. Yeah.

A: A number of them were refugees. For example, Steven Heym was there. Ever heard that name?

Q: I don't think so.

A: He ---- there was ---- before World War II or during it, there was a movie by the name of Escape, and he had written the book.

Q: Oh, my. Oh, my.

A: And after World War II, he wrote another book called Crusaders.

Q: Okay.

A: It's about the company.

Q: Okay. Oh, okay.

A: And unfortunately for him, after the war ended, he went to the eastern zone of Berlin, maybe he was sympathetic with the new movement. He thought it would bring wonders to Germany.

Q: You're talking about communism.

ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

A: Yeah. And I understand that later on he had trouble with the dictatorial setup.

Q: Yeah.

A: And I think he may have committed suicide.

Q: Oh, my. Oh, my.

A: I'm not sure.

Q: Yep. Yep. So, did you talk to any of the young refugees? Why you able to ----

A: We spoke to them, yes.

Q: Did they tell you ---- did they ----

A: Well, actually, many of them were hoi polloi. They looked down upon the technical people.

Q: Oh, okay.

A: The radiomen and the printers and all that. We had ---- in the technical platoon, we had a printing unit in the truck. We had repair trucks. And then we had broadcasting trucks.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Radio operated trucks.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum. And so you didn't ---- did you talk to them about what was happening in Germany and the rest of Europe to the Jews?

A: Not really. I knew what was happening. We knew what was happening.

Q: No, I know. But you did not talk this over.

A: No.

Q: Talk about it with ----

A: No.

Q: Yeah. Did you feel any connection to these Jewish refugees, any emotional connection?

A: Some were very nice, and some thought they were in another world by themselves.

Q: Yeah. Did they speak English well?

A: Oh, yeah, they spoke English. Most of them spoke English well. There was one who spoke a number of languages, and fellows used to joke about him.

Q: Um--hum.

A: He used to say, "I speak 11 languages, English the best."

Q: Oh, my. Yeah. So, you're at Camp Ritchie with a mobile radio unit. And how long were you there for?

A: We were there maybe ---- not even a month when they divided the company. They took a group out of the company to form the 3rd Mobile Radio Broadcast. They were the cadre from 3rd Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company. I remained with 2nd. And we went up to Camp Sharp at Gettysburg. It's right on ---- it was right on the battlefield.

Q: Oh, my. Okay.

A: In fact, Camp Sharp had originally been commanded, during World War I, by Eisenhower.

Q: Oh, my.

A: That's how he became ac

Q:uainted with Gettysburg.

Q: Right.

A: And after the war, you know, he moved to Gettysburg.

Q: Yes, right. To a farm. Right.

A: In fact, someone else interviewed me who was interested in it.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Did you hear of Beverly Eddy?

Q: No.

A: My name was given to her.

Q: Okay.

A: And she interviewed me, too.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And I think she was a professor, I think of German. And she was at Dickinson College.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And she's writing a book, I think, about Camp Sharp.

Q: Oh, okay. So, now you're at Camp Sharp and still doing your radio work.

A: I was doing my radio work, and that was where we prepared to go overseas.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And we weren't there very long, maybe a month, month and a half.

Q: Are we talking about 1943?

A: 1944.

Q: 1944.

A: This is 1944.

Q: So, you were at Camp Ritchie, what ---- what year? "44?

A: In 1944, too. I went there February 19th, "44.

Q: Okay.

A: We maybe stayed at Ritchie for about three weeks.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And then we went to Camp Sharp.

Q: Camp Sharp.

A: The 2nd Mobile. We used to call ---- Camp Ritchie was very beautiful.

Q: Was it? Um--hum.

A: It was very close to where the presidents go.

Q: Um--hum.

A: You know, Camp David.

Q: Camp David. Yeah.

A: It was at one time called Shangri--La.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Roosevelt used to go there.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And the mountains are beautiful right there.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And Camp Ritchie, there's a lake right in the camp.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And they used to call it Camp Ritchie by the Lake. Beautiful location.

