approach which we have used we use a neural network which has has a fancy name called deep medic which was one of the nicer the first ones who could actually do properly 3d convolutions and now of course you can do this quite easily sort of has two different pathways I don't really need to explain it in too much detail one high resolution one low resolution pathway is really designed to


spot brain tumors and has been actually quite successful in in this so here's an example of what it would actually output in 3d so you can produce your fancy 3d renderings for this so we take this network and if the if you train this network it will not be a domain invariant what we what we instead do is we add to the normal segmentation pathway we add this the discrimination

Daniel Rueckert: "Deep learning in medical imaging"


pathway where you basically take the features add a low-level features the mid-level features and the high-level features you put them into your adversarial branch and you try to learn this or you try to prevent this from being a good domain discriminator and then by minimizing the accuracy of that domain our discriminator you tend to learn features which are more


generalizable so effectively you have two different terms and your cost function one is sort of your normal cross entropy loss and the other one is your how well you can discriminate the domain but the important thing is the top this this loss here I can only evaluate for samples from scanner a because that's my training set whereas this domain discriminator i can actually


evaluate for samples from scanner a and b because i only need to know whether they come from scanner a and b and that's quite easy to do and it turns out that this actually does does really quite well so here's an example what happens when you don't do this domain adaptation so here actually instead of using data from different scanner we assume that at test time we don't have


one of sequences available so we have to use another imaging sequence and if you don't do then the main invariant features you see you end up with horrible results in your in your segmentation where you're supposed to to spot a brain tumor which you can probably see here quite nicely and here when you have done the domain adaptation even if you switch one sequence to


another you actually do quite well good so the last two minutes I just want to talk about some challenges which we have practically faced and I think many of you might face in in other scenarios is there are many good networks out there for example a unit which in medical imaging quite a lot of people use FCN they have a lot of meta parameters a lot of different architectures you can


choose that we influence the behavior and then really it's at least at live to us it quite often looks like it's very hard to make predictions which model will work really well for a given task so one option is to use I guess something you all very familiar with this sort of non solve all of these different models and try to be as insensitive as possible and unbiased as


possible so here's for example in example when I have a flare image with a brain tumor so you see the core of the tumor in red and the edema in yellow then if I use the same network but I switch here cross-entropy for i/o you as a sort of a loss function I get very different behavior and for example this this intersection over Union effectively forces you to make a very hard


segmentation and that gives you overly high confidence values for this so it might not be a very good thing because these things you miss classify with very high confidence okay so the approach which were sort of used as trying to basically approximate the probability distribution which we're really interested in by this model where you have these different meta parameters


in there and usually just pick one meta parameter and then run with it so what we really wanted to do is sort of marginalize out over these meta parameters and try to find a more robust way of doing this and so we use different network architectures for example a diplomatic FCN a unit approach but also we tried out different architectures what we different training


loss functions different sampling strategies there are many knobs you can you can turn on and at the mechanic conference which I guess is sort of the the the cbpo for handicap for those who work in medical imaging is sort of they run challenges and this type of approach really was quite successful in this for one the first price out of 50 competitor us and and really it's it's quite simple


because you didn't really need to spend huge amount of time engineering the particular approach okay so I just want to sort of summarize in computer deep learning you've seen a number of really nice papers and literature showing really great progress in this but there's also quite a lot of hype and quite a lot of discussion about whether we actually asking the right or whether


we're posing the right problems to machine learning in medical imaging and really to make this truly intelligent we have to move beyond images so we have to even a radiologist somebody told me actually if you are if you want to study medicine and you really hate patients the one thing you should do is you should become a radiologist correct because you normally


never have to interact with a patient but even the radiologist will look at an on imaging information and so really there is a lot of data available this is really a challenging validation like in the previous speaker I think really if unless you really work together in teams with the with a clinicians engineers you can't really solve this problems or you might actually end up solving the


wrong problem and one thing which is I think what exciting is something which which we're trying to do in the future in and currently it's sort of at the moment you have these three separate blocks your quiet your data you reconstruct your data you are now you then somebody define tells you what I wanted to measure and then you do the analysis and you pop out some of some


results but really if all of this I can formulate with deep learning then one of the things I am actually very excited about is that I can do end-to-end optimization so if I know what clinical measurements I want to make I can optimize the acquisition the reconstruction and the analysis for exactly that purpose and I think that's a very powerful paradigm especially


because these scanners are effectively programmable there are piece of programmable hardware and you can optimize what they do and of course you can couple it with what Big Data and an multimodal data so I just want to finish by acknowledging all the people who helped with a work which I've showed you here and also the people who funded this research thank you very much


[Music] reading the war between human and artificial intelligence our deep learning systems are beginning to surpass humans sorry [Music] jurgen schmidhuber the swiss AI lab ids IA on the 9th of november 1989 I saw the Berlin Wall fall on TV if you ask me when did you ever have tears in your eyes this is the first event that comes to my mind when I was a boy I

How AI Is Beginning To Surpass Humans | Jürgen Schmidhuber


wanted to maximize my impact on the world and I was smart enough to realize that I'm not very smart and so it became clear to me that I have to build a machine and artificial intelligence that learns to become much smarter than I could ever hope to be such that it can learn to solve all the problems that I cannot solve myself such that I can retire and my first publication on that


dates back 30 years today 1987 might promises was about solving the grand problem of AI not just building something that learns a little bit here and a little bit over there but also learns to improve the learning algorithm itself and it learns the way it lands away learns recursively and I'm still working on the same thing and I'm still saying the same thing and the only


difference is that more people are listening because on the way to that goal my team has developed learning methods which are now on 3,000 million smartphones what you see behind me are the logos are the five most valuable companies of the Western world Apple Google Microsoft Amazon Facebook and all of them claim that AI is central to what they are doing and all of them are using heavily


the deep learning methods as they are called now that we have developed in our little labs in Munich and in Switzerland since the early 90s in particular something called the long short-term memory has anybody in this room ever heard of the long short-term memory ends up fel SEM has anybody in this room never heard of the LS TM and okay I see we have a third group in this room


who didn't understand the question the lsdm is an artificial neural network which has recurrent connections and it's a little bit inspired by the human brain in your brain you've got about 100 billion little processors and they are called neurons and each of them is connected to maybe 10,000 other neurons on average and some of these neurons are infant neurons where video is coming in


through the cameras and audio is coming into the microphones and tactile information is going in through the pain sensors and some of the neurons are output neurons and they move the finger muscles and speech mushrooms and in between are these hidden neurons we're thinking is taking place and they all connected and each connection has a strength which says how much does this


neuron over here influence this neuron over here at the next time step and in the beginning all these connections are random and the network knows nothing but then over time it learns to improve itself and it learns to do so of all kinds of interesting problems such as driving a car just from examples from training examples and you may not know the lsdm but all of


you have it in your pockets on your smartphone because whenever you take out your smartphone and you do the speech recognition and you say okay guru show me the fastest way to the station then it's recognizing your speech and what's happening there's an lsdm in there which gets about 100 and puts per second from the microphone and they are streaming in memories of past inputs are circling


around these these recurrent connections and from many training examples it has learned to adjust these internal connections such that it can recognize what you're saying that's now on 2 billion Android phones it's much better than what Google had before 2015 here is the basic LS TM cell I don't have time to explain it but here are also the names of the brilliant students in my lab who


made that possible how are the big companies using it well speech recognition is just one of many examples if you're on Facebook is anybody on Facebook ok are you sometimes using the translate function where you can translate text from other people yes again whenever you do that you are waking up a long short term memory and lsdm which has learned from scratch to


translate sentences into equivalent sentences in different languages and Facebook is using that a system which has LSD a Metascore for about 4 billion translations per day that's about 50,000 per second and another another 50,000 and the second and another 50,000 if you have an Amazon Alexa it's talking back to you it sounds like a female voice it's not a recording it's an STL SDM


which has learned to sound like a female voice to see how much lsdm is per meeting the modern world just look at what all these Google Data Centers are doing now 30% 29% as of 2016 of the awesome computational power for inference in all these Google Data Centers was used for lsdm the big Asian card companies such as Samsung are also using it and and just a couple of months


ago Samsung became the most profitable company in the world for the first time what can be learned from that if you want your company to be among the most profitable profitable ones better.you is lsdm now we started this type of research a long time ago in the early 90 years and by the way you are a large audience by my standards but back then few people were interested in artificial


intelligence and I remember I gave a talk and there was just one single person in the audience a young lady I said young lady it's very embarrassing but apparently today I'm going to give this talk just to you and she said ok but please hurry I am the next speaker [Applause] since then we have greatly profited from the fact that every five years computers are getting ten times cheaper


that's an old trend much older than Moore's law and goes back at least to 1941 when here invests a team Conrad Sousa built the first working program controlled computer and 30 years later for the same price we could do 1 million times as many operations per second because he could do only one operation per second roughly and now it's 75 years later we can do roughly a


million billion instructions per second for the same price and it's not clear that this trend is going to break soon because the physical limits are much further out there if this trend doesn't break then within the near future we are going for the first time we are going to have little computational devices that can compute as much as a human brain we don't have that yet but soon


it will be possible if that trend doesn't break them it will take only 50 more years such that for the same price you can compute as much as all 10 billion brains on the planet and there will not be only one little device like that but many many many everything is going to change by 2011 computers were fast enough to allow us for the first time to have superhuman performance at


least and limited domains through these deep learning networks back then that was 2011 so computers were about 20 times more expensive than today today we can do 20 times as much for the same price and and that was already good enough to do superhuman traffic sign recognition which is important for self-driving cars and ten years ago five years ago when computers were about ten


times more expensive than today they were already fast enough to make us win these medical imaging competitions what you see behind me is a slice through the female breast tissue and our network which started as a stupid Network had no idea of anything just learned to recognize cancer by imitating a human doctor a histology and out competing all the other competitors


back then soon all of healthcare soon all of medical diagnosis is going to be superhuman it is going to be so good that it's going to be mandatory at some point we can also use Alice TM and things like that to control robots but we don't only have systems that slavishly imitate human teachers know we also have systems that invent their own goals we call that artificial curiosity


artificial creativity systems that like little babies learn to invent their own experiments to figure out how the world functions and what you can do in it and systems that set their own goals are required to become smart because if they don't have the freedom to do that they are not going to become more and more general problems over solving one new self-invented problem after another on


the other hand it's hard to predict what they are going to do but you can steer them in the not-so-distant future I guess we will for the first time have AI on the level of small animals we don't have that yet but it's not going to take so many years once we have that it may need it may require just a few additional decades to reach human level intelligence why because technological


evolution is maybe a million times faster than biological evolution because the dead ends are weeded out much faster and it took 3.5 billion years to go from zero from nothing to a monkey but just a few tens of millions of years afterwards to go from the monkey to human level intelligence we have a company that is trying to make that a reality it's called Nissan's pronounced Nissan's


like in English but spelled in a different way and and this company is trying to him to build the first the general-purpose AI that really deserves the name many people think there is this insurmountable wall between today's special purpose a tires which do for example the speech recognition etc and translation and and the universal or a general purpose AI or intelligence of


humans but mr. Gorbachev we are going to tear down this one and there is no doubt in my mind that within not so many decades for the first time we are going to have superhuman decision-makers in many many domains super-smart ARS which are as I told you not just going to be slaves of humans they are going to do their own thing in many ways and and they are going to realize what we have


realized a long time ago which is that most resources are not in our thin film of biosphere now they are out there in space so of course they are going to expand out there in space where most of the resources are and through billions of self-replicating robot factories they are going to colonize the solar system and within a few hundred thousand years they are going to cover the entire


galaxy with senders and receivers such that they can travel the way they are traveling in my lab today which is by radio from sender to receiver now nobody knows anything about the details of how all of that is going to happen but it's the only logical thing because you still need resources and torm terms of Matan energy so the only way is to move outwards what's happening now is much


more than another Industrial Revolution this is something that transcends humankind and biology itself a new type of life is going to expand from this little planet in a way where humans cannot follow well that's okay we don't have to believe we are going to stay the crown of creation we don't believe we have to stay the crown of creation but you still can see beauty in being part


in 1948 Claude Bristol wrote a best-selling book the magic of believing this very popular book continues to sell in paperback form today Claude Bristol died in 1951 however we feel that in order to maintain the compelling nature of the book we would like to give you this in a form as close to the author's original style as possible just as you hear the voice of a

"The Magic of Believing" By Claude Bristol


writer as you read a book with the help of an actor William Caine we hope to bring you the voice of Claude Bristol and just as you can stop reading a book most conveniently at the end of a chapter we'll create natural places for you to stop time to think about what you've heard time to take it in listen to the magic of believing by Claude Bristol it could change the course of


your life chapter 1 how to tap the power of belief is there a force a factor a power a science call it what you will are something which a few people understand and use to overcome their difficulties and achieve outstanding success I firmly believe that there is it is my purpose here to attempt to explain it so that you may use it if you desire I realize I have run across something that is


workable but I don't consider it as anything mystical except in the sense that it is unknown to the majority of people and is little understood by the average person I'm aware that there are forces powerful forces at work in this country that would dominate us substituting a kind of regimentation for the competitive system which has made America great among nations I believe


that we must continue to retain the wealth of spirit of our forefathers if we don't we shall find ourselves dominated and everything we do by a mighty few will become serfs in fact if not in name I hope this work will help develop individual thinking and doing some may call Mia a crackpot or a screwball I'm well aware of that let me say that I am past the half-century mark


and have had many years of hard practical business experience as well as a goodly number of years as a newspaperman I started as a police reporter police reporters are trained to get the facts and take nothing for granted apparently I was born with a huge bump of curiosity I've always had an insatiable yearning to seek explanations and answers this yearning has taken me


to many strange places brought to light many peculiar cases and has caused me to read every book I could get my hand on dealing with religions cults and both physical and mental sciences I have read literally thousands of books on modern psychology metaphysics ancient magic voodoo ISM yoga 'sm theosophy Christian Science unity truth new thought and many other dealings it's what I call mind


stuff many of these books were nonsensical others strange and many very profound gradually I discovered that there is a golden thread that runs through all the teachings and makes them work for those who sincerely accept and apply them that thread can be named in a single word belief it is the same element or factor belief which causes people to be cured through mental


healing enables others to climb the ladder of success and gets phenomenal results for all who accept it why belief is a miracle worker is something that cannot be satisfactorily explained but have no doubt about it there's genuine magic in believing the magic of believing became a phrase around which my thoughts steadily revolved I've tried to put down these thoughts as simply and


as clearly as I could so that everyone can understand my hope is that anyone who listens will be helped in reaching their goal in life I would like to start by relating a few experiences of my own life with the hope that by hearing them you will gain a better understanding of the entire science early in 1918 I landed in France as a casual soldier unattached to a regular company as a


result it was several weeks before my service record necessary for my pay caught up with me during that time I was without money to buy gum candy cigarettes and the like every time I saw a man light a cigarette or chew stick a gum the thought came to me that I was without money to spend on myself certainly I was eating in the army clothed me and provided me with a


place on the ground to sleep but I grew bitter because I had no spending money and no way of getting any one night on route to the forward area on a crowded troop train sleep was out of the question I made up my mind then that when I returned a civilian life I would have a lot of money the whole pattern of my life was altered at that moment I didn't realize it then that at that moment I


was laying the groundwork for a new direction in my life groundwork that would unleash forces that would bring accomplishment as a matter of fact the idea that I could with my thinking and believing develop a fortune never entered my mind money is not the only desire you may have it doesn't matter to what end the science is used it will be effective in achieving the object of your desires and


in this connection let me tell another experience some years ago I decided on a trip to the Orient and sailed on a ship called the Empress of Japan something was working for me on that trip I had no claim to anything but ordinary service however I sat at the executive officers table and was frequently his personal guest in his quarters as well as on inspection trips through the ship well


naturally the treatment I received made a great impression on me and in Honolulu I often had the thought it would be nice to receive comparable treatment on my journey home on another ship one afternoon I got the sudden impulse to leave for the mainland it was about closing time when I arrived at the ticket agency I was told that a ship was leaving the next day at noon and I could


get the only remaining cabin ticket I bought it and the next day just a few minutes before noon I started up the gangplank in an offhand manner I said to myself they treated you as a king on the Empress of Japan the least you can do here is sit at the captain's table sure you'll sit at the captain's table the ship got underway and as we steamed out of the harbor word was received from


the dining room steward for passengers to appear in the dining room for assignments to tables about half the assignments had been made when I came before him he asked me for my ticket which I placed on the table he glanced at it and then to me saying oh yes table a seat number five it was the captain's table and I was seated directly across from him many things happened aboard that ship which