Q: So, now you're getting ready to go to Europe?

A: I knew I was going to Europe, and from there we went to ---- from Camp Sharp, we went back to Camp Ritchie.

Q: Oh.

A: To stay a few days.

Q: Okay.

A: And then we took the train from there to ------- to Camp Shanks, which is in, I think, Rockland County, New York.

Q: Okay.

A: There was a big camp, and that was the camp ------ one of the camps from which they sent troops to Europe.

Q: Okay.

A: The other one being Camp Upton, in Long Island.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Right.

Q: So, you go on a troop ship.

A: Yep. We went on the Queen Elizabeth.

Q: The Queen Elizabeth?

A: Yes. We went on ---- I think we got on the ship that was March 30th ---- how many days in March? Thirty or 31?

Q: Thirty--one.

A: Maybe March 30 or 31, I don't remember the date.

Q: Um--hum.

A: We went down by train, from Camp Ritchie, down along ---- they had the west shore line of the New York central railroad at that time.

Q: Um--hum.

A: To the docks in New Jersey and took a ferry across to the Queen Elizabeth.

Q: Oh, my.

A: They had to set up a ferry at the pier.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I think alongside, the other side of the pier, was the Normandy, that had been -- -- that had a fire or something. You've heard about that.

Q: I've heard about the Normandy, yeah.

A: And it ---- it was on its side at the time. It was still ---- I think still there when we were there.

Q: Now, how much did you know about what was happening to the Jews in Europe by that ---- by "44?

A: Oh, we knew that.

Q: By "44.

A: I was always aware of that.

Q: Yeah. Did your parents have contact with any family members who still were over?

A: Right. In fact, I'm going to give you an article to read. The New York Times obituary of Monday, August 16th, 1943, has an obituary for my grandfather, and here's the headline: Abraham Pinkofsky dies at age of 104. One of 13 grandsons in war cited; three other lose lives. And it tells about, there were nine ---- I think nine grandsons of his were in the American military service.

Q: Oh, my. Oh, my.

A: Of which, all of us came back.

Q: Wonderful.

A: None of us, I think, were wounded. Three of them ----- the paper only mentions the grandsons who were officers. One was Captain David Weiss (ph). At that time, my grandfather's death, he was a chief surgeon at Fort Totten, Queens. In fact, he told me that was the best year of his life, when he was there, because he had a beautiful home, right, at a beautiful area. It's a peninsula on there ---- where the East River joins the Long Island Sound. Another son had been an infantry captain, another grandson. And they took him out of the infantry, and he never went overseas. He was assigned to, I think, Camp Detrick, in Frederick, Maryland.

Q: Fort Detrick. Fort Detrick.

A: Yeah. It became Fort Detrick

Q: Yeah.

A: And the reason they took him out of the infantry was, he had a doctorate in bacteriology.

Q: Yeah, right. Right.

A: And he did research on biological warfare. In fact, I think he came down with anthrax himself.

Q: Oh, my gosh.

A: But he survived. They were working with the bug.

Q: Um--hum. Right.

ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

A: And another one, doesn't say where he was.

Q: Where ---- let's go back to your story now. So, you took the Queen Elizabeth over.

A: Right. With 20,000 other men.

Q: Twenty thousand.

A: You couldn't imagine how crowded it was.

Q: Yeah. And where did you land?

A: We landed in ---- I think it's called Gourock, the Port of Glasgow.

Q: Okay.

A: Is that correct?

Q: I don't know.

A: I don't know names. And we were welcomed ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- as we landed in the morning by a parade of a band of men in kilts playing bagpipes.

Q: Okay.

A: That was our greeting to Great Britain.

Q: Okay.

A: And as we paraded off, we march to the train and that took us to England.

Q: Okay.