pertained to the subject the most prominent being a party supposed to be an honor of my birthday just an idea of the captain's because my birthday was months off in laying before you this very workable science I am aware that the subject has been handled before from many angles I am also cognizant that many people shy away from anything that smacks of religion the occult or the metaphysical


accordingly I am presenting it in the language of a businessman who believes that sincere thinking and plain speaking will get any message across to the people in using this science which is given to you with the confident knowledge that no matter how you use it it will get results I wish to warn you never use it for harmful or evil purposes since the beginning of man there have


been two great subtle forces in the world good and evil both are terrifically powerful in their respective scopes and cycles the basic principle operating both is mind power masked mind power therefore take great care that you do not misuse the science of mind stuff I cannot emphasize this too strongly for if you employ it for him harmful or evil purposes it will


boomerang and destroy you just as it has others down through the centuries these are not idle words but solemn words of warning chapter 2 the power of thought glance around you if you are in a furnished room your eyes tell you that you are looking at a number of inanimate objects that's true so far as visual perception is concerned but in reality you are actually looking


at thoughts or ideas which have come into materialization through the creative work of some human being it was a thought first that created the furniture fashion the window glass and gave form to the draperies and coverings the automobile the skyscraper the Great Plains that sweep the stratosphere the sewing machine the tiny pin a thousand and one things yes millions of objects where did


they come from originally only one source from that strange force thought as we look further we realize that these achievements and in fact all our possessions came as a result of creative thinking thought is the original source of all wealth all success all material gain all great discoveries inventions and of all achievements with that in mind it becomes easy to understand that


a man's thoughts make or break him and Shakespeare's words become more intelligible there is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so many people feel that success comes with hard work however I would like to point out that hard work alone will not bring success the world is filled with people who have worked hard but have little to show for it something more than hard


work is necessary it is creative thinking and firm belief in your ability to execute your ideas the successful people in history have succeeded through their thinking their hands were merely helpers to the brains another important point is that one essential to success is that your desire be an all obsessing one your thoughts and aims be coordinated and your energy be concentrated and applied


without let-up it may be riches or fame or position or knowledge that you want for each person has his own idea of what success means to him but whatever you consider it to be you can have it provided you are willing to make the objective the burning desire of your life a big order you say no not at all by using the dynamic force of believing you can set all your inner


forces in motion and they in turn will help you reach your goal now that you have a clearer idea of the part that thought and desire play in your daily lives the first thing to determine is precisely what you want starting in with the general idea that you merely want to be a success as most people do is to indefinite you must have a mental pattern clearly drawn in your


mind ask yourself where am I headed what is my goal have I visualized just what I really want if success is to be measured in terms of wealth can you fix the amount in figures if in terms of achievement can you specify it definitely I ask these questions for in their answers are the factors which will determine your whole life from now on strange as it may appear not one out of


a hundred people can answer these questions most people have a general idea that they would like to be a success but beyond that everything is vague they go along from day to day figuring that if they have a job today they will have it tomorrow that somehow they will be looked after in their old age they are like a cork on the water floating aimlessly drawn this way and


that by various currents being washed up on the shore or becoming waterlogged and eventually sinking therefore it is vital that you know what you want of life you must know where you were headed and you must keep a fixed goal in your view only then will you get what you're after so you begin with desire if you ever hope to achieve anything or gain more than you have now however as


we shall see there is more to it than mere desire it has been said that thought attracts that upon which it is directed thought attracts that upon which it is directed it was Jobe who said for the thing which I greatly feared has come upon me our fearful thoughts are just as creative or just as magnetic and attracting troubles to us as are the constructive and positive


ones and attracting positive results so no matter what the character of the thought it does create after its kind when this sinks into a man's consciousness he gets some inkling of the awe-inspiring power which is his to use I cling to the theory that while thoughts do create an exercise control far beyond any limits yet known to man they create only according to their


pitch intensity emotional quality depth of feeling or vibratory plane in other words comparable to the wavelength and wattage of a radio station thoughts have a creative or controlling force in the exact ratio of their constancy intensity and power let me try to clarify that while many explanations have been offered no one knows where the thought is a form of electrical energy or


something else yet to be defined but I have been an experimenter in that branch of electricity known as high frequency pioneered by the great genius Nikola Tesla and whenever I think of thought and its radiations and vibrations I instinctively link them up with electricity and it's phenomena in this manner they become more understandable to me all persons living in high


altitudes have felt and sometimes observed the electric spark resulting from walking across the room then touching some metallic substance that of course is a form of static electricity generated by friction it gives you an idea of how one kind of electricity can be developed through the body the Sigmund Freud the famous Austrian psychoanalyst brought the world's


attention to the hypothesis that there was a powerful force within us an unenumerated part of the mind separate from the conscious mind constantly at work molding our thoughts feelings and actions others have called this division of our mental existence the soul some call it the super-ego the inner power the super consciousness the unconscious the subconscious and various other names


it isn't an organ or so-called physical matter such as we know the brain to be nevertheless it is there and from the beginning of recorded time man has known that it exists the ancients often referred to it as the spirit Paracelsus called it the will others have called it the mind an adjunct to the brain some have referred to it as conscience the creator of the


still small voice within still others called it intelligence and have asserted that it is a part of the supreme intelligence to which we are all linked no matter what we call it I prefer the word subconscious it is recognized as the essence of life and the limits of its powers are unknown it never sleeps it comes to our support in times of great trouble it warns us of impending


danger often it aids us in what seems impossible it guides us in many ways and when properly employed perform so-called miracles perhaps the most effective method of bringing the subconscious into practical action is through the process of making mental pictures using the imagination perfecting an image of the thing or situation as you would have it exist in physical form this is usually


referred to as visualization however before this visualization can work you must really believe I refer now to deep-seated belief a firm and positive conviction that goes through every fiber of your being when you believe at heart and soul as the saying goes I'll call it a phase of emotion a spiritual force a type of electrical vibration anything you please but that's


the force that brings outstanding results it sets the law of attraction into operation and enables sustained thought to correlate with its object this belief changes the tempo of the mind or thought frequency and like a huge magnet draws the subconscious forces into play changing your whole aura and affecting everything about you and often people and objects at great distances it brings


into your individual sphere of life results that are sometimes startling often results you never dreamed possible Chapter three what the subconscious is a good staff kelly the distinguished french psychologist and author of from the unconscious to the conscious once wrote there is no artist man of science or writer of any distinction however little disposed to self-analysis who is


not aware by personal experience of the unequaled importance of the subconscious he also said that the best results in life were obtained by a close harmony and cooperation between the conscious and subconscious mind as a subconscious plays a very important part in the magic of believing it will bring you to a quicker understanding of this science if you have a clear and detailed picture of


what the subconscious mind is where it is located and how it functions now it is the conscious mind that is the source of thought also it's the mind that gives us the sense of awareness in our normal waking life the knowledge that we are ourselves here and now the recognition and understanding of our environments the power to rule over our mental faculties to recall the events of our


past life and to understand our emotions and their significance more concretely it enables us to have a rational understanding of the objects and persons about us of our successes or shortcomings of the validity of an argument or the beauty of a work of art many times the solution of our problems result from the use of the conscious mind but now and then when the solution


is not forthcoming we become exhausted with continued trying we begin to lose confidence in ourselves and we often resign ourselves to the idea that we have failed that nothing can be done about it here is where the subconscious mind comes in it helps us to renew our belief in ourselves it assists us to overcome our difficulty and to put us on the road to achievement and success


just as the conscious mind is a source of thought so the subconscious is the source of power also it is one of the greatest realities in human life it is rooted in instinct and is aware of the most elemental desires of the individual yet it is always pressing upward into conscious existence the powers of the subconscious are many the chief of which our intuition emotion certitude


inspiration suggestion deduction imagination organization and of course memory and dynamic energy it is a distinct entity it possesses powers and functions with unique mental organization all its own now the subconscious mind has three primary functions first with its intuitive understanding of the bodily needs it maintains and preserves the well-being and indeed the very life of the body


unaided by the conscious mind second in times of great emergency it springs into immediate action again independent of the conscious mind it takes supreme command acting with incredible certitude rapidity accuracy and understanding in the saving of the life of the individual third it is operative in the psychic world in which the psychic powers of the subconscious are manifested in such


phenomena as telepathy clairvoyance and psychokinesis but also it can be summoned to help the conscious mind in times of great personal necessity when the conscious calls upon the subconscious to use its powers and resources to solve a vital problem or bring to pass that which is sought or desired by the individual it is the third function that we are most concerned with here to draw upon the