A: And it was a full day trip down to a place ---- I don't know what ---- where they stopped, but I know wherever we stopped, I had gotten sick on the train. I got land sick.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And the fellows helped me off onto a truck, and we went to a camp at a place called Wotton--under--Edge.

Q: Okay.

A: I don't think you've ever heard of it.

Q: No.

A: But a very famous man came from there. Wyecliffe. You ever hear of Wyecliffe?

Q: Yeah, yeah.

A: Wyecliffe translated the Bible to English.

Q: Right. Into English, right.

A: Right.

Q: You're talking about April "44, right?

A: April "44.

Q: Okay.

A: I think it took us about eight days to get there.

Q: Okay.

A: Now, the Queen Elizabeth normally would make England in about four days and five hours, but it took a wandering course.

Q: Yes. I would imagine.

A: Every trip was different.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And the ship changed course every six minutes. But the last night, as we were approaching the coast of England, up at Scotland, it was changing course every minute or two.

Q: Oh, my. Oh, my.

A: And people were falling out of the bunks. It was just keeling. Unbelievable. But they got us there safely.

Q: Yes, right. Right. So, then you were in Wyecliffe. And then what?

A: We were there maybe about a week, and we went to another town, at ---- called Clevedon, on the coast.

Q: Um--hum.

A: A beautiful town. And from there, you could see Wales.

Q: And now this is still before D--Day; right?

A: This is before D--Day. In fact, that's where we were preparing for D--Day.

Q: And how much did you know?

A: We didn't know too much.

Q: Um--hum.

A: But ----

Q: And you are still doing your radio work?

A: Oh, yes. But we didn't know too much. We did our work, and that's all.

Q: Okay.

A: And then we went to ---- from there, we're there maybe two or three weeks, we went to a place called Pittsfield, about 20 miles north of Bristol.

Q: Um--hum. Okay.

A: And we were in a camp there with ---- I think there was a ---- a PX company that ran PXs, and also a camouflage engineer battalion. And that's where we had our last preparation for the invasion.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And one of the days just before the invasion ---- in fact, maybe a couple weeks before the invasion, we would ---- went training on every weapon we had in the company.

Q: Um--hum.

A: You fired every weapon. Machine guns and rifles and submachine guns and pistols. And suddenly, a couple of groups of men from my section were taken out.

Q: Um--hum.

A: We didn't know where they went.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And they ---- and also one group that went, went with the radio truck.

Q: Um--hum.

A: On a two--and--a--half--ton truck. It was what ---- a doghouse. I don't know if you've ever seen them. And it was a radio, and then these were groups that were landed.

One of the groups in my section, we learned later, operated General Bradley's communication.

Q: Oh, my. Were you in one of those groups?

A: Well, I wasn't in that group.

Q: No, [know. But ----

A: They were ---- came from my group.

Q: Um--hum.

A: But we had no choice. They took some men, and they left.

Q: Right. Right. So, what did you do then?

ontectnetonancedjusetneey for tarher biormatoerabouttfisestecion

A: So ---- well, I remained in the company.

Q: Right. And then?

A: And those groups landed on, I think D Plus One.

Q: Oh, okay.

A: The second day.

Q: Second day. Okay.

A: The ones with the radios for ----

Q: Right.

A: ---- General Bradley and also ---- one truck reported war correspondents.

Q: Oh.

A: And they were ---- that was ---- the name of their radio station was Jig Easy Sugar Queen, JESQ. They reported, I think, from D Plus Two on.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I remained with another unit, which was a bigger broadcast unit than that one.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Had ---- it had two trailers. And I could drive a small truck. I had never driven a big truck. Before we landed, we were on a troop ship, and LST, Landing Ship, Tank.

Q: This is D Plus One?

A: No. This is ---- actually, this is D Plus 20.

Q: Oh.

A: We were supposed to go in much before, but there was a big storm.

Q: I see. So, this is three weeks after D--Day?

A: Twenty days.

Q: Yeah. Okay.

A: When the rest of the company went there.

Q: Okay.

A: And the company commander asked me to drive the trailer truck. And I said, "Look, I've never driven one of these. If you order me to, I'll try."

Q: Yeah.

A: But I didn't want to drive it because it had about six or seven forward speeds. And I had never driven one. I wouldn't be accustomed. It would be ridiculous ----

Q: Right.

A: ---- to founder around and try to figure out what to do when you're landing at a beach.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: So, he had another fellow do it.

Q: Okay. So, now you land on Normandy Beach?

A: Right. And that day, we ----

Q: Do you know which beach it was?

A: Omaha.

Q: It was Omaha. Oh, okay.

A: There were still explosions on the beach taking place.

Q: Oh, my.

A: Mines.

Q: Oh, my. Yeah.

A: And we drove up the hill that they had to take.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Which they took in the first day.

Q: Right.

A: The rangers took that. We drove up the hill and stayed overnight up on top of the hill.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And then we went to a place called Colombieres.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Colombieres is on the road to Sainte--Mere--Eglise.

Q: Um--hum. Right.

A: Have you ever been there?

Q: Yes, yes.

A: Have you ever heard of Colombieres?

Q: I don't think so.

A: C--o--l--o--m--b--i--e--1-- (sic). That was where 1st Army head

Q:uarters were. And we were at the Chateau De Colombieres, outside the town.

Q: Okay.

A: Our company was at the chateau. Most of the men lived in the field around it, and the officers lived in the chateau.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And it had a moat around. It was an old chateau.

Q: Yeah.

A: And I operated a radio there.

Q: Okay.

A: [---- that time, I was with the transmitting section of the trailer. We had one transmitting ---- one big trailer with a transmitter, one--kilowatt transmitter.

Q: Did you have any mixing with the civilians or any refugees at that time?

A: No. We didn't see any refugees. This was a French area. We saw French people.

Q: Yeah. Yeah.

A: And we spoke to them.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And some of the fellows would go out and take a water can, and buy ---- they would buy calvados from the farmers.

Q: Right.

A: Do you know what calvados is?

Q: Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.

A: But that stuff that they bought was li

Q:uid fire.

Q: I can imagine.

A: It wasn't aged or anything.

Q: Yeah.

A: I tried it once, and I spat it right out. I never touched it again.

Q: How long were you there?

A: Well, we were there, maybe ---- well, trying to think. Well, while we were there, I was grabbed to go to ammunition supplies going to 128. And I always used to wonder, what does 128 mean? And I finally figured it out. It was the ammunition supply point one of the 28th Infantry Division, which was in Normandy.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I was put in the ----- they had me in a tent, to take care of the shells ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- that would be used for firing leaflets.

Q: Oh, okay.

A: Actually, they were shells with smoke canisters in them. They'd take out the smoke canister and put in a roll of leaflets.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I was right there in that ---- they gave me a pyramidal tent to sleep in above the ground with a cot. And at night, the German planes would come over. We used to call them Bed Check Charlie. And I noticed, here I am, and if any bomb comes down close by, I'm right near the shells, I don't stand a chance.

Q: Yeah. Right. Right.

A: So, I noticed where the headquarters of the camp were. That was in another field. And the men had dug slit trenches, about three, four feet deep, and they have empty ammunition cases across the slit trench, and they cover the ammunition cases with the earth that they had shoveled up as a protection.

Q: Right.

A: So, after a few days being in the ---- in the pyramidal tent, and sometimes fellows were drunk going past and shooting like wild, I said, "Eh, I am going to go dig myself a slit trench."

Q: Right.

A: Where the headquarters of the company is.

Q: Right.

A: That way, I'm not right next to the ammunition.

Q: Right.

A: And I was there maybe about a week.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And then I went back to the company.

Q: And from there, where did you go?