resources and powers of the subconscious and awaken it into action you must first be sure that you are asking for something that is rightfully yours to have and is within your ability to handle the subconscious manifests itself only according to the capabilities of the person then you must have patience and absolute faith Theodore Simon Geoffroy the French philosopher said the


subconscious mind will not take the trouble to work for those who do not believe in it next in conveying your need to the subconscious it must be in the spirit that the work has already been done so while it is necessary for you to feel and think yourself successful it is important for you to go one step further and actually see yourself as already successful either in


the performance of some selected task or as actually occupying the position to which you are aspiring for the next and final step you must wait patiently while the subconscious is assimilating the elements of your problem and then goes about its own way to work it out for you in due course with the flowing of ideas and plans of the subconscious into your waiting conscious mind the solution of


your problem will be revealed to you the correct course of action will be indicated you must follow those indications immediately and unquestioningly there must be no hesitation on your part no mental reservation no deliberation you must receive the message from the subconscious freely and after understanding it you must act on it at once only by doing that will you make


your subconscious serve you and continue to respond whenever you call upon it however your problem may be one that cannot be solved in such a manner instead of receiving the solution in the form of a blueprint as it were you may instead feel some mysterious force urging you at intervals to do certain things that seem to have no special significance or logical connection


nevertheless you must continue to believe in the power and the wisdom of the subconscious and obediently perform the seemingly irrelevant things one day you will find yourself in the position you sought through the aid of the subconscious and doing the work you envision for yourself then when you look back you will see how the things you were called upon to do all formed a


logical line of events the last one of which was your final arriving the reward of your sincerest hopes and desires your own triumphant personal success chapter four suggestion is power after studying the various mystical religions and different teachings and systems of mind stuff one is impressed with the fact that they all have the same basic modus operandi and that is through


repetition the repeating of certain mantras words formulas or just plain mumbo-jumbo is common with witch doctors voodoo high priests hexes and many other followers of strange cults they use them to evoke the spirits or work black magic one finds the same principle at work in chants incantations litanies daily lessons also the frequent praying of the Buddhists and Muslims alike the


affirmation of the Theosophists and the followers of unity the absolute true New Thought divine science in fact it is basic to all religions although here it is white magic instead of black magic this brings us to the law of suggestion through which all forces operating within its limits are capable of producing phenomenal results that is it is the power of suggestion and Auto


suggestion your own to yourself or hetero suggestion coming to you from outside sources that starts the machinery into operation or causes the subconscious mind to begin its creative work and right here is where the affirmations and repetitions play their part it's the repetition of the same chant the same incantation the same affirmations that lead to belief and


once that belief becomes a deep conviction things begin to happen now this is the same identical force and the same mechanics that Hitler used in building up the German people to attack the world a reading of mind camp will verify that dr. Rene faux vel a famous French psychologist explained it by saying that Hitler had a remarkable understanding of the law of suggestion


and it's different forms of application it was with uncanny skill and masterly showmanship that he mobilized every instrument of propaganda in his mighty campaign of suggestion Hitler openly stated that the psychology of suggestion was a terrible weapon in the hands of anyone who knew how to use it let's see how he worked it to make the Germans believe what he wanted him


to and once that belief took hold how they started their campaign of terror slogans huge signs posters masked flags appeared throughout Germany Hitler's picture was everywhere one Reich one folk one leader became the chant it was heard everywhere today we own Germany tomorrow the entire world the marching song of the German news came from thousands of throats daily such slogans


as Germany has waited long enough stand up you are the aristocrats of the Third Reich Germany is behind Hitler to a man and hundreds others bombarded the people 24 hours a day from billboards sides of buildings the radio and the press every time they move turned around or spoke to one another they got the idea that they were a superior race and under the hypnotic influence of this


belief strengthened by repeated suggestion they started out to prove it unfortunately for them there were other nations who also had strong national beliefs that eventually became the means of bringing defeat to the Germans let's go into the field of sports for everyone who has ever witnessed a football or baseball game has actually seen this power of suggestion at work the late


Knute Rockne famous coach at Notre Dame knew the value of suggestion and used it repeatedly but he always suited his method of applying it to the temperament of the individual team a story is told that on one Sunday afternoon Notre Dame was playing a particularly grueling game and at the end of the first half was trailing badly the players were in their dressing room nervously awaiting the


arrival of Rockne finally the Douro and Rocky's head came in slowly his eyes swept inquiringly over the squad oh excuse me I made a mistake I thought these were the quarters of the Notre Dame team the door closed and Rockne was gone puzzled and then stung with fury the team went out for the second half and won the game in the Depression years and there may be years like them in the


future we saw this same suggestive force working overtime day after day we heard the expression times a hard businesses pour the banks of failing prosperity hasn't a chance and while stories about business failures on every hand until they became the national chant millions believe that prosperous days would never return hundred just thousands of strong-willed


men went down under the constant hammering the continuous tap tapping of the same fear vibratory thoughts money always sensitive runs to cover when fear suggestions begin to circulate and business failures and unemployment follow quickly we heard thousands of stories of bank failures huge concerns going to the wall and people believe them readily and acted accordingly there


will never be another business depression if people generally realize that it is with their own fear thoughts that they literally create hard times they think hard times and hard times follow doctor walk till Scott eminent psychologist and longtime president of Northwestern University told the whole story when he said success or failure in businesses caused more by mental


attitude rather than by mental capacities let's consider charms talismans amulets good-luck pieces four-leaf clovers old horseshoes a rabbit's foot and countless other trinkets which thousands of people believe in by themselves they are inanimate harmless objects without power but people breathe life into them by thinking they do have power or even though the power isn't in them


per se the power comes only with the believing which alone makes them effective - outstanding illustrations of this are found in the stories of Alexander the Great and Napoleon in Alexander's day an Oracle proclaimed that whoever unloosened the Gordian knot would become ruler of all Asia Alexander you may remember with one stroke of his sword cut the knot and


rose to tremendous Heights and power napoleon was given a star sapphire when he was a child with the prophecy that it would bring him luck and someday make him emperor of france could it have been anything but the supreme belief in the prophecy that carried these two great men to a place in the Hall of Fame they became great men because of their super normal beliefs here's a simple


experiment that will demonstrate to you the strange power of attraction through visualization making the mental picture actually work find a few small stones or pebbles which you can easily throw locate a tree or a post of six to ten inches in diameter stand 25 to 30 feet away from it start throwing pebbles at the tree trying to hit it if you're an average person most of the stones will


go wide of their mark now stop and tell yourself that you can hit the objective get a mental picture of the tree figuratively stepping forward to meet the stone imagine the rock actually colliding with the tree in the spot where you want it to strike you'll soon find yourself making a perfect score don't say it's impossible try it and you'll prove that it can be done if you


will only believe it chapter 5 the art of mental pictures to become the person that you would like to be you create a mental picture of your newly conceived self and if you continue to hold it the day will come when you are in reality that person Shakespeare said assume the virtue if you have it not now let's take this great truth and follow some of its implications in


assuming the virtue you are assuming via your imagination but here we must make a distinction between daydreaming and a true mental picture or proper use of the imagination perhaps there is some genie who will drop $100,000 into your lap or overnight provide you with a mansion luxuriously furnished I have never had the pleasure of meeting one but daydreaming or mere undirected wishful


thinking doesn't have the power to release the latent forces within you that will bring you the $100,000 over the mansion when you employ your imagination properly you see yourself doing a thing and you go ahead and do it it's the doing the thing you have pictured to yourself that brings it into actual existence in this connection think about the use of the magnifying


glass when properly focused it will gather the light from the Sun and concentrate it so that the heat will burn a hole in the object on which the Rays are focused it must be held steady before the heat power is developed and so it is with the holding of the image or the mental picture however it is very difficult for the average person to concentrate for any length of time to


say nothing of holding on to a mental picture for any great period you are constantly being swayed by what you read and hear and as a result the coordinating part of this creative force turns to gathering together all these scattered elements in a focused mass instead of devoting itself to making a clear and dynamic picture of your desire often I have thought of this matter of


desire and suggestion in connection with the planting of veg or flower seeds once the soil is prepared and the tiny seeds are placed in it it only takes a short time until they begin to root and sprouts begin to appear the moment they start upward through the soil in search of light sunshine and moisture obstacles mean nothing to them they will push aside small stones or


bits of wood and if they can't do that their extend themselves and grow around them so it can be with you when the suggestions you give to your subconscious mind the results will be pure or complex depending upon the original seed in the attention which you give it in other words plant the right kind of seed and habitually feed it with strong affirmative thought always


directed toward the same end it will grow into a mighty force finding ways and means of overcoming all obstacles I have been in the private offices of a great many industrial leaders businessmen great bankers and others long before this magic of belief was understood by me I was impressed with the pictures photographs slogans bits of statuary and so forth which were to be


found in the inner sanctums of great firms undoubtedly many of you have seen or heard of such displays but has it ever occurred to you what their purpose was there can only be one answer and that is they serve as a constant reminder getting the picture over to the occupant of the room that he too can succeed as those did before him in common with other great men Thomas a


Edison obviously knew the value of the repeated suggestion and made use of it among the articles found in his desk was a piece of paper that said when down in the mouth remembered Jonah he came out all right Edison must have thought well of that expression and perhaps reflected much upon it so let's get down to the mechanics find yourself three or four cards ordinary business cards will do in


your office your home your room or any other place where you can have privacy sit down and ask yourself what you desire above everything else when the answer comes and you certain that it is your uppermost desire then at the top of one card write a word picture of it one or two words may be sufficient a job a better job or money a home of your own then on each card


duplicate the word picture from the original carry one in your billfold or handbag place another alongside your bed or fasten it to your bedstead place another on your saving mirror or dressing table and still another on your desk the whole idea as you may have guessed is to enable you to see mentally the picture at all hours of the day just before going to sleep at night and upon


waking in the morning are two very important moments of the 24 hours in which to concentrate upon your thoughts with added force but don't stop just with those two periods the more often you can visualize the desire by this method or one of your own devising for that matter the speedier the materialization at the start you may have no idea of how the results are to


come don't worry just leave it to the subconscious mind which has its own ways of making contacts and of opening doors and avenues that you may never even have thought of you will receive assistance from the most unexpected sources you may be suddenly struck with the idea of seeing a person that you have not heard from in a long time or calling upon a man you've never seen before you may get


the idea of writing a letter or making a telephone call whatever the idea is follow it it cannot be too strongly emphasized that you should tell no one just what the words on the cards mean don't give anyone an inkling of what you desire the truth is that when you talk about what you're going to do you scatter your forces you lose the close connection you have with the


subconscious and you frequently find that unless you do is direct it you will have to start all over again in your program of achievement go and tell no man still holds true suppose you want a better job or promotion not only use the cards but keep telling yourself constantly continuously that you are going to get that job you have already visualized it if you have accepted this science but


the repetition will be the means of driving the suggestion deeply and firmly into the subconscious mind this may be compared to driving a nail into a board the first tap puts the nail in place but it is only by a number of heavy strokes that the nail is driven home it has been my observation that those who consciously use this science as well as those who may be using it unconsciously


are people of tremendous energies virtually human dynamos they are people who not only use their imagination and hold strong beliefs and convictions but they are great doers in action and that brings me to this most important statement faith without action is dead chapter 6 the mirror technique there is another device which I call the mirror technique before explaining it I want to


tell you how I happen to discover what a truly wonderful thing it is and how it can be used to bring quicker and more effective results many years ago I was the dinner guest of a very wealthy man who owned many patents covering logging and sawmill machinery he had invited a number of newspaper publishers bankers and industrial leaders to his suite in a prominent hotel in order to explain a


new method he had devised for mill operations dinner was late in being served and as there had been plenty of liquor offered the host found himself in an embarrassing state of intoxication just before dinner was served I noticed him staggering into his bedroom and pulling himself up abruptly before his dresser thinking I might help him I followed him to the door of his room as


I stood there I saw him grab the edge of the dresser top with both hands and stare into the mirror all the time mumbling as a drunken man sometimes does then his words began to make sense and I moved back a little to watch the performance I heard him say John you own they tried to get you drunk but you're going to fool them you're sober cold sober this is your party and you've got to be sober


as he kept repeating these words while continuing to stare at the reflection of his eyes in the mirror I noticed that a Transfiguration was taking place his body was becoming more erect the muscles of his face were tightening and his drunken look was disappearing the whole performance was over in about five minutes but in all my experience as a newspaperman and more especially as a


police reporter I had never seen such a rapid change not wanting him to know that I'd been watching him I made for the bathroom when I got back to the dining room I found the host at the head of the table and file his face was still a little flushed to all appearances he was sober at the end of the dinner he presented a very dramatic and convincing picture of his new plans


it wasn't until long afterwards when I got a better understanding of the power of the subconscious mind that I understood the science involved in transforming the obviously drunken man into a cold sober host many great orators preachers actors and statesmen have used this mirror technique for years Winston Churchill according to Drew Pearson never made a speech of


importance unless he made it before a mirror first Woodrow Wilson also employed the same technique it's what I call a super charging method of stepping up the subconscious forces this mirror technique gives a clue to the power and magnetism of Billy Sunday the great evangelist according to Eric severide in his book not so wild a dream Billy Sunday would bound about his hotel room now peering


intently out the window with one foot on the sill now grasping the dressing table firmly in both hands while lecturing his reflection in the mirror now to outline the technique stand in front of a mirror it need not be a full-length mirror but it should be big enough so that you may at least see your body from the waist up those of you who have been in the army know what it


means to come to attention stand fully erect bring your heels together pull in your stomach keep your chest out your head up now breathe three or four times until you feel a sense of power strength and determination next look into the very depths of your eyes tell yourself that you're going to get what you want name it out loud so that you can see your lips move and you can hear the


words make a ritual of it practice doing it at least twice a day mornings and evenings and you'll be surprised at the results within a few days you have developed a sense of confidence that you never realize that you could build within yourself this power will give you that penetrating gaze that causes others to think you are looking into their very souls sooner or later there will come an


intensity that will reveal the intensity of your thought emerson wrote that every man carries in his eyes the exact indication of his rank remember that your own gradation or position in life is marked by what you carry in your eyes so develop eyes that say confidence the mirror will help you a word of warning here I take it for granted that none of you assume that the techniques I'm


showing you here is an open sesame' to riches and fame overnight certainly it wouldn't be wise to rush into undertakings far beyond your capabilities or your development but by using this science you could learn the various steps which will take you to the top but you must have a plan of action before any program is undertaken you've got to know what you want and be


specific about it as long as you hold on to the mental picture of your idea and begin to develop it with action nothing can stop you from succeeding for the subconscious mind never fails to obey any order given to it clearly and emphatically Chapter seven how to project your thoughts in this section I want to talk about several points that I think pertain to mind stuff call it a pot


pourri we seldom realize how much our emotional vibrations affect others and how much we're affected by there's an extremely nervous person in a position of authority can put nearly every person associated with them into a nervous state it's always important to remember that a negative person can raise havoc in an organization or a home the same amount of damage can be done by a strong


negative personality as good can be done by a positive one when the two are pitted together against one another the negative frequently becomes the more powerful to get a better understanding of the effect of these suggestive vibrations you need only to read your varying feelings when entering different offices or homes the atmosphere which is the creation of the people living there


can be instantly detected as being upsetting disturbing trend core harmonious the vibrations set up by others affect us much more than we realize we take on the characteristics of those with whom we are more or less constantly associated if you want to remain a positive type avoid associating too much with anyone who has a negative or pessimistic personality this brings me


to another point a person who desires riches must go where the riches are alone on a desert I have on a man would probably have a tough time eking out a living to say nothing of trying to amass a fortune so it is in everyday pursuits therefore if you want money you have to associate yourself with people who have it or who know how to make it this may sound rather gross but the truth is that


if it's money you're after you must go where it is and where it is being spent also you must become personally acquainted with those who have the authority to spend it if you're a Salesman selling advertising and you know the head of the firm is the man with the final say it's a waste of time trying to convince minor clerks and junior executives the same holds true if


you're trying to sell other commodities or what is more important trying to sell yourself and finally the right mental attitude being properly attired keeping your eyes straight ahead and fixed on your goal throwing around you the proper aura which is done by an act of your imagination or an extension of your personal magnetism will work wonders Theo's Bernard in his penthouse of the


gods learned this when he was cornered and stoned by a crowd of natives in Tibet in his book he says his first reaction was to fight but the thought was immediately dismissed when he recalled that he had been taught to assume and maintain his aura thus he straightened his shoulders lifted high his head directed his eyes straight ahead and moved forward with a


firm and rapid stride not only did the crowd give way but others came forward and made a path for him when man fully comprehends the great power of his mind and honestly puts it to work he will have dominion over this earth and everything on it you yourself have this inner spark but it must be fanned until the fire is of white-hot intensity and it must be constantly stoked which you do by adding