A: From there, when we broke out of Normandy ---- the day before we broke out, the planes were coming over in droves, without stopping, dropping bombs at the Germans in the Saint--Lo area.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And they broke through Saint--Lo. And I drove to Saint--Lo maybe the day after it was taken.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And the fields were full of dead cows. Unbelievable.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And in Saint--Lo ---- there was a church in Saint--Lo.

Q: Right.

A: Well--known church.

Q: Right.

A: And right in the field in front of the church was a dead German. See, when an American was killed, his body was immediately removed.

Q: Yeah.

A: The Germans, they waited "til they got enough Germans to collect them.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Prisoners. In fact, when I was at that field where I was next to the shells, at the end of the field, there was dead German bodies all over the place that hadn't been picked up. And at night, I learned what the stench, smell of death is.

Q: Oh, dear. Yeah.

A: It permeated my clothes. It was horrible. But I wouldn't go near them. I saw them, and I never went there again.

Q: Yeah.

A: Some fellows came with a truck from my company, and there were looking for loot. And they went to the bodies, and they picked up things, you know, food and stuff like that. And then they were sick.

Q: Yeah. Right.

A: Stupid.

Q: Yeah.

A: But I was there. And then I went back to the company.

Q: And then from Saint--Lo, where did you go?

A: Then we went, my section, were ordered in to a place beyond ---- in Brittany.

Q: Okay.

A: We drove past Rennes, which is the capital of Brittany, to a village called Thourie -- -- Thourie. And there there had been a tremendous radio station.

Q: Um--hum.

A: 5,500--kilowatt station. And the building had been bombed by our planes. It was records. But still you could get up to the roof. And there were bombs all around. And what the Germans didn't do to damage the transmitter, they did before we got there.

Q: Yeah.

A: But we had two ---- civilian engineers, Mr. Morry Peace (ph), of CBS, and Mr.

Darcy (ph), of BBC.

Q: Um--hum.

A: They were working on repairing it, the transmitter. I understand they did get it fixed after a while.

Q: Um--hum.

A: But I was sent ---- then I was taken off the transmission group ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- and sent in the studio trailer, to Rennes, in Brittany, in the capital. And I was there for a number of weeks.

Q: Okay.

A: With a boy by the name ---- fellow by the name of Dizzy Hemick (ph), who was a T52, but he was the best radioman in the company, and a French--speaking fellow by the named of Jenot (ph). {coughing} Excuse me a minute.

Q: Yep.

A: And we took ---- the studio unit had two tremendous record players. We had 26-- inch--diameter records at ---- with music, French music, concert music, et cetera, that we played. And we broadcast different people, French people came in. And one of the men who broadcast from our unit was General Koenig, who was the commander of the French Army's fighting. And one day, we set up at the cathedral and church a broadcast for General de Gaulle.

Q: Um--hum.

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A: Koenig shook our hands; General de Gaulle didn't even acknowledge anything that we were doing work for him.

Q: Um--hum. You actually saw him?

A: I was next to him. We set up the broadcast.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: He didn't even thank us.

Q: Um--hum.

A: In fact, he was like the man below God, maybe even above God, who knows.

Q: Right.

A: And I was there for a number of weeks.

Q: Um--hum. And then where did you go?

A: Then, Jenot and I ---- in fact, we had a civilian with us who worked us with, two civilians, Sheftel, man by the name of Sheftel, who later became ---- he was from a very wealthy family in New York, who became ---- who Scholastic Magazine. You ever hear of Scholastic?

Q: Yes. Yes.

A: Anda Mr. Sullivan from BBC. And we did broadcasting there.

Q: Where was this?

A: From Rennes.

Q: Oh, okay. You're still there.

A: And we were hooked up through the transmitter ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: ---- by wire.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Where it went to the transmitter at Thourie and was broadcast. It was Radio Bretagne.

Q: Um--hum.

A: I was there a number of weeks. And then Jenot and I were ordered back to the company.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Which, at that time, Paris had now been taken, had just been taken.

Q: Um--hum.

A: It was at an old fort alongside the Versailles, across from Versailles, which I got to after the war. And we were there a little time, not too long, before we were sent out to Verdun, the battlefield.

Q: Oh, my. Um--hum.

A: The old World War I battlefield.

Q: Right.

A: And when you drove through the country in that area, farm area, we used to say, you could tell the success of the farmer by the ---- by the size of the manure pile in front of his house.

Q: Right. Right.

A: I don't know if you've ever been there.

Q: Did you see any ---- again, any refugees at all? Did you come across any of them?

A: No, not at that time.

Q: Not at that time.

A: Not at that time.

Q: Okay. So, moving along, where did you then go?

A: From then, I was at Verdun for a while.

Q: Okay.

A: And then I was assigned to another unit with a two--and--a--half--ton truck and that radio broadcasting doghouse.

Q: Um--hum.

A: The BB radio operator of that. And we were sent to ---- oh, I had another experience before that. I'll tell you. One time, while I was at Verdun, they wanted to send some leaflets to the 1st Army unit at the Spa in Belgium. And I was driving. So I drove a three--Quarter--ton truck with leaflets. And it was right close to the front. And I drove up, and at one point, I skidded off the road. I think above Longwy, before a lawn, and I just took ---- I had a winch on the truck, and I just put it around the tree, a tree, and pulled myself out, and got out to the road, and continued.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I went past Bastogne.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And as I came to the top of the hill, suddenly there was a mud slick on the load, and I spun around. And my truck landed up against a tree, but, fortunately, the spare tire, spare wheel, was on the driver's side, and my truck was disabled, but I was all right, and I got someone to ----a truck driver to pull me into Bastogne, this is before the Battle of Bastogne. And I went to a place, and I called up my company, and they came and got me ina day.

Q: Yeah.

A: But that was my experience there. After that, I was sent to the 9th Army with Lieutenant Balthour (ph), Raymond Wilson, and Mike Arob (ph). Mike Arob was the truck driver, the two--and--a--half--ton truck driver. And ----

Q: And where did you go?

A: We went to ----- to ---- to Maastricht. On the way Maastricht, it was uneventful until we got near Liege, maybe about 20 or so miles from Liege we saw light lighting up the entire sky. We didn't know what it was. We had heard what it was, but as we got to ---- closer to Liege, which is a major crossroads in the city, we noticed something odd: Girls passing us wouldn't wave to us and wouldn't smile. Well, we learned when we got to Liege what it was all about. We got into Liege and suddenly buzz bombs, V-- 1s, were dropping all around.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And we were looking for a bridge to get across in the River Meuse in Belgium, and in France, it's called the River Meuse. We finally found a bridge to get across, and we went up to Maastricht, and that was it.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And at Maastricht, for a number of days, we lived in the building where the reporters lived and the sensors lived. We slept in the halls, the enlisted men. And then they sent us up to ---- up to ---- on top of a hill, in the village called Bamalyn (ph), top of the hill, there was a hotel, and I think the 4th Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company was there. And we operated a transmitter. The reporters would come up from ----

Q: And, again, you didn't see any refugees yet.

A: No, we didn't see any refugees, not there.

Q: And then from there, where did you go?

A: We didn't see refugees until we went into Germany.

Q: Let's get to that then.

A: After crossing into Germany, we saw refugees all around.

Q: Okay.

A: [remember one city we were in, the last town we were in before we got to Die Alb, where we stopped, this place, people were breaking into stores, and the German people stopped us. Police started to beat them up, and we stopped them.

Q: Um--hum.

A: We stopped them. And that was about it.

Q: Did you talk to any of the refugees?

A: Not really. Didn't have a chance.

Q: Um--hum. Yeah. And so, then, where were you in Germany?

A: In Germany?

Q: Yes.

A: At first ---- well, we were near Die Alb for quite a while.

Q: Right, um--hum.

A: And then we were ordered, my unit, the broadcasting unit, we were ordered to Bremen, and there we broadcast reporters from Bremen. The war was over by then. The war ended on May 8th.