fuel ideas ideas more ideas and action chapter 8 belief makes things happen I have tried to make plain how this power through belief can be developed and to take you up the ladder as far as you wish to go it is necessary though to point out that it is easy to lose ones belief or faith thousands have risen to great heights of success only to stumble row or fall to undreamed-of depths


others seeking health have appeared to be more or less miraculously cured only to find that in later years or even months there is a recurrence of their ailments there are many weakening factors and influences all suggestive in nature which we in unguarded moments allowed to slip into our subconscious minds once these influences begin the destructive work they can undo all the good


accomplished by our constructive forces so step out in front head toward the Sun keep facing it and the dark shadows will not cross your path I know that it is difficult for the average person who knows nothing of the subject to accept the idea that all is within but surely the most materialistic person must realize that as far as he himself is concerned nothing exists on the outside


plane unless he has knowledge of it or unless it becomes fixed in his consciousness it is the image created in his mind that gives reality to the world outside of him happiness sought by many and found by few therefore is a matter entirely within ourselves our environment and the everyday happenings of life have absolutely no effect on our happiness except as we permit mental


images of the outside to enter our consciousness happiness is wholly independent of position wealth or material possessions it is a state of mind which we ourselves have the power to control and that control lies with our thinking Emerson said what is the hardest task in the world to think obviously this is so when one considers that most of us are victims of


mass thinking and feed upon suggestions from others we all know that the law of cause and effect is inviolable yet how many of us ever pause to consider its workings the entire course of a man's life has many times been changed by a single thought which coming to him in a flash became a mighty power that altered the whole current of human events history is replete with the stories of


strong-minded resolutely willed individuals who steadfastly holding to their inner convictions have been able to inspire their fellow man and in the face of tremendous and determined opposition have literally created out of nothing great businesses huge empires and new worlds they had no monopoly of thought power you and every man and woman have it all you have to do is use


it you will then become the person you envisage in your imagination know yourself know your power faithfully use the cards and the mirror techniques and you will get results far beyond your fondest expectations just believe that there is a genuine creative magic in believing and magic there will be for belief will supply the power which will enable you to succeed in everything you


i have read literally thousands of books on modern psychology metaphysics ancient magic buddhism yogism theosophy christian science unity truth new thought and many other dealings it's what i call mind stuff many of these books were nonsensical others strange and many very profound gradually i discovered that there is a golden thread that runs through all the

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


teachings and makes them work for those who sincerely accept and apply them that thread can be named in a single word belief it is the same element or factor belief which causes people to be cured through mental healing enables others to climb the ladder of success and gets phenomenal results for all who accept it why belief as a miracle worker is something that cannot be satisfactorily

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


explained but have no doubt about it there's genuine magic in believing the magic of believing became a phrase around which my thoughts steadily revolved i've tried to put down these thoughts as simply and as clearly as i could so that everyone can understand my hope is that anyone who listens will be helped in reaching their goal in life so you begin with desire

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


if you ever hope to achieve anything or gain more than you have now however as we shall see there is more to it than mere desire it has been said that thought attracts that upon which it is directed thought attracts that upon which it is directed it was job who said for the thing which i greatly feared has come upon me our fearful thoughts are just as creative or just as magnetic and

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


attracting troubles to us as are the constructive and positive ones and attracting positive results so no matter what the character of the thought it does create after its kind when this sinks into a man's consciousness he gets some inkling of the awe-inspiring power which is his to use i cling to the theory that while thoughts do create an exercise control far beyond

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


any limits yet known to man they create only according to their pitch intensity emotional quality depth of feeling or vibratory plane in other words comparable to the wavelength and wattage of a radio station thoughts have a creative or controlling force in the exact ratio of their constancy intensity and power let me try to clarify that while many explanations have been

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


offered no one knows whether thought is a form of electrical energy or something else yet to be defined but i have been an experimenter in that branch of electricity known as high frequency pioneered by the great genius nikola tesla and whenever i think of thought and its radiations and vibrations i instinctively link them up with electricity and its phenomena

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


in this manner they become more understandable to me all persons living in high altitudes have felt and sometimes observed the electric spark resulting from walking across the room then touching some metallic substance that of course is a form of static electricity generated by friction it gives you an idea of how one kind of electricity can be developed through the

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


body sigmund freud the famous austrian psychoanalyst brought the world's attention to the hypothesis that there was a powerful force within us an unilluminated part of the mind separate from the conscious mind constantly at work molding our thoughts feelings and actions others have called this division of our mental existence the soul some call it the super ego the inner

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


power the super consciousness the unconscious the subconscious and various other names it isn't an organ or so-called physical matter such as we know the brain to be nevertheless it is there and from the beginning of recorded time man has known that it exists the ancients often referred to it as the spirit paracelsus called it the will others have called it the mind an adjunct to

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


the brain some have referred to it as conscience the creator of the still small voice within still others called it intelligence and have asserted that it is a part of the supreme intelligence to which we are all linked no matter what we call it i prefer the word subconscious it is recognized as the essence of life and the limits of its powers are unknown it never sleeps

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


it comes to our support in times of great trouble it warns us of impending danger often it aids us in what seems impossible it guides us in many ways and when properly employed performs so-called miracles perhaps the most effective method of bringing the subconscious into practical action is through the process of making mental pictures using the imagination perfecting an

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


image of the thing or situation as you would have it exist in physical form this is usually referred to as visualization however before this visualization can work you must really believe i refer now to deep-seated belief a firm and positive conviction that goes through every fiber of your being when you believe it heart and soul as the saying goes now call it a phase of emotion a

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


spiritual force a type of electrical vibration anything you please but that's the force that brings outstanding results it sets the law of attraction into operation enables sustained thought to correlate with its object this belief changes the tempo of the mind or thought frequency and like a huge magnet draws the subconscious forces into play changing your whole aura and affecting

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


everything about you and often people and objects at great distances it brings into your individual sphere of life results that are sometimes startling after studying the various mystical religions and different teachings and systems of mind stuff one is impressed with the fact that they all have the same basic modus operandi and that is through repetition the repeating of certain mantras words

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


formulas or just plain mumble jumbo is common with witch doctors voodoo high priest hexers and many other followers of strange cults they use them to evoke the spirits or work black magic one finds the same principle at work and chants incantations litanies daily lessons also the frequent praying of the buddhists and muslims alike the affirmation of the theosophists and

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


the followers of unity the absolute truth new thought divine science in fact it is basic to all religions although here it is white magic instead of black magic this brings us to the law of suggestion through which all forces operating within its limits are capable of producing phenomenal results that is it is the power of suggestion and auto suggestion your own to yourself or hetero

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


suggestion coming to you from outside sources that starts the machinery into operation or causes the subconscious mind to begin its creative work and right here is where the affirmations and repetitions play their part it's the repetition of the same chant the same incantation the same affirmations that lead to belief and once that belief becomes a deep conviction

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


things begin to happen this is the same identical force and the same mechanics that hitler used in building up the german people to attack the world a reading of mein kampf will verify that dr renee favel a famous french psychologist explained it by saying that hitler had a remarkable understanding of the law of suggestion and its different forms of application

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


it was with uncanny skill and masterly showmanship that he mobilized every instrument of propaganda in his mighty campaign of suggestion hitler openly stated that the psychology of suggestion was a terrible weapon in the hands of anyone who knew how to use it let's see how he worked it to make the germans believe what he wanted them to and once that belief took hold how they

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


started their campaign of terror slogans huge signs posters masked flags appeared throughout germany hitler's picture was everywhere one reich one folk one leader became the chant it was heard everywhere today we own germany tomorrow the entire world the marching song of the german youths came from thousands of throats daily such slogans as germany has waited long

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


enough stand up you are the aristocrats of the third reich germany is behind hitler to a man and hundreds others bombarded the people 24 hours a day from billboards sides of buildings the radio and the press every time they move turned around or spoke to one another they got the idea that they were a superior race and under the hypnotic influence of this belief

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


strengthened by repeated suggestion they started out to prove it unfortunately for them there were other nations who also had strong national beliefs that eventually became the means of bringing defeat to the germans i know that it is difficult for the average person who knows nothing of the subject to accept the idea that all is within but surely the most materialistic person must realize that

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


as far as he himself is concerned nothing exists on the outside plane unless he has knowledge of it or unless it becomes fixed in his consciousness it is the image created in his mind that gives reality to the world outside of him happiness sought by many and found by few therefore is a matter entirely within ourselves our environment and the everyday happenings of life have absolutely no

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


effect on our happiness except as we permit mental images of the outside to enter our consciousness happiness is wholly independent of position wealth or material possessions it is a state of mind which we ourselves have the power to control and that control lies with our thinking emerson said what is the hardest task in the world to think obviously this is so

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


when one considers that most of us are victims of mass thinking and feed upon suggestions from others we all know that the law of cause and effect is inviolable yet how many of us ever pause to consider its workings the entire course of a man's life has many times been changed by a single thought which coming to him in a flash became a mighty power that altered the whole

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


current of human events history is replete with the stories of strong-minded resolutely willed individuals who steadfastly holding to their inner convictions have been able to inspire their fellow man and in the face of tremendous and determined opposition have literally created out of nothing great businesses huge empires and new worlds they had no monopoly of thought power

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


you and every man and woman have it all you have to do is use it you will then become the person you envisage in your imagination know yourself know your power faithfully use the cards in the mirror techniques and you will get results far beyond your fondest expectations just believe that there is a genuine creative magic in believing and magic there will be

The Secret Knowledge Of Believing


i-it's it's a wonderful to be here I have been remiss in that I have not been to Prague for for a decade so it was it's wonderful to be back in Prague and it's wonderful to be in this fancy new Institute and so I think because because there is various types of people here there are some vision people some graphics people and some some others that learning done learning I'm going to

Alexei Efros: Self-supervision, Meta-supervision, Curiosity: Making Computers Study Harder


give you kind of a an overview of some of the stuff that we have been doing but don't go into too much detail because that might be too boring for others and and and maybe too much for a foursome but then I'm I'm here the rest of the day so I'm happy to to chat about these things more so of course you know how it is with with with with with professors you know all the work has done by the


graduate students and the postdocs who are amazing and then the professor just pushed together in the slides and and and and presents the work and in this case actually even the slides most of them have been done by their by the Graduate since so I'm really just just a audio recording of really the all the wonderful work that that they have been doing so probably if you didn't live


under a rock for the last few years you have heard of the deep networks and how they have revolutionised computer vision and kind of the standard classic way of doing this is it's basically a classic supervised learning problem you are giving a network which you can think of as a big black box a pairs of input images and output labels XY pairs okay and this big black box essentially you


can think of it as memorizing these these the score currents or the the its memory its modeling the associations between the XS and the Y's okay and of course you need to have lot and lots and lots of these training pairs so you have lots of people clicking on a bunch of imager a lots of you know millions of images and what do they what is their labels and once you


have trained on millions of these pairs of images and labels then given a new image this magic black box can tell you what label it is and this is what supervised direct supervised learning and this particularly deep learning has been all about ok but there are some problems that that I'll mention of this beautiful story one obvious problem is that this this labeling bit is very


expensive millions of images don't come cheap you have to have people actually label them and for every new problem we need to label more images so that's that's that's a problem of cost but there is also another problem that is a little bit more subtle and here is an illustration of this so here is an image that is basically you can think of it as a texture synthesized version of the


original image you basically some of the pixels have been moved around in certain ways but to kind of to preserve the kind of the statistics of that of the image it's it's it's actually work by by Leon Gattis ok so we change the input but the neural network is perfectly happy to still call it a collie in fact I can give you other random images like this right and it's still basically happy to


call it by that same class collie ok and what this suggests is that this magical black box the convolutional neural network is not actually doing that much it's not doing what we think of a lot of computer vision should be all about it's not doing you know figure-ground detection it's not fine the the you know the the foreground region it's not finding the dog it's not


segmenting the dog out from the background it's not doing any of the foreground background or occlusion reasoning none of that it doesn't need to do any of that because it probably just looks at the snout in a couple of eyes and then says oh yeah that's a collie okay and maybe some his called histogram so it doesn't need to work super hard to solve this problem okay


and this is you know a cause for worry because in this particular case this is imagenet classification task so you have a thousand classes and so maybe this is not maybe you don't need to work that hard because you might not need to have to to to really worry about oops you might not need to worry about finding the boundaries of objects so even reasoning about objects with only a


thousand classes but the issue is that we don't really have more than a thousand classes labeled and so in the end what this magical neural network is doing it's not really object detection it's really more like texture classification it's classifying dogcatcher collie texture so this if you know 1,000 weight classification tasks is the only thing you want to do maybe


this is not so bad but here is an example of something that you know Joseph and and and a lot of us have been worried about for a long time action recognition okay action recognition the same thing but in time so you you have you have a video and you want to recognize what action is being performed and the one very weird result in action classification has been that giving more


frames of video to the classifier did not seem to improve performance that just a single frame oh thank you perfect the single flame is is good enough all right look at that perfect okay thank you okay so for example so you basically for a single frame you do basically just as well and this was a big strange result that people don't know why it was so but if we look at for example here is an


opening fridge action so you go to the fridge you extend your hand you pull on the fridge door you open the fridge and then you close it right and you want to recognize other actions that are opening fridge actions okay if you run a classifier for this task you label a whole bunch of opening the fridge actions as positives and then others as negatives you train your network and


then if you look at what the performance is great by the way the performance is very very good but if you look at which frames did the classifier actually pay attention to it's just this one so it doesn't care it doesn't track the hand it doesn't care about the the fridge door really all it cares about is again it's the texture of an open refrigerator okay and once it sees an open


refrigerator texture it knows oh this must be a fridge opening action what else could it be right so again it's it's taking the easy way out it's being lazy because it doesn't have to work hard okay and maybe if you asked me a year or two ago you know how do we deal with this problem I would say that this is all an issue of a data set bias that the only pictures of opening


refrigerators are in this opening fridge action so let's add some negative images of just open fridges like from from you know maybe Amazon product search and then everything will be fine now I'm starting to think that while data set bias is a problem it's not the whole problem because in a sense this data set bias will never go away it's there is no way that the data the


data is finite so they will never be able to fix all the holes there will always be a way to cheat because if there is a finite amount of data there is always a way to to find a path that that is that is somehow you know cheating through the data and and so it's it's there is it's kind of like playing a you know this game children's game of Wacom all you you you you push


something down and something else pops up okay and and also if you think if you ask a machine learning people about it this this is not even their problem because the machine learning people say look you train on the training set and then you've evaluated on the validation set over your method or over your data set okay so you take your data set you split it into two the training and the


test set and as long as it does well on the test set you're fine right and the test set comes from the same distribution as the training set so it's the same statistics what we have here is that we want to test our algorithms on something that's not really in the in the test set of the of the data set that's something else so we train on say detecting cars from from imagenet data


set but then we want to go out on the street and and and detect cars there and the cars on the street don't really have the same distribution as the cars that you were trained on but we still want to do it so in a sense our problem is actually quite somewhat different than the problem with in machine learning that we actually do want to test on things we never really trained on so we


wanted to really be general and so the way forward I see is that somehow we need to better use the data we have there is no hope to ever get all the data that we that that that that will make the problem perfectly can concrete but we need to somehow use the data that we have better I'll give you a couple of examples of the way I think about this so in in a you can think of it as as a


way that a well around country is run compared to a badly run country's run it's not that in a well-run country you cannot cheat the laws of course you can but the system is set up in such a way that it's actually more expensive to cheat than to follow the law okay and so even though you can cheat you don't do it because it's not in your self-interest in a poorly run country


it's cheaper to cheat so everybody cheats and there is no way you know there is nothing you can do about it okay so we need to somehow set up our problem is such a way that it's more expensive for the network to cheat let the easiest thing the network can do is to do the right thing that's that's the goal okay and if you think about the way that we do this direct supervised learning input


image output label and just train on these pairs that just sets up sets up your your life for cheating because so in in in in in my class you know we have a whole semester worth of material and then the debt of the semester there is a final exam so of course most people don't do anything during the whole semester the night before the exam they they look at some exams from previous


years and they try to memorize this you know the question and answer question answer question answer question alright and they basically memorize the whole all of this set of question and answer pairs and then they go to the examine actually they do pretty well right this is not a bad strategy to pass the final exam it's a bad strategy if you actually want to learn


but it's not the best strategy to pass the exam because you know I'm lazy I'm going to make the exam this year to be not that different from the exam last year in any case there is very small set of problems you can ask that is easy to grade etc etcetera right and so this kind of memorization of question answer question answer it's actually the correct thing to do if your goal is to