Q: So, this is after May 8th?

A: Yeah.

Q: And had you gone by any camps? Had you gone past any camps when you were ----

A: Well, I had an opportunity to go to Bergen Belsen, and I didn't want to see it.

Q: Because?

A: I didn't want to see the ugliness.

Q: Okay. But you were, by that time, well aware of what had happened.

A: I was well aware what happened.

Q: To the Jews and others. Yeah. Um--hum.

A: And that was it.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Basically, until ------ let me see ---- oh, when I was in the ---- something else. When I was in Rennes, we had a fellow, another man working with us, a language man, Irving Barrinson (ph). And he ---- we went with him once to a Dr. Loucarlay (ph), in the village of Quintin, Q--u--i--n--t--i--n. Irving Barrinson had been a teacher in New York, French teacher, and before the war, he had studied at the Le Se (ph). And he knew the son of this Dr. Loucarlay, and he wanted to visit him.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And we visited him, Dr. Loucarlay, we visited. And Dr. Loucarlay's son had been taken by the Germans. He didn't know what had happened to him exactly. No one knew. And we went ---- and this trip, too, we were invited to a liberation ban

Q:uet for Brittany. And it was the biggest meal I ever had.

Q: What was your feeling when you heard the war was over?

A: Oh, well, I knew it was over, ending as we moved across.

Q: But, emotionally, what were your thoughts?

A: I was very happy. I was interviewed twice. Once by Lieutenant Fuller ---- I think he later became an officer in my company ---- on a wire recorder, and the second time, after the war was ended, by Bill Downs.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Of CBS.

Q: Right.

A: He wanted to get ---- I was the GI that he chose to interview.

Q: Because were you Jewish?

A: No. Because of the ---- they wanted to interview me on the US, on the end of the war.

Q: Oh.

A: Nothing because I was Jewish.

Q: Okay. Okay.

A: And that's it.

Q: So, then you stayed in Europe for how long?

A: I stayed in Europe ---- well, after we were in Bremen maybe two or three weeks, and we were ordered to company to the head

Q:uarter at Wiesbaden. And then, at Wiesbaden, I did notice one thing that was Jewish. I used to go ---- to where I used to go to get a bath, a bath house, attached to a Jewish cemetery, the Jewish cemetery of Wiesbaden. And there were signs in it forbidding anyone from entering it.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Put up by the Army. But I didn't see any Jewish people there.

Q: Um--hum. Did you talk to any Jewish refugees at all while you were there?

A: No, not really.

Q: Not really. Okay. And so then you came back to the United States when?

A: I came back to the United States in November.

Q: OF'45.

A: OF "45,

Q: Okay. And before I ask you some questions about your thoughts, just tell me, when you came back, you went back to school, and then ----

A: Well, I got a job teaching almost immediately.

Q: Okay. And then?

A: And I also went back to school to get my degree.

Q: Um--hum.

A: I wrote up my master's paper.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I met my wife, and we married.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And I had all the courses for a Ph.D. In fact, the head of the department of history of Columbia University spoke to me, he says, "Phil, you have to take a year off from work and knock out your Ph.D."

Q: Um--hum.

A: In fact, I had had him as a teacher at City College.

Q: Um--hum.

A: From City College, he went to Columbia. And he was head of the department. And I couldn't do it.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Because I didn't have the time, and I had children.

Q: Yeah. Right. Right. Can we now talk a little bit about what your thoughts are? First of all, how you feel about Germany today?

A: You mean today?

Q: Yeah.

A: I wouldn't go back to Germany, when I went to Europe of number of times since the war, because of what they had been done to the Jews.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

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A: And, now, I'm rather sorry that I didn't go back.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum. Because?

A: Well, you know, there is a Jewish community in Germany again.

Q: Right.