pass the exam but of course our goal is not to pass the exam our goal is to to actually learn the material so how do you learn the material how do you actually learn you know arithmetic for example when you're a little kid to really learn it what you do is you don't get yourself question-answer pairs you look at the question you try really hard to solve it and then once you solve it


you got some answer you go to the back of the book to compare it with them with the right answer and then that's how you kind of try to update yourself okay and so basically that's the kind of idea that that we want to try to push our computers to do to try to study harder to try to learn things that are more generalizable that are not just good enough to pass the test but to actually


understand the world okay so that's kind of the the preamble and the the way we have been working on this in in in my lab is we have been doing it in three different paths and I'm just gonna kind of quickly show some of their some of the results of it so the first is self supervision the idea of not having a expert tell you the correct answer but let the computer figure out the


correct answer second is what we call meta supervision it's I'm not sure how standard this term is I think we might just have came up with it and the idea here is that you don't supervise the data the correct answer you supervise how the answer supposed to behave okay and finally if there is time I also want to mention a little bit about you know what if there is no correct answer what


if you're just learning by just playing around you know if you don't have a goal there is no there is nothing to cheat there is no need to cheat because you're just playing around there is no goal and so the idea here is to see if we just get removed the goal remove the you know the whatever whatever we're trying to optimize and see if we can just just play and be curious can that get get us


some representation that's more generalizable okay so I'm gonna show some examples of all of these in the next oops alright okay so first is self supervision here is a evocative drawing by Asher of what we mean here and this is something that actually kind of had been classic in in in in deep machine learning under the heading of representation learning so we basically


want to somehow have a compact representation of an input image and we want to compute this representation maybe without any labels and the kind of classic way to do this is what's called an out encoder which says let's have a representation that is small okay so there is a bottleneck here but that if we unpack it and compress it we can reconstruct the original input okay and


then you train this kind of a out encoder set up for many many many images but you don't have any don't need any labels here right it's just just pairs of just just a single image and this is this a very influential idea unfortunately it doesn't actually work in practice the representation that you learn here if you're doing it for any kind of real data like a big image for


example not a tiny you know third you do way third you image but a big image that doesn't actually work okay and the reason it doesn't work is that this is you can think of it really as data compression right you're compressing your data but and data compression is related to machine learning but it's not quite the same because data compression doesn't care about how do you perform on


new images it only cares about how you compress the training images that you got and so what we propose to do is to think about this in terms of not data compression but data prediction to make the computer try to work harder and say instead of just compressing the data let's see if we can train it to predict the data so one way to do this very simple way is you only give it half


of the input signal and you train it to predict the other half so now we not just the compression it's not just that you keep taking the pixels and compressing them you need to think a little bit more you need to think about context and what should go well with with the input that you got ok and one very simple way of doing this is to split the data in terms of color and and


and luminance so this was our paper a few years back where we said okay let's take let's take a color image separate it into a luminance channel and a chrominance channel and then train a network to predict from the grayscale to the the color and then you know you can get a nice beautiful image but hopefully also you'd learn the representation that is actually meaningful and somehow captures


something about the natural world okay so of course you need to show some pictures first so it actually does learn a reasonably good representation of color but the cool thing that suggest that maybe is also learning something else is some of the failures so here is a couple of instructive failures can somebody see what the failure is it's let me what that year the year is a


little bit off but it's a but somebody said the tongue do you see the tongue there is no tongue and yet it's it's point it's coloring it pink why could this why would this be well we were confused too but then we looked at the training data and in the training data these poodles they all have their tongues out so if this was just a stupid compression it would not this this air would not


happen but here it seems like the network is actually recognizing that this is a dog it's recognizing the breed of the dog it's remembering the the similar dogs that has seen before and then it's making and mistake but it's a reasonable mistake that maybe if all the dogs have had their tongues out in the training set maybe that's also true in a test ok and indeed so if we could you know we


did a various tests but I will just show you one way to to see what's what's been learned in this representation is to to do what we call deep net electrophysiologist so we kind of probe the different represent features of that compressed representation and see what they wear with a fire think of Amalek neurons firing so where do they fire and so what we found is that there is a we found a


neuron that fires only on faces there another neuron that only finds and fires and dog faces another one that fires on flowers ok so it's basically it was able to kind of disentangle from massive pixels of the input it was able to to find the kind of specialized neurons for different different parts of the visual world even though the labels we had were just the color it was it's a very very


weak label and a way label that that that didn't have any semantics in it and yet we are basically getting something out that is semantic okay and so this is this is kind of a hopeful direction it's their presentation is not as good as all the kind of semantic train representations yet but I still feel that it is it is optimistic direction because hopefully it might be more


general in in the long run but this is still to be to be to be found out originally actually this concept of self surprise learning one of the early papers ended by psychologist Virginia dasa was on thinking about it intra of the different modalities of of the sensory signal so instead of saying okay Kohler versus grayscale although that that true is kind of biologically


plausible you have the rods and the cones and yeah rods in the cones and you can say that the rods in the codes kind of code train each other but it's much more reasonable to think about it in terms of different modalities for example sight and sound okay so the idea here is that you know you learn about cows by seeing the cow hearing the Moo associating those two together and using


that as a kind of learning signal okay and so just recently we decided we're going to try to try to try to use self surprise learning in this in this domain and this is one motivation for why this kind of this kind of thing is is is is a need at any one moment we are being bombarded by sensory information our brains do a remarkable job of making sense of it all


[Music] it seems easy enough to separate the sounds we hear from the sites we see but there is one illusion the reveals this isn't always the case have a look at this what do you hear ba ba ba bi yes ba ba ba ba but look what happens when we change the picture and yet the sound hasn't changed in every clip you are only ever hearing bar with a bee ah it's an illusion known as


the McGurk effect take another look ba concentrate first on the right of the screen ah now to the left of the screen ba the illusion occurs don't because what you are seeing clashes with what you are hearing in the illusion what we see overrides what we hear so the mouth movements we see as we look at a face can actually influence what we believe we're hearing if we close our eyes we


actually hear the sound as it is if we open our eyes we actually see how the mouth movements can influence what we're hearing so did the people here I wonder how it works for non-english speaker so so yeah so I think that some some of it is specific to English speaker that the first sound is you you make your mouth like this right and so even though the sound is exactly the same the lips move


very differently and so your brain how many people got the the effect how many people heard the five okay very good very good so it seems to be working very good right so this motivates the idea that if you want a representation for example a video representation you to combine the visual and audio and you probably want to combine it pretty early this is this is a very kind of powerful


effect even if you know about the effect if you're very well aware you you steer this thing all the time you you cannot turn it off it is very very powerful low level effect and so said it this suggests that the coupling of audio and video probably happens pretty early on and so the idea that we had was to recreate an video representation that takes in audio and


visual features at the same time okay so kind of classic video representations you basically have some some way to go from a series of frames to representation and then also the same thing for for audio and what we propose is to to combine it together and then have a joint audio and video representation you know for for a number of layers at the top so that there's


this information can kind of a cook together and get us a join out your video representation okay but how do we train this representation and again we want to train it and without supervision it will self supervise training so one thing that was kind of the obvious first idea that we had was why don't we train say a binary classifier where the positives are videos with the correct


sound and negatives are videos with a wrong sound of sound from some other video for example okay and then we train this classifier and hopefully it will learn to to figure out that the correct sound correct video correct sound there is a correspondence okay this unfortunately doesn't work well at all and the reason it doesn't work well at all is because again it's a problem of


cheating because if you have if you take a random video and a random audio the video could be me giving a talk and the audio could be you know some sort of a you know sound from the restaurant for example right you just look at the picture you look at it but people sitting and listening and you know that this this is not a restaurant so just just to look at overall picture


just a single frame will be enough to tell you you know this is a presentation that is a restaurant that is a rock concert so you don't even need to listen to anything you can just have a kind of a 1:1 label which says okay this is a restaurant or a rock concert so we need again to try to make the computer work harder and so here is our also simple idea - and the idea - is that we're


going to have as positives again videos with the correct sound but as negatives we're going to have that same video that same audio but we're going to displace it in time a little bit okay now this becomes a much harder problem to solve because it's the router is correct the video is correct the only thing that's not correct now is that there is a little bit of a time lag so this


representation really needs to very carefully pay attention to to the connected to the registration between between those two okay so here is the idea so the correct the correct samples are line samples are just you know how would you and video together okay and then and then incorrect once all was the same except couple of seconds is placed and we have to careful because because if you displace