A: And I felt I want to go back to see it. I've read about it.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: And, in fact, I have a record, one of my famous best CDs is ---- was made in Germany, Jewish music.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I would have liked to have seen it again.

Q: Um--hum.

A: Thad an easy life when I was in Germany. I was in Germany from ---- maybe six months after the war.

Q: Um--hum.

A: But I didn't associate with Germans. I ---- but it was a very easy life.

Q: But ---- and post war, did you talk to any refugees, any Jewish refugees, any ---- post war, while ---- in the six months ---- during those six months after the war?

A: No.

Q: You did not.

A: I didn't see them.

Q: You didn't see them. Okay. Okay. Do you think the Holocaust could happen again?

A: [hope not. What else? There were some people who would gladly happen with the Holocaust.

Q: Yeah. Yeah.

A: They're still here in this world.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum. When you were teaching ---- and you stayed in teaching right, for your professional life?

A: Right.

Q: Did you talk about your experiences as a soldier? Did you bring that into your classes?

A: Not too often.

Q: Um--hum. Um--hum.

A: There was no reason to bring it in.

Q: I see.

A: Once I mentioned the ---- I mentioned ---- I would mention the Holocaust in teaching.

Q: Yeah. Yeah. So, were you a history teacher, high school history teacher?

A: Right. Yeah.

Q: Were you active in the civil rights movements? Considering people were deprived of their civil rights during the "30s and the "40s.

A: Well, I was for it. But, you know, I protested the Vietnam war, and I supported ending it. I thought it was ridiculous.

Q: Um--hum.

A: And I went to a meeting that students held.

Q: Um--hum.

A: In Hicksville, behind a big shopping center, and when I heard them talk, 1 ------ I said they were crazy. They want to make a revolution. They didn't realize that ---- it was idiotic the way some of them were talking.

Q: These were people anti--Vietnam War?

A: Not only that, I saw some of the kids, too, who were anti--Vietnam in high school.

Q: Um--hum.

A: If they were in a club and talking with a group of kids, they wouldn't have let anyone talk who was ---- didn't agree with them.

Q: Yeah, right.

A: And, that, I opposed.

Q: Right. Have you been to Israel?

A: Yes. I was there about ten days. It was wonderful. In fact, I cried. When we were with a group, we went to the cemetery where we ---- the one leading the group asked me to lead a ?sieska?. And I cried there.

Q: Aww. Yeah. Yeah. This is a cemetery in Jerusalem, you're saying?

A: In Jerusalem, the main cemetery, where they had the memorials.

Q: Yeah. Yeah. Right. Knowing what you did ---- what you do now know about what happened to the Jews during this time, "33 to "45, did it make you more religious, less religious or ----

A: It doesn't make me more religious.

Q: Or less ----

A: You know, you can be ---- I'm not overly religious. I may go to services occasionally, but ---- I belong to the temple, but ----

Q: Um--hum.

A: I'm not finically religious.

Q: So, it didn't affect your religious outlook.

A: Yeah.

Q: Going through ---- yeah. So, do you think the world has learned any lessons?

A: Does it look it?

Q: Yeah. Well, is there anything else you wanted to add ----

A: No.

Q: ---- that we hadn't talked about your experiences during the war? Anything else?

A: No.

Q: Okay. Allright. And so, I will conclude my by just saying a few words.

A: You interviewed Captain Jaffey (ph), didn't you?

Q: Not yet, not yet. Next week. Next week. I will.

A: You know he went to Israel after the war.

Q: Oh, okay. I'll ask him about that. I'll ask him about that. But I'm going to conclude this by just saying a few words. Okay? Unless there's something else that you wanted to say. Nothing else?

A: Well, I was going to say, if you could just interview my son--in--law, if he'd be willing to be interviewed, he might have some very interesting things to say.

Q: We can talk about that later. We can talk about that later. Okay. Well thank you, again, for doing the interview, and I will just conclude by saying, this concludes the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum interview with Philip Pines.

Conclusion of Interview